TY - JOUR TI - Starch and energy digestibility in weaned pigs fed extruded zero-tannin faba bean starch and wheat as an energy source AU - Wierenga, K. T. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Yáñez, J. L. AU - Zijlstra, R. T. T2 - Canadian Journal of Animal Science AB - Digestion of extruded starch is poorly characterized. Two diets containing wheat or faba bean starch were extruded individually or combined 50:50 (wt/wt) and fed to weaned pigs. Ileal starch digestion tended to be higher (P < 0.10) for the extruded wheat diet than the extruded faba bean diets, while total tract digestibility of starch and energy was higher (P< 0.05) for the two extruded faba bean starch diets than the extruded wheat diet. Feed intake tended to be higher (P < 0.10) for extruded faba bean starch diet, but final body weight was not affected by extruded starch source. The in vivo kinetics of starch and energy digestion differed between extruded wheat and faba bean starch diets. Key words: digestibility, extrusion, faba bean, starch, weaned pig, wheat DA - 2008/3/1/ PY - 2008/3/1/ DO - 10.4141/cjas07092 VL - 88 IS - 1 SP - 65-69 J2 - Can. J. Anim. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 0008-3984 1918-1825 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas07092 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synchronization of ovulation in cyclic gilts with porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) and its effects on reproductive function AU - Degenstein, K.L. AU - O’Donoghue, R. AU - Patterson, J.L. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Ambrose, D.J. AU - Foxcroft, G.R. AU - Dyck, M.K. T2 - Theriogenology AB - The overall objective was to evaluate the use of porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) for synchronization of ovulation in cyclic gilts and its effect on reproductive function. In an initial study, four littermate pairs of cyclic gilts were given altrenogest (15 mg/d for 14 d). Gilts received 500 microg cloprostenol (Day 15), 600 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) (Day 16) and either 5mg pLH or saline (Control) 80 h after eCG. Blood samples were collected every 4h, from 8h before pLH/saline treatment to the end of estrus. Following estrus detection, transcutaneous real-time ultrasonography and AI, all gilts were slaughtered 6d after the estimated time of ovulation. Peak plasma pLH concentrations (during the LH surge), as well as the amplitude of the LH surge, were greater in pLH-treated gilts than in the control (P=0.01). However, there were no significant differences between treatments in the timing and duration of estrus, or the timing of ovulation within the estrous period. In a second study, 45 cyclic gilts received altrenogest for 14-18d, 600 IU eCG (24h after last altrenogest), and 5mg pLH, 750 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), or saline, 80 h after eCG. For gilts given pLH or hCG, the diameter of the largest follicle before the onset of ovulation (mean+/-S.E.M.; 8.1+/-0.2 and 8.1+/-0.2mm, respectively) was smaller than in control gilts (8.6+/-0.2mm, P=0.05). The pLH and hCG groups ovulated sooner after treatment compared to the saline-treated group (43.2+/-2.5, 47.6+/-2.5 and 59.5+/-2.5h, respectively; P<0.01), with the most synchronous ovulation (P<0.01) in pLH-treated gilts. Embryo quality (total cell counts and embryo diameter) was not significantly different among groups. In conclusion, pLH reliably synchronized ovulation in cyclic gilts without significantly affecting embryo quality. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.027 VL - 70 IS - 7 SP - 1075-1085 J2 - Theriogenology LA - en OP - SN - 0093-691X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.027 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Triticale as a replacement for wheat in diets for weaned pigs AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Salmon, D. F. AU - Goonewardene, L. A. AU - Zijlstra, R. T. T2 - Canadian Journal of Animal Science AB - The nutritional value of triticale for weaned pigs is poorly characterized. Six mash diets containing either 66.5% one of two wheat samples or one of four winter or spring triticale cultivars were fed to 72 pens of weaned pigs for 28 d. Average daily feed intake and gain did not differ between pigs fed wheat and triticale diets (P > 0.05). Replacing wheat with triticale increased feed efficiency by 0.02 for spring triticale and 0.03 for winter triticale (P < 0.001). Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy was 1.2, 2.5, and 1.0% higher, respectively, for the triticale diets than the wheat diets (P < 0.05). The nutritional value of the four triticale samples was 1.5% higher for energy than the two wheat samples included in western Canada diets for weaned pigs. Key words: Digestibility, growth, triticale, weaned pig, wheat DA - 2008/12/1/ PY - 2008/12/1/ DO - 10.4141/cjas08025 VL - 88 IS - 4 SP - 631-635 J2 - Can. J. Anim. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 0008-3984 1918-1825 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas08025 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The nutritional value of zero-tannin faba bean for grower-finisher pigs AU - Zijlstra, R. T. AU - Lopetinsky, K. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Canadian Journal of Animal Science AB - The nutrient profile of zero-tannin faba bean and its effects on performance and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs was investigated. In exp. 1, chemical characteristics were analyzed. Faba bean contained (as fed) 27.5% crude protein (CP), 1.75% lysine, 0.88% threonine, and 0.21% methionine. Twelve 55-kg barrows were fitted with an ileal cannula and fed twice daily at 3 x maintenance either a 96% faba bean diet or a 62% faba bean diet containing cornstarch to measure apparent total tract energy and ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility, respectively, and calculate standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA and net energy (NE) content. After a 6-d acclimation, faeces were collected for 2 d and ileal digesta for 2 d. Apparent total tract energy digestibility, and digestible energy and NE content were 88.5%, and 3.47 and 2.27 Mcal kg -1 (as fed), respectively. Apparent ileal digestibility was 85.9, 76.1, and 74.1%, and SID AA content was 1.54, 0.70, and 0.16% (as fed), for lysine, threonine, and methionine, respectively. In exp. 2, 100 grower pigs in 20 pens were fed either a soybean or faba bean-based diet regimenfrom 35 to 115 kg. Diets were formulated to equal NE and SID [Grower (35 to 60 kg), 2.40/3.95; Finisher 1 (60 to 90 kg), gilts 2.38/3.15, barrows 2.38/2.76; Finisher 2 (90 to 115 kg), gilts 2.38/2.92, barrows 2.35/2.55; Mcal kg -1 NE/g SID lysine Mcal -1 NE, respectively] using determined NE and SID values for faba bean. Pigs were weighed, feed intake was measured, and carcass measurements were obtained. From 35 to 115 kg, average daily feed intake (ADFI; 2.58 and 2.56 kg d -1 , respectively) and gain (0.96 and 0.98 kg d -1 ) did not differ between faba bean and soybean meal. Feed efficiency was 0.02 higher for soybean meal than for faba bean in the Grower phase (P < 0.05). At slaughter, back fat thickness did not differ; however, loin depth was 4.0 mm thicker for soybean meal than for faba bean (P < 0.05). In summary, zero-tannin faba bean has an attractive nutrient profile and does not alter ADFI or average daily gain (ADG) of grower-finisher pigs at inclusion rates up to 30%.The reduced feed efficiency in the Grower phase and reduced lean thickness for pigs fed faba bean indicate that dietary AA supply might have been limiting for the faba bean diets early in the study. In conclusion, the zero-tannin faba bean is a worthwhile energy and protein feedstuff to consider in swine feed formulation. Key words: Digestibility, energy, faba bean, growth performance, nutritional value, pig DA - 2008/6/1/ PY - 2008/6/1/ DO - 10.4141/CJAS07146 VL - 88 IS - 2 SP - 293-302 J2 - Can. J. Anim. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 0008-3984 1918-1825 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/CJAS07146 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Embryonic Mortality Is Associated with Monoallelic Expression of STAT5A. AU - Khatib, Hasan AU - Maltecca, Christian AU - Monson, Ricky L. AU - Schutzkus, Valerie AU - Rutledge, Jack T2 - Biology of Reproduction AB - The signal transducer and activator (STAT) proteins are known to play an important role in cytokine signaling pathways as signal transducers in the cytoplasm and transcription activators in the nucleus. The STAT5A was chosen as a candidate gene affecting reproduction traits including embryonic survival and fertilization rate because it is a member of the signal transduction pathway of interferon-tau (IFNT), which has a key role in the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy in ruminants. We have performed a total of 5,222 fertilizations and produced a total of 3,696 in vitro fertilized embryos using 440 cows and eight sires. A total of 37 SNPs were developed in a region of 63.4 kb genomic sequence including STATA5A, STAT3, and upstream and downstream sequences of these genes. Among all examined SNPs, one highly conserved SNP in exon 8 of STAT5A showed the highest significant association with embryonic survival and fertilization rate. Expression analysis revealed that STAT5A is monoallelically expressed in early embryonic stages but biallelically-expressed in a wide range of fetal tissues. Furthermore, the occurrence of monoallelic maternal expression of STAT5A was significantly higher in degenerative embryos than in survived embryos. Paternal expression was more frequent in degenerative embryos. Analysis of STAT5A and its upstream and downstream sequences revealed high density of CpG islands and tandem repeats, which is in agreement with the sequence characteristics of monoallelically-expressed and imprinted genes. Our results imply that STAT5A affects embryonic mortality in a developmental-stage and in a parent-of-origin expression manner. DA - 2008/5/1/ PY - 2008/5/1/ DO - 10.1093/biolreprod/78.s1.122b VL - 78 IS - Suppl_1 SP - 122-122 LA - en OP - SN - 0006-3363 1529-7268 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolreprod/78.s1.122b DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The fibroblast growth factor 2 gene is associated with embryonic mortality in cattle AU - Khatib, H. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Monson, R.L. AU - Schutzkus, V. AU - Wang, X. AU - Rutledge, J.J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The objective of this study was to investigate the association of the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) gene with embryonic survival and fertilization rate in cattle. This gene was chosen because of its role in regulating trophectoderm expression of interferon-tau, the maternal pregnancy recognition factor in ruminants. To evaluate the effect of FGF2 on fertility traits, we produced in vitro-fertilized embryos from 281 Holstein cows and from 7 sires. A total of 4,542 in vitro fertilizations were performed, from which a total of 3,171 embryos were produced. Survival and fertilization rates were assessed at d 7 of embryonic development. Using the pooled DNA sequencing approach, we identified 2 SNP in FGF2, SNP11646 and SNP23. All sires and cows were genotyped for these SNP. For fertilization rate, no significant differences between genotypes were found for either SNP, whereas the effect on survival rate was significant for SNP11646. The survival rate of embryos produced from GG cows for this SNP was 37%, compared with 28 and 29% for embryos produced from AG and AA cows, respectively. Although the molecular mechanisms that cause embryonic mortality have not yet been identified, this study provides the first evidence of association between FGF2 and embryonic mortality in cattle. Thus, we propose that FGF2 can be used in animal breeding strategies to test for improved reproductive performance. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2527/jas.2007-0791 VL - 86 IS - 9 SP - 2063-2067 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-52649153530&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - candidate pathway KW - fertilization rate KW - FGF2 KW - survival rate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative trait loci affecting milk yield and protein percentage in a three-country brown swiss population AU - Bagnato, A. AU - Schiavini, F. AU - Rossoni, A. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Dolezal, M. AU - Medugorac, I. AU - Sölkner, J. AU - Russo, V. AU - Fontanesi, L. AU - Friedmann, A. AU - Soller, M. AU - Lipkin, E. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping projects have been implemented mainly in the Holstein dairy cattle breed for several traits. The aim of this study is to map QTL for milk yield (MY) and milk protein percent (PP) in the Brown Swiss cattle populations of Austria, Germany, and Italy, considered in this study as a single population. A selective DNA pooling approach using milk samples was applied to map QTL in 10 paternal half-sib daughter families with offspring spanning from 1,000 to 3,600 individuals per family. Three families were sampled in Germany, 3 in Italy, 1 in Austria and 3 jointly in Austria and Italy. The pools comprised the 200 highest and 200 lowest performing daughters, ranked by dam-corrected estimated breeding value for each sire-trait combination. For each tail, 2 independent pools, each of 100 randomly chosen daughters, were constructed. Sire marker allele frequencies were obtained by densitometry and shadow correction analyses of 172 genome-wide allocated autosomal markers. Particular emphasis was placed on Bos taurus chromosomes 3, 6, 14, and 20. Marker association for MY and PP with a 10% false discovery rate resulted in nominal P-values of 0.071 and 0.073 for MY and PP, respectively. Sire marker association tested at a 20% false discovery rate (within significant markers) yielded nominal P-values of 0.031 and 0.036 for MY and PP, respectively. There were a total of 36 significant markers for MY, 33 for PP, and 24 for both traits; 75 markers were not significant for any of the traits. Of the 43 QTL regions found in the present study, 10 affected PP only, 8 affected MY only, and 25 affected MY and PP. Remarkably, all 8 QTL regions that affected only MY in the Brown Swiss, also affected MY in research reported in 3 Web-based QTL maps used for comparison with the findings of this study (http://www.vetsci.usyd.edu.au/reprogen/QTL_Map/; http://www.animalgenome.org/QTLdb/cattle.html; http://bovineqtl.tamu.edu/). Similarly, all 10 QTL regions in the Brown Swiss that affected PP only, affected only PP in the databases. Thus, many QTL appear to be common to Brown Swiss and other breeds in the databases (mainly Holstein), and an appreciable fraction of QTL appears to affect MY or PP primarily or exclusively, with little or no effect on the other trait. Although QTL information available today in the Brown Swiss population can be utilized only in a within family marker-assisted selection approach, knowledge of QTL segregating in the whole population should boost gene identification and ultimately the implementation and efficiency of an individual genomic program. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3168/jds.2007-0507 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - 767-783 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-39049135439&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - quantitative trait loci mapping KW - Brown Swiss KW - productive trait KW - selective DNA pooling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association of bovine fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) gene with milk fat and productive life: An example of the ability of the candidate pathway strategy to identify quantitative trait genes AU - Wang, X. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Tal-Stein, R. AU - Lipkin, E. AU - Khatib, H. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is expressed in the bovine mammary gland and may play a role in the development and reorganization of the mammary gland. It is also expressed by the uterine endometrium throughout the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. The FGF2 was chosen for this study because it regulates the expression of interferon-tau, a key member of the signal transduction pathway involved in milk production. In previous studies, we reported the association of several genes in this pathway with milk production and health traits in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to examine the association of FGF2 polymorphisms with milk composition, somatic cell score, and productive life in 3 Holstein cattle populations from the United States and Israel. The pooled DNA sequencing approach was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in FGF2. Sequencing of a total of 6.4 kb including 3 exons of the gene revealed only one SNP (A/G) in intron 1 at position 11646. This SNP was investigated for association with production traits in 2,773 individuals from 3 Holstein populations: the granddaughter-design Cooperative Dairy DNA Repository and the daughter-design University of Wisconsin populations from the United States and a daughter-design population from Israel. For both the Israeli and the UW populations, FGF2 variants were associated with fat yield and percentage, somatic cell score, and productive life with significant dominance and complete dominance effects. For the Cooperative Dairy DNA Repository population, no significant associations were observed for the examined traits. Given that FGF2 was chosen for this study because of its role in the interferon-tau signal transduction pathway and was found to be associated with production traits, results suggest that the candidate pathway could be an attractive strategy to search for candidate quantitative trait genes. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3168/jds.2007-0877 VL - 91 IS - 6 SP - 2475-2480 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-44949240403&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - FGF2 gene KW - milk composition KW - productive life KW - candidate pathway ER - TY - JOUR TI - A proline-to-histidine mutation in POU1F1 is associated with production traits in dairy cattle AU - Huang, W.X. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Khatib, H. T2 - Animal Genetics AB - POU class 1 homeobox 1 (POU1F1) is a member of the tissue-specific POU-containing transcription factor family. The expression of POU1F1 in mammalian pituitary gland controls the transcription of the genes encoding growth hormone, prolactin (PRL) and the subunits of thyroid-stimulating hormone. In addition, some genes in the JAK/STAT signalling pathway downstream of POU1F1 have been shown to be associated with different production traits in dairy cattle. To investigate whether the POU1F1 gene is associated with economically important traits in dairy cattle, a pooled DNA sequencing approach was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene. An SNP in exon 3 of POU1F1 that changes a proline to a histidine was identified. A total of 2141 individuals from two North American Holstein cattle resource populations were genotyped for this SNP using a modified PCR-RFLP method. Statistical analyses revealed significant association of POU1F1 variants with milk yield and productive life, which makes POU1F1 a possible candidate for marker-assisted selection in dairy cattle breeding programmes. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01749.x VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 554-557 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-52449123090&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - candidate gene KW - milk yield KW - POU1F1 KW - productive life ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ultrasound Guided Shoulder Joint Injection through Rotator Cuff Interval T2 - Korean Journal of Pain AB - Background: Shoulder joint injection is currently performed under fluoroscopic or computed tomography scan guidance. We performed this study to determine if an ultrasound guided shoulder joint injection through rotator cuff interval would have clinical usefulness. Methods: A total of 17 volunteers [12 women, 5 men; mean age 28 yr (23−32 yr)] received shoulder joint injection under multilinear ultrasound (5−10 MHz). Volunteers were positioned supinely on a table with their arm in a neutral position. The anterior shoulder region of the patient was sterilized using povidone iodine. A 24 gauge needle was introduced and directly visualized in real time as it passed obliquely from the skin surface to the inferior space of the biceps tendon. If there was little or no resistance to the injection, a contrast media (omnipaque) was injected and checked fluoroscopically. Results: Ultrasound guided shoulder joint injection through rotator cuff interval was successful in all cases. The average time taken for the procedure was 27.5 ± 16.5 sec. The vertical distance from skin to the inferior space of the biceps tendon was 1.6 ± 0.4 cm and the distance of needle from the skin to the inferior space of biceps tendon was 2.8 ± 0.6 cm. The procedure was well tole rated by all volunteers. Conclusions: Ultrasound guided shoulder joint injection through rotator cuff interval is an effective, rapid, and easy-to-perform injection technique. Ultrasound guided injection enables exact needle placement and avoids the use of both ionizing radiation and iodinated contrast material. (Korean J Pain 2008; 21: 57−61) DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3344/KJP.2008.21.1.57 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495331/ KW - rotator cuff interval KW - shoulder joint injection KW - sonography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with cholesterol (Chol) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) alters the profiles of amino acids in tissues of neonatal pigs T2 - The FASEB Journal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495329/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with cholesterol (Chol) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Increases the activity of the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in tissues of neonatal pigs T2 - The FASEB Journal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495317/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Plasma induced damage of aggressively scaled gate dielectric (EOT < 1.0nm) in metal gate/high-k dielectric CMOSFETs C2 - 2008/// C3 - IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS) DA - 2008/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/12638871/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improvement of Pulmonary Function after Administration of Azithromycin in a Patient with Bronchiolitis Obliterans: a Case Report T2 - Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases AB - Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a serious noninfectious complication following an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT). A 21-year-old female received an allogeneic BMT as a treatment for myelodyplastic syndrome. Four months after the BMT, progressive dyspnea developed and BO was also diagnosed by a lung biopsy. The patient was administered steroid and immunosuppressive agents for 1 year but there was no improvement in pulmonary function. Azithromycin was prescribed (500 mg q.d. for 3 days followed by 250 mg three time a week) because macrolides might decrease the inflammatory reaction leading to BO. The patient's pulmonary function improved after administration of azithromycin for 1 year. The forced expiratory volume in a one second () increase was 220 mL (28.2%) and the forced vital capacity (FVC) increase was 460 mL (25.7%). We report the improvement in the pulmonary function after the administration of azithromycin for 1 year in a patient with BO after a BMT. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.4046/TRD.2008.65.5.410 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495303/ KW - Bone marrow transplantation KW - Bronchiolitis obliterans KW - Pulmonary function KW - Azithromycin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with a nitric oxide donor to the diet for lactating sows enhances the growth of suckling piglets T2 - The FASEB Journal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495330/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characteristics of Al(2)O(3) gate dielectrics partially fluorinated by a low energy fluorine beam T2 - Applied Physics Letters AB - The partial fluorination of Al2O3 gate dielectrics was examined by exposing an oxide-nitride-aluminum oxide (ONA) stack to a low energy fluorine beam, and its effect on the properties of the ONA was investigated. Exposing ONA to about 10 eV fluorine beam resulted in a 5-nm-thick AlOxFy layer on the ONA by replacing some Al–O to Al–F. The electrical properties such as leakage current and memory window characteristics were improved after fluorination of the ONA, possibly due to the improved charge trapping characteristics through the formation of an AlOxFy layer on the Al2O3 without changing the blocking layer thickness. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1063/1.2975183 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/3662545/ KW - aluminium compounds KW - dielectric materials KW - flash memories KW - high-k dielectric thin films KW - leakage currents KW - silicon compounds ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new method of screening for diabetic neuropathy using laser Doppler and photoplethysmography T2 - Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1007/S11517-007-0257-Z UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/38744414/ KW - diabetic neuropathy KW - photoplethysmography KW - laser Doppler KW - blood volume change KW - toe to finger ratio ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of long-term copper deficiency on gene profiles of copper transporters and chaperones in the liver of cattle AU - Fry, R.S. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Hansen, S.L. AU - Engle, T.E. AU - Han, H. AU - Spears, J.W. T2 - 13th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals C2 - 2008/// C3 - Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// SP - 79–80 ER - TY - CONF TI - Considering factors for soybean meal use in swine and poultry feed AU - Kim, S.W. C2 - 2008/// C3 - American Soybean Association Seminar DA - 2008/// SP - 1–40 PB - North Carolina State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plasma insulin concentrations of sows fed omega-3 fatty acids or high protein diet individually or in combination during late gestation and lactation AU - Min, B.J. AU - Mateo, R.D. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 97 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary supplementation of benzoic, formic, and lactic acids on growth and health of pigs AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Vaughn, J.O. AU - Monson, D.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary supplementation of benzoic, formic, and lactic acids on carcass characteristics of pigs AU - Min, B.J. AU - Vaughn, J.O. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Net portal absorption of zinc from zinc sulfate and zinc amino acid chelate in growing pigs AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Perret-Gentil, M.I. AU - Hart, M.W. AU - Samford, R.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 99 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary yeast culture supplementation to gestation and lactation diets on performance of sows and litters AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Brandherm, M. AU - Newton, B. AU - Cook, D. AU - Yoon, I.K. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 347 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supplemental effects of various organic copper sources on copper bioavailability in broiler chickens AU - Min, B.J. AU - Park, S.J. AU - Samford, R.A. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 174 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary supplementation of benzoic, formic, and lactic acids on nitrogen balance of pigs AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Monson, D.A. AU - Min, B.J. AU - Vaughn, J.O. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 3 ER - TY - CONF TI - Nutritional strategies to improve growth and health of nursing and newly weaned pigs AU - Kim, S.W. AU - van Heugten, E. T2 - XIII AAAP Animal Science Congress. ICC C2 - 2008/// C3 - International Symposium on Piglet Nutrition and Diseases. Proceedings of Satellite Symposium CY - Hanoi, Vietnam DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// SP - 17–33 ER - TY - CONF TI - Nutritional strategies to improve reproductive outcomes and longevity of sows AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - XIII AAAP Animal Science Congress. ICC C2 - 2008/// C3 - International Symposium on Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. Proceedings of Satellite Symposium CY - Hanoi, Vietnam DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// SP - 109–120 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary supplementation of yeast culture to sow diets on sow and litter performance AU - Vasquez, C. AU - Min, B.J. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 9 ER - TY - CONF TI - Nutritional strategies to improve reproductive outcome of pregnant and lactating sows AU - Kim, S.W. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Yanbian International Symposium on Strategies for the Development of Animal Science and Livestock Industry in China DA - 2008/// SP - 119–136 PB - Yanbian University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary supplementation of benzoic, formic, and lactic acids to pig diets on ammonia emission from manure and urine pH AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Vaughn, J.O. AU - Monson, D.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Opportunities with yeast metabolites and peptides for pigs AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - National Feed Institute Symposium DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// SP - 74–108 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of combinational uses of zinc sulfate and zinc-amino acid chelate on zinc bioavailability in broiler chickens AU - Park, S.J. AU - Min, B.J. AU - Royce, R.A. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 90 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Dietary supplementation of yeast culture to improve performance of sows and offspring AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Swine industry in the US AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Recent trends in swine nutrition research in the US academia and industry AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Can pigs teach us? Monogastic nutrition research as a model for human nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Role of arginine family amino acids in maternal-fetal-neonatal nutrition of swine AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Protein metabolism in swine AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Use of NSPases in swine diets with non-traditional ingredients AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Quality variation of soybean meals in swine diets AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Net portal absorption of mineral amino acid chelates AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Balancing amino acids for reproductive performance of sows AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 177 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Aminoácidos funcionais e ácidos graxos para incrementar a resposta reprodutiva e status imunológico das porcas (Functional amino acids and fatty acids to enhance reproductive outcome and immune status of sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional strategies to improve reproductive outcomes and longevity of sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional strategies to improve growth and health of nursing and newly weaned pigs AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Use of functional amino acid in swine diets AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Balancing amino acids for reproductive performance of sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional strategy to improve reproductive outcome of pregnant and lactating sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluating diet preferences in pigs with potential application in zoo species AU - Seabolt, B.S. AU - Heugten, E. AU - Ange-van Heugten, K.D. T2 - 5th Crissey Zoological Nutrition Symposium C2 - 2008/// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/12/12/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feed preferences in nursery pigs fed diets containing varying fractions and qualities of dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) AU - Seabolt, B.S. AU - van Heugten, E. AU - Ange-van Heugten, K.D. AU - Roura, E. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 447 ER - TY - CONF TI - Obesity in Canis familiaris AU - Baker, C. AU - Ange-van Heugten, K. AU - Cope, R.D. T2 - 17th Annual North Carolina State University Undergraduate Research Symposium C2 - 2008/// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/4/21/ ER - TY - THES TI - Nutritional Analyses and Intervention in the Captive Woolly Monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha) AU - Ange-van Heugten, K.D. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M3 - Ph.D. Thesis. PB - Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University ER - TY - SOUND TI - Captive Nutrition Management in Callitrichidae. What do we know and how do we know it? AU - Ange-van Heugten, K.D. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Recent Research in Callitrichids AU - Ange-van Heugten, K.D. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Dietary Evaluation of Four Exotic Species at North Carolina Zoological Park AU - Baker, C. AU - Ange-van Heugten, K.D. AU - Devoe, R. T2 - 4th State of North Carolina Undergraduate Research and Creativity Symposium C2 - 2008/// CY - Appalachian State University, Boone, NC DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/11/22/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - ANS 105: Introduction to Companion Animals AU - Ange-van Heugten, K.D. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Canine “Biggest Loser” weight management program AU - Baker, C. AU - Cope, R.D. AU - Ange-van Heugten, K.D. T2 - 5th Crissey Zoological Nutrition Symposium C2 - 2008/// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/12/12/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Limit-feeding can improve feed efficiency of beef cattle AU - Pickworth, C.L. AU - Loerch, S.C. AU - Fluharty, F.L. T2 - Ohio State University-Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Annual Conference C2 - 2008/// CY - Wooster, OH DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of dietary vitamin A on finishing beef cattle AU - Pickworth, C.L. AU - Loerch, S.C. AU - Fluharty, F.L. T2 - 5th Annual Russell Klein Memorial Nutrition Research Symposium C2 - 2008/// CY - The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of vitamin A on bovine coronovirus infection, vaccination and immunity in feedlot calves AU - Jee, J. AU - Azevedo, M.P. AU - Vlasova, A. AU - Hoet, A. AU - Loerch, S.C. AU - Pickworth, C.L. AU - Hanson, J. AU - Saif, L.J. T2 - Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease C2 - 2008/// CY - Chicago, IL DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/12/7/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of vitamin A on finishing beef cattle AU - Pickworth, C.L. AU - Loerch, S.C. AU - Fluharty, F.L. T2 - ASAS Midwestern Sectional C2 - 2008/// CY - Des Moines, IA DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Development of a piglet model for pediatric research: A USDA-NRI success story AU - Odle, J. DA - 2008/2/21/ PY - 2008/2/21/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Improving fat utilization in newly weaned pigs AU - Odle, J. DA - 2008/2/19/ PY - 2008/2/19/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Pigs–They’re not just for breakfast anymore! AU - Odle, J. DA - 2008/2/11/ PY - 2008/2/11/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Determination of the order of limiting amino acids in milk-based liquid diets for pigs from 1.5 to 5.5 kg AU - Broome, A.I. AU - Harrell, R.J. AU - Odle, J. AU - Sullivan, K.E. AU - Eisemann, J.H. T2 - American Society of Animal Science Annual Meeting C2 - 2008/// CY - Indianapolis, IN DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Professional assessment of safety and efficacy of polydextrose in use in infant formulas AU - Odle, J. DA - 2008/1/24/ PY - 2008/1/24/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Stabilized rice bran improves weaning pig growth performance when fed in an antibiotic-free diet AU - Herfel, T.M. AU - Jacobi, S.K. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. T2 - American Dairy Science Society and American Society for Animal Science Annual Meeting C2 - 2008/// CY - Indianapolis, IN DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prophylactic enrichment of ileal enterocyte phospholipids with polyunsaturated fatty acids facilitates acute repair following ischemic injury in suckling piglets AU - Jacobi, S.K. AU - Moeser, A.J. AU - Corl, B.A. AU - Ryan, K. AU - Blikslager, A.T. AU - Harrell, R.J. AU - Odle, J. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Keys to success as panel manager of USDA competitive grants program AU - Odle, J. DA - 2008/12/10/ PY - 2008/12/10/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional support of the neonatal pig AU - Odle, J. DA - 2008/9/3/ PY - 2008/9/3/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Professional assessment of safety and efficacy of polydextrose in use in infant formulas: progress update AU - Odle, J. DA - 2008/8/27/ PY - 2008/8/27/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Postbirth uptake of immunoglobulin G by piglets AU - Cabrera, R. AU - Odle, J. DA - 2008/5/20/ PY - 2008/5/20/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of rumen function in efficiency of feed utilization AU - Fellner, V. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - e-supplement 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary fiber decreases fecal nutrient digestibility and ammonia emission in growing swine, but increases odor emission and odor intensity in air AU - Zhang, W. AU - van Heugten, E. AU - van Kempen, T. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Kai, P. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - e-supplement 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In-Vitro Fermentation of Dietary Fiber in African Monkeys and Apes AU - Lambert, J.E. AU - Fellner, V. T2 - American Journal of Physical Anthropology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 135 IS - S46 SP - 136 ER - TY - CONF TI - Enrichment of milk with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids AU - Johnson, M. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Odle, J. T2 - 57th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference C2 - 2008/// C3 - 57th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// SP - 43 ER - TY - CONF TI - Do microbial populations shift in response to dietary additives? AU - Johnson, M. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Grunden, A. T2 - 57th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference C2 - 2008/// C3 - 57th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// SP - 30 ER - TY - SOUND TI - The role of rumen function in efficiency of feed utilization: Genetic Control of Feed Utilization AU - Fellner, V. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with cholesterol (Chol) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Increases the activity of the arginine‐nitric oxide pathway in tissues of neonatal pigs AU - Li, Peng AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Datta, Sujay AU - Pond, Wilson G. AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the development and functions of brain and other organs. The synthesis of NO from L‐Arg is catalyzed by tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)‐dependent NO synthase. Sixteen newborn pigs were nursed by sows for 24 h and then assigned randomly to one of 4 treatment groups, representing supplementation with 0.0%, 0.2% Chol, 0.2% DHA, and Chol plus DHA to the basal formula consisting of coconut oil, soybean oil, soybean flour, whey, whey protein concentrate, minerals and vitamins. All piglets were euthanized at day 49 of life. Brain, liver and gastrocnemius muscle were analyzed for BH4 and arginine, as well as the activities of GTP cyclohydrolase‐I (the first and rate‐limiting enzyme for de novo BH4 synthesis) and NO synthase, using HPLC and radiochemical methods. NOS activity was below the detection limit in the livers of all pigs. DHA supplementation (P<0.01) increased GTP‐CH activities and BH4 concentrations in the brain, liver, and muscle by 24–46%, while enhancing (P<0.05) NOS activities by 45–48% in brain and muscle. Dietary Chol supplementation increased (P<0.05) NOS and GTP‐CH activities by 17–26% in the brain but had no effect in liver or muscle. DHA and Chol increased concentrations of arginine in the brain (35–42%), but not in the other two tissues. The tissue‐specific effects of cholesterol and DHA on the arginine‐NO pathway may play an important role in postnatal growth and development. Supported by TAES and NCSU. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1116.5 VL - 22 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1116.5 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with cholesterol (Chol) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) alters the profiles of amino acids in tissues of neonatal pigs AU - Li, Peng AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Datta, Sujay AU - Pond, Wilson G. AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - Enogenous synthesis of Chol is limited in neonates. However, its concentrations in current infant formulae remain low. DHA is a component of complex lipids in membranes and a precursor for signaling molecules. Sixteen newborn pigs were nursed by sows for 24 h and then assigned to one of 4 treatment groups, representing supplementation with 0.0%, 0.2% Chol, 0.2% DHA, and Chol plus DHA to the basal formula consisting of coconut oil, soybean oil, soybean flour, whey, whey protein concentrate, minerals and vitamins. All piglets were euthanized at day 49 of life. Plasma, brain, liver and gastrocnemius muscle were analyzed for amino acids using HPLC methods. Chol supplementation increased (P<0.05) concentrations of Val, Ile and Leu in plasma, Gly, Arg, Lys and GABA in brain, and Gly in muscle, while reducing (P<0.05) concentrations of Glu, Gln and Thr in brain and Arg in liver. DHA supplementation increased (P<0.05) concentrations of Ser, Thr, Arg, Met, Val, Ile, Leu and Lys in plasma, Arg in brain, Asn in liver, and Asp, Glu, Asn, Ser, Gln, Ala, Leu and Lys in muscle, while reducing concentrations of Gln in brain and carnosine in muscle. There were interactions between Chol and DHA in their effects on branched‐chain amino acids in brain. The tissue‐specific effects of Chol and DHA on neurotransmitter and regulatory amino acids may play an important role in neonatal growth and development. Supported by TAES and NCSU. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1116.4 VL - 22 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1116.4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with a nitric oxide donor to the diet for lactating sows enhances the growth of suckling piglets AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - Diethylenetriamine‐NO adduct (DETA) is an effective NO donor which has a long half‐life in aqueous solutions. This study was to determine whether dietary DETA supplementation to lactating sows can increase their production performance and the growth of their nursing piglets. Nine primiparous sows with average litter size of 11.5±0.3 were assigned to 2 treatments: CON (without DETA, n=5) and DT (with DETA 50 mg/d, n=4) between d 7 and 21 of lactation. Sows had free access to feed and drinking water. Body weights and backfat thickness of sows, as well as body weights of piglets were measured at d 0, 7, 14, and 21 of lactation. Body weight loss during 21‐d lactation were 17.0 and 11.0 kg for CON and DT, respectively (P>0.05). Backfat losses of sows were 0.8 and 0.5 mm for CON and DT, respectively (P>0.05). However, litter weight gain of DT (40.5 kg) was greater (P<0.05) than CON (36.5 kg) during d 7 to 21 of lactation. Feed intakes of sows were 7.2 and 7.5 kg/d for CON and DT, respectively (P>0.05). Dietary DETA supplementation to lactating sows improved the growth of nursing pigs possibly by enhancing nutrient outputs in milk due to increased blood flow across the mammary gland. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1116.3 VL - 22 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1116.3 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transplacental induction of fatty acid oxidation in newborn pigs by clofibrate AU - Xi, Lin AU - Jacobi, Sheila AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - This study examined the effect of maternal feeding of clofibrate on fatty acid oxidation in newborn pigs. Pregnant sows were fed a commercial diet with or without 0.8% clofibrate for 7 days. Blood samples were collected from the utero‐ovarian artery of the sows and the umbilical vein of the intact term fetuses as they were removed from the sows by c‐section on day 113 of gestation. HPLC analysis clearly identified clofibric acid was present in the plasma of the clofibrate fed sow and the fetuses. The maternal‐fed clofibric acid had no impact on the liver weight of the newborn pigs, but hepatic fatty acid oxidation examined in fresh homogenates showed that clofibrate significantly increased 14 C‐accumulation in CO 2 and ASP by 2.9‐fold from [1‐ 14 C]‐oleic acid and 1.6‐fold from [1‐ 14 C]‐lignoceric acid. Correspondingly, hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) and fatty acid oxidase (FAO) activities were increased also by 36% and 42% compared to the newborn pigs from the control sow. These data demonstrate that clofibrate crosses the placental membrane of the sow and enters fetal circulation to induce hepatic fatty acid oxidation by increasing CPT and FAO activities of the newborn. Supported by CSREES, USDA NRI program award 2007‐35206‐17897. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1091.8 VL - 22 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1091.8 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of clofibrate on malonyl‐CoA inhibition of carnitine pamitoyltransferase I (CPT I) and fatty acid oxidation in liver of neonatal pigs AU - Shim, Kwanseob AU - Xi, Lin AU - Herfel, Tina AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - Previous studies demonstrated that clofibrate increased CPT I activity and fatty acid oxidation in piglets, but the role of malonyl‐CoA, a physiological inhibitor of CPT I, has not been clearly elucidated. Thirty colostrum‐deprived newborn pigs were fed milk replacer and orally gavaged with either vehicle (2 % Tween 80) or clofibrate (75 mg /kg body weight) +/− etomoxir (5 mg/ kg body weight) once daily for up to 7 days, and the sensitivity of liver CPT I to malonyl‐CoA inhibition and fatty acid oxidation were determined using 1‐ 14 C‐octanoic, oleic and erucic acids. Administration of clofibrate significantly increased liver CPT I activity (60%) and malonyl‐CoA IC 50 values (56%). Addition of etomoxir potently inhibited CPT I activity, but malonyl‐CoA IC 50 remained unchanged. Consistent with CPT I activity, clofibrate increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation by 53%, but did not affect the rate of peroxisomal beta‐oxidation. Etomoxir did not alter the rate of fatty acid oxidation despite a 30% reduction in CPT I activity. These results indicate that the increase in fatty acid oxidation induced by clofibrate is due to both an increase in CPT I activity and a decrease in sensitivity of CPT I to malonyl‐CoA inhibition, suggesting that malonyl‐CoA plays an important role in the induction of fatty acid oxidation by clofibrate. Supported by CSREES, USDA NRI program award 2007‐35206‐1 7897. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1091.9 VL - 22 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1091.9 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polydextrose enrichment of infant formula elicits prebiotic effects without altering systemic growth and development of suckling piglets. AU - Herfel, Tina Marie AU - Jacobi, S. K. AU - Lin, X. AU - Walker, D. C. AU - Jouni, Z. E. AU - Odle, J. T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - Oligosaccharides, the third largest component in human milk, are virtually absent from cow's milk and infant formula. Prebiotic carbohydrates like polydextrose (PDX) are proposed substitutes for some functional properties of human milk oligosaccharides. Safety assessments of novel infant formula ingredients include dose-response experiments in appropriate neonatal animal models such as the suckling pig. One-day old pigs were fed a cow's milk-based formula supplemented with PDX (0, 2, 5, 10 or 20 g/L) for 18 days (n=6/formula group) to further substantiate the efficacy and safety of the ingredient. Additional reference groups included 6 pigs sampled at day 0 and 12 sow-reared pigs. Growth rate, formula intake, stool consistency, behavior score, blood metabolites and relative organ weights (i.e. liver, spleen and kidney as % of body weight) did not differ among formula-fed pigs (P > 0.1). Among PDX-fed pigs, digesta pH decreased linearly (P < 0.05; ileum, cecum, colon) and quadratically (P < 0.05; ileum, cecum) as dietary PDX increased, with a maximal reduction approaching 0.5 pH units in those fed 20 g/L. Cecal and colonic pH of sow-reared pigs were similar to pigs fed 20 g/L PDX, indicating that microbial fermentation may be comparable among these treatments. Polydextrose shows promise as a prebiotic additive in infant formula to better match the oligosaccharide content of human milk. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.22.2_supplement.724 VL - 22 IS - S2 SP - 724-724 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.22.2_supplement.724 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - 妊娠期和泌乳期在日粮中补充精氨酸对初产母猪泌乳和哺育仔猪性能的影响 AU - Mateo, RD AU - Wu, G AU - Moon, HK AU - Kim, SW AU - others T2 - 饲料与畜牧: 新饲料 DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// IS - 7 SP - 60-60 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of dietary phosphorus concentration on the digestibility of phosphorus in monocalcium phosphate by growing pigs AU - Stein, H.H. AU - Kadzere, C.T. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Miller, P.S. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the dietary inclusion rate of P does not influence the digestibility of P. The experiment was conducted at 4 experiment stations where the same protocol was followed. A total of 60 growing pigs (initial BW: 22.22 ± 2.13 kg) were allotted to 6 dietary treatments with 10 replications per treatment. All pigs were placed in metabolism cages that allowed for the total, but separate, collection of urine and fecal materials. Six diets were formulated. The basal diet was based on corn (54.2%), soybean meal (20%), and cornstarch. No inorganic P was used, and the total concentration of P in the basal diet was calculated to be 0.29%. Five additional diets were formulated by adding monocalcium phosphate (MCP) in increments of 0.34% to the basal diet and thereby creating diets that were calculated to contain 0.36, 0.43, 0.50, 0.57, and 0.64% total P, respectively. Ground limestone was also added to these diets to maintain a calculated Ca:P ratio of 1.2:1. The balances of Ca and P and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca and P were calculated for each diet. The contribution of P from the basal diet was then subtracted from the MCP-containing diets to calculate the balance and ATTD for P in MCP. Results of the experiment showed that the absorption and retention of both Ca and P increased (linear, P < 0.001) with increasing concentrations of Ca and P in the diet. The ATTD for Ca ranged from 62.3 to 66.8% and was not influenced by the dietary concentration of Ca. However, the ATTD for P increased from 38.4 to 65.2% as increasing levels of MCP were added to the diet (linear, P < 0.001). Increasing P intake from MCP increased (linear, P < 0.001) the excretion of P in the feces, but the quantity of P that was absorbed and retained also increased (linear, P < 0.001) as more P from MCP was added to the diet. When measured as a percentage of P intake, P retention was not influenced by the dietary P concentration. The ATTD for P in MCP ranged from 79.5 to 88.5% and was not affected by the concentration of P in the diet. Results of this experiment demonstrated that the digestibility and absorption of P from MCP are not influenced by the dietary concentration of P. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2527/jas.2008-0867 VL - 86 IS - 8 SP - 1861-1867 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-49749112908&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - calcium KW - digestibility KW - intake KW - monocalcium phosphate KW - pig KW - phosphorus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nonruminant nutrition symposium: understanding protein synthesis and degradation and their pathway regulations. AU - Fan, M.Z. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Applegate, T.J. AU - Cervantes, M. T2 - Journal of animal science AB - Domestication of both animals and plants approximately 13,000 yr ago marked the first major milestone of the evolving animal production, which had advanced ancient humans from a hunter-gatherer society challenged by survival to a prolonged farming society (Diamond, 2002). Modern science and technology has facilitated the second major milestone of developing industrialized intensive animal production systems driven by use of fossil fuels during the last century, especially during the last 2 decades. Although industrialization and globalization are reaching the corners of the earth, current intensive animal production is facing new challenges, including 1) economical and social viability in rural regions faced with increasing labor and living costs; 2) resource and environmental sustainability; and 3) human health management, partly due to an increase in the consumption of animal products. Animal production is, in essence, a mass and energy conversion process using farm animals as a biological converter. Modern intensive animal production systems have increased the speed and scale but have not increased the efficiency very much of this mass-energy conversion. A large proportion (60 to 80%) of the total animal farming operation cost is associated with animal feeding, primarily due to a poor efficiency of utilization of N and energy needed (Fan et al., 2006). At the whole-body level, CP deposition is the net balance among synthesis, degradation, and the fecal gastrointestinal endogenous loss (Fan et al., 2006). Skeletal muscle is the largest body CP pool. Protein synthetic activity of skeletal muscle decreases dramatically during postnatal growth from suckling to weaning and maintains at a low level for most of the duration of production (Reeds et al., 1993). Protein degradation is the principal negative component in the whole body CP deposition equation. As the primary pathway, the ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation is an ATP-demanding process, costing approximately 300 to 400 mol of ATP for breaking down 1 mol of a typical protein (Benaroudj et al., 2003). The energy cost for synthesizing protein is approximately 0.90 KJ/g, calculated from the pathway stoichiometry summarized by Yang et al. (2008), whereas the energy need for degrading protein is about 0.40 KJ/g of protein with a molecular weight similar to β-casein (24 kD) calculated according to the work by Benaroudj et al. (2003). The increases in postnatal endogenous CP loss are largely from the high protein synthetic activity of the gut and other viscera that can be further augmented under challenged conditions (Fan et al., 2006). DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2527/jas.2007-0731 VL - 86 IS - 14 Suppl SP - E1-E2 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-45949110322&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nonruminant nutrition symposium on natural phytobiotics for health of young animals and poultry: mechanisms and application. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Fan, M.Z. AU - Applegate, T.J. T2 - Journal of animal science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 86 IS - 14 Suppl SP - E138-E139 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-45949111886&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic relationship of gestation length with birth and weaning weight in Hanwoo (Bos Taurus Coreanae) AU - Hwang, J.M. AU - Choi, J.G. AU - Kim, H.C. AU - Choy, Y.H. AU - Kim, S. AU - Lee, C. AU - Kim, J.B. T2 - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences AB - The genetic relationship of gestation length (GL) with birth and weaning weight (BW, WW) was investigated using data collected from the Hanwoo Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Republic of Korea. Analytical mixed models including birth year-season, sex of calf, linear and quadratic covariates of age of dam (days) and linear covariate of age at weaning (days) as fixed effects were used. Corresponding restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and Bayesian estimates of variance components and heritability were obtained with two models; Model 1 included only direct genetic effect and Model 2 included direct genetic, maternal genetic and permanent environmental effect. All the genetic parameter estimates from REML were corresponding to the Bayesian estimates. Direct heritability estimates for GL, BW, and WW were 0.48, 0.33 and 0.25 by Model 1. From Model 2, direct and maternal heritability estimates were 0.38 and 0.03 for GL, 0.14 and 0.05 for BW, and 0.08 and 0.05 for WW. Genetic correlation estimates between direct and maternal effects were 0.05 for GL, 0.59 for BW, and 0.52 for WW. Estimates of direct genetic correlation between GL and BW (WW) were 0.44 (0.21). Positive genetic correlation of GL with BW and WW imply that selection for greater BW or WW would lead to prolonged gestation length. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.5713/ajas.2008.70509 VL - 21 IS - 5 SP - 633-639 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-44449127599&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - gestation length KW - birth weight KW - weaning weight KW - heritability KW - genetic correlation KW - Hanwoo ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Forsythia suspensa extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant activities in broiler chickens under high ambient temperature AU - Wang, L AU - Piao, XL AU - Kim, SW AU - Piao, XS AU - Shen, YB AU - Lee, HS T2 - Poultry science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 87 IS - 7 SP - 1287-1294 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with cholesterol (Chol) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) alters the profiles of amino acids in tissues of neonatal pigs AU - Li, Peng AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Datta, Sujay AU - Pond, Wilson G AU - Wu, Guoyao DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of galacto-mannan-oligosaccharides or chitosan supplementation on cytoimmunity and humoral immunity in early-weaned piglets AU - Yin, Y.-L. AU - Tang, Z.R. AU - Sun, Z.H. AU - Liu, Z.Q. AU - Li, T.J. AU - Huang, R.L. AU - Ruan, Z. AU - Deng, Z.Y. AU - Gao, B. AU - Chen, L.X. AU - Wu, G.Y. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences AB - : Immunomodulatory feed additives might offer alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in pig production. This experiment was designed to determine the effects of dietary galacto-mannan-oligosaccharide (GMOS) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) supplementation on the immune response in early-weaned piglets. Forty 15-day-old piglets (DurocxLandracexYorkshire) with an average live body weight of 5.6±0.51 kg were weaned and randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups that were fed maize-soybean meal diets containing either basal, 110 mg/kg of lincomycin, 250 mg/kg of COS or 0.2% GMOS, respectively, over a 2-week period. Another six piglets of the same age were sacrificed on the same day at the beginning of the study for sampling, in order to obtain baseline values. Interleukin (IL)-1β gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes, jejunal mucosa and lymph nodes, as well as serum levels of IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-6, IgA, IgG, and IgM, were evaluated for 5 pigs from each group at 15 and 28 days of age. The results indicate that weaning stress resulted in decreases in serum antibody and cytokine levels. Dietary supplementation with GMOS or COS enhanced (p<0.05) IL-1β gene expression in jejunal mucosa and lymph nodes, as well as serum levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IgA, IgG and IgM compared to supplementation with lincomycin. These findings suggest that GMOS or COS may enhance the cell-mediated immune response in early-weaned piglets by modulating the production of cytokines and antibodies, which shows that GMOS or COS have different effects than the antibiotic on animal growth and health. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.5713/ajas.2008.70408 VL - 21 IS - 5 SP - 723-731 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-44449169340&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - oligosaccharides KW - interleukin-1 beta KW - -2 and-6 KW - gene expression KW - immune function KW - piglets ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid increases the activity of the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in tissues of young pigs AU - Li, Peng AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Li, Xilong AU - Datta, Sujay AU - Pond, Wilson G AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - Nitric Oxide DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 259-265 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with a nitric oxide donor to the diet for lactating sows enhances the growth of suckling piglets AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Wu, Guoyao DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with Acanthopanax senticosus extract modulates gut microflora in weaned piglets AU - Yin, Fugui AU - Yin, Yulong AU - Kong, Xiangfeng AU - Liu, Yulan AU - He, Qinghua AU - Li, Tiejun AU - Huang, Ruilin AU - Hou, Yongqing AU - Shu, Xugang AU - Tan, Liangxi AU - others T2 - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 21 IS - 9 SP - 1330-1338 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of vitrified–thawed bovine oocytes after in vitro fertilization and somatic cell nuclear transfer AU - Yang, Byoung-Chul AU - Im, Gi-Sun AU - Kim, Dong-Hun AU - Yang, Boh-Suk AU - Oh, Hyun-Ju AU - Park, Hyo-Suk AU - Seong, Hwan-Hoo AU - Kim, Sung-Woo AU - Ka, Hak-Hyun AU - Lee, Chang-Kyu T2 - Animal Reproduction Science AB - Cryopreservation could be a useful technique for providing a steady source of oocytes for nuclear transfer and in vitro embryo production. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for cryopreservation of bovine oocytes while maintaining the developmental potential following subsequent in vitro fertilization (IVF) or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Following vitrification-thawing, the surviving oocytes were (a) used for parthenogenetic activation, (b) examined for pronuclear formation after IVF, (c) examined for embryo development after IVF, and (d) used for SCNT employing fetal fibroblasts transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. While most of the oocytes survived vitrification when the microdrop method was used (92.50%), the cleavage and blastocyst formation rates after parthenogenetic activation were lower (46.5% and 11.1%) than that in the non-vitrified control (86.6% and 13.5%). After IVF, the pronuclear formation (2PN) of fertilized embryos was lower in the vitrified group than in the control (21.7% and 59.9%). After SCNT, fusion rates were similar in control (58.33%) and vitrified-thawed oocytes (53.19%). However, the cleavage (73.1% and 46.3%) and blastocyst formation rates (22.2%, 7.4%; p<0.05) differed between control and vitrified-thawed oocytes. In vitrified-thawed or control oocytes, all embryos reconstructed using fetal fibroblasts transfected with GFP gene showed GFP expression. To evaluate the complete developmental potential, embryos derived from vitrified-thawed and fresh control oocytes were non-surgically transferred to 27 recipients (16 for control and 11 for vitrified-thawed). In the vitrified-thawed group, two pregnancies were detected at day 60, and one of them lasted until day 222. While in the fresh group, one pregnancy maintained to term. In conclusion, vitrified-thawed bovine oocytes could support development into the subsequent stages after IVF and SCNT. In addition, this study showed the possibility of the vitrified-thawed bovine oocytes in the production of transgenic cloned animals. In addition, further studies are required to increase the efficiency of oocyte vitrification for the practical uses and production of live offspring. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.12.009 VL - 103 IS - 1-2 SP - 25-37 J2 - Animal Reproduction Science LA - en OP - SN - 0378-4320 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.12.009 DB - Crossref KW - bovine oocytes KW - vitrification KW - microdrop KW - in vitro fertilization KW - nuclear transfer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microarray analysis of gene expression in granulosal cells from persistent follicles in cattle AU - Lingenfelter, Brandon M. AU - Dailey, Robert A. AU - Inskeep, E. Keith AU - Vernon, Michael W. AU - Poole, Daniel H. AU - Rhinehart, Justin D. AU - Yao, Jianbo T2 - Animal Reproduction Science AB - Granulosal cells form highly specialized membrane connections with the oocyte and each other, allowing the passage of regulatory molecules and metabolites between cells. Gene expression changes in granulosal cells may adversely affect oocyte competence resulting in early embryonic loss. The present study was conducted to analyze global gene expression profiles in granulosal cells from persistent ovarian follicles in cows. Cows were assigned randomly to two groups: growing follicles on day 8 and persistent follicles on day 15 of the estrous cycle (estrus=day 0). Cows in the persistent follicle group received progesterone from CIDR-B devices on days 4 through 13. Granulosal cells were collected from both growing and persistent follicles and used in a direct comparison microarray experiment using a bovine long oligo array representing approximately 8400 known genes. Analysis of the microarray data revealed up-regulation of 272 genes (M-value>or=0.9) and down-regulation of 203 genes (M-value .05) among PC (65.2%), CS (61.2%), and GS (70.7%) birds. This study indicates that the Se from Se-enriched garlic and cabbage is highly bioavailable and can potentially be beneficial in enhancing Se status and GPX activity. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1089/jmf.2007.0053 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 687-692 SN - 1557-7600 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-57349155874&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - cabbage KW - chicken KW - garlic KW - glutathione peroxidase KW - growth performance KW - selenium ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weaning and post-weaning performance by fall-born calves weaned on different dates from endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures managed with two different rotation frequencies AU - Coffey, K. P. AU - Coblentz, W. K. AU - Hellwig, D. H. AU - Popp, M. P. AU - Smith, T. F. AU - Hubbell, D. S., III AU - Scarbrough, D. A. AU - Humphry, J. B. AU - Turner, J. E. AU - Johnson, Z. B. AU - Rosenkrans, C. F., Jr. T2 - LIVESTOCK SCIENCE AB - A number of studies have reported performance by spring-calving cows grazing Neotyphodium-infected fescue [E+, Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.], but post-weaning calf performance from the majority of those studies is limited. Furthermore, both pre- and post-weaning information pertaining to fall-calving cows and their calves grazing E+ is particularly limited. A 3-year study was initiated in April 2000 near Batesville, AR (USA) to investigate the impact of rotational management (twice monthly vs. twice weekly) program and weaning date [mid-April (EARLY) vs. early June (LATE)] on production of fall-calving cow-calf pairs grazing E+ overseeded with ladino (Trifolium repens L.), and red clover (Trifolium pretense L), lespedeza (Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim.), and crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.). A secondary objective of the study was to evaluate calf performance both at weaning and after weaning until either breeding of the heifers or slaughter of the steers. Calves weaned later had greater (P < 0.05) actual weaning weights, but weaning date × year interactions were detected (P < 0.05) for most measurements at weaning. Weight loss during a simulated transport and sale, as well as the days required to regain the lost weight were lower (P < 0.05) by EARLY than by LATE in 2 of 3 years, and intake (kg DM/100 kg BW) was higher by EARLY than by LATE in 2 of 3 years. Antibody titers to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine virus diarrhea measured prior to vaccination and at weaning were greater (P < 0.05) from EARLY than from LATE. Heifer weight at breeding was greater (P < 0.05) from LATE than from EARLY in 1 year and numerically greater (P ≥ 0.11) from LATE in the other 2 years. Initial and final feedlot BW and gain did not differ (P ≥ 0.16) among previous treatments in 2 of 3 years. Therefore, carryover effects of weaning date or rotational grazing on calves previously grazing E+ tall fescue may be mitigated during a subsequent backgrounding period such that impacts on subsequent breeding or feedlot performance is minimized. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.01.019 VL - 118 IS - 3 SP - 183-194 SN - 1878-0490 KW - Tall fescue KW - Endophyte KW - Post-weaning performance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of lactating dairy cows fed varying levels of total mixed ration and pasture AU - Vibart, Ronaldo E. AU - Fellner, Vivek AU - Burns, Joseph C. AU - Huntington, Gerald B. AU - Green, James T., Jr. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY RESEARCH AB - Two, 8-week experiments, each using 30 lactating Holstein cows, were conducted to examine performance of animals offered combinations of total mixed ration (TMR) and high-quality pasture. Experiment 1 was initiated in mid October 2004 and Experiment 2 was initiated in late March 2005. Cows were assigned to either a 100% TMR diet (100:00, no access to pasture) or one of the following three formulated partial mixed rations (PMR) targeted at (1) 85% TMR and 15% pasture, (2) 70% TMR and 30% pasture and (3) 55% TMR and 45% pasture. Based on actual TMR and pasture intake, the dietary TMR and pasture proportions of the three PMR in Experiment 1 were 79% TMR and 21% pasture (79:21), 68% TMR and 32% pasture (68:32), and 59% TMR and 41% pasture (59:41), respectively. Corresponding proportions in Experiment 2 were 89% TMR and 11% pasture (89:11), 79% TMR and 21% pasture (79:21) and 65% TMR and 35% pasture (65:35), respectively. Reducing the proportion of TMR in the diets increased pasture consumption of cows on all PMR, but reduced total dry matter intake compared with cows on 100:00. An increase in forage from pasture increased the concentration of conjugated linoleic acids and decreased the concentration of saturated fatty acids in milk. Although milk and milk protein yields from cows grazing spring pastures (Experiment 2) increased with increasing intakes of TMR, a partial mixed ration that was composed of 41% pasture grazed in the fall (Experiment 1) resulted in a similar overall lactation performance with increased feed efficiency compared to an all-TMR ration. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1017/S0022029908003361 VL - 75 IS - 4 SP - 471-480 SN - 1469-7629 KW - Intake KW - pasture KW - partial mixed ration KW - grazing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of carbetocin, a long-acting oxytocin analogue, following intravenous administration in horses AU - Schramme, A. R. AU - Pinto, C. R. F. AU - Davis, J. AU - Whisnant, C. S. AU - Whitacre, M. D. T2 - EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - Current therapy protocols to treat persistent post mating endometritis and retained fetal membranes in mares typically include the administration of ecbolic drugs. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of carbetocin, a long-acting oxytocin analogue, after i.v. administration is required.To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters (principally half-life) of carbetocin in horses.Five mature mares and one gelding received 0.175 mg carbetocin i.v. All animals were monitored periodically throughout the study for elevation in rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and signs of pain or discomfort. Plasma samples were collected for determination of carbetocin concentrations by radioimmunoassay.Administration of carbetocin was well tolerated by all horses and its half-life was 17.2 min.The half-life of carbetocin is greater than that previously reported for oxytocin (6.8 min).Carbetocin is an attractive alternative to oxytocin therapy in broodmare management. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.2746/042516408X334343 VL - 40 IS - 7 SP - 658-661 SN - 0425-1644 KW - horse KW - oxytocin KW - pharmacokinetics KW - carbetocin ER - TY - JOUR TI - MicroRNA Expression in Chicken Embryos AU - Hicks, J. A. AU - Tembhurne, P. AU - Liu, H. -C. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - MicroRNA (miRNA) are small single-stranded noncoding RNA that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. A major role of miRNA is the regulation of gene expression in developmental processes. In this study, we constructed a small RNA library from 11-d-old chick embryos and used this library to examine the miRNA expression profile of the embryos. This small RNA library was sequenced by using 454 Life Sciences pyrosequencing technology. A total of 10,466 sequences were obtained and annotated as either known chicken miRNA, miRNA that shared homology with other species, or novel miRNA. We identified the expression of 110 known chicken miRNA, 36 homologous chicken miRNA (previously unannotated in the chicken but conserved with miRNA from other species), and 14 novel chicken-specific miRNA not identified in any other species. We also demonstrated that some of the identified chicken embryonic miRNA are differentially expressed among the developing spleen, liver, or bursa. The current study demonstrates that a very diverse and dynamic set of miRNA is expressed in the embryonic chick at 11 d of incubation. The identification of miRNA present in the embryonic chicken will further aid in understanding the complexity of gene regulation during vertebrate development. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.3382/ps.2008-00114 VL - 87 IS - 11 SP - 2335-2343 SN - 1525-3171 KW - microRNA KW - chicken embryo KW - expression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maternal Dietary L-Carnitine Supplementation Influences Fetal Carnitine Status and Stimulates Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Activities in Swine AU - Xi, Lin AU - Brown, Kelly AU - Woodworth, Jason AU - Shim, Kwanseob AU - Johnson, Bradley AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The Journal of Nutrition AB - Effects of increasing maternal L-carnitine on carnitine status and energy metabolism in the fetus were evaluated by feeding pregnant swine a corn-soybean-based diet containing either 0 or 50 mg/kg added L-carnitine (n = 10/treatment) during the first 70 d of gestation. Carnitine, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT), and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) activities were analyzed in tissues collected from fetuses on d 55 and 70. Maternal L-carnitine supplementation increased both fetal free and long-chain carnitine concentrations by 45% in liver and free carnitine by 31% in heart tissues but did not affect kidney tissue. Elevations in free and acylcarnitines increased with gestational age from 55 to 70 d in liver but not in heart and kidney. The increased carnitine concentrations resulted in a 45% increase in PDHC activity in heart and liver on d 70 of gestation but did not affect kidney and liver on d 55 of gestation. The increases in carnitine concentrations were accompanied by a 70% increase in hepatic CPT activity in 70-d-old fetuses, but activities in heart and kidney were unaffected. The Michaelis constant (K(m)) of CPT for carnitine in fetal tissues was not influenced by carnitine supplementation (P > 0.1). Notably, the concentrations of carnitine measured on d 70 were only 25-40% of the K(m) values in liver, 60-70% in heart, and 30-40% in kidney (P < 0.001). We conclude that carnitine ingestion during pregnancy increases fetal carnitine concentrations and stimulates heart PDHC and liver CPT activity without altering carnitine K(m). DA - 2008/12/1/ PY - 2008/12/1/ DO - 10.3945/jn.108.095638 VL - 138 IS - 12 SP - 2356-2362 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3166 1541-6100 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.095638 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of feeding l-carnitine to gilts through day 70 of gestation on litter traits and the expression of insulin-like growth factor system components and l-carnitine concentration in foetal tissues AU - Brown, K. R. AU - Goodband, R. D. AU - Tokach, M. D. AU - Dritz, S. S. AU - Nelssen, J. L. AU - Minton, J. E. AU - Higgins, J. J. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. AU - Woodworth, J. C. AU - Johnson, B. J. T2 - Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition AB - Summary We investigated the influence of supplemental l ‐carnitine on foetal blood metabolites, litter characteristics, l ‐carnitine concentration in skeletal muscle and insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis components in foetal hepatic and skeletal muscle tissues at day 40, 55 and 70 of gestating gilts. A total of 59 gilts (body weight = 137.7 kg) received a constant feed allowance of 1.75 kg/day and a top‐dress containing either 0 or 50 ppm of l ‐carnitine starting on the first day of breeding through the allotted gestation length. Foetuses from the gilts fed diets with l ‐carnitine tended to be heavier (p = 0.06) and the circulating IGF‐II tended to be lower (p = 0.09) at day 70, compared with the foetuses from the control gilts. Insulin‐like growth factor‐I messenger RNA (mRNA) was lower (p = 0.05) in hepatic tissue in the foetuses collected from gilts fed l ‐carnitine. Free and total carnitine concentration increased (p < 0.05) in the skeletal muscle from the foetuses collected from gilts fed supplemental l ‐carnitine. This study showed that l ‐carnitine had beneficial effects on the average foetal weight at day 70 of gestation, associated with changes in the foetal IGF system. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00762.x VL - 92 IS - 6 SP - 660-667 LA - en OP - SN - 0931-2439 1439-0396 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00762.x DB - Crossref KW - foetus KW - gestation KW - gilts KW - l-carnitine KW - messenger RNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - ASAS Centennial Paper: Utilization of pasture and forages by ruminants: A historical perspective AU - Burns, J. C. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Pastures, forages, and grasslands dominate the landscape across the United States and support a large ruminant population that supplies the nation with value-added animal products. A historical perspective is presented of the innovations as they occurred in the Journal of Animal Science over the past 100 yr in pasture and forage research. Consideration was given to both animal and pasture perspectives. Areas given consideration from the animal perspective were schemes for feedstuff analysis, experimental design and statistics, forage sample preservation, indirect methods of measuring intake and digestion, TDN and energy, nutritive value, harvested forage, and innovations in the grazing environment. Areas given consideration from the forage perspective were a framework for forage-animal interface research, determining pasture yield, choice of stocking method, grazing management, partitioning of forage DM, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy technology, antiquality constituents, and forage sample preservation. Finally, the importance was discussed of applying research results from the forage-animal interface to general ruminant nutrition research beyond the interface that is focused on altered diets. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.2527/jas.2008-1240 VL - 86 IS - 12 SP - 3647-3663 SN - 1525-3163 KW - centennial KW - forage KW - forage-animal interface KW - historical KW - ruminant ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response to dietary phosphorus deficiency is affected by genetic background in growing pigs AU - Alexander, L. S. AU - Qu, A. AU - Cutler, S. A. AU - Mahajan, A. AU - Lonergan, S. M. AU - Rothschild, M. F. AU - Weber, T. E. AU - Kerr, B. J. AU - Stahl, C. H. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Concern over the environmental effect of P excretion from pig production has led to reduced dietary P supplementation. To examine how genetics influence P utilization, 94 gilts sired by 2 genetic lines (PIC337 and PIC280) were housed individually and fed either a P-adequate diet (PA) or a 20% P-deficient diet (PD) for 14 wk. Initially and monthly, blood samples were collected and BW recorded after an overnight fast. Growth performance and plasma indicators of P status were determined monthly. At the end of the trial, carcass traits, meat quality, bone strength, and ash percentage were determined. Pigs fed the PD diet had decreased (P < 0.05) plasma P concentrations and poorer G:F (P < 0.05) over the length of the trial. After 4 wk on trial, pigs fed the PD diet had increased (P < 0.05) plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 and decreased (P < 0.05) plasma parathyroid hormone compared with those fed the PA diet. At the end of the trial, pigs fed the PD diet had decreased (P < 0.05) BW, HCW, and percentage fat-free lean and tended to have decreased LM area (P = 0.06) and marbling (P = 0.09) and greater (P = 0.12) 10th-rib backfat than pigs fed the PA diet. Additionally, animals fed the PD diet had weaker bones and also decreased (P < 0.05) ash percentage and increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of 1α-hydroxylase and parathyroid hormone receptor mRNA in kidney tissue. Regardless of dietary treatment, PIC337-sired pigs consumed more feed and gained more BW than their PIC280-sired counterparts (P < 0.05) during the study. The PIC337-sired pigs also had greater (P < 0.05) HCW, larger (P < 0.01) LM area, and tended to have (P = 0.07) greater dressing percentage. Meat from the PIC337-sired pigs also tended to have greater (P = 0.12) concentrations of lactate but decreased (P = 0.07) concentrations of total glucose units 24 h postslaughter. Although plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations were elevated (P < 0.05) in all the animals fed the PD diet, this elevation due to P deficiency tended (P = 0.09) to be greater in the PIC337-sired pigs after 12 wk on the treatment. The PIC337-sired pigs had stronger (P < 0.01) bones with greater ash percentage than the PIC280-sired pigs. The difference in the strength of the radii between the PIC337-sired pigs fed the PA and PD diets was greater than their PIC280-sired counterparts, which resulted in sire line × treatment interactions (P < 0.05). These data indicate differing mechanisms of P utilization between these genetic lines. Elucidating these mechanisms may lead to strategies to increase efficiency of growth in a more environmentally friendly manner. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.2527/jas.2007-0692 VL - 86 IS - 10 SP - 2585-2595 SN - 0021-8812 KW - bone KW - meat quality KW - phosphorus KW - pig ER - TY - JOUR TI - INVITED REVIEW: Animal science departments of the future AU - Britt, J. H. AU - Aberle, E. D. AU - Esbenshade, K. L. AU - Males, J. R. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Departments of animal science were established in agricultural colleges of public universities just over 100 yr ago, shortly before the founding of today's American Society of Animal Science. These departments and colleges have been remarkably resilient, changing little structurally. Yet, the future portends significant changes in these departments and colleges in response to shifts in how public higher education is financed and how society views the roles of animals in providing food and companionship. Funding for public higher education will continue to decline as a percentage of government appropriations. Public universities will garner more funding from gifts, endowments, grants, contracts, and tuition but will be held more accountable than today by public officials. Departments of animal science will retain strong constituencies and will be major units of most agricultural colleges; however, their students and faculty will be more diverse. Departments of animal science will focus on more species of animals and on a greater role of animals in society. Disciplines of faculty members in departments of animal science will become broader, and research projects will be more complex and have longer horizons, ultimately focused more on sustainability. Departments will share more resources across state and national boundaries, and there will be less duplication of effort regionally. Departments of animal science will continue to be important academic units of universities into the 22nd century. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.2527/jas.2008-1015 VL - 86 IS - 11 SP - 3235-3244 SN - 0021-8812 KW - animal science department KW - contemporary food animal production KW - funding KW - land-grant college KW - university ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of chito-oligosaccharide supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and fecal shedding of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus in weaning pigs AU - Liu, P. AU - Piao, X. S. AU - Kim, S. W. AU - Wang, L. AU - Shen, Y. B. AU - Lee, H. S. AU - Li, S. Y. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - A total of 50 weaning pigs (16 d of age; 4.72 +/- 0.23 kg of BW) were selected to investigate the effect of dietary chito-oligosaccharide (COS) supplementation on growth performance, fecal shedding of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus, apparent digestibility, and small intestinal morphology. Pigs housed in individual metabolic cages were assigned randomly to 5 treatments (n = 10), including 1 basal diet (control), 3 diets with COS supplementation (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), and 1 diet with chlortetracycline (CTC) supplementation (80 mg/kg). Fresh fecal samples were collected to evaluate shedding of E. coli and Lactobacillus on d 0, 7, 14, and 21 postweaning. Fresh fecal samples collected from each cage from d 19 to 21 were stored frozen for determination of apparent total tract digestibility. On d 21, all pigs were killed to collect the middle sections of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum for determination of mucosa morphology. Supplementation of COS at 100 and 200 mg/kg and supplementation of CTC improved (P < 0.05) overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F in comparison with the control. Supplementation of COS at 200 mg/kg as well as supplementation of CTC increased (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of DM, GE, CP, crude fat, Ca, and P, whereas COS at 100 mg/kg increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of DM, Ca, and P in comparison with the control diet. Pigs receiving diets supplemented with COS or CTC had a decreased (P < 0.05) incidence of diarrhea and decreased diarrhea scores compared with control pigs. Fecal samples from pigs receiving diets supplemented with COS had greater (P < 0.05) Lactobacillus counts than those from control pigs and pigs receiving diets supplemented with CTC on d 14 and 21. However, supplementation of COS at 200 mg/kg and supplementation of CTC decreased (P < 0.05) E. coli counts in the feces on d 21 compared with the control diet. Dietary supplementation of COS at 200 mg/kg and of CTC increased (P < 0.05) the villus height and villus:crypt ratio at the ileum and jejunum, and COS at 100 mg/kg also increased (P < 0.05) the villus height in the ileum compared with the control diet. The current results indicated that dietary supplementation of COS at 100 and 200 mg/kg enhanced growth performance by increasing apparent digestibility, decreasing the incidence of diarrhea, and improving small intestinal morphology. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.2527/jas.2007-0668 VL - 86 IS - 10 SP - 2609-2618 SN - 1525-3163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-54449096412&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - chito-oligosaccharide KW - Escherichia coli KW - growth performance KW - intestinal morphology KW - Lactobacillus KW - pig ER - TY - JOUR TI - Copper deficiency in the young bovine results in dramatic decreases in brain copper concentration but does not alter brain prion protein biology AU - Legleiter, L. R. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Liu, H. C. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - An Mn for Cu substitution on cellular prion proteins (PrP(c)) in the brain that results in biochemical changes to PrP(c) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Recent research in the mature bovine does not support this theory. The present study tested this hypothesis by using progeny from gestating cows receiving Cu-deficient diets or Cu-deficient diets coupled with high dietary Mn. Copper-adequate cows (n = 39) were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) control (adequate in Cu and Mn), 2) Cu deficient (-Cu), or 3) Cu deficient plus high dietary Mn (-Cu+Mn). Cows assigned to treatments -Cu and -Cu+Mn received no supplemental Cu and were supplemented with Mo to further induce Cu deficiency. The -Cu+Mn treatment also received 500 mg of supplemental Mn/kg of dietary DM. Calves were weaned at 180 d and maintained on the same treatments as their respective dams for 260 d. Copper-deficient calves (-Cu and -Cu+Mn) had decreased (P = 0.001) brain (obex) Cu and tended to have increased (P = 0.09) obex Mn relative to control calves. Obex Mn:Cu ratios were substantially increased (P < 0.001) in calves receiving -Cu and -Cu+Mn treatments compared with control calves and were greater (P < 0.001) in -Cu+Mn calves than in -Cu calves. Obex prion protein characteristics, including proteinase K degradability, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and glycoform distributions, were largely unaffected. Obex tissue antioxidant capacity was not compromised by perturbations in brain metals, but Cu-deficient calves tended to have decreased (P = 0.06) Cu:Zn SOD activity and increased (P = 0.06) Mn SOD activity. Although obex Cu was decreased because of Cu deficiency and Mn increased because of exposure to high dietary Mn, the obex metal imbalance had minimal effects on PrP(c) functional characteristics in the calves. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.2527/jas.2007-0403 VL - 86 IS - 11 SP - 3069-3078 SN - 0021-8812 KW - bovine KW - copper KW - manganese KW - prion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing ammonia emissions from swine farms in eastern north carolina: Part 1-conventional lagoon and spray technology for waste treatment AU - Aneja, Viney P. AU - Arya, S. Pal AU - Kim, D. -S. AU - Rumsey, Ian C. AU - Arkinson, H. L. AU - Semunegus, H. AU - Bajwa, K. S. AU - Dickey, D. A. AU - Stefanski, L. A. AU - Todd, L. AU - Mottus, K. AU - Robarge, W. P. AU - Williams, C. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Ammonia (NH3) fluxes from waste treatment lagoons and barns at two conventional swine farms in eastern North Carolina were measured. The waste treatment lagoon data were analyzed to elucidate the temporal (seasonal and diurnal) variability and to derive regression relationships between NH3 flux and lagoon temperature, pH and ammonium content of the lagoon, and the most relevant meteorological parameters. NH3 fluxes were measured at various sampling locations on the lagoons by a flow-through dynamic chamber system interfaced to an environmentally controlled mobile laboratory. Two sets of open-path Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers were also used to measure NH3 concentrations for estimating NH3 emissions from the animal housing units (barns) at the lagoon and spray technology (LST) sites.Two different types of ventilation systems were used at the two farms. Moore farm used fan ventilation, and Stokes farm used natural ventilation. The early fall and winter season intensive measurement campaigns were conducted during September 9 to October 11, 2002 (lagoon temperature ranged from 21.2 to 33.6 °C) and January 6 to February 2, 2003 (lagoon temperature ranged from 1.7 to 12 °C), respectively. Significant differences in seasonal NH3 fluxes from the waste treatment lagoons were found at both farms. Typical diurnal variation of NH3 flux with its maximum value in the afternoon was observed during both experimental periods. Exponentially increasing flux with increasing surface lagoon temperature was observed, and a linear regression relationship between logarithm of NH3 flux and lagoon surface temperature (T l) was obtained. Correlations between lagoon NH3 flux and chemical parameters, such as pH, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) were found to be statistically insignificant or weak. In addition to lagoon surface temperature, the difference (D) between air temperature and the lagoon surface temperature was also found to influence the NH3 flux, especially when D > 0 (i.e., air hotter than lagoon). This hot-air effect is included in the statistical-observational model obtained in this study, which was used further in the companion study (Part II), to compare the emissions from potential environmental superior technologies to evaluate the effectiveness of each technology. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.3155/1047-3289.58.9.1130 VL - 58 IS - 9 SP - 1130-1144 SN - 1047-3289 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing ammonia emissions from swine farms in eastern North Carolina: Part 2 - Potential environmentally superior technologies for waste treatment AU - Aneja, Viney P. AU - Arya, S. Pal AU - Rumsey, Ian C. AU - Kim, D. -S. AU - Bajwa, K. AU - Arkinson, H. L. AU - Semunegus, H. AU - Dickey, D. A. AU - Stefanski, L. A. AU - Todd, L. AU - Mottus, K. AU - Robarge, W. P. AU - Williams, C. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION AB - The need for developing environmentally superior and sustainable solutions for managing the animal waste at commercial swine farms in eastern North Carolina has been recognized in recent years. Program OPEN (Odor, Pathogens, and Emissions of Nitrogen), funded by the North Carolina State University Animal and Poultry Waste Management Center (APWMC), was initiated and charged with the evaluation of potential environmentally superior technologies (ESTs) that have been developed and implemented at selected swine farms or facilities. The OPEN program has demonstrated the effectiveness of a new paradigm for policy-relevant environmental research related to North Carolina's animal waste management programs. This new paradigm is based on a commitment to improve scientific understanding associated with a wide array of environmental issues (i.e., issues related to the movement of N from animal waste into air, water, and soil media; the transmission of odor and odorants; disease-transmitting vectors; and airborne pathogens). The primary focus of this paper is on emissions of ammonia (NH3) from some potential ESTs that were being evaluated at full-scale swine facilities. During 2-week-long periods in two different seasons (warm and cold), NH3 fluxes from water-holding structures and NH3 emissions from animal houses or barns were measured at six potential EST sites: (1) Barham farm--in-ground ambient temperature anaerobic digester/energy recovery/greenhouse vegetable production system; (2) BOC #93 farm--upflow biofiltration system--EKOKAN; (3) Carrolls farm--aerobic blanket system--ISSUES-ABS; (4) Corbett #1 farm--solids separation/ gasification for energy and ash recovery centralized system--BEST; (5) Corbett #2 farm--solid separation/ reciprocating water technology--ReCip; and (6) Vestal farm--Recycling of Nutrient, Energy and Water System--ISSUES-RENEW. The ESTs were compared with similar measurements made at two conventional lagoon and spray technology (LST) farms (Moore farm and Stokes farm). A flow-through dynamic chamber system and two sets of open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectrometers measured NH3 fluxes continuously from water-holding structures and emissions from housing units at the EST and conventional LST sites. A statistical-observational model for lagoon NH3 flux was developed using a multiple linear regression analysis of 15-min averaged NH3 flux data against the relevant environmental parameters measured at the two conventional farms during two different seasons of the year. This was used to compare the water-holding structures at ESTs with those from lagoons at conventional sites under similar environmental conditions. Percentage reductions in NH3 emissions from different components of each potential EST, as well as the whole farm on which the EST was located were evaluated from the estimated emissions from water-holding structures, barns, etc., all normalized by the appropriate nitrogen excretion rate at the potential EST farm, as well as from the appropriate conventional farm. This study showed that ammonia emissions were reduced by all but one potential EST for both experimental periods. However, on the basis of our evaluation results and analysis and available information in the scientific literature, the evaluated alternative technologies may require additional technical modifications to be qualified as unconditional ESTs relative to NH3 emissions reductions. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.3155/1047-3289.58.9.1145 VL - 58 IS - 9 SP - 1145-1157 SN - 2162-2906 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in the Gallus gallus proteorne induced by Marek's disease virus AU - Ramaroson, Mialy F. AU - Ruby, James AU - Goshe, Michael B. AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching T2 - JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH AB - Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a highly oncogenic avian herpesvirus. We have used a modified MudPIT analysis to examine the effect of MDV infection on the chicken proteome. We identified 3561 unique nonphosphorylated peptides, representing 1460 chicken proteins, in a mock-infected sample versus 4240 unique nonphosphorylated peptides, representing 1676 proteins, in an MDV-infected sample. Of these unique peptides, 59.1% from the mock- and 49.6% from the MDV-infected samples were detected in both samples, and for the represented proteins, 69.1% from the mock- and 60.2% from the MDV-infected samples were common to both samples. In terms of phosphorylation, 357 and 506 phosphopeptides, representing 342 and 483 proteins, were detected in the mock- and MDV-infected samples, respectively. At the phosphopeptide level, 10.1% from the mock- and 7.1% from the MDV-infected samples overlapped, and for the represented phosphoproteins, 12.0% from the mock- and 8.5% from the MDV-infected samples were common to both samples. There were no significant differences in the hydropathicity values and number of transmembrane domains of the identified protein sets. Subtle differences were observed for subcellular localizations of the identified proteins. These results suggest that MDV infection may alter host cell biochemistry by perturbing the host’s proteomic composition. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1021/pr800268h VL - 7 IS - 10 SP - 4346-4358 SN - 1535-3893 KW - Marek's disease virus KW - chicken proteome KW - mu rpLC/MS/MS ER - TY - JOUR TI - 'Coastal' and 'Tifton 44' bermudagrass availability on animal and pasture productivity AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Fisher, D. S. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Hybrid cultivars of bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] are a major feed source for ruminants across the southeastern United States. This 4‐yr experiment compared animal and pasture performance of ‘Coastal’ and ‘Tifton 44’ bermudagrasses over three canopy heights designated as short (5.6 cm), medium (10.1 cm), and tall (13.1 cm). The relationship of canopy height to ingestive mastication and canopy characteristics was also studied. Soil was a Cecil clay loam (clayey, Kaolinitic thermic Typic Hapludult). Pastures were continuously stocked using variable stocking to maintain the targeted canopy heights. Herbage mass (to soil surface) was similar between Coastal and Tifton 44 (T44) within each canopy height averaging 2.36, 4.08, and 5.25 Mg ha −1 . Steer average daily gain (ADG) was greater ( P = 0.09) from T44 than Coastal (0.58 vs. 0.51 kg) but no differences were noted in pasture productivity. Increasing herbage mass linearly increased ( P < 0.01) ADG (0.40–0.59 kg) but reduced ( P < 0.01) stocking rate (16.1–11.2 steers ha −1 ), which influenced animal days (1810–1079 d ha −1 ), weight gain (1057–786 kg ha −1 ), and effective feed units (6392–4452 kg ha −1 ). Steer ADG increased ( P = 0.01) from short to medium canopy height (0.40–0.64 kg) with little change between medium and tall canopy height (0.64–0.59 kg). Tifton 44 pasture is of greater quality than Coastal giving greater ADG but both were productive producing about 1100 kg of gain ha −1 when effectively managed and utilized. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2007.0381 VL - 100 IS - 5 SP - 1280-1288 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tick-Borne Diseases in North Carolina: Is "Rickettsia amblyommii" a Possible Cause of Rickettsiosis Reported as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever? AU - Apperson, Charles S. AU - Engber, Barry AU - Nicholson, William L. AU - Mead, Daniel G. AU - Engel, Jeffrey AU - Yabsley, Michael J. AU - Dail, Kathy AU - Johnson, Joey AU - Watson, D. Wesley T2 - VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES AB - Cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in North Carolina have escalated markedly since 2000. In 2005, we identified a county in the Piedmont region with high case numbers of RMSF. We collected ticks and examined them for bacterial pathogens using molecular methods to determine if a novel tick vector or spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) might be emerging. Amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick, comprised 99.6% of 6,502 specimens collected in suburban landscapes. In contrast, Dermacentor variabilis, the American dog tick, a principal vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, comprised < 1% of the ticks collected. Eleven of 25 lone star tick pools tested were infected with "Rickettsia amblyommii," an informally named SFGR. Sera from patients from the same county who were presumptively diagnosed by local physicians with a tick-borne illness were tested by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assay to confirm clinical diagnoses. Three of six patients classified as probable RMSF cases demonstrated a fourfold or greater rise in IgG class antibody titers between paired acute and convalescent sera to "R. amblyommii" antigens, but not to R. rickettsii antigens. White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, are preferred hosts of lone star ticks. Blood samples collected from hunter-killed deer from the same county were tested by IFA test for antibodies to Ehrlichia chaffeensis and "R. amblyommii." Twenty-eight (87%) of 32 deer were positive for antibodies to E. chaffeensis, but only 1 (3%) of the deer exhibited antibodies to "R. amblyommii," suggesting that deer are not the source of "R. amblyommii" infection for lone star ticks. We propose that some cases of rickettsiosis reported as RMSF may have been caused by "R. amblyommii" transmitted through the bite of A. americanum. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1089/vbz.2007.0271 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 597-606 SN - 1557-7759 KW - Rocky Mountain spotted fever KW - Amblyomma americanum KW - lone star tick KW - spotted fever group rickettsiae KW - "Rickettsia amblyommii" KW - Rickettsia rickettsii KW - Ehrlichia chaffeensis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing for variation in animal preference for Jesup tall fescue hays with wild-type, novel, or no fungal endophyte AU - Fisher, D. S. AU - Burns, J. C. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Tall fescue [ Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub.] is an important source of forage but often contains a fungal endophyte [ Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan‐Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin] that can produce alkaloids and decrease animal performance. Removing the endophyte can reduce agronomic performance and persistence. An improved cultivar (‘Jesup’) with a novel (nontoxic) endophyte (trademark “MaxQ”) has improved agronomic performance. Persistence may be related to agronomic traits and animal feeding preferences. We tested for variation in animal preference among two harvests by testing each of three hays made from Jesup tall fescue that varied in endophyte status (no endophyte, containing the novel endophyte, or containing a wild‐type endophyte that produces alkaloids associated with toxicosis). We tested for preference using goats ( Capra hircus ), sheep ( Ovis aries ), and cattle ( Bos taurus ). All possible pairs were tested using traditional analysis of variance as well as multidimensional scaling. Multidimensional scaling of the animal preferences indicated that two dimensions were being used to rank the hays. The first dimension for all three animal species was related to variation in forage nutritive value. The second dimension was not correlated with any of the measured variables. Endophyte status was not a factor in the preferences expressed by the three animal species. It appears that no effective feedback mechanism exists related to endophyte status. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2007.10.0548 VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - 2026-2032 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Longitudinal study of prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from turkeys and swine grown in close proximity AU - Wright, S. L. AU - Carver, D. K. AU - Siletzky, R. M. AU - Romine, S. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. AU - Kathariou, S. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Eastern North Carolina is a major contributor to both turkey and swine production in the United States. In this region, turkeys and swine are frequently grown in close proximity and by common growers. To further characterize colonization of turkeys and swine with Campylobacter in such a setting, we investigated the prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters in eight paired operations involving turkey farms in close proximity to finishing swine farms. All 15 surveyed flocks and 15 herds were Campylobacter positive at one or more sampling times. Campylobacter was isolated from 1,310 (87%) of the 1,512 turkey samples and 1,116 (77%) of the 1,448 swine samples. Most (>99%) campylobacters from swine samples were Campylobacter coli, found in 59 to 97% of the samples from the different herds. Both Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli were recovered from the turkey flocks (overall prevalences of 52 and 35%, respectively). Prevalence among flocks ranged from 31 to 86% for C. jejuni and 0 to 67% for C. coli, and both species were recovered from most flocks. Relative prevalence of C. coli was higher in young birds (brooders), whereas C. jejuni predominated in grow-out birds (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of C. coli in a swine herd was generally not a good predictor for prevalence of this species in the corresponding turkey flock. These findings indicate that even though turkeys and swine grown in proximity to each other were commonly colonized with thermophilic campylobacters, the relative prevalences of C. jejuni and C. coli appear to be host associated. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-71.9.1791 VL - 71 IS - 9 SP - 1791-1796 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid increases the activity of the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in tissues of young pigs AU - Li, Peng AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Li, Xilong AU - Datta, Sujay AU - Pond, Wilson G. AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - NITRIC OXIDE-BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY AB - Nitric oxide (NO), synthesized from l-arginine by tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-dependent NO synthase (NOS), is critical for neurological and muscular development and function. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may modulate the arginine-NO pathway in tissues of the young pig. Sixteen newborn pigs were nursed by sows for 24 h and then assigned to one of four treatment groups, representing supplementation with 0.0%, 0.2% cholesterol, 0.2% DHA, or cholesterol plus DHA to the basal milk-formula. All piglets were euthanized at 49 days of age. Brain, liver and gastrocnemius muscle were analyzed for BH4, NADPH and arginine, GTP cyclohydrolase-I (GTP-CH) and NOS activities, and NOS protein isoforms. Hepatic NOS activity was below the detection limit in all pigs. DHA supplementation (P < 0.01) increased GTP-CH activities, as well as BH4 and NADPH concentrations in brain, liver, and muscle by 24–46%, while enhancing (P < 0.05) NOS activities by 45–48% in brain and muscle. Dietary cholesterol supplementation increased (P < 0.05) NOS and GTP-CH activities by 17–26% in brain but had no effect in liver or muscle. The enhanced NOS activity in the brain or muscle of cholesterol- or DHA-supplemented piglets was attributable to the combined effects of increased eNOS and nNOS activation (changes in phosphorylation levels) and total iNOS protein. Additionally, DHA and cholesterol enhanced (P < 0.05) arginine concentrations in brain (35–42%), but not in liver or muscle. These tissue-specific effects of cholesterol and DHA on NO synthesis may play an important role in postnatal growth and development. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.niox.2008.05.002 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 259-265 SN - 1089-8611 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-52149118920&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Arginine KW - Nitric oxide KW - Pig KW - Synthesis KW - Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase-I KW - Tetrahydrobiopterin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with Acanthopanax senticosus extract modulates gut microflora in weaned piglets AU - Yin, Fugui AU - Yin, Yulong AU - Kong, Xiangfeng AU - Liu, Yulan AU - He, Qinghua AU - Li, Tiejun AU - Huang, Ruilin AU - Hou, Yongqing AU - Shu, Xugang AU - Tan, Liangxi AU - Chen, Lixiang AU - Gong, Jianhua AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES AB - This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Acanthopanax senticosus extract (ASE) as a dietary additive on gut microflora in weaned piglets. A total of sixty pigs were weaned at 21 d of age (BW = 5.64±0.23 kg) and allocated on the basis of BW and litter to three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were: control group (basal diet), antibiotics group (basal diet+0.02% colistin), and ASE group (basal diet+0.1% ASE). On d 7, 14 and 28 after consuming the experimental diets, five piglets per group were sacrificed and then the contents from the jejunum, ileum and cecum were collected to determine changes in the microbial community by using a polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique and estimating the contents of Lactobacillus and E. coli by in vitro culturing methods. The results showed that the ASE promoted the microflora diversity in the cecum. Enumeration of bacteria in the gut contents showed that the number of Lactobacillus increased (p<0.05), while that of E. coli decreased (p<0.05) when compared with the other 2 groups as the days of age progressed post-weaning. These findings suggested that the ASE, as a substitute for dietary antimicrobial products, could improve the development of the normal gut microflora and suppress bacterial pathogens, and effectively promote a healthy intestinal environment. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.5713/ajas.2008.70583 VL - 21 IS - 9 SP - 1330-1338 SN - 1976-5517 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-56849108720&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Acanthopanax senticosus extract KW - dietary additive KW - weaned piglet KW - gut microflora KW - PCR-DGGE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary Chemical Composition, Plasma Metabolites and Hormones in Range Goats AU - Juarez-Reyes, Arturo S. AU - Nevarez-Carrasco, Gumaro AU - Cerrillo-Soto, Maria A. AU - Murillo-Ortiz, Manuel AU - Luginbuhl, Jean-Marie AU - Bernal-Barragan, Hugo AU - Ramirez, Roque G. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH AB - Abstract Juárez-Reyes, A.S., Nevarez-Carrasco, G., Cerrillo-Soto, M.A., Murillo-Ortiz, M., Luginbuhl, J-M., Bernal-Barragán, H. and Ramírez, R.G. 2008. Dietary chemical composition, plasma metabolites and hormones in range goats. J. Appl. Anim. Res, 34: 81–86. The objective of this study was to determine the monthly chemical composition of the diet consumed by range goats and plasma concentrations of glucose, urea, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), insulin and progesterone (P4) during lactation (January-June). Three esophageally-cannulated female goats and twelve intact female goats (38±1.7 kg BW) were used to obtain extrusa and blood samples, respectively. Body weight decreased (P<0.05) by 12.5% during the period from January to May, whereas, in June goats lost 250 g d−1. There was a fall in nutrient density during May and June. With the exception of progesterone (0.1–0.6 ng ml−1), LH (7.1–11.0), GH (22.8–30) and insulin (0.6–1.8) increased (P<0.05) as lactation period progressed. It is concluded that plasma metabolite concentrations suggested that an energy supplementation schedule might be necessary during the early lactation period of goats. In addition, if harsh climatic conditions appear at the end of lactation, an increment of 70% in their energy maintenance requirements might be considered to avoid weight losses and to improve body condition of goats prior to breeding season. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1080/09712119.2008.9706945 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 81-86 SN - 0974-1844 KW - Chemical composition KW - diet KW - blood metabolites KW - lactation KW - plasma hormones KW - range goats ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enrichment of Intestinal Mucosal Phospholipids with Arachidonic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Fed to Suckling Piglets Is Dose and Time Dependent AU - Hess, Holly A. AU - Corl, Benjamin A. AU - Lin, Xi AU - Jacobi, Sheila K. AU - Harrell, Robert J. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The Journal of Nutrition AB - Infant formula companies began fortifying formulas with long-chain PUFA in 2002, including arachidonic acid (ARA) at ∼0.5% of total fatty acids. The primary objective of this study was to determine the time-specific effects of feeding formula enriched with supra-physiologic ARA on fatty acid composition of intestinal mucosal phospholipids. One-day-old pigs (n = 96) were fed a milk-based formula for 4, 8, or 16 d. Diets contained either no PUFA (0% ARA, negative control), 0.5% ARA, 2.5% ARA, 5% ARA, or 5% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of total fatty acids (wt:wt). Growth (299 ± 21 g/d) and clinical hematology were unaffected by treatment (P > 0.6). Although minimal on d 4, concentrations of ARA in jejunal mucosa were enriched 47, 272 and 428% by d 8 and 144, 356, and 415% by d 16 in pigs fed the 0.5% ARA, 2.5% ARA, and 5% ARA diets, respectively, compared with the 0% ARA control pigs (P < 0.01). On d 16, ARA enrichment increased progressively with increasing dietary ARA supplementation from 0 to 2.5% but plateaued as dietary ARA rose to 5%. A similar pattern of ARA enrichment was observed in ileal mucosal phospholipids, but maximal enrichment in the ileum exceed that in the jejunum by >50%. As ARA increased, linoleic acid content decreased reciprocally. Although maximal enterocyte enrichment with EPA approached 20-fold by d 8, concentrations were only ∼50% of those attained for ARA. Negligible effects on gross villus/crypt morphology were observed. These data demonstrate a dose-dependent response of intestinal mucosal phospholipid ARA concentration to dietary ARA with nearly full enrichment attained within 8 d of feeding formula containing ARA at 2.5% of total fatty acids and that supra-physiologic supplementation of ARA is not detrimental to growth. DA - 2008/11/1/ PY - 2008/11/1/ DO - 10.3945/jn.108.094136 VL - 138 IS - 11 SP - 2164-2171 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3166 1541-6100 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.094136 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic and phenotypic variation in reproductive traits of AI boars AU - Flowers, William L. T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - The primary objective of this paper is to review our current understanding of phenotypic variation in reproductive traits of AI boars. The proportion of boars that cannot be trained for collection in commercial studs is low and differences among genetic lines are small. In contrast, there is a considerable variation in sperm production and significant differences are present among genotypes. The general pattern is for sperm numbers to increase rapidly between 9 and 13 months of age and then gradually reach a plateau. This initial period of enhanced production occurs over a longer period in some genetic lines, resulting in differences of 30 × 109 sperm cells or more per ejaculate. There also are genetic lines of boars that seem to have a high “heat tolerance”. Decreases in sperm production during periods of high environmental temperatures average 5–7% in these lines, compared with 15–20% in others. Finally, there are boars currently being used in the industry that are capable of producing exceptional fertility results with low numbers of sperm. Unfortunately, several breeding practices common to swine AI make their routine identification difficult. Based on the phenotypic variation observed in modern terminal sire lines of AI boars, current prospects for influencing sperm production, boar fertility, and mounting behaviours through genetic selection are viewed as being good, moderate to low, and poor, respectively. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.016 VL - 70 IS - 8 SP - 1297-1303 SN - 1879-3231 KW - Boars KW - Sexual behaviour KW - Sperm production KW - Fertility KW - Genetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene expression profiling of chondrocytes from a porcine impact injury model AU - Ashwell, M. S. AU - O'Nan, A. T. AU - Gonda, M. G. AU - Mente, P. L. T2 - OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE AB - ObjectiveTo identify differentially expressed genes between axially impacted and control articular cartilage taken from porcine patellae maintained in organ culture for 14 days.MethodsPorcine patellae were impacted perpendicular to the articular surface to create an impact injury. Intact patellae (control and impacted) were maintained in culture for 14 days. Total RNA was then extracted from the articular cartilage beneath the impaction and used to prepare two Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) libraries. Approximately 42,500 SAGE long tags were sequenced from the libraries. The expression of select genes was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR analysis.ResultsThirty-nine SAGE tags were significantly differentially expressed in the impacted and control libraries, representing 30 different annotated pig genes. These genes represented gene products associated with matrix molecules, iron and phosphate transport, protein biosynthesis, skeletal development, cell proliferation, lipid metabolism and the inflammatory response. Twenty-three of the 30 genes were down-regulated in the impacted library and five were up-regulated in the impacted library. Quantitative real-time PCR follow-up of four genes supported the results found with SAGE.ConclusionWe have identified 30 putative genes differentially expressed in a porcine impact injury model and validated these findings for four of these genes using real-time PCR. Results using this impact injury model have contributed further evidence that damaged chondrocytes may de-differentiate into fibroblast-like cells and proliferate in an attempt to repair themselves. Additional work is underway to study these genes in further detail at earlier time points to provide a more complete story about the fate of chondrocytes in articular cartilage following an injury. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1016/j.joca.2007.12.012 VL - 16 IS - 8 SP - 936-946 SN - 1522-9653 KW - gene expression KW - chondrocyte KW - impact injury model KW - osteoarthritis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Successful cloning of the Yucatan minipig using commercial/occidental breeds as oocyte donors and embryo recipients AU - Estrada, Jose L. AU - Collins, Bruce AU - York, Abby AU - Bischoff, Steve AU - Sommer, Jeff AU - Tsai, Shengdar AU - Petters, Robert M. AU - Piedrahita, Jorge A. T2 - CLONING AND STEM CELLS AB - The widespread application of porcine SCNT to biomedical research is being hampered by the large adult size (300–600 lbs) of the commercial breeds commonly used for SCNT. The Yucatan minipig, in contrast, has an adult weight of 140–150 lbs and a long history of utility in biomedical research. In order to combine the wide availability of commercial swine with the biomedical value of the Yucatan minipig, we utilized SCNT using the Yucatan as nuclear donors and commercial swine as both oocyte donors and recipients. Of six recipient gilts receiving 631 SCNT embryos, three went to term and delivered seven piglets, four of which survived to adulthood. Additionally, we obtained fetal fibroblasts from a cloned Yucatan and used them for a second round of SCNT. Of three recipients receiving 315 reconstructed embryos, one went to term and delivered three piglets, one of which survived to adulthood. Both microsatellite and D-loop sequence analysis confirmed that all of the piglets generated were nuclear-mitochondrial hybrids carrying Yucatan nuclear DNA and commercial breed mitochondrial DNA. This report shows that it is possible to produce viable Yucatan SCNT clones and opens up the possibility of developing valuable biomedical models in this porcine breed. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1089/clo.2008.0005 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 287-296 SN - 1536-2302 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uptake of zinc from zinc sulfate and zinc proteinate by ovine ruminal and omasal epithelia AU - Wright, C. L. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Webb, K. E., Jr. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Uptake and transport of Zn from (65)Zn-labeled ZnSO(4) and Zn proteinate (ZnProt) by ruminal and omasal epithelia were examined by using a parabiotic chamber system. Uptake was measured during a 4-h incubation with 10, 20, or 200 microM Zn as ZnSO(4) or ZnProt in the mucosal buffer (pH 6.0, Krebs-Ringer phosphate). Zinc uptake and transport were also evaluated after simulated ruminal digestion. Buffered ruminal fluid contained a feed substrate and 10 or 200 microM added Zn as ZnSO(4) or ZnProt. In a preliminary experiment, uptake of Zn by omasal tissue was low; thus, the remaining experiments were conducted solely with ruminal epithelium. Incubations to determine the effect of time on Zn uptake from mucosal buffer containing 20 microM added Zn as ZnSO(4) or ZnProt resulted in increased (P < 0.01) Zn uptake as incubation time increased from 30 to 240 min. Zinc uptake was also greater (P = 0.02) from mucosal buffer containing ZnProt compared with ZnSO(4). Zinc uptake from incubations containing 10 or 200 microM was affected by source x concentration (P = 0.05) and concentration x time (P < 0.01) interactions. With 10 microM Zn, uptake was not influenced by Zn source, whereas when 200 microM Zn was added, Zn uptake from ZnProt was greater than from ZnSO(4). Increasing incubation time resulted in increased Zn uptake with 200 microM Zn in the mucosal buffer; however, with 10 microM Zn, uptake did not change after 30 min. After simulated ruminal fermentation, the proportion of Zn in a soluble form was influenced by a source x concentration interaction (P = 0.03). After 18 h of incubation, the proportion of Zn that was soluble was not different between ZnProt and ZnSO(4) in buffered ruminal fluid that contained 10 microM added Zn, but was greater for ZnProt compared with ZnSO(4) with 200 microM Zn in the incubation. Zinc uptake from the aqueous fractions of simulated ruminal digestions containing 200 microM added Zn was greater (P < 0.01) than from those containing 10 microM added Zn. Zinc transport, based on detection of (65)Zn in serosal buffer, did not occur in any of the experiments. The results of the current experiments suggest that absorption of Zn into the bloodstream does not occur from the ruminant foresto-mach; however, Zn uptake occurs in ruminal tissue and is greater from ZnProt than from ZnSO(4). DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.2527/jas.2006-650 VL - 86 IS - 6 SP - 1357-1363 SN - 0021-8812 KW - rumen KW - omasum KW - parabiotic KW - proteinate KW - zinc ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physical activity prevents augmented body fat accretion in moderately iron-deficient rats AU - McClung, James P. AU - Andersen, Nancy E. AU - Tarr, Tyson N. AU - Stahl, Chad H. AU - Young, Andrew J. T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - Recent studies describe an association between poor iron status and obesity in humans, although the mechanism explaining this relationship is unclear. The present study aimed to determine the effect of moderate iron deficiency and physical activity (PA) on body composition in an animal model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats consumed iron-adequate (IA; 40 mg/kg) or moderately iron-deficient (ID; 9 mg/kg) diets ad libitum for 12 wk. Rats were assigned to 4 treatment groups (n = 10 per group): IA, sedentary (IAS); IA, PA (IAPA); ID, sedentary (IDS); or ID, PA (IDPA). Activity involved running on motorized running wheels at 4 m/min for 1 h/d for 5 d/wk. After 12 wk, ID rats were not anemic, but body iron stores were reduced as indicated by diminished (P < 0.05) femur iron compared with IA rats. Treatment group did not affect body weight or feed consumption. However, fat mass was greater (P < 0.05) in IDS rats (38.6 +/- 6.7%) than IAS (31.8 +/- 2.9%), IAPA (31.8 +/- 2.0%), and IDPA (32.8 +/- 4.5%) rats. Furthermore, lean body mass was diminished in IDS rats (58.7 +/- 6.8%) compared with IAS (65.6 +/- 3.0%), IAPA (65.6 +/- 2.1%), and IDPA (64.7 +/- 4.5%) rats. Thus, moderate iron deficiency may cause increased body fat accretion in rats and PA attenuates that effect. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1093/jn/138.7.1293 VL - 138 IS - 7 SP - 1293-1297 SN - 1541-6100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of yeast culture supplementation to gestation and lactation diets on growth of nursing piglets AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Brandherm, Mike AU - Freeland, Mike AU - Newton, Betsy AU - Cook, Doug AU - Yoon, Ilkyu T2 - ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES AB - A total of 335 sows at a commercial operation (Hitch Pork Producers Inc, Guymon, OK) was used to determine dietary effects of yeast culture supplementation (XPC™, Diamond V Mills) on litter performance. Sows were grouped by parity (parity 1 to 12). Pigs within a group were then allotted to treatments. Treatments consisted of: CON (no added yeast culture) and YC (12 and 15 g/d XPC during gestation and lactation, respectively). Sows were housed individually and fed their assigned gestation and lactation diets from d 35 of gestation to d 21 of lactation. Sows were fed 2.0 kg/d during gestation and ad libitum during lactation. Voluntary feed intake was measured daily during lactation. At farrowing, numbers of pigs born total and alive were measured. Weights of litters were measured at birth and weaning on d 21 of lactation. Litter weight gain of the YC treatment was 6.9% greater (p<0.01) than that of the CON. However, voluntary feed intake of sows and litter size did not differ between treatments. This study indicates that dietary yeast culture supplementation benefits sow productivity by improving litter weight gain. At present, it is not confirmed if improved litter weight gain was due to milk production, which remains to be investigated. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.5713/ajas.2008.70438 VL - 21 IS - 7 SP - 1011-1014 SN - 1011-2367 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-51149108272&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - yeast culture KW - sow KW - litter weight gain ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Forsythia suspensa extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant activities in broiler chickens under high ambient temperature AU - Wang, L. AU - Piao, X. L. AU - Kim, S. W. AU - Piao, X. S. AU - Shen, Y. B. AU - Lee, H. S. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - A 42-d trial was conducted with 252 broiler chickens (d 1 of age, 38.8 ± 1.3 g of BW) to determine the effects of Forsythia suspensa extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant activities under high ambient temperature (32 ± 1°C). The feeding program consisted of a starter diet from d 1 to 21 of age and a finisher diet from d 22 to 42 of age. Dietary treatments included a negative control group (NC) fed a cornsoybean meal based diet without vitamin C or Forsythia suspensa extract, a positive control group fed a diet with 200 mg of vitamin C/kg, and a test group (FS) fed with 100 mg of Forsythia suspensa extract/kg. There were 14 cages per treatment and 6 birds per cage during the study. Birds had free access to diets and water during the entire period. Body weight and feed intake were measured at d 21 and 42. Blood and tissue samples were collected at d 21 and 42 for assay of antioxidant indices. Growth performance did not differ among treatment groups during the starter period. In the finisher phase, birds in FS had greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain, feed conversion, and apparent digestibility of energy, CP, calcium, and phosphorus than birds in NC. Furthermore, birds in FS had greater (P < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity and lower (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde activity in the serum than birds in NC. The FS birds had greater (P < 0.05) muscle superoxide dismutase activity and lower (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde than NC birds. During the entire period, hepatic superoxide dismutase activity of FS birds was greater (P < 0.05) than that of NC birds. Dietary supplementation with Forsythia suspensa extract can enhance nutrient digestibility and growth performance possibly by reducing oxidative stress of broiler chickens under high ambient temperatures. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.3382/ps.2008-00023 VL - 87 IS - 7 SP - 1287-1294 SN - 1525-3171 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-46249103029&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Forsythia suspensa KW - performance KW - nutrient digestibility KW - antioxidant KW - broiler ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary arginine supplementation affects microvascular development in the small intestine of early-weaned pigs AU - Zhan, Zhenfeng AU - Ou, Deyuan AU - Piao, Xiangshu AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Liu, Yanhong AU - Wang, Junjun T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary arginine levels on microvascular development of the small intestine in early-weaned pigs. Twenty-four crossbred pigs (5.0 ± 0.3 kg body weight) were individually housed and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 diets supplemented with 0, 0.7, and 1.2% L-arginine (8 pigs per group). Pigs consumed the diets ad libitum for 10 d. We collected blood samples on d 3, 6, and 10. On d 10, 6 pigs from each group were randomly selected and killed for tissue sample collection. Compared with control pigs, dietary supplementation with 0.7% L-arginine increased (P < 0.05) jejunal concentrations of nitrite and nitrate (stable oxidation products of nitric oxide), intestinal villus height, as well as plasma proline and arginine concentrations on d 6 and 10. Dietary supplementation with 0.7% L-arginine also increased (P < 0.05) immunoreactive expression of CD34 in duodenal submucosa, ileal mucosa and submucosa, and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in duodenal submucosa, jejunal mucosa and submucosa, and ileal mucosa compared with the control and 1.2% L-arginine supplementation. Dietary supplementation with 1.2% L-arginine increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of jejunal endothelin-1 compared with the control pigs. Immunoexpression of VEGF in duodenal mucosa and plasma lysine concentrations on d 6 and 10 were lower (P < 0.05) in pigs supplemented with 1.2% L-arginine than in unsupplemented pigs. Collectively, these findings indicate that the effects of L-arginine on microvascular development are beneficial at lower levels but have adverse effects at higher intakes. Dietary supplementation with 0.7% L-arginine may be a useful method to improve microvascular development in the small intestine of early-weaned pigs. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1093/jn/138.7.1304 VL - 138 IS - 7 SP - 1304-1309 SN - 1541-6100 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-46249126792&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of genetic parameter estimates of total sperm cells of boars between random regression and multiple trait animal models AU - Oh, S. -H. AU - See, M. T. T2 - ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES AB - The objective of this study was to compare random regression model and multiple trait animal model estimates of the (co) variance of total sperm cells over the active lifetime of AI boars. Data were provided by Smithfield Premium Genetics (Rose Hill, NC). Total number of records and animals for the random regression model were 19,629 and 1,736, respectively. Data for multiple trait animal model analyses were edited to include only records produced at 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, and 27 months of age. For the multiple trait method estimates of genetic and residual variance for total sperm cells were heterogeneous among age classifications. When comparing multiple trait method to random regression, heritability estimates were similar except for total sperm cells at 24 months of age. The multiple trait method also resulted in higher estimates of heritability of total sperm cells at every age when compared to random regression results. Random regression analysis provided more detail with regard to changes of variance components with age. Random regression methods are the most appropriate to analyze semen traits as they are longitudinal data measured over the lifetime of boars. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.5713/ajas.2008.70383 VL - 21 IS - 7 SP - 923-927 SN - 1976-5517 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-51149110471&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - genetic correlation KW - boar KW - semen KW - random regression model KW - multiple trait animal model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing ammonia emissions from swine farms in eastern North Carolina: Reduction of emissions from water-holding structures at two candidate superior technologies for waste treatment AU - Aneja, Viney P. AU - Arya, S. Pal AU - Rumsey, Ian C. AU - Kim, D-S. AU - Bajwa, K. S. AU - Williams, C. M. T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Abstract Program OPEN (Odor, Pathogens, and Emissions of Nitrogen) was an integrated study of the emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ), odor and odorants, and pathogens from potential environmentally superior technologies (ESTs) for swine facilities in eastern North Carolina. This paper, as part of program OPEN, focuses on quantifying emissions of NH 3 from water-holding structures at two of the best ESTs and compares them with the projected emissions from two conventional lagoon and spray technologies (LSTs). The evaluated ESTs are: (1) Super Soils at Goshen Ridge; and (2) Environmental Technologies at Red Hill. The water-holding structures for these two ESTs contained no conventional anaerobic lagoon. A dynamic flow-through chamber was used to measure NH 3 fluxes from the water-holding structures at both the ESTs and at the conventional LST farms. In order to compare the emissions from the water-holding structures at the ESTs with those from the lagoons at the conventional sites under similar conditions, a statistical-observational model for lagoon NH 3 emissions was used. A mass-balance approach was used to quantify the emissions. All emissions were normalized by nitrogen-excretion rates. The percentage reductions relative to the conventional lagoons were calculated for the two ESTs. Results showed substantial reductions in NH 3 emissions at both ESTs. Super Soils had reductions of 94.7% for the warm season and 99.0% for the cool season. Environmental Technologies had slightly larger reductions of 99.4% and 99.98% for the cool and warm season, respectively. As a result of such large reductions in ammonia emissions, both technologies meet the criteria to be classified as ESTs for ammonia emissions. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.037 VL - 42 IS - 14 SP - 3291-3300 SN - 1352-2310 KW - ammonia emissions KW - ammonia flux KW - water-holding structures KW - environmentally superior technologies (ESTs) KW - lagoon and spray technologies (LSTs) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serum chemistry concentrations of captive woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly AU - Verstegen, Martin AU - Ferket, Peter R. AU - Stoskopf, Michael AU - Heugten, Eric T2 - ZOO BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Woolly monkeys ( Lagothrix sp.) are threatened species and numerous zoos have failed to sustain successful populations. The most common causes of death in captive woolly monkeys are related to pregnancy and hypertension. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate serum concentrations of a large number of captive woolly monkeys to establish baseline means and compare these concentrations with their closest related species to determine potential abnormalities. Serum analyses from 30 woolly monkeys housed at two institutions (Apenheul, The Netherlands and The Louisville Zoo, KY, USA) over 12 yr were collected. The statistical model included gender, age group (young, 0–4 yr of age; middle, 5–9 yr; and old, 10+ yr), and zoological institution. All panel result means were similar to previously reported concentrations for howler ( Alouatta sp.) and spider monkeys ( Ateles sp.) with the possible exception of alanine aminotransferase and γ‐glutamyl‐transferase being higher, whereas creatinine and phosphorus were lower. The serum glucose mean of 6.7 mmol/L is above the baseline range for humans and spider monkeys. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase, and sodium (Na) were higher in females and magnesium (Mg) was higher in males ( P <0.05). ALP, Mg, and phosphorus were highest ( P <0.05) and calcium and sodium tended to be highest ( P <0.10) in the oldest animals. Ferritin tended to be highest ( P <0.10) in the oldest animals. Albumin, ALP, chloride, Na, and total bilirubin were higher for Zoo A, whereas γ‐glutamyl‐transferase, glucose, and lactate dehydrogenase were lower for Zoo A ( P <0.05). Areas of potential woolly monkey health risk were noted and discussed. Future studies are needed to determine free‐ranging serum concentrations to elucidate parameters that contain aberrant concentrations and decrease health status. Zoo Biol 27:188–199, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1002/zoo.20176 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 188-199 SN - 1098-2361 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-47249128545&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - captive animal health KW - nonhuman primate KW - baseline serum concentrations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interaction of calcium and phytate in broiler diets. 1. Effects on apparent prececal digestibility and retention of phosphorus AU - Plumstead, P. W. AU - Leytem, A. B. AU - Maguire, R. O. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Kwanyuen, P. AU - Brake, J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Phytate P utilization from soybean meal (SBM) included in broiler diets has been shown to be poor and highly dependent on dietary Ca intake. However, the effect of Ca on P utilization and on the optimal ratio of Ca to nonphytate P (Ca:NPP) when diets contained varying levels of phytate has not been clearly shown and was the objective of this research. A factorial treatment structure was used with 4 dietary Ca levels from 0.47 to 1.16% and 3 levels of phytate P (0.28, 0.24, and 0.10%). Varying dietary phytate P levels were obtained by utilizing SBM produced from 3 varieties of soybeans with different phytate P concentrations. Ross 508 broiler chicks were fed 1 of 12 diets from 16 to 21 d of age. Excreta were collected from 16 to 17 d and from 19 to 20 d of age and ileal digesta was collected at 21 d of age. Apparent prececal P digestibility decreased when dietary Ca concentration increased and was higher when diets contained low-phytate SBM. The apparent digestibility of Ca and percentage of phytate P hydrolysis at the distal ileum were not reduced when dietary phytate P concentration increased. Including low-phytate SBM in diets reduced total P output in the excreta by 49% compared with conventional SBM. The optimum ratio of Ca:NPP that resulted in the highest P retention and lowest P excretion was 2.53:1, 2.40:1, and 2.34:1 for diets with 0.28, 0.24, and 0.10% phytate P. These data suggested that increased dietary Ca reduced the extent of phytate P hydrolysis and P digestibility and that the optimum Ca:NPP ratio at which P retention was maximized was reduced when diets contained less phytate P. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.3382/ps.2007-00231 VL - 87 IS - 3 SP - 449-458 SN - 1525-3171 KW - broiler KW - phosphorus KW - soybean meal KW - phytate KW - environment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supplementing limited methionine diets with rumen-protected methionine, betaine, and choline in early lactation holstein cows AU - Davidson, S. AU - Hopkins, B. A. AU - Odle, J. AU - Brownie, C. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Whitlow, L. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Eighty lactating Holstein cows from 21 to 91 d in milk were fed a corn silage-based total mixed ration (TMR) formulated with the Met content limited (42 g/ d) to investigate the impact of supplementing rumen-protected (RP) forms of Met, betaine, and choline on performance and metabolism. One of 4 supplements was blended into the TMR to produce 4 dietary treatments: 1) control, 2) 20 g/d of RP-Met, 3) 45 g/d of RP-betaine, and 4) 40 g/d of RP-choline. Calcium salts of fatty acids were used to protect both RP-betaine and RP-choline supplements. A similar amount of Ca salts of fatty acids was included in both control and RP-Met supplements to provide equal amounts of fat to all treatments. Overall, no differences in intake, milk yield, or milk composition were observed in primiparous cows. Average dry matter intake, body weight, and body condition score were not different among treatments in multiparous cows. Milk yield was higher in multiparous cows fed RP-choline compared with the other treatments. Multiparous cows fed RP-choline had higher milk protein yield than cows fed control or RP-betaine but was not different from cows fed RP-Met. Multiparous cows fed RP-choline had higher milk fat yield than cows fed RP-Met but was not different from cows fed control or RP-betaine. There were no beneficial effects of RP-betaine supplementation to a Met-limited TMR. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.3168/jds.2007-0721 VL - 91 IS - 4 SP - 1552-1559 SN - 1525-3198 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-42449121850&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - choline KW - betaine KW - methionine KW - dairy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutritional and health status of woolly monkeys AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly AU - Timmer, Saskia AU - Jansen, Walter L. AU - Verstegen, Martin W. A. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1007/s10764-008-9233-1 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 183-194 SN - 1573-8604 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-40549098990&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - diet KW - health KW - hypertension KW - primate KW - woolly monkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implications of urine-to-feces ratio in the thermophilic anaerobic digestion of swine waste AU - Creamer, K. S. AU - Williams, C. M. AU - Chen, Y. AU - Cheng, J. J. T2 - WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH AB - Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of swine manure represents a potential waste treatment technology to address environmental concerns, such as odor emissions and removal of pathogenic microorganisms. However, there are concerns relative to the stability of this process when swine manure is the sole substrate. In this study, the potential of biogas production from swine manure as the sole substrate under thermophilic (50°C) conditions was investigated in the laboratory, to determine whether separation of urine and feces as part of the waste collection process would benefit anaerobic digestion. Effluent from a continuously stirred tank reactor was used as the inoculum for batch tests, in which the substrate contained three different concentrations of urine (urine‐free, as‐excreted urine‐to‐feces ratio and double the as‐excreted urine‐to‐feces ratio). Inocula were acclimated to these same urine‐to‐feces ratios to determine methane production. Results show that both urine‐free and as‐excreted substrates were not inhibitory to anaerobic inocula. Anaerobic microorganisms can be readily acclimated to substrate with double the as‐excreted urine concentration, which contained nitrogen concentrations up to 7.20 g/L. Cumulative methane production reached similar levels in the batch tests, regardless of the substrate urine concentration. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.2175/106143007X184717 VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 267-275 SN - 1554-7531 KW - anaerobic digestion KW - inhibition KW - feces KW - swine waste KW - thermophilic KW - urine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary arginine supplementation during gestation and lactation on the performance of lactating primiparous sows and nursing piglets AU - Mateo, R. D. AU - Wu, G. AU - Moon, H. K. AU - Carroll, J. A. AU - Kim, S. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized block design was used to determine the effects of dietary Arg supplementation during gestation and lactation on the lactation performance of 38 first-parity sows. At 30 d of gestation, pregnant gilts were allotted based on BW to 1 of 2 diets supplemented with 1% L-Arg.HCl or 1.7% L-Ala (isonitrogenous control). After farrowing, sows were further allotted based on BW within previous gestation treatment groups to 1 of 2 lactation diets supplemented with 1% L-Arg.HCl or 1.7% L-Ala (isonitrogenous control). All gestation diets contained 3.1 Mcal/kg and 12.2% CP (as is) and were fed 2 kg/d in 2 equally sized meals, whereas all lactation diets contained 3.2 Mcal/kg and 18.6% CP (as is) and were fed ad libitum. Litter size was standardized to 10 piglets by cross-fostering within 24 h postfarrowing. On a weekly basis, BW and backfat (BF) thickness of sows, as well as piglet BW were measured, and blood and milk samples were obtained from the sows. Number of days from weaning to estrus and ADFI were also recorded. There were no differences in BW, BF thickness, ADFI, or days until return to estrus among treatment groups. There was no effect of the gestation diet or a gestation x lactation diet interaction on any parameter measured. On d 7 of lactation, plasma concentrations of Arg and insulin in sows, as well as concentrations of most AA in milk, were greater (P < 0.05) in response to Arg supplementation during lactation compared with the control. Weight gain of piglets from sows fed the Arg-supplemented diet during lactation was greater between d 0 and 7 (P < 0.01) and between d 0 and 21 (P < 0.05) of lactation compared with piglets from sows fed the control diet. Collectively, results from this study indicate the potential beneficial effects of dietary Arg supplementation in improving the lactation performance of first-parity sows. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.2527/jas.2007-0371 VL - 86 IS - 4 SP - 827-835 SN - 1525-3163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-42149103941&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - L-arginine KW - lactation performance KW - litter weight gain KW - sow ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of antioxidants and trace elements in health and immunity of transition dairy cows AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Weiss, W. P. T2 - Veterinary Journal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/j.tvj1.2007.12.015 VL - 176 IS - 1 SP - 70-76 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multifocal electroretinogram in rhodopsin P347L transgenic pigs AU - Ng, Yiu-fai AU - Chan, Henry H. L. AU - Chu, Patrick H. W. AU - To, Chi-ho AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Petters, Robert M. AU - Wong, Fulton T2 - INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE AB - purpose. Neural ectopic rewiring in retinal degeneration such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) may form functional synapses between cones and rod bipolar cells that cause atypical signal processing. In this study, the multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) of a large animal model of RP, the rhodopsin P347L transgenic (Tg) pig, were measured to examine the sources and nature of altered signal processing. methods. mfERG responses from a 6-week-old Tg pig were recorded before and after sequential application of tetrodotoxin (TTX), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), and cis-2,3-piperidinedicarboylic acid (PDA), to identify contributions to the retinal signal from inner retinal neurons, the ON-pathway, the OFF-pathway, and photoreceptors. The mfERG response contributions from different retinal components of in the Tg eyes were estimated and compared with control data from eyes of age-matched wild-type (WT) pigs. results. There was a prominent difference in the estimates of the inner retinal response and ON-bipolar cell pathway contribution between the Tg and WT mfERG responses. In particular, the early components of the inner retinal contribution were obviously altered in the Tg mfERG. The inner retinal components at approximately 24 and 40 ms appeared to be inverted. Differences in the estimates of OFF-bipolar cell pathway contributions were minimal. There was no change in cone cell responses in the Tg mfERG. conclusions. In Tg retinas, ectopic synapses formed between cones and rod bipolar cells probably altered signal processing of the ON-bipolar cell pathway. In response to the altered visual signal input from the outer retina, signal processing in inner retinal neurons was also modified. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1167/iovs.07-1159 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 2208-2215 SN - 0146-0404 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparative study on the efficiency of two enucleation methods in pig somatic cell nuclear transfer: Effects of the squeezing and the aspiration methods AU - Lee, Eunsong AU - Estrada, Jose AU - Piedrahita, Jorge A. T2 - ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - In this study, two enucleation methods, the squeezing and the aspiration methods, were compared. The efficiency of these two methods to enucleate pig oocytes and the in vitro and in vivo viability of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) pig embryos, were evaluated. In the squeezing method, the zona pellucida was partially dissected and a small amount of cytoplasm containing metaphase II (MII) chromosomes and the first polar body (PB) were pushed out. In the aspiration method, the PB and MII chromosomes were aspirated using a beveled micropipette. After injection of fetal fibroblasts into the perivitelline space, reconstructed oocytes were fused and activated electrically, and then cultured in vitro for 6 days or transferred to surrogates. The squeezing method resulted in a higher proportion of degenerated oocytes than the aspiration method (14% vs. 5%). The squeezing method took longer to enucleate 100 oocytes (306 minutes) than the aspirating method (113 minutes). Fusion rate (72-78%) and cleavage rate (67%) were not influenced by the enucleation method but blastocyst formation was improved (P < 0.05) in oocytes enucleated by the aspiration method (5 vs. 9%). When SCNT embryos were transferred to recipients, pregnancy rates to term were similar (27%, 3/11 and 27%, 3/11) in both methods with the birth of 10 piglets/3 litters and 16 piglets/3 litters in the squeezing and the aspiration methods, respectively. Our results indicate that the aspiration method for oocyte enucleation is more efficient than the squeezing method in producing a large number of pig SCNT embryos with normal in vivo viability. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/10495390701839264 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 71-79 SN - 1532-2378 KW - enucleation KW - in vivo viability KW - pig KW - somatic cell nuclear transfer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of feeding corn, hull-less or hulled barley on fermentation by mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms AU - Fellner, V. AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Marshall, D. S. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Increased demands for corn grain warrant the evaluation of alternative grain types for ruminant production systems. This study was conducted to determine the effects of hulled and hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars compared with corn (Zea mays L.) as an alternative grain type on fermentation in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Three continuous fermentors were fed 14 g of dry feed per day (divided equally between 2 feedings) consisting of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay pellets (40% of dry matter) and 1) ground corn, 2) hulled barley, or 3) hull-less barley concentrate (60% of dry matter) in each fermentor. Following an adaptation period of 5 d, culture samples were taken at 2 h after the morning feeding on d 6, 7, and 8 of each period for analysis. A second run of the fermentors followed the same treatment sequence to provide replication. Culture pH was reduced with corn (5.55) and did not differ between barley cultivars (average pH 5.89). Total volatile fatty acid concentration and acetate to propionate ratio were not different across grain type or barley cultivar with the exception of greater total volatile fatty acid concentrations with hull-less barley. Corn produced less methane (14.6 mmol/d) and ammonia-N (7.3 mg/100 mL) compared with barley (33.1 mmol/d and 22 mg/100 mL, respectively); methane was greater with hull-less barley but ammonia-N concentration was similar between the 2 barley cultivars. Hull-less barley had greater digestibility compared with hulled barley, and corn had reduced digestibility compared with barley. Concentrations of C18:0 were greater and those of C18:1 and C18:2 lesser in cultures fed hulled and hull-less barley compared with corn. Our data indicate that grain type and barley cultivar have an impact on ruminal fermentation. The lesser starch concentration of barley minimized the drop in culture pH and improved digestibility. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.3168/jds.2007-0078 VL - 91 IS - 5 SP - 1936-1941 SN - 0022-0302 KW - barley KW - corn KW - ruminal fermentation ER - TY - JOUR TI - The interaction of harvesting time of day of switchgrass hay and ruminal degradability of supplemental protein offered to beef steers AU - Huntington, G. B. AU - Burns, J. C. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate an interaction between harvest at 0600 (AM) vs. 1800 (PM) with high (HI) or low (LO) ruminal degradability of a protein supplement to change voluntary intake, digestion, or N retention by steers offered switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) hay. Black steers (255 +/- 14 kg of BW) were blocked by BW, and then randomly assigned (5 steers each) to AM/HI, PM/HI, AM/LO, or PM/LO treatment groups. Steers were group-housed in covered, outdoor pens with individual feeding gates. After adaptation and standardization, intake was measured for 21 d followed by a digestion trial (5 d of total collection). Steers were offered 767 (LO) or 825 (HI) g/d of supplement to provide 268 g of CP/d. Compared with AM, PM had greater (P = 0.01) concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC, 71 vs. 56 g/kg of DM), and lesser concentrations of NDF (760 vs. 770 g/kg of DM, P = 0.02), ADF (417 vs. 427 g/kg of DM, P = 0.02), and CP (55.9 vs. 58.6 g/ kg of DM, P = 0.07). Protein fractions A, B(2), and B(3) were similar for AM and PM, but HI contained more (P < 0.02) A (694 vs. 296 g/kg of protein) and less B(2) (174 vs. 554 g/kg of protein) fraction than LO. Harvest interacted with supplement to increase (P = 0.07) ad libitum digestible DMI for steers offered PM/HI (11.4 g/kg of BW daily) compared with steers offered PM/LO (10.2 g/kg of BW daily), but there was no difference for steers offered AM/LO or AM/HI (10.7 g/kg of BW). Apparent digestibilities of DM (594 vs. 571 g/kg of intake), NDF (591 vs. 562 g/kg of intake), ADF (585 vs. 566 g/kg of intake), and N (651 vs. 632 g/kg of intake) were greater (P < 0.04) for PM than for AM. Apparent digestibility of N was greater (P = 0.02) for HI (652 g/ kg of intake) vs. LO (631 g/kg of intake). Interactions between harvest and supplement for apparent digestibilities of NDF (P = 0.09) and ADF (P = 0.03) were due to no change or an increase in digestibility in response to increased ruminal degradability of supplement in steers offered PM harvest, whereas increased ruminal degradability of supplement decreased digestibility of NDF and ADF in steers offered AM harvest. Treatments did not affect hay intake (3.93 kg/d), N retained (15.8 g/d), or plasma urea N (5.25 mM) during ad libitum intake. Greater TNC in PM vs. AM harvest was not sufficient by itself to increase total voluntary DMI, but greater protein degradability interacted with harvest time to increase ruminal fiber digestibility and digestible DMI of beef steers offered PM vs. AM harvest. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.2527/jas.2006-701 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 159-166 SN - 0021-8812 KW - beef steer KW - protein degradability KW - switchgrass KW - Panicum virgatum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular epidemiologic investigation of Campylobacter coli in swine production systems, using multilocus sequence typing (vol 72, pg 5666, 2006) AU - Thakur, Siddhartha AU - Morrow, W. E. Morgan AU - Funk, Julie A. AU - Bahnson, Peter B. AU - Gebreyes, Wondwossen A. T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - Multilocus sequence typing of 151 Campylobacter coli isolates from swine reared in conventional (n = 74) and antimicrobial-free (n = 77) production systems revealed high genotypic diversity. Sequence type (ST) 1413 was predominant and observed among ciprofloxacin-resistant strains. We identified a C. coli ST 828 clonal complex consisting of isolates from both production systems. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1128/aem.02326-07 VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - 342-342 SN - 0099-2240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of secondary protein nutrients as a substitute for soybean meal in diets for beef steers and meat goats AU - Freeman, S. R. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Huntington, G. B. AU - Middleton, T. F. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Finding appropriate disposal techniques for waste products is one of many challenges facing the poultry-processing industry. One waste generated in significant quantities is dissolved air floatation sludge, a product of wastewater treatment. Converting dissolved air floatation sludge into a dry feed product (meal) for incorporation into livestock feed appears to be a viable solution. This meal, called secondary protein nutrients (SPN), is high in protein (45% CP), fat (28% crude fat), and minerals. The protein consists of 85% B2 and B3 fractions, which are moderately to slowly degradable in the rumen, and therefore may potentially escape ruminal degradation and be available for digestion in the lower gastrointestinal tract. The goal of this research was to evaluate SPN as an alternative to traditional protein sources for ruminants by substituting it on an equivalent N basis for soybean meal in cattle and meat goat diets (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% for cattle; 0, 20, and 40% for goats). When included in corn silage-based steer diets, increasing SPN resulted in linear and quadratic declines in both DMI and ADG (P < 0.001). Dry matter intake diminished with inclusion rates above 50%, and ADG were reduced after inclusion of SPN reached 25% of added N. Feed efficiency (the reciprocal of the efficiency of gain, which is represented by G:F) declined linearly (P < 0.001) with each incremental increase in SPN. Addition of up to 40% added N as SPN in goat diets caused no change in DMI, digestibility of DM or fiber, or N retention. Ruminal VFA concentrations showed little variation in either species. Increasing the proportion of SPN in the feed caused linear declines in ruminal NH3 in steers (P < 0.001). Increasing SPN in goat diets, however, resulted in only a trend toward reductions of this parameter (P = 0.14). The decreases observed may have resulted from decreasing ruminal protein degradability or increasing fat caused by increasing the proportion of SPN in the feed. Urinary urea N as a percentage of urinary N showed significant declines in cattle, but not in goats, over the ranges of SPN offered. These results indicate that SPN can be included in diets for ruminants to supply up to 40% of supplemental N with little negative impact on animal performance. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.2527/jas.2006-0698 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 146-158 SN - 0021-8812 KW - meat goat KW - nitrogen balance KW - ruminally undegradable protein KW - secondary protein nutrient KW - steer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioavailability of copper from copper glycinate in steers fed high dietary sulfur and molybdenum AU - Hansen, S. L. AU - Schlegel, P. AU - Legleiter, L. R. AU - Lloyd, K. E. AU - Spears, J. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Sixty Angus (n = 29) and Angus-Sim-mental cross (n = 31) steers, averaging 9 mo of age and 277 kg of initial BW, were used in a 148-d study to determine the bioavailability of copper glycinate (CuGly) relative to feed-grade copper sulfate (CuSO(4)) when supplemented to diets high in S and Mo. Steers were blocked by weight within breed and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments: 1) control (no supplemental Cu), 2) 5 mg of Cu/kg of DM from CuSO(4), 3) 10 mg of Cu/kg of DM from CuSO(4), 4) 5 mg of Cu/kg of DM from CuGly, and 5) 10 mg of Cu/kg of DM from CuGly. Steers were individually fed a corn silage-based diet (analyzed 8.2 mg of Cu/kg of DM), and supplemented with 2 mg of Mo/kg of diet DM and 0.15% S for 120 d (phase 1). Steers were then supplemented with 6 mg of Mo/kg of diet DM and 0.15% S for an additional 28 d (phase 2). Average daily gain and G:F were improved by Cu supplementation regardless of source (P = 0.01). Final ceruloplasmin, plasma Cu, and liver Cu values were greater (P < 0.05) in steers fed supplemental Cu compared with controls. Plasma Cu, liver Cu, and ceruloplasmin values were greater (P < 0.05) in steers supplemented with 10 mg of Cu/kg of DM vs. those supplemented with 5 mg of Cu/kg of DM. Based on multiple linear regression of final plasma Cu, liver Cu, and ceruloplasmin values on dietary Cu intake in phase 1 (2 mg of Mo/kg of DM), bioavailability of Cu from CuGly relative to CuSO(4) (100%) was 140 (P = 0.10), 131 (P = 0.12), and 140% (P = 0.01), respectively. Relative bio-availability of Cu from CuGly was greater than from CuSO(4) (P = 0.01; 144, 150, and 157%, based on plasma Cu, liver Cu, and ceruloplasmin, respectively) after supplementation of 6 mg of Mo/kg of DM for 28 d. Results of this study suggest that Cu from CuGly may be more available than CuSO(4) when supplemented to diets high in S and Mo. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.2527/jas.2006-814 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 173-179 SN - 0021-8812 KW - bioavailability KW - cattle KW - copper glycinate KW - copper sulfate KW - growth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Porcine sperm zona binding ability as an indicator of fertility AU - Collins, E. D. AU - Flowers, W. L. AU - Shanks, R. D. AU - Miller, D. J. T2 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE AB - The escalated use of artificial insemination in swine has increased the importance of determining fertility of a semen sample before it is used. Multiple laboratory assays have been developed to assess fertilizing potential but they have yielded inconsistent results. This experiment sought to determine the relationship between in vitro competitive zona binding ability and in vivo fertility based on heterospermic inseminations and paternity testing. The zona pellucida binding ability and fertility of sperm from 15 boars was assessed by comparing sperm from one boar with sperm from other individual boars in a pairwise fashion using four ejaculates. The relationship of zona binding ability to the mean number of piglets sired per litter for each boar as well as historic fertility data (litter size and farrowing rate) was assessed. The in vitro competition assay consisted of labeling sperm from each boar of the pair with a different fluorophore and incubating an equal number of sperm from each boar in the same droplet with porcine oocytes. The competitive assay was highly effective in ranking boars by zona binding ability (R2 = 0.94). Paternity testing using microsatellite markers was used to determine the mean number of piglets sired per litter for each boar during heterospermic inseminations. The pairwise heterospermic insemination assay was effective in ranking boar fertility (R2 = 0.59). Using historical data from these boars, average litter size and farrowing rate were correlated (r = 0.81, p < 0.001). However, zona binding ability was not significantly correlated with historic farrowing rate data or historic average litter size. Boar sperm zona binding ability was also not correlated significantly with the mean number of piglets sired per litter following heterospermic insemination. But the number of piglets sired by each boar was related to a combination of zona binding ability, sperm motility, normal morphology, acrosomal integrity, and the presence of distal droplets (R2 = 0.70). These results suggest that zona binding ability is not an accurate predictor of fertilizing ability when used alone; however, when coupled with other sperm assessments, fertility may be predicted successfully. DA - 2008/2/1/ PY - 2008/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.01.012 VL - 104 IS - 1 SP - 69-82 SN - 1873-2232 KW - pig-fertility KW - fertilization KW - heterospermic insemination KW - sperm KW - zona pellucida ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction to the symposium: Appropriate animal models for nutritional research in health and disease AU - Stahl, Chad H. AU - Lei, Xingen AU - Larson, Brian T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - Historically, many nutritional scientists studied basic animal nutrition; however, as nutritional science has evolved and become more specialized, fewer nutritional scientists are trained in basic animal nutrition. Today an important area of animal nutrition is the development of models to examine the nutritional effects in human health and disease. Despite this increasing area of focus, there is a lack of interface between animal scientists and human nutritionists, who would benefit from working together. Although the purposes may differ, fundamental nutritional research in agriculturally relevant species provides valuable information for both animal agriculture and human health. By realizing this mutual benefit and using it as a rallying point for research collaborations, animal scientists and human nutritionists could make far greater progress in nutritional science. This symposium was an opportunity for both animal and human nutrition researchers to meet and discuss and redefine strategies relating to the use of experimental animal nutrition knowledge. This symposium was intended to provide both conceptual and technical guidance to help expand the interactions between animal and human nutritionists. To accomplish these goals the following were emphasized in this symposium: DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1093/jn/138.2.389 VL - 138 IS - 2 SP - 389-390 SN - 0022-3166 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arrginine activates intestinal p70(S6k) and protein Synthesis in piglet rotavivrus enteritis AU - Corl, Benjamin A. AU - Odle, Jack AU - Niu, Xiaomei AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Gatlin, Lori A. AU - Phillips, Oulayvanh T. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Rhoads, J. Marc T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - We previously showed that phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (p70(S6k)) in the intestine is increased during viral enteritis. In this study, we hypothesized that during rotavirus infection, oral Arg, which stimulates p70(S6k) activation, will further stimulate intestinal protein synthesis and mucosal recovery, whereas the p70(S6k) inhibitor rapamycin (Rapa) will inhibit mucosal recovery. Newborn piglets were fed a standard milk replacer diet supplemented with Arg (0.4 g x kg(-1) x d(-1), twice daily by gavage), Rapa (2 mg x m(-2) x d(-1)), Arg + Rapa, or saline (controls). They were infected on d 6 of life with porcine rotavirus. Three days postinoculation, we measured the piglets' body weight, fecal rotavirus excretion, villus-crypt morphology, epithelial electrical resistance in Ussing chambers, and p70(S6k) activation by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. We previously showed a 2-fold increase in jejunal protein synthesis during rotavirus diarrhea. In this experiment, Arg stimulated jejunal protein synthesis 1.3-fold above standard medium, and the Arg stimulation was partially inhibited by Rapa. Small bowel stimulation of p70(S6k) phosphorylation and p70(S6k) levels were inhibited >80% by Rapa. Immunohistochemistry revealed a major increase of p70(S6k) and ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation in the crypt and lower villus of the infected piglets. However, in Arg-treated piglets, p70(S6k) activation occurred over the entire villus. Jejunal villi of the Rapa-treated group showed inactivation of p70(S6k) and a decrease in mucosal resistance (reflecting increased permeability), the latter of which was reversed by Arg. We conclude that, early in rotavirus enteritis, Arg has no impact on diarrhea but augments intestinal protein synthesis in part by p70(S6k) stimulation, while improving intestinal permeability via a mammalian target of rapamycin/p70(S6k)-independent mechanism. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1093/jn/138.1.24 VL - 138 IS - 1 SP - 24-29 SN - 0022-3166 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can we rescue an endangered species? AU - Eisen, Eugene J. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS AB - The timely editorial by Ignacy Misztal (J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 124, 255–256) on the current shortage of quantitative geneticists in animal breeding is alarming. We in the field have been well aware of the problem for some time, but how to correct this trend is a formidable challenge. There are several reasons for the present situation. A major factor is that funding for research and training of graduate students in quantitative genetics and animal breeding (QGAB) began to decline as molecular genetics took center stage in the early 1990s. The prevailing view was that molecular genetics would soon solve all relevant problems in animal breeding. Experience has shown this assumption to be incorrect. Although molecular genetics has become a very important tool for understanding quantitative genetic variability, there are still many research questions that require a firm foundation in QGAB. There is a shortage of well-trained quantitative geneticists to meet all the demands of industry. It is imperative that government agencies and breeding companies that rely on qualified quantitative geneticists for their survival recognize the seriousness of the situation. Otherwise, the industry may soon find that the problem solvers trained in QGAB have become an extinct species. How then can we develop a plan to get QGAB off the endangered species list? Quantitative genetics is presently alive and well in areas other than animal breeding. For example, evolutionary biology and human genetics draw heavily on the discipline of quantitative genetics, and these fields are successfully training quantitative geneticists. I recently participated in a Gordon Conference on Quantitative Genetics that was well attended by colleagues and graduate students in evolutionary biology and genetics. Of note were several researchers who have ‘jumped ship’ from animal breeding to human genetics. While the reasons for making the change are complex, the lack of adequate funding for QGAB research most certainly played a role in their decision. To develop a plan to get QGAB off the endangered species list, at least four general factors must be addressed: (i) government funding, (ii) industry support, (iii) grooming undergraduates and (iv) recruiting and funding graduate students. Government agencies that traditionally fund agriculturally related research, as well as legislators that have a strong commitment to agriculture, must be apprised of the economic impact of QGAB research. To do so most effectively, professional societies such as the American Society of Animal Science and the European Association for Animal Production should appoint a commission of experts to study the problem and make appropriate recommendations to federal funding agencies on the importance of funding research and graduate training in QGAB. In this regard, the commission should look at the global picture of how past research in QGAB has improved the genetic quality and yield of food and fiber obtained from domestic animals, including aquatic species such as oysters and shrimp. Quantitative geneticists in animal breeding are specifically trained in aspects of application to animal genetic improvement that are generally not in the purview of molecular biologists. For this reason, the commission should also explore the economic benefits for research collaborations between well-trained quantitative geneticists and molecular geneticists. This point is particularly relevant in light of the current push to complete the gene sequencing of food animal species. Federal agencies generally have a policy of limiting research funding under specific headings. For example, in the United States, the United States Department of Agriculture funds agricultural research whereas the National Science Foundation (NSF) has generally funded only basic research to the exclusion of research in agriculture. However, in recent years NSF has begun to fund plant genetics research that might in the broad sense be considered to have application to plant breeding. Therefore, it is certainly conceivable that NSF might be persuaded to focus on funding certain aspects of quantitative genetics research applied to food animal species that bridges the basic-applied spectrum. The support of industry is vital if QGAB is to survive. This support can take on many forms. It should include funding for QGAB research that is related to both the goals of the breeding industry and to answering more basic questions, funding for graduate student assistantship stipends and specialized short courses, sharing of data that can be used for M.S. and Ph.D. dissertations and sponsoring summer internships for undergraduates. While many companies participate in these types of activities, their participation needs to be more widespread to have a greater impact. It would be worthwhile to have some statistics available on the level of support provided by industry. Enticing bright undergraduate students to consider a career in QGAB is challenging because of competition from other fields. This is particularly so among animal science students. The profile of animal science undergraduate students at many land grant universities in the United States has changed dramatically in recent years. The majority of students now are women, most come from urban or suburban areas and the number one career goal of the majority of entering students is veterinary medicine specializing in companion animals. Among those interested in graduate school, there is strong competition from the fields of nutrition, reproductive physiology and molecular genetics. To steer undergraduates into a career in QGAB, the first step is to advise them to do an undergraduate research project, preferably under the direction of a faculty member in QGAB. A research experience with laboratory animals can be just as effective as one using economic species, particularly given the length of time a student can devote to a research project. The research should be designed to be completed within an academic year and provide sufficient substance so that the research results can be presented at an undergraduate poster programme and perhaps even at a regional or national professional scientific meeting. Also essential is advising students interested in QGAB to take appropriate courses in genetics, animal breeding, calculus, matrix algebra and statistics and to attend research seminars. Finally, the student should participate in at least one summer internship with a breeding company or in a QGAB research laboratory. I believe the final point, recruiting outstanding graduate students, is perhaps the most critical issue. Recruiting top-quality students will be made easier as we groom those outstanding undergraduates in the manner suggested and if adequate funding for graduate student stipends begins to flow from federal grants and industry. The training of graduate students is perhaps our most urgent issue because of the time involved; 3–5 years toward a Ph.D. plus 1–2 years of postdoctoral experience are involved before germination of the seeds that are essential to get QGAB off the endangered species list. I believe the time has come for the actions needed to begin planting these seeds. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2008.00720.x VL - 125 IS - 1 SP - 1-2 SN - 0931-2668 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Untitled AU - Baas, Tom J. AU - Robison, Odis W. AU - Tokach, Mike D. AU - Goodwin, Rodney AU - Mabry, John W. AU - Henry, Steve AU - Johnson, Rodger K. AU - Clark, L. Kirk AU - Berger, P. Jeffrey AB - This letter is in response to the Letter to the Editor by Neil DeBuse published in this issue of the Journal of Animal Science regarding journal paper “Design and standards for genetic evaluation of seedstock populations” (81:2409–2418, 2003). The NPPC Genetic Programs Committee (GPC) and the authors of this journal paper recognize Newsham Hybrids as a reputable genetics company and a credible source of information to the swine industry. As a result, we have no reason to doubt their initial pedigree information and stand by the evaluation of the original Newsham Hybrids entry that was made by the GPC at the time the terminal line program was conducted. If N. DeBuse, a former Newsham Hybrids employee, believes that Newsham Hybrids deceived the National Pork Producers Council (Des Moines, IA) by misrepresenting their entry to the terminal line program, he should take that up with Newsham Hybrids officials. Until we receive official notification from Newsham Hybrids that the information concerning the Newsham Hybrids population provided to the GPC was inaccurate, we have no reason to report anything different. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.2527/jas.2007-0360 SP - 240-240 ER -