TY - RPRT TI - Small-medium business opportunities on seed production, collection and trade for the tree plantation programs in Eastern Mindanao AU - Abarquez, A. AU - Tolentino, E. AU - Deia Cruz, V. AU - Aguilos, M. A3 - CSIRO DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M3 - Brochure PB - CSIRO ER - TY - CHAP TI - Animal Damage Control AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - 2009 Agricultural Chemicals Manual A2 - Crozier, C.R. A2 - Bacheler, J. A2 - Buhler, W.G. A2 - DePerno, C. A2 - Gosper, J.M. A2 - Shew, B. A2 - Richardson, R. A2 - Roberson, G. A2 - Sidebottom, J. A2 - Harper, J. A2 - Melton, T. A2 - Burnette, J. PY - 2008/// SP - 557-568 PB - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forestry and natural resource management in Turkey AU - Isik, F. AU - Bullock, B. T2 - Sylvanet DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 21 SP - 9–10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inferential model estimates of ammonia dry deposition in the vicinity of a swine production facility AU - Walker, J. AU - Spence, P. AU - Kimbrough, S. AU - Robarge, W. T2 - Atmospheric Environment AB - This project investigates NH3 dry deposition around a commercial swine production facility in eastern North Carolina. Passive diffusion-tube samplers were used to measure weekly integrated NH3 concentrations at 22 locations along horizontal gradients from the barn/lagoon emissions complex (source) out to a distance of 700 m. A two-layer canopy compensation point model was used to predict bi-directional NH3 exchange within a 500 m circular buffer surrounding the source. The model takes into account differences in soil and vegetation emission potential, as well as canopy physical characteristics, among three primary surfaces surrounding the site: forest, crops spray fertilized with swine waste, and other fertilized crops. Between June 2003 and July 2005, mean observed NH3 concentrations ranged from 169.0 μg NH3 m−3 at a distance of 10 m from the source to 7.1 and 13.0 μg NH3 m−3 at 612 and 698 m in the predominant upwind and downwind directions, respectively. Median predicted dry deposition rates ranged from 145 kg NH3–N ha−1 yr−1 at 10 m from the source to 16 kg NH3–N ha−1 yr−1 at 500 m, which is ≈3.5× wet deposition of NH4+–N. Assuming a steady-state emission factor of 7.0 kg NH3 animal−1 yr−1 and a median population of 4900 animals, NH3 dry deposition over the nearest 500 m from the barn/lagoon complex accounted for 10.4% (3567 kg NH3) of annual emissions (34,300 kg NH3). A model sensitivity analysis shows that predicted deposition rates are more sensitive to assumptions regarding cuticular uptake relative to soil and vegetation emission potentials. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.004 VL - 42 IS - 14 SP - 3407-3418 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-41449099938&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - ammonia KW - bi-directional flux KW - compensation point KW - dry deposition KW - resistance model ER - TY - SOUND TI - Is this Climate Change Story True? AU - Cooper, C.B. DA - 2008/11/12/ PY - 2008/11/12/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Media Bytes: Is this Climate Change Story True? AU - Cooper, C.B. DA - 2008/4/17/ PY - 2008/4/17/ ER - TY - NEWS TI - Looking for the perfect fixer-upper: Chickadees prefer nest tubes filled with wood shavings more than boxes T2 - Birdscope C2 - summer PY - 2008/6// PB - Cornell Lab of Ornithology ER - TY - CONF TI - Harvesting Small Diameter Woody Biomass AU - Roise, J.P. AU - Hannum, L. T2 - Society of American Foresters 2008 National Convention C2 - 2008/11/5/ CY - Reno-Tahoe, NV DA - 2008/11/5/ PY - 2008/11/5/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Machine System for harvesting small-diameter woody biomass AU - Roise, J.P. AU - Hannum, L. T2 - Council on Forest Engineering Annual Meeting C2 - 2008/6/22/ CY - Charleston, SC DA - 2008/6/22/ PY - 2008/6/22/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Can small diameter woody biomass be harvested at a profit? Answer: Yes, but we are not there yet AU - Roise, J.P. AU - Catts, G. AU - Hannum, L. T2 - Small Wood Utilization Conference C2 - 2008/5/13/ CY - Madison, WI DA - 2008/5/13/ PY - 2008/5/13/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Converting forest understory biomass, which is currently a public safety hazard into a valuable renewable energy resource AU - Roise, J.P. T2 - INFORMS National Meeting C2 - 2008/10/13/ CY - Washington D.C. DA - 2008/10/13/ PY - 2008/10/13/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Converting forest understory biomass into a valuable renewable energy resource AU - Roise, J.P. AU - Catts, G. T2 - INFORMS National Meeting C2 - 2008/10/13/ CY - Washington D.C. DA - 2008/10/13/ PY - 2008/10/13/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Machine Trials for Harvesting Small Diameter Woody Biomass AU - Roise, J.P. AU - Hannun, L. T2 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) meeting C2 - 2008/2// CY - Frankfort, KY DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Artificial nest site preferences of Black-capped Chickadees AU - Cooper, Caren AU - Bonter, David T2 - Journal of Field Ornithology AB - ABSTRACT To facilitate study of the breeding biology of parids, Grubb and Bronson (1995; Condor 97: 1067–1070) designed artificial “snags” made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes. Because the cost of artificial snags is greater than that of traditional wooden boxes, we examined alternatives to PVC snags for attracting chickadees to artificial nesting sites. From 2005 to 2007, we compared the use of PVC snags and wooden nest boxes by Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) in Sapsucker Woods Sanctuary in Ithaca, New York. We also quantified the use of cavities with and without wood shavings. The probability of chickadee excavation was greater (60–70% per yr) in filled snags (with wood shavings) than in filled boxes (40–50%; logistic mixed model, P= 0.01), and chickadees initiated more nests in filled snags (25–30%) than filled boxes (15%; P= 0.03). Chickadees also initiated significantly more nests (P= 0.03) in filled than unfilled boxes. Although wooden boxes filled with wood shavings were used more often by Black-capped Chickadees than unfilled wooden boxes, artificial snags filled with wood shavings were used most, were no more likely than boxes to be usurped by House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon), and were less likely than boxes to be occupied by mice. Thus, artificial snags may be the better option for investigators studying the breeding biology of chickadees. Para facilitar estudios sobre la biología reproductiva de los paridos, Grubb and Bronson (1995; Condor 97: 1067–1070) diseñaron “tocones” artificiales hechos de tubos de policloruro de vinilo (PVC). Debido a que el costo de los tocones artificiales es mayor que el de las cajas de madera tradicionales, examinamos las alternativas a los tocones de PVC para atraer a Poecile atricapillus a lugares artificiales de anidación. Entre el 2005 y el 2007, comparamos el uso de tocones de PVC y cajas de madera por P. atricapillus en el santuario de Sapsucker Woods en Ithaca, Nueva York. También cuantificamos el uso de cavidades con y sin aserrín de madera. La probabilidad de excavación por P. atricapillus fue mayor (60–70% por año) en tocones con aserrín que en cajas con aserrín (40–50%; modelo logístico mixto, P= 0.01), y los individuos comenzaron mas nidos en tocones con aserrín (25–30%) que en cajas con aserrín (15%; P= 0.03). P. atricapillus comenzó significativamente mas nidos (P= 0.03) en cajas con aserrín que en cajas sin aserrín. Aunque las cajas de madera con aserrín en su interior fueron usadas mas frecuentemente por P. atricapillus que cajas de madera vacías, los tocones artificiales con aserrín en su interior fueron mayormente usadas y no tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de ser usurpadas por Troglodytes aedon y también tuvieron una probabilidad mas baja de ser ocupadas por ratones que las cajas. Así, los tocones artificiales pueden ser una mejor opción para investigadores quienes estudian la biología reproductiva de P. atricapillus. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2008.00162.x VL - 79 IS - 2 SP - 193-197 J2 - J Field Ornithology LA - en OP - SN - 0273-8570 1557-9263 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2008.00162.x DB - Crossref KW - artificial snag KW - Black-capped Chickadee KW - cavity excavation KW - field experiment KW - nest box ER - TY - JOUR TI - CAN WE IMPROVE ESTIMATES OF JUVENILE DISPERSAL DISTANCE AND SURVIVAL AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Daniels, Susan J. AU - Walters, Jeffrey R. T2 - Ecology AB - Estimates of distributions of natal dispersal distances and juvenile recruitment rates in open populations are strongly influenced by the extent and shape of the areas sampled. Techniques to improve biased dispersal and survival estimates include area-ratio methods based on weighting observations by sampling effort, the extent and shape of the area sampled, and the amount and distribution of preferred habitat surrounding the area sampled. We partitioned territories within the boundaries of a large, almost geographically closed, population of individually marked Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) and estimated dispersal and survival parameters from hypothetical smaller study areas (sampling areas) of varying sizes and shapes in order to examine whether an area-ratio method provides accurate or improved estimates of juvenile dispersal distance and survival. Non-aggregated sampling areas resulted in the detection of fewer dispersal events, but because of their large spatial extent, produced unbiased dispersal estimates. The use of aggregated sampling areas (circular or linear) resulted in the detection of higher numbers of dispersal events, but produced biased dispersal estimates that were generally improved by the area-ratio method. Area-ratio corrections usually provided better estimates of median dispersal distance than uncorrected estimates. Survival to breeding was usually underestimated and often not improved by the area-ratio method, regardless of extent and shape of the sampling area. Estimates of juvenile survival to breeding were improved by assuming that rates of emigration were equivalent to immigration, and correcting survival estimates accordingly. Small, local studies should use an area-ratio method to improve their estimates of median dispersal distance. Because the correction method estimates relative, but not absolute, numbers of individuals dispersing across distance categories, the area-ratio method should not be used for estimating survival. Non-aggregated sampling areas may be an effective design to increase spatial extent (and thus decrease bias) without proportionately increasing the amount of habitat sampled. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1890/08-0315.1 VL - 89 IS - 12 SP - 3349-3361 J2 - Ecology LA - en OP - SN - 0012-9658 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-0315.1 DB - Crossref KW - area-ratio correction KW - band-resight KW - Picoides borealis KW - Red-cockaded Woodpecker KW - study area design ER - TY - JOUR TI - Science Explicitly for Nonscientists AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Dickinson, Janis L. AU - Phillips, Tina AU - Bonney, Rick T2 - Ecology and Society DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.5751/es-02602-1302r01 VL - 13 IS - 2 J2 - E&S LA - en OP - SN - 1708-3087 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/es-02602-1302r01 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Design for a region-wide adaptive search for the ivorybilled woodpecker with the objective of estimating occupancy and related parameters AU - Cooper, R.J. AU - Mordecai, Rua S. AU - Mattsson, B.G. AU - Conroy, M.J. AU - Pacifici, K. AU - Peterson, J.T. AU - Moore, C.T. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Tundra to Tropics: Connecting Birds, Habitats and People: 4th International Partners in Flight Conference, 13-16 February 2008, McAllen, Texas: Abstracts DA - 2008/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - An Adaptive Sample Survey Design for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker AU - Moore, Clinton T. AU - Mattsson, Brady J. AU - Mordecai, Rua S. AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Conroy, Michael J. AU - Peterson, James T. AU - Cooper, Robert J. DA - 2008/3/31/ PY - 2008/3/31/ M1 - 1434-02HQRU1551 M3 - Cooperative Agreement SN - 1434-02HQRU1551 UR - http://usgs-cru-individual-data.s3.amazonaws.com/cmoore/tech_publications/Conroy%20et%20al%20(2008)%20IBWO%20Final%20Report-1.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring and evaluation of cyanobacteria in Lake Champlain: Summer 2007 AU - Watzin, M.C. AU - Fuller, S. AU - May, C. AU - Bronson, L. AU - Rogalus, M. AU - Linder, M. A3 - Lake Champlain Basin Program DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M1 - 56 M3 - Technical Report PB - Lake Champlain Basin Program SN - 56 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Trends and Research on Race, Ethnicity, and Leisure: Implications for Management AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Nicholas, L. T2 - Diversity and the recreation profession : organizational perspectives A2 - Allison, M. A2 - Schneider, I. PY - 2008/// ET - Rev. SP - 109–210 PB - Venture Publishing SN - 9781892132802 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Significant fish predation on zebra musselsDreissena polymorphain Lake Champlain, U.S.A. AU - Watzin, M. C. AU - Joppe-Mercure, K. AU - Rowder, J. AU - Lancaster, B. AU - Bronson, L. T2 - Journal of Fish Biology AB - The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine which fishes were consistently eating zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha in Lake Champlain and document their feeding behaviour and (2) quantify the diet composition of the fish predators that were found to consume zebra mussels. From 2002 to 2005, freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens , pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus , yellow perch Perca flavescens and rock bass Ambloplites rupestris all consumed zebra mussels at varying frequencies and amounts. Aplodinotus grunniens and L. gibbosus chewed clumps of zebra mussels, expelling shells, whereas P. flavescens and A. rupestris swallowed small individuals whole. Lepomis gibbosus consumed zebra mussels at the highest frequency (65–89% of prey consumed) and zebra mussels comprised a large part of this fish’s diet (up to 40% by dry mass). Zebra mussels were also an important component of the diet of A. grunniens (up to 59% of the diet by dry mass, 40–63% frequency of consumption). The percentage of the diet comprising zebra mussels in P. flavescens and A. rupestris varied significantly from year to year but never exceeded 10%. Because A. grunniens and L. gibbosus crushed zebra mussels, the nutritional return from consuming zebra mussels would be similar to other prey; for P. flavescens and A. rupestris zebra mussels were only partially digested and the nutritional return would probably be low. As predation on zebra mussels is widespread and significant, it is possible that fish predators could contribute to regulating the population of zebra mussels in Lake Champlain. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02033.x VL - 73 IS - 7 SP - 1585-1599 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-1112 1095-8649 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02033.x DB - Crossref KW - diet composition KW - freshwater drum KW - non-native species KW - pumpkinseed ER - TY - MGZN TI - Limiting Canada goose use of turfgrass areas AU - Ayers, C.R. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Stoskopf, S.K. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - Yelverton, F.H. T2 - North Carolina Turfgrass DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// SP - 32–36 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Brain abscess in white-tailed deer AU - Karns, G. AU - Lancia, R.A. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Conner, M.C. T2 - RealTree.com DA - 2008/7/21/ PY - 2008/7/21/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does with antlers? AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. T2 - RealTree.com DA - 2008/10/7/ PY - 2008/10/7/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - All about antler development AU - Chitwood, M.C. AU - Karns, G. AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - RealTree.com DA - 2008/12/18/ PY - 2008/12/18/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sources of measurement error, misclassification error, and bias in auditory avian point count data AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Pollock, K.H. AU - Wettroth, J.M. AU - Alldredge, M.W. AU - Pacifici, K. AU - Brewster, J. T2 - The All-Bird Bulletin DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// SP - 2–3 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Ecology at Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Waldstein, A. AU - O'Connell, A. A3 - National Park Service DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M3 - 2007 Annual Report PB - National Park Service ER - TY - RPRT TI - Effects of Atmospheric Pollution on High Elevation Fauna in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Hylton, R. A3 - National Park Service and the U.S. Geological Survey DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M3 - 2007 Annual Report PB - National Park Service and the U.S. Geological Survey ER - TY - RPRT TI - Fall shorebird migration and ORV disturbance at Cape Lookout National Seashore AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Tarr, N. A3 - National Park Service DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M3 - Annual report PB - National Park Service ER - TY - RPRT TI - American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) research and monitoring in North Carolina AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Schulte, S. A3 - National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Audubon Society DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M3 - Annual report PB - National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Audubon Society ER - TY - CHAP TI - Remote cameras AU - Kays, Roland W. AU - Slauson, Keith M. T2 - Noninvasive Survey Methods for Carnivores A2 - Long, R.A. A2 - MacKay, P. A2 - Ray, J.C. A2 - Zielinski, W.J. PY - 2008/// SP - 110–140 PB - Island Press ER - TY - CHAP TI - Remote Cameras as a Tool for Broadscale Wildlife Surveys AU - Kays, Roland T2 - Proceedings of the 2007 Animal-Borne Imaging Symposium A2 - Marshall, G. PY - 2008/// SP - 179–182 PB - National Geographic Society ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predispersal home range shift of an ocelot Leopardus pardalis (Carnivora: Felidae) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama AU - Mares, Rafael AU - Moreno, Ricardo S. AU - Kays, Roland W. AU - Wikelski, Martin T2 - Revista de Biología Tropical AB - Home range shifts prior to natal dispersal have been rarely documented, yet the events that lead a subadult to abandon a portion of its home range and venture into unfamiliar territories, before eventually setting off to look for a site to reproduce, are probably related to the causes of dispersal itself. Here, we used a combination of manual radio-tracking and an Automated Radio Telemetry System to continuously study the movements of a subadult male ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), a solitary carnivore with sex-biased dispersal, on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, for 18 months from May 2003 through October 2004. The subadult ocelot's parents were also radio-tracked to record possible parent-offspring interactions within their home ranges. At the age of ca. 21 months the subadult gradually began to shift its natal home range, establishing a new one used until the end of the study, in an area that had previously been used by another dispersing subadult male. Only three parent-offspring interactions were recorded during the four months around the time the range-shift occurred. The apparent peaceful nature of these encounters, along with the slow transition out of a portion of his natal home range, suggest the subadult was not evicted from his natal area by his parents. The timing of the shift, along with the subadult's increase in weight into the weight range of adult ocelots four months after establishing the new territory, suggests that predispersal home range shifts could act as a low risk and opportunistic strategy for reaching adult size, while minimizing competition with parents and siblings, in preparation for an eventual dispersal into a new breeding territory. DA - 2008/6/5/ PY - 2008/6/5/ DO - 10.15517/rbt.v56i2.5623 VL - 56 IS - 2 SN - 2215-2075 0034-7744 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v56i2.5623 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ocelot Awareness among Latinos on the Texas and Tamaulipas Border AU - Nils Peterson, M. AU - Sternberg, Mitch AU - Lopez, Angelica AU - Liu, Jianguo T2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife AB - Knowledge about wildlife represents a critical component of conservation. Although several variables (e.g., gender, education, length of residency) predict components of wildlife knowledge, previous research on the topic has rarely included multivariate analysis and has not focused on Latinos, the largest ethnic minority in the United States. We addressed this gap with a survey assessing the ability of residents on the Texas–Tamaulipas border to identify an ocelot. Few residents (13%, n = 402) could identify an ocelot. Males, those with higher education and income levels, longer-term residents, and residents owning rural and agricultural properties were most likely to identify ocelots correctly. These results suggest wildlife education and extension activities in borderland communities should target females, new residents, and residential property owners. Future research should address the extent these findings apply for Latino populations outside borderland contexts. DA - 2008/10/3/ PY - 2008/10/3/ DO - 10.1080/10871200802227414 VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 339-347 J2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife LA - en OP - SN - 1087-1209 1533-158X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871200802227414 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Retrieving LAI from Remotely Sensed Images: Spectral Indices vs Spatial Texture AU - Song, C. AU - Gray, J.M. AU - Zhang, S. C2 - 2008/// C3 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2008/// SP - B33D-03 PB - American Geophysical Union ER - TY - JOUR TI - A rainbow out of place AU - Hutchens, S.J. AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - Wildlife in North Carolina DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 72 IS - 10 SP - 31 ER - TY - RPRT TI - You can help waterfowl... AU - Rutledge, L. AU - DePerno, C. AU - Moorman, C. AU - Ayers, C. A3 - North Carolina State University, Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences Program DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M3 - Informational Brochure PB - North Carolina State University, Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences Program ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Coasian Approach to Efficient Water Allocation of a Transboundary River AU - Willis, David B. AU - Baker, Justin S. T2 - Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics AB - The United States and Mexico recently resolved a decade-old water dispute that required Mexico to repay the accumulated water debt within one year. A Coasian analysis estimates the social welfare gains attainable to each country under an alternative debt repayment scheme that allows repayment over a longer time horizon and in a combination of dollars and water, instead of solely in water. Assuming average water supply conditions, under the agreed 1-year repayment contract, U.S. compensation value is 534% greater and Mexico's compensation cost is 60% less relative to when compensation is paid exclusively in water. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1017/s1074070800023762 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 473-484 J2 - J. Agric. Appl. Econ. LA - en OP - SN - 1074-0708 2056-7405 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800023762 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Impact of the PSA Program on Land Use AU - Sills, E. AU - Arriagada, R. AU - Ferraro, P. AU - Pattanayak, S. AU - Carrasco, L. AU - Ortiz, E. AU - Cordero, S. AU - Caldwell, K. AU - Andam, K. T2 - Ecomarkets: Costa Rica’s Experience with Payments for Environmental Services A2 - Pagiola, S. PY - 2008/// PB - World Bank UR - https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17893 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sleeping outside the box: electroencephalographic measures of sleep in sloths inhabiting a rainforest AU - Rattenborg, Niels C AU - Voirin, Bryson AU - Vyssotski, Alexei L AU - Kays, Roland W AU - Spoelstra, Kamiel AU - Kuemmeth, Franz AU - Heidrich, Wolfgang AU - Wikelski, Martin T2 - Biology Letters AB - The functions of sleep remain an unresolved question in biology. One approach to revealing sleep's purpose is to identify traits that explain why some species sleep more than others. Recent comparative studies of sleep have identified relationships between various physiological, neuroanatomical and ecological traits, and the time mammals spend in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. However, owing to technological constraints, these studies were based exclusively on animals in captivity. Consequently, it is unclear to what extent the unnatural laboratory environment affected time spent sleeping, and thereby the identification and interpretation of informative clues to the functions of sleep. We performed the first electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings of sleep on unrestricted animals in the wild using a recently developed miniaturized EEG recorder, and found that brown-throated three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus) inhabiting the canopy of a tropical rainforest only sleep 9.63 h d(-1), over 6 h less than previously reported in captivity. Although the influence of factors such as the age of the animals studied cannot be ruled out, our results suggest that sleep in the wild may be markedly different from that in captivity. Additional studies of various species are thus needed to determine whether the relationships between sleep duration and various traits identified in captivity are fundamentally different in the wild. Our initial study of sloths demonstrates the feasibility of this endeavour, and thereby opens the door to comparative studies of sleep occurring within the ecological context within which it evolved. DA - 2008/5/15/ PY - 2008/5/15/ DO - 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0203 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 402-405 J2 - Biol. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 1744-9561 1744-957X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0203 DB - Crossref KW - non-rapid eye movement sleep KW - rapid eye movement sleep KW - sloth KW - electroencephalogram KW - captivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interaction location outweighs the competitive advantage of numerical superiority in Cebus capucinus intergroup contests AU - Crofoot, M. C. AU - Gilby, I. C. AU - Wikelski, M. C. AU - Kays, R. W. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Numerical superiority confers a competitive advantage during contests among animal groups, shaping patterns of resource access, and, by extension, fitness. However, relative group size does not always determine the winner of intergroup contests. Smaller, presumably weaker social groups often defeat their larger neighbors, but how and when they are able to do so remains poorly understood. Models of competition between individuals suggest that location may influence contest outcome. However, because of the logistical difficulties of studying intergroup interactions, previous studies have been unable to determine how contest location and group size interact to shape relationships among groups. We address this question by using an automated radio telemetry system to study intergroup interactions among six capuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus) social groups of varying sizes. We find that the odds of winning increase with relative group size; one additional group member increases the odds of winning an interaction by 10%. However, this effect is not uniform across space; with each 100 m that a group moves away from the center of its home range, its odds of winning an interaction decrease by 31%. We demonstrate that contest outcome depends on an interaction between group size and location, such that small groups can defeat much larger groups near the center of their home range. The tendency of resident groups to win contests may help explain how small groups persist in areas with intense intergroup competition. DA - 2008/1/9/ PY - 2008/1/9/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0707749105 VL - 105 IS - 2 SP - 577-581 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707749105 DB - Crossref KW - between-group competition KW - intergroup dominance KW - payoff asymmetries KW - resource holding potential ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ocelots on Barro Colorado Island Are Infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus but Not Other Common Feline and Canine Viruses AU - Franklin, Samuel P. AU - Kays, Roland W. AU - Moreno, Ricardo AU - TerWee, Julie A. AU - Troyer, Jennifer L. AU - VandeWoude, Sue T2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases AB - Transmission of pathogens from domestic animals to wildlife populations (spill-over) has precipitated local wildlife extinctions in multiple geographic locations. Identifying such events before they cause population declines requires differentiating spillover from endemic disease, a challenge complicated by a lack of baseline data from wildlife populations that are isolated from domestic animals. We tested sera collected from 12 ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) native to Barro Colorado Island, Panama, which is free of domestic animals, for antibodies to feline herpes virus, feline calicivirus, feline corona virus, feline panleukopenia virus, canine distemper virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), typically a species-specific infection. Samples also were tested for feline leukemia virus antigens. Positive tests results were only observed for FIV; 50% of the ocelots were positive. We hypothesize that isolation of this population has prevented introduction of pathogens typically attributed to contact with domestic animals. The high density of ocelots on Barro Colorado Island may contribute to a high prevalence of FIV infection, as would be expected with increased contact rates among conspecifics in a geographically restricted population. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.760 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 760-765 J2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0090-3558 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.760 DB - Crossref KW - Barro Colorado Island KW - FIV KW - Leopardus KW - ocelot KW - serology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Home-range use by the Central American agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama AU - Aliaga-Rossel, Enzo AU - Kays, Roland W. AU - Fragoso, José M. V. T2 - Journal of Tropical Ecology AB - Abstract This study investigates the movements and home range of the agouti ( Dasyprocta punctata ) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We captured and tracked 12 agoutis from January to December 2003. Home-range size (95% kernel) ranged from 1.56–2.45 ha (n = 6) for males and 1.34–1.97 ha (n = 5) for females. Agouti ranges overlapped and we estimated a density of approximately 100 agoutis km −2 . We compared agouti movement with the locations of refuges and food trees, and the results suggest that the agoutis are central-place foragers. Agoutis moved an average of 850 m d −1 covering approximately 35% of their range daily. These movement data help us understand the potential impacts of agoutis as seed dispersers, predicting that D. punctata will encounter and hoard fallen fruit within 10–200 m (i.e. radius of home range) of its source, and move seeds towards refuges such as ground holes and dense vegetation around recent tree falls. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1017/S0266467408005129 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 367-374 J2 - J. Trop. Ecol. LA - en OP - SN - 0266-4674 1469-7831 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266467408005129 DB - Crossref KW - agouti KW - Dasyprocta punctata KW - habitat use KW - home range KW - mammal density KW - predation risk KW - space use ER - TY - JOUR TI - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY OF EASTERN COYOTES BASED ON LARGE-SCALE ESTIMATES OF ABUNDANCE AU - Kays, Roland W. AU - Gompper, Matthew E. AU - Ray, Justina C. T2 - Ecological Applications AB - Since their range expansion into eastern North America in the mid-1900s, coyotes (Canis latrans) have become the region's top predator. Although widespread across the region, coyote adaptation to eastern forests and use of the broader landscape are not well understood. We studied the distribution and abundance of coyotes by collecting coyote feces from 54 sites across a diversity of landscapes in and around the Adirondacks of northern New York. We then genotyped feces with microsatellites and found a close correlation between the number of detected individuals and the total number of scats at a site. We created habitat models predicting coyote abundance using multi-scale vegetation and landscape data and ranked them with an information-theoretic model selection approach. These models allow us to reject the hypothesis that eastern forests are unsuitable habitat for coyotes as their abundance was positively correlated with forest cover and negatively correlated with measures of rural non-forest landscapes. However, measures of vegetation structure turned out to be better predictors of coyote abundance than generalized "forest vs. open" classification. The best supported models included those measures indicative of disturbed forest, especially more open canopies found in logged forests, and included natural edge habitats along water courses. These forest types are more productive than mature forests and presumably host more prey for coyotes. A second model with only variables that could be mapped across the region highlighted the lower density of coyotes in areas with high human settlement, as well as positive relationships with variables such as snowfall and lakes that may relate to increased numbers and vulnerability of deer. The resulting map predicts coyote density to be highest along the southwestern edge of the Adirondack State Park, including Tug Hill, and lowest in the mature forests and more rural areas of the central and eastern Adirondacks. Together, these results support the need for a nuanced view of how eastern coyotes use forested habitats. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1890/07-0298.1 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 1014-1027 J2 - Ecological Applications LA - en OP - SN - 1051-0761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-0298.1 DB - Crossref KW - abundance KW - Adirondack State Park KW - New York KW - Canis latrans KW - eastern coyote KW - fecal DNA KW - landscape ecology KW - noninvasive survey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relating stream physical habitat condition and concordance of biotic productivity across multiple taxa AU - Sullivan, S. Mažeika P. AU - Watzin, Mary C. T2 - Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences AB - To explore the potential of assessments of stream geomorphic condition and habitat quality in evaluating lotic productivity, we investigated concordance of stream biotic productivity (aquatic macroinvertebrates, crayfish, fish, and belted kingfishers ( Ceryle alcyon )) and their physical habitat correlates in 18 streams in the Champlain Valley, Vermont, USA. Pearson correlation analysis indicated significant concordance between macroinvertebrate density and fish biomass (r = 0.76), between the density of macroinvertebrates in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera and fish biomass (r = 0.81), and between fish biomass and kingfisher brood weight (r = 0.54). We used principal component analysis followed by linear regression to investigate relationships between physical habitat condition and biotic productivity and to identify key components of physical habitat condition assessments. Our analysis supported the combined use of geomorphic and habitat assessments as a comprehensive indicator of stream physical habitat condition. We found relationships between habitat assessment scores and productivity measures of all taxa except crayfish, suggesting similar responses to physical condition across trophic levels. Our results encourage the use of additional taxa, in addition to widely used macroinvertebrate metrics, as indicators of the composite effects of physical habitat impairment in stream ecosystems. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1139/f08-165 VL - 65 IS - 12 SP - 2667-2677 J2 - Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 0706-652X 1205-7533 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-165 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diet of Invasive Adult White Perch (Morone americana) and their Effects on the Zooplankton Community in Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain AU - Couture, Sam C. AU - Watzin, Mary C. T2 - Journal of Great Lakes Research AB - White perch (Morone americana) became established in Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain in the mid 1990s. Since that time, cyanobacteria blooms have become common in summer. Although introduced planktivorous fish often impact plankton communities through a reduction in Daphnia density, such effects can be difficult to predict in an opportunistic species such as white perch. In this study, we examined the extent of zooplanktivory exhibited by adult white perch in Missisquoi Bay. Adult white perch were collected from Missisquoi Bay on ten dates in spring and summer of 2005. White perch diet consisted of large numbers of Daphnia on dates when Daphnia densities exceeded 20 individuals/L and when Daphnia comprised more than 50% of the zooplankton assemblage. When Daphnia densities were below these threshold values, adult white perch diet consisted predominantly of benthic prey. Our results show that white perch feed on large numbers of Daphnia in Missisquoi Bay and select Daphnia over other zooplankton taxa when they are abundant. It is likely that adult white perch grazing in Missisquoi Bay has contributed to a reduction in Daphnia density which in turn may be contributing to summertime cyanobacteria dominance in this bay. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[485:doiawp]2.0.co;2 VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 485-494 J2 - Journal of Great Lakes Research LA - en OP - SN - 0380-1330 0380-1330 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[485:doiawp]2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref KW - White perch KW - Morone americana KW - diet composition KW - trophic cascade KW - Daphnia ER - TY - JOUR TI - A reference data set of hillslope rainfall-runoff response, Panola Mountain Research Watershed, United States AU - Tromp-van Meerveld, H. J. AU - James, A. L. AU - McDonnell, J. J. AU - Peters, N. E. T2 - Water Resources Research AB - Although many hillslope hydrologic investigations have been conducted in different climate, topographic, and geologic settings, subsurface stormflow remains a poorly characterized runoff process. Few, if any, of the existing data sets from these hillslope investigations are available for use by the scientific community for model development and validation or conceptualization of subsurface stormflow. We present a high‐resolution spatial and temporal rainfall‐runoff data set generated from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed trenched experimental hillslope. The data set includes surface and subsurface (bedrock surface) topographic information and time series of lateral subsurface flow at the trench, rainfall, and subsurface moisture content (distributed soil moisture content and groundwater levels) from January to June 2002. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1029/2007wr006299 VL - 44 IS - 6 J2 - Water Resour. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0043-1397 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006299 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of environmentally relevant mixtures of estrogens on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) reproduction AU - Jukosky, James A. AU - Watzin, Mary C. AU - Leiter, James C. T2 - Aquatic Toxicology AB - Wastewater effluent contains a variety of estrogenic compounds that vary in potency, but each of which contributes to the overall estrogenicity of the effluent. We hypothesized that the effects of mixtures of estrogens on reproduction in pair breeding medaka (Oryzias latipes) could be predicted by their relative estrogenicity. Relative estrogenicity was defined by the ability of estrogenic compounds to induce vitellogenesis in various species of male fish. We exposed reproducing pairs of medaka to mixtures of the environmental estrogens nonylphenol (NP), 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE(2)), and natural 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), as well as treatments of equivalent estrogenicity that were composed of E(2) alone. Reproducing medaka exposed to mixtures of estrogenic compounds and equipotent treatments of estradiol alone had very similar responses in mortality and reproduction (fecundity, number of spawns). However, mixtures of NP, E(2), and EE(2) elicited lower vitellogenic induction than equipotent concentrations of E(2) alone. Therefore, relative estrogenicity was a good model for predicting some, but not all, reproductive responses, and simple additive mixture models may not predict all relevant physiological responses. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.11.012 VL - 86 IS - 2 SP - 323-331 J2 - Aquatic Toxicology LA - en OP - SN - 0166-445X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.11.012 DB - Crossref KW - estrogen KW - relative estrogenicity KW - mixture effects KW - medaka KW - Oryzias latipes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elevated Concentrations of Ethinylestradiol, 17β-Estradiol, and Medroxyprogesterone have Little Effect on Reproduction and Survival of Ceriodaphnia dubia AU - Jukosky, James A. AU - Watzin, Mary C. AU - Leiter, James C. T2 - Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology DA - 2008/7/18/ PY - 2008/7/18/ DO - 10.1007/s00128-008-9462-1 VL - 81 IS - 3 SP - 230-235 J2 - Bull Environ Contam Toxicol LA - en OP - SN - 0007-4861 1432-0800 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-008-9462-1 DB - Crossref KW - estrogen KW - ethinylestradiol KW - medroxyprogesterone KW - Ceriodaphnia dubia KW - endocrine disruptor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial distribution and geomorphic condition of fish habitat in streams: an analysis using hydraulic modelling and geostatistics AU - Clark, Jessica S. AU - Rizzo, Donna M. AU - Watzin, Mary C. AU - Hession, W. Cully T2 - River Research and Applications AB - Abstract Reach‐scale physical habitat assessment scores are increasingly used to make decisions about management. We characterized the spatial distribution of hydraulic habitat characteristics at the reach and sub‐reach scales for four fish species using detailed two‐dimensional hydraulic models and spatial analysis techniques (semi‐variogram analyses). We next explored whether these hydraulic characteristics were correlated with commonly used reach‐scale geomorphic assessment (RGA) scores, rapid habitat assessment (RHA) scores, or indices of fish biodiversity and abundance. River2D was used to calculate weighted usable areas (WUAs) at median flows, Q 50 , for six Vermont streams using modelled velocity, depth estimates, channel bed data and habitat suitability curves for blacknose dace ( Rhinichthys atratulus ), brown trout ( Salmo trutta ), common shiner ( Notropis cornutus ) and white sucker ( Catostomus commersoni ) at both the adult and spawn stages. All stream reaches exhibited different spatial distributions of WUA ranging from uniform distribution of patches of high WUA to irregular distribution of more isolated patches. Streams with discontinuous, distinct patches of high score WUA had lower fish biotic integrity measured with the State of Vermont's Mixed Water Index of Biotic Integrity (MWIBI) than streams with a more uniform distribution of high WUA. In fact, the distribution of usable habitats may be a determining factor for fish communities. A relationship between predicted WUAs averaged at the reach scale and RGA or RHA scores was not found. Future research is needed to identify the appropriate spatial scales to capture the connections between usable patches of stream channel habitat. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1002/rra.1085 VL - 24 IS - 7 SP - 885-899 J2 - River Res. Applic. LA - en OP - SN - 1535-1459 1535-1467 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1085 DB - Crossref KW - geomorphology KW - instream habitat KW - geostatistics KW - hydraulic modelling KW - spatial variability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of sampling and screening techniques for tiered monitoring of toxic cyanobacteria in lakes AU - Rogalus, Meghan Kreider AU - Watzin, Mary C. T2 - Harmful Algae AB - Exposure to cyanotoxins can pose serious human health consequences both through drinking water and recreational use of a contaminated waterway. We adapted a tiered framework proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for monitoring cyanobacteria populations and assessing public health risks and implemented the program in Lake Champlain. This study focused on evaluating the sampling protocols employed in this adapted monitoring program over two field seasons (2003 and 2004). Using a paired sampling design, we evaluated whether 63-μm Wisconsin net samples adequately represented whole-water conditions and whether chlorophyll a concentration could serve as a useful predictor of cyanobacteria density and microcystin concentration. We also evaluated the spatial and temporal dynamics of blooms and their implications for monitoring. Our results suggest that using threshold values of either potentially toxic cyanobacteria density counted using a rapid screening protocol or chlorophyll a concentration serve as initial indicators of potentially high levels of cyanotoxin; however, the utility of chlorophyll a is system-dependent. Whole-water samples provide more accurate estimates of population density and higher microcystin concentrations than net samples, offering a more cautionary approach to assessing risk to recreational lake users. Shoreline samples generally showed higher cyanotoxin concentrations than offshore, but restricting sampling to the shoreline may miss early warnings of bloom development. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1016/j.hal.2007.11.002 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 504-514 J2 - Harmful Algae LA - en OP - SN - 1568-9883 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2007.11.002 DB - Crossref KW - chlorophyll a KW - Lake Champlain KW - microcystin KW - monitoring KW - toxic cyanobacteria ER - TY - JOUR TI - The dynamics of phosphorus retention during an eight-year P-addition in a Neotropical headwater stream AU - Small, Gaston E. AU - Pringle, Catherine M. AU - Triska, Frank J. AU - Duff, John H. AU - Jackman, Alan P. AU - Hidalgo, Minor AU - Ramírez, Alonso AU - Ardón, Marcelo T2 - SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 AB - Understanding the capacity of stream ecosystems to retain nutrients through physical-chemical processes and biotic assimilation has been a central goal of stream ecologists for decades. Currently, most of our understanding of nutrient saturation is based on short-term (<1 day) nutrient addition experiments, while predicting total stream ecosystem response to long-term anthropogenic nutrient loading requires considering the stream’s capacity to remove nutrients over extended periods. Dissolved phosphorus (P) retention results from a combination of biotic and abiotic mechanisms, which could follow different trajectories through time. Short-term biotic P uptake by algae and heterotrophic microbes typically involves direct assimilation from the water column and is saturated at low background soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) levels (MULHOLLAND et al. 1990). However, during long-term P-loading, the biotic community could also respond by increasing biomass (PETERSON et al. 1985, SLAVIK et al. 2004, but see GREENWOOD & ROSEMOND 2005), temporarily increasing the community’s P-retention capacity. Abiotic P-sorption is an equilibrium process controlled by the relative concentrations of sorbed-P and dissolved-P, although it also depends on sediment size, iron, aluminum, organic content, and pH (MEYER 1979). During long-term P-loading, sediment should become increasingly P-saturated, decreasing abiotic retention. Because biotic and abiotic P-uptake mechanisms could have opposite responses to long-term Ploading, the relative importance of each mechanism will control a stream’s retention capacity over time. Specifically, where P-uptake is dominated by biotic pathways, streams could become temporarily more efficient at removing dissolved-P, whereas where P-uptake is primarily abiotic, streams potentially become less efficient. Here we present data from an 8-year experimental P-addition in a first-order stream, the Carapa, at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Previous experiments of P-dynamics in the Rio Salto at La Selva indicate that most uptake of P due to the input of naturally P-enriched regional groundwater is due to abiotic sorption (TRISKA et al. 2006). Biweekly measurements of dissolved P concentration upstream and at 3 downstream stations during the long-term P-injection in the Carapa allowed us to calculate P-uptake rates over the 8-year study. Assuming a dominance of abiotic control, we predicted that sediments would become saturated over time, decreasing Puptake efficiency. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1080/03680770.2008.11902187 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 551-554 J2 - SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 LA - en OP - SN - 0368-0770 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2008.11902187 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Upstream Oversight Assessment for Agrifood Nanotechnology: A Case Studies Approach AU - Kuzma, J. AU - Romanchek, J. AU - Kokotovich, A. T2 - Risk Analysis AB - Although nanotechnology is broadly receiving attention in public and academic circles, oversight issues associated with applications for agriculture and food remain largely unexplored. Agrifood nanotechnology is at a critical stage in which informed analysis can help shape funding priorities, risk assessment, and oversight activities. This analysis is designed to help society and policymakers anticipate and prepare for challenges posed by complicated, convergent applications of agrifood nanotechnology. The goal is to identify data, risk assessment, regulatory policy, and engagement needs for overseeing these products so they can be addressed prior to market entry. Our approach, termed upstream oversight assessment (UOA), has potential as a key element of anticipatory governance. It relies on distinct case studies of proposed applications of agrifood nanotechnology to highlight areas that need study and attention. As a tool for preparation, UOA anticipates the types and features of emerging applications; their endpoints of use in society; the extent to which users, workers, ecosystems, or consumers will be exposed; the nature of the material and its safety; whether and where the technologies might fit into current regulatory system(s); the strengths and weaknesses of the system(s) in light of these novel applications; and the possible social concerns related to oversight for them. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01071.x VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 1081-1098 KW - agriculture KW - food KW - nanotechnology KW - oversight KW - risk ER - TY - JOUR TI - Birds of a feather: Interpolating distribution patterns of urban birds AU - Walker, J. AU - Balling, R. AU - Briggs, J. AU - Katti, M. AU - Warren, P. AU - Wentz, E. T2 - Computers, Environment and Urban Systems AB - Geostatistical methods provide valuable approaches for analyzing spatial patterns of ecological systems. They allow for both the prediction and visualization of ecological phenomena, a combination that is essential for the conceptual development and testing of ecological theory. Yet, many ecologists remain unfamiliar with the application of these techniques. Here, we apply the methodology of geostatistics to an urban avian census in order to investigate and illustrate the utility of these tools. We derive habitat probability maps for three bird species known to differentially occupy the urban to rural gradient within the Phoenix metropolitan area and surrounding desert (Arizona, USA). We aggregated avian censuses conducted seasonally at 40 sites over two years and applied two processes process of interpolation, ordinary Kriging and indicator Kriging, and compared both methods. Ordinary Kriging interpolates values between measurements; however, it requires normally distributed data, which is commonly invalidated in ecological censuses. While indicator Kriging is not able to produce numerical predictions of measurements, it has the advantages of not requiring normally distributed data and requiring fewer statistical decisions. Each of the species exhibited strong deviations from normality due to many observations of zero. Given the skewness of the data, we anticipated that indicator Kriging would be a more appropriate method of interpolation. However, we found that both methods adequately captured spatial distribution of the three species and are sufficient for creating distribution maps of avian species. With additional census monitoring, Kriging can be used to detect long-term changes in population distribution of avian and other wildlife populations. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2007.02.001 VL - 77 IS - 1 SP - 59–28 KW - interpolation KW - Kriging KW - avian KW - urban KW - home range KW - population distribution ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Approach to the Study of Transport and Dispersion of Threat Agents in a Subway Station AU - Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer AU - Wittig, Ann E. T2 - Journal of Applied Security Research AB - The objective of the proposed research is to assess the exposure of subway riders and workers to threat agents introduced in the subway environment. This article presents the study plan, considerations, and expected outcomes of a novel approach to study this issue. A modular scale model of a subway station has been erected from Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York design specifications. This model will be used in a series of experiments to analyze airflow and dispersion patterns in the wake of a moving train and in an empty tunnel. Particle image velocimetry will be used to measure transient velocity profiles and concentration profiles. DA - 2008/12/23/ PY - 2008/12/23/ DO - 10.1080/19361610802210210 VL - 4 IS - 1-2 SP - 68-78 J2 - Journal of Applied Security Research LA - en OP - SN - 1936-1610 1936-1629 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19361610802210210 DB - Crossref KW - Dispersion KW - exposure assessment KW - fluid dynamics KW - New York City KW - particle image velocimetry KW - scale model KW - security KW - subway KW - threat agents ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential geographic distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition from intensive livestock production in North Carolina, USA AU - Costanza, Jennifer K. AU - Marcinko, Sarah E. AU - Goewert, Ann E. AU - Mitchell, Charles E. T2 - Science of The Total Environment AB - To examine the consequences of increased spatial aggregation of livestock production facilities, we estimated the annual production of nitrogen in livestock waste in North Carolina, USA, and analyzed the potential distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition from confined animal feeding operations ("CAFO") lagoons. North Carolina is a national center for industrial livestock production. Livestock is increasingly being raised in CAFOs, where waste is frequently held, essentially untreated, in open-air lagoons. Reduced nitrogen in lagoons is volatilized as ammonia (NH(3)), transported atmospherically, and deposited to other ecosystems. The Albemarle-Pamlico Sound, NC, is representative of nitrogen-sensitive coastal waters, and is a major component of the second largest estuarine complex in the U.S. We used GIS to model the area of water in the Sound within deposition range of CAFOs. We also evaluated the number of lagoons within deposition range of each 1 km(2) grid cell of the state. We considered multiple scenarios of atmospheric transport by varying distance and directionality. Modeled nitrogen deposition rates were particularly elevated for the Coastal Plain. This pattern matches empirical data, suggesting that observed regional patterns of reduced nitrogen deposition can be largely explained by two factors: limited atmospheric transport distance, and spatial aggregation of CAFOs. Under our medium-distance scenario, a small portion (roughly 22%) of livestock production facilities contributes disproportionately to atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to the Albemarle-Pamlico Sound. Furthermore, we estimated that between 14-37% of the state receives 50% of the state's atmospheric nitrogen deposition from CAFO lagoons. The estimated total emission from livestock is 134,000 t NH(3) yr(-1), 73% of which originates from the Coastal Plain. Stronger waste management and emission standards for CAFOs, particularly those on the Coastal Plain nearest to sensitive water bodies, may help mitigate negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.024 VL - 398 IS - 1-3 SP - 76-86 J2 - Science of The Total Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0048-9697 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.024 DB - Crossref KW - CAFO KW - nitrogen KW - volatilization KW - deposition KW - eutrophication KW - industrial agriculture ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Integrated Approach to Oversight Assessment for Emerging Technologies AU - Kuzma, Jennifer AU - Paradise, Jordan AU - Ramachandran, Gurumurthy AU - Kim, Jee-Ae AU - Kokotovich, Adam AU - Wolf, Susan M. T2 - Risk Analysis AB - Analysis of oversight systems is often conducted from a single disciplinary perspective and by using a limited set of criteria for evaluation. In this article, we develop an approach that blends risk analysis, social science, public administration, legal, public policy, and ethical perspectives to develop a broad set of criteria for assessing oversight systems. Multiple methods, including historical analysis, expert elicitation, and behavioral consensus, were employed to develop multidisciplinary criteria for evaluating oversight of emerging technologies. Sixty‐six initial criteria were identified from extensive literature reviews and input from our Working Group. Criteria were placed in four categories reflecting the development, attributes, evolution, and outcomes of oversight systems. Expert elicitation, consensus methods, and multidisciplinary review of the literature were used to refine a condensed, operative set of criteria. Twenty‐eight criteria resulted spanning four categories: seven development criteria, 15 attribute criteria, five outcome criteria, and one evolution criterion. These criteria illuminate how oversight systems develop, operate, change, and affect society. We term our approach “integrated oversight assessment” and propose its use as a tool for analyzing relationships among features, outcomes, and tradeoffs of oversight systems. Comparisons among historical case studies of oversight using a consistent set of criteria should result in defensible and evidence‐supported lessons to guide the development of oversight systems for emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01086.x VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 1197-1220 LA - en OP - SN - 0272-4332 1539-6924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01086.x DB - Crossref KW - expert elicitation KW - multicriteria decision analysis KW - multidisciplinary KW - nanotechnology KW - oversight assessment KW - risk ER - TY - JOUR TI - Partitioning vegetation response to anthropogenic stress to develop multi-taxa indicators of wetland condition AU - Johnston, Carol A. AU - Ghioca, Dana M. AU - Tulbure, Mirela AU - Bedford, Barbara L. AU - Bourdaghs, Michael AU - Frieswyk, Christin B. AU - Vaccaro, Lynn AU - Zedler, Joy B. T2 - Ecological Applications AB - Emergent plants can be suitable indicators of anthropogenic stress in coastal wetlands if their responses to natural environmental variation can be parsed from their responses to human activities in and around wetlands. We used hierarchical partitioning to evaluate the independent influence of geomorphology, geography, and anthropogenic stress on common wetland plants of the U.S. Great Lakes coast and developed multi‐taxa models indicating wetland condition. A seven‐taxon model predicted condition relative to watershed‐derived anthropogenic stress, and a four‐taxon model predicted condition relative to within‐wetland anthropogenic stressors that modified hydrology. The Great Lake on which the wetlands occurred explained an average of about half the variation in species cover, and subdividing the data by lake allowed us to remove that source of variation. We developed lake‐specific multi‐taxa models for all of the Great Lakes except Lake Ontario, which had no plant species with significant independent effects of anthropogenic stress. Plant responses were both positive (increasing cover with stress) and negative (decreasing cover with stress), and plant taxa incorporated into the lake‐specific models differed by Great Lake. The resulting models require information on only a few taxa, rather than all plant species within a wetland, making them easier to implement than existing indicators. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1890/07-1207.1 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 983-1001 SN - 1051-0761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-1207.1 KW - carex KW - dikes KW - emergent KW - fen KW - floristic quality KW - Great Lakes KW - hydrologic modification KW - invasive plants KW - land use KW - lemnids KW - marsh KW - Typha ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the use of multiseason QuickBird imagery for mapping invasive species in a Lake Erie coastal Marsh AU - Ghioca-Robrecht, Dana M. AU - Johnston, Carol A. AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. T2 - Wetlands DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1672/08-34.1 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 1028-1039 J2 - Wetlands LA - en OP - SN - 0277-5212 1943-6246 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/08-34.1 DB - Crossref KW - Phragmites KW - remote sensing KW - Typha KW - wetland mapping ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of interannual and interdecadal climate oscillations on groundwater in North Carolina AU - Anderson, William P., Jr. AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. T2 - Geophysical Research Letters AB - Multi‐year climate oscillations such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) affect precipitation and stream discharge rates in the western hemisphere. While inferences may be drawn between these hydroclimatological relationships and groundwater conditions, few studies explicitly link groundwater conditions to these cycles. Here we investigate relationships between winter ENSO, PDO, and lagging baseflow rates in the southeastern United States. We find strong correlation between winter ENSO and lagged baseflow in coastal North Carolina which, coupled with anomalies in mean baseflow, decrease with distance inland from the coast. Our results demonstrate that interannual and interdecadal climate oscillations in the Pacific Ocean have a strong effect on hydrological processes in eastern North America despite filtering by the groundwater flow process. These results have implications for water resource availability in regions where water management is complicated by population growth and climatic uncertainty. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1029/2008GL036054 VL - 35 IS - 23 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000261471200007&KeyUID=WOS:000261471200007 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Developing successful tree ordinances AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Megalos, M.A. AU - Graul, A.L. AU - Miller, K.T. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M1 - AG-693 M3 - Agricultural Publication PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University SN - AG-693 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Who is responsible for the trees? A citizens’ guide to trees in the community AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - King, B.A. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M1 - AG-696 M3 - Agricultural Publication PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University SN - AG-696 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A biomass and bioenergy glossary for forest landowners AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M1 - WB-0001 M3 - Extension Forestry Factsheet PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University SN - WB-0001 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Minimizing wildfire risk with biomass harvesting AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Megalos, M.A. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M1 - WB-0009 M3 - Extension Forestry Factsheet PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University SN - WB-0009 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Protecting and retaining trees: A guide for municipalities and counties in North Carolina AU - King, B.A. AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M1 - AG-705 M3 - Agricultural Publication PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University SN - AG-705 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Practicing forestry under local regulations: A Guide for Landowners AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - King, B.A. AU - Megalos, M.A. A3 - Southern Regional Extension Forestry DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M1 - SREF-FM-013 M3 - Technical Bulletin PB - Southern Regional Extension Forestry SN - SREF-FM-013 UR - http://www.sref.info/regionalpublications/SREF-FM-013. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating wood energy users in North Carolina and the potential for using ... AU - Hazel, Dennis AU - Bardon, Robert T2 - Forest Product Journal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 58 IS - 5 SP - 34-39 UR - http://proxying.lib.ncsu.edu/index.php?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true{\&}db=bth{\&}AN=32508393{\&}site=ehost-live{\&}scope=site ER - TY - JOUR TI - The SOHARC Model System for Growth and Yield of Southern Hardwoods AU - McTague, J.P. AU - O'Loughlin, D. AU - Roise, J.P. AU - Robison, D.J. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 32 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do secondary compounds inhibit microbial- and insect-mediated leaf breakdown in a tropical rainforest stream, Costa Rica? AU - Ardón, M. AU - Pringle, C.M. T2 - Oecologia DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1007/s00442-007-0913-x VL - 155 IS - 2 SP - 311-323 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-39249084360&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - decomposition KW - tannins KW - lignin KW - ergosterol KW - fungi KW - bacteria KW - collector-gatherers ER - TY - CONF TI - Using student owned computing and tablet PCs to teach engineering problem solving using Excel and VBA to Textile Students AU - Joines, J.A. AU - Pasquinelli, M.A. C2 - 2008/8// C3 - Proceedings of the Textiles Futures Conference DA - 2008/8// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulated effects of climate change, fragmentation, and inter-specific competition on tree species migration in northern Wisconsin, USA AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Mladenoff, David J. T2 - CLIMATE RESEARCH AB - CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials CR 36:191-202 (2008) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00745 Simulated effects of climate change, fragmentation, and inter-specific competition on tree species migration in northern Wisconsin, USA Robert M. Scheller1,2,*, David J. Mladenoff1 1Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA 2Present address: Conservation Biology Institute, 136 SW Washington, Suite 202, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA *Email: rmscheller@consbio.org ABSTRACT: The reproductive success, growth, and mortality rates of tree species in the northern United States will be differentially affected by projected climate change over the next century. As a consequence, the spatial distributions of tree species will expand or contract at differential rates. In addition, human fragmentation of the landscape may limit effective seed dispersal, and inter-specific competition may limit the migration of climate-adapted species, restraining the rate of tree species migration. If the northward migration of tree species adapted to a warmer climate lags behind the rate of climatic change, overall growth rates and aboveground biomass of northern forests may be significantly reduced relative to their potential. We used a spatially interactive forest landscape model, LANDIS-II, that simulates tree species establishment, growth, mortality, succession, and disturbance. We simulated multiple scenarios of disturbance and climatic change across a ~15000 km2 forested landscape in northwestern Wisconsin, USA. These simulations were used to estimate changes in aboveground live biomass and the spatial distribution of 22 tree species. We observed a reduction in aboveground live biomass relative to the potential biomass for the combined soils and changing climate. We regressed the reduction of potential aboveground biomass against a measure of fragmentation, the initial biomass for 22 tree species, and soil water holding capacity calculated at 3 spatial resolutions. We also regressed the range expansion of 3 individual tree species that are expected to expand their distributions against the same variables. Species migration and range expansion were negatively correlated with fragmentation both in total and for 2 of the 3 species examined in detail. The initial abundances of some tree species were also significant predictors of species migration and range expansion and indicate significant competition between existing species assemblages and more southerly species that are expected to migrate north. In conclusion, the aboveground biomass of northern forests may be limited by interactions among climate change, interspecific competition, and fragmentation. KEY WORDS: Climate change · Forest fragmentation · Interspecific competition · Carbon storage · LANDIS-II · Tree species range expansion · Tree species migration Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Scheller RM, Mladenoff DJ (2008) Simulated effects of climate change, fragmentation, and inter-specific competition on tree species migration in northern Wisconsin, USA. Clim Res 36:191-202. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00745 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in CR Vol. 36, No. 3. Online publication date: June 24, 2008 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; Online ISSN: 1616-1572 Copyright © 2008 Inter-Research. DA - 2008/6/24/ PY - 2008/6/24/ DO - 10.3354/cr00745 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 191-202 SN - 0936-577X KW - climate change KW - forest fragmentation KW - interspecific competition KW - carbon storage KW - LANDIS-II KW - tree species range expansion KW - tree species migration ER - TY - CHAP TI - The potential futures of Wisconsin forested landscapes AU - Scheller, R.M. AU - Mladenoff, D.J. T2 - The vanishing present: Ecological change in Wisconsin A2 - Waller, D.M. A2 - T.P. Rooney, AB - Abstract Chapters 5–7 showed that Wisconsin's forests have changed in many different ways, reflecting shifts in climate, variable soils, the migration of species following glaciation, natural disturbances, past and current logging, fragmentation from roads, and continuing shifts in human land use. Forest ecologists, historians, and sociologists use data from many sources to infer how Great Lakes states forests have changed and how these changes reflect broader geographic and historical contexts. In this era of global environmental change, can we use the past to anticipate and understand the future? Or will future changes be unique and unpredictable? The chapter grapples with these questions as it tries to imagine Wisconsin's forests 100 years from now, exploring the consequences of factors like population growth and climate change. PY - 2008/// DO - 10.7208/chicago/9780226871745.003.0031 PB - Chicago : University of Chicago Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulation of forest change in the New Jersey Pine Barrens under current and pre-colonial conditions AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Van Tuyl, Steve AU - Clark, Kenneth AU - Hayden, Nicholas G. AU - Hom, John AU - Mladenoff, David J. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Changes in land use patterns in and around forests, including rural development and road building, have occurred throughout the United States and are accelerating in many areas. As a result, there have been significant departures from ‘natural’ or pre-settlement disturbance regimes. Altered disturbance regimes can shift composition and dominance in tree species communities, potentially affecting ecosystem functioning. We examined the potential consequences of various forest management practices and forest fragmentation on tree community composition. Both forest management and fragmentation are changing as land use changes within the New Jersey Pine Barrens (NJPB). The NJPB has and is continuing to experience rapid rural development and urbanization that are altering the types, frequency, and intensity of forest management, and are increasing forest fragmentation. In the NJPB, the size and frequency of wildfires have declined and the use of prescribed fires is limited to a small portion of the landscape. In addition, the expansion of roads and decline in total forested area – two common measures of fragmentation – may impede the ability of tree species to colonize available habitat. To assess the consequences of fire management and fragmentation on fire regimes and forest communities, we simulated forest landscape change using LANDIS-II, a stochastic, spatially dynamic forest succession model that simulates the growth of tree species cohorts (defined by species and age), dispersal and colonization, and mortality. Simulated fires are sensitive to fuel loads and fuel load continuity. We constructed scenarios to mimic the pre-colonial contiguous landscape with an estimated pre-colonial fire regime; scenarios of the current day landscape with current and potential fire management; and scenarios designed to highlight the effects of fragmentation. Our simulations indicate that relative to the pre-colonial landscape and fire regime, the landscape is changing from a pine-dominated to an oak-dominated state. However, within areas where prescribed burning remains a viable management option, a doubling of the mean annual area that is managed with prescribed burns may substantially push the system back towards pre-colonial conditions, although oaks will continue to retain a higher than pre-colonial dominance. Our results also indicate that aside from a reduction in the potential fire sizes, fragmentation does not appear to substantially alter forest successional dynamics. In summary, our simulations estimate the departure from pre-colonial conditions and indicate the potential for a limited restoration of these conditions. DA - 2008/4/5/ PY - 2008/4/5/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.11.025 VL - 255 IS - 5-6 SP - 1489-1500 SN - 0378-1127 KW - forest simulation model KW - fire management KW - forest fragmentation KW - wildland-urban interface KW - new jersey pine barrens KW - prescribed burning KW - natural range of variability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fire-induced changes in green-up and leaf maturity of the Canadian boreal forest AU - Peckham, Scott D. AU - Ahl, Douglas E. AU - Serbin, Shawn P. AU - Gower, Stith T. T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - Recent studies of vegetation phenology of northern forests using satellite data suggest that the observed earlier spring increase and peak amplitude of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are a result of climate warming. In addition to undergoing an increase in temperature, the northern forests of Canada have also seen a dramatic increase in area burned by wildfire over the same time period. Using the Canadian Large Fire Database, we analyzed the impact fire had on the phenological dates derived from fitting a logistical model to yearly data from 2004 for several different subsets of both AVHRR-NDVI and MODIS LAI in wildfire dominated terrestrial ecozones. Fire had a significant but complex effect on estimated phenology dates. The most recently burned areas (1994–2003) had later green-up dates in two ecozones for AVHRR data and all ecozones for MODIS. However, older forested (not burned during 1980–2003) had estimated green-up dates 1 to 9 days earlier than the entire forested area in the MODIS LAI data. These data corroborate studies in Canada and demonstrate that fire history is influencing boreal forest phenology and growing season LAI. DA - 2008/9/15/ PY - 2008/9/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2008.04.016 VL - 112 IS - 9 SP - 3594-3603 SN - 1879-0704 KW - leaf area index KW - fire disturbance KW - phenology KW - modeling KW - normalized difference vegetation index KW - boreal forest KW - Canada ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are horses responsible for introducing non-native plants along forest trails in the eastern United States? AU - Gower, Stith T. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Non-native plant species pose a serious ecological and economic threat to managed and natural ecosystems; therefore, there is a great need to identify sources for the introduction of non-native species and develop management plans to reduce or eliminate their introduction. Horses have been suggested to be an important source for the introduction of non-native plant species along trails, but the conclusions were based on anecdotal evidence. In this study, horse hay, manure, and hoof debris samples were collected from 12 to 24 horses at five endurance ride events in North Carolina, Kentucky, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan. One sub-sample of each material from each horse was sown in pots and grown under ideal conditions to determine if horse hay, manure, and hoof debris samples contained seeds from non-native species. A second sub-sample of each material from each horse was placed back on their respective trail to determine what plants would germinate and establish on the trail. Vegetation surveys were also conducted along 50 m transects perpendicular to horse and hiking (horses not permitted) trails at three of the five sites to compare species composition of native and non-native plant species. On average, non-native plant species germinated in 5.2% of the hay samples in the pots, but non-native species did not germinate from the manure or hoof debris samples. Only 3 of the 288 (≈1% of total samples) hay, manure, and hoof debris plots established on horse trails at the five sites contained plants, all of which were native plants, at the end of the first growing season and no plants were observed at the end of the second growing season. Non-native species composition and percent of total plants species did not differ significantly (p = 0.56) between horse and non-horse trails, and non-native plant species were only found within 2 m of the trail. The results of this and another study [Campbell, J.E., Gibson, D.J., 2001. The effect of seeds of exotic species transported vie horse dung on vegetation along trail corridors. Plant Ecology 157, 23–35] demonstrate that horse hay and manure does contain seeds of non-native plant species, but native and non-native plant species rarely become established on horse trails because of the harsh environmental conditions. Management and policy implication of this study are discussed. DA - 2008/8/20/ PY - 2008/8/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.06.012 VL - 256 IS - 5 SP - 997-1003 SN - 1872-7042 KW - invasive plants KW - horses KW - trails KW - manure KW - hay KW - forests KW - disturbance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of soil surface CO2 flux in a boreal forest to ecosystem warming AU - Bronson, Dustin R. AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Tanner, Myron AU - Linder, Sune AU - Van Herk, Ingrid T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Soil surface carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) flux ( R S ) was measured for 2 years at the Boreal Soil and Air Warming Experiment site near Thompson, MB, Canada. The experimental design was a complete random block design that consisted of four replicate blocks, with each block containing a 15 m × 15 m control and heated plot. Black spruce [ Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] was the overstory species and Epilobium angustifolium was the dominant understory. Soil temperature was maintained (∼5 °C) above the control soil temperature using electric cables inside water filled polyethylene tubing for each heated plot. Air inside a 7.3‐m‐diameter chamber, centered in the soil warming plot, contained approximately nine black spruce trees was heated ∼5 °C above control ambient air temperature allowing for the testing of soil‐only warming and soil+air warming. Soil surface CO 2 flux ( R S ) was positively correlated ( P < 0.0001) to soil temperature at 10 cm depth. Soil surface CO 2 flux ( R S ) was 24% greater in the soil‐only warming than the control in 2004, but was only 11% greater in 2005, while R S in the soil+air warming treatments was 31% less than the control in 2004 and 23% less in 2005. Live fine root mass (< 2 mm diameter) was less in the heated than control treatments in 2004 and statistically less ( P < 0.01) in 2005. Similar root mass between the two heated treatments suggests that different heating methods (soil‐only vs. soil+air warming) can affect the rate of decomposition. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01508.x VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 856-867 SN - 1365-2486 KW - black spruce KW - carbon cycling KW - climate change KW - global warming KW - Picea mariana KW - Q(10) KW - soil CO2 flux KW - soil temperature acclimation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differences in sediment organic matter composition and PAH weathering between non-vegetated and recently vegetated fuel oiled sediments AU - Gregory, Samuel T., III AU - Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION AB - We examined polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) attenuation in contaminated field sediments after only 2 years of plant growth. We collected sediments from vegetated and non-vegetated areas at the Indiana Harbor Canal (IHC), an industrialized area with historic petroleum contamination of soils and sediments. PAH concentrations, PAH weathering indices, and organic matter composition in sediments colonized by Phragmites, cattails, or willow trees were compared to the same indices for non-vegetated sediments. We hypothesized that bulk sediment and humin fractions with measurable increases in plant organic matter content would show measurable changes to PAH attenuation as indicated by more weathered PAH diagnostic ratios or reduced PAH concentrations. Carbon-normalized PAH concentrations were lower in vegetated bulk sediments but higher in vegetated humin fractions relative to non-vegetated sediment fractions. Total organic carbon content was not indicative of more weathered N3/P2 ratios or reduced PAH concentrations in vegetated sediment fractions. More weathered N3/P2 ratios were observed with increased modern carbon (plant carbon) content of vegetated sediment fractions. Phragmites sediments contained more modern carbon (plant carbon) and more weathered PAH ratios [C3-naphthalenes and C2-phenanthrenes (N3/P2)] than willow, cattail, and non-vegetated sediments. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/15226510802114862 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 473-485 SN - 1549-7879 KW - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) KW - C-14 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) KW - Phragmites KW - cattails KW - willow trees ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decomposition and fragmentation of coarse woody debris: Re-visiting a boreal black spruce chronosequence AU - Bond-Lamberty, Ben AU - Gower, Stith T. T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1007/s10021-008-9163-y VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 831-840 SN - 1435-0629 KW - coarse woody debris KW - boreal forest KW - decomposition KW - fragmentation KW - snag failure KW - black spruce KW - chronosequence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon allocation in boreal black spruce forests across regions varying in soil temperature and precipitation AU - Vogel, Jason G. AU - Bond-Lamberty, Ben P. AU - Schuur, Edward A. G. AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Mack, Michelle C. AU - Kari E. B. O'Connell, AU - Valentine, David W. AU - Ruess, Roger W. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract A common hypothesis for northern ecosystems is that low soil temperatures inhibit plant productivity. To address this hypothesis, we reviewed how separate components of ecosystem carbon (C) cycling varied along a soil temperature gradient for nine well‐drained, relatively productive boreal black spruce ( Picea mariana Mill. [B.S.P.]) forests in Alaska, USA, and Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. Annual soil temperature [expressed as soil summed degree days (SDD)] was positively correlated with aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), while negatively correlated with total belowground carbon flux (TBCF). The partitioning of C to ANPP at the expense of root processes represented a nearly 1 : 1 tradeoff across the soil temperature gradient, which implied that the amount of C cycling through these black spruce ecosystems was relatively insensitive to variation in SDD. Moreover, the rate at which C accumulated in the ecosystem since the last stand replacing fire was unrelated to SDD, but SDD was positively correlated to the ratio of spruce‐biomass : forest‐floor‐mass. Thus, plant partitioning of C and the distribution of ecosystem C were apparently affected by soil temperature, although across regions, precipitation co‐varied with soil temperature. These two factors likely correlated with one another because of precipitation's influence on soil heat balance, suggesting that a soil temperature–precipitation interaction could be responsible for the shifts in C allocation. Nonetheless, our results highlight that for this boreal ecosystem, ANPP and TBCF can be negatively correlated. In tropical and temperate forests, TBCF and ANPP have been reported as positively correlated, and our results may reflect the unique interactions between soil temperature, forest floor accumulation, rooting depth, and nutrient availability that characterize the black spruce forest type. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01600.x VL - 14 IS - 7 SP - 1503-1516 SN - 1354-1013 KW - allocation KW - biomass KW - black spruce KW - boreal KW - carbon KW - productivity KW - respiration KW - root KW - soil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transgenes and Transgressions: Scientific Dissent as Heterogeneous Practice AU - Delborne, J.A. T2 - Social Studies of Science AB - Although scholars in science and technology studies have explored many dynamics and consequences of scientific controversy, no coherent theory of scientific dissent has emerged. This paper proposes the elements of such a framework, based on understanding scientific dissent as a set of heterogeneous practices. I use the controversy over the presence of transgenic DNA in Mexican maize in the early 2000s to point to a processual model of scientific dissent. `Contrarian science' includes knowledge claims that challenge the dominant scientific trajectory, but need not necessarily lead to dissent. `Impedance' represents efforts to undermine the credibility of contrarian science (or contrarian scientists) and may originate within or outside of the scientific community. In the face of impedance, contrarian scientists may become dissenters. The actions of the scientist at the center of the case study, Professor Ignacio Chapela of the University of California, Berkeley, demonstrate particular practices of scientific dissent, ranging from `agonistic engagement' to `dissident science'. These practices speak not only to functional strategies of winning scientific debate, but also to attempts to reconfigure relations among scientists, publics, institutions, and politics that order knowledge production. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1177/0306312708089716 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 509–41 SN - 1460-3659 N1 - winner of 2010 David Edge Prize, Society for Social Studies of Science (4S) RN - winner of 2010 David Edge Prize, Society for Social Studies of Science (4S) KW - agricultural biotechnology KW - contrarian science KW - dissident science KW - genetically modified crops KW - transgene flow ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond the Precautionary Principle in Progressive Politics: Toward the Social Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms AU - Kleinman, D.L. AU - Delborne, J.A. AU - Autry, R. T2 - Tailoring Biotechnologies DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 4 IS - 1/2 SP - 41–54 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Genetically Modified Organisms AU - Delborne, J. AU - Kinchy, A. J. T2 - Battleground: Science and Technology A2 - Restivo, Sal A2 - Denton, Peter H. PY - 2008/// SP - 182-95 PB - Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press SN - 9780313341649 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The case of the missing marmots: Are metapopulation dynamics or range-wide declines responsible? AU - Griffin, Suzanne C. AU - Taper, Mark L. AU - Hoffman, Roger AU - Mills, L. Scott T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - In the mid-1990s, anecdotal reports of Olympic marmot (Marmota olympus) disappearances from historically occupied locations suggested that the species might be declining. Concern was heightened by the precipitous decline of the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis), coupled with reports that climate change was affecting other high-elevation species. However, it was unclear whether the Olympic marmot was declining or undergoing natural extinctions and recolonizations; distinguishing between normal metapopulation processes and population declines in naturally fragmented species can be difficult. From 2002–2006, we used multiple approaches to evaluate the population status of the Olympic marmot. We surveyed sites for which there were records indicating regular occupancy in the later half of the 20th century and we conducted range-wide surveys of open high-elevation habitat to establish current and recent distribution. We used these targeted and general habitat surveys to identify locations and regions that have undergone extinctions or colonizations in the past 1–4 decades. Simultaneously, we conducted detailed demographic studies, using marked and radio-tagged marmots, to estimate the observed and projected current population growth rate at nine locations. The habitat surveys indicate that local extinctions have been wide-spread, while no recolonizations were detected. Abundance at most intensive study sites declined from 2002–2006 and the demographic data indicate that these local declines are ongoing. Adult female survival in particular is considerably lower than it was historically. The spatial pattern of the extinctions is inconsistent with observed metapopulation dynamics in other marmot species and, together with very low observed dispersal rates, indicates that population is not at equilibrium. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.03.001 VL - 141 IS - 5 SP - 1293-1309 SN - 1873-2917 KW - Marmota olympus KW - metapopulation dynamics KW - Olympic marmot KW - Olympic National Park KW - non-equilibrium dynamics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Designing fecal pellet surveys for snowshoe hares AU - Hodges, K. E. AU - Mills, L. S. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Index methods can be valuable for monitoring forest-dwelling vertebrates over broad spatial or temporal scales. Fecal pellet counts are often used as an index of density or habitat use of snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus, but previous surveys have used different plot types and sample sizes, leading to problems comparing results from different studies and questions about the inferential power of each study. In this paper, we use field data and simulations to examine how the precision, bias, and efficiency of four commonly used plot types vary with plot type, pellet density, and sample size. Although no one plot type was consistently superior, we recommend thin rectangles (5.08 cm × 305 cm (2 in. × 10 ft), 0.155 m2) or 1 m2 circles over 0.155 m2 circles or 10 cm × 10 m (1 m2) rectangles. We recommend that researchers explicitly address the power of their survey design to detect different pellet densities, because much larger sample sizes are needed at low pellet densities than at high pellet densities to obtain similar precision. Small sample sizes are also much more likely to be biased, which could lead to incorrect inferences about management of snowshoe hare populations. Both uncleared and cleared plots performed well and will have value in different research contexts. DA - 2008/11/20/ PY - 2008/11/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.015 VL - 256 IS - 11 SP - 1918-1926 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Abundance index KW - Fecal pellet plots KW - Lepus americanus KW - Monte Carlo simulations KW - Negative binomial KW - Snowshoe hare KW - Survey design ER - TY - JOUR TI - Susceptibility to Phytophthora ramorum in a key infectious host: landscape variation in host genotype, host phenotype, and environmental factors AU - Anacker, Brian L. AU - Rank, Nathan E. AU - Huberli, Daniel AU - Garbelotto, Matteo AU - Gordon, Sarah AU - Harnik, Tami AU - Whitkus, Richard AU - Meentemeyer, Ross T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - • Sudden oak death is an emerging forest disease caused by the invasive pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Genetic and environmental factors affecting susceptibility to P. ramorum in the key inoculum-producing host tree Umbellularia californica (bay laurel) were examined across a heterogeneous landscape in California, USA. • Laboratory susceptibility trials were conducted on detached leaves and assessed field disease levels for 97 host trees from 12 225-m2 plots. Genotype and phenotype characteristics were assessed for each tree. Effects of plot-level environmental conditions (understory microclimate, amount of solar radiation and topographic moisture potential) on disease expression were also evaluated. • Susceptibility varied significantly among U. californica trees, with a fivefold difference in leaf lesion size. Lesion size was positively related to leaf area, but not to other phenotypic traits or to field disease level. Genetic diversity was structured at three spatial scales, but primarily among individuals within plots. Lesion size was significantly related to amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, but local environment explained most variation in field disease level. • Thus, substantial genetic variation in susceptibility to P. ramorum occurs in its principal foliar host U. californica, but local environment mediates expression of susceptibility in nature. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02297.x VL - 177 IS - 3 SP - 756-766 SN - 1469-8137 KW - amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) KW - disease susceptibility KW - landscape epidemiology KW - oomycete KW - plant-pathogen interaction KW - sporangia KW - sudden oak death KW - Umbellularia californica ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimising methods for monitoring programs: Olympic marmots as a case study AU - Witczuk, Julia AU - Pagacz, Stanislaw AU - Mills, L. Scott T2 - WILDLIFE RESEARCH AB - Monitoring of rare and declining species is one of the most important tasks of wildlife managers. Here we present a large-scale, long-term monitoring program for Olympic marmot (Marmota olympus) throughout its range across a logistically challenging mountainous park. Our multiple-stage process of survey design accounts for the difficulty imposed by access to remote habitats and funding constraints. The Olympic marmot is endemic to the Olympic Mountains, Washington State, USA. Although nearly all of its range is enclosed within Olympic National Park, declines and local extirpations of the species have been documented. We considered several possible alternative survey approaches, and propose a monitoring program designed to reflect extinction–recolonisation dynamics using presence–absence data. The sampling design is based on annual surveys of a set of at least 25 randomly selected clusters (closely located groups of sites with record of current or historical occupancy by marmots), and supplemented by sampling 15 never-occupied sites to test for new colonisations. The monitoring plan provides a framework that park managers can use for assessing changes over time in Olympic marmot distribution across the range of the species. Our sampling design may serve as a useful case study for establishing monitoring programs for other species with clumped distributions. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1071/wr07187 VL - 35 IS - 8 SP - 788-797 SN - 1035-3712 KW - Marmota olympus KW - occupancy KW - Olympic National Park KW - presence-absence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multi-scale patterns of human activity and the incidence of an exotic forest pathogen AU - Cushman, J. Hall AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY AB - Summary Plant pathogens can have major impacts on diverse taxa and ecological systems world‐wide, and some of the most conspicuous of these are invasive non‐native species. Although many factors are known to influence the distribution and abundance of plant pathogens, the extent to which humans play a role is less well‐known but still critical for understanding the dynamics of invasive pathogens in natural systems. One invasive pathogen of great concern world‐wide is Phytophthora ramorum , which causes Sudden Oak Death, an emerging forest disease. Here, we examined the influence of humans and a range of environmental factors on the distribution of P. ramorum at three distinct spatial scales in northern and central California. At the local scale, P. ramorum more commonly occurred in soil on hiking trails used heavily by humans than in soil from adjacent areas off trails. These results support the hypothesis that humans dispersed the pathogen within already infected areas and into areas lacking local sources of inoculum. At the landscape scale, using a network of 202 randomly located plots across a 275 km 2 area, we found that forests on public land open to recreation exhibited higher prevalence of disease in a critical infectious host tree (bay laurel, Umbellularia californica ), than forests on private lands. Infection levels were also higher in plots surrounded by large amounts of forest with warm climatic conditions and greater potential soil moisture. Although prevalence of diseased canker hosts ( Quercus agrifolia, Q. kelloggii and Lithocarpus densiflora ) was positively associated with dominance of bay laurel and rainy season temperatures, it was not significantly related to public access, and we hypothesize that this occurred because our study area was in the early stages of infection. At the regional scale, the probability of disease occurrence at 165 sites distributed across the geographic range of P. ramorum in California increased significantly as human population density increased in the surrounding area. Chances of infection also increased significantly with precipitation and presence of bay laurel. Synthesis . Our results suggest that human activity – along with temperature, moisture and host composition – is associated with increased prevalence of an influential exotic forest pathogen. These results indicate that there may be conflicts between humans and disease, and that efforts to address this issue may require aggressive management of human activity. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01376.x VL - 96 IS - 4 SP - 766-776 SN - 1365-2745 KW - disease incidence KW - exotic forest pathogen KW - foliar and canker hosts KW - human activity KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - Sudden Oak Death ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of land-cover change on the spread of an invasive forest pathogen AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Rank, Nathan E. AU - Anacker, Brian L. AU - Rizzo, David M. AU - Cushman, J. Hall T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - Human-caused changes in land use and land cover have dramatically altered ecosystems worldwide and may facilitate the spread of infectious diseases. To address this issue, we examined the influence of land-cover changes between 1942 and 2000 on the establishment of an invasive pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, which causes the forest disease known as Sudden Oak Death. We assessed effects of land-cover change, forest structure, and understory microclimate on measures of inoculum load and disease prevalence in 102 15 × 15 m plots within a 275-km2 region in northern California. Within a 150 m radius area around each plot, we mapped types of land cover (oak woodland, chaparral, grassland, vineyard, and development) in 1942 and 2000 using detailed aerial photos. During this 58-year period, oak woodlands significantly increased in area by 25%, while grassland and chaparral decreased by 34% and 51%, respectively. Analysis of covariance revealed that vegetation type in 1942 and woodland expansion were significant predictors of pathogen inoculum load in bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), the primary inoculum-producing host for P. ramorum in mixed evergreen forests. Path analysis showed that woodland expansion resulted in larger forests with higher densities of the primary host trees (U. californica, Quercus agrifolia, Q. kelloggii) and cooler understory temperatures. Together, the positive effects of woodland size and negative effects of understory temperature explained significant variation in inoculum load and disease prevalence in bay laurel; host stem density had additional positive effects on inoculum load. We conclude that enlargement of woodlands and closure of canopy gaps, likely due largely to years of fire suppression, facilitated establishment of P. ramorum by increasing the area occupied by inoculum-production foliar hosts and enhancing forest microclimate conditions. Epidemiological studies that incorporate land-use change are rare but may increase understanding of disease dynamics and improve our ability to manage invasive forest pathogens. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1890/07-0232.1 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 159-171 SN - 1939-5582 KW - fire suppression KW - forest microclunate KW - landscape epidemiology KW - path analysis KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) modeling KW - Sudden Oak Death ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of sudden oak death on tree mortality in the Big Sur ecoregion of California AU - Meentemeyer, R. K. AU - Rank, N. E. AU - Shoemaker, D. A. AU - Oneal, C. B. AU - Wickland, A. C. AU - Frangioso, K. M. AU - Rizzo, D. M. T2 - BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1007/s10530-007-9199-5 VL - 10 IS - 8 SP - 1243-1255 SN - 1573-1464 KW - Big Sur KW - Emerging infectious disease KW - Forest disease KW - Invasive species KW - Landscape epidemiology KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - Plant-pathogen KW - Tree mortality KW - Remote sensing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early detection of emerging forest disease using dispersal estimation and ecological niche modeling AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Anacker, Brian L. AU - Mark, Walter AU - Rizzo, David M. T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - Ecological ApplicationsVolume 18, Issue 2 p. 377-390 Article EARLY DETECTION OF EMERGING FOREST DISEASE USING DISPERSAL ESTIMATION AND ECOLOGICAL NICHE MODELING Ross K. Meentemeyer, Corresponding Author Ross K. Meentemeyer [email protected] Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223 USA E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorBrian L. Anacker, Brian L. Anacker Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223 USA Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USASearch for more papers by this authorWalter Mark, Walter Mark Department of Natural Resources Management, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407 USASearch for more papers by this authorDavid M. Rizzo, David M. Rizzo Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USASearch for more papers by this author Ross K. Meentemeyer, Corresponding Author Ross K. Meentemeyer [email protected] Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223 USA E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorBrian L. Anacker, Brian L. Anacker Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223 USA Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USASearch for more papers by this authorWalter Mark, Walter Mark Department of Natural Resources Management, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407 USASearch for more papers by this authorDavid M. Rizzo, David M. Rizzo Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 2008 https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1150.1Citations: 89 Corresponding Editor: S. K. Collinge. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract Distinguishing the manner in which dispersal limitation and niche requirements control the spread of invasive pathogens is important for prediction and early detection of disease outbreaks. Here, we use niche modeling augmented by dispersal estimation to examine the degree to which local habitat conditions vs. force of infection predict invasion of Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of the emerging infectious tree disease sudden oak death. We sampled 890 field plots for the presence of P. ramorum over a three-year period (2003–2005) across a range of host and abiotic conditions with variable proximities to known infections in California, USA. We developed and validated generalized linear models of invasion probability to analyze the relative predictive power of 12 niche variables and a negative exponential dispersal kernel estimated by likelihood profiling. Models were developed incrementally each year (2003, 2003–2004, 2003–2005) to examine annual variability in model parameters and to create realistic scenarios for using models to predict future infections and to guide early-detection sampling. Overall, 78 new infections were observed up to 33.5 km from the nearest known site of infection, with slightly increasing rates of prevalence across time windows (2003, 6.5%; 2003–2004, 7.1%; 2003–2005, 9.6%). The pathogen was not detected in many field plots that contained susceptible host vegetation. The generalized linear modeling indicated that the probability of invasion is limited by both dispersal and niche constraints. Probability of invasion was positively related to precipitation and temperature in the wet season and the presence of the inoculum-producing foliar host Umbellularia californica and decreased exponentially with distance to inoculum sources. Models that incorporated niche and dispersal parameters best predicted the locations of new infections, with accuracies ranging from 0.86 to 0.90, suggesting that the modeling approach can be used to forecast locations of disease spread. Application of the combined niche plus dispersal models in a geographic information system predicted the presence of P. ramorum across ∼8228 km2 of California's 84 785 km2 (9.7%) of land area with susceptible host species. This research illustrates how probabilistic modeling can be used to analyze the relative roles of niche and dispersal limitation in controlling the distribution of invasive pathogens. Citing Literature Volume18, Issue22008Pages 377-390 RelatedInformation DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1890/07-1150.1 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 377-390 SN - 1939-5582 KW - dispersal kernel KW - early detection KW - ecological niche modeling KW - emerging infectious disease KW - invasive species KW - landscape epidemiology KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - sudden oak death ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crossing disciplines for endangered Species (review of Scott, J. Michael, Dale D. Goble, and Frank W. Davis, editors. 2006. The Endangered Species Act at thirty. Conserving Biodiversity in Human-dominated Landscape) AU - Mills, L. S. T2 - Ecology AB - EcologyVolume 89, Issue 2 p. 592-593 Book Review Scott, Goble, and Davis — The Endangered Species Act at thirty. Conserving Biodiversity in Human-dominated Landscapes. Volume 2 CROSSING DISCIPLINES FOR ENDANGERED SPECIES L. Scott Mills, L. Scott Mills University of Montana, Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry and Conservation, Missoula, Montana 59812 E-mail: lscott.mills@montana.eduSearch for more papers by this author L. Scott Mills, L. Scott Mills University of Montana, Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry and Conservation, Missoula, Montana 59812 E-mail: lscott.mills@montana.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 February 2008 https://doi.org/10.1890/BR08-11.1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume89, Issue2February 2008Pages 592-593 RelatedInformation DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1890/br08-11.1 VL - 89 SP - 592-593 ER - TY - CONF TI - Status of ex situ conservation efforts for eastern and Carolina hemlock in the southeastern United States AU - Jetton, R.M. AU - Whittier, W.A. AU - Dvorak, W.S. AU - Potter, K.M. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid DA - 2008/// SP - 81-89 ER - TY - CONF TI - Getting there from here: Can we deliberately foster cultural change for the common good? AU - Beratan, K. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Proceedings, Society for Anthropological Sciences Annual Meeting, 2008, New Orleans, LA DA - 2008/// ER - TY - CHAP TI - Stand improvement cutting in natural stands of temperate hardwood forests AU - Frederick, D. AU - Donoso, P. T2 - SAF forest encyclopedia PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Why don't our stands grow even faster? Control of production and carbon cycling in eucalypt plantations AU - Ryan, M. G. AU - Binkley, D. AU - Stape, J. L. T2 - SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE AB - The growth of Eucalyptus stands varies several fold across sites, under the influence of resource availability, stand age and stand structure. We describe a series of related studies that aim to understand the mechanisms that drive this great range in stand growth rates. In a seven-year study in Hawaii of Eucalyptus saligna at a site that was not water limited, we showed that nutrient availability differences led to a two-fold difference in stand wood production. Increasing nutrient supply in mid-rotation raised productivity to the level attained in continuously fertilised plots. Fertility affected the age-related decline in wood and foliage production; production in the intensive fertility treatments declined more slowly than in the minimal fertility treatments. The decline in stem production was driven largely by a decline in canopy photosynthesis. Over time, the fraction of canopy photosynthesis partitioned to below-ground allocation increased, as did foliar respiration, further reducing wood production. The reason for the decline in photosynthesis was uncertain, but it was not caused by nutrient limitation, a decline in leaf area or in photosynthetic capacity, or by hydraulic limitation. Most of the increase in carbon stored from conversion of the sugarcane plantation to Eucalyptus plantation was in the above-ground woody biomass. Soil carbon showed no net change. This study and other studies on carbon allocation showed that resource availability changes the fraction of annual photosynthesis used below-ground and for wood production. High resources (nutrition or water) decrease the partitioning below-ground and increase partitioning to wood production. Annual foliage and wood respiration and foliage production as a fraction of annual photosynthesis was remarkably constant across a wide range of fertility treatments and forest age. In the Brazil Eucalyptus Productivity Project, stand structure was manipulated by planting clonal Eucalyptus all at once or in three groups at three-monthly intervals, producing a stand where trees did not segregate into dominants and one that had strong dominance. The uneven stand structure reduced production 10–15% throughout the rotation. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.2989/SOUTH.FOR.2008.70.2.5.533 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 99-104 SN - 2070-2639 KW - age-related productivity decline KW - carbon allocation KW - forest production ecology KW - nutrition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Where is biodiversity conservation in local planning? AU - Miller, J. R. AU - Groom, M. AU - Hess, G. R. AU - Stokes, D. L. AU - Thomson, J. AU - Bowman, T. AU - Fricke, L. AU - King, B. AU - Marquadt, R. T2 - Conservation Biology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temperature Responses to Infrared-Loading and Water Table Manipulations in Peatland Mesocosms AU - Chen, Jiquan AU - Bridgham, Scott AU - Keller, Jason AU - Pastor, John AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Weltzin, Jake F. T2 - JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY AB - We initiated a multi-factor global change experiment to explore the effects of infrared heat loading (HT) and water table level (WL) treatment on soil temperature (T) in bog and fen peatland mesocosms. We found that the temperature varied highly by year, month, peatland type, soil depth, HT and WL manipulations. The highest effect of HT on the temperature at 25 cm depth was found in June for the bog mesocosms (3.34-4.27 degrees C) but in May for the fen mesocosms (2.32-4.33 degrees C) over the 2-year study period. The effects of WL in the bog mesocosms were only found between August and January, with the wet mesocosms warmer than the dry mesocosms by 0.48-2.03 degrees C over the 2-year study period. In contrast, wetter fen mesocosms were generally cooler by 0.16-3.87 degrees C. Seasonal changes of temperatures elevated by the HT also varied by depth and ecosystem type, with temperature differences at 5 cm and 10 cm depth showing smaller seasonal fluctuations than those at 25 cm and 40 cm in the bog mesocosms. However, increased HT did not always lead to warmer soil, especially in the fen mesocosms. Both HT and WL manipulations have also changed the length of the non-frozen season. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00757.x VL - 50 IS - 11 SP - 1484-1496 SN - 1672-9072 KW - global change KW - infrared KW - mesocosm KW - peatlands KW - warming experiment KW - water table ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival and cause-specific mortality of a protected population of river otters in Minnesota AU - Gorman, Thomas A. AU - McMillan, Brock R. AU - Erb, John D. AU - Deperno, Christopher S. AU - Martin, Daniel J. T2 - AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST AB - Determining causes of mortality and estimating survival rates can provide insight into the status of species for which population trends are not well understood. From Apr. 2002–May 2004 we radio-marked and monitored 39 (13 adult males; 6 subadult males; 8 adult females; 12 subadult females) river otters (Lontra canadensis) in the upper Mississippi River watershed to document causes of mortality, and to evaluate the effects of season, age and sex on survival of river otters in southeastern Minnesota. Further, we assessed the relative importance of demographic parameters to population growth using a projection matrix, which incorporated reproductive data with our observed survival estimates. Human induced mortalities, including accidental captures by fur-harvesters targeting other species (n = 6) and vehicle collisions (n = 1), accounted for the majority of deaths while natural mortality was low (n = 1). Annual survival of females was 0.680 (SE = 0.099) and was 0.946 (SE = 0.052) for adult males. Elasticity of adult female survival was 3.1 times higher than subadult survival, 2.7 times higher than juvenile survival and 2.7 times higher than the sum of elasticity for subadult and adult female reproduction. River otters and other furbearers need to be monitored to assess population status, and management should be responsive to ensure persistence of populations experiencing intentional and/or accidental harvest. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[98:SACMOA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 159 IS - 1 SP - 98-109 SN - 0003-0031 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supplemental irrigation and fertilization of Michaux?s sumac may not be a restoration panacea AU - Braham, R. AU - Thrush, L. T2 - Ecological Restoration DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3368/er.26.4.300 VL - 26 SP - 300-301 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Roles of 5-hydroxyconiferylaldehyde and caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferases in monolignol biosynthesis in Carthamus tinctorius AU - Nakatsubo, T. AU - Li, L. AU - Hattori, T. AU - Lu, S. AU - Sakakibara, N. AU - Chiang, V. L. AU - Shimada, M. AU - Suzuki, S. AU - Umezawa, T. T2 - Cellulose Chemistry and Technology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 41 IS - 9-10 SP - 511-520 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Production and carbon allocation in a clonal Eucalyptus plantation with water and nutrient manipulations AU - Stape, Jose Luiz AU - Binkley, Dart AU - Ryan, Michael G. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - We examined resource limitations on growth and carbon allocation in a fast-growing, clonal plantation of Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla in Brazil by characterizing responses to annual rainfall, and response to irrigation and fertililization for 2 years. Productivity measures included gross primary production (GPP), total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA), bole growth, and net ecosystem production (NEP). Replicate plots within a single plantation were established at the midpoint of the rotation (end of year 3), with treatments of no additional fertilization or irrigation, heavy fertilization (to remove any nutrient limitation), irrigation (to remove any water limitation), and irrigation plus fertilization. Rainfall was unusually high in the first year (1769 mm) of the experiment, and control plots had high rates of GPP (6.64 kg C m−2 year−1), TBCA (2.14 kg C m−2 year−1), and bole growth (1.81 kg C m−2 year−1). Irrigation increased each of these rates by 15–17%. The second year of the experiment had average rainfall (1210 mm), and lower rainfall decreased production in control plots by 46% (GPP), 52% (TBCA), and 40% (bole growth). Fertilization treatments had neglible effects. The response to irrigation was much greater in the drier year, with irrigated plots exceeding the production in control plots by 83% (GPP), 239% (TBCA), and 24% (bole growth). Even though the rate of irrigation ensured no water limitation to tree growth, the high rainfall year showed higher production in irrigated plots for both GPP (38% greater than in drier year) and bole growth (23% greater). Varying humidity and supplies of water led to a range in NEP of 0.8–2.7 kg C m−2 year−1. This difference between control and irrigated treatments, combined with differences between drier and wetter years, indicated a strong response of these Eucalyptus trees to both water supply and atmospheric humidity during the dry season. The efficiency of converting light energy into fixed carbon ranged from a low of 0.027 mol C to a high of 0.060 mol C per mol of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR), and the efficiency of bolewood production ranged from 0.78 to 1.98 g wood per MJ of APAR. Irrigation increased the efficiency of wood production per unit of water used from 2.55 kg wood m−3 in the rainfed plot to 3.51 kg m−3 in irrigated plots. Detailed information on the response of C budgets to environmental conditions and resource supplies will be necessary for accurate predictions of plantation yields across years and landscapes. DA - 2008/3/20/ PY - 2008/3/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.085 VL - 255 IS - 3-4 SP - 920-930 SN - 1872-7042 KW - eucalyptus production KW - carbon budget KW - carbon allocation KW - resource use efficiency KW - aboveground productivity KW - carbon sequestration KW - belowground allocation KW - soil respiration KW - irrigation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perspectives on tiger conservation in India: A comparison of local and global viewpoints AU - Sivamani, S. AU - Turner, M. AU - DePerno, C. T2 - Undergraduate Research Journal of North Carolina State University DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 4 SP - 24-33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring direct impacts of attitudes on the environment using household location choices AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Chen, X. AU - Liu, J. T2 - Conservation Biology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 22 SP - 912-921 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Management for Restoration of Native Plant Communities AU - Judge, Caren A. AU - Neal, Joseph C. AU - Shear, Theodore H. T2 - INVASIVE PLANT SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT AB - Japanese stiltgrass is a nonnative invasive grass occupying a range of habitats in the eastern United States. Conventional management recommendations include hand-removal, mowing, or a nonselective herbicide application in autumn prior to flowering. However, no study has directly compared the ecological impacts of long-term management strategies on Japanese stiltgrass populations or recruitment and establishment of native flora. An experiment was initiated in 2002 and continued for three growing seasons in mixed pine-hardwood forests in central North Carolina. Conventional treatments included hand-removal, mowing, or an application of glyphosate (1.1 kg ai/ha) once in autumn, and selective removal by hand or fenoxaprop-P (0.19 kg ai/ha) season-long as needed. All treatments were compared to nontreated plots. Percent vegetation cover by species was recorded twice annually. Data were aggregated into five classes; Japanese stiltgrass, other exotic plants, native forbs, native monocots, and native woody plants. The soil seed bank of all species was estimated annually by extracting soil cores and documenting seedling emergence. All Japanese stiltgrass management treatments significantly reduced Japanese stiltgrass cover and seed bank over time compared to no management. However, recruitment and reestablishment of native plants and overall species richness were greater with selective Japanese stiltgrass management treatments including both hand-removal and fenoxaprop-P. Relative cover of other exotic plants decreased 2% to 49% after 3 yr with all Japanese stiltgrass management treatments except season-long hand-removal, which increased relative cover of other exotic plants 51%.Nomenclature: Japanese stiltgrass, Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus MCGVM. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1614/ipsm-07-011.1 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 111-119 SN - 1939-747X KW - Fenoxaprop-P KW - glyphosate KW - invasive KW - nontarget impacts KW - soil seed bank KW - species richness ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth of Eucalyptus grandis treated with different doses of wet and dry sewage sludge, conditioned with polymers AU - Silva, P. H. M. AU - Poggiani, F. AU - Goncalves, J. L. M. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Moreira, R. M. T2 - Scientia Forestalis DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 36 IS - 77 SP - 79-88 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest vegetation simulator ingrowth tool: Incorporating Ingrowth Tree Lists into forest simulator growth projections AU - Arseneault, J. E. AU - Kershaw, J. A. AU - McCarter, J. B. AU - MacLean, D. A. T2 - Northern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 158-160 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evapotranspiration estimates from eddy covariance towers and hydrologic modeling in managed forests in Northern Wisconsin, USA AU - Sun, G. AU - Noormets, A. AU - Chen, J. AU - McNulty, S. G. T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - Direct measurement of ecosystem evapotranspiration by the eddy covariance method and simulation modeling were employed to quantify the growing season (May–October) evapotranspiration (ET) of eight forest ecosystems representing a management gradient in dominant forest types and age classes in the Upper Great Lakes Region from 2002 to 2003. We measured net exchange of water vapor fluxes in a 63-year-old mature hardwood (MHW) stand, a 60-year-old mature red pine (MRP) stand, a 3-year-old young hardwood (YHW) stand, a 17-year-old intermediate hardwood (IHW) stand, a young red pine (YRP age 8) stand, an intermediate red pine (IRP age 21) stand, and two pine barren ecosystems burned 12 years (PB1) and 2 years (PB2) ago. Field data suggested that there were no significant differences in growing season (June–September) ET/precipitation ratio among all ecosystems in 2002. However, PB2 had significantly lower ET/precipitation than those of other ecosystems in 2003. The ratios were much higher for all ecosystems, up to 0.90 for IHW, during the peak summer months (June–July). PB2 was the lowest (0.64) during that period. Stand leaf area index alone did not explain ecosystem ET at the landscape scale. Seasonal ET values measured by the eddy covariance method were significantly lower than those simulated with a process-based hydrologic model, MIKE SHE. Our integration approach combined with field measurements and simulation modeling proved to be useful in providing a full picture of the effects of forest cover type change on landscape scale water balance at multiple temporal scales. The ET procedure used in the MIKE SHE model needs improvement to fully account for the effects of vapor pressure deficit on tree transpiration. Seasonal distributions of ET coincided with precipitation in the growing season, when fluxes estimated by both field and models were the highest. The simulation model suggests that removal of conifer forests in the study region may reduce ET immediately by 113–30 mm/year or about 20%, but our field data suggests that ET can recover within 8–25 years from re-growth of hardwood forests. DA - 2008/2/13/ PY - 2008/2/13/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.010 VL - 148 IS - 2 SP - 257-267 SN - 0168-1923 KW - evapotranspiration KW - eddy covariance KW - MIKE SHE modeling KW - management KW - Wisconsin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estamos mas cerca de entender la ascendencia de las poblaciones de la ?variante patula? en la Sierra Madre del sur, Mexico? AU - Dvorak, W. S. T2 - Foresta Veracruzana DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 59-66 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Costs and benefits of forest certification in the Americas AU - Cubbage, F. W. AU - Moore, S. AU - Henderson, T. AU - Araujo, M. T2 - Natural resources: Economics, management, and policy A2 - White, J. R. A2 - Robinson, W. H. PY - 2008/// PB - Nova Science Publishers SN - 1604566493 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Communities and wildfire policy AU - Steelman, T. A. T2 - Forest community connections: Implications for research, management, and governance A2 - Donoghue, E. M. A2 - Sturtevant, V. PY - 2008/// PB - Washington, DC: Resources for the Future SN - 1933115688 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of vegetation management on bird habitat in Riparian buffer zones AU - Smith, Timothy A. AU - Osmond, Deanna L. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Stucky, Jon M. AU - Gilliam, J. Wendell T2 - SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - Riparian buffers can be valuable refuge areas for wildlife in otherwise homogeneous agricultural landscapes. Government sponsored programs like the Cropland Reserve Program generally require the planting of specific vegetative species during buffer restoration, although the effectiveness of such an approach when compared to restoration by volunteer species is unknown. We studied the effect of differences in vegetation structure on avian habitat in riparian buffer zones. A 25 m (82 ft) wide planted woodland buffer, 30 m (98 ft) wide grass, shrub, and woodland three-zone buffer, and a 9 m (30 ft) wide shrub buffer were evaluated for habitat potential using breeding-bird counts and vegetation surveys. Bird density and species richness varied with the structure of the vegetative communities present at the three sites. Avian species richness and total detections were higher in the three-zone buffer than in both the shrub and planted buffer, likely a result of the diversity of vegetation at the site. These data suggest that restoration of riparian areas by allowing fallow vegetation to recolonize is at the very least equally beneficial to avian wildlife as is restoration by planting specific grass, shrub, and tree species. Buffer restoration by natural revegetation using this method could be recommended as an alternative to implementation by planting riparian species due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1656/1528-7092(2008)7[277:EOVMOB]2.0.CO;2 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 277-288 SN - 1938-5412 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does the use of vaginal-implant transmitters affect neonate survival rate of white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus? AU - Swanson, C. C. AU - Jenks, J. A. AU - DePerno, C. S. AU - Klaver, R. W. AU - Osborn, R. G. AU - Tardiff, J. A. T2 - Wildlife Biology AB - We compared survival of neonate white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus captured using vaginal-implant transmitters (VITs) and traditional ground searches to determine if capture method affects neonate survival. During winter 2003, 14 adult female radio-collared deer were fitted with VITs to aid in the spring capture of neonates; neonates were captured using VITs (N=14) and traditional ground searches (N=7). Of the VITs, seven (50%) resulted in the location of birth sites and the capture of 14 neonates. However, seven (50%) VITs were prematurely expelled prior to parturition. Predation accounted for seven neonate mortalities, and of these, five were neonates captured using VITs. During summer 2003, survival for neonates captured using VITs one, two, and three months post capture was 0.76 (SE=0.05; N=14), 0.64 (SE=0.07; N=11) and 0.64 (SE=0.08; N=9), respectively. Neonate survival one, two and three months post capture for neonates captured using ground searches was 0.71 (SE=0.11; N=7), 0.71 (SE=0.15; N=5) and 0.71 (SE=0.15; N=5), respectively. Although 71% of neonates that died were captured <24 hours after birth using VITs, survival did not differ between capture methods. Therefore, use of VITs to capture neonate white-tailed deer did not influence neonate survival. VITs enabled us to capture neonates in dense habitats which would have been difficult to locate using traditional ground searches. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.2981/0909-6396(2008)14[272:DTUOVT]2.0.CO;2 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 272-279 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Collaborative study abroad: Combining efforts to improve the undergraduate experience AU - Dunning, J. B. AU - Meilan, R. AU - Jacobs, D. F. AU - Blank, G. B. AU - Easley, T. R. AU - Olsson, M. T2 - NACTA Journal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - 20-24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - COMPARING FORECASTING MODELS IN TOURISM AU - Chen, Rachel J. C. AU - Bloomfield, Peter AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. T2 - JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM RESEARCH AB - This study uses three major U.S. national parks as applications of statistically selecting appropriate methods to forecast attendance. Forecasting methods assessed include Naïve 1, Naïve 2, single moving average (SMA), single exponential smoothing (SES), Brown's, Holt's, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), derived time series cross-section regression (TSCSREG), and time series analysis with explanatory variable models. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is used to measure the accuracy of forecasting methods. Based on the MAPE values, SMA produces the most accurate forecasting, followed closely by ARIMA, Brown's, and Naïve 1 models. Holt's and TSCSREG models produce the next most accurate forecasting, followed by SES, time series analysis with explanatory variable model, and Naïve 2. Methods used in this article are readily transferable to other hospitality and tourism data sets with annual visitation figures. Merits and limits of the proposed forecasting methods are discussed. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1177/1096348007309566 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 3-21 SN - 1557-7554 KW - mean absolute percentage error KW - forecasting methods ER - TY - JOUR TI - Best management practices for reducing sediment loss from tobacco fields AU - Hazel, D. W. AU - Franklin, E. C. AU - Thomas, K. T. T2 - Journal of Soil & Water Conservation AB - Storm runoff from agricultural fields remains a significant source of pollutants to surface water. Use of best management practices in recent years has reduced these off-site impacts, especially for sediments. We evaluated a combination of best management practices on two agricultural Piedmont watersheds in North Carolina to estimate the combined reductions that can be achieved for tobacco cultivation. We evaluated the effectiveness of three best management practices for flue-cured tobacco production—reduced-till versus conventional tillage, grassed field-side filter zones, and forested filter zones—to determine the total reduction in suspended solids from storm runoff. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2489/jswc.63.3.91a VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 91A ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the effects of early silvicultural management on long-term site productivity of fast-growing eucalypt plantations: the Brazilian experience AU - Goncalves, J. L. M. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Laclau, J-P AU - Bouillet, J-P AU - Ranger, J. T2 - SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE AB - Abstract Eucalyptus is the dominant and most productive planted forest in Brazil, covering around 3.4 million ha for the production of charcoal, pulp, sawtimber, timber plates, wood foils, plywood and for building purposes. At the early establishment of the forest plantations, during the second half of the 1960s, the eucalypt yield was 10 m3 ha−1 y−1. Now, as a result of investments in research and technology, the average productivity is 38 m3 ha−1 y−1. The productivity restrictions are related to the following environmental factors, in order of importance: water deficits > nutrient deficiency > soil depth and strength. The clonal forests have been fundamental in sites with larger water and nutrient restrictions, where they out-perform those established from traditional seed-based planting stock. When the environmental limitations are small the productivities of plantations based on clones or seeds appear to be similar. In the long term there are risks to sustainability, because of the low fertility and low reserves of primary minerals in the soils, which are, commonly, loamy and clayey oxisols and ultisols. Usually, a decline of soil quality is caused by management that does not conserve soil and site resources, damages soil physical and chemical characteristics, and insufficient or unbalanced fertiliser management. The problem is more serious when fast-growing genotypes are planted, which have a high nutrient demand and uptake capacity, and therefore high nutrient output through harvesting. The need to mobilise less soil by providing more cover and protection, reduce the nutrient and organic matter losses, preserve crucial physical properties as permeability (root growth, infiltration and aeration), improve weed control and reduce costs has led to a progressive increase in the use of minimum cultivation practices during the last 20 years, which has been accepted as a good alternative to keep or increase site quality in the long term. In this paper we provide a synthesis and critical appraisal of the research results and practical implications of early silvicultural management on long-term site productivity of fast-growing eucalypt plantations arising from the Brazilian context. Keywords: FERTILISATIONMINIMUM CULTIVATIONRESIDUE MANAGEMENTSOIL PREPARATIONSUSTAINABILITYWATER DEFICIT DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.2989/SOUTH.FOR.2008.70.2.6.534 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 105-118 SN - 2070-2639 KW - fertilisation KW - minimum cultivation KW - residue management KW - soil preparation KW - sustainability KW - water deficit ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of cellulose microfibril angle using a linear mixed model in Pinus taeda clones AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Gumpertz, Marcia AU - Li, Bailian AU - Goldfarb, Barry AU - Sun, Xuan T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Variation in microfibril angle (MFA) (degrees) among loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) full-sib families and clones was investigated using 43 clones from nine full-sib crosses tested at two locations. When the experiments were 12 years old, a total of 316 trees were drilled and 12 mm thick wood increment cores were collected. MFA for each growth ring in the wood core was measured using the SilviScan-2 tool. A quadratic mixed model was fitted to evaluate the MFA variation over different rings. Among the error covariance structures tested in the model, autoregressive order 1 was the best model for producing MFA estimates with the smallest errors. Estimated MFA was about 33° in the pith (ring 1) of the trees and decreased to 18° in the outer wood (ring 11). Full-sib crosses and clones within crosses explained about 12.5% of the total phenotypic variation. Repeatability of full-sib family means (H 2 f = 0.46) was moderate but repeatability of clone means was high (H 2 c = 0.79). Although it is possible to improve (decrease) MFA with recurrent selection in tree improvement programs to improve lumber quality, cost efficient and rapid methods for measuring MFA are needed. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1139/X08-010 VL - 38 IS - 6 SP - 1676-1689 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An evaluation of selection for volume growth in loblolly pine AU - Sherrill, J. R. AU - Mullin, T. J. AU - Bullock, B. P. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Purnell, R. C. AU - Gumpertz, M. L. AU - Isik, F. T2 - SILVAE GENETICA AB - Abstract Total inside-bark volume is the most important selection criterion for productivity in tree breeding programs in the Southeastern U.S. Tree breeders typically estimate total inside-bark volume based on outside-bark diameter at breast height and total height without accounting for stem taper or bark thickness. To make a direct determination of total inside- and outside-bark volume, a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) open-pollinated family trial replicated with cultural treatments of weed control and fertilization was measured. This direct measurement was compared to typical volume estimates. In this trial, approximately 40 individuals from each of 25 open-pollinated first- and second-generation families were destructively sampled in the 13 th growing season. Selection for volume using a combined-variable (diameter 2 * height) equation was found to be highly effective for making volume gain. There was a high correlation between estimated and directly-measured total inside-bark volumes (0.99). Bark thickness and stem taper had low importance for stem volume selection. There was a positive genetic correlation between bark thickness and diameter at breast height (0.66). This indicates that selection for larger diameters may produce individuals with thicker bark, which may eventually affect total inside-bark volume estimates. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1515/sg-2008-0004 VL - 57 IS - 1 SP - 22-28 SN - 2509-8934 KW - bark thickness KW - genotype by treatment interaction KW - stem taper KW - volume gain KW - Pinus taeda L. KW - stem volume KW - tree improvement KW - stem form ER - TY - JOUR TI - A novel O-Methyltransferase-like gene with a drastic extopic expression in response to tension wood formation in Poupulus trichocarpa AU - Yeh, T. F. AU - Wang, J. AU - Rui, S. AU - Sun, Y. H. AU - Chiang, V. L. T2 - Cellulose Chemistry and Technology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 41 IS - 9-10 SP - 521-528 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The ethics of waterfowl hunting AU - Brown, R. D. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - A brief history of wildlife conservation in the United States--Part II AU - Brown, R. D. T2 - Fair Chase DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 30-35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - South America: Industrial roundwood supply potential AU - Gonzalez, R. W. AU - Saloni, D. AU - Dasmohapatra, S. AU - Cubbage, F. T2 - BioResources DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 255-269 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preliminary findings: analysis of carbon storage in Fraser fir plantations AU - Furiness, C. AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Limbs & Needles DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correction on trees per acre, and notes on the environmental aspects of forestry and paper AU - Robison, D. J. T2 - Bulletin (John F. Kennedy School of Government) DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 2008 IS - Spring ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correction on forestland ownership in the U.S. AU - Robison, D. J. T2 - Paper360? DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 2008 IS - May ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rooting stem cuttings of several species within the genus Quercus L. AU - Gocke, M. H. AU - Robison, D. J. AU - Treasure, E. T2 - Journal of the International Oak Society. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 19 SP - 29-41 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ocelot awareness among Latinos on the Texas and Tamaulipas border AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Sternberg, M. AU - Lopez, A. AU - Liu, J. T2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 13 SP - 339-347 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Hunting AU - Peterson, M. N. T2 - Encyclopedia of Ecology. V. 3, General ecology A2 - Jorgensen, S. E. A2 - Fath, B. D. PY - 2008/// SP - 1912-1915 PB - Oxford: Elsevier SN - 0444520333 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guidance memorandum (for proposal development) AU - Robison, D. J. A3 - NC State College of Natural Resources DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// PB - NC State College of Natural Resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - Attaining Carnegie's community engagement classification AU - Zuiches, J. AU - Cowling, E. AU - Clark, J. AU - Clayton, P. AU - Helm, K. AU - Henry, B. AU - Morris, T. AU - Moore, S. E. AU - Navey-Davis, S. AU - Schulze, S. AU - Thornton, C. AU - Warren, A. T2 - Change (New Rochelle, N.Y.) DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3200/chng.40.1.42-45 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 42-45 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Near infrared calibration models for the estimation of wood density in Pinus taeda using repeated sample measurements AU - Mora, Christian R. AU - Schimleck, Laurence R. AU - Isik, Fikret T2 - JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AB - Near infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance was used for the estimation of air-dry density and basic density in wood radial strip samples obtained at breast height (1.4 m) from 60 Pinus taeda trees established in three progeny tests in the south-eastern United States. NIR calibration models were fitted using raw spectra and pre-processed spectra with second derivative, multiplicative scatter correction and orthogonal signal correction. Successful calibrations were obtained for both wood properties using data collected in consecutive 10 mm sections from the samples. Data pre-processing did not result in model improvements compared to the models fitted using raw data. The effects of using repeated measures were evaluated by incorporating serial correlation into the partial least squares regression algorithm. The empirical autocorrelation of the normalised residuals showed that serial dependence among residuals was successfully removed by using an autoregressive correlation structure of second order. However, because the initial dependence among observations was not strong, the predictions were similar using the modified algorithm to those obtained with the traditional approach. These results indicate that the use of repeated measurements does not represent a serious problem for the development of NIR calibration models for the prediction of wood properties using radial samples measured in 10 mm sections and that the specification of the correlation structure may not be required when the models are used only for predictive purposes. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1255/jnirs.816 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 517-528 SN - 0967-0335 KW - NIR KW - Pinus taeda KW - PLS regression KW - serial correlation KW - wood air-dry density KW - wood basic density ER - TY - JOUR TI - Age and Sex Differences in Brain Gene Expression in Neonatal Rats AU - Torbati, D. AU - Totapally, B. R. AU - Raszynski, A. AU - Osborne, J. AU - Zyl, L. AU - Kalomiris, S. AU - Wolfsdorf, J. T2 - NEUROPEDIATRICS AB - Gene expression in the central nervous system is highly region-specific. We tested the hypothesis that certain developmental biomarkers could be detected in the whole brain or in cortical, subcortical or cerebellar structures. Brain gene expressions of male and female rats at birth, 3 days, and 10 days of age were measured by microarray technique (≈10 K genes; n=9/category). We found 53 significantly up-regulated and 8 down-regulated genes at 10 days of age, relative to birth and 3 days of age. The whole brain, however, showed no significant sex differences in gene expression patterns up to 10 days of age. Ten genes with the highest up-regulation, and 5 down-regulated genes were further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR), using the whole brain, cortices, subcortical structures, and cerebellum. The Q-PCR confirmed genes are known to be involved in neuronal differentiation, axonal myelination and growth, neurotransmission and glycolytic pathways. With a few exceptions, the expression levels of Q-PCR confirmed genes were significantly different in the whole brain, compared to other regions. In a separate study, we tested the potential utility of the Q-PCR confirmed genes, as whole brain biomarkers, after a six-hour exposure to hyperoxia (>98% oxygen breathing) in 10 days old rats. This relatively mild oxidative challenge created a 3.5-fold increase in the expression of T-cell receptor β Variable 8.3b, known to have regulatory function during development. We suggest that genes displaying significant expression in the whole brain, regardless of their origin, could be used to screen normal brain development in neonatal rat models of experimental neurology. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1055/s-0028-1105923 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 219-225 SN - 1439-1899 KW - brain development KW - gene expression KW - gene profiling KW - microarrays KW - neonatal rats ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of vegetation on sedimentary organic matter composition and PAH desorption AU - Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie AU - Gregory, Samuel T. AU - Musella, Jennifer S. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AB - Relationships between sedimentary organic matter (SOM) composition and PAH desorption behavior were determined for vegetated and non-vegetated refinery distillate waste sediments. Sediments were fractionated into size, density, and humin fractions and analyzed for their organic matter content. Bulk sediment and humin fractions differed more in organic matter composition than size/density fractions. Vegetated humin and bulk sediments contained more polar organic carbon, black carbon, and modern (plant) carbon than non-vegetated sediment fractions. Desorption kinetics of phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, and C(3)-phenanthrene/anthracenes from humin and bulk sediments were investigated using Tenax beads and a two-compartment, first-order kinetic model. PAH desorption from distillate waste sediments appeared to be controlled by the slow desorbing fractions of sediment; rate constants were similar to literature values for k(slow) and k(very slow). After several decades of plant colonization and growth (Phragmites australis), vegetated sediment fractions more extensively desorbed PAHs and had faster desorption kinetics than non-vegetated sediment fractions. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.05.011 VL - 156 IS - 3 SP - 928-935 SN - 0269-7491 KW - Phragmites KW - PAHs KW - Desorption KW - Sediments KW - Phytoremediation ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF VEGETATION AND BACKGROUND NOISE ON THE DETECTION PROCESS IN AUDITORY AVIAN POINT-COUNT SURVEYS (vol 125, pg 500, 2008) AU - Pacific, Krishna AU - Simons, Theodore R. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. T2 - AUK DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1525/auk.2008.111008 VL - 125 IS - 4 SP - 998-998 SN - 0004-8038 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance of Pinus taeda families under artificial inoculations with diverse fusiform rust pathogen populations and comparison with field trials (vol 38, pg 2687, 2008) AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Amerson, Henry V. AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - Garcia, Saul A. AU - Li, Bailian AU - McKeand, Steven E. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1139/x08-910 VL - 38 IS - 12 SP - 3151-3151 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prediction of wood density breeding values of Pinus taeda elite parents from unbalanced data: A method for adjustment of site and age effects using common checklots AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Li, Bailian AU - Goldfarb, Barry AU - McKeand, Steve T2 - ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE AB - • Wood density of elite parents of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was investigated in 6 to 18 year-old progeny trials. The sampling was carried out separately in seven testing regions in the southeastern US. A checklot was the only connection between elite parents planted at different trials in a testing region. • We used a data normalization method suggested for unbalanced designs in cDNA microarray experiments to remove confounding site and age effects using the checklot as a reference sample. Wood density breeding values of parents were predicted by fitting a linear mixed model to the normalized data. • Using the reference samples to remove site and age effects appears to be an effective method for analysis of unbalanced progeny tests data. In general, wood density (kg/m3) decreased from coastal to inland plantings and from the southern to the northern planting. Considerable genetic variation for wood density was detected among these fast-growing elite parents in six of seven testing regions, with half-sib family mean heritabilities ranging from 0.71 to 0.97 within a testing region. With the exception of two regions, checklots were stable across trials in a region, based on regressing the checklot means on trial means. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1051/forest:2008018 VL - 65 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1286-4560 KW - loblolly pine KW - reference sample KW - data normalization KW - genetic variation KW - heritability ER - TY - RPRT TI - Communities and wildfire policy, in forest community connections: implications for research, management, and governance AU - Steelman, T. A. A3 - Washington, DC: Resources for the Future DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// PB - Washington, DC: Resources for the Future ER - TY - TI - The influence of forest management on vulnerability to severe weather AU - Beach, R. AU - Sills, E. AU - Liu, T. AU - Pattanayak, S. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Some timber product market and trade implications of an invasive defoliator: The case of Asian Lymantria in the United States AU - Prestemon, J. P. AU - Turner, J. A. AU - Buongiorno, J. AU - Zhu, S. S. AU - Li, R. H. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 106 IS - 8 SP - 409-415 ER - TY - CONF TI - Seed orchard management strategies for deployment of intensively selected loblolly pine families in the southern US AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Gerwig, D. M. AU - Cumbie, W. P. AU - Jett, J. B. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Seed orchards, Proceedings from a conference at Umea, Sweden DA - 2008/// SP - 177-182 SN - 978-91-85911-28-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic parameter estimates for growth traits from diallel tests of loblolly pine throughout the southeastern United States AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Li, B. AU - Grissom, J. E. AU - Isik, F. AU - Jayawickrama, K. J. S. T2 - SILVAE GENETICA AB - Abstract Variation in heritability and in genetic correlation estimates were evaluated for juvenile tree height and volume for six testing areas of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the southeastern United States. Variance components and their functions (heritability and type B genetic correlations) were estimated from 265 six-parent disconnected diallel series, tested in almost 1000 trials (4 tests per diallel series). Original data were collected at age 6 years from about one million trees (265 diallel series x 30 crosses x 36 trees per cross/site x 4 sites) planted in field tests. Genetic tests were from the second cycle of breeding in the North Carolina State University - Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program. The overall unbiased individual-tree narrow-sense heritability for height was 0.19 and for volume was 0.16. The broad-sense heritabilities for height (0.24) and for volume (0.22) were higher than narrow-sense heritabilities due to the presence of non-additive genetic variance. There were moderate regional differences in these estimates, with tests in the Lower Gulf Coastal Plain tending to have the highest heritabilities for growth traits. There was very little association between site index and heritability, but heritabilities were higher on sites with the highest survival and highest test precision. Genotype x environment interactions were generally low both for half-sib and full-sib families, indicating that families can be operationally deployed to different sites with little concern about unpredictable performance. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1515/sg-2008-0016 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 101-110 SN - 2509-8934 KW - genetic correlation KW - genetic gain KW - genotype x environment interaction KW - heritability KW - Pinus taeda L. ER - TY - CONF TI - Discount rates of limited resource woodland owners in North Carolina and Virginia AU - Atmadja, S. AU - Sills, E. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Forest Economics Workshop DA - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infestation Rate of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Among Three North American Hemlock (Tsuga) Species Following Artificial Inoculation AU - Jetton, Robert M. AU - Hain, Fred P. AU - Dvorak, William S. AU - Frampton, John T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-43.4.438 VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - 438-442 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Adelges tsugae KW - Tsuga caroliniana KW - Tsuga canadensis KW - Tsuga heterophylla KW - host susceptibility ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparisons between PnET-Day and eddy covariance based gross ecosystem production in two Northern Wisconsin forests AU - Ryu, Soung-Ryoul AU - Chen, Jiquan AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Bresee, Mary K. AU - Ollinger, Scott V. T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - Abstract The PnET-Day model was independently parameterized to compare with estimated eddy covariance gross ecosystem production (GEP; gC m −2  day −1 ) in a mature mixed hardwood and a mature red pine ( Pinus resinosa ) forest in Northern Wisconsin during the growing season of 2002 and 2003. The mature hardwood forest was dominated by Populus tremuloides , Populus grandidentata , Betula papyrifera , Quercus rubra , Acer rubrum , and Acer saccharum . We evaluated the model's capability to predict the seasonal and interannual dynamics of GEP and explored the sources of discrepancy between PnET-Day and eddy covariance GEP estimates. GEP was directly estimated from the two eddy-flux towers, one for each forest type, during 2002 and 2003. PnET-Day growing season GEP for the mature hardwood forest was 12% higher in 2002 and 12% lower in 2003 than eddy covariance GEP estimates, while the modeled growing season GEP of the mature red pine forest was overestimated by 43 and 32% compared to eddy covariance GEP in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The disagreement between the two methods was attributed to year-to-year variability in foliage biomass and foliar nitrogen (N) in the mature hardwood forest and to high foliage biomass and specific leaf weight in the mature red pine forest (>50% larger than red pine in Harvard Forest where the model was developed and validated). The difference between PnET-Day and eddy covariance GEP estimates was greatest in May in the hardwood forest, primarily due to the discrepancy between the true and parameterized foliage onset day. Our results suggest that improved prediction of foliage onset is necessary to improve PnET-Day estimation of GEP in a hardwood forest. DA - 2008/2/13/ PY - 2008/2/13/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.005 VL - 148 IS - 2 SP - 247-256 SN - 1873-2240 KW - carbon KW - eddy covariance KW - PnET-Day KW - foliar nitrogen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of net ecosystem carbon exchange for the conterminous United States by combining MODIS and AmeriFlux data AU - Xiao, Jingfeng AU - Zhuang, Qianlai AU - Baldocchi, Dennis D. AU - Law, Beverly E. AU - Richardson, Andrew D. AU - Chen, Jiquan AU - Oren, Ram AU - Starr, Gregory AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Ma, Siyan AU - Verma, Shashi B. AU - Wharton, Sonia AU - Wofsy, Steven C. AU - Bolstad, Paul V. AU - Burns, Sean P. AU - Cook, David R. AU - Curtis, Peter S. AU - Drake, Bert G. AU - Falk, Matthias AU - Fischer, Marc L. AU - Foster, David R. AU - Gu, Lianhong AU - Hadley, Julian L. AU - Hollinger, David Y. AU - Katul, Gabriel G. AU - Litvak, Marcy AU - Martin, Timothy A. AU - Matamala, Roser AU - McNulty, Steve AU - Meyers, Tilden P. AU - Monson, Russell K. AU - Munger, J. William AU - Oechel, Walter C. AU - U, Kyaw Tha Paw AU - Schmid, Hans Peter AU - Scott, Russell L. AU - Sun, Ge AU - Suyker, Andrew E. AU - Torn, Margaret S. T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - Eddy covariance flux towers provide continuous measurements of net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) for a wide range of climate and biome types. However, these measurements only represent the carbon fluxes at the scale of the tower footprint. To quantify the net exchange of carbon dioxide between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere for regions or continents, flux tower measurements need to be extrapolated to these large areas. Here we used remotely sensed data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) instrument on board the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Terra satellite to scale up AmeriFlux NEE measurements to the continental scale. We first combined MODIS and AmeriFlux data for representative U.S. ecosystems to develop a predictive NEE model using a modified regression tree approach. The predictive model was trained and validated using eddy flux NEE data over the periods 2000–2004 and 2005–2006, respectively. We found that the model predicted NEE well (r = 0.73, p < 0.001). We then applied the model to the continental scale and estimated NEE for each 1 km × 1 km cell across the conterminous U.S. for each 8-day interval in 2005 using spatially explicit MODIS data. The model generally captured the expected spatial and seasonal patterns of NEE as determined from measurements and the literature. Our study demonstrated that our empirical approach is effective for scaling up eddy flux NEE measurements to the continental scale and producing wall-to-wall NEE estimates across multiple biomes. Our estimates may provide an independent dataset from simulations with biogeochemical models and inverse modeling approaches for examining the spatiotemporal patterns of NEE and constraining terrestrial carbon budgets over large areas. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.06.015 VL - 148 IS - 11 SP - 1827-1847 SN - 1873-2240 KW - Net ecosystem carbon exchange KW - MODIS KW - AmeriFlux KW - NEE KW - Regression tree KW - Eddy covariance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Paxillus involutus Forms an Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis and Enhances Survival of PtCOMT-modified Betula pendula in vitro AU - Tiimonen, H. AU - Aronen, T. AU - Laakso, T. AU - Saranpaa, P. AU - Chiang, V. AU - Haggman, H. AU - Niemi, K. T2 - SILVAE GENETICA AB - Abstract The ability of the PtCOMT (caffeate/5-hydroxyferulate O-methyltransferase from Populus tremuloides L.) - modified Betula pendula Roth. lines to form symbiosis with an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus Paxillus involutus Batsch Fr. was studied in vitro. Lignin precursor gene PtCOMT was introduced into two B. pendula clones under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter or the promoter of the sunflower polyubiquitin gene UbB1. Of the four transgenic lines, one 35SPtCOMT line (23) had a decreased syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio of root lignin, and two UbB1-PtCOMT lines (110 and 130) retarded root growth compared to the control clone. Both control clones and all transgenic lines were able to form ECMs with P. involutus, but the transgenic lines differed from the controls in the characteristics of the ECMs. The number of lateral roots covered with fungal hyphae and/or development of a Hartig net (HN) were reduced in line 23 with a decreased S/G ratio, and in lines 110 and 130 with slower root formation and changed root morphology, respectively. However, line 23 benefited more from the inoculation in lateral root formation than the control, and in lines 110 and 130 the percentage of viable plants increased most due to inoculation. The results show that B. pendula plants genetically transformed with the lignin gene PtCOMT could form mycorrhizal symbiosis regardless of changes in either the root S/G ratio or development. The benefits of the symbiosis were variable even in the closed in vitro system, and dependent on the clone or transgenic line and the ECM fungal symbiont. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1515/sg-2008-0036 VL - 57 IS - 4-5 SP - 235-242 SN - 2509-8934 KW - Betula pendula KW - COMT KW - ecological impacts of gmtrees KW - ectomycorrhiza KW - lignin modification KW - Paxillus involutus ER - TY - JOUR TI - The SOHARC model system for growth and yield of southern hardwoods AU - McTague, J. P. AU - O'Loughlin, D. AU - Raise, J. P. AU - Robison, D. J. AU - Kellison, R. C. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 173-183 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana) AU - Josserand, S. A. AU - Potter, K. M. AU - Echt, C. S. AU - Nelson, C. D. T2 - Molecular Ecology Resources AB - Abstract We describe the isolation and characterization of 31 polymorphic di‐ and trinucleotide microsatellite marker loci for Carolina hemlock ( Tsuga caroliniana Englem.). In addition, primer pairs for 16 loci amplified scoreable alleles in six other Tsuga species. In eastern North America, both Carolina hemlock and eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carr.) populations are declining due to infestation by hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae . The markers described here should enhance population genetic studies of hemlocks, providing valuable information for conserving and restoring these important forest tree species. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02294.x VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - 1371-1374 LA - en OP - SN - 1755-098X 1755-0998 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02294.x DB - Crossref KW - conservation genetics KW - hemlock KW - SSR markers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Constraints on physiological function associated with branch architecture and wood density in tropical forest trees AU - Meinzer, Frederick C. AU - Campanello, Paula I. AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Gatti, M. Genoveva AU - Goldstein, Guillermo AU - Villalobos-Vega, Randol AU - Woodruff, David R. T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - This study examined how leaf and stem functional traits related to gas exchange and water balance scale with two potential proxies for tree hydraulic architecture: the leaf area:sapwood area ratio (A(L):A(S)) and wood density (rho(w)). We studied the upper crowns of individuals of 15 tropical forest tree species at two sites in Panama with contrasting moisture regimes and forest types. Transpiration and maximum photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR(max)) per unit leaf area declined sharply with increasing A(L):A(S), as did the ratio of ETR(max) to leaf N content, an index of photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency. Midday leaf water potential, bulk leaf osmotic potential at zero turgor, branch xylem specific conductivity, leaf-specific conductivity and stem and leaf capacitance all declined with increasing rho(w). At the branch scale, A(L):A(S) and total leaf N content per unit sapwood area increased with rho(w), resulting in a 30% increase in ETR(max) per unit sapwood area with a doubling of rho(w). These compensatory adjustments in A(L):A(S), N allocation and potential photosynthetic capacity at the branch level were insufficient to completely offset the increased carbon costs of producing denser wood, and exacerbated the negative impact of increasing rho(w) on branch hydraulics and leaf water status. The suite of tree functional and architectural traits studied appeared to be constrained by the hydraulic and mechanical consequences of variation in rho(w). DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1093/treephys/28.11.1609 VL - 28 IS - 11 SP - 1609-1617 SN - 0829-318X KW - capacitance KW - functional convergence KW - hydraulic architecture KW - osmotic potential KW - photosynthesis KW - transpiration KW - water potential ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using a bud volume index with the top-stop nipper to control leader growth of Fraser fir Christmas trees AU - Rutledge, M. E. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Blank, G. T2 - HortTechnology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 583-587 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil respiration, root biomass, and root turnover following long-term exposure of northern forests to elevated atmospheric Co-2 and tropospheric O-3 AU - Pregitzer, Kurt S. AU - Burton, Andrew J. AU - King, John S. AU - Zak, Donald R. T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - • The Rhinelander free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment is designed to understand ecosystem response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (+CO2) and elevated tropospheric ozone (+O3). The objectives of this study were: to understand how soil respiration responded to the experimental treatments; to determine whether fine-root biomass was correlated to rates of soil respiration; and to measure rates of fine-root turnover in aspen (Populus tremuloides) forests and determine whether root turnover might be driving patterns in soil respiration. • Soil respiration was measured, root biomass was determined, and estimates of root production, mortality and biomass turnover were made. • Soil respiration was greatest in the +CO2 and +CO2 +O3 treatments across all three plant communities. Soil respiration was correlated with increases in fine-root biomass. In the aspen community, annual fine-root production and mortality (g m−2) were positively affected by +O3. • After 10 yr of exposure, +CO2 +O3-induced increases in belowground carbon allocation suggest that the positive effects of elevated CO2 on belowground net primary productivity (NPP) may not be offset by negative effects of O3. For the aspen community, fine-root biomass is actually stimulated by +O3, and especially +CO2 +O3. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02564.x VL - 180 IS - 1 SP - 153-161 SN - 1469-8137 KW - carbon allocation KW - carbon dioxide (CO2) KW - climate change KW - fine roots KW - global change KW - ozone (O-3) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biophysical and life-history determinants of hydraulic lift in Neotropical savanna trees AU - Scholz, F. G. AU - Bucci, S. J. AU - Goldstein, G. AU - Moreira, M. Z. AU - Meinzer, F. C. AU - Domec, J. -C. AU - Villalobos-Vega, R. AU - Franco, A. C. AU - Miralles-Wilhelm, F. T2 - FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY AB - 1 Ecological and physiological characteristics of vascular plants may facilitate or constrain hydraulic lift. Studies of hydraulic lift typically include only one or few species, but in species-rich ecosystems a larger number of representative species needs to be studied. 2 Measurements of sap flow in tap roots, lateral roots and stems, as well as stable isotope labelling techniques were used to determine the occurrence and relative magnitude of hydraulic lift in several individuals of nine co-occurring Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) tree species differing in life-history traits, and to assess physical and biological determinants of this process at the tree and ecosystem level. 3 The occurrence of reverse sap flow observed in deciduous and brevideciduous species during the dry season was consistent with hydraulic lift. The evergreen species did not exhibit reverse flow. Consistent with their ability to carry out hydraulic lift, the brevideciduous and deciduous species had both shallow and tap roots (dimorphic root systems), whereas the evergreen species had mostly deep roots (monomorphic root systems). 4 In the deciduous and brevideciduous species, the contribution of tap roots to transpiration increased substantially as the dry season progressed. Seasonal changes in the contribution of tap roots to transpiration were not observed in the evergreen species. 5 There was an inverse relationship between rates of reverse sap flow and seasonal loss of hydraulic conductivity in lateral roots, suggesting that hydraulic lift in Cerrado woody plants may help maintain the functionality of the lateral roots in exploring dry and nutrient rich superficial soil layers without directly enhancing the amount of water uptake. 6 Reverse sap flow in lateral roots of the deciduous and brevideciduous species increased asymptotically as the driving force for water movement from roots to the soil increased. This nonlinear relationship implies that additional sinks for water such as nocturnal transpiration and refilling of internal water storage tissues may compete for internal water resources during the dry season. 7 There appears to be a trade-off between greater year-round access to nutrients in the upper soil layers (deciduous and brevideciduous species) and a greater access to deep and more reliable water sources during the dry season (evergreen species), which has implications for whole-ecosystem water, carbon and nutrient balance in Neotropical savannas. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01452.x VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 773-786 SN - 1365-2435 KW - hydraulic redistribution KW - leaf phenology KW - nocturnal transpiration KW - root architecture KW - root conductivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - A novel field evaluation of the effectiveness of distance and independent observer sampling to estimate aural avian detection probabilities AU - Alldredge, Mathew W. AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Simons, Theodore R. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. T2 - Journal of Applied Ecology AB - 1 The validation of field sampling techniques is a concern for applied ecologists due to the strong model assumptions implicit in all methods. Computer simulations make replication easy, but they do not give insights into how much bias occurs in real populations. Testing sampling methods on populations of known size can establish directly how well estimators perform, but such populations are very hard to find, and replicate, and they may have unusual attributes. 2 We present a field validation of distance and double-observer methods of estimating detection probabilities on aural avian point counts. Our research is relevant to conservation agencies worldwide who design thousands of avian monitoring programmes based primarily on auditory point counts. The programmes are a critical component in the management of many avian species. 3 Our validation used a simulation system which mimics birds calling in a field environment. The system allowed us to vary singing rate, species, distance, the complexity of points, and other factors. 4 Distance methods performed poorly, primarily due to large localization errors, and estimates did not improve for simplified points. 5 For the double-observer method, two pairs of observers tended to underestimate true population size, while the third pair tended to double-count birds which overestimated the population. Detection probabilities were always higher and population estimates lower when observers subjectively matched birds compared to an objective rule and showed a slight negative bias and good precision. A simplified 45-degree matching rule did not improve the performance of double-observer estimates which had a slight positive bias and much lower precision. Double-observer estimates did improve on the simplified points. 6 Synthesis and applications. We encourage ecologists working with sampling methods to develop similar methods of working with simulated populations through use of technology. Our simulated field evaluation has demonstrated the difficulty of accurately estimating population size when limited to aural detections. Problems are related to limitations in the ability of observers to localize sound, estimate distance, and accurately identify birds during a count. Other sources of error identified are the effects of observers, singing rate, singing orientation and background noise. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01517.x VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 1349-1356 LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8901 1365-2664 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01517.x DB - Crossref KW - avian point counts KW - aural detections KW - detection probability KW - distance sampling KW - field tests KW - multiple observers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance of Pinus taeda families under artificial inoculations with diverse fusiform rust pathogen populations and comparison with field trials AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Amerson, Henry V. AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - Garcia, Saul A. AU - Li, Bailian AU - McKeand, Steven E. T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research AB - Controlled inoculations with 10 bulk inocula of Cronartium quercuum (Berk) Miyabe ex Shirai f.sp. fusiforme were carried out on open-pollinated progeny of 25 fast-growing Pinus taeda L. parents. The parents had a range of breeding values for resistance to fusiform rust in progeny field trials. There were highly significant differences among the half-sib families in response to inoculations, and these differences were very reproducible; the half-sib family-mean heritability of resistance to controlled inoculation was 0.97. All of the families that were susceptible in the field were susceptible in controlled inoculations, and most (12 of 17) of the field-resistant families were resistant in response to controlled inoculations. Significant pathogenic variability was observed among the different bulk inocula, although this accounted for only 1.9% of the total variation. Genetic differences among families within field-resistant or field-susceptible groups accounted for 13.7% of the total variation. The family by inocula interaction was highly significant, but a single field-resistant family contributed 44% of the total family by inocula interaction variance, and two other field-resistant families also showed significant interactions. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1139/X08-111 VL - 38 IS - 10 SP - 2687-2696 J2 - Can. J. For. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0045-5067 1208-6037 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-111 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Invasive forest pest surveillance: survey development and reliability AU - Coulston, John W. AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - Smith, William D. AU - Sapio, Frank J. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Worldwide, a large number of potential pest species are introduced to locations outside their native ranges; under the best possible prevention scheme, some are likely to establish one or more localized populations. A comprehensive early detection and rapid-response protocol calls for surveillance to determine if a pest has invaded additional locations outside its original area of introduction. In this manuscript, we adapt and spatially extend a two-stage sampling technique to determine the required sample size to substantiate freedom from an invasive pest with a known level of certainty. The technique, derived from methods for sampling livestock herds for disease presence, accounts for the fact that pest activity may be low at a coarse spatial scale (i.e., among forested landscapes) but high at a fine scale (i.e., within a given forested landscape). We illustrate the utility of the approach by generating a national-scale survey based on a risk map for a hypothetical forest pest species threatening the United States. These techniques provide a repeatable, cost-effective, practical framework for developing broad-scale surveys to substantiate freedom from non-native invasive forest pests with known statistical power. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1139/X08-076 VL - 38 IS - 9 SP - 2422-2433 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does strong linkage disequilibrium guarantee redundant association results? AU - Nielsen, Dahlia M. AU - Suchindran, Sunil AU - Smith, Christopher P. T2 - GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY AB - Abstract A substantial amount of effort has been expended recently towards the identification and evaluation of tag single nucleotide polymorphisms; markers that, due to linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns in the genome, are able to act as “proxies” for other polymorphic sites. As such, these tag markers are assumed to capture, on their own, a large proportion of the genetic variation contributed by a much greater number of polymorphic sites. One important consequence of this is the potential ability to reduce the cost of genotyping in an association study without a corresponding loss of power. This application carries an implicit assumption that strong LD between markers implies high correlation between the accompanying association test results, so that once a tag marker is evaluated for association, its outcome will be representative of all the other markers for which it serves as proxy. We examined this assumption directly. We find that in the null hypothesis situation, where there is no association between the markers and the phenotype, the relationship between LD and the correlation between association test outcomes is clear, though it is not always ideal. In the alternative case, when genetic association does exist in the region, the relationship becomes much more complex. Here, reasonably high LD between markers does not necessarily imply that the association test result of one marker is a direct substitute for that of the other. In these cases, eliminating one of these markers from the set to be genotyped in an association study will lead to a reduction in overall power. Genet. Epidemiol . 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1002/gepi.20328 VL - 32 IS - 6 SP - 546-552 SN - 0741-0395 KW - linkage disequilibrium KW - association mapping KW - negative correlation KW - case control KW - transmission disequilibrium ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bole girdling affects metabolic properties and root, trunk and branch hydraulics of young ponderosa pine trees AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Pruyn, Michele L. T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Effects of trunk girdling on seasonal patterns of xylem water status, water transport and woody tissue metabolic properties were investigated in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. Laws.) trees. At the onset of summer, there was a sharp decrease in stomatal conductance (gs) in girdled trees followed by a full recovery after the first major rainfall in September. Eliminating the root as a carbohydrate sink by girdling induced a rapid reversible reduction in gs. Respiratory potential (a laboratory measure of tissue-level respiration) increased above the girdle (branches and upper trunk) and decreased below the girdle (lower trunk and roots) relative to control trees during the growing season, but the effect was reversed after the first major rainfall. The increase in branch respiratory potential induced by girdling suggests that the decrease in gs was caused by the accumulation of carbohydrates above the girdle, which is consistent with an observed increase in leaf mass per area in the girdled trees. Trunk girdling did not affect native xylem embolism or xylem conductivity. Both treated and control trunks experienced loss of xylem conductivity ranging from 10% in spring to 30% in summer. Girdling reduced xylem growth and sapwood to leaf area ratio, which in turn reduced branch leaf specific conductivity (LSC). The girdling-induced reductions in gs and transpiration were associated with a decrease in leaf hydraulic conductance. Two years after girdling, when root-to-shoot phloem continuity had been restored, girdled trees had a reduced density of new wood, which increased xylem conductivity and whole-tree LSC, but also vulnerability to embolism. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1093/treephys/28.10.1493 VL - 28 IS - 10 SP - 1493-1504 SN - 1758-4469 KW - embolism KW - hydraulic conductivity KW - respiration KW - stomatal conductance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Visible implant fluorescent elastomer: A reliable marking alternative for snakes AU - DePerno, C. AU - Matthews, C. AU - Pollock, K. AU - Woodward, D. T2 - Herpetological Review DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 301-303 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Competition among Eucalyptus trees depends on genetic variation and resource supply AU - Boyden, S. AU - Binkley, D. AU - Stape, J. L. T2 - Ecology (Brooklyn, New York, N.Y.) DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 89 IS - 10 SP - 2850-2859 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Absolute and relative changes in tree growth rates and changes to the stand diameter distribution of Pinus taeda as a result of midrotation fertilizer applications AU - Carlson, Colleen A. AU - Burkhart, Harold E. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Fox, Thomas R. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Silvicultural treatments have the potential to change the diameter distribution of a stand, which can alter the final product mix of the stand. Growth and yield models need to account for these changes in the diameter distribution to assess the economic viability of the silvicultural operations. We investigated how the diameter distribution of Pinus taeda L. stands changes as a result of midrotation fertilization. Data from 43 installations of a nitrogen and phosphorus midrotation fertilizer trial series established in the southeastern United States were used in the study. The results indicated that both the absolute growth response and the relative growth response of individual trees were greater among the larger trees. A three-parameter Weibull distribution fitted at each study site was used to investigate how the parameters of the distribution changed with time and treatment. The location and scale parameters of the Weibull distribution were both affected by fertilization. Stand variables, such as site index, age, stand density, and mean diameter at time of fertilization, also affected the location and scale parameters. The shape parameter was not affected by any of the treatments in this study. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1139/X08-050 VL - 38 IS - 7 SP - 2063-2071 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The importance of habitat shape and landscape context to northern bobwhite populations AU - Riddle, Jason D. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract: Northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus ) populations have declined nationally for at least the past 4 decades. Field borders have been promoted as an important component of conservation plans to reverse this decline. Field border characteristics, such as shape and the landscapes in which the borders are established, have the potential to influence their effectiveness for recovering northern bobwhite populations. We established narrow linear (approx. 3‐m‐wide) and nonlinear field borders on farms in agriculture‐dominated and forest‐dominated landscapes in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA, after collecting pretreatment data on summer bobwhite abundance. After establishment of field borders, summer bobwhite abundance nearly doubled on farms in agriculture‐dominated landscapes and increased approximately 57% on farms with nonlinear field borders. Summer bobwhite abundance did not increase on farms with linear field borders in forest‐dominated landscapes. Nonlinear and narrow linear field borders can be used to increase bobwhite numbers on farms in landscapes dominated by agriculture. Less flexibility exists in forest‐dominated landscapes, where we found only nonlinear field borders resulted in an increase. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.2193/2007-469 VL - 72 IS - 6 SP - 1376-1382 SN - 1937-2817 KW - Colinus virginianus KW - cropland KW - field borders KW - North Carolina KW - northern bobwhite KW - point counts ER - TY - JOUR TI - The conservation and breeding of Eucalyptus urophylla: a case study to better protect important populations and improve productivity AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Payn, K. G. T2 - SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE AB - Abstract Eucalyptus urophylla is one of the most commercially important forest species in the world, primarily as a hybrid parent. However, the conservation status of the majority of the populations where it naturally occurs on seven islands in eastern Indonesia range from critically endangered to vulnerable. We examine the evolutionary forces that might have caused genetic variation within and between E. urophylla populations and link these findings to international provenance trial results and molecular marker studies. We demonstrate that one climatic type does not describe all E. urophylla populations. We suggest that volcanism played an important role in its distribution and levels of genetic diversity on the islands. We report significant provenance variation for survival and growth in trials established in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, South Africa and Venezuela. Provenance differences for growth within a country are sometimes >50%. Based on these assessments, we develop an ex situ conservation strategy to protect populations that are most threatened but also show the greatest productivity across countries. We conclude that populations of E. urophylla will only be conserved ex situ if traditional and molecular tree breeders convince private industry of the economic importance to do so. Keywords: CAMCORECONSERVATION STATUSDISEASEGENETIC DIVERSITY DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.2989/south.for.2008.70.2.3.531 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 77-85 SN - 2070-2639 KW - Camcore KW - conservation status KW - disease KW - genetic diversity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatio-temporal analysis of Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera : Circulionidae : Scolytinae) invasion in eastern US forests AU - Koch, F. H. AU - Smith, W. D. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The non-native redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), has recently emerged as a significant pest of southeastern U.S. coastal forests. Specifically, a fungal symbiont (Raffaelea sp.) of X. glabratus has caused mortality of redbay (Persea borbonia) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum) trees in the region; several other Lauraceae species also seem susceptible. Although the range of X. glabratus continues to expand rapidly, little is known about the species' biology and behavior. In turn, there has been no broad-scale assessment of the threat it poses to eastern U.S. forests. To provide a basic information framework, we performed analyses exploiting relevant spatio-temporal data available for X. glabratus. First, we mapped the densities of redbay and sassafras from forest inventory data. Second, we used climate matching to delineate potential geographic limits for X. glabratus. Third, we used county infestation data to estimate the rate of spread and modeled spread through time, incorporating host density as a weighting factor. Our results suggest that (1) key areas with high concentrations of redbay have yet to be invaded, but some are immediately threatened; (2) climatic conditions may serve to constrain X. glabratus to the southeastern U.S. coastal region; and (3) if unchecked, X. glabratus may spread throughout the range of redbay in <40 yr. Disruption of anthropogenic, long-distance dispersal could reduce the likelihood of this outcome. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X(2008)37[442:SAOXGC]2.0.CO;2 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 442-452 SN - 1938-2936 KW - Xyleborus glabratus KW - ambrosia beetle KW - redbay KW - climate matching KW - cost-weighted distance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling mid-rotation fertilizer responses using the age-shift approach AU - Carlson, Colleen A. AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Growth and yield modelers have incorporated mid-rotation fertilizer responses by: modifying site index; developing new models to include fertilizer responses directly; using multipliers or additional terms to scale existing models. We investigated the use of age-shifts to model mid-rotation fertilizer responses. Age-shift prediction models were constructed from 43 installations of a nitrogen (0, 112, 224 and 336 kg ha−1 elemental) by phosphorus (0, 28 and 56 kg ha−1 elemental) factorial experiment established in mid-rotation loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine stands in the southeastern US. Age-shifts for dominant height and basal area increased with time after fertilization, to a maximum and then either remained fairly constant, or declined. The initial rate of increase, maximum age-shift and decline were functions of the rate and combinations of fertilizers applied, as well as stand density and age at fertilization. Volume age-shifts increased linearly throughout the 10-year measurement period for most treatments with the rate of increase being a function of the elements applied, stocking, site index and age at fertilization. A mid-rotation fertilizer application of 224 and 28 kg ha−1 elemental N and P, respectively, resulted in age-shifts of 1.1, 1.9 and 2.4 years for dominant height, basal area and volume, respectively, 10 years after fertilization. The age-shifts were incorporated into growth and yield models. DA - 2008/7/30/ PY - 2008/7/30/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.04.020 VL - 256 IS - 3 SP - 256-262 SN - 0378-1127 KW - time-gain KW - yield prediction KW - Pinus taeda KW - loblolly KW - pine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating harvest costs for fuel treatments in the West AU - Arriagada, R. A. AU - Cubbage, F. W. AU - Abt, K. L. AU - Huggett, R. J. T2 - Forest Products Journal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 58 IS - 7-8 SP - 24-30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimated home ranges can misrepresent habitat relationships on patchy landscapes AU - Mitchell, Michael S. AU - Powell, Roger A. T2 - ECOLOGICAL MODELLING AB - Home ranges of animals are generally structured by the selective use of resource-bearing patches that comprise habitat. Based on this concept, home ranges of animals estimated from location data are commonly used to infer habitat relationships. Because home ranges estimated from animal locations are largely continuous in space, the resource-bearing patches selected by an animal from a fragmented distribution of patches would be difficult to discern; unselected patches included in the home range estimate would bias an understanding of important habitat relationships. To evaluate potential for this bias, we generated simulated home ranges based on optimal selection of resource-bearing patches across a series of simulated resource distributions that varied in the spatial continuity of resources. For simulated home ranges where selected patches were spatially disjunct, we included interstitial, unselected cells most likely to be traveled by an animal moving among selected patches. We compared characteristics of the simulated home ranges with and without interstitial patches to evaluate how insights derived from field estimates can differ from actual characteristics of home ranges, depending on patchiness of landscapes. Our results showed that contiguous home range estimates could lead to misleading insights on the quality, size, resource content, and efficiency of home ranges, proportional to the spatial discontinuity of resource-bearing patches. We conclude the potential bias of including unselected, largely irrelevant patches in the field estimates of home ranges of animals can be high, particularly for home range estimators that assume uniform use of space within home range boundaries. Thus, inferences about the habitat relationships that ultimately define an animal's home range can be misleading where animals occupy landscapes with patchily distributed resources. DA - 2008/9/10/ PY - 2008/9/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.05.001 VL - 216 IS - 3-4 SP - 409-414 SN - 1872-7026 KW - habitat quality KW - home range estimate KW - optimal home range KW - patchy landscape KW - resource distribution ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of methods for estimating northern bobwhite covey detection probabilities AU - Riddle, J. D. AU - Moorman, C. E. AU - Pollock, K. H. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Management AB - Abstract: We compared the time‐of‐detection and logistic regression methods of estimating probability of detection for northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus ) coveys. Both methods are unusual in that they allow estimation of the total probability of detection (i.e., the product of the probability that a covey is available for detection [i.e., that a covey vocalizes] and detection given availability). The logistic regression method produced an average detection probability of 0.596 (SE = 0.020) and the time‐of‐detection method produced a detection probability estimate of 0.540 (SE = 0.086), and the 2 estimates were not significantly different. This is the first evaluation of the time‐of‐detection method with empirical field data. Although the time‐of‐detection and logistic regression method each have advantages, both can be used under appropriate conditions to improve estimates of bobwhite abundance by allowing for the estimation of detection probabilities. Improved estimates of bobwhite abundance will allow land managers to make more informed management decisions. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2193/2007-435 VL - 72 IS - 6 SP - 1437-1442 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maximum height in a conifer is associated with conflicting requirements for xylem design AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Lachenbruch, Barbara AU - Meinzer, Frederick C. AU - Woodruff, David R. AU - Warren, Jeffrey M. AU - McCulloh, Katherine A. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Despite renewed interest in the nature of limitations on maximum tree height, the mechanisms governing ultimate and species-specific height limits are not yet understood, but they likely involve water transport dynamics. Tall trees experience increased risk of xylem embolism from air-seeding because tension in their water column increases with height because of path-length resistance and gravity. We used morphological measurements to estimate the hydraulic properties of the bordered pits between tracheids in Douglas-fir trees along a height gradient of 85 m. With increasing height, the xylem structural modifications that satisfied hydraulic requirements for avoidance of runaway embolism imposed increasing constraints on water transport efficiency. In the branches and trunks, the pit aperture diameter of tracheids decreases steadily with height, whereas torus diameter remains relatively constant. The resulting increase in the ratio of torus to pit aperture diameter allows the pits to withstand higher tensions before air-seeding but at the cost of reduced pit aperture conductance. Extrapolations of vertical trends for trunks and branches show that water transport across pits will approach zero at a heights of 109 m and 138 m, respectively, which is consistent with historic height records of 100-127 m for this species. Likewise, the twig water potential corresponding to the threshold for runaway embolism would be attained at a height of approximately 107 m. Our results suggest that the maximum height of Douglas-fir trees may be limited in part by the conflicting requirements for water transport and water column safety. DA - 2008/8/19/ PY - 2008/8/19/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0710418105 VL - 105 IS - 33 SP - 12069-12074 SN - 0027-8424 KW - air-seeding pressure KW - bordered pit KW - embolism KW - hydraulic architecture KW - Pseudotsuga menziesii ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of religion on environmental worldviews: The Teton Valley case AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Liu, Jianguo T2 - SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES AB - Environmental worldviews are rooted in culture, and religion defines many cultures. While several studies have addressed the relationship between religion and environmental worldviews, few studies controlled for nonreligious regional culture and political affiliation. We addressed this gap with a case study in the Teton Valley of Idaho and Wyoming, USA. After controlling for demographic factors, environmental worldviews significantly related to being Mormon (member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), being Christian, not being affiliated with organized religion, political affiliation, and regional culture (n = 401, F = 22.71, R 2 = .41). Environmental worldviews, however, were not related to religiosity. Those not affiliated with organized religion were most environmentally oriented, Mormon respondents were the least environmentally oriented, and Roman Catholics and other Christians fell in the middle. Longer term residents scored significantly lower than newcomers, and Republicans scored... DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/08941920802191852 VL - 21 IS - 8 SP - 704-718 SN - 1521-0723 KW - Catholic KW - Christian KW - environmentalism KW - LDS KW - Mormon KW - NEP KW - politics KW - religion KW - worldview ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF VEGETATION AND BACKGROUND NOISE ON THE DETECTION PROCESS IN AUDITORY AVIAN POINT-COUNT SURVEYS AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Simons, Theodore R. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. T2 - The Auk AB - We used a bird-song simulation system to experimentally assess the effects of habitat, vegetation structure, and background noise on detection probability in aural avian point counts. We simulated bird songs of seven species in two habitats (mixed pine–hardwood forest and deciduous forest) and two leaf conditions (leaves on and leaves off) with two levels of background noise (~40 dB and ~50 dB). Estimated detection probabilities varied greatly among species, and complex interactions among all the factors existed. Background noise and the presence of leaves on trees decreased detection probabilities, and estimated detection probabilities were higher in mixed pine–hardwood forest than in deciduous forest. At 100 m, average estimated detection probabilities ranged from 0 to 1 and were lowest for the Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia) and highest for the Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum). Simulations of expected counts, based on the best logistic model, indicated that observers detect between 3% (for the worst observer, least detectable species, with leaves on the trees and added background noise in the deciduous forest) and 99% (for the best observer, most detectable species, with no leaves on the trees and no added background noise in the mixed forest) of the total count. The large variation in expected counts illustrates the importance of estimating detection probabilities directly. The large differences in detection probabilities among species suggest that tailoring monitoring protocols to specific species of interest may produce better estimates than a single protocol applied to a wide range of species. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1525/auk.2008.07078 VL - 125 IS - 3 SP - 600-607 J2 - The Auk LA - en OP - SN - 0004-8038 1938-4254 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/auk.2008.07078 DB - Crossref KW - aural detections KW - background noise KW - detection probability KW - habitat effects KW - point counts KW - population indices ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chloroplast DNA phylogeography in long-lived Huon pine, a Tasmanian rain forest conifer AU - Clark, Catherine M. AU - Carbone, Ignazio T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Genealogy based methods were used to estimate phylogeographic history for a Tasmanian endemic conifer, Huon pine ( Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook. f.) Quinn). DNA from trees in eight populations was sequenced using three chloroplast primers (trnS–trnT, trnD–trnT, and psbC–trnS). Mean nucleotide diversity was low (π = 0.000 93 ± 0.000 06) from 892 base pairs of sequence, but varied in stands from 0.0 to 0.001 15. Two of the five haplotypes were widely distributed, but the most frequently occurring haplotype was found only in the western portion of the range. Population structure was highly significant among populations overall (G ST = 0.261, where G ST is the coefficient of gene differentiation, and p ≤ 0.0001), and there were indications of significant isolation by distance (p ≤ 0.022). Populations exhibited the highest levels of differentiation between the southeastern and northwestern watersheds. Estimates of migration between populations obtained using both parametric and nonparametric methods indicated levels of gene flow consistent with an isolation by distance model. Nested clade analysis demonstrated a pattern of genetic diversity in Huon pine that is consistent with a history of range expansion. The exceptionally low level of nucleotide diversity, haplotype distribution, and paleoecological data are congruent with a history of long-term range reduction, population bottlenecks, and subsequent colonization events from refugial areas. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1139/X07-209 VL - 38 IS - 6 SP - 1576-1589 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An evaluation of long-term capture effects in ursids: Implications for wildlife welfare and research AU - Cattet, Marc AU - Boulanger, John AU - Stenhouse, Gordon AU - Powell, Roger A. AU - Reynolds-Hogland, Melissa. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY AB - The need to capture wild animals for conservation, research, and management is well justified, but long-term effects of capture and handling remain unclear. We analyzed standard types of data collected from 127 grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) captured 239 times in western Alberta, Canada, 1999–2005, and 213 American black bears (U. americanus) captured 363 times in southwestern North Carolina, 1981–2002, to determine if we could detect long-term effects of capture and handling, that is, effects persisting ≥ 1 month. We measured blood serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin to assess muscle injury in association with different methods of capture. Serum concentrations of AST and CK were above normal in a higher proportion of captures by leghold snare (64% of 119 grizzly bear captures and 66% of 165 black bear captures) than capture by helicopter darting (18% of 87 grizzly bear captures) or by barrel trap (14% of 7 grizzly bear captures and 29% of 7 black bear captures). Extreme AST values (>5 times upper reference limit) in 7 (6%) grizzly bears and 29 (18%) black bears captured by leghold snare were consistent with the occurrence of exertional (capture) myopathy. We calculated daily movement rates for 91 radiocollared grizzly bears and 128 radiocollared black bears to determine if our activities affected their mobility during a 100-day period after capture. In both species, movement rates decreased below mean normal rate immediately after capture (grizzly bears: X̄ = 57% of normal, 95% confidence interval = 45–74%; black bears: 77%, 64–88%) and then returned to normal in 3–6 weeks (grizzly bears: 28 days, 20–37 days; black bears: 36 days, 19–53 days). We examined the effect of repeated captures on age-related changes in body condition of 127 grizzly bears and 207 black bears and found in both species that age-specific body condition of bears captured ≥2 times (42 grizzly bears and 98 black bears) tended to be poorer than that of bears captured once only (85 grizzly bears and 109 black bears), with the magnitude of effect directly proportional to number of times captured and the effect more evident with age. Importantly, the condition of bears did not affect their probability of capture or recapture. These findings challenge persons engaged in wildlife capture to examine their capture procedures and research results carefully. Significant capture-related effects may go undetected, providing a false sense of the welfare of released animals. Further, failure to recognize and account for long-term effects of capture and handling on research results can potentially lead to erroneous interpretations. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1644/08-MAMM-A-095.1 VL - 89 IS - 4 SP - 973-990 SN - 1545-1542 KW - American black bear KW - body condition KW - exertional myopathy KW - grizzly bear KW - long-term capture effects KW - movement rates KW - muscle injury KW - ursids KW - Ursus americanus KW - Ursus arctos ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thinking locally for urban forest restoration: A simple method links exotic species invasion to local landscape structure AU - Vidra, Rebecca L. AU - Shear, Theodore H. T2 - RESTORATION ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Restoring urban forests often involves eradicating exotic species and diligently guarding against future invasions. Understanding how landscape structure contributes to the distribution of exotic species may inform these management efforts. To date, the distribution of exotic species in forested patches has been correlated with the type of development surrounding the patch, with those surrounded by agricultural or urban development often more highly invaded. Yet, previous studies have categorized land use types and have not examined more local‐scale changes in land use. These local changes may be particularly important in urban areas where forested patches are immediately surrounded by diverse land use types. Our study examined how two key aspects of landscape structure, patch size and adjacent land use, may influence patterns of exotic species invasion of riparian buffers within Raleigh and Cary, North Carolina, United States. We found that large patch size alone, in our case, wide riparian buffers, does not protect against exotic species invasion. Patches surrounded by higher canopy‐cover landscapes (e.g., forests and older residential developments with mature canopy) were more likely to be invaded than those surrounded by less canopy cover (e.g., shopping malls and other commercial development). We attribute these results, in part, to increased pressure from exotic propagules from adjacent forests. When restoring urban forests, attention should be paid to local land use to better plan for successful, long‐term eradication of exotic species. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00387.x VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 217-220 SN - 1061-2971 KW - exotic species KW - greenways KW - landscape context KW - landscape structure KW - riparian buffers KW - urban forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Property tax policy and land-use change AU - Polyakov, Maksym AU - Zhang, Daowei T2 - LAND ECONOMICS AB - In this study, we analyze the effect of property taxes on changes between agricultural, forestry, Conservation Reserve Program, and developed land uses in Louisiana. We estimate a random parameters logit model of land-use conversion from the National Resources Inventory plot data. Our results indicate that land-use changes are inelastic with respect to property taxes. Simulation shows that current use valuation policy, while slowing down development of rural lands, also affects changes between rural land uses. (JEL Q15, H23) DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.3368/le.84.3.396 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 396-408 SN - 1543-8325 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microsatellite diversity and genetic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species Eucalyptus urophylla, endemic to seven islands in eastern Indonesia AU - Payn, Kitt G. AU - Dvorak, William S. AU - Janse, Bernard J. H. AU - Myburg, Alexander A. T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1007/s11295-007-0128-7 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 519-530 SN - 1614-2950 KW - SSR KW - breeding KW - conservation KW - Eucalypt ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating wood energy users in North Carolina and the potential for using logging chips to expand wood fuel use AU - Hazel, D. W. AU - Bardon, R. E. T2 - Forest Products Journal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 58 IS - 5 SP - 34-39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecological and genetic factors that define the natural distribution of Carolina hemlock in the southeastern United States and their role in ex situ conservation AU - Jetton, Robert M. AU - Dvorak, William S. AU - Whittier, W. Andrew T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.) is a rare endemic found in the Appalachian Mountains and Upper Piedmont of the southeastern United States. It is being decimated by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), an exotic pest introduced into the region from Japan several decades ago. We examine ecological, genetic and climatic factors in natural stands that characterize the species’ occurrence to better determine where ex situ conservation plantings should be established. To facilitate species/site matching, we use FloraMap™ software that quantifies climatic variables at provenance collection sites to predict other areas where Carolina hemlock could be planted in the U.S. and Latin America. Results indicate that based on analysis of 15 populations, Carolina hemlock is found on predominantly sandy-clay loam soils but occurs on a wider range of soil textural groups than previously thought. Its natural occurrence represents two different climatic groups, with the Cradle of Forestry, NC site most different than the rest. FloraMap™ predicts with high probability that Carolina hemlock populations can be successfully moved to central Chile, and with lower probability to the Ozark region of Arkansas and southern Brazil. Camcore, North Carolina State University, has now collected seeds from 12 provenances and 77 mother trees in natural populations of Carolina hemlock and distributed these to the three regions listed above. Our goal is to sample 150 trees from the 15 provenances which will sample most of the species’ genetic diversity for ex situ conservation. The ex situ approach offers an alternate means of protecting the species if efforts to control the adelgid fail in the southeastern US. DA - 2008/5/15/ PY - 2008/5/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.01.032 VL - 255 IS - 8-9 SP - 3212-3221 SN - 0378-1127 KW - Tsuga caroliniana KW - gene conservation KW - Adelges tsugae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct observation of inversion domain boundaries of GaN on c-sapphire at sub-Angstrom resolution AU - Liu, Fude AU - Collazo, Ramon AU - Mita, Seiji AU - Sitar, Zlatko AU - Pennycook, Stephen J. AU - Duscher, Gerd T2 - ADVANCED MATERIALS AB - Inversion domain boundaries (IDBs) of GaN are studied by a high-resolution technique. The IDB separates adjacent domains of opposite polarity. The image shows a GaN IDB in the [bar;2110] projection. The theoretical IDB structure fits the experimentally obtained structure well. The inset is an image acquired from a very thin region on the right side of the IDB. It can indicate the polarity of GaN directly. DA - 2008/6/4/ PY - 2008/6/4/ DO - 10.1002/adma.200702522 VL - 20 IS - 11 SP - 2162-+ SN - 1521-4095 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of static and switching characteristics of 1200 V 4H-SiCBJT and 1200 V Si-IGBT AU - Gao, Yan AU - Huang, Alex Q. AU - Krishnaswami, Sumi AU - Richmond, Jim AU - Agarwal, Anant K. T2 - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS AB - In this paper, static and switching characteristics of a 1200 V 4H-silicon carbide (SiC) bipolar junction transistor (BJT) at a bus voltage of 600 V are reported for the first time. Comparison was made between the SiC BJT and a 1200 V Si insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). The experimental data show that the SiC BJT has much smaller conduction and switching losses than the Si IGBT. The SiC BJT also shows an extremely large reverse bias safe operation area, and no second breakdown was observed. This removes one of the most unattractive aspects of the BJT. The results prove that, unlike Si BJTs, BJTs in 4H-SiC are good competitors for Si IGBTs. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1109/TIA.2008.921408 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 887-893 SN - 1939-9367 KW - loss KW - reverse-biased safe operating area (RBSOA) KW - Si insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) KW - silicon carbide bipolar junction transistor (SiC BJT) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bayesian spatial modeling of data from avian point count surveys AU - Webster, Raymond A. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1198/108571108X311563 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 121-139 SN - 1537-2693 KW - binomial counts KW - CAR models KW - detection histories KW - detection probability KW - MCMC KW - population density estimation ER - TY - JOUR TI - A reference data set of hillslope rainfall-runoff response, Panola Mountain Research Watershed, United States AU - Meerveld, H. J. T. V. AU - James, A. L. AU - McDonnell, J. J. AU - Peters, N. E. T2 - Water Resources Research DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 44 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stress-responsive microRNAs in Populus AU - Lu, Shanfa AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANT JOURNAL AB - MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a group of small non-coding RNAs, have recently become the subject of intense study. They are a class of post-transcriptional negative regulators playing vital roles in plant development and growth. However, little is known about their regulatory roles in the responses of trees to the stressful environments incurred over their long-term growth. Here, we report the cloning of small RNAs from abiotic stressed tissues of Populus trichocarpa (Ptc) and the identification of 68 putative miRNA sequences that can be classified into 27 families based on sequence homology. Among them, nine families are novel, increasing the number of the known Ptc-miRNA families from 33 to 42. A total of 346 targets was predicted for the cloned Ptc-miRNAs using penalty scores of 50% of cropland were excluded from the analysis, where the seasonal dynamics of productivity and species richness deviate patterns in natural systems. When stratified by biome, GPPSD remained the best predictor of species richness in grasslands (R2 = 0.30), whereas the most variability was explained by NDSVImax in forests (R2 = 0.26), and LSWIavg in deserts (R2 = 0.61). The results demonstrated that biophysical estimates of productivity and water content can be used to predict plant species richness at the regional and biome levels. DA - 2008/5/15/ PY - 2008/5/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2007.09.013 VL - 112 IS - 5 SP - 2018-2032 SN - 1879-0704 KW - plant species richness KW - MODIS KW - semi-arid regions KW - GPP KW - LSWI KW - EVI KW - NDSVI KW - Inner Mongolia KW - China ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moisture sensitivity of ecosystem respiration: Comparison of 14 forest ecosystems in the Upper Great Lakes Region, USA AU - Noormets, A. AU - Desai, A. R. AU - Cook, B. D. AU - Euskirchen, E. S. AU - Ricciuto, D. M. AU - Davis, K. J. AU - Bolstad, P. V. AU - Schmid, H. P. AU - Vogel, C. V. AU - Carey, E. V. AU - Su, H. B. AU - Chen, J. T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - Ecosystem respiration (ER) was measured with the eddy covariance technique in 14 forest ecosystems in the Upper Great Lakes Region during the growing seasons of 2002 and 2003. The response of ER to soil temperature and moisture was analyzed using empirical models. On average, ER was higher in the intermediate and young than in the mature stands, and higher in hardwood than in conifer stands. The seasonal mean temperature-normalized respiration rate (R10) ranged from 1 to 3 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 and seasonal mean activation energy (Ea) from 40 to 110 kJ mol−1. The variation in the residuals of temperature response function of ER was best explained by soil moisture content. ER showed higher temperature sensitivity (as indicated by lower Ea) in the young than in the mature stands of coniferous forests, but not in the hardwood forests. The inclusion of soil moisture as an explicit driver of R10 explained an additional 8% (range 0–21%) of variability in ER. Significant moisture sensitivity of ER was detected in only 5 out of 20 site-years and it was associated with bimodal soil moisture distribution. Moisture sensitivity could partially be predicted from statistical moments kurtosis and interquartile range. The data implied greater moisture sensitivity with increasing stand age, possibly due to faster depletion of soil water supplies from a greater evaporative surface in the older stands. Additional limiting factors to ER were implicated. DA - 2008/2/13/ PY - 2008/2/13/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.002 VL - 148 IS - 2 SP - 216-230 SN - 1873-2240 KW - activation energy KW - boreo-temperate forests KW - ecosystem respiration KW - eddy covariance KW - forest age KW - moisture sensitivity KW - soil moisture KW - soil temperature KW - temperature sensitivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of vegetation and seasonal forcing on carbon dioxide fluxes across the Upper Midwest, USA: Implications for regional scaling AU - Desai, Ankur R. AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Bolstad, Paul V. AU - Chen, Jiquan AU - Cook, Bruce D. AU - Davis, Kenneth J. AU - Euskirchen, Eugenie S. AU - Gough, Christopher M. AU - Martin, Jonathan G. AU - Ricciuto, Daniel M. AU - Schmid, Hans Peter AU - Tang, Jianwu AU - Wang, Weiguo T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - Carbon dioxide fluxes were examined over the growing seasons of 2002 and 2003 from 14 different sites in Upper Midwest (USA) to assess spatial variability of ecosystem–atmosphere CO2 exchange. These sites were exposed to similar temperature/precipitation regimes and spanned a range of vegetation types typical of the region (northern hardwood, mixed forest, red pine, jack pine, pine barrens and shrub wetland). The hardwood and red pine sites also spanned a range of stand ages (young, intermediate, mature). While seasonal changes in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and photosynthetic parameters were coherent across the 2 years at most sites, changes in ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross ecosystem production (GEP) were not. Canopy height and vegetation type were important variables for explaining spatial variability of CO2 fluxes across the region. Light-use efficiency (LUE) was not as strongly correlated to GEP as maximum assimilation capacity (Amax). A bottom-up multi-tower land cover aggregated scaling of CO2 flux to a 2000 km2 regional flux estimate found June to August 2003 NEE, ER and GEP to be −290 ± 89, 408 ± 48, and 698 ± 73 gC m−2, respectively. Aggregated NEE, ER and GEP were 280% larger, 32% smaller and 3% larger, respectively, than that observed from a regionally integrating 447 m tall flux tower. However, when the tall tower fluxes were decomposed using a footprint-weighted influence function and then re-aggregated to a regional estimate, the resulting NEE, ER and GEP were within 11% of the multi-tower aggregation. Excluding wetland and young stand age sites from the aggregation worsened the comparison to observed fluxes. These results provide insight on the range of spatial sampling, replication, measurement error and land cover accuracy needed for multi-tiered bottom-up scaling of CO2 fluxes in heterogeneous regions such as the Upper Midwest, USA. DA - 2008/2/13/ PY - 2008/2/13/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001 VL - 148 IS - 2 SP - 288-308 SN - 1873-2240 KW - carbon cycle KW - eddy covariance KW - managed and natural ecosystems KW - regional upscaling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Have repeated applications of nitrogen and phosphorus to a loblolly pine plantation changed stand productivity and soil nutrient supply? AU - Phelan, Jennifer Bennett AU - Allen, H. Lee T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - To develop a nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization regime that produces long-term increases in stand productivity and soil nutrient supply in loblolly pine plantations, a series of N + P fertilizer studies were established in the Southeastern United States. One of these installations was examined partway through the study to determine if changes to stand productivity and soil nutrient supply had already been achieved. Stand growth and foliar nutrient concentrations were measured for 6 years, and during the third year, a seedling bioassay was conducted with soil collected from the highest fertilization and nonfertilized treatments. Annual stand growth was increased by 14%–27% in the fertilized plots suggesting that the fertilizer regime improved stand productivity. However, results from the seedling bioassay showed that only P fertilization had caused changes in soil nutrient supply. Seedling P contents in the fertilized treatments were 3.6 times larger than those in the nonfertilized treatments. In contrast, total system N contents were equivalent in the fertilized and nonfertilized systems, and extractable nitrate (NO 3 – ), ammonium (NH 4 + ), and biologically active N were higher in the nonfertilized soils. Future measurements and seedlings bioassay assessments should be conducted to determine when and if long-term changes in soil quality and stand productivity are achieved. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1139/X07-131 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 637-644 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential expression of three eucalyptus secondary cell wall-related cellulose synthase genes in response to tension stress AU - Lu, Shanfa AU - Li, Laigeng AU - Yi, Xiaoping AU - Joshi, Chandrashekhar P. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Trees constitute the majority of lignocellulosic biomass existing on our planet. Trees also serve as important feedstock materials for various industrial products. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of cellulose synthase (CesA) genes of trees. Here, the cloning and characterization of three CesA genes (EgraCesA1, EgraCesA2, and EgraCesA3) from an economically important tree species, Eucalyptus grandis, are reported. All three genes were specifically expressed in xylem cells of eucalyptus undergoing secondary cell wall biosynthesis. The GUS gene, expressed under the control of the EgraCesA2 or EgraCesA3 promoter, was also localized in the secondary xylem in transgenic tobacco stems. However, the EgraCesA1 promoter alone or along with its 5'-UTR introns was insufficient to direct appropriate GUS expression. EgraCesA2 and EgraCesA3 gene expression was up-regulated in tension-stressed eucalyptus xylem cells. Accordingly, GUS expression directed by the EgraCesA2 or EgraCesA3 promoter was also up-regulated. EgraCesA1 had no such response. Thus, it is most unlikely that EgraCesA1 is a subunit of the EgraCesA2-EgraCesA3 complex. The presence of at least two types of cellulose biosynthesis machinery in wood formation is an important clue in deciphering the underpinnings of the perennial growth of trees in various environmental conditions. By analysing GUS gene expression directed by the EgraCesA3 promoter or its deletions, several negative and positive regulatory regions controlling gene expression in xylem or phloem were identified. Also a region which is likely to contain mechanical stress-responsive elements was deduced. These results will guide further studies on identifying cis-regulatory elements directing CesA gene transcription and wood formation regulatory networks. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1093/jxb/erm350 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 681-695 SN - 1460-2431 KW - cellulose KW - cellulose synthase KW - cell wall KW - Eucalyptus grandis KW - tension stress KW - wood formation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Computational molecular modeling for evaluating the toxicity of environmental chemicals: Prioritizing bioassay requirements AU - Rabinowitz, James R. AU - Goldsmith, Michael-Rock AU - Little, Stephen B. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES AB - The human health risk from exposure to environmental chemicals often must be evaluated when relevant elements of the preferred data are unavailable. Therefore, strategies are needed that can predict this information and prioritize the outstanding data requirements for the risk evaluation. Many modes of molecular toxicity require the chemical or one of its biotransformation products to interact with specific biologic macromolecules (i.e., proteins and DNA). Molecular modeling approaches may be adapted to study the interactions of environmental chemicals with biomolecular targets.In this commentary we provide an overview of the challenges that arise from applying molecular modeling tools developed and commonly used for pharmaceutical discovery to the problem of predicting the potential toxicities of environmental chemicals.The use of molecular modeling tools to predict the unintended health and environmental consequences of environmental chemicals differs strategically from the use of the same tools in the pharmaceutical discovery process in terms of the goals and potential applications. It also requires consideration of the greater diversity of chemical space and binding affinity domains than is covered by pharmaceuticals.Molecular modeling methods offer one of several complementary approaches to evaluate the risk to human health and the environment as a result of exposure to environmental chemicals. These tools can streamline the hazard assessment process by simulating possible modes of action and providing virtual screening tools that can help prioritize bioassay requirements. Tailoring these strategies to the particular challenges presented by environmental chemical interactions make them even more effective. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1289/ehp.11077 VL - 116 IS - 5 SP - 573-577 SN - 0091-6765 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-45749105529&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - computational toxicology KW - docking KW - enrichment KW - false negatives KW - high-throughput screening KW - molecular modeling KW - prioritizing bioassays KW - virtual screening ER - TY - JOUR TI - Olevi Kull's lifetime contribution to ecology AU - Oren, Ram AU - Kull, Kalevi AU - Noormets, Asko T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - In this article dedicated to Olevi Kull (June 22, 1955–January 31, 2007), we draw on his writings (in English and translated) to outline his thoughts on the relationship between scientists and science. We provide a brief synthesis of his most important work, give a short account of his career and, to bring the man into focus, share some personal stories of interactions with him. Kull considered that for a personal understanding to become scientific knowledge it must be explained convincingly based on theory and empirical support, and then taught to others in both spoken and written words. He saw the last step as the main distinction between learning and science. Olevi Kull's approach to science relied on two principles: first, linking theory and experiments in challenging settings, e.g., to test the generality of his ideas he often challenged them in multi-layered, mixed-species canopies. Second, he insisted on setting experiments to test assumptions used in quantitative analyses or in explaining an observed outcome; this, at times, led to falsification of commonly held ideas, thus enhancing ecophysiological understanding. After describing Kull's application of these principles, we give a brief synthesis of his most important work, in which he demonstrated through experimentation and modeling how the vertical distribution of leaves in canopies is consistent with the acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus. We also review some of his findings on the interactive effects of carbon dioxide and ozone on canopy photosynthesis. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1093/treephys/28.4.483 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 483-490 SN - 1758-4469 KW - chlorophyll : nitrogen ratio KW - light KW - O-3 x CO2 interaction KW - photosynthetic modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coordination of leaf and stem water transport properties in tropical forest trees AU - Meinzer, F. C. AU - Woodruff, D. R. AU - Domec, J. C. AU - Goldstein, G. AU - Campanello, P. I. AU - Gatti, M. G. AU - Villalobos-Vega, R. T2 - Oecologia (Online) DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1007/s00442-008-0974-5 VL - 156 IS - 1 SP - 31-41 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcriptional analysis of Pinus sylvestris roots challenged with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor AU - Heller, G. AU - Adomas, A. AU - Li, G. S. AU - Osborne, J. AU - Van Zyl, L. AU - Sederoff, R. AU - Finlay, R. D. AU - Stenlid, J. AU - Asiegbu, F. O. T2 - BMC Plant Biology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Park-based physical activity in diverse communities of two US cities - An observational study AU - Floyd, Myron F. AU - Spengler, John O. AU - Maddock, Jason E. AU - Gobster, Paul H. AU - Suau, Luis J. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AB - BackgroundSystematic study of human behavior in public parks and specific activity settings can inform policy to promote physical activity in diverse communities.MethodsDirect observation was used to assess physical activity in public parks in Tampa FL (n=10) and Chicago IL (n=18). Parks were selected from census tracts with high concentrations of white, African-American, and Hispanic populations. Representation from low- and high-income census tracts was also achieved. Physical activity was measured by a modified version of the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY). Activity codes from SOPLAY were transformed to energy expenditure per person (kcal/kg/min).ResultsSeventy percent of Tampa and 51% of Chicago park users were observed engaged in sedentary behavior. In both cities, children were more likely than adults to be observed in walking or vigorous activity. In Tampa, parks located in neighborhoods with the highest concentration of Hispanic residents were associated with greatest levels of energy expenditure. In Chicago, parks in neighborhoods with the highest concentration of African Americans showed the highest energy expenditure per person. Gender was associated with physical activity only in Tampa parks. Energy expenditure also varied by activity areas.ConclusionsMore than one half of park users in both cities engaged in sedentary behavior. While differences in park-based physical activity by neighborhood income and racial/ethnic composition were observed, these differences can more likely be attributed to the types of designated activity areas that support physical activity. The study findings suggest that specific configurations of park environments can enhance physical activity in parks. Systematic study of human behavior in public parks and specific activity settings can inform policy to promote physical activity in diverse communities. Direct observation was used to assess physical activity in public parks in Tampa FL (n=10) and Chicago IL (n=18). Parks were selected from census tracts with high concentrations of white, African-American, and Hispanic populations. Representation from low- and high-income census tracts was also achieved. Physical activity was measured by a modified version of the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY). Activity codes from SOPLAY were transformed to energy expenditure per person (kcal/kg/min). Seventy percent of Tampa and 51% of Chicago park users were observed engaged in sedentary behavior. In both cities, children were more likely than adults to be observed in walking or vigorous activity. In Tampa, parks located in neighborhoods with the highest concentration of Hispanic residents were associated with greatest levels of energy expenditure. In Chicago, parks in neighborhoods with the highest concentration of African Americans showed the highest energy expenditure per person. Gender was associated with physical activity only in Tampa parks. Energy expenditure also varied by activity areas. More than one half of park users in both cities engaged in sedentary behavior. While differences in park-based physical activity by neighborhood income and racial/ethnic composition were observed, these differences can more likely be attributed to the types of designated activity areas that support physical activity. The study findings suggest that specific configurations of park environments can enhance physical activity in parks. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.009 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 299-305 SN - 1873-2607 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-40949159782&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrated practices for reducing sediment loss from Piedmont tobacco fields AU - Hazel, D. W. AU - Franklin, E. C. AU - Thomas, K. T. AU - Jennings, G. D. T2 - JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AB - We evaluated the effectiveness of three best management practices for flue-cured tobacco production—reduced tillage, grassed field-side filter zones, and forested filter zones—to determine the total reduction in suspended solids from storm water runoff. Use of reduced tillage in comparison with conventional tillage decreased total suspended solids leaving tobacco fields by 82%. Grassed field-side filter zones functioned very well in retaining solids in early summer but were overloaded by late summer. Forested filter zones were able to back up the grassed filter zones when they overloaded and exported total suspended solids to the forested filter zones. In combination, grassed filter zones and forested filter zones retained 68% to 69% of total suspended solids, respectively. Dense vegetation in the cutover forested filter zone more than doubled its capacity to detain solids, compared to the same forested filter zone when it was covered by mature mixed pine-hardwood. Use of these best management practices in series can significantly reduce sediment loss from tobacco; however, use of reduced-till may reduce tobacco yield and quality. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2489/jswc.63.3.143 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 143-152 SN - 0022-4561 KW - best management practices KW - filter zones KW - nonpoint source pollution KW - runoff KW - sediments KW - tillage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Active living research in diverse and disadvantaged communities AU - Floyd, Myron F. AU - Crespo, Carlos J. AU - Sallis, James F. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AB - Eliminating disparities in physical activity and related health outcomes is a formidable public health challenge. While the prevalence of obesity and overweight has increased significantly and inactivity remains high in the general population, emerging evidence paints a disturbing picture for members of low-income and racial/ethnic minority populations and other vulnerable populations. It is widely known that moderate and vigorous physical activity is a protective factor against a variety of chronic diseases. Yet, 2005 prevalence data show that 56% of Hispanic and 54% of African-American adults reported accumulating no leisure-time physical activity, while 35% percent of non-Hispanic whites reported no leisure-time physical activity. 1 Barnes P. Physical activity among adults: United States, 2000–2005. www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/physicalactivity/physicalactivity_tables.pdf#1 Google Scholar Moreover, national data show that prevalence of no leisure-time physical activity has remained the same for white non-Hispanic individuals but disparities with non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics have increased. Other trend data further support that little progress has been made to eliminate disparities in physical activity participation in communities of color. 2 Haskell W.L. Lee I. Pate R.R. et al. Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007; 39: 1423-1434 Crossref PubMed Scopus (3711) Google Scholar Prevalence of overweight and obesity is also greater in low-income and minority communities. 3 Ogden C.L. Carroll M.D. Curtin L.R. MacDowell M.A. Tabak C.J. Flegal K.M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA. 2006; 295: 1549-1555 Crossref PubMed Scopus (7359) Google Scholar DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.014 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 271-274 SN - 1873-2607 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-40949091509&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of prior tillage and soil fertility amendments on dispersal of Phytophthora capsici and infection of pepper AU - Liu, Bo AU - Gumpertz, Marcia L. AU - Hu, Shuijin AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle T2 - EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1007/s10658-007-9216-7 VL - 120 IS - 3 SP - 273-287 SN - 1573-8469 KW - Phytophthora capsici KW - epidemiology KW - organic amendment KW - physical KW - chemical and biological parameters KW - disease spread ER - TY - JOUR TI - Iron regulates L-cystine uptake and glutathione levels in lens epithelial and retinal pigment epithelial cells by its effect on cytosolic aconitase AU - Lall, Marilyn M. AU - Ferrell, Jenny AU - Nagar, Steve AU - Fleisher, Lloyd N. AU - McGahan, M. Christine T2 - INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE AB - The authors previously published the novel finding that iron regulates L-glutamate synthesis and accumulation in the cell-conditioned medium (CCM) by increasing cytosolic aconitase activity in cultured lens epithelial cells (LECs), retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, and neurons. The present study was designed to determine whether iron-induced L-glutamate accumulation in the CCM regulates L-cystine uptake and glutathione (GSH) levels through the aconitase pathway in LECs and RPE cells.The presence of xCT, the light chain of X(c)(-), a glutamate/cystine antiporter, was analyzed by RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. Uptake of L-[(35)S]cystine and L-[(3)H]glutamate was measured in the presence or absence of transporter inhibitors. L-cystine uptake and intracellular GSH concentration were measured in the presence or absence of iron-saturated transferrin, the iron chelator dipyridyl (DP), or oxalomalic acid (OMA), an aconitase inhibitor.LECs and RPE cells express xCT, as evidenced by RT-PCR analysis and immunoblotting. xCT was localized by immunocytochemistry. The authors found that the iron-induced increase in L-glutamate availability increased L-cystine uptake, with subsequent increases in GSH levels. In addition, L-glutamate production, L-cystine uptake, and GSH concentration were inhibited by OMA and DP, indicating a central role for iron-regulated aconitase activity in GSH synthesis in LECs and RPE cells.These results demonstrate for the first time that iron regulates L-cystine uptake and the downstream production of GSH in two mammalian cell types. It is possible that the increase in intracellular antioxidant concentration induced by iron serves as a protective mechanism against the well-established capacity of iron to induce oxidative damage. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1167/iovs.07-1041 VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 310-319 SN - 1552-5783 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Allozyme variation and recent evolutionary history of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in the southeastern United States AU - Potter, K. M. AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Crane, B. S. AU - Hipkins, V. D. AU - Jetton, R. M. AU - Whittier, W. A. AU - Rhea, R. T2 - NEW FORESTS AB - Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carr.) is a widespread and ecologically important conifer species of eastern North America that is threatened by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), a pest introduced into the United States from Asia in the 1920s. Information about the genetic composition of eastern hemlock is necessary to guide ex situ conservation efforts in the southeastern United States, where the species is expected to harbor relatively high amounts of genetic variation in areas of Pleistocene glacial refuge. Nineteen allozyme markers were used to quantify the genetic variation present in 20 eastern hemlock populations in the southeastern United States. Results indicate that the species has low levels of genetic diversity in the region compared to most other conifers, but greater population differentiation (F ST = 0.126). Populations along the eastern periphery and in the Appalachian interior exhibited higher levels of diversity than those along the western periphery of its geographic range. The results suggest that the glacial refuge area for eastern hemlock was likely located east of the southern Appalachian Mountains, and indicate that ex situ conservation seed collections should be concentrated in these areas of higher diversity. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1007/s11056-007-9067-2 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 131-145 SN - 1573-5095 KW - genetic diversity KW - gene conservation KW - migration KW - threatened species KW - allozyme ER - TY - JOUR TI - Septic tank additive impacts on microbial populations AU - Pradhan, S. AU - Hoover, M. T. AU - Clark, G. H. AU - Gumpertz, M. AU - Wollum, A. G. AU - Cobb, C. AU - Strock, J. T2 - Journal of Environmental Health DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 70 IS - 6 SP - 22-27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selenium Status and Antibodies to Selected Pathogens in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Southern Minnesota AU - Wolf, Karen N. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne AU - Swanson, Christopher C. AU - Brinkman, Todd J. AU - Osborn, Robert G. AU - Tardiff, Jeannine A. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases AB - To determine exposure to a variety of infectious diseases potentially important for native ungulates, livestock, and humans, serum samples from 114 (94 adults, 20 fawns) female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were collected during January 2000–03 from multiple locations in southeast (SE) and southwest (SW) Minnesota. Antibody prevalence was determined for the following pathogens: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Leptospira interrogans (six serovars), Anaplasma marginale, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella abortus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2. Samples collected in 2001 were screened for antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and whole blood was submitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi. In addition, serum selenium concentrations were evaluated for samples collected during 2001– 03. Antibody prevalence and selenium concentration were compared by age-class and geographic region. Antibodies to all of the infectious agents except A. marginale and B. abortus were detected; when detected, antibody prevalence was highest in adults. Deer collected from SE Minnesota had a higher antibody prevalence to B. burgdorferi than SW deer. Blood culture and PCR results for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi were negative. Antibodies against BVDV (combined types 1 and 2) were more prevalent (χ2=3.617, P≤0.029) in deer collected in SW (41%) than in SE (25%) Minnesota. No statistically significant differences in serum selenium concentrations were detected when data were analyzed by age-class or by geographic location. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.181 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 181-187 J2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0090-3558 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.181 DB - Crossref KW - infectious disease KW - Minnesota KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - selenium KW - serology KW - white-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pixel level fusion of panchromatic and multispectral images based on correspondence analysis AU - Cakir, Halil I. AU - Khorram, Siamak T2 - PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING AB - A pixel level data fusion approach based on correspondence analysis (CA) is introduced for high spatial and spectral resolution satellite data. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a well-known multivariate data analysis and fusion technique in the remote sensing community. Related to PCA but a more recent multivariate technique, correspondence analysis, is applied to fuse panchromatic data with multispectral data in order to improve the quality of the final fused image. In the CA-based fusion approach, fusion takes place in the last component as opposed to the first component of the PCA-based approach. This new approach is then quantitatively compared to the PCA fusion approach using Landsat ETM� , QuickBird, and two Ikonos (with and without dynamic range adjustment) test imagery. The new approach provided an excellent spectral accuracy when synthesizing images from multispectral and high spatial resolution panchromatic imagery. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.14358/PERS.74.2.183 VL - 74 IS - 2 SP - 183-192 SN - 2374-8079 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of two fire retardants on postharvest drying and flammability of Douglas fir and fraser fir Christmas trees AU - Chastagner, G. AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Owen, J. T2 - HortScience DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 203-205 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Associating seasonal range characteristics with survival of female white-tailed deer AU - Klaver, R. W. AU - Jenks, J. A. AU - DePerno, Chris AU - Griffin, S. L. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Management DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2192/2005-581 VL - 72 IS - 2 SP - 343–353 ER -