TY - ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Coordinated Analysis of Physical Reactivity to Daily Stressors: Age and Proactive Coping Matter AU - Neupert, Shevaun D. AU - Smith, Emily L. AU - Schriefer, Margaret L. T2 - FORECASTING AB - Proactive coping involves efforts to prepare for future stressors and may have implications for physical responses to stress. We examined age differences in physical reactivity to daily stressors moderated by proactive coping in a coordinated analysis across two separate daily diary studies. Study 1 included data from 116 older (age range 60–90) and 107 younger (age range 18–36) adults on daily stressors and physical health symptoms for 8 consecutive days. Study 2 included data from 140 adults (age range 19–86) on daily stressors and self-rated physical health for 29 consecutive days. Participants in both studies reported on their proactive coping on the first day of the study. Physical reactivity was indexed via lagged multilevel models as increases in daily physical symptoms in Study 1 and decreases in daily physical health in Study 2 with corresponding increases in daily stressors. Results indicated that in both studies, younger adults with low proactive coping were more physically reactive to daily stressors compared to younger adults with high proactive coping. Proactive coping was associated with reduced physical reactivity to daily stressors among younger adults, consistent with the characterization of a high degree of control and ample opportunities at earlier phases of adulthood which are critical for accumulating resources to proactively cope. DA - 2022/12// PY - 2022/12// DO - 10.3390/forecast4040054 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 1004-1018 SN - 2571-9394 KW - proactive coping KW - physical reactivity KW - daily stressors ER - TY - JOUR TI - Patterns of critical consciousness and associations with sociocultural factors in black adolescents AU - Briggs, Alexis S. AU - Hope, Elan C. AU - Cryer-Coupet, Qiana R. T2 - JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AB - Abstract Critical consciousness includes an understanding of structural oppression, agency to act and actions to redress oppression. Questions remain regarding how youth's experiences with oppression and their social identities might relate to their critical consciousness. In this study, we explored associations between critical consciousness (critical reflection, critical agency, and action) and sociocultural factors (racial identity, racial socialization, and racial stress) among Black adolescents ( n = 604; M age = 15.44, SD = 1.24). We used latent profile analysis and identified four profiles of critical consciousness: Precritical Bystander (62.7%), Liberated Actor (19.9%), Precritical Actor (10.8%), and Acritical Bystander (6.6%). These profiles were distinct in critical reflection, critical agency, and critical action. Next, we examined associations between critical consciousness profiles and sociocultural factors. We found that profile membership was differentially associated with some aspects of racial identity, racial socialization, and racial stress. These findings suggest that there are specific patterns of critical consciousness among Black youth which are differentially associated with racial identity, racial socialization that emphasizes cultural pride, and experiences of cultural racism. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement . DA - 2022/10/21/ PY - 2022/10/21/ DO - 10.1002/casp.2658 SP - SN - 1099-1298 KW - black youth KW - critical consciousness KW - latent profile analysis KW - racial identity KW - racial socialization KW - racism ER - TY - JOUR TI - A psychometric assessment of the Military Suicide Attitudes Questionnaire (MSAQ) AU - Cramer, Robert J. AU - Montanaro, Erika AU - VanSickle, Marcus AU - Cacace, Sam AU - Zabelski, Sasha AU - Smith, Emily L. AU - Franks, Michael AU - Grover, Shawna AU - Cunningham, Craig A. T2 - PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH AB - Suicide rates remain high among military populations. Stigmatizing beliefs about suicide contribute to the problem of heightened suicide risk as a deterrent for help-seeking. Measurement of military suicide stigma is therefore an important gap in the literature as a necessity toward the development of military suicide prevention programming. This paper assessed the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Military Suicide Attitudes Questionnaire (MSAQ). Study 1 featured secondary analysis of a suicide risk dataset from active duty treatment-seeking military personnel (N = 200). Study 2 was a secondary analysis of a statewide assessment of Army National Guard service members' beliefs about mental health and suicide (N =1116). Factor analyses results collectively supported a four-factor Military Suicide Attitudes Questionnaire (MSAQ) structure: discomfort, unacceptability, support, and empathic views. Subscale reliabilities ranged from 0.77 to 0.83 across samples. Unacceptability and support displayed significant negative correlations with psychological distress. Men displayed more negative suicide-related beliefs compared to women counterparts. Discomfort and unacceptability beliefs displayed significant positive associations with perceived barriers to care. The final short version of the MSAQ is an efficient, multi-dimensional measure of military suicide-related beliefs. The instrument can be used for public health assessment and program evaluation in military settings. DA - 2022/11// PY - 2022/11// DO - 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114849 VL - 317 SP - SN - 1872-7123 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114849 KW - Military KW - Suicide KW - Stigma KW - Measurement KW - Mental health KW - Barriers to care ER - TY - JOUR TI - Age, education, and political involvement differences in daily election-related stress AU - Early, Alexandra S. AU - Smith, Emily L. AU - Neupert, Shevaun D. T2 - CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY AB - Stress in daily life is rather common, but elections can present unique challenges. Evaluating the impact of individual characteristics, behaviors, and political beliefs on stress processes is imperative to understanding how elections influence psychological well-being. Exploring how these individual and behavioral characteristics interacted to predict exposure to election-related stressors, we hypothesized that age, education, and past socio-political involvement would be associated with exposure to election-related stressors. In the 2018 U.S. Midterm Election Stress Coping and Prevention Every Day (ESCAPED) study, 140 participants in the United States and territories aged 19-86 were recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk for a 30-day daily diary study. Collectively, participants completed a total of 1196 reports between October 15, 2018 and November 13, 2018. The midterm election was November 6, 2018. Each day, participants reported on past political participation, election stress anticipation, and exposure to election-related stressors. Confirming our hypothesis, on days when people were more politically active and on days when stress anticipation increased, exposure to election-related stressors increased. Age differences in exposure depended on political activity in the last 24 h, with older adults exhibiting a steeper increase in exposure following political activity, especially if they were highly educated. However, higher education was protective against election-related stressors among younger adults even with increases in political activity. Individuals' experiences, characteristics, and daily decisions influence the likelihood of exposure to election-related stressors. Additionally, for younger adults, education may function as a protective factor when they engage in political activities. DA - 2022/5/28/ PY - 2022/5/28/ DO - 10.1007/s12144-022-02979-2 SP - SN - 1936-4733 KW - Stress KW - Elections KW - Political participation KW - Education KW - Age ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing the relationships between money bail, pretrial risk scores, and pretrial outcomes. AU - Zottola, Samantha A. AU - Desmarais, Sarah L. T2 - Law and Human Behavior AB - There has been much discussion around the use of both money bail and pretrial risk assessment instruments. We examine how bail and risk scores compare in terms of their associations with failure to appear in court and rearrest during the pretrial period.Our research questions included whether bail and risk scores differed between people who did and did not experience pretrial outcomes and whether pretrial scores were associated with outcomes when controlling for bail and other relevant covariates.To examine these associations, we drew a sample of 492 people (33% women; 60% Black) booked into county jail in a jurisdiction not yet using a pretrial risk assessment instrument to inform release decisions. We completed the Public Safety Assessment (PSA) for this sample and collected data on failure-to-appear and rearrest incidents for 1 year following initial bookings. We examined the associations between bail amount, failure to appear, and rearrest and between PSA subscale scores, failure to appear, and rearrest.Bail amount was not associated with either failure to appear or rearrest. People who failed to appear or were rearrested had higher bail amounts, on average, than people who did not. In contrast, PSA subscale scores were significantly associated with outcomes in the expected direction.Our findings do not support the use of money bail for ensuring that people return to court and avoid rearrest. Instead, our findings suggest that using pretrial risk assessment, instruments could result in more accurate and appropriate release decisions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved). DA - 2022/8// PY - 2022/8// DO - 10.1037/lhb0000487 UR - https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000487 KW - bail KW - risk assessment KW - rearrest KW - failure to appear KW - pretrial reform ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experiencing and Forecasting COVID-19 Daily Stress on Mental Health Reactivity Across Age and Race AU - Pearman, Ann AU - Hughes, MacKenzie L. AU - Coblenz, Clara W. AU - Smith, Emily L. AU - Neupert, Shevaun D. T2 - JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES AB - This study systematically evaluates age and race differences in mental health symptoms as they unfold microlongitudinally during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with a focus on within-person reactivity to forecasting and experiencing COVID-19 stress.A daily diary approach was used to examine predictors of daily anxiety and depressive symptoms among 526 adults (White [54%] and Black American [46%]) aged 21-79. A total of 3,605 online diaries were collected for 21 consecutive days between October and November, 2020. In addition to mental health symptoms, participants reported forecasted (next 24 h) stress as well as experienced (past 24 h) stress related to COVID-19.Patterns of reactivity to forecasted and experienced COVID-19 stress depended on age and race. White older adults displayed greater reactivity to COVID-19-related stress than White younger adults, but the effects of COVID-19-related stress were consistently detrimental for the daily anxiety of Black Americans, regardless of age. For Black Americans, age was less negatively associated with depressive symptoms than for White Americans. Increases in experienced COVID-19 stress were also more strongly associated with increases in depressive symptoms for Black Americans relative to White participants.This study moves beyond cross-sectional, descriptive work within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and emphasizes the dynamic nature of within-person reactivity patterns that differ by age and race. Although White older adults experienced an increase in daily anxiety when forecasting COVID-19 stress, the co-occurring pandemic of systemic racism may be more powerful than age-related vulnerabilities for Black adults. DA - 2022/4/1/ PY - 2022/4/1/ DO - 10.1093/geronb/gbab197 VL - 77 IS - 4 SP - E16-E22 SN - 1758-5368 KW - Anxiety KW - COVID-19 KW - Depressive symptoms KW - Reactivity KW - Stress ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of trauma education and growth mindset messaging on public attitudes about the criminal legal system AU - McKinsey, Eva AU - Desmarais, Sarah L. AU - Burnette, Jeni L. AU - Garrett, Brandon L. T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY DA - 2022/4/6/ PY - 2022/4/6/ DO - 10.1007/s11292-022-09506-0 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1572-8315 KW - Criminal legal system KW - Growth mindsets KW - Mass incarceration KW - Public attitudes KW - Trauma education ER - TY - JOUR TI - Morality, Risk-Taking and Psychopathic Tendencies: An Empirical Study AU - Cacace, Sam AU - Simons-Rudolph, Joseph AU - Dubljevic, Veljko T2 - FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY AB - Research in empirical moral psychology has consistently found negative correlations between morality and both risk-taking, as well as psychopathic tendencies. However, prior research did not sufficiently explore intervening or moderating factors. Additionally, prior measures of moral preference (e.g., sacrificial dilemmas) have a pronounced lack of ecological validity. This study seeks to address these two gaps in the literature. First, this study used Preference for Precepts Implied in Moral Theories (PPIMT), which offers a novel, more nuanced and ecologically valid measure of moral judgment. Second, the current study examined if risk taking moderates the relationships between psychopathic tendencies and moral judgment. Results indicated that models which incorporated risk-taking as a moderator between psychopathic tendencies and moral judgment were a better fit to the data than those that incorporated psychopathic tendencies and risk-taking as exogenous variables, suggesting that the association between psychopathic tendencies and moral judgment is influenced by level of risk-taking. Therefore, future research investigating linkages between psychopathic tendencies and moral precepts may do well to incorporate risk-taking and risky behaviors to further strengthen the understanding of moral judgment in these individuals. DA - 2022/3/3/ PY - 2022/3/3/ DO - 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.834734 VL - 13 SP - SN - 1664-1078 KW - moral decision-making KW - moral precepts KW - risk-taking KW - psychopathy KW - preference for precepts implied in moral theories (PPIMT) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Age and socioeconomic differences in coping with home stressors: A daily diary study of mindfulness and anticipatory coping AU - Cobler, Morgan D. AU - Smith, Emily L. AU - Neupert, Shevaun D. T2 - PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AB - Anticipatory coping involves efforts to reduce the consequences of upcoming, future stressors, but the individual and contextual predictors of anticipatory coping are not well understood. The current study focuses on individual differences in age and income and contextual fluctuations in mindfulness (present-centered thinking) to predict daily fluctuations in anticipatory coping with future home-related stressors. In the Mindfulness and Anticipatory Coping Everyday study, 223 adults (116 aged 60–90, 107 aged 18–36) completed an online questionnaire for nine consecutive days via Qualtrics, providing demographic information on Day 1. For the subsequent 8 days, participants reported mindfulness and anticipatory coping. Multilevel models revealed that within-person increases in daily mindfulness were related to decreases in daily anticipatory coping among younger adults and higher income older adults. This research provides evidence of tension between mindfulness and future-oriented coping and shows how this depends on one's life stage and access to resources. DA - 2022/3// PY - 2022/3// DO - 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111399 VL - 187 SP - SN - 1873-3549 KW - Income KW - Coping KW - Age differences KW - Home stress KW - Mindfulness KW - Daily diary ER - TY - JOUR TI - Military self-stigma as a mediator of the link between military identity and suicide risk AU - Cacace, Sam AU - Smith, Emily J. AU - Cramer, Robert J. AU - Meca, Alan AU - Desmarais, Sarah L. T2 - Military Psychology AB - US military Veterans are at greater risk for suicide than those who have never served in the US military. Recent federal calls include the need to investigate military-specific suicide risk and protective factors among military-affiliated populations. To date, no study has examined the link between military identity, self-stigma, and suicide risk. The current study used a nationally representative sample of post-Vietnam US military Veterans (N = 1,461) in order to determine relationships between military identity, self-stigma, and suicide risk. Idealism (OR = 0.86) with less odds of elevated suicide risk, whereas individualism (OR = 1.15) and military self-stigma (OR = 1.39) were associated with increased odds of elevated suicide risk. Military self-stigma was found to mediate the relationship between military identity components and suicide risk. Implications for conceptualization of military Veteran identity, suicide prevention, and future research are discussed. DA - 2022/3/4/ PY - 2022/3/4/ DO - 10.1080/08995605.2021.1994329 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 237-251 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2021.1994329 KW - Military Veteran KW - suicide KW - self-stigma KW - identity KW - idealism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Locale Matters: Regional Needs of U.S. Military Service Members and Veterans AU - Cacace, Sam AU - Smith, Emily AU - Desmarais, Sarah AU - Alders, Elizabeth T2 - Military Behavioral Health AB - Military service members (MSM) and veterans make up nearly 10% of the U.S. population. They face unique challenges and require unique assistance related to community services and resources. However, little has been done to determine the specific needs within this population, particularly with regard to “locale” or “geographically-specific” military population needs. This study used a mixed-methods approach to investigate geographically-specific needs in the MSM and veteran populations residing in one southeastern state, collecting both qualitative focus group data and secondary quantitative data. The qualitative data was gathered from focus groups (15 veterans and leaders from military-service organizations) and the quantitative data was gathered from client requests from a regional network of military and veteran-serving organizations (N = 4,328). Thematic analysis of focus group transcripts shows, from the organizational side, a lack of availability, understanding, education, and advertising of resources. The client call data showed that MSM and veterans who live in higher population locales were more likely to experience longer wait times to achieve needs resolution when compared to the smaller locale group (β = 0.0000606, t(4,226) = 14.49, p < .0001, R2 = 0.047). Follow-up investigations should examine the importance of regional differences in professional branding and information dissemination practices maintained by organizations serving the MSM and veteran populations in this locale, with the goal of finding how to communicate more effectively and efficiently with their target audience(s). These future efforts should include comparing data with other regions and national data sets to further understand locale specific needs. DA - 2022/7/3/ PY - 2022/7/3/ DO - 10.1080/21635781.2021.1990813 VL - 10 SP - 1-14 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2021.1990813 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Empirical Case for Pretrial Risk Assessment Instruments AU - Desmarais, Sarah L. AU - Monahan, John AU - Austin, James T2 - Criminal Justice and Behavior AB - Pretrial risk assessment instruments are used in many jurisdictions to inform decisions regarding pretrial release and conditions. Many are concerned that the use of pretrial risk assessment instruments may be contributing to worsened, not improved, pretrial outcomes, including increased rates of pretrial detention and exacerbated racial disparities in pretrial decisions. These concerns have led prominent organizations to reverse their position on the role of pretrial risk assessment instruments in pretrial system change. Reforms that centered on their use have been rolled back or have failed to be implemented in the first place. However, the scientific evidence behind these concerns is lacking. Instead, the findings of rigorous research show that the results of pretrial risk assessment instruments demonstrate good accuracy in predicting new criminal activity, including violent crime, during the pretrial period, even when there are differences between groups defined by race and ethnicity. Furthermore, the scientific evidence suggests they can be an effective strategy to help achieve pretrial system change, including reducing pretrial detention for people of color and white people, alike, when their results are actually used to inform decision-making. In this article, we review the scientific evidence in relation to three primary critiques of pretrial risk assessment instruments, namely, that their results have poor accuracy and are racially biased and that their use increases pretrial detention rates. We also provide recommendations for addressing these critiques to ensure that their use supports, rather than detracts from, the goals of pretrial reform and articulates an agenda for future research. DA - 2022/6// PY - 2022/6// DO - 10.1177/00938548211041651 VL - 49 IS - 6 SP - 807-816 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/00938548211041651 KW - risk assessment KW - race KW - predictive validity KW - decision-making KW - evaluation KW - jail ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating Fairness of Algorithmic Risk Assessment Instruments: The Problem With Forcing Dichotomies AU - Zottola, Samantha A. AU - Desmarais, Sarah L. AU - Lowder, Evan M. AU - Clarke, Sarah E. Duhart T2 - Criminal Justice and Behavior AB - Researchers and stakeholders have developed many definitions to evaluate whether algorithmic pretrial risk assessment instruments are fair in terms of their error and accuracy. Error and accuracy are often operationalized using three sets of indicators: false-positive and false-negative percentages, false-positive and false-negative rates, and positive and negative predictive value. To calculate these indicators, a threshold must be set, and continuous risk scores must be dichotomized. We provide a data-driven examination of these three sets of indicators using data from three studies on the most widely used algorithmic pretrial risk assessment instruments: the Public Safety Assessment, the Virginia Pretrial Risk Assessment Instrument, and the Federal Pretrial Risk Assessment. Overall, our findings highlight how conclusions regarding fairness are affected by the limitations of these indicators. Future work should move toward examining whether there are biases in how the risk assessment scores are used to inform decision-making. DA - 2022/3// PY - 2022/3// DO - 10.1177/00938548211040544 VL - 49 IS - 3 SP - 389-410 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/00938548211040544 KW - Risk assessment KW - pretrial KW - bias KW - algorithmic fairness KW - Public Safety Assessment KW - Virginia Pretrial Risk Assessment Instrument KW - Federal Pretrial Risk Assessment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surveying Ethics: a Measurement Model of Preference for Precepts Implied in Moral Theories (PPIMT) AU - Dubljevic, Veljko AU - Cacace, Sam AU - Desmarais, Sarah L. T2 - REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY DA - 2022/3// PY - 2022/3// DO - 10.1007/s13164-021-00530-z VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 197-214 SN - 1878-5166 KW - Deontology KW - Consequentialism KW - Moral decision making KW - Preference for precepts implied in moral theories (PPIMT) KW - Virtue ethics ER -