TY - CONF TI - Species-site match mapping for industrial tree plantation species development in selected municipalities of Agusan del Sur, Caraga Region AU - Aguilos, M. AU - Sabijon, J. AU - Aguilos, R. AU - Riparip, D. T2 - National Symposium on Forestation Research and Practices C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings: National Symposium on Forestation Research and Practices CY - UPLB College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Philippines DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Species-site match mapping for industrial tree plantation species development in selected municipalities of Agusan del Sur, Caraga Region AU - Aguilos, M. AU - Sabijon, J. AU - Aguilos, R. AU - Riparip, D. A3 - DENR-ERDS Caraga Region, Ambago, Butuan City and DOST-PCARRD DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M3 - Brochure PB - DENR-ERDS Caraga Region, Ambago, Butuan City and DOST-PCARRD ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bias in age and sex classifications from Minnesota’s deer harvest registration AU - Ingebrigtsen, D.K. AU - DePerno, C.S. A3 - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M1 - 13 M3 - Minnesota Wildlife Report PB - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife SN - 13 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mortality, and movements of white-tailed deer and coyotes in southeast Minnesota: A Landowner Report AU - Bigalke, B.J. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Haroldson, B.S. AU - Erb, J.D. A3 - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M3 - Technical Report PB - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group ER - TY - RPRT TI - Landowner Report: Survival rates, causes of mortality, and movements of white-tailed deer in southwest Minnesota AU - Brinkman, T.J. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Haroldson, B.S. AU - Erb, J.D. A3 - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M3 - Technical Report PB - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group ER - TY - CHAP TI - Population estimation and management of white-tailed deer on Cargill property in central Minnesota AU - Nelson, M.J. AU - Faber, W.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2001 A2 - DonCarlos, M.W. A2 - Eberhardt, R.T. A2 - Kimmel, R.O. A2 - Lenarz, M.S. PY - 2002/// SP - 34–40 PB - Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ER - TY - CHAP TI - Mortality, and movements of white-tailed deer and coyotes in southeast Minnesota AU - Bigalke, B.J. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Haroldson, B.S. AU - Erb, J.D. T2 - Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2001 A2 - DonCarlos, M.W. A2 - Eberhardt, R.T. A2 - Kimmel, R.O. A2 - Lenarz, M.S. PY - 2002/// SP - 21–33 PB - Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ER - TY - CHAP TI - Survival rates, causes of mortality, and movements of white-tailed deer in southwest Minnesota AU - Brinkman, T.J. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Haroldson, B.S. AU - Erb, J.D. T2 - Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2001 A2 - DonCarlos, M.W. A2 - Eberhardt, R.T. A2 - Kimmel, R.O. A2 - Lenarz, M.S. PY - 2002/// SP - 1–20 PB - Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ER - TY - RPRT TI - An Annotated Bibliography: Published articles about time to death and distance traveled AU - Linke, L.O. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. A3 - The Institute of Cetacean Research DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - The Institute of Cetacean Research ER - TY - CHAP TI - Appendix B: Croatan National Forest - Land and Resource Management Plan. USDA Forest Service Southern Region 1994 AU - Roise, Joseph P. T2 - Revised Land and Resource Management Plan for the Croatan National Forest PY - 2002/// PB - United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring your success: a look at nest-box occupancy AU - Phillips, T. AU - Rohrbaugh, R.W. AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Birdscope DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rhythm and Bluebirds: new devices track temperature and incubation rhythms at the nest AU - Cooper, C.B. AU - Phillips, T. T2 - Birdscope DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The strategy of sitting on eggs AU - Cooper, C.B. AU - Chu, M. T2 - Birdscope DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Teaching to learn and learning to teach: a case study of multilevel, interdisciplinary education in natural resources AU - Borer, C. AU - Newman, P. AU - Ginger, C. AU - Shane, J. AU - Watzin, M. T2 - Natural Resources and Environmental Issues DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 9 UR - http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/nrei/vol9/iss1/51. ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring and evaluation of cyanobacteria in Burlington Bay, Lake Champlain: Summer 2001 AU - Watzin, M.C. AU - Shambaugh, Ad AU - Brines, E.K. AU - Boyer, G.L. A3 - Lake Champlain Basin Program DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M1 - 40 M3 - Technical Reports PB - Lake Champlain Basin Program SN - 40 ER - TY - CONF TI - Population and physiological responses of Sonoran desert birds to urbanization in central Arizona, USA AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Shochat, Eyal AU - Deviche, Pierre T2 - 23rd International Ornithological Congress C2 - 2002/// C3 - 23rd International Ornithological Congress CY - Beijing, China DA - 2002/// VL - Abstract Volume SP - 177 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Differences In Bird Foraging Behaviour Between Sonoran Desert And Urban Habitats: A Field Experiment With Seed Trays AU - Shochat, E. AU - Lerman, S. AU - Putnam, C. AU - Katti, M. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of remnant size and connectivity on the response of Brown Treecreepers to habitat fragmentation AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Walters, Jeffrey R. AU - Ford, Hugh T2 - Emu - Austral Ornithology AB - We studied approximately 50 groups of the cooperatively breeding Brown Treecreeper (Climacteris picumnus) in connected and unconnected (isolated) woodland remnants in the New England Tablelands of northeastern New South Wales during 1996–98. Large and small, unconnected remnants were more likely to contain territories lacking females than were connected habitat remnants. Using General Linear Mixed Models to control for the non-independence of groups studied in the same remnants, we found that neither remnant size nor connectivity affected nest success rate, brood size, or fledgling production. Survival of females was lower in small remnants and greatest in large, unconnected remnants. Lower survival in small remnants suggests area-sensitivity, but this effect cannot explain patterns in recruitment of females because there was no shortage of females in small, connected remnants. We conclude that remnant connectivity influences dispersal success of Brown Treecreepers, with dispersal being disrupted when remnants are unconnected. Therefore, isolation-sensitivity, not area-sensitivity, is the primary basis of the species’ sensitivity to habitat fragmentation. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1071/mu01007 VL - 102 IS - 3 SP - 249-256 J2 - Emu - Austral Ornithology LA - en OP - SN - 0158-4197 1448-5540 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu01007 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Independent effects of woodland loss and fragmentation on Brown Treecreeper distribution AU - Cooper, Caren B AU - Walters, Jeffrey R T2 - Biological Conservation AB - We examined the influence of local habitat and the surrounding landscape on the distribution of Brown Treecreepers in a matrix of woodlands and pastures. Our goals were to: (1) determine the importance and scale of the independent effects of woodland cover and fragmentation on treecreeper distribution, and (2) employ landscape variables to improve models of treecreeper distribution based on local habitat features. Woodland fragmentation was important at a large scale while both woodland cover and fragmentation were important at a smaller scale. Excluding unoccupied sites in highly fragmented landscapes improved the ability of local habitat features to explain Brown Treecreeper distribution, which appeared to be constrained by cavity density. Brown Treecreepers' response to fragmentation at the larger scale may occur because fragmentation disrupts dispersal. Alternatively, their response may be an example of a general phenomenon of fragmentation effects only arising when < 20% of woodland cover remains at a given scale. As fragmentation increases, so does the need to incorporate landscape patterns into wildlife-habitat models. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00172-0 VL - 105 IS - 1 SP - 1-10 J2 - Biological Conservation LA - en OP - SN - 0006-3207 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00172-0 DB - Crossref KW - habitat loss KW - fragmentation KW - landscape models KW - habitat models KW - Brown Treecreepers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental Evidence of Disrupted Dispersal Causing Decline of an Australian Passerine in Fragmented Habitat AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Walters, Jeffrey R. T2 - Conservation Biology AB - Abstract: We evaluated two hypothetical explanations for the decline of the cooperatively breeding Brown Treecreeper ( Climacteris picumnus ) in fragmented habitat: habitat degradation and isolation. We monitored the reproductive performance of approximately 50 breeding groups in Eucalyptus woodlands in the New England tablelands of northeastern New South Wales during 1996–1998. In addition, we translocated females to contiguous woodland and woodland fragments with unpaired males. We predicted that experimentally relocated females would reject territories with unpaired males in fragments if the habitat was degraded but not if males were unpaired due to isolation. We moved 11 females to fragments with unpaired males and 5 females to contiguous habitat with unpaired males. Nine females remained with males in fragments. Five of these females attempted nesting and 3 produced fledglings. No female relocated to contiguous habitat with an unpaired male remained or paired. We rejected habitat degradation as an explanation for the current decline of Brown Treecreepers within remnants, although degradation likely played a role in the past at a regional scale. Exceedingly low female recruitment within fragments and a lack of female dispersal between fragments provide additional evidence that female dispersal into territories in fragments rarely occurs naturally. We conclude that patch isolation is responsible for the high proportion of unpaired males in fragmented habitat. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00346.x VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 471-478 J2 - Conservation Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0888-8892 1523-1739 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00346.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - LANDSCAPE PATTERNS AND DISPERSAL SUCCESS: SIMULATED POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BROWN TREECREEPER AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Walters, Jeffrey R. AU - Priddy, Jeffery T2 - Ecological Applications AB - We used a spatially explicit, individual-based simulation model to explain the possible role of patch isolation in causing observed declines of Brown Treecreepers (Climacteris picumnus) in northern New South Wales, Australia. Using aerial photographs and a geographic information system, we created a spatially realistic landscape in which territories were constrained to woodlands and the matrix composition mimicked the actual landscape in the study area. We compared observed population behavior to the outcome of simulations based on two dispersal movement rules and three dispersal mortality rules. Under the first movement rule, a dispersing bird's initial direction was selected at random (Random); under the second rule, a bird's initial direction was toward its nearest neighbor (Neighbor). The first mortality rule used a constant mortality rate for dispersing birds, whereas the second and third varied mortality rate dependent on habitat type traversed. In simulations using the Random movement rule, populations in contiguous habitat were relatively stable, whereas populations in fragmented habitat steadily declined due to low female recruitment, which is the same pattern observed in the real population. Populations in both contiguous and fragmented habitat increased under the Neighbor movement rule, suggesting that population dynamics may be sensitive to dispersal search patterns. Varying mortality rate with habitat type had a large effect on population behavior even though long-distance dispersal was infrequent. Thus, for this cooperative breeder, where territories become clumped due to a high rate of territorial budding, matrix habitats continue to influence overall population performance. In this system, conservation efforts must address the quality of the matrix habitats as well as the configuration of remaining habitat. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1576:lpadss]2.0.co;2 VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 1576-1587 J2 - Ecological Applications LA - en OP - SN - 1051-0761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1576:lpadss]2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - A GIS-based habitat model for Wood Thrush, Hylocichla mustelina, in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. AU - Shriner, S.A. AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Farnsworth, George L. T2 - Predicting Species Occurrences: Issues of Scale and Accuracy A2 - Scott, J.M. PY - 2002/// SP - 529-536 PB - Island Press SN - 9781559637879 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Spatial analysis of stopover habitats of Neotropical migratory birds AU - Pearson, S.M. AU - Simons, T.R. T2 - Predicting Species Occurrences: Issues of Scale and Accuracy A2 - Scott, J.M. PY - 2002/// PB - Island Press SN - 9781559637879 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Deconstructing diversity in leisure studies AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Unsilencing the dialogue: Voices of minority faculty A2 - Hibbler, D.K. PY - 2002/// SP - 75–83 PB - Florida International University Center for Urban Education and Innovation SN - 9780971873001 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Relationship Between Information Use and Park Awareness: A Study of Urban Park Users AU - Lee, I. AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Shinew, K.J. T2 - Journal of Park and Recreation Administration DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 22–41 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Zebra Mussel Colonies and Yellow Perch Foraging: Spatial Complexity, Refuges, and Resource Enhancement AU - Cobb, Susan E. AU - Watzin, Mary C. T2 - Journal of Great Lakes Research AB - Throughout the Great Lakes basin, the invasion of zebra mussels has led to substantial increases in benthic invertebrate densities around zebra mussel colonies. This research focused on whether the enhanced benthic community associated with zebra mussel colonies is available to yellow perch, a bottom-foraging fish. In a series of laboratory trials, perch foraging success was examined under conditions of continuous and patchy zebra mussel coverage using gammarid amphipods and the midge Chironomus tentans as prey. Perch were less successful foraging for amphipods when zebra mussel coverage was continuous and marginally less successful foraging for chironomids when zebra mussel coverage was patchy. In a second laboratory series of videotaped trials with patchy coverage and amphipod prey, the use of space by both amphipods and foraging perch was examined. In these trials, perch actively foraged on the zebra mussel colonies even though their strikes were less likely to be successful there than on bare sand. Perch tended to take amphipods in exposed areas first, but because many more amphipods located themselves in zebra mussel colonies, many prey were taken in this habitat too. These results suggest that yellow perch are able to exploit the extra prey resources in zebra mussel colonies, although it may require slightly more effort to do so. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1016/s0380-1330(02)70581-9 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 256-263 J2 - Journal of Great Lakes Research LA - en OP - SN - 0380-1330 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(02)70581-9 DB - Crossref KW - zebra mussels KW - yellow KW - perch KW - amphipods KW - foraging KW - refuge ER - TY - BOOK TI - Mammals of North America AU - Kays, R.W. AU - Wilson, D.E. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Princeton University Press ER - TY - CHAP TI - Lion: Panthera leo AU - Kays, R.W. T2 - Encylopedia Britannica PY - 2002/// PB - Encyclopedia Britannica ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Appalacians AU - Pickering, J. AU - Kays, R. AU - Meier, A. AU - Andrew, S. AU - Yatskievych, K. T2 - Wilderness: Earth's last wild place A2 - Mittermeier, R.A. A2 - Mittermeier, C.G. A2 - Gil, P. R. A2 - Fonseca, G. A2 - Brooks, T. A2 - Konstant, W.R. PY - 2002/// SP - 458–467 PB - Conservation International ER - TY - BOOK TI - National Capacity in Forestry Research AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. AU - Brown, Perry J. AU - Crow, Thomas R. AU - Gordon, John C. AU - Humke, John W. AU - McCullough, Rex B. AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 144 PB - National Academy of Science Press ER - TY - BOOK TI - Kenward, R. 2001. A manual for wildlife radio tagging,2nd edition. New York: Academic Press. 350 pp. ISBN:0 124 04242 2 and Millspaugh, J. and Marzluff, J.2001. Radio tracking and animal populations, New York:Harcourt Publishers. 400 pp. ISBN: 0 124 97781 2 (hacovers). DOI:10.1017/S1367943002212317 AU - Kays, Roland AB - Book reviewed in this article: K enward , R. 2001. A manual for wildlife radio tagging, 2nd edition. and M illlspaugh , J. and M arzluff , J. 2001. Radio tracking and animal populations . DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1017/S1367943002212317 VL - 5 PB - Wiley SE - 259–259 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1367943002212317 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A vehicle-mounted radiotelemetry antenna system design AU - Brinkman, T.J. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Erb, J.D. AU - Haroldson, B.S. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 258–262 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Tracking the migration and mortality of farmland deer AU - Bestul, S. AU - DePerno, CS T2 - Deer and Deer Hunting Magazine DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ET - Special Stump Sitters 25th Anniversary Collectors Edition VL - 34 M1 - 4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mane variation in African lions and its social correlates AU - Kays, Roland W AU - Patterson, Bruce D T2 - Canadian Journal of Zoology AB - Manes are generally thought to characterize all adult male lions (Panthera leo). Here we document a population of lions in Tsavo National Park, Kenya, that is largely maneless and describe aspects of their social organization. Because Tsavo's arid landscape supports sparse prey populations, we expected that surveys of lions there would document small social groups. We hypothesized that Tsavo lions would consequently experience reduced sexual selection pressures for mane development. Adult males from Tsavo typically have sparse blond hair forming a dorsal crest, beard, chest tufts, and (or) sideburns, but lack the large flowing manes reported from other lion populations. No fully maned lions were seen. Maneless males in Tsavo appear to be well integrated into pride life, and were observed copulating, hunting, and otherwise interacting with groups of females, playing with dependent cubs, and advertising territories with scent markings and roars. Only one adult male was observed in each of five prides, which differs surprisingly from the coalitions of 2–4 pride males noted in other lion groups. However, female group size was large (mean 7.4) and comparable with what has been documented in the Serengeti and elsewhere, refuting our "group size – mane size" hypothesis. Future research should focus on the effect of Tsavo's physical and physiological effects on mane condition, and the possible correlation of male hormone levels with both manelessness and small male-group size. DA - 2002/3/1/ PY - 2002/3/1/ DO - 10.1139/z02-024 VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 471-478 J2 - Can. J. Zool. LA - en OP - SN - 0008-4301 1480-3283 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-024 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does the resource dispersion hypothesis explain group living? AU - Johnson, Dominic D.P. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Blackwell, Paul G. AU - Macdonald, David W. T2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution AB - The resource dispersion hypothesis (RDH) asserts that, if resources are heterogeneous in space or time, group living might be less costly than was previously thought, regardless of whether individuals gain direct benefits from group membership. The RDH was first proposed more than 20 years ago and has since accumulated considerable support. However, it is sometimes discredited because a priori tests of specific predictions are few, relevant variables have proved difficult to define and measure, and because its assumptions and predictions remain unclear. This is unfortunate because the RDH provides a potentially powerful model of grouping behavior in a diversity of conditions. Moreover, it can be generalized to predict other phenomena, including spacing behavior in nonsocial animals and utilization of resources other than food. Here, we review the empirical support, clarify the predictions of the RDH and argue that they can be used to provide better tests. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02619-8 VL - 17 IS - 12 SP - 563-570 J2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution LA - en OP - SN - 0169-5347 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02619-8 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - White-Tailed Deer Habitats in the Central Black Hills AU - Deperno, Christopher S. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. AU - Griffin, Steven L. AU - Rice, Leslie A. AU - Higgins, Kenneth F. T2 - Journal of Range Management AB - White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus dacotensis Zimm.) numbers in the central Black Hills have declined since the middle 1970s. Population status has been documented by a decline in hunter success, deer reproductive success, and fawn survival. Most management agencies believe habitat deterioration is the primary cause of population decline in the Black Hills. We evaluated habitat selection for a white-tailed deer herd in the central Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. From July 1993-July 1996, 73 adult and yearling doe and 12 adult and yearling buck white-tailed deer were radiocollared and visually monitored. Habitat Information was collected at 4,662 white-tailed deer locations and 1,087 random locations. During winter, white-tailed deer selected ponderosa pine- (Pinus ponderosa P. &C. Lawson) deciduous and burned pine cover types. Overstory-understory habitats selected included pine/grass-forb, pine/bear-berry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.), pine/snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus L.), burned pine/grass-forb, and pine/shrub habitats. Structural stages selected included sapling-pole pine stands with > 70% canopy cover, burned pine sapling-pole and saw-timber stands with < 40% canopy cover. During summer, white-tailed deer selected pine-deciduous, aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), aspen-coniferous, spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and spruce-deciduous cover types. Overstory-understory habitats selected included pine/juniper Juniperus communis L.), aspen/shrubs, spruce/juniper, and spruce/shrub habitats. Structural stages selected included pine, aspen, and spruce sapling pole stands with all levels (0-40%, 41-70%,71-100%) of canopy cover. Results supported low habitat quality as a factor involved with the decline of the deer population. We recommend that habitat management techniques, such as aspen regeneration and prescribed burns, be used to Improve the habitat base in the central Black Hills. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i3_deperno DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.2307/4003130 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 242 J2 - Journal of Range Management OP - SN - 0022-409X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003130 DB - Crossref KW - aspen regeneration KW - Black Hills KW - habitat quality KW - habitat selection KW - Odocoileus virginianus dacotensis KW - prescribed burns KW - South Dakota KW - white-tailed deer KW - Wyoming ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maximum Sustained Yield Harvest versus Trophy Management AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. AU - Smith, Winston P. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - The Journal of Wildlife Management AB - We examined hypotheses regarding compatibility of managing white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations for trophy males (i.e., ≥8 points) and maximum sustained yield (MSY) harvests. Harvest of white-tailed deer on Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee, USA, began in 1985 following 45 years of protection. We examined several harvest characteristics (e.g., age and sex composition, antler and body size of males) under the assumption that the population had attained an equilibrium during this period and hunter bias toward males was constant across years. During 1985, 273 deer were killed by vehicles on the reservation; by 1994, mortality from vehicles declined to 143 deer. During the study period, annual harvest declined from 923 to 470 deer. We suspect that although the population had attained an equilibrium, it was likely below ecological carrying capacity (K) because of substantial vehicle mortality. Because of the absence of predators and other sources of natural mortality, we assumed that deer-vehicle collisions prior to hunting was the primary factor maintaining the population below K. After the initiation of hunting in 1985, several demographic parameters indicated the population was intensively harvested: 98% of the harvest was composed of males <4 years of age, deer-vehicle mortality was reduced by 50%, and modeling indicated that the population had stabilized at 61% of the prehunt population. Average age of trophy males declined following harvest. Body size of 1.5-year-old males increased following the initial hunt but became variable over the remaining period. Proportion of trophy males harvested declined from 36% to 15% throughout the study period. Following the initial harvest, the high proportion of yearling males harvested suggests that the age distribution of males became truncated. Results from our empirical example support the hypothesis that sustained production of trophy males is a consequence of MSY of either-sex harvests when males are considered trophy with ≥8 points, when annual recruitment at MSY consistently approaches unity, and when hunters show no selectivity bias. These constraints are unlikely under current management prescriptions. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.2307/3803186 VL - 66 IS - 2 SP - 528 J2 - The Journal of Wildlife Management OP - SN - 0022-541X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3803186 DB - Crossref KW - either-sex harvest KW - maximum sustained yield KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - Tennessee KW - trophy management KW - vehicle mortality KW - white-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Old Avian Ecology in a New Ecosystem AU - Katti, M. T2 - Ecology AB - EcologyVolume 83, Issue 9 p. 2643-2644 Book Review Old Avian Ecology in a New Ecosystem Madhusudan Katti, Madhusudan Katti Arizona State University, Center for Environmental Studies, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3211. E-mail: mkatti@asu.eduSearch for more papers by this author Madhusudan Katti, Madhusudan Katti Arizona State University, Center for Environmental Studies, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3211. E-mail: mkatti@asu.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 2002 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2643:OAEIAN]2.0.CO;2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume83, Issue9September 2002Pages 2643-2644 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2643:OAEIAN]2.0.CO;2 VL - 83 IS - 9 SP - 2643–2644 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World AU - Katti, M. AU - Marzluff, J. AU - Bowman, R. AU - Donnelly, R. T2 - Ecology AB - EcologyVolume 83, Issue 9 p. 2643-2644 Book Review Old Avian Ecology in a New Ecosystem Madhusudan Katti, Madhusudan Katti Arizona State University, Center for Environmental Studies, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3211. E-mail: mkatti@asu.eduSearch for more papers by this author Madhusudan Katti, Madhusudan Katti Arizona State University, Center for Environmental Studies, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3211. E-mail: mkatti@asu.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 2002 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2643:OAEIAN]2.0.CO;2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume83, Issue9September 2002Pages 2643-2644 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.2307/3071823 VL - 83 IS - 9 SP - 2643 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Laser micropyrolysis GC–MS of lignin AU - Greenwood, Paul F. AU - van Heemst, Jasper D.H. AU - Guthrie, Elizabeth A. AU - Hatcher, Patrick G. T2 - Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis AB - The potential for using lasers as a highly directional thermal source in analytical pyrolysis studies is further investigated by the laser micropyrolysis GC–MS analysis of lignin moieties. Two woods representative of the main types of lignin (i.e. gymnosperm/guaiacyl producing and angiosperm/syringyl and guaiacyl producing) were separately analysed by both laser micropyrolysis GC–MS and the longer used pyroprobe pyrolysis GC–MS. High levels of correlation were observed from the laser and pyroprobe pyrograms of both lignins. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1016/s0165-2370(01)00135-8 VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 365-373 J2 - Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis LA - en OP - SN - 0165-2370 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2370(01)00135-8 DB - Crossref KW - micropyrolysis KW - laser pyrolysis KW - GC-MS KW - lignin KW - guaiacyl KW - syringyl ER - TY - RPRT TI - Estimating the volume of a standing tree using a scale (Biltmore) stick AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M1 - 5 M3 - Woodland Owner Note PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - 5 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forestry Drain Survey AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response: The Urbanization of North Carolina AU - Bardon, RE AU - Moorman, CE AU - Hamilton, RA T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 100 IS - 7 SP - 57-58 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Focus on ... Forestry Extension: Forestry and Natural Resources Desktop Reference Library AU - Bardon, Robert E. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 100 IS - 8 SP - 4-4(1) UR - http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/jof/2002/00000100/00000008/art00003 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Who buys fishing and hunting licenses in texas? Results from a statewide household survey AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Lee, I. T2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife AB - This study examined the extent of current fishing and hunting license purchases and identified socioeconomic and demographic factors that influence license purchases among Texas residents. Data for the study were obtained from a telephone survey of 3,000 Texas residents sampled from the general population conducted in 1998. Descriptive analysis revealed that about one-third (30.3%) of the sample purchased some type of fishing license; 18.5% held a hunting license. Results from logistic regression analyses were consistent with previous literature on relationships between sociodemographic variables and hunting and fishing participation. Gender and race were the most consistent predictors of license purchases. Hispanic respondents and African-Americans were significantly less likely to have purchased any type of fishing and hunting license. The significant effects associated with Hispanic ethnic background and African-American ethnic background were observed controlling for the effects of age, gender, education, income, and place of residence. The study concluded by acknowledging some strategic implications associated with demographic change in addition to identifying future research needs. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1080/10871200290089364 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 91-106 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85013656895&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The home they live in: Inner city children's views on the influence of parenting strategies on their leisure behavior AU - Outley, C.W. AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Leisure Sciences AB - The purpose of this study was to gain insight into how parenting strategies affect African-American children's leisure experiences in socially isolated urban neighborhoods. From the perspective of children, we describe strategies used by their parents and families to combat constraints imposed by poverty and the physical risks in their neighborhood. Over a two-year period, 43 children were interviewed about their leisure experiences within the context of their family and neighborhood. Four themes regarding parenting strategies emerged from a qualitative analysis of the data: utilization of kinship networks, serving as arrangers of leisure activities, isolation and confinement, and chaperonage. These parenting strategies allowed some children to participate in mainstream leisure activities, despite risks present in their neighborhood. On the other hand, parental restrictions on children's social interactions with peers and others perceived to be undesirable curtailed the range of leisure for some children. These findings are discussed in terms of (a) constraints to children's leisure and, (b) the programmatic implications for the planning of children's leisure in inner city neighborhoods. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1080/01490400252900130 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 161-179 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036078067&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental socialization: Quantitative tests of the childhood play hypothesis AU - Bixler, R.D. AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Hammitt, W.E. T2 - Environment and Behavior AB - Two studies with adolescent youth ( N = 1,376, N = 450) help clarify the relationship between childhood play experiences in wild environments and later environmental preferences in the life domains of work, leisure, and school. Respondents reporting having played in wild environments had more positive perceptions of natural environments, outdoor recreation activities, and future indoor/outdoor occupational environments. No significant differences were found for preferences for environmental sciences activities conducted in schools. Results suggest that childhood play in wildland environments is related to environmental competencies and preferences but not necessarily an intellectual interest in environmental sciences or environmentalism. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1177/001391602237248 VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 795-818 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036829234&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coming to terms with environmental justice in outdoor recreation: A conceptual discussion with research implications AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Johnson, C.Y. T2 - Leisure Sciences AB - Much of the research on environmental justice centers on environmental hazards. This article offers an overview of the emergence of environmental justice issues in outdoor recreation management and research. The authors argue that a major challenge to future research on environmental justice in outdoor recreation is clarifying definitions of environmental justice and generating awareness of the different dimensions of environmental justice. The authors also examine recent empirical studies of environmental justice issues related to outdoor recreation and other resource amenities. Based on an overview of the literature and these recent studies, the authors set forth some broad outlines to guide future research. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1080/01490400252772836 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 59-77 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036186956&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - environmental justice KW - equity KW - environmental racism KW - outdoor recreation KW - tourism development KW - policy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vascular architecture and patchy nutrient availability generate within-plant heterogeneity in plant traits important to herbivores AU - Orians, C.M. AU - Ardón, M. AU - Mohammad, B.A. T2 - American Journal of Botany DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 89 IS - 2 SP - 270-278 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036191885&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - THES TI - An Effective Particle Approach to the Photophysics of Conjugated Polymers AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa Anne DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Ph. D. Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understory species patterns and diversity in old-growth and managed northern hardwood forests AU - Scheller, RM AU - Mladenoff, DJ T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - Forest management can significantly affect both the diversity and spatial patterning of understory vegetation. However, few studies have considered both diversity and spatial patterning at a stand scale. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of forest management on understory plant communities in northern hardwood forests and assess the processes governing differences in species composition, diversity, and spatial patterns. We sampled understory vegetation (all species <2 m tall) and percentage of light transmission levels in three forest types in 12 mesic northern hardwood stands in northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA: old-growth, undisturbed forests; even-aged forests resulting from clearcut logging (∼65–85 yr old); and uneven-aged forests with recent selective logging. Estimated understory species richness per stand, mean species richness per quadrat, and mean percent cover per quadrat were lower in old-growth forest than in even-aged, second-growth forests and lower in even-aged than in uneven-aged, second-growth forests. Differences in species composition among the three forest types were related to available light and to coarse woody debris; however, differences between the cover of most plant groups were not significant. The mean patch size of species diversity and cover is highly variable and could not be related to forest stand type. However, understory communities in old-growth forests have significantly smaller community patch sizes and larger compositional heterogeneity. Community patch size is correlated with both coarse woody debris and light heterogeneity. Each forest stand type produces a characteristic combination of understory composition, diversity, and spatial patterning of communities. Although harvesting has negligible effects on understory alpha diversity in these mesic hardwood forests, spatial structure is slower to recover and has not recovered in the even- and uneven-aged northern hardwood forests studied. If management objectives include preserving or restoring the ecological character of the forest, harvesting may need to be altered or delayed predicated on the character of the understory. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.2307/3099975 VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 1329-1343 SN - 1939-5582 KW - coarse woody debris KW - effects of logging KW - forest management KW - light KW - northern hardwood forests KW - plant diversity KW - spatial patterning KW - Sylvania Wilderness Area, Michigan, USA KW - understory vegetation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tree species effects on stand transpiration in northern Wisconsin AU - Ewers, BE AU - Mackay, DS AU - Gower, ST AU - Ahl, DE AU - Burrows, SN AU - Samanta, SS T2 - WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AB - We quantified canopy transpiration ( E C ) using sap flux measurements representing the four major forest types (northern hardwoods, conifer, aspen/fir, and forested wetland) around the WLEF‐TV tall tower in northern Wisconsin. In order to scale individual sap flux measurements to E C , we quantified the amount of sapwood area per unit ground area and the spatial distribution of sap flux within trees. Contrary to our hypothesis that all tree species would have the same positive relationship between tree diameter and sapwood depth, white cedar and speckled alder, both wetland species, showed no relationship. We also hypothesized that the conifer trees would have a lower whole tree hydraulic conductance than deciduous trees. We actually discovered that white cedar had the highest hydraulic conductance. Our third hypothesis, that sapwood area per unit ground area would determine stand E C , was not rejected. The resulting average daily E C values over 53 days (23 June to 16 August 2000) from combining sap flux and sapwood area per unit ground area were 1.4, 0.8, 2.1, and 1.4 mm d −1 for conifer, northern hardwoods, aspen/fir, and forested wetland cover types, respectively. Average daily E C was only explained by an exponential saturation with daily average vapor pressure deficit. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1029/2001wr000830 VL - 38 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1944-7973 KW - water transport KW - whole-tree water use KW - wetlands KW - sapwood ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lidar remote sensing of above-ground biomass in three biomes AU - Lefsky, MA AU - Cohen, WB AU - Harding, DJ AU - Parker, GG AU - Acker, SA AU - Gower, ST T2 - GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY AB - Abstract Estimation of the amount of carbon stored in forests is a key challenge for understanding the global carbon cycle, one which remote sensing is expected to help address. However, estimation of carbon storage in moderate to high biomass forests is difficult for conventional optical and radar sensors. Lidar ( li ght d etection and r anging) instruments measure the vertical structure of forests and thus hold great promise for remotely sensing the quantity and spatial organization of forest biomass. In this study, we compare the relationships between lidar‐measured canopy structure and coincident field measurements of above‐ground biomass at sites in the temperate deciduous, temperate coniferous, and boreal coniferous biomes. A single regression for all three sites is compared with equations derived for each site individually. The single equation explains 84% of variance in above‐ground biomass ( P < 0.0001) and shows no statistically significant bias in its predictions for any individual site. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1046/j.1466-822x.2002.00303.x VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 393-399 SN - 1466-8238 KW - above-ground biomass KW - biomass measurement KW - carbon storage KW - global carbon cycle KW - forest biomass KW - interbiome comparison KW - lidar remote sensing KW - SLICER sensor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of spatial variability in light use efficiency on satellite-based NPP monitoring AU - Turner, DP AU - Gower, ST AU - Cohen, WB AU - Gregory, M AU - Maiersperger, TK T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - Light use efficiency (LUE) algorithms are a potentially effective approach to monitoring global net primary production (NPP) using satellite-borne sensors such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). However, these algorithms are applied at relatively coarse spatial resolutions (≥1 km), which may subsume significant heterogeneity in vegetation LUE (ϵn, g MJ−1) and, hence, introduce error. To examine the effects of spatial heterogeneity on a LUE algorithm, imagery from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) at ≈1-km resolution was used to implement a LUE approach for NPP estimation over a 25-km2 area of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max Merr.) in central Illinois, USA. Results from several ϵn formulations were compared with a NPP reference surface based on measured NPPs and a high spatial resolution land cover surface derived from Landsat ETM+. Determination of ϵn based on measurements of biomass production and monitoring of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) revealed that ϵn of soybean was 68% of that for corn. When a LUE algorithm for estimating NPP was implemented in the study area using the assumption of homogeneous cropland and the ϵn for corn, the estimate for total biomass production was 126% of that from the NPP reference surface. Because of counteracting errors, total biomass production using the soybean ϵn was closer (86%) to that from the NPP reference surface. Retention of high spatial resolution land cover to assign ϵn resulted in a total NPP very similar to the reference NPP because differences in leaf phenology between the crop types were small except early in the growing season. These results suggest several alternative approaches to accounting for land cover heterogeneity in ϵn when implementing LUE algorithms at coarse resolution. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1016/s0034-4257(01)00319-4 VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 397-405 SN - 1879-0704 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon budgets for a prairie and agroecosystems: Effects of land use and interannual variability AU - Brye, K. R. AU - Gower, S. T. AU - Norman, J. M. AU - Bundy, L. G. T2 - Ecological Applications DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2307/3061030 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 962-979 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Refinements to an in-situ soil core technique for measuring net nitrogen mineralization in moist, fertilized agricultural soil AU - Brye, K. R. AU - Norman, J. M. AU - Nordheim, E. V. AU - Gower, S. T. AU - Bundy, L. G. T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - Diffusion of NO−3–N ions and nonuniform distribution of surface-applied N fertilizers contribute to large variations in field measurements of net N mineralization. An in situ soil core–ion exchange resin bag (ISC–IERB) field method has been used reliably to measure net N mineralization in intact soil cores but has not been widely tested in moist, though nonirrigated, N-fertilized agricultural soils. From 1996 through 2000, net N mineralization was measured in the top 20 cm using a refined version of the ISC/IERB technique for the first 1-mo period following planting and fertilization of N-fertilized and N-unfertilized, no-tillage and chisel-plowed corn (Zea mays L.) agroecosystems on Plano silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic, typic argiudoll) in south-central Wisconsin. Progressive modifications were made to the ISC/IERB technique, which ultimately resulted in reduced sample variability. Following the refinements, a significant N fertilization effect was shown for the most variable period of the growing season where net N mineralization rates for N-fertilized corn treatments were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than for N-unfertilized corn treatments. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2002.0864 VL - 94 IS - 4 SP - 864-869 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leaf area dynamics of a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence AU - Bond-Lamberty, B AU - Wang, C AU - Gower, ST AU - Norman, J T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area index (LAI) were estimated using site-specific allometric equations for a boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) fire chronosequence in northern Manitoba, Canada. Stands ranged from 3 to 131 years in age and had soils that were categorized as well or poorly drained. The goals of the study were to: (i) measure SLA for the dominant tree and understory species of boreal black spruce-dominated stands, and examine the effect of various biophysical conditions on SLA; and (ii) examine leaf area dynamics of both understory and overstory for well- and poorly drained stands in the chronosequence. Overall, average SLA values for black spruce (n = 215), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb., n = 72) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx., n = 27) were 5.82 ± 1.91, 5.76 ± 1.91 and 17.42 ± 2.21 m2 kg−1, respectively. Foliage age, stand age, vertical position in the canopy and soil drainage had significant effects on SLA. Black spruce dominated overstory LAI in the older stands. Well-drained stands had significantly higher overstory LAI (P < 0.001), but lower understory LAI (P = 0.022), than poorly drained stands. Overstory LAI was negligible in the recent (3–12 years old) burn sites and highest in the 70-year-old burn site (6.8 and 3.0 in the well- and poorly drained stands, respectively), declining significantly (by 30–50%) from this peak in the oldest stands. Understory leaf area represented a significant portion (> 40%) of total leaf area in all stands except the oldest. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1093/treephys/22.14.993 VL - 22 IS - 14 SP - 993-1001 SN - 1758-4469 KW - age sequence KW - boreal forest KW - leaf area index KW - Picea mariana KW - Pinus banksiana KW - Populus tremuloides KW - specific leaf area KW - understory ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aboveground and belowground biomass and sapwood area allometric equations for six boreal tree species of northern Manitoba AU - Bond-Lamberty, B AU - Wang, C AU - Gower, ST T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Allometric equations were developed relating aboveground biomass, coarse root biomass, and sapwood area to stem diameter at 17 study sites located in the boreal forests near Thompson, Man. The six species studied were trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), tamarack (Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch.), and willow (Salix spp.). Stands ranged in age from 4 to 130 years and were categorized as well or poorly drained. Stem diameter ranged from 0.1 to 23.7 cm. Stem diameter was measured at both the soil surface (D 0 ) and breast height (DBH). The relationship between biomass and diameter, fitted on a log–log scale, changed significantly at ~3 cm DBH, suggesting that allometry differed between saplings and older trees. To eliminate this nonlinearity, a model of form log 10 Y = a + b(log 10 D) + c(AGE) + d(log 10 D × AGE) was used, where D is stem diameter, AGE is stand age, and the cross product is the interaction between diameter and age. Most aboveground biomass equations (N = 326) exhibited excellent fits (R 2 > 0.95). Coarse root biomass equations (N = 205) exhibited good fits (R 2 > 0.90). Both D 0 and DBH were excellent (R 2 > 0.95) sapwood area predictors (N = 413). Faster growing species had significantly higher ratios of sapwood area to stem area than did slower growing species. Nonlinear aspects of some of the pooled biomass equations serve as a caution against extrapolating allometric equations beyond the original sample diameter range. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1139/x02-063 VL - 32 IS - 8 SP - 1441-1450 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental variation, vegetation distribution, carbon dynamics and water/energy exchange at high latitudes AU - McGuire, A. D. AU - Wirth, C. AU - Apps, M. AU - Beringer, J. AU - Clein, J. AU - Epstein, H. AU - Kicklighter, D. W. AU - Bhatti, J. AU - Chapin, F. S. AU - deGroot, B. AU - Efremov, D. AU - Eugster, W. AU - Fukuda, M. AU - Gower, S. T. AU - Heinzman, L. AU - Huntley, B. AU - Gia, G. J. AU - Kasischke, E. T2 - Journal of Vegetation Science AB - Abstract. The responses of high latitude ecosystems to global change involve complex interactions among environmental variables, vegetation distribution, carbon dynamics, and water and energy exchange. These responses may have important consequences for the earth system. In this study, we evaluated how vegetation distribution, carbon stocks and turnover, and water and energy exchange are related to environmental variation spanned by the network of the IGBP high latitude transects. While the most notable feature of the high latitude transects is that they generally span temperature gradients from southern to northern latitudes, there are substantial differences in temperature among the transects. Also, along each transect temperature co‐varies with precipitation and photosynthetically active radiation, which are also variable among the transects. Both climate and disturbance interact to influence latitudinal patterns of vegetation and soil carbon storage among the transects, and vegetation distribution appears to interact with climate to determine exchanges of heat and moisture in high latitudes. Despite limitations imposed by the data we assembled, the analyses in this study have taken an important step toward clarifying the complexity of interactions among environmental variables, vegetation distribution, carbon stocks and turnover, and water and energy exchange in high latitude regions. This study reveals the need to conduct coordinated global change studies in high latitudes to further elucidate how interactions among climate, disturbance, and vegetation distribution influence carbon dynamics and water and energy exchange in high latitudes. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02055.x VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 301-314 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The fate of nutrients following three- and six-year burn intervals in a tallgrass prairie restoration in Wisconsin AU - Brye, KR AU - Norman, JM AU - Gower, ST T2 - AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST AB - Prescribed burning recycles essential plant nutrients and stimulates growth in prairie restoration. While reducing the content of nutrients in dry matter, prescribed burning may also alter the spatial variability and distribution of nutrients, which in turn could negatively impact long-term productivity. A study was conducted in a tallgrass prairie restoration at the Audubon Society's Goose Pond Sanctuary near Arlington, Wisconsin to characterize the content and spatial variability and distribution of macro- (i.e., N, C, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and micro-nutrients (i.e., Zn, B, Mn, Cu, Fe, Al and Na) in the aboveground litter before burning and in the ash after burning following 3- and 6-y burn intervals. Aboveground litter mass was significantly higher in 2001 after the 3-y burn interval than in 1998 after the 6-y burn interval. The amount of preburn litter was consistently reduced by >90% for both burn intervals, but the reduction of dry matter and the reductions in mass of N, C, P, K and S were significantly higher in 2001 than in 1998. The 6-y burn interval resulted in nutrient export that was similar to nutrient inputs from atmospheric wet deposition, whereas the 3-y burn interval resulted in the export of N, K, Ca and Mg faster than they were replenished. Prescribed burning significantly affected the spatial variability of dry matter and the concentration and content of most macro- and micronutrients. However, prescribed burning had little effect on the pre- and postburn spatial distributions of macro- and micro-nutrient masses, which were similar to pre- and postburn spatial distributions of litter and ash masses, except for Fe and Al which had atypically large concentration variances. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1674/0003-0031(2002)148[0028:tfonft]2.0.co;2 VL - 148 IS - 1 SP - 28-42 SN - 1938-4238 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil surface CO2 flux in a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence AU - Wang, CK AU - Bond-Lamberty, B AU - Gower, ST T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - Understanding the effects of wildfire on the carbon (C) cycle of boreal forests is essential to quantifying the role of boreal forests in the global carbon cycle. Soil surface CO 2 flux (R s ), the second largest C flux in boreal forests, is directly and indirectly affected by fire and is hypothesized to change during forest succession following fire. The overall objective of this study was to measure and model R s for a black spruce ( Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) postfire chronosequence in northern Manitoba, Canada. The experiment design was a nested factorial that included two soil drainage classes (well and poorly drained) × seven postfire aged stands. Specific objectives were (1) to quantify the relationship between R s and soil temperature for different aged boreal black spruce forests in well‐drained and poorly drained soil conditions, (2) to examine R s dynamics along postfire successional stands, and (3) to estimate annual soil surface CO 2 flux for these ecosystems. Soil surface CO 2 flux was significantly affected by soil drainage class (p = 0.014) and stand age (p = 0.006). Soil surface CO 2 flux was positively correlated to soil temperature (R 2 = 0.78, p < 0.001), but different models were required for each drainage class × aged stand combination. Soil surface CO 2 flux was significantly greater at the well‐drained than the poorly drained stands (p = 0.007) during growing season. Annual soil surface CO 2 flux for the 1998, 1995, 1989, 1981, 1964, 1930, and 1870 burned stands averaged 226, 412, 357, 413, 350, 274, and 244 g C m ‐2 yr −1 in the well‐drained stands and 146, 380, 300, 303, 256, 233, and 264 g C m −2 yr −1 in the poorly drained stands. Soil surface CO 2 flux during the winter (from 1 November to 30 April) comprised from 5 to 19% of the total annual R s . We speculate that the smaller soil surface CO 2 flux in the recently burned than the older stands is mainly caused by decreased root respiration. DA - 2002/12/11/ PY - 2002/12/11/ DO - 10.1029/2001jd000861 VL - 108 IS - D3 SP - SN - 2169-8996 KW - soil surface CO2 flux KW - fire KW - boreal forest KW - soil respiration KW - soil drainage KW - stand age KW - soil temperature ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fire dynamics and implications for nitrogen cycling in boreal forests AU - Harden, JW AU - Mack, M AU - Veldhuis, H AU - Gower, ST T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - We used a dynamic, long‐term mass balance approach to track cumulative carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) losses to fire in boreal Manitoba over the 6500 years since deglaciation. Estimated C losses to decomposition and fire, combined with measurements of N pools in mature and burned forest floors, suggest that loss of N by combustion has likely resulted in a long‐term loss that exceeds the amount of N stored in soil today by 2 to 3 times. These estimates imply that biological N fixation rates could be as high as 5 to 10 times atmospheric deposition rates in boreal regions. At the site scale, the amount of N lost is due to N content of fuels, which varies by stand type and fire severity, which in turn vary with climate and fire dynamics. The interplay of fire frequency, fire severity, and N partitioning during regrowth are important for understanding rates and sustainability of nutrient and carbon cycling over millenia and over broad regions. DA - 2002/12/7/ PY - 2002/12/7/ DO - 10.1029/2001jd000494 VL - 108 IS - D3 SP - SN - 2169-8996 KW - boreal forest KW - carbon and nitrogen cycling KW - fire emissions KW - nitrogen loss KW - BOREAS KW - Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental controls on carbon dioxide flux from black spruce coarse woody debris AU - Wang, CK AU - Bond-Lamberty, B AU - Gower, ST T2 - OECOLOGIA DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1007/s00442-002-0987-4 VL - 132 IS - 3 SP - 374-381 SN - 1432-1939 KW - carbon dioxide flux KW - coarse woody debris KW - boreal forest KW - decomposition KW - modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the progress of a tallgrass prairie restoration in Southern Wisconsin AU - Brye, KR AU - Norman, JM AU - Gower, ST T2 - AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST AB - Assessments of ecosystem restorations are necessary to improve restoration practices and goals. Restoration assessments, whether quantitative or qualitative, are also a vital part of managing previously degraded ecosystems. This study examined some of the key structural and functional characteristics and processes of a tallgrass prairie restoration near Arlington, Wisconsin for 5 y, 19 to 24 y after beginning restoration from cultivation, including mean annual drainage, N and C leaching, soil organic matter, pH, extractable P and K, total N and C contents, above- and belowground net primary production, leaf area index, soil surface CO2 flux and net N-mineralization. Total soil N and C contents of the prairie restoration were compared to other nearby prairie restorations, remnants and an adjacent agricultural field, all on similar soil, to determine the degree of change in ecosystem properties as a result of ecological restoration. Soil properties and processes and vegetation characteristics varied annually throughout the 5-y assessment period, but most soil properties showed no significant temporal trend. Only soil N content in the 0–30 cm layer increased significantly in the 5-y period, but the rate of N increase did not coincide with the rate typical of N inputs to a prairie. Results suggest that most soil properties have either already come to some equilibrium with the surrounding environment or their rates of change were too small to measure over 5 y. This study demonstrates the difficulties of ascribing changes in ecosystem properties to restoration. The spatial and temporal variability and slow rates of change make it difficult to discern differences between restored, disturbed and natural ecosystems. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1674/0003-0031(2002)148[0218:atpoat]2.0.co;2 VL - 148 IS - 2 SP - 218-235 SN - 1938-4238 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Annual carbon flux from woody debris for a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence AU - Bond-Lamberty, B AU - Wang, C AU - Gower, ST T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - This study examined the distribution and respiration dynamics of woody debris (WD) in a black spruce‐dominated fire chronosequence in northern Manitoba, Canada. The chronosequence included seven stands that burned between 1870 and 1998; each stand contained separate well‐drained and poorly drained areas. The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the distribution of WD, by diameter and decay class, in well‐drained and poorly drained stands across the chronosequence, (2) measure the evolution of CO 2 from WD samples and model the effects of moisture, size and decay on respiration, and (3) model annual WD respiration and compute decay constants for each site. Coarse woody debris biomass ranged from 1.4 Mg ha −1 to 177.6 Mg ha −1 , generally declining in the older stands of the chronosequence. More decayed WD had significantly (α = 0.05) higher moisture, lower density, and higher respiration rates than less decayed WD. Moisture and decay class were significant predictors of respiration when moisture was below 43%. Above this level, moisture was not significant, but stand soil drainage was significant, with drier sites having higher WD respiration. Year of burn was not significant in the respiration models. Modeled annual carbon emissions from WD ranged from 0.11 to 1.92 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 . Modeled annual decay rates, between k = 0.01 and k = 0.06, changed across the age sequence. Thus a single‐exponential decay model may not be appropriate for the age sequence. Calculating k directly from wood respiration measurements, as done here, may be useful in allowing examination of year‐to‐year changes in k . DA - 2002/10/25/ PY - 2002/10/25/ DO - 10.1029/2001jd000839 VL - 108 IS - D3 SP - SN - 2169-8996 KW - woody debris KW - CO2 flux KW - boreal forest KW - carbon cycling KW - black spruce ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of aggregated classifications of forest composition on estimates of evapotranspiration in a northern Wisconsin forest AU - MacKay, DS AU - Ahl, DE AU - Ewers, BE AU - Gower, ST AU - Burrows, SN AU - Samanta, S AU - Davis, KJ T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Forest management presents challenges to accurate prediction of water and carbon exchange between the land surface and atmosphere, due to its alteration of forest structure and composition. We examined how forest species types in northern Wisconsin affect landscape scale water fluxes predicted from models driven by remotely sensed forest classification. A site‐specific classification was developed for the study site. Using this information and a digital soils database produced for the site we identified four key forest stand types: red pine, northern hardwoods, aspen, and forested wetland. Within these stand types, 64 trees representing 7 species were continuously monitored with sap flux sensors. Scaled stand‐level transpiration from sap flux was combined with a two‐source soil evaporation model and then applied over a 2.5 km × 3.0 km area around the WLEF AmeriFlux tower (Park Falls, Wisconsin) to estimate evapotranspiration. Water flux data at the tower was used as a check against these estimates. Then, experiments were conducted to determine the effects of aggregating vegetation types to International Geosphere– Biosphere Program (IGBP) level on water flux predictions. Taxonomic aggregation resulting in loss of species level information significantly altered landscape water flux predictions. However, daily water fluxes were not significantly affected by spatial aggregation when forested wetland evaporation was included. The results demonstrate the importance of aspen, which has a higher transpiration rate per unit leaf area than other forest species. However, more significant uncertainty results from not including forested wetland with its high rates of evaporation during wet summers. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00554.x VL - 8 IS - 12 SP - 1253-1265 SN - 1365-2486 KW - eddy covariance KW - evapotranspiration KW - forested landscapes KW - hydrology KW - remote sensing KW - sap flux KW - spatial aggregation KW - vegetation classification ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of geostatistics to characterize leaf area index (LAI) from flux tower to landscape scales using a cyclic sampling design AU - Burrows, S. N. AU - Gower, S. T. AU - Clayton, M. K. AU - Mackay, D. S. AU - Ahl, D. E. AU - Norman, J. M. AU - Diak, G. T2 - Ecosystems DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 5 IS - 7 SP - 667-679 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sensitivity analysis to evaluate the consequences of conservation actions AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Lindberg, M. S. T2 - Population viability analysis A2 - Beissinger, Steven R. A2 - McCullough, Dale R. PY - 2002/// PB - Chicago : University of Chicago Press SN - 9780226041773 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetics, Demography, and Viability of Fragmented Populations AU - Mills, L. S. T2 - Quarterly Review of Biology AB - Previous articleNext article No AccessEnvironmental SciencesGenetics, Demography and Viability of Fragmented Populations. Based on a symposium held in Sydney, Australia, 1998. Conservation Biology, Volume 4. Edited by Andrew G Young and , Geoffrey M Clarke. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. $110.00 (hardcover); $39.95 (paper). xviii + 438 p; ill.; index. ISBN: 0–521–78207–4 (hc); 0–521–79421–8 (pb). 2000.L Scott MillsL Scott MillsWildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana Search for more articles by this author Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MontanaPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 77, Number 2June 2002 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/343996 Views: 8Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1086/343996 VL - 77 SP - 222-223 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is missing in amphibian decline research: Insights from ecological sensitivity analysis AU - Biek, R AU - Funk, WC AU - Maxell, BA AU - Mills, LS T2 - CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AB - Abstract: Inventory, monitoring, and experimental studies have been the primary approaches for documenting and understanding the problem of amphibian declines. However, little attention has been given to placing human‐caused perturbations affecting one or more life‐history stages in the context of the overall population dynamics of particular species. We used two types of ecological sensitivity analysis to determine which vital rates have the strongest influence on the population dynamics of western toads ( Bufo boreas ), red‐legged frogs ( Rana aurora ), and common frogs ( Rana temporaria ), pond‐breeding amphibians that have declined in all or portions of their ranges. Our results suggest that post‐metamorphic vital rates and highly variable vital rates both have a strong influence on the population dynamics of these species and therefore deserve more research and management attention. Ecological sensitivity analysis should be more widely applied to the issue of amphibian declines in order to identify the most plausible mechanisms of decline and prioritize which life‐history stages should be the focus of research and management efforts. Future experimental studies of perturbations in one or more life‐history stage should attempt to link the magnitude of the perturbation measured with the overall population‐level consequences. Finally, current research, inventory, and monitoring efforts should be supplemented with demographic studies so that quantitative analyses can be applied to a wider range of species and life‐history groups. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00433.x VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 728-734 SN - 1523-1739 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Terrestrial and stream amphibians across clearcut-forest interfaces in the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon AU - Biek, R. AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Bury, R. B. T2 - Northwest Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 129-140 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensitivity analyses of the life cycle of midcontinent mallards AU - Hoekman, ST AU - Mills, LS AU - Howerter, DW AU - Devries, JH AU - Ball, IJ T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Relationships between vital rates and population growth rate (λ) are critical to understanding and managing population dynamics. Considerable study of the midcontinent mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) population has been directed to understanding how vital rates respond to environmental fluctuations and management, but inference to the relative importance of specific vital rates to λ remains weak. We used analytic and simulation-based sensitivity analyses of a stage-based matrix model of female midcontinent mallards to compare the relative importance of vital rates to λ. For each vital rate, we estimated mean values and process variation (biological variation across space and time) for females breeding on sites of approximately 70 km 2 in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the United States (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota) and Canada (Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta). We conducted perturbation analyses (i.e., analytic sensitivities and elasticities) to predict the relative influence of changes in vital rates on λ. We conducted variance decomposition analyses to assess the proportion of spatial and temporal variation in λ explained by process variation in each vital rate. At mean values of vital rates, analytic sensitivity of λ was highest to nest success and survival of adult females during the breeding season and non-breeding season; hence, equal absolute changes in these vital rates would be predicted to result in the largest Δλ, relative to other vital rates. Variation in sensitivities and elasticities across process variation in vital rates was primarily explained by variation in nest success and survival of ducklings. Process variation in breeding parameters was driving variation in λ: vital rates explaining the most variation were nest success (43%), survival of adult females during the breeding season (19%), and survival of ducklings (14%). Survival of adult females outside the breeding season accounted for only 9% of variation in λ. Our analyses suggested that predation processes on the breeding grounds were the primary proximate factors limiting population growth. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.2307/3803153 VL - 66 IS - 3 SP - 883-900 SN - 1937-2817 KW - Anas platyrhynchos KW - demographics KW - elasticity KW - mallard KW - midcontinent population KW - population dynamics KW - population growth KW - Prairie Pothole Region KW - process variation KW - sensitivity KW - variance decomposition KW - vital rates ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insights into recently fragmented vole populations from combined genetic and demographic data AU - Tallmon, DA AU - Draheim, HM AU - Mills, LS AU - Allendorf, FW T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract We combined demographic and genetic data to evaluate the effects of habitat fragmentation on the population structure of the California red‐backed vole ( Clethrionomys californicus ). We analysed variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and five nuclear microsatellite loci in small samples collected from two forest fragments and an unfragmented control site in 1990–91. We intensively sampled the same forest fragments and two different control sites in 1998 and 1999. Vole abundances fluctuated greatly at sizes below 50 individuals per fragment. Fragment populations had significantly lower mtDNA allelic diversity than controls, but not nuclear heterozygosity or numbers of alleles. The use of only trapping and/or mtDNA marker data would imply that fragment populations are at least partially isolated and vulnerable to inbreeding depression. In contrast, the abundance estimates combined with microsatellite data show that small fragment populations must be linked to nearby forests by high rates of migration. These results provide evidence for the usefulness of combining genetic and demographic data to understand nonequilibrium population structure in recently fragmented habitats. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01480.x VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 699-709 SN - 1365-294X KW - genetic variation KW - habitat fragmentation KW - population dynamics ER - TY - PCOMM TI - False samples are not the same as blind controls - Informal efforts to "test" a laboratory corrupt the data stream, where integrity is crucial. AU - Mills, LS AB - Informal efforts to “test” a laboratory corrupt the data stream, where integrity is crucial. DA - 2002/1/31/ PY - 2002/1/31/ DO - 10.1038/415471a SP - 471-471 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emerging issues in population viability analysis AU - Reed, JM AU - Mills, LS AU - Dunning, JB AU - Menges, ES AU - McKelvey, KS AU - Frye, R AU - Beissinger, , SR AU - Anstett, MC AU - Miller, P T2 - CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AB - Population viability analysis ( PVA) has become a commonly used tool in endangered species management. There is no single process that constitutes PVA, but all approaches have in common an assessment of a population's risk of extinction (or quasi extinction) or its projected population growth either under current conditions or expected from proposed management. As model sophistication increases, and software programs that facilitate PVA without the need for modeling expertise become more available, there is greater potential for the misuse of models and increased confusion over interpreting their results. Consequently, we discuss the practical use and limitations of PVA in conservation planning, and we discuss some emerging issues of PVA. We review extant issues that have become prominent in PVA, including spatially explicit modeling, sensitivity analysis, incorporating genetics into PVA, PVA in plants, and PVA software packages, but our coverage of emerging issues is not comprehensive. We conclude that PVA is a powerful tool in conservation biology for comparing alternative research plans and relative extinction risks among species, but we suggest caution in its use: (1) because PVA is a model, its validity depends on the appropriateness of the model's structure and data quality; (2) results should be presented with appropriate assessment of confidence; (3) model construction and results should be subject to external review, and (4) model structure, input, and results should be treated as hypotheses to be tested. We also suggest (5) restricting the definition of PVA to development of a formal quantitative model, (6) focusing more research on determining how pervasive density-dependence feedback is across species, and (7) not using PVA to determine minimum population size or (8) the specific probability of reaching extinction. The most appropriate use of PVA may be for comparing the relative effects of potential management actions on population growth or persistence.El análisis de viabilidad poblacional (AVP) es una herramienta de uso común en el manejo de especies en peligro. No hay un proceso único que constituya al AVP, pero todos los enfoques tienen en común la estimación del riesgo de extinción (o cuasi extinción) o la proyección del crecimiento poblacional, ya sea bajo las condiciones actuales o las esperadas del manejo propuesto. A medida que aumenta la sofisticación del modelo, y que se dispone de programas de cómputo que facilitan el AVP sin necesidad de experiencia en modelaje, hay una mayor posibilidad de desaprovechar el modelo y una mayor confusión en la interpretación de los resultados. En consecuencia, discutimos el uso práctico y las limitaciones del AVP en la planificación de conservación y discutimos algunos temas emergentes del AVP. Revisamos temas vigentes que son prominentes en el AVP, incluyendo el modelaje espacialmente explícito, el análisis de sensibilidad, la inclusión de la genética en el AVP, AVP en plantas y paquetes de cómputo de AVP, sin embargo nuestra revisión de los temas emergentes no es amplia. Concluimos que el AVP es una herramienta poderosa para la biología de la conservación para comparar planes de investigación alternos y los riesgos de extinción entre especies, pero sugerimos precaución en su uso: (1) porque el AVP es un modelo cuya validez depende en la eficacia de la estructura del modelo y la calidad de los datos, (2) los resultados deberían presentarse con la evaluación de su confiabilidad, (3) la construcción del modelo y sus resultados deberían ser sometidos a revisión externa y (4) la estructura del modelo, los datos y los resultados deberían ser tratadas como hipótesis a probar. También sugerimos (5) restringir la definición del AVP para desarrollar un modelo cuantitativo formal, (6) realizar más investigación para determinar que tan extensa es la reacción de las especies a la denso-dependencia y (7) no utilizar el AVP para determinar el tamaño poblacional mínimo u (8) la probabilidad específica de extinción. El uso más adecuado del AVP puede ser para comparar los efectos relativos de las acciones de manejo sobre el crecimiento de la población o su persistencia. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.99419.x VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 7-19 SN - 1523-1739 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of plot size and shape on pellet density estimates for snowshoe hares AU - McKelvey, K. S. AU - McDaniel, G. W. AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Griffin, P. C. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 751-755 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DNA reveals high dispersal synchronizing the population dynamics of Canada lynx AU - Schwartz, MK AU - Mills, LS AU - McKelvey, KS AU - Ruggiero, LF AU - Allendorf, FW T2 - NATURE AB - Population dynamics of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) have been of interest to ecologists for nearly sixty years. Two competing hypotheses concerning lynx population dynamics and large-scale spatial synchrony are currently debated. The first suggests that dispersal is substantial among lynx populations, and the second proposes that lynx at the periphery of their range exist in small, isolated patches that maintain cycle synchrony via correlation with extrinsic environmental factors. Resolving the nature of lynx population dynamics and dispersal is important both to ecological theory and to the conservation of threatened lynx populations: the lack of knowledge about connectivity between populations at the southern periphery of the lynx's geographic range delayed their legal listing in the United States. We test these competing hypotheses using microsatellite DNA markers and lynx samples from 17 collection sites in the core and periphery of the lynx's geographic range. Here we show high gene flow despite separation by distances greater than 3,100 km, supporting the dispersal hypothesis. We therefore suggest that management actions in the contiguous United States should focus on maintaining connectivity with the core of the lynx's geographic range. DA - 2002/1/31/ PY - 2002/1/31/ DO - 10.1038/415520a VL - 415 IS - 6871 SP - 520-522 SN - 0028-0836 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape dynamics of the spread of sudden oak death AU - Kelly, M. AU - Meentemeyer, R. K. T2 - Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 68 IS - 10 SP - 1001-1009 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distribution of plant life history types in California chaparral: the role of topographically-determined drought severity AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Moody, A. T2 - Journal of Vegetation Science AB - Abstract. Spatial patterns of shrub life history and Ceanothus distribution are examined in relation to topographically‐mediated differences in drought severity within 3 watersheds on the coastal and inland flank of the Santa Ynez Mountains, California. Spatially distributed fields of drought severity are simulated for the studied watersheds using high‐resolution digital terrain data and daily climate data in combination with a process‐based hydro‐ecological model (RHESSys). Field samples of species composition are spatially integrated with the distributed drought data for analysis of ecological relationships. Patterns of seedling recruitment type correspond to topographic variability in drought severity in ways that are consistent with concepts presented in the literature. Species that depend on fire for recruitment are increasingly represented with increasing drought severity, the converse also applies. Sites that experience moderate drought severity permit co‐dominance of species from both recruitment modes. Residual analysis suggests that some of the unexplained variability is related to substrate. Analyses also indicate that the distribution of 5 Ceanothus shrubs reflect differences in drought severity in ways that are consistent with their resistance to water stress‐induced xylem dysfunction. Species from the subgenus Cerastes sort in accordance with moisture availability and have unique spatial distributions. Results are evaluated and discussed with respect to studies on plant morphology, resource use and seedling establishment patterns. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02024.x VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 67–78 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Ecosystem management adaptive, community-based conservation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Washington, DC: Island Press ER - TY - BOOK TI - Woods of the Middle Eocene nut beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA AU - Wheeler, E. A. AU - Manchester, S. R. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Leiden: Nationaal Herbarium Nederland SN - 9071236528 ER - TY - BOOK TI - National capacity in forestry research AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Brown, P.J. AU - Crow, T.R. AU - Gordon, J.C. Humke AU - McCullough, J.W. AU - R.B. AU - Sederoff, R.R. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.17226/10384 PB - Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press SN - 9780309084567 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The North Carolina Premium Fraser Fir Seed Cooperative AU - Frampton, J. AU - McKinney, D. T2 - Limbs & Needles DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 10-13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prospects for the future sustainability of wood supplies in a crowded world AU - Robison, D. J. T2 - Sylvanet DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 15 SP - 7-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing firs adapted to North Carolina: a research overview AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Conifer Quarterly DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 78-79 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deploying pest resistance in genetically-limited forest plantations: Developing ecologically-based strategies for managing risk AU - Robison, DJ T2 - MECHANISMS AND DEPLOYMENT OF RESISTANCE IN TREES TO INSECTS AB - ConclusionsDeployment of genetically-based insect pest resistance in large-scale and intensively managed forest plantations requires ecological understanding to achieve sustainability. The problems of pest depravation and biotype evolution, and the emergence of new pests can be managed through the use of a well-designed variety of resistance and susceptibility factors. These must be selected based upon their ecological and genetic interaction with the pests of concern, and not merely through the use of a probability assessment of intolerable pest damage. The deployment of pest resistance mechanisms that do not foster uni-directional genetic selection is especially important. There must be greater coordination of pest-tree studies with tree genetic improvement programs, and the development of operational resistance screening methods, for insect resistance to be widely used in forest management activities. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1007/0-306-47596-0_8 SP - 169-188 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Christmas tree production in Western Australia AU - Frampton, J. T2 - American Christmas Tree Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 6-9 ER - TY - CONF TI - Implementing forest certification in North Carolina: systems, costs, and forest management implications AU - Cubbage, F. AU - Moore, S. E. AU - Cox, J. AU - Jervis, L. AU - Edeburn, J. AU - Richter, D. AU - Boyette, W. AU - Thompson, M. AU - Chesnutt, M. A2 - G. S. Amacher, A2 - Sullivan, J. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2002 Southern Forest Economics Workshop : March 17-19, Ramada Plaza Resort, Virginia Beach, Virginia DA - 2002/// VL - 32 SP - 137-156 PB - Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech ER - TY - CHAP TI - Golden rice AU - Hessler, K. AU - Whetten, R. AU - Loopstra, C. AU - Penner, K. P. AU - Shriver, S. AU - Zeigler, R. AU - Fletcher, J. AU - Torrie, M. AU - Comstock, G. L. T2 - Life science ethics PY - 2002/// SP - 307-368 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 081382835X ER - TY - CONF TI - Costs of forestry best management practices in the South: a review AU - Cubbage, F. AU - Scott, J. AU - Pressley, T. AU - Moore, S. E. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Abstracts and Presentations, Conference Forestry Best Management Practices in the South [CD-ROM] DA - 2002/// PB - Atlanta, GA: NCASI ER - TY - CONF TI - Expression of endoglucanase E1 in transgenic duckweed Lemna minor AU - Sun, Y. AU - Adney, W. S. AU - Bergmann, B. A. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Decker, S. R. AU - Freer, S. AU - Himmel, M. E. AU - Nishimura, Y. AU - Skory, C. D. AU - Stomp, A.-M AU - Thomas, S. AU - Tisserat, B. AU - Yamamoto, Y. T. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Biotechnology for fuels and chemicals : proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, held April 28-May 1, 2002, in Gatlinburg, TN DA - 2002/// SN - 1588293874 ER - TY - CONF TI - Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of agricultural residues for ethanol production AU - Sun, Y. AU - Cheng, J. C2 - 2002/// C3 - ASAE annual International Meeting/CIGR World Congress : July 28-31, 2002, Chicago, Illinois : engineering for a sustainable world DA - 2002/// VL - 2 SP - 6198 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interacting elevated CO2 and tropospheric O-3 predisposes aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) to infection by rust (Melampsora medusae f. sp tremuloidae) AU - Karnosky, DF AU - Percy, KE AU - Xiang, BX AU - Callan, B AU - Noormets, A AU - Mankovska, B AU - Hopkin, A AU - Sober, J AU - Jones, W AU - Dickson, RE AU - Isebrands, JG T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract We investigated the interaction of elevated CO 2 and/or (Ozone) O 3 on the occurrence and severity of aspen leaf rust ( Melampsora medusae Thuem. f. sp. tremuloidae ) on trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.). Furthermore, we examined the role of changes in leaf surface properties induced by elevated CO 2 and/or O 3 in this host–pathogen interaction. Three‐ to five‐fold increases in levels of rust infection index were found in 2 consecutive years following growing‐season‐long exposures with either O 3 alone or CO 2 + O 3 depending on aspen clone. Examination of leaf surface properties (wax appearance, wax amount, wax chemical composition, leaf surface and wettability) suggested significant effects by O 3 and CO 2 + O 3 . We conclude that elevated O 3 is altering aspen leaf surfaces in such a way that it is likely predisposing the plants to increased infection by aspen leaf rust. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00479.x VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 329-338 SN - 1365-2486 KW - epicuticular wax KW - FACE experiment KW - leaf rust KW - leaf surface properties ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Resistograph to estimate genetic parameters from progeny trials and comparison with actual wood density AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, B. T2 - Proc. of Rocky Mountain Ecosystems: Diversity, complexity and interactions. Joint Meeting of 17th North American Forest Biology Workshop and Western Forest Genetics Association DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 17 SP - 59 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seedling vs clonal testing options for loblolly pine AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, B. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Goldfarb, G. T2 - Proc. of Silviculture and Genetic Impact on productivity of southern pine forests. IEG-40 Meeting DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Land protection in Colorado: a study of great outdoors Colorado AU - Steelman, T. A. A3 - Denver: Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado at Denver DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Denver: Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado at Denver ER - TY - BOOK TI - Guide to sustainable development and environmental policy AU - Steelman, T. A. A3 - William, A. A3 - Natalia, M. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Durham, NC: Duke University Press SN - 082232735X ER - TY - CHAP TI - Community-based involvement in biodiversity protection in the United States AU - Steelman, T. A. T2 - Protecting the protected: managing biodiversity for sustainability A2 - Stoll, S. A2 - O'Riordan, T. AB - The United States possesses great diversity of ecosystems and species. The greatest threat to biodiversity loss in the US comes from the loss and/or degradation of existing habitat. The US has experienced limited success in habitat and species restoration, and more needs to be done to protect remaining special places and the plants and animals that inhabit them. PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1017/cbo9780511492655.008 PB - Cambridge University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clonal variation of flower production in a Pinus brutia seed orchard AU - Isik, K. Keskin AU - S., Isik AU - F., AU - Cengiz, Y. T2 - Proc. of International Conference on Conversation, Regeneration and Restoration of Mediterranean Pines and Their Ecosystems. MEDPINE 2 DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What explains legislative voting on the environment? AU - Sills, E. AU - Ingle, C. T2 - Carolina Conservationist DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tourist expenditures at heritage festivals AU - Chhabra, D. AU - Sills, Erin AU - Rea, P. T2 - Event Management Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3727/152599502108751613 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 221–230 ER - TY - CONF TI - The international experience: natural resource education overseas AU - Sills, E. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the University Education in Natural Resources Conference DA - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survey examines organic farmers' views of trees on farms AU - Sills, E. AU - Mirrett, E. T2 - Temperate Agroforester DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 8 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Spatial sssessment of a voluntary forest conservation rogramme in North Carolina AU - Cassingham, K. AU - Sills, Erin AU - Pattanayak, S. AU - Mansfield, C. T2 - Forest Policy for Private Forestry: Global and Regional Challenges A2 - L. Teeter, B. Cashore A2 - Zhang, D. PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1079/9780851995991.0129 SP - 129–141 PB - CABI Publishing SN - 0851995993 ER - TY - CONF TI - Minority landholders and working forests in the south AU - Warren, S. AU - Williamson, R. AU - Sills, E. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters Convention DA - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Financing conservation with certified timber: lessons from Belize AU - Sills, E. T2 - Sylvanet DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 7-9 ER - TY - CONF TI - Certified timber production in Belize AU - Sills, E. AU - Romero, E. AU - Sabido, W. A2 - Amacher, G. A2 - Sullivan, J. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2002 Southern Forest Economics Workshop DA - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land cover change in the Upper Barataria Basin Estuary, Louisiana, from 1972-1992: Increases in wetland area AU - Nelson, S. A. C. AU - Soranno, P. A. AU - Qi, J. T2 - Environmental Management DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1007/s000267-001-0060-9 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 716–727 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infectious disease survey of lesser prairie chickens in north Texas AU - Peterson, MJ AU - Ferro, PJ AU - Peterson, MN AU - Sullivan, RM AU - Toole, BE AU - Silvy, NJ T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Lesser prairie chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) abundance, like that of most grassland birds, has declined rangewide for decades. Although habitat loss and degradation are likely ultimate causes for this decline, infectious agents, particularly microparasites, could be proximate contributors. No surveys of pathogenic bacteria or viruses have been published for this species. We surveyed 24 free-living lesser prairie chickens from Hemphill County, Texas (USA), for evidence of exposure to Salmonella typhimurium, S. pullorum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae, Chlamydophila psittaci, and the avian influenza, Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and reticuloendotheliosis viruses. Two of 18, and eight of 17 samples were seropositive for the Massachusetts and Arkansas serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus, respectively. Five of the eight positive individuals were juveniles, two of which were seropositive for both serotypes. All other serologic and genetic tests were negative. Because the ecological significance of these results is unknown, the pathogenesis, transmission, and/or population-level influences of infectious bronchitis and related avian coronaviruses for lesser prairie chickens deserves further study. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-38.4.834 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 834-839 SN - 1943-3700 KW - avian coronavirus KW - infectious bronchitis virus KW - infectious disease KW - lesser prairie chicken KW - serologic survey KW - Texas KW - Tympanuchus pallidicinctus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infectious disease survey of Rio Grande wild turkeys in the Edwards Plateau of Texas AU - Peterson, MJ AU - Aguirre, R AU - Ferro, PJ AU - Jones, DA AU - Lawyer, TA AU - Peterson, MN AU - Silvy, NJ T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - State wildlife agencies have translocated thousands of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) since the 1930s to reestablish this species. Because of threats to the domestic poultry industry and wild birds, screening for selected infectious agents has become routine since the early 1980s. One of the principal sources for Rio Grande wild turkeys (M. gallopavo intermedia) for translocation purposes was the Edwards Plateau of Texas (USA). Unfortunately, turkey abundance has declined in the southern Edwards Plateau since the late 1970s. Surprisingly few studies have addressed wild turkeys in this region, perhaps reflecting its status as the heart of Rio Grande turkey range. We surveyed 70 free-living Rio Grande wild turkeys from Bandera and Kerr counties, Texas, for evidence of exposure to Salmonella typhimurium, S. pullorum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. meleagridis, M. synoviae, Chlamydophila psittaci, and the avian influenza, Newcastle disease, turkey corona, and reticuloendotheliosis viruses. Of these, 80% (56) were seropositive for both M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae on the serum plate antigen test. Ten of these individuals (14% of total) were positive for M. synoviae by hemagglutination inhibition testing. All other serologic tests were negative. Two adult females sampled in Kerr County, whose body mass was significantly less than that of other adult females trapped in the area, tested positive for reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) proviral DNA on polymerase chain reaction. Reticuloendotheliosis virus was isolated from one of these individuals. The pathogenesis, transmission, and/or population-level influences of M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, and REV in Rio Grande wild turkeys deserves further study. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-38.4.826 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 826-833 SN - 1943-3700 KW - infectious disease KW - Meleagris gallopavo intermedia KW - Mycoplasma gallisepticum KW - Mycoplasma synoviae KW - reticuloendotheliosis virus KW - Rio Grande wild turkey KW - serologic survey KW - Texas KW - wild turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cultural conflict and the endangered Florida Key deer AU - Peterson, MN AU - Peterson, TR AU - Peterson, MJ AU - Lopez, RR AU - Silvy, NJ T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Conflict regarding the conservation and preservation of natural resources is among the greatest challenges of the 21st century. Given that management of natural resources increasingly depends on securing cooperation of culturally diverse groups of people, it is important to understand how to secure that cooperation. Endangered species management on private lands both typifies and magnifies the environmental conflicts encountered by natural resource policy makers and managers. Using an ethnographic approach, we analyzed the conflict surrounding management of the endangered Florida Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) to explore how conflict and moral culture apply to natural resource policy formation and implementation. We found disputants on Big Pine Key divided into 2 moral cultures-1 grounded in stewardship and the other in private property rights. These moral cultures augmented the conflict by perpetuating divergent ethical perspectives and aspirations. The conflict then escalated through de-individualization, dehumanization, and demonization of those informed by the opposing moral culture. Finally, as typically occurs with serious conflicts, incompatible frames of reference created by the cultural divide not only prevented rapid de-escalation but promoted conflict-reinforcing mechanisms such as selective perception and judgment, moral exclusion, and rationalization, which led to communication breakdown and autistic hostility. Temporary solutions to superficial problems that were maladapted to conflicts involving moral culture did not ameliorate conditions and often exacerbated them. In emotionally charged decision-making venues, wildlife managers should take a proactive approach designed to encourage collaborative development of common ground among disputants. When conflicts reach a highly escalated state, as many inevitably will, their resolution will require meeting appropriate pre-negotiation conditions, then applying strategies that respond to both the level of escalation and the moral cultures involved in the particular conflict. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.2307/3802928 VL - 66 IS - 4 SP - 947-968 SN - 0022-541X KW - activism KW - communication KW - conflict KW - culture KW - endangered species KW - ethnography KW - Florida KW - Key deer KW - management KW - morality KW - Odocoileus virginianus clavium KW - public participation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regeneration of transgenic loblolly pine expressing genes for salt tolerance AU - Tang, W. T2 - Journal of Forestry Research DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 1 ER - TY - PAT TI - Methods of modifying lignin in plants by transformation with a 4-coumarate coenzyme a ligase nucleic acid AU - Chiang, V. L. AU - Tsai, C.-J. AU - Hu, W.-J. C2 - 2002/// DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic transformation of Pinus taeda by particle bombardment AU - Tang, W. AU - Samuels, V. T2 - Journal of Forestry Research DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 91 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conservation strategies for Pinus maximinoi based on provenance, RAPD and allozyme information AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Hamrick, J. L. AU - Furman, B. J. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Jordan, A. P. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 263 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Southern forest resource assessment. Intensive timber management practices AU - Siry, J. P. T2 - Southern forest resource assessment DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of 1- to 4-year-old upland hardwood stands to stocking and site manipulations AU - Schuler, J. L. AU - Robison, D. J. T2 - Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference : Knoxville, Tennessee, March 20-22, 2002 DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Genotype x fertility interactions in seedling sweetgum AU - Chang, S. X. AU - Robison, D. J. A2 - K. W. Outcalt, P. A. Outcalt A2 - Tucker, R. B. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference : Knoxville, Tennessee, March 20-22, 2002 DA - 2002/// PB - Asheville, N.C. : USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agricultural land changes in Maine: A compilation and brief analysis of Census of Agriculture Data, 1850-1997 AU - Ahn, S. E. AU - Krohn, W. B. AU - Plantinga, A. J. AU - Dalton, T. J. AU - Hepinstall, J. A. T2 - Technical Bulletin - Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// IS - 182 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial information technologies: Integrating the tools with the curricula AU - Hess, G. R. AU - Cheshire, H. M. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 100 IS - 1 SP - 29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How phenotypic plasticity affects crown architecture and development in woody plants AU - Wu, R. L. AU - Hu JianJun, Liu HongXia AU - YiFan, Han T2 - Scientia Silvae Sinicae DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 141 ER - TY - CONF TI - Fertilization and thinning in a 7-year-old natural hardwood stand in Eastern North Carolina AU - Newton, L. P. AU - Robison, D. J. AU - Hansen, G. AU - Allen, H. L. A2 - K. W. Outcalt, P. A. Outcalt A2 - Tucker, R. B. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference : Knoxville, Tennessee, March 20-22, 2002 DA - 2002/// VL - Rep. SRS-48 SP - 193-195 PB - Asheville, N.C. : USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reactive nitrogen and public policies for environmental protection AU - Melillo, JM AU - Cowling, EB T2 - AMBIO DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0150:RNAPPF]2.0.CO;2 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 150-158 SN - 0044-7447 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial autocorrelation and autoregressive models in ecology AU - Lichstein, JW AU - Simons, TR AU - Shriner, SA AU - Franzreb, KE T2 - ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS AB - Recognition and analysis of spatial autocorrelation has defined a new paradigm in ecology. Attention to spatial pattern can lead to insights that would have been otherwise overlooked, while ignoring space may lead to false conclusions about ecological relationships. We used Gaussian spatial autoregressive models, fit with widely available software, to examine breeding habitat relationships for three common Neotropical migrant songbirds in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, USA. In preliminary models that ignored space, the abundance of all three species was correlated with both local- and landscape-scale habitat variables. These models were then modified to account for broadscale spatial trend (via trend surface analysis) and fine-scale autocorrelation (via an autoregressive spatial covariance matrix). Residuals from ordinary least squares regression models were autocorrelated, indicating that the assumption of independent errors was violated. In contrast, residuals from autoregressive models showed little spatial pattern, suggesting that these models were appropriate. The magnitude of habitat effects tended to decrease, and the relative importance of different habitat variables shifted when we incorporated broadscale and then fine-scale space into the analysis. The degree to which habitat effects changed when space was added to the models was roughly correlated with the amount of spatial structure in the habitat variables. Spatial pattern in the residuals from ordinary least squares models may result from failure to include or adequately measure autocorrelated habitat variables. In addition, contagious processes, such as conspecific attraction, may generate spatial patterns in species abundance that cannot be explained by habitat models. For our study species, spatial patterns in the ordinary least squares residuals suggest that a scale of 500–1000 m would be appropriate for investigating possible contagious processes. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.2307/3100099 VL - 72 IS - 3 SP - 445-463 SN - 1557-7015 KW - CAR model KW - habitat model KW - landscape effects KW - Moran's 1 KW - Neotropical migrant songbirds KW - spatial autocorrelation KW - spatial autoregressive model KW - trend surface analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales : entomophthoraceae) infects Malacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera : lasiocampidae) in North Carolina AU - Gillock, HH AU - Hain, FP T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Hilary H. Gillock, Fred P. Hain; Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) Infects Malacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in North Carolina. Journal of Entomological Science 1 October 2002; 37 (4): 363–365. doi: https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-37.4.363 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest Search DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-37.4.363 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 363-365 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Lymantria dispar KW - nontarget Lepidoptera KW - biological control ER - TY - CHAP TI - Spatial aspects of disease dynamics AU - Hess, G. R. T2 - Ecology of wildlife diseases CN - QH540 .E32 2002 PY - 2002/// SP - 102-118 PB - New York: Oxford University Press SN - 0198506201 ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Problem at Pebble Beach and how to play a great round of forestry AU - Nielsen, L. A. T2 - Proceedings of the 2002 Penn State Forest Resources Issues Conference PY - 2002/// PB - State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University ER - TY - BOOK TI - Ecosystem management: Adaptive, community-based conservation AU - Meffe, G. AU - Nielsen, L. A. AU - Knight, R. AU - Schenborn, D. CN - QH75 .E327 2002 DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Washington, DC: Island Press ER - TY - CHAP TI - Timing of largemouth bass supplemental stocking in a tropical reservoir: impacts on growth and survival. AU - Neal, J. W. AU - Noble, R. L. AU - Churchill, T. N. T2 - Black Bass: Ecology, conservation, and management: Proceedings of the symposium Black Bass 2000 (American Fisheries Society symposium ; 31) CN - QL638 .C3 B53 2002 PY - 2002/// VL - 31 SP - 691-701 PB - Bethesda, Md.: American Fisheries Society ER - TY - CHAP TI - Relationships between water level fluctuations and largemouth bass spawning in a Puerto Rico reservoir. AU - Ozen, O. AU - Noble, R. L. T2 - Black Bass: Ecology, conservation, and management: Proceedings of the symposium Black Bass 2000 (American Fisheries Society symposium ; 31) CN - QL638 .C3 B53 2002 PY - 2002/// VL - 31 SP - 213-220 PB - Bethesda, Md.: American Fisheries Society ER - TY - CHAP TI - Reflections on 25 years of progress in black bass management. AU - Noble, R. L. T2 - Black Bass: Ecology, conservation, and management: Proceedings of the symposium Black Bass 2000 (American Fisheries Society symposium ; 31) CN - QL638 .C3 B53 2002 PY - 2002/// VL - 31 SP - 419-431 PB - Bethesda, Md.: American Fisheries Society ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficient policies for environmental protection: An econometric analysis of incentives for land conversion and retention AU - Plantinga, A. J. AU - Ahn, S. T2 - Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 128-145 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linking evolutionary quantitative genetics to the conservation of genetic resources in natural forest populations AU - Hu, X. S. AU - Li, B. T2 - Silvae Genetica DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 51 IS - 5-6 SP - 177-183 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential substrate inhibition couples kinetically distinct 4-coumarate: Coenzyme A ligases with spatially distinct metabolic roles in quaking aspen AU - Harding, S. A. AU - Leshkevich, J. AU - Chiang, V. L. AU - Tsai, C. J. T2 - Plant Physiology AB - 4-Coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) activates hydroxycinnamates for entry into phenylpropanoid branchways that support various metabolic activities, including lignification and flavonoid biosynthesis. However, it is not clear whether and how 4CL proteins with their broad substrate specificities fulfill the specific hydroxycinnamate requirements of the branchways they supply. Two tissue-specific 4CLs, Pt4CL1 and Pt4CL2, have previously been cloned from quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), but whether they are catalytically adapted for the distinctive metabolic roles they are thought to support is not apparent from published biochemical data. Therefore, single- and mixed-substrate assays were conducted to determine whether the 4CLs from aspen exhibit clear catalytic identities under certain metabolic circumstances. Recombinant Pt4CL1 and Pt4CL2 exhibited the expected preference for p-coumarate in single-substrate assays, but strong competitive inhibition favored utilization of caffeate and p-coumarate, respectively, in mixed-substrate assays. The Pt4CL1 product, caffeoyl-CoA, predominated in mixed-substrate assays with xylem extract, and this was consistent with the near absence of Pt4CL2 expression in xylem tissue as determined by in situ hybridization. It is interesting that the Pt4CL2 product p-coumaroyl-CoA predominated in assays with developing leaf extract, although in situ hybridization revealed that both genes were coexpressed. The xylem extract and recombinant 4CL1 data allow us to advance a mechanism by which 4CL1 can selectively utilize caffeate for the support of monolignol biosynthesis in maturing xylem and phloem fibers. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), in contrast, possesses a single 4CL protein exhibiting broad substrate specificity in mixed-substrate assays. We discuss these 4CL differences in terms of the contrasts in lignification between angiosperm trees and their gymnosperm progenitors. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1104/pp.010603 VL - 128 IS - 2002 SP - 428-438 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pulping and bleaching of partially CAD-deficient wood AU - Dimmel, DR AU - MacKay, JJ AU - Courchene, CE AU - Kadla, JF AU - Scott, JT AU - DM O'Malley, AU - McKeand, SE T2 - JOURNAL OF WOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Mutant loblolly pine trees that are partially deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) have been studied as a possible new source of pulpwood. Young (4- and 6-year-old) partially CAD-deficient pine trees are ˜20% more easily delignified (pulping and bleaching) and provide similar pulp yields to that of similarly aged normal pines grown on the same plots. Bleached pulp from a 6-year-old partially CAD-deficient pine tree displayed better strength properties than the same age normal pine tree; this probably reflects the milder pulping conditions needed in the case of the partially CAD-deficient tree. Studies also were conducted on a limited number of 14-year-old trees from a different genetic background. In contrast to the results with young trees, no real differences in ease of delignification, pulp yields, bleached pulp strength properties, and wood specific gravities were observed with the 14-year-old trees. There would likely be no penalty if partially CAD-deficient trees were used for lumber products. The rapid growth of partially CAD-deficient trees could make them a valuable pulpwood. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1081/WCT-120016260 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 235-248 SN - 0277-3813 KW - pulping KW - bleaching KW - kraft KW - lignin KW - cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase KW - CAD-deficient KW - loblolly pine KW - mutant ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fragmentation of continental United States forests AU - Riitters, K. H. AU - Wickham, J. D. AU - O'Neill, R. V. AU - Jones, K. B. AU - Smith, E. R. AU - Coulston, J. W. AU - Wade, T. G. AU - Smith, J. H. T2 - Ecosystems DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1007/s10021002-0209-2 VL - 5 IS - 8 SP - 815-822 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Defining quality of red-cockaded woodpecker foraging habitat based on habitat use and fitness AU - Walters, , JR AU - Daniels, SJ AU - Carter, JH AU - Doerr, PD T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Accurate understanding of habitat quality is a critical component of wildlife management. We developed a definition of high-quality foraging habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis), a federally endangered, cooperatively breeding bird species, from analyses of resource selection and habitat use, relationships between fitness measures and habitat features, and an extensive literature review. In the North Carolina Sandhills, use of foraging habitat at the level of individual trees, habitat patches, and forest stands was strongly and positively related to age and size of pines (Pinus spp.). Use of habitat patches and forest stands was greatest at intermediate densities of medium-sized and large pines and was negatively associated with hardwood and pine midstory. Size of red-cockaded woodpecker groups, an important fitness measure for this species, was positively related to density of old-growth pines within the home range and negatively related to density of medium-sized pines and height of hardwood midstory. Similar results were reported by 2 other studies. High-quality foraging habitat for red-cockaded woodpeckers, therefore, contains sparse or no midstory, intermediate densities of medium-sized and large pines, and old-growth pines in at least low densities. Although we documented a relationship between group size and the amount of habitat meeting our definition of high quality, we were unable to identify the optimum amount of high-quality habitat to provide per group because most study groups had relatively little high-quality foraging habitat. Both fitness and habitat selection in our study population may be constrained by quality and quantity of foraging habitat. James et al. (2001) recommended, and we strongly agree, that foraging habitat be managed for abundant herbaceous ground cover, low densities of small and medium-sized pines, and moderate densities of large pines. We also stress the importance of old-growth pines in foraging habitat. Because the structure of high-quality foraging habitat is similar to that of high-quality nesting habitat, we recommend that management of these 2 be increasingly integrated. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.2307/3802938 VL - 66 IS - 4 SP - 1064-1082 SN - 0022-541X KW - ecology KW - foraging KW - guidelines KW - habitat selection KW - management KW - North Carolina KW - Picoides borealis KW - pine KW - Pinus spp. KW - red-cockaded woodpecker KW - reproductive success KW - resource selection KW - resource use KW - sandhills ER - TY - JOUR TI - An integrated model of soil, hydrology, and vegetation for carbon dynamics in wetland ecosystems AU - Zhang, Y AU - Li, CS AU - Trettin, CC AU - Li, H AU - Sun, G T2 - GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES AB - Wetland ecosystems are an important component in global carbon (C) cycles and may exert a large influence on global climate change. Predictions of C dynamics require us to consider interactions among many critical factors of soil, hydrology, and vegetation. However, few such integrated C models exist for wetland ecosystems. In this paper, we report a simulation model, Wetland‐DNDC, for C dynamics and methane (CH 4 ) emissions in wetland ecosystems. The general structure of Wetland‐DNDC was adopted from PnET‐N‐DNDC, a process‐oriented biogeochemical model that simulates C and N dynamics in upland forest ecosystems. Several new functions and algorithms were developed for Wetland‐DNDC to capture the unique features of wetland ecosystems, such as water table dynamics, growth of mosses and herbaceous plants, and soil biogeochemical processes under anaerobic conditions. The model has been validated against various observations from three wetland sites in Northern America. The validation results are in agreement with the measurements of water table dynamics, soil temperature, CH 4 fluxes, net ecosystem productivity (NEP), and annual C budgets. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the most critical input factors for C dynamics in the wetland ecosystems are air temperature, water outflow parameters, initial soil C content, and plant photosynthesis capacity. NEP and CH 4 emissions are sensitive to many of the tested input variables. By integrating the primary drivers of climate, hydrology, soil and vegetation, the Wetland‐DNDC model is capable of predicting C biogeochemical cycles in wetland ecosystems. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1029/2001gb001838 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - SN - 0886-6236 KW - wetland KW - model KW - carbon cycles KW - methane emissions KW - hydrology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wood chip mill harvest volume and area impacts in North Carolina AU - Dodrill, J. D. AU - Cubbage, F. W. AU - Schaberg, R. H. AU - Abt, R. C. T2 - Forest Products Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 52 IS - 11-12 SP - 29-37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spread of Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales : entomophthoraceae) from initial introduction areas in North Carolina AU - Gillock, HH AU - Hain, FP T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-37.4.366 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 366-369 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Entomophaga maimaiga KW - Lymantria dispar KW - entomopathogenic fungi KW - gypsy moth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Patterns of genetic variation in Pinus chiapensis, a threatened Mexican pine, detected by RAPD and mitochondrial DNA RFLP markers AU - Newton, AC AU - Allnutt, TR AU - Dvorak, WS AU - Del Castillo, RF AU - Ennos, RA T2 - HEREDITY AB - Pinus chiapensis (Pinaceae) is a large conifer, endemic to central and southern Mexico and north-western Guatemala. In order to assess the extent of genetic variation within and between populations of this species, samples were obtained from throughout the natural range and analysed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and mtDNA RFLPs markers. Probes for the CoxI mitochondrial gene enabled two mitotypes to be observed. Populations from the eastern and western limit of the range of the species were fixed for one mitotype ('A'), whereas two populations distributed near the centre of the range were fixed for another ('B'). When the samples were screened with eight 10-mer RAPD primers, a total of 12 polymorphic bands were detected. The proportion of polymorphic bands was unusually low (24.5%) compared with other tree species. AMOVA analysis indicated that a significant proportion of the variation (P < 0.002) was distributed between populations; the extent of population differentiation detected (Phi(st) = 0.226; G(ST ) = 0.194) was exceptionally high for a pine species. Pair-wise comparison of Phi(st) values derived from AMOVA indicated that populations were significantly (P < 0.05) different from each other in virtually every case. These results are interpreted in the context of the evolutionary history of the species, and the implications for its in- and ex situ conservation are discussed. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800113 VL - 89 SP - 191-198 SN - 0018-067X KW - white pine KW - Pinus strobus var. chiapensis KW - genetic variation KW - conservation ER - TY - JOUR TI - GAI homologues in the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae-Madiinae): Molecular evolution of growth regulators in a rapidly diversifying plant lineage AU - Remington, DL AU - Purugganan, MD T2 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Accelerated evolution of regulatory genes has been proposed as an explanation for decoupled rates of morphological and molecular evolution. The Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae-Madiinae) has evolved drastic differences in growth form, including rosette plants, cushion plants, shrubs, and trees, since its origin approximately 6 MYA. We have isolated genes in the DELLA subfamily of putative growth regulators from 13 taxa of Hawaiian and North American Madiinae. The Hawaiian taxa contain two copies of DaGAI that form separate clades within the Madiinae, consistent with an allotetraploid origin for the silversword alliance. DaGAI retains conserved features that have previously been identified in DELLA genes. Selective constraint in the Hawaiian DaGAI copies remains strong in spite of rapid growth form divergence in the silversword alliance, although the constraint was somewhat relaxed in the Hawaiian copies relative to the North American lineages. We failed to detect evidence for positive selection on individual codons. Notably, selective constraint remained especially strong in the gibberellin-responsive DELLA region for which the gene subfamily is named, which is truncated or deleted in all identified dwarf mutants in GAI homologues in different angiosperm species. In contrast with the coding region, however, approximately 900 bp of the upstream flanking region shows variable rates and patterns of evolution, which might reflect positive selection on regulatory regions. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004218 VL - 19 IS - 9 SP - 1563-1574 SN - 0737-4038 KW - Madiinae KW - silversword alliance KW - GAI KW - adaptive radiation KW - selection KW - regulatory genes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of soil microbial population dynamics in newly constructed sand-based rootzones AU - Bigelow, C. A. AU - Bowman, D. C. AU - Wollum, A. G. T2 - Crop Science AB - Modern sand-based golf course putting greens are constructed for optimum soil physical properties. However, since they are sand based and synthetically prepared, it is often perceived that they support a less numerous and diverse microbial population than comparable native soils. This field study was conducted to monitor the microbial properties of five newly constructed sand-based rootzone mixtures planted to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris Huds. Farw.) during the first 2 yr of turfgrass establishment. Bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and aerobic spore forming (Bacillus spp.) populations were determined on selective media. Nitrifiers and denitrifiers were estimated by a most probable number (MPN) technique. Within the first 6 mo after seeding, bacteria exceeded 108 cfu g−1 dry soil, similar to levels recorded in a mature sand-based putting green. Bacteria were most numerous followed by actinomycetes, fungi, and Bacillus spp., respectively. Temporal changes in microbial populations were observed only in year one. The nitrogen transforming populations were numerically smaller (<104 cfu g−1 dry soil) than total bacteria but followed a similar temporal trend. Rootzone amendments had minimal effects on microbial properties but environmental factors and an actively growing turfgrass root system may have a greater influence on microbial activity. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.1611 VL - 42 IS - 5 SP - 1611-1614 ER - TY - JOUR TI - North Carolina's natural heritage program: A case for public- private cooperation AU - Cassingham, K. M. AU - Sills, E. O. AU - Pattanayak, S. K. AU - Mansfield, C. A. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 100 IS - 5 SP - 16-23 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen nutrition of hedged stock plants of Loblolly Pine. II. Influence of carbohydrate and nitrogen status on adventitious rooting of stem cuttings AU - Rowe, DB AU - Blazich, FA AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Wise, FC T2 - NEW FORESTS DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1023/A:1020555013964 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 53-65 SN - 0169-4286 KW - conifer KW - mineral nutrition KW - Pinaceae KW - Pinus taeda KW - vegetative propagation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic improvement of Virginia pine planting stock for Christmas tree production in South Carolina AU - Knoth, J AU - Frampton, J AU - Moody, R T2 - HORTTECHNOLOGY AB - Twenty open-pollinated families from a virginia pine ( Pinus virginiana ) seed orchard in South Carolina were planted and managed as Christmas trees at three sites. Retail value and related traits were assessed once the tests reached marketable size (4 years in the field). All traits assessed (except survival) proved to 1) be under a moderate degree of genetic control (family mean heritability = 0.68 for retail value) and 2) have a large range among open-pollinated family means ($11.42/tree to $22.00/tree, retail value) suggesting that they will response well to the traditional tree improvement approach of selection, breeding and testing. The retail value of the best five families tested averaged an increase of $3.47/tree or 20.7% more than the average. At a 6 × 6 ft (1.8 m) spacing [1,210 trees/acre (2,990 trees/ha)], these families would produce an increase in revenue of almost $4,200/acre ($10,387/ha). Much of this increase in value is a result of reducing the cull rate from 14.5% to 8.1%. Survival, height, crown density and straightness of these five families also exceeded the average of the 20 families tested. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.21273/horttech.12.4.675 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 675-678 SN - 1943-7714 KW - Pinus virginiana KW - choose and cut KW - heritability KW - gain KW - correlation KW - quality KW - crown density KW - retail value ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simultaneous maximum likelihood estimation of linkage and linkage phases in outcrossing species AU - Wu, RL AU - Ma, CX AU - Painter, I AU - Zeng, ZB T2 - THEORETICAL POPULATION BIOLOGY AB - With the advent of new molecular marker technologies, it is now feasible to initiate genome projects for outcrossing plant species, which have not received much attention in genetic research, despite their great agricultural and environmental value. Because outcrossing species typically have heterogeneous genomes, data structure for molecular markers representing an entire genome is complex: some markers may have more alleles than others, some markers are codominant whereas others are dominant, and some markers are heterozygous in one parent but fixed in the other parent whereas the opposite can be true for other markers. A major difficulty in analyzing these different types of marker at the same time arises from uncertainty about parental linkage phases over markers. In this paper, we present a general maximum-likelihood-based algorithm for simultaneously estimating linkage and linkage phases for a mixed set of different marker types containing fully informative markers (segregating 1:1:1:1) and partially informative markers (or missing markers, segregating 1:2:1, 3:1, and 1:1) in a full-sib family derived from two outbred parent plants. The characterization of linkage phases is based on the posterior probability distribution of the assignment of alternative alleles at given markers to two homologous chromosomes of each parent, conditional on the observed phenotypes of the markers. Two- and multi-point analyses are performed to estimate the recombination fraction and determine the most likely linkage phase between different types of markers. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the statistical properties of the model for characterizing the linkage phase between markers. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1006/tpbi.2002.1577 VL - 61 IS - 3 SP - 349-363 SN - 1096-0325 KW - EM algorithm KW - linkage phase KW - outcrossing species KW - partially informative marker KW - posterior probability KW - recombination fraction ER - TY - CHAP TI - Combinatorial use of short probes for differential gene expression profiling AU - Warren, L. L. AU - Liu, B. H. T2 - Algorithms in bioinformatics: First International Workshop, WABI 2001, Aarhus, Denmark, August 28-31, 2001 proceedings A2 - O. Gascuel, A2 - Moret, B.M.E. CN - R858 .A2 A44 2001 PY - 2002/// VL - 2452 SP - 477-490 PB - Berlin; New York: Springer SN - 3540425160 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reactive nitrogen: Too much of a good thing? AU - Galloway, JN AU - Cowling, EB AU - Seitzinger, SP AU - Socolow, RH T2 - AMBIO DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0060:RNTMOA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 60-63 SN - 1654-7209 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reactive nitrogen and the world: 200 years of change AU - Galloway, JN AU - Cowling, EB T2 - AMBIO DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0064:RNATWY]2.0.CO;2 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 64-71 SN - 1654-7209 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reactive nitrogen AU - Galloway, J AU - Cowling, E AU - Kessler, E T2 - AMBIO DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0059:RN]2.0.CO;2 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 59-59 SN - 0044-7447 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth, survival, and site fidelity of Florida and intergrade largemouth bass stocked in a tropical reservoir AU - Neal, JW AU - Noble, RL T2 - NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AB - Differential performance of genetic strains of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides is an important management consideration. In Puerto Rico, largemouth bass are widely stocked without attention to which stock is the superior genetic stock for island reservoirs. We simultaneously stocked fingerling Florida largemouth bass M. s. floridanus and intergrade (hybrids of Florida and northern largemouth bass M. s. salmoides) largemouth bass at four sites within Lucchetti Reservoir, Puerto Rico. Recapture efforts 24–26 d following stocking revealed no differences in initial growth or survival. Dispersion from stocking sites varied among sites and between groups at two sites and for all sites pooled; Florida largemouth bass were significantly more mobile after stocking. Relative abundance of each group was similar at age 1, but Florida largemouth bass accounted for 76% of the catch at age 2 and 100% at ages 3 and 4. Initial growth rate was rapid for both groups (1.25 mm/d) until about 275 mm total length, but growth slowed to 0.25 mm/d by age 1 and was only 0.06 mm/d after age 2. Mean relative weight (Wr) of intergrade largemouth bass was significantly higher than that of Florida largemouth bass at ages 1 and 2 during the spawning season (although the Florida groups' Wr remained at nearly 100). Because Florida largemouth bass displayed greater longevity, we recommend future stockings to use only this subspecies in Puerto Rico. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0528:GSASFO>2.0.CO;2 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 528-536 SN - 1548-8675 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Community based watershed remediation: Connecting organizational resources to social and substantive outcomes AU - Steelman, T. A. AU - Carmin, J. T2 - Toxic waste and environmental policy in the 21st century United States CN - TD1040 .T68 2002 PY - 2002/// PB - Jefferson, NC: McFarland ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using forest health monitoring data to integrate above and below ground carbon information AU - Conkling, BL AU - Hoover, CM AU - Smith, WD AU - Palmer, CJ T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AB - The national Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) program conducted a remeasurement study in 1999 to evaluate the usefulness and feasibility of collecting data needed for investigating carbon budgets in forests. This study indicated that FHM data are adequate for detecting a 20% change over 10 years (2% change per year) in percent total carbon and carbon content (MgC/ha) when sampling by horizon, with greater than 80% probability that a change in carbon content will be determined when a change has truly occurred (P < or = 0.33). The data were also useful in producing estimates of forest floor and soil carbon stocks by depth that were somewhat lower than literature values used for comparison. The scale at which the data were collected lends itself to producing standing stock estimates needed for carbon budget development and carbon cycle modeling. The availability of site-specific forest mensuration data enables the exploration of above ground and below ground linkages. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00254-8 VL - 116 SP - S221-S232 SN - 1873-6424 KW - carbon sequestration KW - soils KW - biomass KW - carbon content KW - modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Test of a habitat suitability index for black bears in the southern Appalachians AU - Mitchell, M. S. AU - Zimmerman, J. W. AU - Powell, R. A. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 794-808 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional estimation of current and future forest biomass AU - Mickler, RA AU - Earnhardt, TS AU - Moore, JA T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AB - The 90,674 wildland fires that burned 2.9 million ha at an estimated suppression cost of $1.6 billion in the United States during the 2000 fire season demonstrated that forest fuel loading has become a hazard to life, property, and ecosystem health as a result of past fire exclusion policies and practices. The fire regime at any given location in these regions is a result of complex interactions between forest biomass, topography, ignitions, and weather. Forest structure and biomass are important aspects in determining current and future fire regimes. Efforts to quantify live and dead forest biomass at the local to regional scale has been hindered by the uncertainty surrounding the measurement and modeling of forest ecosystem processes and fluxes. The interaction of elevated CO2 with climate, soil nutrients, and other forest management factors that affect forest growth and fuel loading will play a major role in determining future forest stand growth and the distribution of species across the southern United States. The use of satellite image analysis has been tested for timely and accurate measurement of spatially explicit land use change and is well suited for use in inventory and monitoring of forest carbon. The incorporation of Landsat Thematic Mapper data coupled with a physiologically based productivity model (PnET), soil water holding capacity, and historic and projected climatic data provides an opportunity to enhance field plot based forest inventory and monitoring methodologies. We use periodic forest inventory data from the USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) project to obtain estimates of forest area and type to generate estimates of carbon storage for evergreen, deciduous, and mixed forest classes for use in an assessment of remotely sensed forest cover at the regional scale for the southern United States. The displays of net primary productivity (NPP) generated from the PnET model show areas of high and low forest carbon storage potential and their spatial relationship to other landscape features for the southern United States. At the regional scale, predicted annual NPP in 1992 ranged from 836 to 2181 g/m2/year for evergreen forests and 769-2634 g/m2/year for deciduous forests with a regional mean for all forest land of 1448 g/m2/year. Prediction of annual NPP in 2050 ranged from 913 to 2076 g/m2/year for evergreen forest types to 1214-2376 g/m2/year for deciduous forest types with a regional mean for all forest land of 1659 g/m2/year. The changes in forest productivity from 1992 to 2050 are shown to display potential areas of increased or decreased forest biomass. This methodology addresses the need for spatially quantifying forest carbon in the terrestrial biosphere to assess forest productivity and wildland fire fuels. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00241-X VL - 116 SP - S7-S16 SN - 1873-6424 KW - forest carbon KW - productivity modelling KW - fuel loading KW - net primary production ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predation of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) pupae in three ecosystems along the southern edge of infestation AU - Hastings, FL AU - Hain, FP AU - Smith, HR AU - Cook, SP AU - Monahan, JF T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The predation potential of small mammals, in particular mice, Peromyscus spp., and invertebrates, was evaluated from 1992 to 1995 near the leading edge of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), spread into the southeastern United States. Two study sites were established in each of three geographic areas: the coastal plain, Piedmont, and mountains. All sites were mixed hardwood stands with varying amounts of oak, Quercus spp., and all were classified for gypsy moth susceptibility. Small mammal density was estimated using Sherman live-traps and pitfall traps within these 4.68-ha sites in early and late summer. Each site contained 75 trapping stations located on a 25-m grid. Predation was measured by offering freeze-dried gypsy moth pupae near trapping stations at four heights (0, 0.25, 1.0, and 2.0 m) on different tree boles. Pupal predation was monitored for three consecutive nights. Vertebrate predation was positively correlated with good mast production in the previous autumn. Predation data showed that when mice were at high densities they were the major source of pupal predation. However, within these southern sites, when densities of Peromyscus spp. were low, predation by invertebrates was occasionally greater than predation by vertebrates. These data suggest that in some years invertebrates may retard gypsy moth buildup when small mammals are scarce due to mast crop failures. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-31.4.668 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 668-675 SN - 0046-225X KW - Lymantria dispar KW - Peromyscus KW - predation KW - mast ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance differences and genetic parameters for four coastal provenances of loblolly pine in the southeastern United States AU - Sierra-Lucero, V. AU - Mckeand, S. E. AU - Huber, D. A. AU - Rockwood, D. L. AU - White, T. L. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 48 IS - 4 SP - 732-742 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimizing nitrogen management in food and energy production, and environment change - Reponse AU - Galloway, J AU - Cowling, E AU - Oenema, O AU - Roy, R AU - Smil, V T2 - AMBIO DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0497:RTTCBA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 31 IS - 6 SP - 497-498 SN - 0044-7447 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multiple benefits of large, undeveloped tracts in urbanized landscapes - A North Carolina example AU - Blank, G. B. AU - Parker, D. S. AU - Bode, S. M. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 100 IS - 3 SP - 27-32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large scale wildlife monitoring studies: statistical methods for design and analysis AU - Pollock, KH AU - Nichols, JD AU - Simons, TR AU - Farnsworth, GL AU - Bailey, LL AU - Sauer, , JR T2 - ENVIRONMETRICS AB - Abstract Techniques for estimation of absolute abundance of wildlife populations have received a lot of attention in recent years. The statistical research has been focused on intensive small‐scale studies. Recently, however, wildlife biologists have desired to study populations of animals at very large scales for monitoring purposes. Population indices are widely used in these extensive monitoring programs because they are inexpensive compared to estimates of absolute abundance. A crucial underlying assumption is that the population index ( C ) is directly proportional to the population density ( D ). The proportionality constant, β, is simply the probability of ‘detection’ for animals in the survey. As spatial and temporal comparisons of indices are crucial, it is necessary to also assume that the probability of detection is constant over space and time. Biologists intuitively recognize this when they design rigid protocols for the studies where the indices are collected. Unfortunately, however, in many field studies the assumption is clearly invalid. We believe that the estimation of detection probability should be built into the monitoring design through a double sampling approach. A large sample of points provides an abundance index, and a smaller sub‐sample of the same points is used to estimate detection probability. There is an important need for statistical research on the design and analysis of these complex studies. Some basic concepts based on actual avian, amphibian, and fish monitoring studies are presented in this article. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1002/env.514 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 105-119 SN - 1099-095X KW - absolute abundance KW - capture-recapture sampling KW - detection probability KW - distance sampling KW - long-term monitoring KW - relative abundance KW - removal sampling KW - wildlife monitoring studies ER - TY - JOUR TI - Host DNA replication is induced by geminivirus infection of differentiated plant cells AU - Nagara, S AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L AU - Robertson, D T2 - PLANT CELL AB - The geminivirus Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) replicates in differentiated plant cells using host DNA synthesis machinery. We used 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to examine DNA synthesis directly in infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants to determine if viral reprogramming of host replication controls had an impact on host DNA replication. Immunoblot analysis revealed that up to 17-fold more BrdU was incorporated into chromosomal DNA of TGMV-infected versus mock-infected, similarly treated healthy leaves. Colocalization studies of viral DNA and BrdU demonstrated that BrdU incorporation was specific to infected cells and was associated with both host and viral DNA. TGMV and host DNA synthesis were inhibited differentially by aphidicolin but were equally sensitive to hydroxyurea. Short BrdU labeling times resulted in some infected cells showing punctate foci associated with host DNA. Longer periods showed BrdU label uniformly throughout host DNA, some of which showed condensed chromatin, only in infected nuclei. By contrast, BrdU associated with viral DNA was centralized and showed uniform, compartmentalized labeling. Our results demonstrate that chromosomal DNA is replicated in TGMV-infected cells. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1105/tpc.005777 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - 2995-3007 SN - 1040-4651 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heterologous array analysis in Pinaceae: hybridization of Pinus taeda cDNA arrays with cDNA from needles and embryogenic cultures of P-taeda, P-sylvestris or Picea abies AU - Zyl, L AU - Arnold, S AU - Bozhkov, P AU - Chen, YZ AU - Egertsdotter, U AU - MacKay, J AU - Sederoff, RR AU - Shen, J AU - Zelena, L AU - Clapham, DH T2 - COMPARATIVE AND FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS AB - Hybridization of labelled cDNA from various cell types with high-density arrays of expressed sequence tags is a powerful technique for investigating gene expression. Few conifer cDNA libraries have been sequenced. Because of the high level of sequence conservation between Pinus and Picea we have investigated the use of arrays from one genus for studies of gene expression in the other. The partial cDNAs from 384 identifiable genes expressed in differentiating xylem of Pinus taeda were printed on nylon membranes in randomized replicates. These were hybridized with labelled cDNA from needles or embryogenic cultures of Pinus taeda, P. sylvestris and Picea abies, and with labelled cDNA from leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. The Spearman correlation of gene expression for pairs of conifer species was high for needles (r(2) = 0.78 - 0.86), and somewhat lower for embryogenic cultures (r(2) = 0.68 - 0.83). The correlation of gene expression for tobacco leaves and needles of each of the three conifer species was lower but sufficiently high (r(2) = 0.52 - 0.63) to suggest that many partial gene sequences are conserved in angiosperms and gymnosperms. Heterologous probing was further used to identify tissue-specific gene expression over species boundaries. To evaluate the significance of differences in gene expression, conventional parametric tests were compared with permutation tests after four methods of normalization. Permutation tests after Z-normalization provide the highest degree of discrimination but may enhance the probability of type I errors. It is concluded that arrays of cDNA from loblolly pine are useful for studies of gene expression in other pines or spruces. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1002/cfg.199 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 306-318 SN - 1532-6268 KW - cDNA array KW - conifer KW - normalization KW - functional genomics KW - pine KW - spruce ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of nursery characteristics on field survival and growth of loblolly pine rooted cuttings AU - Frampton, J. AU - Isik, F. AU - Goldfarb, B. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 207-213 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disentangling sampling and ecological explanations underlying species-area relationships AU - Cam, E. AU - Nichols, J. D. AU - Hines, J. E. AU - Sauer, J. R. AU - Alpizar-Jara, R. AU - Flather, C. H. T2 - Ecology (Brooklyn, New York, N.Y.) DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - 1118-1130 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a protocol for monitoring status and trends in forest soil carbon at a national level AU - Palmer, CJ AU - Smith, WD AU - Conkling, BL T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AB - The national Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) program requires protocols for monitoring soil carbon contents. In a pilot study, 30 FHM plots loblolly shortleaf (Pinus taeda L./Pinus echinata Mill.) pine forests across Georgia were sampled by horizon and by depth increments. For total soil carbon, approximately 40% of the variance was between plots, 40% between subplots and 20% within subplots. Results by depth differed from those obtained by horizon primarily due to the rapid changes in carbon content from the top to the bottom of the A horizon. Published soil survey information overestimated bulk densities for these forest sites. The measurement of forest floor depths as a substitute to sampling did not provide reliable estimates of forest floor carbon. Precision of replicate samples was approximately 10-30% for field duplicates and 5-10% for laboratory duplicates. Based on national indicator evaluation criteria, sampling by depth using bulk density core samplers has been recommended for national implementation. Additional procedures are needed when sampling organic soils or soils with a high percentage of large rock fragments. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00253-6 VL - 116 SP - S209-S219 SN - 1873-6424 KW - soil carbon KW - soil bulk density KW - soil sampling KW - forest floors KW - forest monitoring ER - TY - JOUR TI - Benefit transfer via preference calibration: "Prudential algebra" for policy AU - Smith, VK AU - Van Houtven, G AU - Pattanayak, SK T2 - LAND ECONOMICS AB - This paper proposes a new approach to benefit transfer. The method assumes a specific form for preferences and uses available benefit information to identify and calibrate the preference parameters to match the existing benefit estimates. This approach assures economic consistency of the transfers. Benefit measures can never be inconsistent with household income. The logic also offers a series of potentially observable “predictions” that can be used to gauge the plausibility of benefit transfers. When multiple benefit estimates from different methods are available such as hedonic property value, travel cost demand, and contingent valuation, the framework uses the definition of the benefit concept from each method in a single preference function to reconcile differences. It provides a specific way to take account of baseline conditions and scope effects (i.e., the size of the proposed change) consistently in the transfer. The method is illustrated using estimates for benefit measure changes in water quality from three studies: travel cost demand, hedonic property value, and contingent valuation analysis. (JEL Q26) DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.2307/3146928 VL - 78 IS - 1 SP - 132-152 SN - 0023-7639 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accessible habitat for shorebirds: Factors influencing its availability and conservation implications AU - Collazo, J. A. AU - O'hara, D. A. AU - Kelly, C. A. T2 - Waterbirds DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 25 IS - 2002 SP - 13-24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A survey of parasitoids and other organisms affecting gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriia dispar L.) along the leading edge of its southward movement AU - Hastings, FL AU - Hain, FP AU - Odell, TM T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-37.2.207 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 207-209 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Lamantria dispar KW - parasitoids KW - Entomophaga maimaiga KW - nucleopolyhedrosis virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influences of hardwood stand area and adjacency on breeding birds in an intensively managed pine landscape AU - Turner, J. C. AU - Gerwin, J. A. AU - Lancia, R. A. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 323-330 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How joint is joint forest production? An econometric analysis of timber supply conditional on endogenous amenity values AU - Pattanayak, S. K. AU - Murray, B. C. AU - Abt, R. C. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 479-491 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hooded warbler nesting success adjacent to group-selection and clearcut edges in a southeastern bottomland forest AU - Moorman, CE AU - Guynn, DC AU - Kilgo, JC T2 - CONDOR AB - During the 1996, 1997, and 1998 breeding seasons, we located and monitored Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina) nests in a bottomland forest and examined the effects of edge proximity, edge type, and nest-site vegetation on nesting success. Successful Hooded Warbler nests were more concealed from below and were located in nest patches with a greater abundance of >0.5-m-tall switchcane (Arundinaria gigantea) stems than unsuccessful nests. Daily nest survival rates, clutch size, and number of fledglings per successful nest did not differ between nests near edges of selection-harvest openings within the bottomland and nests near edges of clearcuts adjacent to the bottomland. Daily survival rate, clutch size, and number of fledglings per successful nest did not differ among nests 0–50 m, 51–100 m, and >100 m from the nearest edge, and probability of nest survival was not related to proximity to either edge type. However, probability of parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) was higher near clearcut edges, and parasitism reduced clutch size and numbers of fledglings per successful nest. The combined effects of edge, especially edge created by the relatively small (≤0.5 ha) group-selection openings, on Hooded Warbler nesting success were minimal. However, our study was conducted in a primarily forested landscape, so cowbird abundance or negative edge effects may have been low relative to agricultural landscapes in the South. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0366:HWNSAT]2.0.CO;2 VL - 104 IS - 2 SP - 366-377 SN - 1938-5129 KW - bottomland KW - brood parasitism KW - clearcut KW - edge effects KW - group selection KW - Hooded Warbler KW - nest success KW - Wilsonia citrina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of a bean acid phosphatase cDNA is correlated with disease resistance AU - Jakobek, JL AU - Lindgren, PB T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - A cDNA clone, designated Hra28 (for hypersensitive reaction associated), was identified corresponding to an RNA transcript that accumulates in bean during the hypersensitive reaction. The Hra28 cDNA is 1084 nucleotides in length and is predicted to encode an acid phosphatase of 264 amino acids. Northern analysis demonstrated that the Hra28 transcript accumulated differentially in response to bacteria which induce a hypersensitive response (HR), a bacterium which causes disease, and a Hrp− mutant which does not elicit an HR or cause disease. In contrast, the Hra28 transcript did not accumulate in response to wounding. Thus, the Hra28 gene is induced by multiple stimuli and appears to be regulated in a complex manner. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1093/jexbot/53.367.387 VL - 53 IS - 367 SP - 387-389 SN - 1460-2431 KW - acid phosphatase KW - disease resistance KW - gene expression KW - hypersensitive reaction KW - Phaseolus vulgaris L. ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Potato virus Y (MNR)-N-S Nlb-replicase is the elicitor of a veinal necrosis-hypersensitive response in root knot nematode resistant tobacco AU - Fellers, JP AU - Tremblay, D AU - Handest, MF AU - Lommel, SA T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - Summary A root knot nematode resistance gene in Nicotiana tabacum , Rk , providing resistance to the nematode parasite Meloidogyne incognita is tightly linked to, or is a pleiotropic gene with a veinal necrosis systemic hypersensitive response to infection by Potato virus Y (PVY) M s N r . The single PVY M s N r open reading frame was sequenced and found to have 89% protein identity to PVY N. Individual PVY M s N r polypeptides were deduced and the corresponding cDNA were cloned into a Potato virus X (PVX) based expression vector and used as templates for in vitro transcriptions. Infected plant sap, from N. benthamiana inoculated with infectious RNA, was used to inoculate both root knot nematode (RKN) resistant and susceptible tobacco lines. Lines were then evaluated for the induction of the hypersensitive response. The PVY M s N r NIb‐replicase protein was found to induce a hypersensitive response 10 days post inoculation in nematode resistant tobacco. None of the other PVX/PVY M s N r constructs induced a hypersensitive response. The NIb‐replicase of PVY N, which shares 93% identity to PVY M s N r , did not induce a hypersensitive response when expressed from the PVX vector. This confirmed that the PVY M s N r NIb‐replicase is the elicitor of PVY M s N r veinal necrosis on RKN plants and thus the first report of a Potyvirus replicase functioning as an avirulence factor. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00106.x VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 145-152 SN - 1464-6722 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oxidative ammonolysis of technical lignins - Part 3. Effect of temperature on the reaction rate AU - Capanema, EA AU - Balakshin, MY AU - Chen, CL AU - Gratzl, JS AU - Kirkman, AG T2 - HOLZFORSCHUNG AB - Summary The effect of the reaction temperature on the kinetics and the reaction mechanism of oxidative ammonolysis of Repap organosolv lignin have been studied. The reaction was conducted in 0.8 M Nh4oh solution under oxygen pressure of 12 bar and at three different temperatures, 70 °C, 100 °C and 130 °C. The resulting N -modified lignins were analyzed by elemental and methoxyl group. About 20–25% of maximum nitrogen content is incorporated into the lignin very fast, in 1–2 min of the reaction. The reaction kinetics then follows a pseudo-first order reaction law and consists of two phases. The activation energies for nitrogen incorporation and lignin solubilization are rather low, in the range of 33–34 kJ/mol. Linear correlation between nitrogen incorporated into the lignin and molecular oxygen uptake, oxygen incorporation, CO 2 formation, O-demethylation and total carbon loss was analyzed at the different reaction temperatures. On the basis of kinetic data obtained so far, we have postulated that the reaction temperature affects the reaction rate, but not the reaction pathways. The reaction temperature also affects the ratios between different reaction pathways, though the effect is not very strong. The results obtained are discussed in the terms of competitive reactions of lignin oxidation followed by nitrogen incorporation and lignin deactivation involving nitrogen DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1515/HF.2002.063 VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 402-415 SN - 0018-3830 KW - technical lignins KW - oxidative ammonolysis of lignins KW - kinetics of ammonolysis KW - effect of temperature KW - nitrogen incorporation KW - lignin solubiliztion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determinants and projections of land use in the South Central United States AU - Ahn, S. E. AU - Plantinga, A. J. AU - Alig, R. J. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 78-84 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conservation and synteny of SSR loci and QTLs for vegetative propagation in four Eucalyptus species AU - Marques, CM AU - Brondani, RPV AU - Grattapaglia, D AU - Sederoff, R T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1007/s00122-002-0899-z VL - 105 IS - 2-3 SP - 474-478 SN - 0040-5752 KW - SSR KW - mapping KW - QTLs KW - eucalyptus KW - synteny ER - TY - JOUR TI - A removal model for estimating detection probabilities from point-count surveys AU - Farnsworth, GL AU - Pollock, KH AU - Nichols, JD AU - Simons, TR AU - Hines, JE AU - Sauer, , JR T2 - AUK AB - Use of point-count surveys is a popular method for collecting data on abundance and distribution of birds. However, analyses of such data often ignore potential differences in detection probability. We adapted a removal model to directly estimate detection probability during point-count surveys. The model assumes that singing frequency is a major factor influencing probability of detection when birds are surveyed using point counts. This may be appropriate for surveys in which most detections are by sound. The model requires counts to be divided into several time intervals. Point counts are often conducted for 10 min, where the number of birds recorded is divided into those first observed in the first 3 min, the subsequent 2 min, and the last 5 min. We developed a maximum-likelihood estimator for the detectability of birds recorded during counts divided into those intervals. This technique can easily be adapted to point counts divided into intervals of any length. We applied this method to unlimited-radius counts conducted in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. We used model selection criteria to identify whether detection probabilities varied among species, throughout the morning, throughout the season, and among different observers. We found differences in detection probability among species. Species that sing frequently such as Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) and Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) had high detection probabilities (∼90%) and species that call infrequently such as Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) had low detection probability (36%). We also found detection probabilities varied with the time of day for some species (e.g. thrushes) and between observers for other species. We used the same approach to estimate detection probability and density for a subset of the observations with limited-radius point counts. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0414:ARMFED]2.0.CO;2 VL - 119 IS - 2 SP - 414-425 SN - 1938-4254 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of size hierarchies prior to the onset of density-dependent mortality in irrigated and fertilized loblolly pine stands AU - Nilsson, U AU - Albaugh, TJ AU - Allen, HL T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Nine years of growth and stand development were investigated in a 2 × 2 nutrient and water factorial experiment with four replications. The study was located on an infertile, excessively drained sandy site in Scotland County, North Carolina, U.S.A. The hypothesis tested was that increased growth following irrigation and fertilization would increase the rate at which size hierarchies develop. The hypothesis was investigated by comparing the coefficient of variation (CV) of stem volume over time and examining the stem volume relative growth rate (RGR) of trees of different initial size in control and irrigated + fertilized stands. Even though there were no statistically significant differences in CV among treatments, there was a tendency for increased CV over time in the control stands, whereas CV initially increased, then decreased, and became constant in the irrigated + fertilized plots. The lack of increase in CV in the irrigated + fertilized plots was explained by unusually low variation in RGR across tree size classes and negative relation of RGR and size. Therefore, the hypothesis that increased growth resulted in a more rapid development of size hierarchies was rejected. The high RGR of small trees in the irrigated + fertilized treatment could not be explained by differences in vertical distribution of needles compared with the control treatment. Small trees in the irrigated + fertilized plots were overtopped by neighboring trees to the same degree as small trees in the control plots. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1139/X02-021 VL - 32 IS - 6 SP - 989-996 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of the watershed hydrology of coastal forested wetlands and the mountainous uplands in the Southern US AU - Sun, G AU - McNulty, SG AU - Amatya, DM AU - Skaggs, RW AU - Swift, LW AU - Shepard, JP AU - Riekerk, H T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AB - Hydrology plays a critical role in wetland development and ecosystem structure and functions. Hydrologic responses to forest management and climate change are diverse in the Southern United States due to topographic and climatic differences. This paper presents a comparison study on long-term hydrologic characteristics (long-term seasonal runoff patterns, water balances, storm flow patterns) of three watersheds in the southern US. These three watersheds represent three types of forest ecosystems commonly found in the lower Atlantic coastal plain and the Appalachian upland mountains. Compared to the warm, flat, and shallow groundwater dominated pine flatwoods on the coast, the inland upland watershed was found to have significantly higher water yield, Precipitation/Hamon's potential evapotranspiration ratio (1.9 for upland vs 1.4 and 0.9 for wetlands), and runoff/precipitation ratio (0.53±0.092 for upland vs 0.30±0.079 and 0.13±0.094 for wetlands). Streamflow from flatwoods watersheds generally are discontinuous most of the years while the upland watershed showed continuous flows in most years. Stormflow peaks in a cypress–pine flatwoods system were smaller than that in the upland watershed for most cases, but exceptions occurred under extreme wet conditions. Our study concludes that climate is the most important factor in determining the watershed water balances in the southern US. Topography effects streamflow patterns and stormflow peaks and volume, and is the key to wetland development in the southern US. DA - 2002/6/10/ PY - 2002/6/10/ DO - 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00064-1 VL - 263 IS - 1-4 SP - 92-104 SN - 0022-1694 KW - evapotranspiration KW - forested wetlands KW - pine flatwoods KW - uplands KW - water balance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seed and pollen flow and cline discordance among genes with different modes of inheritance AU - Hu, X. S. AU - Li, B. T2 - Heredity DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1038/sj/hdy/6800030 VL - 88 IS - 2002 Mar SP - 212-217 ER - TY - JOUR TI - On the estimation of species richness based on the accumulation of previously unrecorded species AU - Cam, E AU - Nichols, JD AU - Sauer, , JR AU - Hines, JE T2 - ECOGRAPHY AB - Estimation of species richness of local communities has become an important topic in community ecology and monitoring. Investigators can seldom enumerate all the species present in the area of interest during sampling sessions. If the location of interest is sampled repeatedly within a short time period, the number of new species recorded is typically largest in the initial sample and decreases as sampling proceeds, but new species may be detected if sampling sessions are added. The question is how to estimate the total number of species. The data collected by sampling the area of interest repeatedly can be used to build species accumulation curves: the cumulative number of species recorded as a function of the number of sampling sessions (which we refer to as “species accumulation data”). A classic approach used to compute total species richness is to fit curves to the data on species accumulation with sampling effort. This approach does not rest on direct estimation of the probability of detecting species during sampling sessions and has no underlying basis regarding the sampling process that gave rise to the data. Here we recommend a probabilistic, nonparametric estimator for species richness for use with species accumulation data. We use estimators of population size that were developed for capture‐recapture data, but that can be used to estimate the size of species assemblages using species accumulation data. Models of detection probability account for the underlying sampling process. They permit variation in detection probability among species. We illustrate this approach using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). We describe other situations where species accumulation data are collected under different designs (e.g., over longer periods of time, or over spatial replicates) and that lend themselves to of use capture‐recapture models for estimating the size of the community of interest. We discuss the assumptions and interpretations corresponding to each situation. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250112.x VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 102-108 SN - 1600-0587 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monitoring phosphorus mineralization from poultry manure using phosphatase assays and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy AU - Crouse, DA AU - Sierzputowska-Gracz, H AU - Mikkelsen, RL AU - Wollum, AG T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - Phosphatase enzymes are responsible for mineralization of organic-phosphorus (P) compounds in soil where they hydrolyze the organic phosphate esters to inorganic phosphate. One way to monitor the mineralization process in soils receiving poultry manure is by assessing the activity of phosphatase in a soil amended with poultry manure relative to a soil that is not amended. In a laboratory incubation, soil phosphomonoesterase activity and soil phosphodiesterase activity were measured 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after soil incorporation of poultry litter. Two soils, both Fine-loamy siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudults, were used in the study. Both soils differed in their previous management. The first soil was from a conventionally tilled field that received annual poultry litter applications for 18 consecutive years. The second soil was from an adjacent recently cleared woodland that had no history of manure application. In the previously non-manured soil, soil phosphodiesterase activity following poultry litter addition increased from 4 to 66 μg p-nitrophenol g soil−1 hour−1 by the second week. However, in the same soil, after 8 weeks, phosphodiesterase activity resulting from poultry litter applications was not evident. There was a net increase in phosphomonoesterase activity from week 0 to 20 in the previously manured and previously non-manured soils that were amended with poultry litter. A simultaneous study was conducted to measure the relative concentration of organic P forms during the mineralization process using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. Subsamples from the poultry manure-amended soil were extracted with 0.25 M NaOH+0.05 M EDTA following 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after manure addition and incorporation. The concentration of organic P compounds decreased from the time of poultry litter incorporation until week 20 whereas orthophosphate concentration increased during this period. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1081/CSS-120003882 VL - 33 IS - 7-8 SP - 1205-1217 SN - 0010-3624 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling and spatially distributing forest net primary production at the regional scale AU - Mickler, RA AU - Earnhardt, TS AU - Moore, JA T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION AB - Forest, agricultural, rangeland, wetland, and urban landscapes have different rates of carbon sequestration and total carbon sequestration potential under alternative management options. Changes in the proportion and spatial distribution of land use could enhance or degrade that area's ability to sequester carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. As the ecosystems within a landscape change due to natural or anthropogenic processes, they may go from being a carbon sink to a carbon source or vice versa. Satellite image analysis has been tested for timely and accurate measurement of spatially explicit land use change and is well suited for use in inventory and monitoring of terrestrial carbon. The coupling of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data with a physiologically based forest productivity model (PnET-II) and historic climatic data provides an opportunity to enhance field plot-based forest inventory and monitoring methodologies. We use periodic forest inventory data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program to obtain estimates of forest area and type and to generate estimates of carbon storage for evergreen, deciduous, and mixed-forest classes. The area information is used in an accuracy assessment of remotely sensed forest cover at the regional scale. The map display of modeled net primary production (NPP) shows a range of forest carbon storage potentials and their spatial relationship to other landscape features across the southern United States. This methodology addresses the potential for measuring and projecting forest carbon sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere of the southern United States. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1080/10473289.2002.10470793 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - 407-415 SN - 2162-2906 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth, provenance effects and genetic variation of Bombacopsis quinata in field tests in Venezuela and Colombia AU - Hodge, GR AU - Dvorak, WS AU - Uruena, H AU - Rosales, L T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Ten provenance/progeny tests of Bombacopsis quinata were established in Venezuela and Colombia using open-pollinated (OP) seed collected from throughout its natural range. In addition, two full-sib progeny tests were established in Colombia with seed from crosses made in a second-generation seed orchard. Average survival of all tests was approximately 80%, with the local source from Colombia (Atlántico) having slightly better survival in Colombia. Average growth rates at age 8 years were 6–7 m height and 12–13 cm DBH. Provenance×country interaction was highly significant between Colombia and Venezuela, although at a within-provenance level, families performed relatively consistently in the two countries (rBg=0.58). There was no important genotype×environment interaction at the provenance or family level between test sites in the same country. There were large provenance effects in both countries. In Colombia, two provenances from Nicaragua (Hacienda San Juan and Los Playones) performed as well as the local source, with 11–16% more volume than average. In Venezuela, provenances originating in areas of 1600–2100 mm of annual rainfall (Choluteca, Honduras, and Guanacaste, Costa Rica) had volumes 26% above average, while the local source performed poorly both in survival and growth. Heritabilities for growth traits are moderate and increase with age up to 0.25–0.30 at age 8 years. Dominance variance is relatively unimportant as it is approximately 14 or less than the size of additive variance. After the appropriate provenances have been identified, additional genetic gains of up to 50% in volume are possible from family and within family selection. DA - 2002/3/15/ PY - 2002/3/15/ DO - 10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00720-9 VL - 158 IS - 1-3 SP - 273-289 SN - 0378-1127 KW - genetic correlation KW - heritability KW - coefficient of relationship KW - genotype x environment interaction KW - additive variance KW - dominance variance KW - tree improvement ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of nutrient and water availability on carbohydrate storage in loblolly pine AU - Ludovici, KH AU - Allen, HL AU - Albaugh, TJ AU - Dougherty, PM T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - We quantified the effects of nutrient and water availability on monthly whole-tree carbohydrate budgets and determined allocation patterns of storage carbohydrates in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) to test site resource impacts on internal carbon (C) storage. A factorial combination of two nutrient and two irrigation treatments were imposed on a 7-year-old loblolly pine stand in the Sandhills of North Carolina. Monthly collections of foliage, branch, stem, bark, and root tissues were made and total non-structural carbohydrate analyses were performed on samples collected in years 3 and 4 after treatment initiation. Seasonal fluxes of carbohydrates reflected the hypothesized use and storage patterns. Starch concentrations peaked in the spring in all tissues measured; however, minimum concentrations in aboveground tissue occurred in late winter while minimum concentrations in below ground tissue occurred in late fall. Increased nutrient availability generally decreased starch concentrations in current year tissue, while increasing starch in 1-year-old woody tissue. Irrigation treatments did not significantly impact carbohydrate flux. The greatest capacity for starch storage was in below ground tissue, accounting for as much as 400 kg C/ha per year, and more than 65% of the total stored starch C pool. The absolute amount of C stored as starch was significantly increased with increased nutrient availability, however, its relative contribution to the total annual C budget was not changed. DA - 2002/4/15/ PY - 2002/4/15/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00439-X VL - 159 IS - 3 SP - 261-270 SN - 0378-1127 KW - nutrient and water availability KW - carbohydrate storage KW - loblolly pine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Studying the functional genomics of stress responses in loblolly pine with the Expresso microarray experiment management system AU - Heath, L. S. AU - Ramakrishnan, N. AU - Sederoff, R. R. AU - Whetten, R. W. AU - Chevone, B. I. AU - Struble, C. A. AU - Jouenne, V. Y. AU - Chen, D. W. AU - Van Zyl, L. AU - Grene, R. AU - al., T2 - COMPARATIVE AND FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS AB - Conception, design, and implementation of cDNA microarray experiments present a variety of bioinformatics challenges for biologists and computational scientists. The multiple stages of data acquisition and analysis have motivated the design of Expresso, a system for microarray experiment management. Salient aspects of Expresso include support for clone replication and randomized placement; automatic gridding, extraction of expression data from each spot, and quality monitoring; flexible methods of combining data from individual spots into information about clones and functional categories; and the use of inductive logic programming for higher-level data analysis and mining. The development of Expresso is occurring in parallel with several generations of microarray experiments aimed at elucidating genomic responses to drought stress in loblolly pine seedlings. The current experimental design incorporates 384 pine cDNAs replicated and randomly placed in two specific microarray layouts. We describe the design of Expresso as well as results of analysis with Expresso that suggest the importance of molecular chaperones and membrane transport proteins in mechanisms conferring successful adaptation to long-term drought stress. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1002/cfg.169 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 226-243 SN - 1532-6268 KW - microarrays KW - data mining KW - experiment management systems KW - inductive logic programming KW - reactive oxygen species KW - drought stress KW - Pinus taeda KW - microarray design ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrient recovery from swine lagoon water by Spirodela punctata AU - Cheng, JY AU - Bergmann, BA AU - Classen, JJ AU - Stomp, AM AU - Howard, JW T2 - BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AB - Spirodela punctata 7776, the best duckweed strain in total protein production selected from in vitro screening experiments with synthetic swine lagoon water medium was examined for N and P recovery. It has shown a capability to grow in and to remove N and P from synthetic swine lagoon water with high N (240 mg NH4 N/l) and P (31.0 mg PO4 P/l) levels. A lag period of approximately 96 h was observed before the duckweed started to grow. During the lag period, utilization of N and P by the duckweed was very slow. The rates of N and P uptake, and duckweed growth increased with the increase of the initial N and P concentrations in the medium. The highest rates of N and P uptakes, and duckweed growth observed in this study were 0.955. 0.129 mg/l-h, and 1.33 g/m2-h (or 31.92 g/m2-day), respectively. The N:P ratio in swine lagoon water is adequate for growing the duckweed. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00098-0 VL - 81 IS - 1 SP - 81-85 SN - 0960-8524 KW - duckweed KW - Lemnaceae KW - nitrogen KW - nutrient recovery KW - phosphorus KW - Spirodela punctata KW - swine lagoon water KW - wastewater ER - TY - JOUR TI - Below-ground carbon in put to soil is control led by nutrient availability and fine root dynamics in loblolly pine AU - King, JS AU - Albaugh, TJ AU - Allen, HL AU - Buford, M AU - Strain, BR AU - Dougherty, P T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - • Availability of growth limiting resources may alter root dynamics in forest ecosystems, possibly affecting the land–atmosphere exchange of carbon. This was evaluated for a commercially important southern timber species by installing a factorial experiment of fertilization and irrigation treatments in an 8-yr-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation. • After 3 yr of growth, production and turnover of fine, coarse and mycorrhizal root length was observed using minirhizotrons, and compared with stem growth and foliage development. • Fertilization increased net production of fine roots and mycorrhizal roots, but did not affect coarse roots. Fine roots had average lifespans of 166 d, coarse roots 294 d and mycorrhizal roots 507 d. Foliage growth rate peaked in late spring and declined over the remainder of the growing season, whereas fine roots experienced multiple growth flushes in the spring, summer and fall. • We conclude that increased nutrient availability might increase carbon input to soils through enhanced fine root turnover. However, this will depend on the extent to which mycorrhizal root formation is affected, as these mycorrhizal roots have much longer average lifespans than fine and coarse roots. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00393.x VL - 154 IS - 2 SP - 389-398 SN - 0028-646X KW - seasonal phenology KW - fine root turnover KW - minirhizotron KW - nutrient availability KW - water availability KW - loblolly pine KW - root dynamics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest management decisions of North Carolina landowners relative to the red-cockaded woodpecker AU - Drake, D. AU - Jones, E. J. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 121-130 ER - TY - BOOK TI - North American trees AU - Preston, R. J. AU - Braham, R. R. CN - QK110 .P74 2002 DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press SN - 0813815266 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape effects on breeding songbird abundance in managed forests. AU - Lichstein, J. W. AU - Simons, T. R. AU - Franzreb, K. E. T2 - Ecological Applications AB - We examined the relationship between songbird relative abundance and local and landscape-scale habitat variables in two predominately mid- to late-successional managed National Forests in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. We used partial-regression analysis to remove correlations between habitat variables measured at different spatial scales (local habitat and square landscape regions with sides of 0.5, 1, and 2 km) and between landscape composition (proportion of different land cover types) and pattern (spatial arrangement of land cover) variables. To account for spatial autocorrelation, we used autoregressive models that incorporated information on bird abundance in the spatial neighborhood surrounding each sample point. Most species, especially Neotropical migrants, were significantly correlated with at least one landscape variable. These correlations included both composition and pattern variables at 0.5–2 km scales. However, landscape effects explained only a small amount of the variation in bird abundance that could not be explained by local habitat. Our results are consistent with other studies of songbird abundance in large managed forests that have found weak or moderate landscape effects. These studies suggest that songbird abundance in forested landscapes will primarily reflect the quantity of different habitats in the landscape rather than the spatial arrangement of those habitats. Although some studies have suggested consolidating clearcuts in large managed forests to reduce edge and landscape heterogeneity, much of the current evidence does not support this management recommendation. An important future challenge in avian conservation is to better understand how the importance of landscape effects varies in relation to (1) the amount of suitable habitat in the landscape, and (2) land use patterns at broader spatial scales. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0836:leobsa]2.0.co;2 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 836-857 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrient removal from swine lagoon liquid by Lemna minor 8627 AU - Cheng, J. AU - Landesman, L. AU - Bergmann, Ben AU - Classen, J. J. AU - Howard, J. W. AU - Yamamoto, Y. T. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from swine lagoon liquid by growing Lemna minor 8627, a promising duckweedidentified in previous studies, was investigated under in vitro and field conditions. The rates of nitrogen and phosphorusuptake by the duckweed growing in the in vitro system were as high as 3.36 g m2 day1 and 0.20 g m2 day1, respectively.The highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates in the field duckweed system were 2.11 g m2 day1 and 0.59 g m2 day1,respectively. The highest observed duckweed growth rate was close to 29 g m2 day1 in both conditions.

Wastewater concentrations and seasonal climate conditions had direct impacts on the duckweed growth and nutrientremoval in outdoor tanks. The rate of duckweed production in diluted swine lagoon liquid increased as the dilution rateincreased. Duckweed assimilation was the dominant mechanism for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from the swine lagoonliquid when the nutrient concentration in the wastewater was low, but became less important as nutrient concentrationincreased. Reasonably high light intensity and a longer period of warm temperature could result in a higher growth rate forthe duckweed. Preacclimation of the duckweed with swine lagoon liquid could accelerate the startup of a duckweed systemto remove nutrients from the wastewater by preventing the lag phase of duckweed growth. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.13031/2013.9953 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 1003–1010 ER - TY - JOUR TI - From rags to riches AU - Chiang, VL T2 - NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1038/nbt0602-557 VL - 20 IS - 6 SP - 557-558 SN - 1087-0156 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forestry and natural resources desktop reference library AU - Bardon, R. E. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 100 IS - 8 SP - 4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Southern timber market to 2040 AU - Prestemon, J. P. AU - Abt, R. C. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 100 IS - 7 SP - 16-22 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Response: The urbanization of North Carolina AU - Bardon, R. E. AU - Moorman, C. E. AU - Hamilton, R. A. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 57-58 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Planning open spaces for wildlife I. Selecting focal species using a Delphi survey approach AU - Hess, GR AU - King, TJ T2 - LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING AB - In a world being transformed by human population growth, conservation biology has emerged as one discipline focused on preventing, mitigating, and reversing the loss of species, ecosystems, and landscapes. Because of the need to act quickly with incomplete information, conservation biologists have developed shortcuts that rely on identifying key species to be focused on during planning efforts. We describe a process that can be used to select those species, using a suburbanizing region in the United States as an example. The Triangle region of North Carolina, USA—Raleigh–Durham–Chapel Hill and surroundings—is undergoing rapid suburbanization, resulting in land-use changes that will alter wildlife communities and might result in the loss of some species. We are developing a wildlife conservation plan for the region based on a combination of landscape and focal species approaches. The objective of the research described in this paper was to identify focal species to be used for conservation planning in the region; our effort focused on amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles. In theory, habitat conserved by planning for a few carefully chosen focal species is expected to encompass habitat for many other species with similar requirements. To identify focal species, we used a three-part Delphi survey, administered to a panel of experts. The panel identified six landscape types and nine associated focal species: extensive undisturbed habitat (bobcat, eastern box turtle); riparian and bottomland forest (barred owl, beaver); upland forest (ovenbird, broad-winged hawk); mature forest (pileated woodpecker); pastures and grassy fields (loggerhead shrike); and open and early successional forest (northern bobwhite). The panelists generally agreed that a combined landscape—focal species approach was reasonable, but noted a number of problems to be expected during the planning phase. The most critical of these problems are that the approach has not been well tested, required data are often unavailable, and implementation will be difficult in the face of extreme economic pressures to develop land. Administering the Delphi survey was more labor-intensive, and took longer, than we anticipated; it might have been more effective had it been completed more quickly. Nevertheless, we believe this process can be applied to a broad range of conservation problems, which are often characterized by a high degree of uncertainty and the need to act quickly. DA - 2002/1/31/ PY - 2002/1/31/ DO - 10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00230-4 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 25-40 SN - 0169-2046 KW - open space planning KW - green space planning KW - umbrella species KW - focal species KW - keystone species KW - wildlife conservation KW - wildlife habitat KW - suburban development KW - Delphi survey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelling the limits on the response of net carbon exchange to fertilization in a south-eastern pine forest AU - Lai, CT AU - Katul, G AU - Butnor, J AU - Siqueira, M AU - Ellsworth, D AU - Maier, C AU - Johnsen, K AU - Mckeand, S AU - Oren, R T2 - PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT AB - Abstract Using a combination of model simulations and detailed measurements at a hierarchy of scales conducted at a sandhills forest site, the effect of fertilization on net ecosystem exchange ( NEE ) and its components in 6‐year‐old Pinus taeda stands was quantified. The detailed measurements, collected over a 20‐d period in September and October, included gas exchange and eddy covariance fluxes, sampled for a 10‐d period each at the fertilized stand and at the control stand. Respiration from the forest floor and above‐ground biomass was measured using chambers during the experiment. Fertilization doubled leaf area index (LAI) and increased leaf carboxylation capacity by 20%. However, this increase in total LAI translated into an increase of only 25% in modelled sunlit LAI and in canopy photosynthesis. It is shown that the same climatic and environmental conditions that enhance photosynthesis in the September and October periods also cause an increase in respiration The increases in respiration counterbalanced photosynthesis and resulted in negligible NEE differences between fertilized and control stands. The fact that total biomass of the fertilized stand exceeded 2·5 times that of the control, suggests that the counteracting effects cannot persist throughout the year. In fact, modelled annual carbon balance showed that gross primary productivity ( GPP ) increased by about 50% and that the largest enhancement in NEE occurred in the spring and autumn, during which cooler temperatures reduced respiration more than photosynthesis. The modelled difference in annual NEE between fertilized and control stands (approximately 200 1;g 2;C 3;m −2 y −1 ) suggest that the effect of fertilization was sufficiently large to transform the stand from a net terrestrial carbon source to a net sink. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00896.x VL - 25 IS - 9 SP - 1095-1119 SN - 1365-3040 KW - biosphere-atmosphere exchange KW - canopy carbon uptake KW - fertilization KW - net ecosystem exchange KW - turbulence modelling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is meta-analysis a Noah's ark for non-market valuation? AU - Smith, V. K. AU - Pattanayak, S. K. T2 - Environmental and Resource Economics DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 22 IS - 1-2 SP - 271-296 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grafting Fraser fir onto rootstocks of selected Abies species AU - Hinesley, E. AU - Frampton, J. T2 - HortScience DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 815-818 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Annual shoot growth components related to growth of Pinus brutia AU - Isik, F AU - Isik, K AU - Yildirim, T AU - Li, BL T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Shoot elongation patterns of Pinus brutia Ten. were studied in six natural populations and 10 open-pollinated families within each population. The data were collected from a provenance-progeny trial that was thinned at Ages 13 and 17 years. Annual height increment was partitioned into first flush (spring shoot) and subsequent flushes (summer shoots) and the contribution of each to annual height increment was measured from Ages 7 to 17. Spring shoot elongation patterns were similar in all populations and families for 9 out of 10 years. In contrast, at all ages, populations differed significantly in total summer shoot growth and number of summer flushes. Families within populations differed in number of summer flushes in 7 out of 10 years. Summer shoot growth was the major cause of the differences in annual height growth among the six populations. Significant and high correlations were observed between summer shoot growth at Ages 7 to 12 and height at Age 13. A population from near the middle of the species' altitudinal range had more summer flushes than populations from higher or lower elevations, indicating an opportunistic growth pattern. Compared with mid-elevation populations, low- and high-elevation populations had more conservative growth patterns that depended mainly on growth of spring shoots. We conclude that summer shoot growth can serve as an explanatory variable to predict height growth of populations. Differences in shoot elongation patterns among Pinus brutia populations may be useful for selecting seed sources and for gene conservation programs. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1093/treephys/22.1.51 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 51-58 SN - 0829-318X KW - adaptation KW - first flush KW - growth cycles KW - shoot elongation ER -