TY - CONF TI - Aggregation of Yields in Forest Planning AU - Roise, Joseph P. AU - Smith, W.D. T2 - Seminar on the use of information systems in forest management. C2 - 1992/9/13/ C3 - Proceedings of an ECE/FAO/ILO Seminar CY - Garpenberg, Sweden DA - 1992/9/13/ PY - 1992/9/13/ SP - 50-56 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The fragile fringe: coastal wetlands of the United States AU - Watzin, M.C. AU - Gosselink, J.G. DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// SP - 20 PB - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ER - TY - CHAP TI - Habitat suitability and the stopover ecology of Neotropical passerine migrants AU - Moore, F.R. AU - Simons, T.R. T2 - Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds A2 - Hagan, J.W. A2 - Johnston, D.W. PY - 1992/// PB - Smithsonian Institution Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - An ornithological survey in eastern Arunachal Pradesh, India AU - Katti, M. AU - Singh, P. AU - Manjrekar, N. AU - Sharma, D. AU - Mukherjee, S. T2 - Forktail DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// VL - 7 SP - 75–89 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Interpretation and Hispanic American ethnicity. AU - Gramann, J.H. AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Ewert, A. T2 - On Interpretation: Sociology for interpreters of natural and cultural history A2 - Machlis, G.E. A2 - Field, D.R. PY - 1992/// PB - Oregon State University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are Anolis lizards evolving? [11] AU - Katti, M. T2 - Nature DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// VL - 355 IS - 6360 SP - 505-506 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026564845&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are Anolis lizards evolving? [10] AU - Katti, M. AU - Lawton, J.H. AU - McArdle, B.H. AU - Thorpe, R.S. AU - Malhotra, A. T2 - Nature DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// VL - 355 IS - 6360 SP - 505-506 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026564845&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are Anolis lizards evolving? AU - Katti, M. T2 - Nature DA - 1992/2/6/ PY - 1992/2/6/ DO - 10.1038/355505b0 VL - 355 IS - 6360 SP - 505–506 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SOIL-NITROGEN CYCLING AND NITROUS-OXIDE FLUX IN A ROCKY-MOUNTAIN DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST - EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION, IRRIGATION AND CARBON ADDITION AU - MATSON, PA AU - GOWER, ST AU - VOLKMANN, C AU - BILLOW, C AU - GRIER, CC T2 - BIOGEOCHEMISTRY DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// DO - 10.1007/bf00002705 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 101-117 SN - 0168-2563 KW - DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS KW - FOREST FERTILIZATION KW - MICROBIAL IMMOBILIZATION KW - INSITU INCUBATIONS KW - N-15 KW - NITROUS OXIDE KW - NITRIFICATION KW - NITROGEN MINERALIZATION ER - TY - JOUR TI - NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS DISTRIBUTION FOR 5 PLANTATION SPECIES IN SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN AU - SON, Y AU - GOWER, ST T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Nutrient distribution was determined in the soil and vegetation for 28-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra L.), European larch (Larix decidua Miller), white pine (Pinus strobus L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) plantations on a similar soil in southwestern Wisconsin. The concentration and content of several soil nutrients differed among the five species, but no consistent patterns were observed between deciduous and evergreen species. Current foliage nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentration for European larch and N concentration for red pine decreased down the canopy but did not differ significantly among canopy positions for the other tree species. In general, total N and P content were greatest in the upper 30 cm of soil followed by aboveground vegetation and forest floor. Total N and P content in aboveground vegetation were positively correlated to leaf longevity (r2 = 0.83, P < 0.05 for N; r2 = 0.79, P < 0.05 for P); aboveground N and P content (kg ha−1) were 258 and 26 for red oak, 261 and 41 for European larch, 500 and 57 for white pine, 431 and 49 for red pine, and 687 and 97 for Norway spruce. We estimated that whole tree harvesting (stem + branch + foliage) would remove 120–380% more N and 100–610% more P than stem-only harvests in these plantations. DA - 1992/10// PY - 1992/10// DO - 10.1016/0378-1127(92)90042-8 VL - 53 IS - 1-4 SP - 175-193 SN - 1872-7042 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DIFFERENCES IN SOIL AND LEAF LITTERFALL NITROGEN DYNAMICS FOR 5 FOREST PLANTATIONS AU - GOWER, ST AU - SON, Y T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Abstract Vegetation can influence N cycling in forest soils; however, it is difficult to isolate the positive feedback of vegetation on N cycling because other factors are often not held constant. The objective of this study was to measure and compare leaf litterfall N and in situ and laboratory N mineralization rates for 28‐yr‐old northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L.), European larch ( Larix decidua Miller), eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus L.), red pine ( P. resinosa Aiton), and Norway spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst.] plantations on a similar soil in southwestern Wisconsin. Average seasonal soil NO ‐ 3 and NH + 4 concentrations (mg kg −1 ) were 3.9 and 3.4 for red oak; 7.7 and 5.8 for European larch; 5.4 and 6.7 for white pine; 4.9 and 5.1 for red pine; and 5.2 and 6.2 for Norway spruce, respectively. Annual in situ net N mineralization in the top 20 cm of mineral soil differed significantly ( P < 0.01) among species and ranged from 46 kg ha −1 yr −1 for Norway spruce to 117 kg ha −1 yr −1 for European larch. Annual in situ nitrification differed significantly ( P < 0.001) among species and comprised from 42 (red oak) to 95% (European larch) of the total annual net N mineralized. Laboratory net N mineralization rates also differed significantly among the five species. Average annual leaf litterfall N content for a 2‐yr period ranged from 26 kg ha −1 yr −1 for white pine to 40 kg ha −1 yr −1 for Norway spruce but was not correlated to annual net N mineralization. We suggest that leaf litterfall lignin/N may be an important positive feedback mechanism that influences N mineralization. DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600060051x VL - 56 IS - 6 SP - 1959-1966 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CARBON DYNAMICS OF ROCKY-MOUNTAIN DOUGLAS-FIR - INFLUENCE OF WATER AND NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AU - GOWER, ST AU - VOGT, KA AU - GRIER, CC T2 - ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS AB - Changes in biomass distribution, canopy dynamics, and above— and belowground net primary production were examined in a Rocky Mountain Douglas—fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca forest in New Mexico. Nutrient and water availability were experimentally altered by: fertilization (F), irrigation (I), carbon in the form of wood chips (WC), carbon + irrigation (WC/I), and control (C). Prior to treatment, aboveground tree biomass ranged from 238 to 369 000 kg/ha, projected leaf area index (LAI) ranged from 5.4 to 8.7 m 2 /m 2 and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) ranged from 9200 to 11 900 kg · ha — 1 · yr — 1 . Aboveground NPP was correlated positively (R 2 = 0.85) with LAI before the treatments. Canopy dynamics were strongly influenced by water and nutrient availability. For trees of similar diameter, irrigated and fertilized trees supported a significantly greater biomass of new twig and new foliage than control trees. During the 2—yr study leaf area index (LAI) increased by 5, 12, 18, and 24% in the C, I, WC/I, and F plots, respectively, and decreased by 3% in the WC plots. Stand level biomass distribution and production patterns were also affected by the availability of nutrients and water. Two years after the treatments were initiated, new foliage masses were 2400 (F), 2300 (WC/I), 2000 (I), 1900 (C), and 1800 (WC) kg/ha. In 1986, aboveground NPP was 33% greater in the F than WC treatment. Irrigation also increased ANPP. Fine root net primary production ranged from 1540 to 4200 kg · ha — 1 · yr — 1 and was significantly greater (P < .1) in the control than in the four treatments. BNPP comprised 46 (C), 32 (WC), 31 (I), 23 (WC/I), and 23 (F) % of total NPP. Total NPP was correlated positively with LAI (R 2 = 0.66) and ranged from 15 360 kg · ha — 1 · yr — 1 in the WC treatment to 21 140 kg · ha — 1 · yr — 1 in the F treatment. Many of the physiological relations between water or nutrient availability and production and carbon allocation reported in this study are consistent with results from studies on lowland Douglas—fir and other conifer forests in the Pacific Northwest. Collectively, these studies provide a mechanistic understanding of how water and nutrient availability govern production and carbon allocation of conifer forests in the western United States. DA - 1992/3// PY - 1992/3// DO - 10.2307/2937170 VL - 62 IS - 1 SP - 43-65 SN - 0012-9615 KW - ALLOMETRY KW - CARBON ALLOCATION KW - FERTILIZATION KW - FINE ROOT PRODUCTION KW - IRRIGATION KW - LEAF AREA INDEX KW - NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION KW - NITROGEN AVAILABILITY KW - PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII KW - WESTERN CONIFER FORESTS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Conservation genetics and conservation biology: a troubled marriage AU - Soule, M.E. AU - Mills, L. S. T2 - Conservation of biodiversity for sustainable development A2 - O. T. Sandlund, K. Hindar A2 - A. H. D. Brown, PY - 1992/// SP - 55-69 PB - Oslo, Norway : Scandinavian University Press SN - 9788200215080 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The biology of deer AU - Brown, R. D. DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// PB - New York: Springer-Verlag SN - 0387975764 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transient gene expression of microprojectile-introduced DNA in Douglas-fir cotyledons AU - Goldfarb, B. AU - Strauss, S. H. AU - Howe, G. T. AU - Zaerr, J. B. T2 - Plant Cell Reports (Online) DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// DO - 10.1007/bf00234585 VL - 10 SP - 517-521 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reconstructing a natural resource dependent economy: a case study of Preston County, West Virginia AU - Steelman, T. A. A3 - Center for Domestic Policy Studies, Princeton University. DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// PB - Center for Domestic Policy Studies, Princeton University. ER - TY - RPRT TI - Beneath the surface: surface mining regulation reform in West Virginia AU - Steelman, T. A. A3 - Center for Domestic Policy Studies, Princeton University DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// PB - Center for Domestic Policy Studies, Princeton University ER - TY - CONF TI - Third-generation breeding strategy for the North Carolina State University - Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Bridgwater, F. E. C2 - 1992/// C3 - Proceedings of the IUFRO Conf. S2.02-08, Breeding Tropical Trees, Resolving tropical forest resource concerns through tree improvement, gene conservation and domestication of new species DA - 1992/// VL - Tomo 1 SP - 234-240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - TISSUE-CULTURE SHOOT AND ROOT-SYSTEM EFFECTS ON FIELD PERFORMANCE OF LOBLOLLY-PINE AU - ANDERSON, AB AU - FRAMPTON, LJ AU - MCKEAND, SE AU - HODGES, JF T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - To study differences in growth between loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) tissue-culture plantlets and seedlings, shoot systems of plantlets and seedlings were grafted onto plantlet and seedling root systems. After three growing seasons, plantlet root systems accounted for 0.3 m of height growth loss and 1.0 cm of loss in basal diameter, while plantlet shoot systems accounted for 0.6 m of height growth loss and 1.4 cm of loss in basal diameter. The mature-appearing morphology of plantlet shoots was due to the shoot system of plantlets and not to the indirect effect of the plantlet root system. DA - 1992/1// PY - 1992/1// DO - 10.1139/x92-007 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 56-61 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - CONF TI - Mapping in woody plants with RAPD markers: application to breeding in forestry and horticulture AU - Grattapaglia, D. AU - Chaparro, J. AU - Wilcox, P. AU - McCord, S. AU - Werner, D. AU - Amerson, H. AU - McKeand, S. AU - Bridgwater, F. AU - Whetten, R. AU - O'Malley, D. AU - Sederoff, R. C2 - 1992/// C3 - Proceedings of the Symposium on the Applications of RAPD Technology to Plant Breeding DA - 1992/// SP - 37-40 PB - Joint Plant Breeding Symposium Series, Crop Science Society of America, American Society for Horticultural Science, and American Genetics Association ER - TY - JOUR TI - Silvicultural effects on wood properties AU - Zobel, B. T2 - IPEF International DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// IS - 2 SP - 31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stem and foliage elongation of young loblolly pine as affected by ozone AU - Mudano, J. E. AU - Allen, H. L. AU - Kress, L. W. T2 - Forest Science DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 324 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Farm and community forestry AU - Learman, J. G. AU - Sedjo, R. A. DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// PB - New York : McGraw-Hill SE - 200 SN - 0070357021 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE FROM LOBLOLLY-PINE - PURIFICATION OF THE ENZYME AND ISOLATION OF COMPLEMENTARY-DNA CLONES AU - WHETTEN, RW AU - SEDEROFF, RR T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) has been purified from differentiating secondary xylem of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Native molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 280,000, with a subunit molecular weight of 74,000; isoelectric point, 5.8; and Michaelis constant for i-phenylalanine, 27 micromolar. No evidence was obtained for the existence of isoforms of the enzyme, nor for negative cooperativity of substrate binding. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase subunit and used to identify a pal clone in an expression library of xylem complementary DNA (cDNA). Polymerase chain reaction, using oligonucleotide primers made from N-terminal amino acid sequence and from the 5' end of the clone isolated from the expression library, was also used to isolate cDNA clones. These methods yielded cDNA clones covering the protein coding region of the pal messenger RNA. Comparisons of nucleotide sequence of pal cDNAs from pine, bean, sweet potato, and rice showed 60 to 62% identity between the pine clone and the angiosperm clones. DA - 1992/1// PY - 1992/1// DO - 10.1104/pp.98.1.380 VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 380-386 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - IAWA-Botanical Society of America Symposium. 'Bark: Inside and outside: Its development, function and systematic utility.' AIBS meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, August 9-13, 1992 T2 - IAWA Journal DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// DO - 10.1163/22941932-90001272 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 232 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth and wood properties in a Carolina Sandhills pine seed source study AU - Jett, J. B. AU - Guiness, W. M. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - TRANSIENT GENE-EXPRESSION IN DIFFERENTIATING PINE WOOD USING MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT AU - LOOPSTRA, CA AU - WEISSINGER, AK AU - SEDEROFF, RR T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - We have used microprojectile bombardment to obtain transient expression of the reporter gene β-glucuronidase in differentiating wood (secondary xylem) of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.), thereby providing a method for studying expression of introduced DNA in this important tissue. β-Glucuronidase activity can be observed in different cell types, including tracheids, ray parenchyma, and axial parenchyma associated with resin canals. Microprojectile bombardment can be used to identify active promoters and to compare the relative activities of different promoters in specific cell types. We have studied the expression of three promoter gene fusions by bombardment of loblolly pine stem sections. Wood samples bombarded with an abscisic acid inducible (Em) promoter–β-glucuronidase fusion contained nearly 10 times the number of stained cells as those bombarded with two more commonly used promoter fusions (nopaline synthase or cauliflower mosaic virus 35S). Microprojectile bombardment of differentiating wood should be useful for studying promoters and gene constructs in future attempts to modify wood properties by genetic engineering. DA - 1992/7// PY - 1992/7// DO - 10.1139/x92-133 VL - 22 IS - 7 SP - 993-996 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CLONING OF CINNAMYL ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE IN LOBLOLLY-PINE (PINUS-TAEDA L) AU - OMALLEY, DM AU - PORTER, S AU - SEDEROFF, RR T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD, EC 1.1.1. 195) has been purified to homogeneity from differentiating xylem tissue and developing seeds of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). The enzyme is a dimer with a native molecular weight of 82,000 and a subunit molecular weight of 44,000, and is the only form of CAD involved in lignification in differentiating xylem. High levels of loblolly pine CAD enzyme were found in nonlignifying seed tissue. Characterization of the enzyme from both seeds and xylem demonstrated that the enzyme is the same in both tissues. The enzyme has a high affinity for coniferaldehyde (K m = 1.7 micromolar) compared with sinapaldehyde (K m in excess of 100 micromolar). Kinetic data strongly suggest that coniferin is a noncompetitive inhibitor of CAD enzyme activity. Protein sequences were obtained for the N-terminus (28 amino acids) and for two other peptides. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers based on the protein sequences were used to amplify by polymerase chain reaction a 1050 base pair DNA fragment from xylem cDNA. Nucleotide sequence from the cloned DNA fragment coded for the N-terminal protein sequence and an internal peptide of CAD. The N-terminal protein sequence has little similarity with the λCAD4 clone isolated from bean (MH Walter, J Grima-Pettenati, C Grand, AM Boudet, CJ Lamb [1988] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5546-5550), which has homology with malic enzyme. DA - 1992/4// PY - 1992/4// DO - 10.1104/pp.98.4.1364 VL - 98 IS - 4 SP - 1364-1371 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PRESSURE-VOLUME ANALYSIS OF TISSUE WATER RELATIONS PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL FASCICLES OF LOBLOLLY-PINE (PINUS-TAEDA L) AU - SCHULTE, PJ AU - HENRY, LT T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - A technique was tested for obtaining water relations parameters from individual fascicles of loblolly pine needles by the pressure–volume curve method. Comparisons were made between parameters derived from (1) individual fascicles that were rehydrated in a pressure chamber after being removed from the shoot and (2) fascicles that were rehydrated on the shoot. Estimates of tissue osmotic potential for needles rehydrated by the two methods were significantly different for needles from terminal shoots, but not significantly different for needles from lateral shoots. Similarly, a significant difference in the estimated tissue elasticity at zero water potential was noted for needles on terminal shoots, but not for those on lateral shoots. It is suggested that differences due to rehydration method are related to the duration of the rehydration period and not the choice of technique. The use of fascicles of needles, rehydrated after detachment, allows repeated estimation of the tissue water relations of a single conifer shoot. DA - 1992/6// PY - 1992/6// DO - 10.1093/treephys/10.4.381 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 381-389 SN - 0829-318X ER - TY - JOUR TI - ​Pinus radiata​ host plant genotype influence on susceptibility to ​Agrobacterium tumefaciens AU - Bergmann, BA AU - Stomp, A­M T2 - Phytopathology AB - Effect of host genotype on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gall formation in Pinus radiata was examined using clonal tissue culture shoots and rooted plantlets. Tissue culture shoots were inoculated in vitro with A. tumefaciens strain 542 or C2/74, both known to be highly infective in pines. Rooted plantlets of the identical genotypes used in vitro and seedlings from the same seedlot were established in the greenhouse and inoculated with strain 542. Gall formation frequency of tissue culture shoots and rooted plantlets was genotype dependent. Rooted plantlets and seedlings of the same age did not differ in susceptibility to A. tumefaciens strain 542 [] DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// DO - 10.1094/Phyto-82-1457 VL - 82 IS - 12 SP - 1457–1462 SN - 0031-949X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Radial variation in wood specific gravity, fibre length and vessel area for two Central American hardwoods: Hieronyma alchorneoides and Vochysia guatemalensis: Natural and plantation grown trees AU - Butterfield, R. P. AU - Crook, R. AU - Adams, R. AU - Morris, R. T2 - IAWA Journal DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 252 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ONSET OF AND RECOVERY FROM NITROGEN STRESS DURING REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF SOYBEAN AU - HENRY, LT AU - RAPER, CD AU - RIDEOUT, JW T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES AB - Photosynthetic rates and allocation of dry matter, nitrogen, and nonstructural carbohydrates were determined during onset of and recovery from a nitrogen stress for reproductive soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill cv Ransom) plants. Until the beginning of seed fill, non-nodulated plants were grown in flowing solution culture with 1.0 mM NO-3 in a complete nutrient solution. One set of plants then was transferred to minus-nitrogen solution for 24 d of seed fill; a second set was transferred to a minus-nitrogen solution for 14 d followed by return to the complete solution with 1.0 mM NO-3 for the remaining 10 d of seed fill; and a third set was continued on the complete solution. Net CO2 exchange rates of individual leaves, which remained nearly constant during seed fill for nonstressed plants, declined at an accelerated rate during onset of nitrogen stress as the specific content of reduced nitrogen in the leaves was decreased by remobilization of nitrogen to support pod growth. The rate of nitrogen remobilization out of leaves initially was relatively greater than the decrease in photosynthetic rate. While rate of pod growth declined in response to the developing nitrogen stress, photosynthetic assimilation of carbon exceeded reproductive demand and nonstructural carbohydrates accumulated within tissues. Following resupply of exogenous NO-3, specific rate of NO-3 uptake by roots was enhanced relative to nonstressed plants. While there was little increase in content of reduced nitrogen in leaves, net remobilization of nitrogen out of leaves ceased, and the decline in photosynthetic rate stabilized at about 51% of that for nonstressed plants. This level of photosynthesis, combined with the availability of elevated pools of carbohydrates accumulated during stress, was sufficient to support the increases in both the specific rates of NO-3 uptake and the rate of pod growth during recovery. DA - 1992/6// PY - 1992/6// DO - 10.1086/297020 VL - 153 IS - 2 SP - 178-185 SN - 1058-5893 ER - TY - JOUR TI - INFLUENCE OF TAXONOMIC RELATEDNESS AND MEDIUM COMPOSITION ON MERISTEMATIC NODULE AND ADVENTITIOUS SHOOT FORMATION IN 9 PINE SPECIES AU - BERGMANN, BA AU - STOMP, AM T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Embryos of Pinusechinata Mill., Pinustaeda L., Pinusserotina Michx., Pinuseldarica Medwed., Pinuscaribaea Morelet, Pinusoocarpa Scheide, Pinustecunumanii (Schwd.) Equiluz & Perry, Pinusstrobus L., and Pinusradiata D. Don were cultured following the protocol for Pinusradiata to determine if a perpetual meristem culture could be produced. Two subsequent experiments were done that included modifications to the medium's mineral composition, strength (modified LePoivre and Murashige and Skoog at half-strength and full strength), cytokinin concentration (1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/L benzyladenine), and auxin concentration (0 and 0.1 mg/L indolebutyric acid). Pines in subsection Australes performed poorly in culture relative to those species in subsection Oocarpae. Pinusradiata and Pinuseldarica were the only species to produce long-term subculturable meristematic tissue, although shoots were obtained with seven of the species. Half-strength modified LePoivre medium containing 2.5 mg/L benzyladenine but no auxin gave the best results with most species. Significant differences in shoot production were found among Pinusoocarpa provenances. DA - 1992/5// PY - 1992/5// DO - 10.1139/x92-101 VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 750-755 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - IDENTIFICATION OF NUTRITIONAL INFLUENCES ON CONE PRODUCTION IN FRASER FIR AU - ARNOLD, RJ AU - JETT, JB AU - ALLEN, HL T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Abstract Fraser fir [ Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] is highly valued as a freshcut Christmas tree. Commercial cultivation is limited partly by seed scarcity. The purpose of this study was to develop foliar tissue nutrient norms for female cone yield to use in the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), for ultimately improving cone yields. Two sets of these norms were developed, one set based on February and the other on July foliar nutrient levels. Neither single mineralnutrient concentrations nor other assessed tree parameters correlated with cone yield. However, nutritional discrimination between high‐and low‐yielding trees was obtained with July tissue. Discrimination with February needle samples was poor. Reasonable agreement was obtained for orders of nutrient limitations diagnosed from the two seasonally specific sets of norms. Results indicated the potential to use DRIS to aid in selection of clones and prescribing treatments to enhance cone yields. DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600020039x VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 586-591 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Manual Sorting in Three Pine Nurseries AU - Hassan, A.E. AU - Thomaz, A.S. AU - Roise, J.P. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Mechanization of nursery operation extends from seedbed preparation to seedling lifting. However, sorting and grading are still labor intensive. Three nurseries in the Southeast with varying degrees of sophistication in sorting and grading of pine seedlings were investigated. Samples of plantable and rejected seedlings were collected and analyzed to determine the nursery shed performance. A vision system was utilized for seedling measurements and the results were analyzed using ANOVA analysis. The nursery with no sorting capabilities was the most efficient, indicating that cultural practices might be an alternative to sorting. The percentage of rejects in the plantable samples was low for the nurseries with manual labor indicating the high training for sorting, however, the percentage of plantables in the reject samples was high, indicating possible waste of good nursery seedlings. DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// DO - 10.13031/2013.28825 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 1981 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Woody plants of Hill Forest. An annotated checklist, containing notes on the occurrence of trees, shrubs, and woody vines at Hill Demonstration Forest, Durham County, NC AU - Braham, R. R. DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// PB - Raleigh, NC : Dept. of Forestry, College of Forest Resources, North Carolina State University SE - 75 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial characterization of fuelwood resources in the US semi-arid mediterranean geographic zone AU - Brockhaus, J. A. AU - Pillsbury, N. H. T2 - Journal of World Forest Resource Management DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 139 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A COMPARISON OF SPOT AND LANDSAT-TM DATA FOR USE IN CONDUCTING INVENTORIES OF FOREST RESOURCES AU - BROCKHAUS, JA AU - KHORRAM, S T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING AB - Abstract SPOT multispectral (XS) and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) digital data were studied in an attempt to evaluate the use of this data in detailed assessments of forest conditions. Forest type, basal area, and age class information were collected from 256 sample sites within an intensively managed 80000acre experimental forest in North Carolina, U.S.A. A comparison of the SPOT and TM data with the sample site information showed that XS3, the near-infrared waveband, and TM bands 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 were significantly correlated with basal area. Age class was not found to be significantly correlated with any of the three SPOT XS wavebands. TM bands 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 were, however, shown to be significantly correlated with age class. Although significant, the correlation coefficients between the TM or SPOT waveband data and basal area or age class were low (<0.65). Six forest cover types, and an additional water category, were selected as the basis of a land cover classification system for use with the TM and SPOT data. Verification of the classification of the seven cover types using the SPOT XS waveband data resulted in an estimated accuracy of 74.4 per cent. Classification accuracy was slightly reduced (70.8 per cent) when the TM wavebands corresponding to the SPOT XS bands were used as inputs to the classifier. When each of the six visible and reflective infrared TM wavebands were included in the classification process overall accuracy increased to 885 per cent. DA - 1992/11/10/ PY - 1992/11/10/ DO - 10.1080/01431169208904100 VL - 13 IS - 16 SP - 3035-3043 SN - 0143-1161 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - A COMPARISON OF LANDSAT TM AND SPOT HRV DATA FOR USE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST DEFOLIATION MODELS AU - BROCKHAUS, JA AU - KHORRAM, S AU - BRUCK, RI AU - CAMPBELL, MV AU - STALLINGS, C AB - Abstract Spectral response patterns of the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Satellite Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) High Resolution Visible (HRV) were compared for a range of defoliation conditions within the boreal montane forests of the Black Mountains of North Carolina, United States of America (U.S.A.). Near-infrared (NIR) data from these sensors were shown to be correlated significantly with field estimates of per cent defoliation (p<0·05). However, neither TM nor HRV data were found to be reliable predictors of defoliation when used as single independent variables in regression equations. An empirical model predicting per cent defoliation from NIR digital numbers and digital elevation model (DEM) data was also developed for each sensor. Additional informationNotes on contributorsM. V. CAMPBELL Currently with Radian Corporation, Research Triangle Park, N.C., U.S.A, 27709. DA - 1992/11/10/ PY - 1992/11/10/ DO - 10.1080/01431169208904114 SP - 3235-3240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING - A FIELD CHAMBER FOR TESTING AIR-POLLUTION EFFECTS ON MATURE TREES AU - ALBAUGH, TJ AU - MOWRY, FL AU - KRESS, LW T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract A 3.6 m tall by 3 m diam. open‐top chamber system built on 12‐m towers for the dispensing and exclusion of air pollutants in the foliage of mature loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) trees was tested. Statistically significant position and height differences in O 3 concentration inside the chamber were found for different wind speed categories. Calculation of a relative O 3 concentration (ROC) showed remarkably similar relative O 3 profiles for charcoal filtered (CF) and 2 x ambient (2 x ) chambers. Large reductions in ROC are found above the 2.4‐m level in both chambers. Ambient air intrusion was reduced in the modified chamber because it was protected by the canopy and contained a tree crown lessening air movement in the chamber. The mean temperature increase in the chamber from 1200 to 1259 h EST was 2.2°C, whereas the maximum temperature increase was 4.8°C. Statistically significant positional temperature differences were found within the chamber. The chamber system design was found useful in testing the effects of gaseous air pollutants on the crown of mature trees and is recommended for designed experiments. DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100030028x VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 476-485 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Yield of decoration greenery from Fraser fir Christmas trees AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Snelling, L. K. T2 - HortScience DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 107 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rehydration of Fraser fir Christmas trees: Effect of time since cutting AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Snelling, L. K. AU - Goodman, S. T2 - HortScience DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// VL - 27 IS - 8 SP - 930 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ROOTSTOCK AND SCION EFFECTS ON CARBOHYDRATES AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS IN LOBLOLLY-PINE AU - JAYAWICKRAMA, KJS AU - MCKEAND, SE AU - JETT, JB AU - YOUNG, E T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Variation in scion physiology caused by rootstock families, scion clones, and the rootstock–scion interactions were studied in loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.). Ten full-sib families were used as rootstocks, and six scion clones were grafted on the rootstocks in all combinations. The trees were measured during and after the 2nd year after grafting; the traits measured were needle carbohydrate (starch, sucrose, and hexoses) concentrations and needle N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations. These traits were measured in early fall and early spring. There were highly significant differences among scion clones for all traits. Rootstocks significantly affected hexoses in fall, total sugars in spring, P, K, Ca, and Mg in fall, and Ca and Mg in spring. For most traits the largest variance component was within each rootstock-scion combination; next largest were those for scion clones. Variance components for rootstocks were small or negative for most traits, indicating that the scion has more control than the rootstock on scion physiology of young grafted loblolly pine. DA - 1992/12// PY - 1992/12// DO - 10.1139/x92-256 VL - 22 IS - 12 SP - 1966-1973 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Foliar raffinose and sucrose in four conifer species: Relationship to seasonal temperature AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Pharr, D. M. AU - Snelling, L. K. AU - Funderburk, S. R. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// VL - 117 IS - 5 SP - 852 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CROOKED LEADERS AND NUTRITION IN FRASER FIR CHRISTMAS TREES AU - HINESLEY, LE AU - CAMPBELL, CR T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Current-year foliage from the upper crown of Fraser fir (Abiesfraseri (Pursh) Poir.) Christmas trees with normal and abnormally spiraled or crooked leaders was sampled monthly between July and November over a 3-year period. Bark, wood, and small roots were also collected in November 1988, and foliage was collected from the upper whorl and leader on two dates in 1989. Concentrations of several nutrients varied significantly between crooked and straight trees in some years, but not across all years. With several elements, changes in concentration during the growing season were inconsistent across years. Some differences were too small to be of practical significance; others favored trees with crooked leaders when compared with nutritional guidelines. Concentrations of all elements varied considerably among trees, and nearly all nutrients exhibited significant temporal changes in concentration during the growing season. Concentrations also varied by sampling position. Nitrogen concentration tended to be higher in the foliage of crooked trees. Because there was no consistent pattern of deficiency, excess, or imbalance for any particular nutrient, the crooked leader problem in Fraser fir appears to have no distinct nutritional basis. DA - 1992/4// PY - 1992/4// DO - 10.1139/x92-067 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 513-520 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - PAT TI - Ballistic transformation of conifers AU - Stomp, A. AU - Weissinger, A. AU - Sederoff, R. C2 - 1992/// DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - HELPING BY JUVENILE PINE VOLES (MICROTUS-PINETORUM), GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF YOUNGER SIBLINGS, AND THE EVOLUTION OF PINE VOLE SOCIALITY AU - POWELL, RA AU - FRIED, JJ T2 - BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AB - We quantified the behavior of juvenile pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) in families maintained in outdoor enclosures protected from rain and predators and determined the effects of number of juveniles present (0–3) on their younger siblings and their parents. Juveniles exhibited behaviors characteristic of helpers in cooperative breeding species: brooding, grooming, and retrieving younger siblings, and maintaining nests, runways, and food caches. The number of juveniles had no effect on weights, growth rates, or survival of younger siblings or on survival of parents, but families with three juveniles had shorter interlitter intervals than other families. There was a trend toward lower weights for younger siblings when juveniles continued to nurse from their mothers. Juveniles brooded and groomed younger siblings more when their mothers were absent than when mothers were present. In families with juveniles, younger siblings were alone significandy less often than in families without juveniles, but number of juveniles in the family had little effect on duration or frequency with which juveniles brooded or groomed younger siblings. These data are consistent with cooperative breeding having evolved via individual selection for delayed dispersal. We argue that the limited availability of vacant tunnel systems and the high cost of digging new tunnel systems constrains dispersal in pine voles and has led to the evolution of cooperative breeding. DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// DO - 10.1093/beheco/3.4.325 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 325-333 SN - 1045-2249 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biogeography of small mammals in the Southern Appalachians: Patterns of local and regional abundance AU - Steele, M. A. AU - Powell, R. A. T2 - Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// VL - 64 IS - suppl. SP - 207 ER - TY - BOOK TI - An analysis and evaluation of a black bear sanctuary in western North Carolina: Final report for Study B2, Project W-57, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act AU - Powell, R. A. DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// PB - Raleigh, NC: Dept. of Zoology, North Carolina State University ER - TY - CHAP TI - The uses of geographic information systems in fisheries AU - Giles, R. H., Jr. AU - Nielsen, L. A. T2 - Fisheries management and watershed development: Proceedings of the Symposium "Fisheries Management: Dealing with Development in the Watershed" held in Newport, Rhode Island, USA, November 12-15, 1991 (American Fisheries Society symposium ; 13) CN - SH328 .S85 1991 PY - 1992/// SP - 81-94 PB - Bethesda, Md.: American Fisheries Society ER - TY - CHAP TI - The fisheries and wildlife agency in 2020 AU - Nielsen, L. A. AU - McMullin, S. L. T2 - 2020 vision: Meeting the fish wildlife conservation challenges of the 21st century: Proceedings of a symposium held at the 53rd Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference--Des Moines, Iowa, December 3, 1991 PY - 1992/// SP - 111-131 PB - West Lafayette, Ind.: Wildlife Society, North Central Section ER - TY - BOOK TI - Methods of marking fish and shellfish AU - Nielsen, L. A. DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// PB - Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society ER - TY - CHAP TI - Medium-sized rivers of the Atlantic Coastal Plain AU - Garman, G. C. AU - Nielsen, L. A. T2 - Biodiversity of the southeastern United States: Aquatic communities A2 - C. T. Hackney, S. M. Adams A2 - Martin, W. H. CN - QH104.5 .S59 B56 1992 PY - 1992/// SP - 315-350 PB - New York: Wiley ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field investigation of barge-associated mortality of larvae fishes in the Kanawha River AU - Odom, M. C. AU - Orth, D. J. AU - Nielsen, L. A. T2 - Virginia Journal of Science DA - 1992/// PY - 1992/// VL - 42 SP - 41-45 ER - TY - JOUR TI - REPLACING FISH-MEAL WITH SEAFOOD PROCESSING WASTES IN CHANNEL CATFISH DIETS AU - DEAN, JC AU - NIELSEN, LA AU - HELFRICH, LA AU - GARLING, DL T2 - PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST AB - Abstract Various seafood processing wastes were collected, analyzed, and evaluated for their use as primary protein sources in catfish diets. Finfish wastes (flounder racks and mixed finfish) were higher in crude protein content (60 versus 40%) than blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) wastes. Practical diets containing menhaden (Brevoortia spp.) fish meal or one of four seafood processing wastes (flounder racks, mixed finfish, blue crab, and blue crab without carapace) amounting to 10% of the diet were fed to fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punciatus) for 7 weeks under controlled, laboratory conditions. Weight gain and feed efficiency did not differ among treatments. Similar diets containing Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) or blue crab meal were compared with a standard production diet containing fish meal in a 139-d field cage culture experiment. Caged channel catfish fed the control or Atlantic herring diets had greater daily gain and net production than those fed the crab diet. DA - 1992/1// PY - 1992/1// DO - 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0007:RFMWSP>2.3.CO;2 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 7-13 SN - 0033-0779 ER -