TY - CONF TI - Seasonal movements and home ranges of white-tailed deer in the central Black Hills, South Dakota, 1993-1997 AU - Griffin, S.L. AU - Rice, L.A. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. T2 - Midwest Deer Turkey Group C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings Midwest Deer Turkey Group DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 21 SP - 138 ER - TY - CONF TI - Survival rates and characteristics of horizontal cover of white-tailed deer in the central Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Griffin, S.L. AU - Rice, L.A. T2 - Midwest Deer Turkey Group C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings Midwest Deer Turkey Group DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 21 SP - 139 ER - TY - CONF TI - Nutritional condition of white-tailed deer in the Black Hills, South Dakota AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Hippensteel, B.A. AU - Osborn, R.G. AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - Midwest Deer Turkey Group C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings Midwest Deer Turkey Group DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 21 SP - 140 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Lake Champlain Sediment Toxics Assessment Program: an assessment of sediment-associated contaminants in Lake Champlain. Phase II AU - McIntosh, A. AU - Watzin, M. A3 - Lake Champlain Basin Program DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// M1 - 23B M3 - Lake Champlain Basin Program Technical Report PB - Lake Champlain Basin Program SN - 23B ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluating Great Smoky Mountains National Park as a population source for Wood Thrush AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Farnsworth, G.L. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ecology and conservation of Neotropical migrants in the southern Appalachians AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Shriner, S.A. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - THES TI - Ecology and evolution of non-breeding distributions in the Old World leaf warblers AU - Katti, Madhusudan DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// M3 - PhD thesis PB - University of California ER - TY - CONF TI - Computer-Aided Design of Sawing Patterns: Evaluating Profit Before the First Log is Cut AU - Roise, J.P. T2 - Southern Forest Products Association - EXPO ’97 C2 - 1997/6/26/ CY - Atlanta, Georgia DA - 1997/6/26/ PY - 1997/6/26/ ER - TY - CONF TI - The Pipeline problem: A Tactical Level Approach Linking Forest Level Planning to Project Planning AU - Roise, J.P. AU - Hayden, Lawrence T2 - Seventh Symposium on Systems Analysis in Forest Resources C2 - 1997/5/28/ CY - St. Paul, MN DA - 1997/5/28/ PY - 1997/5/28/ PB - USDA Forest Service, Gen UR - https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/other/gtr-nc205/pdffiles/P73.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Simulated Adaptive Management for Timber and Wildlife Under Uncertainty AU - Hughell, D. AU - Roise, J.P. T2 - Seventh Symposium on Systems Analysis in Forest Resources C2 - 1997/5/28/ CY - St. Paul, MN DA - 1997/5/28/ PY - 1997/5/28/ PB - USDA Forest Service, Gen UR - https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/other/gtr-nc205/pdffiles/p56.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Analysis of Road Locations in Wetlands and Mitigation Bank Development AU - Roise, J.P. AU - Gainey, K. T2 - Seventh Symposium on Systems Analysis in Forest Resources A2 - Vasievich, J. Michael A2 - Fried, Jeremy S. A2 - Leefers, Larry A. AB - This international symposium included presentations by representatives from government, academic, and private institutions. Topics covered management objectives; information systems: modeling, optimization, simulation and decision support techniques; spatial methods; timber supply; and economic and operational analyses. C2 - 1997/5/28/ CY - Traverse City, MI. DA - 1997/5/28/ PY - 1997/5/28/ DO - 10.2737/NC-GTR-205 M1 - NC-205 PB - United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station UR - https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/other/gtr-nc205/pdffiles/p72.PDF ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing sediment quality in heterogeneous environments: A case study of a small urban harbor in Lake Champlain, Vermont, USA AU - Watzin, Mary C. AU - McIntosh, Alan W. AU - Brown, Erik A. AU - Lacey, Rebekah AU - Lester, Deborah C. AU - Newbrough, Kathleen L. AU - Williams, Ann R. T2 - Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry AB - Abstract Relatively few case studies have been conducted demonstrating the utility of multiple endpoint approaches to sediment quality assessment in areas with moderate contaminant levels and heterogeneous conditions. Because variability is commonplace in natural systems, assessment approaches must be designed explicitly for these conditions. In an assessment of highly heterogeneous freshwater sediments in Lake Champlain, Vermont, USA, we measured multiple endpoints, including physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment, acute and chronic toxicity in three tests ( Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chironomus tentans , and Pimephales promelas ), and benthic community composition, at 19 sites throughout Inner Burlington Harbor. Multiple regression techniques were used to investigate whether significant relationships existed between biological endpoints and the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments. Although all three laboratory exposures indicated toxicity at some sites, little correspondence was found among the tests. No changes in the benthic community could be attributed to trace contaminants. Multiple regression was useful in showing associations between contaminants, grain size, toxicity, and benthic community composition. Although not demonstrating causal linkages, these statistical analyses suggested which factors might be important in driving measured responses. In heterogeneous sites, an individualized assessment approach based on a preliminary analysis of variability might provide the most useful information. DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1002/etc.5620161020 VL - 16 IS - 10 SP - 2125-2135 J2 - Environ Toxicol Chem LA - en OP - SN - 0730-7268 1552-8618 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620161020 DB - Crossref KW - Lake Champlain KW - toxicity tests KW - sediment quality assessment KW - benthic invertebrates KW - multiple regression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kirtland's warbler in Tennessee AU - Skelton, C. AU - Kays, R.W. T2 - The Migrant DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 68 IS - 2 SP - 42–43 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The migration of No. 1193 and her fawn AU - Griffin, S.L. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Rice, L.A. T2 - South Dakota Conservation Digest DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 64 IS - 3 SP - 22-23 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Black Hills Bucks -- Are white-tailed deer numbers decreasing in the central Black Hills? AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Griffin, S.L. AU - Rice, L.A. T2 - South Dakota Conservation Digest DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 20-21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An unusual migration by a white-tailed deer fawn AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Griffin, S.L. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Rice, L.A. T2 - The Prairie Naturalist DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 29 SP - 93–97 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of zinc contamination on the recruitment and early survival of benthic invertebrates in an estuary AU - Watzin, Mary C. AU - Roscigno, Pasquale R. T2 - Marine Pollution Bulletin AB - Using formulated sediment as the test substrate and field exposures, we examined the effects of zinc contamination on the benthic invertebrate community in Mobile Bay. Formulated sediment was mixed to match field sediment in grain size and organic matter content. Clean sediments and sediments dosed with zinc to target concentrations from 250–5000 μg g−1 were exposed in field holding racks anchored on the bottom. The abundance and diversity of benthic invertebrate recruits were used as indicators of sediment quality. We found significant differences in both indicators between clean and zinc contaminated sediments. All taxa did not respond similarly to changing zinc concentrations. Several families of polychaetes, harpacticoid copepods and ostracods appeared to be most sensitive to zinc. Under certain conditions, some taxa, particularly gastropods, were attracted to zinc-contaminated sediments. Taken together, the results suggest that zinc contamination can profoundly affect the nature of the benthic community recruiting into such sediments. DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.1016/s0025-326x(96)00132-4 VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 443-455 J2 - Marine Pollution Bulletin LA - en OP - SN - 0025-326X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(96)00132-4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linear and Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis for subsurface contaminant transport simulation AU - James, April L. AU - Oldenburg, Curtis M. T2 - Water Resources Research AB - Transport simulation can be used to predict subsurface contaminant distributions and the effectiveness of site remediation technologies. Because of the uncertainty inherent in subsurface transport prediction, an integral part of predictive modeling is uncertainty analysis. We have investigated the uncertainty of simulated trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations due to parameter uncertainty and variation in conceptual model. The transport simulation is performed with T2VOC, a three‐dimensional integral finite difference code for three‐phase (gas, aqueous, non‐aqueous phase liquid), three‐component (air, water, volatile organic compound), nonisothermal subsurface flow. Our modeling is based on an actual site and considers a three‐dimensional system with a thick vadose zone (25 m) into which 35,000 kg of TCE was disposed of in surface trenches over 10 years. Subsurface transport involves TCE moving in the vadose and saturated zones from the source trench toward a nearby residence and includes the processes of advection, diffusion, and adsorption over extended distances and timescales. Uncertainties in the calculated concentrations due to variance in the major transport parameters are quantified using the inverse modeling code ITOUGH2. ITOUGH2 calculates uncertainty in the T2VOC simulation by both first‐order, second‐moment (FOSM) and Monte Carlo analyses. Significant uncertainty in simulated TCE concentrations at a site of potential human exposure is observed owing to uncertainty in permeability, porosity, diffusivity, chemical solubility, and adsorption within a single conceptual model. For the case study considered the linear FOSM analysis generally captures the uncertainty range calculated by the more accurate Monte Carlo method. Calculations also show that significant output uncertainty is introduced by conceptual model variation. Because human exposure and health risk depend strongly on contaminant concentrations, risk assessment and remediation selection based on transport simulation is meaningful only if the analysis includes quantitative estimates of transport simulation uncertainty. DA - 1997/11// PY - 1997/11// DO - 10.1029/97wr01925 VL - 33 IS - 11 SP - 2495-2508 J2 - Water Resour. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0043-1397 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97wr01925 DB - Crossref ER - TY - RPRT TI - Managing for hardwood AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// M1 - 36 M3 - Woodland Owner Note PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - 36 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The relationship between environmental concern and acceptability of environmental impacts among visitors to two U.S. national park settings AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Jang, H. AU - Noe, F.P. T2 - Journal of Environmental Management AB - This study examined the relationship between environmental concern and ratings of acceptability of environmental impacts among visitors at two national park settings. Based on the concept of a social ecological paradigm shift, it was hypothesized that individuals with greater levels of environmental concern are less accepting of environmental impacts in national parks than individuals with lesser degrees of concern. Sample data came from Cape Lookout National Seashore (N=392) and Moores Creek National Battlefield (N=236), two national park units in the south-eastern U.S.A. Environmental concern was measured by the New Ecological Paradigm scale. Acceptability was measured by visitor responses to 25 items covering different types of environmental park impacts. Analysis of variance and Tukey's means comparison procedure were used to test for differences between groups defined by levels of environmental concern on impact acceptability. Significant relationships were found between environmental concern and 15 of the 25 specific impacts in the Cape Lookout sample and 13 significant relationships were found in the Moores Creek sample. However, the relationships between environmental concern and acceptability varied somewhat across the two samples. These findings suggested that individuals with greater environmental concern were less accepting (or tolerant) of certain types of park impacts, while individuals with lesser degrees of environmental concern were more accepting of certain park impacts. Differences across the study settings were attributed to the different orientations of park visitors between the two national park units and recency effects. While the data reported are preliminary, they should be informative for park management purposes, particularly in the determination of standards for park impacts. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1006/jema.1997.0151 VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 391-412 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031459811&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - acceptability KW - environmental concern KW - environmental impacts KW - national parks KW - visitor management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pleasure, arousal, and dominance: Exploring affective determinants of recreation satisfaction AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Leisure Sciences AB - Abstract This study explored the application of affective indicators in understanding recreation satisfaction among hunters, using A. Mehrabian and J.A. Russell's (1974) pleasure, arousal and dominance (P‐A‐D) model. Factor analysis was performed to examine the dimensional structure of affective response to a recreation engagement. Regression models examined the relationship between affect and conventional measures of recreation satisfaction. The results showed that affect did not factor into a 3‐dimensional structure suggested by the P‐A‐D model. Rather, a 1‐dimensional structure emerged. Affect explained moderate amounts of variance in four measures of satisfaction. Measures of satisfaction were also regressed on separate P‐A‐D dimensions. The pleasure dimension was the most important predictor of overall satisfaction with a hunting trip and a summated satisfaction measure. The dominance dimension was most important for satisfaction with chance to bag game. The arousal dimension consistently was lowest in predictive importance. Keywords: affectemotionhunting satisfactionoutdoor recreationrecreation satisfaction DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1080/01490409709512241 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 83-96 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031412502&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - affect KW - emotion KW - hunting satisfaction KW - outdoor recreation KW - recreation satisfaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nature is scary, disgusting, and uncomfortable AU - Bixler, R.D. AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Environment and Behavior AB - The relationships between fear expectancy, disgust sensitivity, desire for modem comforts, and preference for wildland and built environments and related activiffes were examined. Using a population of predominantly suburban and rural eighth-grade students (n =450), all three variables were found to be significantly related to preferences for wildland environments, recreational activifies, and vocational preferences. Those with high fear expectancy, disgust sensitivity, and desire for modem comforts were more likely to prefer manicured park settings and urban environments and to dislike wildland environments. They were also more likely to prefer indoor social recreation activities and express significantly less interest in future careers working in outdoor environments. Finally, they were less likely to prefer appropnate water bodies for conductng an aquatic entomology lab. Studying negative perceptions may complement existing environmental preference research, which has tended to focus on why people prefer certain environments. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1177/001391659702900401 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 443-467 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031390848&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experience-based setting management: Implications for market segmentation of hunters AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Gramann, J.H. T2 - Leisure Sciences AB - Experience‐based setting management seeks to provide rewarding psychological experiences to recreation participants by managing the physical environments in which recreation occurs. This approach has value to private landowners who provide outdoor recreation opportunities, because it improves their ability to target and attract specific segments of the hunting population. In this study, 4 market segments of hunter were identified: outdoor enthusiasts, high‐challenge harvesters, low‐challenge harvesters, and nonharvesters. They differed significantly in the setting characteristics (accessibility, amount of regimentation, use density, presence of nonrecreational uses, and degree of site management) that enhanced their hunting enjoyment. Such differences may help agencies justify development of different service and marketing strategies to respond to client needs and preferences. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1080/01490409709512243 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 113-128 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031513151&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - experience preference KW - human dimensions KW - hunting KW - market segmentation KW - Recreation Opportunity Spectrum KW - recreation setting ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Pipeline Problem: Scheduling Project Plans AU - Roise, J.P. AU - Hayden, L. T2 - Analysis Notes DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 16–21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Root mass, net primary production and turnover in aspen, jack pine and black spruce forests in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada AU - Steele, S. J. AU - Gower, S. T. AU - Vogel, J. G. AU - Norman, J. M. T2 - Tree Physiology AB - Root biomass, net primary production and turnover were studied in aspen, jack pine and black spruce forests in two contrasting climates. The climate of the Southern Study Area (SSA) near Prince Albert, Saskatchewan is warmer and drier in the summer and milder in the winter than the Northern Study Area (NSA) near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada. Ingrowth soil cores and minirhizotrons were used to quantify fine root net primary production (NPPFR). Average daily fine root growth (m m(-2) day(-1)) was positively correlated with soil temperature at 10-cm depth (r(2) = 0.83-0.93) for all three species, with black spruce showing the strongest temperature effect. At both study areas, fine root biomass (measured from soil cores) and fine root length (measured from minirhizotrons) were less for jack pine than for the other two species. Except for the aspen stands, estimates of NPPFR from minirhizotrons were significantly greater than estimates from ingrowth cores. The core method underestimated NPPFR because it does not account for simultaneous fine root growth and mortality. Minirhizotron NPPFR estimates ranged from 59 g m(-2) year(-1) for aspen stands at SSA to 235 g m(-2) year(-1) for black spruce at NSA. The ratio of NPPFR to total detritus production (aboveground litterfall + NPPFR) was greater for evergreen forests than for deciduous forests, suggesting that carbon allocation patterns differ between boreal evergreen and deciduous forests. In all stands, NPPFR consistently exceeded annual fine root turnover and the differences were larger for stands in the NSA than for stands in the SSA, whereas the difference between study areas was only significant for black spruce. The imbalance between NPPFR and fine root turnover is sufficient to explain the net accumulation of carbon in boreal forest soils. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.577 VL - 17 IS - 8-9 SP - 577-587 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating the leaf area index of North Central Wisconsin forests using the Landsat Thematic Mapper AU - Fassnacht, KS AU - Gower, ST AU - MacKenzie, MD AU - Nordheim, EV AU - Lillesand, TM T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - Leaf area index (LAI) is an extremely important structural characteristic of vegetation because it is directly related to the exchange of energy, CO2 and mass from plant canopies at a variety of scales. Research investigating the relationship between forest LAI and satellite data for hardwood and mixed conifer-hardwood forests is lacking, however. The objective of this study was to explore the utility of Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data for accurately estimating the LAI of conifer, hardwood, and mixed conifer-hardwood forests in north central Wisconsin. Individual bands and vegetation indices (VIs) calculated from satellite measures of exoatmospheric reflectance were related to the litterfall-estimated LAI of 24 stands. The results showed that individual bands or VIs containing at least one infrared (IR) band (either near- or mid-infrared) or a strong IR component divided data into at least two groups, with each group requiring a different regression line. The primary division was between conifer-dominated and hardwood-doin inated stands. Of the individual bands and VI.s considered, seven were strongly correlated to the LAI of conifer stands (r2=0.69–0.73). For the hardwoods, the best individual band or VI was Green/mid-IR#1 (r2=0.35), although an additional individual band and two VIs did much better using re subset of lower LAI stands (r2=0.60–0.75). For individual bands and VIs not requiring a conifer-hardwood distinction, the sixth Tasseled Cap component was most closely related to LAI (r2=0.60). Multiple-variable models (using LAI as the dependent variable) were found to offer substantial improvement over single-variable models, especially for hardwood stands. We recommend for further consideration a four-variable model for the conifers, and one four-variable and two eight-variable models for the hardwoods. DA - 1997/8// PY - 1997/8// DO - 10.1016/s0034-4257(97)00005-9 VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 229-245 SN - 0034-4257 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interrelationships among the edaphic and stand characteristics, leaf area index, and aboveground net primary production of upland forest ecosystems in north central Wisconsin AU - Fassnacht, K. S. AU - Gower, S. T. T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research AB - The objectives of this study were to (1) examine the relationships between site factors and both leaf area index (LAI) and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) of conifer, mixed conifer-hardwood, and hardwood forests in north central Wisconsin and (2) determine the relationship between LAI and ANPP. LAI ranged from 1.2 ha·ha -1 for a jack pine (Pinus banksianaLamb.) forest to 8.4 ha·ha -1 for a sugar maple (Acer saccharumMarsh.) dominated forest. LAI was significantly correlated with potential available water and nutrient availability, with both potassium and nitrogen identified as possibly influential elements. ANPP ranged from 2.9 (jack pine) to 11.5 t·ha -1 ·year -1 (sugar maple). Variability in ANPP was explained primarily by changes in specific leaf area, which was highly correlated with percent hardwood LAI. ANPP was positively correlated with LAI (r 2 = 0.82, p < 0.001) for all stands, but the relationship was not as strong for conifer ( r 2 = 0.62, p = 0.007) and hardwood (r 2 = 0.47, p = 0.007) stands when analyzed separately. There was evidence that production efficiency (ANPP/LAI) differed between conifer and hardwood stands, but the study design did not allow us to rigorously test this question. Resume : Les objectifs de cette etude consiaient 1) a etudier les relations entre les facteurs stationnels et l'indice de surface foliaire (LAI) ainsi que la productivite primaire nette epigee (ANPP) des forets de coniferes, des forets metlangees de coniferes et de feuillus et des forets feuillues dans le Centre-Nord du Wisconsin et 2) a determiner s'il existe une relation entre LAI et ANPP. LAI variait de 1,2 ha·ha -1 pour une foret de pin gris (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) a 8,4 ha·ha -1 pour une foret dominee par l'erable a sucre (Acer saccharumMarsh.). LAI etait significativement correle avec l'humidite potentiellement disponible et la disponibilite des nutriments, l'azote et le potassium etant possiblement des elements importants. ANPP variait de 2,9 (pin gris) a 11,5 t·ha -1 ·an -1 (erable a sucre). La variabilite de ANPP s'expliquait surtout par les changements dans la surface foliaire specifique, laquelle etait fortement correlee avec le pourcentage de LAI feuillu. ANPP etait positivement correle (r 2 = 0,82, p < 0,001) avec LAI pour tous les peuplements, mais la relation n'etait pas aussi forte lorsque les peuplements resineux (r 2 = 0,62, p < 0,007) et feuillus (r 2 = 0,47, p < 0,007) etaient analyses separement. Il y avait des indices que l'efficacite de la production (ANPP/LAI) des peuplements resineux et feuillus differait, mais le dispositif experimental utilise dans cette etude ne permettait pas de verifier rigoureusement cette hypothese. (Traduit par la Redaction) DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1139/x97-058 VL - 27 IS - 7 SP - 1058-1067 ER - TY - CONF TI - Regionalization of long-term ecological research (LTER) on north temperate lakes AU - Magnuson, J. J. AU - Kratz, T. K. AU - Allen, T. F. AU - Armstrong, D. E. AU - Benson, B. J. AU - Bowser, C. J. AU - Bolgrien, D. W. AU - Carpenter, S. R. AU - Frost, T. M. AU - Gower, S. T. AU - Lillesand, T. M. AU - Pike, J. A. AU - Turner, M. G. AB - (1997). Regionalization of long-term ecological research (LTER) on north temperate lakes. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 522-528. C2 - 1997/// C3 - International association of theoretical and applied limnology - DA - 1997/// DO - 10.1080/03680770.1995.11900771 VL - 26 SP - 522-528 M1 - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen mineralization and productivity in 50 hardwood and conifer stands on diverse soils AU - Reich, P. B. AU - Grigal, D. F. AU - Aber, J. D. AU - Gower, S. T. T2 - Ecology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2307/2266011 VL - 78 IS - 2 SP - 335-347 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leaf area index of boreal forests: Theory, techniques, and measurements AU - Chen, JM AU - Rich, PM AU - Gower, ST AU - Norman, JM AU - Plummer, S T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - Leaf area index (LAI) is a key structural characteristic of forest ecosystems because of the role of green leaves in controlling many biological and physical processes in plant canopies. Accurate LAI estimates are required in studies of ecophysiology, atmosphere‐ecosystem interactions, and global change. The objective of this paper is to evaluate LAI values obtained by several research teams using different methods for a broad spectrum of boreal forest types in support of the international Boreal Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). These methods include destructive sampling and optical instruments: the tracing radiation and architecture of canopies (TRAC), the LAI‐2000 plant canopy analyzer, hemispherical photography, and the Sunfleck Ceptometer. The latter three calculate LAI from measured radiation transmittance (gap fraction) using inversion models that assume a random spatial distribution of leaves. It is shown that these instruments underestimate LAI of boreal forest stands where the foliage is clumped. The TRAC quantifies the clumping effect by measuring the canopy gap size distribution. For deciduous stands the clumping index measured from TRAC includes the clumping effect at all scales, but for conifer stands it only resolves the clumping effect at scales larger than the shoot (the basic collection of needles). To determine foliage clumping within conifer shoots, a video camera and rotational light table system was used. The major difficulties in determining the surface area of small conifer needles have been largely overcome by the use of an accurate volume displacement method. Hemispherical photography has the advantage that it also provides a permanent image record of the canopies. Typically, LAI falls in the range from 1 to 4 for jack pine and aspen forests and from 1 to 6 for black spruce. Our comparative studies provide the most comprehensive set of LAI estimates available for boreal forests and demonstrate that optical techniques, combined with limited direct foliage sampling, can be used to obtain quick and accurate LAI measurements. DA - 1997/12/26/ PY - 1997/12/26/ DO - 10.1029/97jd01107 VL - 102 IS - D24 SP - 29429-29443 SN - 2169-8996 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurements to estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferous boreal sites AU - Lavigne, MB AU - Ryan, MG AU - Anderson, DE AU - Baldocchi, DD AU - Crill, PM AU - Fitzjarrald, DR AU - Goulden, ML AU - Gower, ST AU - Massheder, JM AU - McCaughey, JH AU - Rayment, M AU - Striegl, RG T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - During the growing season, nighttime ecosystem respiration emits 30–100% of the daytime net photosynthetic uptake of carbon, and therefore measurements of rates and understanding of its control by the environment are important for understanding net ecosystem exchange. Ecosystem respiration can be measured at night by eddy covariance methods, but the data may not be reliable because of low turbulence or other methodological problems. We used relationships between woody tissue, foliage, and soil respiration rates and temperature, with temperature records collected on site to estimate ecosystem respiration rates at six coniferous BOREAS sites at half‐hour or 1‐hour intervals, and then compared these estimates to nocturnal measurements of CO 2 exchange by eddy covariance. Soil surface respiration was the largest source of CO 2 at all sites (48–71%), and foliar respiration made a large contribution to ecosystem respiration at all sites (25–43%). Woody tissue respiration contributed only 5–15% to ecosystem respiration. We estimated error for the scaled chamber predictions of ecosystem respiration by using the uncertainty associated with each respiration parameter and respiring biomass value. There was substantial uncertainty in estimates of foliar and soil respiration because of the spatial variability of specific respiration rates. In addition, more attention needs to be paid to estimating foliar respiration during the early part of the growing season, when new foliage is growing, and to determining seasonal trends of soil surface respiration. Nocturnal eddy covariance measurements were poorly correlated to scaled chamber estimates of ecosystem respiration ( r 2 =0.06–0.27) and were consistently lower than scaled chamber predictions (by 27% on average for the six sites). The bias in eddy covariance estimates of ecosystem respiration will alter estimates of gross assimilation in the light and of net ecosystem exchange rates over extended periods. DA - 1997/12/26/ PY - 1997/12/26/ DO - 10.1029/97jd01173 VL - 102 IS - D24 SP - 28977-28985 SN - 2169-8996 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing canopy nonrandomness with a multiband vegetation imager (MVI) AU - Kucharik, CJ AU - Norman, JM AU - Murdock, LM AU - Gower, ST T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - A new method for measuring plant canopy nonrandomness and other architectural components has been developed using a 16 bit (65535 gray scale levels) charged‐coupled device (CCD) camera that captures images of plant canopies in two wavelength bands. This complete system is referred to as a multiband vegetation imager (MVI). The use of two wavelength bands (visible (VIS) 400–620 nm and near infrared (NIR) 720–950 nm) permits identification of sunlit and shaded foliage, sunlit and shaded branch area, clouds, and blue sky based on the camera's resolution, and the varying spectral properties that scene components have in the two wavelength bands. This approach is different from other canopy imaging methods (such as fish‐eye photography) because it emphasizes measuring the fraction of an image occupied by various scene components (branches, shaded leaves, sunlit leaves) under different sky conditions rather than simply the canopy gap fraction under uniform sky conditions. The MVI has been used during the Boreal Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) in aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) and balsam poplar ( Populus balsamifera ) to estimate architectural characteristics of each canopy. The leaf area index (LAI), sunlit LAI, and degree of nonrandomness within a canopy are architectural properties that have been measured with the MVI. Using a crown‐based Monte Carlo model for nonrandom canopies, nonrandomness factors are calculated from MVI data using two approaches (gap fraction and gap‐size distribution theories) to correct total and sunlit LAI estimates from indirect methods that assume random foliage distributions. Canopy nonrandomness factors obtained from analyzing the gap‐size distribution in a Monte Carlo model are shown to be a function of path length (angle) through the canopy (Ω e (θ)); thus we suggest that LAI‐2000 indirect measurements of LAI be adjusted with the value of Ω e (θ) at θ=35° because this is the mean angle at which the canopy gap fraction is measured by the LAI‐2000. In this study, values of Ω e (35)=0.69 in an aspen forest. Alternatively, corrections to indirect LAI measurements obtained with the MVI in this study are made using the value of Ω e (0) because the MVI is used to measure the canopy gap‐size distribution and gap fraction within 15° of the zenith. Values of Ω e (0) obtained with the MVI in aspen are typically between 0.55 and 0.65; while in balsam poplar, average values of Ω e (0) are equal to 0.82. This study shows that the MVI provides an attractive indirect measurement technique to obtain accurate estimates of total LAI in aspen. Corrected canopy LAI and direct LAI measurements are greater than indirect estimates based on assuming the foliage to be randomly distributed: In aspen, total LAI is 45% larger (3.3 versus 2.0) and sunlit LAI (40° Sun zenith angle) 10% larger, while in balsam poplar, total LAI is 17% larger (2.3 versus 1.9) and sunlit LAI is only 1% larger. The importance of these clumping characteristics is best appreciated with estimates of canopy net CO 2 assimilation derived from scaling leaf photosynthesis versus light relations. Aspen canopy assimilation accounting for clumping is 39% larger than estimates based on indirect measurements of total LAI and the assumption that foliage is randomly distributed. DA - 1997/12/26/ PY - 1997/12/26/ DO - 10.1029/97jd01175 VL - 102 IS - D24 SP - 29455-29473 SN - 2169-8996 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon distribution and aboveground net primary production in aspen, jack pine, and black spruce stands in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada AU - Gower, ST AU - Vogel, JG AU - Norman, JM AU - Kucharik, CJ AU - Steele, SJ AU - Stow, TK T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - The objectives of this study are to (1) characterize the carbon (C) content, leaf area index, and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) for mature aspen, black spruce, and young and mature jack pine stands at the southern and northern Boreal Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) areas and (2) compare net primary production and carbon allocation coefficients for the major boreal forest types of the world. Direct estimates of leaf area index, defined as one half of the total leaf surface area, range from a minimum of 1.8 for jack pine forests to a maximum of 5.6 for black spruce forests; stems comprise 5 to 15% of the total overstory plant area. In the BOREAS study, total ecosystem (vegetation plus detritus plus soil) carbon content is greatest in the black spruce forests (445,760–479,380 kg C ha −1 ), with 87 to 88% of the C in the soil, and is lowest in the jack pine stands (68,370–68,980 kg C ha −1 ) with a similar distribution of carbon in the vegetation and soil. Forest floor carbon content and mean residence time (MRT) also vary more among forest types in a study area than between study areas for a forest type; forest floor MRT range from 16 to 19 years for aspen stands to 28 to 39 years for jack pine stands. ANPP differs significantly among the mature forests at each of the BOREAS study areas, ranging from a maximum of 3490 to 3520 kg C ha −1 yr −1 for aspen stands to 1170 to 1220 kg C ha −1 yr −1 for jack pine stands. Both net primary production (NPP) and carbon allocation differ between boreal evergreen and deciduous forests in the world, suggesting global primary production models should distinguish between these two forest types. On average, 56% of NPP for boreal forests occurs as detritus and illustrates the need to better understand factors controlling aboveground and below‐ground detritus production in boreal forests. DA - 1997/12/26/ PY - 1997/12/26/ DO - 10.1029/97jd02317 VL - 102 IS - D24 SP - 29029-29041 SN - 2169-8996 ER - TY - JOUR TI - BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview, scientific results, and future directions AU - Sellers, PJ AU - Hall, FG AU - Kelly, RD AU - Black, A AU - Baldocchi, D AU - Berry, J AU - Ryan, M AU - Ranson, KJ AU - Crill, PM AU - Lettenmaier, DP AU - Margolis, H AU - Cihlar, J AU - Newcomer, J AU - Fitzjarrald, D AU - Jarvis, PG AU - Gower, ST AU - Halliwell, D AU - Williams, D AU - Goodison, B AU - Wickland, DE AU - Guertin, FE T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - The goal of the Boreal Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) is to improve our understanding of the interactions between the boreal forest biome and the atmosphere in order to clarify their roles in global change. This overview paper describes the science background and motivations for BOREAS and the experimental design and operations of the BOREAS 1994 and BOREAS 1996 field years. The findings of the 83 papers in this journal special issue are reviewed. In section 7, important scientific results of the project to date are summarized and future research directions are identified. DA - 1997/12/26/ PY - 1997/12/26/ DO - 10.1029/97jd03300 VL - 102 IS - D24 SP - 28731-28769 SN - 2169-8996 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Annual carbon cost of autotrophic respiration in boreal forest ecosystems in relation to species and climate AU - Ryan, MG AU - Lavigne, MB AU - Gower, ST T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - Autotrophic respiration ( R a ) in forest ecosystems can be >50% of the carbon fixed in photosynthesis and may regulate productivity and carbon storage in forest ecosystems, because R a increases with temperature. We estimated annual R a from chamber measurements in aspen, black spruce, and jack pine forests in Canada for 1994. Mean foliage respiration at 10°C for expanded leaves was 0.21–0.95 μmol m −2 (leaf surface) s −1 for all species and differed little from May to September. Wood respiration at 15°C (0.2–1 μmol m −2 (stem surface) s −1 for all species) was strongly seasonal, with high rates in midsummer that coincided with wood growth. Fine root respiration at 10°C was 2.5–7.7 μmol kg −1 s −1 for all species and declined throughout the growing season for the conifers. Annual costs of R a for foliage, wood, and roots (overstory and understory) were 490, 610, and 450 g C m −2 (ground) yr −1 for aspen, black spruce, and jack pine (old) in northern Manitoba and 600, 480, and 310 g C m −2 yr −1 for aspen, black spruce, and jack pine (old) in central Saskatchewan. Carbon use efficiency (CUE), the ratio of net production to production plus R a , averaged 0.44, 0.34, and 0.39 for aspen, black spruce, and jack pine (old) for all tissues and 0.61, 0.36, and 0.44 for aboveground tissues. Differences in CUE between the northern and the southern sites were small for all species, and CUE did not vary with stand biomass. Species differences in CUE suggest that models assuming a constant CUE across species may poorly estimate production and carbon balance for any given site. DA - 1997/12/26/ PY - 1997/12/26/ DO - 10.1029/97jd01236 VL - 102 IS - D24 SP - 28871-28883 SN - 2169-8996 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of six methods for measuring soil-surface carbon dioxide fluxes AU - Norman, JM AU - Kucharik, CJ AU - Gower, ST AU - Baldocchi, DD AU - Crill, PM AU - Rayment, M AU - Savage, K AU - Striegl, RG T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - Measurements of soil‐surface CO 2 fluxes are important for characterizing the carbon budget of boreal forests because these fluxes can be the second largest component of the budget. Several methods for measuring soil‐surface CO 2 fluxes are available: (1) closed‐dynamic‐chamber systems, (2) closed‐static‐chamber systems, (3) open‐chamber systems, and (4) eddy covariance systems. This paper presents a field comparison of six individual systems for measuring soil‐surface CO 2 fluxes with each of the four basic system types represented. A single system is used as a reference and compared to each of the other systems individually in black spruce (Picea mariana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), or aspen (Populus tremuloides) forests. Fluxes vary from 1 to 10 μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 . Adjustment factors to bring all of the systems into agreement vary from 0.93 to 1.45 with an uncertainty of about 10–15%. DA - 1997/12/26/ PY - 1997/12/26/ DO - 10.1029/97jd01440 VL - 102 IS - D24 SP - 28771-28777 SN - 2169-8996 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Major alluvial floodplains AU - Young, M. J. AU - Braham, R. R. AU - Jones, E. J. T2 - Southern forested wetlands: Ecology and management A2 - Messina, Michael G. A2 - Conner, William H. PY - 1997/// SP - 291-323 PB - Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers SN - 9781566702287 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Book review: Population management for survival and recovery: analytical methods and strategies in small population conservation AU - Mills, L. S. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Management DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2307/3802439 VL - 61 SP - 251-252 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensitivity analysis to guide population recovery: Prairie-chickens as an example AU - Wisdom, MJ AU - Mills, LS T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Calculation of elasticities in matrix population models is a formal type of sensitivity analysis that is used increasingly to guide recovery of declining populations. Results presumably allow recovery efforts to focus on the life stage most responsible for change in population growth, as indexed by the highest elasticity. Specifically, the highest elasticity denotes the vital rate whose proportionate change exerts the largest proportionate effect on the finite rate of increase (λ). We examined the utility of this analysis given uncertainty in parameter estimates and random variation in vital rates. We modeled these conditions to test the hypothesis that nest success and brood survival exert the greatest effect on population growth of greater prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus). We calculated elasticity associated with each age-specific vital rate contained in 1,000 randomly-generated replicates of a Leslie matrix model, and regressed λ on each randomly-varying rate. Age 0 survival (S o ) was associated with highest elasticity for 100% of the replicates and accounted for most of the variation in λ (r 2 = 0.95). Within S o , nest success and brood survival accounted for more variation in λ than other life stage combinations. These results demonstrate the utility of sensitivity analysis, but additional results point to its limitations. For example, the vital rate consistently associated with the second highest elasticity (S 1 ) accounted for minuscule variation in λ (r 2 = 0.0009), implying that rank of elasticities can fail to index the magnitude of a vital rate's effect on λ when vital rates vary simultaneously and disproportionately. To ensure that results are reliable, we recommend that sensitivity analysis be performed across the range of plausible vital rates, that simulations involve randomization of values within these ranges, and that elasticities be calculated in tandem with regression analysis to fully illuminate potential relations of vital rates with λ. A critical assumption is that variance of vital rates is estimated accurately. DA - 1997/4// PY - 1997/4// DO - 10.2307/3802585 VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 302-312 SN - 1937-2817 KW - brood survival KW - elasticity KW - greater prairie-chicken KW - life stage KW - matrix population model KW - nest success KW - population recovery KW - rate of increase KW - sensitivity analysis KW - Tympanuchus cupido ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of techniques for determining the nutritional carrying capacity for white-tailed deer AU - McCall, TC AU - Brown, RD AU - Bender, LC T2 - JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT AB - Estimates of carrying capacity for herbivores are useful for determining the relative value of different ranges. We compared 6 estimates of nutritional carrying capacity for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus L.): digestible energy consumed by tame deer, and 5 methods using forage supplies of dry matter, digestible energy, digestible nitrogen, dry matter*digestible energy, and dry matter*digestible nitrogen in two 1-ha enclosures of different shrub plant communities in southern Texas. For the north enclosure, carrying capacity estimates (90% CI) were 3.65 (CI = 3.61-3.69), 4.5 (CI = 3.7-5.3), 9.4 (Cl = 73-11.5), 15.2 (CI = 11.6-18.8), 3.5 (CI = 2.7-4.3), and 3.5 (CI = 2.7-4.3) deer ha-1 58 days-1 for the digestible energy tame deer, dry matter, digestible energy, digestible nitrogen, dry matter*digestible energy, and dry matter*digestible nitrogen techniques, respectively. Corresponding estimates for the south enclosure were 2.6 (CI = 2.5-2.7), 3.5 (CI = 3.2-3.9), 6.8 (CI = 6.0-7.6), 10.1 (CI = 8.8-11.3), 2.1 (CI = 1.8-2.6), and 2.8 (CI = 2.4-3.1). Some methods for estimating carrying capacity provided different absolute estimates, but all produced similar relative estimates between enclosures. Similar relative results between enclosures suggests any of the methods can be used to determine the relative nutritional quality of plant communities. However, the dry matter-based technique was less expensive than the other techniques; therefore, there is no need to use more costly techniques for determining the relative stocking rates for white-tailed deer, unless forage quality differs greatly among plant communities. DA - 1997/1// PY - 1997/1// DO - 10.2307/4002702 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 33-38 SN - 0022-409X KW - carrying capacity KW - digestible energy KW - digestible nitrogen KW - Odocoileus virginianus L KW - southern Texas ER - TY - CONF TI - The impact of changing demographics on wildlife and fisheries extension and outreach AU - Brown, R. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Transactions of the 62nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference DA - 1997/// SP - 66-73 ER - TY - CONF TI - Deer nutrition AU - Brown, R. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Non-Native Deer Farming Symposium, Texas (Technical report, 97-1) DA - 1997/// SP - 22 PB - Overton, TX: Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Overton ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship among the Appalachian firs AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Limbs & Needles DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 10-14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geographic variation in Fraser fir AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Limbs & Needles DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 6-13 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Drying rates for Eastern Christmas tree species AU - McKinley, C. R. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Hinesley, E. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Control-pollination of Fraser fir AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Limbs & Needles DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 10-15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clonal Christmas trees AU - Frampton, J. AU - McKinley, C. T2 - Christmas Trees DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 18-20 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Understanding forest resources in Africa AU - Robison, D. J. A3 - Eco -Afrique, African Development Bank DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - Eco -Afrique, African Development Bank ER - TY - RPRT TI - Two-year growth, foliar nutrient and leaf area responses of sweetgum plantations to macro- and Micronutrients (individual study summaries, RW-46) AU - Young, M. AU - Robison, D. A3 - Raleigh, NC: NCSU Hardwood Research Cooperative DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - P97-1 PB - Raleigh, NC: NCSU Hardwood Research Cooperative ER - TY - RPRT TI - Long-term mensurational, foliar nutrient, and site responses of black spruce, Picea mariana, to silviculture treatments in northern Maine AU - Robison, D. J. AU - White, E. H. AU - Abrahamson, L. P. AU - Czapowskyj, M. M. AU - Briggs, R. D. AU - Solomon, D. AU - Blum, B. A3 - Syracuse, NY: NY Center for Forest Research and Development, SUNY-ESF DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - Syracuse, NY: NY Center for Forest Research and Development, SUNY-ESF ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of six Abies spp. to Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi AU - Benson, D. M. AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Parker, K. C. T2 - Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 13 SP - 57 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Auxin-induced gene expression during rooting of loblolly pine stem cuttings AU - Goldfarb, B. AU - Lian, Z. AU - Lanz-Garcia, C. AU - Whetten, R. K. T2 - Biology of Root Formation and Development A2 - A. Altman, A2 - Waisel, Y. PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4615-5403-5_31 SP - 163-167 PB - New York: Plenum Press SN - 0306457067 ER - TY - CONF TI - Entomological research in North American Populus and Salix: an overview AU - Hart, E. AU - James, R. AU - Nebeker, E. AU - Robison, D. AU - Raffa, K. AU - Wagner, R. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of the International Poplar Commision DA - 1997/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - 34th annual report, NC State? Hardwood Research Cooperative AU - Robison, D. J. A3 - Raleigh, NC: Dept. of Forestry DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - Raleigh, NC: Dept. of Forestry ER - TY - JOUR TI - The pattern of genetic variation in shoot growth of Pinus brutia populations sampled from the Taurus Mountains AU - Kaya, Z. AU - Isik, F. T2 - Silvae Genetica DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 46 SP - 73-81 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Property rights or property wrongs? Property rights and sustainable fisheries management AU - Steelman, T. A. A3 - The Wirth Chair in Environmental and Community Development Policy Discussion Paper Series DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - Discussion Paper #2 PB - The Wirth Chair in Environmental and Community Development Policy Discussion Paper Series ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alamosa Ranch: creating and sustaining balance, a resource management proposal AU - Steelman, T. A. AU - Kang, S. AU - Luten, K. AU - Wunderlich, K. T2 - Working Report for Colorado Division of Local Affairs and Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Programs DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Two generations of genetic gains with loblolly pine in the southeastern United States AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Li, B. A2 - Beaulieu, J. A2 - Simpson, J. D. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of the 26th Meeting of the Canadian Tree Improvement Association, Part 2 Symposium DA - 1997/// SP - 16-20 ER - TY - CONF TI - Timing of nitrogen applications in a loblolly pine seed orchard AU - Jett, J. B. AU - Williford, M. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Powell, M. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of the 24th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 1997/// SP - 187-191 ER - TY - CONF TI - Stability of fusiform rust resistance in loblolly pine AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Li, B. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of the 24th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 1997/// SP - 261-266 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving forest resources in the 21st century through tree breeding AU - McKeand, S. E. T2 - Forest Tree Breeding DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 185 SP - 9-17 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetically improved seedlings can benefit small forest landowners AU - Li, B. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Weir, R. J. T2 - Forest Landowner DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 55 IS - 5 SP - 20-23 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic gains of second generation selections from the NCSU-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program AU - Li, B. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Hatcher, A. V. AU - Weir, R. J. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of the 24th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 1997/// SP - 234-238 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forestry in Japan AU - McKeand, S. E. T2 - Sylvanet DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 1-3 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Establishment of 2.5-generation seed orchards AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Weir, B. AU - Hatcher, A. AU - Li, B. AU - Sprague, J. AU - Zanker, P. A3 - North Carolina State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program C6 - 97-1 DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// SP - 11 PB - North Carolina State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program ER - TY - CONF TI - Early growth response of diverse families of loblolly pine to nutrient amendments on a poor site AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Grissom, J. E. AU - O'Malley, D. M. AU - Allen, H. L. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of the 24th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 1997/// SP - 267-274 ER - TY - CONF TI - Wood density assessment of diverse families of loblolly pine using x-ray densitometry AU - Belonger, P. J. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Jett, J. B. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of the 24th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 1997/// SP - 133-142 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of remote sensing to assess vegetative productivity in a section of the Barataria Bay estuary AU - Nelson, S. A. C. T2 - NASA-ASSE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program final report DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// SP - 164-174 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early family evaluation for growth of loblolly pine AU - Bridgwater, F. E. AU - McKeand, S. E. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 4 SP - 51-57 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Local participation in conservation of the Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar AU - Peters, W. J., Jr. T2 - Journal of World Forest Resource Management DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 109 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thinning decisions using stand density indices: The influence of uncertainty AU - Ducey, M. J. AU - Larson, B. C. T2 - Western Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 89 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainable tourism development in the Adirondacks: Using the internet to empower local communities AU - Casey, J. F. AU - Brothers, G. L. AU - Bond, S. T2 - Proceedings of the 1996 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium : ?b March 31-April 2, 1996, on Lake George in Bolton Landing, New York DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// IS - -232 SP - 31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infection of Pinus radiata with Agrobacterium rhizogenes and long-term growth of detached hairy roots in vitro AU - Bergmann, B. A. AU - Dukes, J. AU - Stomp, A. M. T2 - New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drying and rehydration of Atlantic white cedar, Arizona cypress, eastern white pine, leyland cypress, and Virginia pine Christmas trees AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Snelling, L. K. T2 - HortScience DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 32 IS - 7 SP - 1252 ER - TY - CHAP TI - The stakeholder satisfaction triangle: A model for successful management T2 - Developing and sustaining world fisheries resources: The state of science and management: 2nd World Fisheries Congress proceedings PY - 1997/// SP - 183-189 PB - Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metabolic androgenization of female Daphnia magna by the xenoestrogen 4-nonylphenol AU - Baldwin, WS AU - Graham, SE AU - Shea, D AU - LeBlanc, GA T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY DA - 1997/9// PY - 1997/9// DO - 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1905:MAOFDM>2.3.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 9 SP - 1905-1911 SN - 1552-8618 KW - 4-nonylphenol KW - androgenization KW - steroid metabolism KW - Daphnia magna ER - TY - CONF TI - Three views on sustainability AU - Nielsen, L. A. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Penn State School of Forest Resources Issues Conference DA - 1997/// SP - 1-2 PB - University Park, PA: Penn State ER - TY - JOUR TI - Public involvement methods in natural resource policy making: Advantages, disadvantages and trade-offs AU - Steelman, TA AU - Ascher, W T2 - POLICY SCIENCES DA - 1997/5// PY - 1997/5// DO - 10.1023/A:1004246421974 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 71-90 SN - 0032-2687 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Soil genesis and classification (4th ed.) AU - Buol, S. W. AU - Hole, F. D. AU - McCracken, R. J. AU - Southard, R. J. CN - S591 .B887 1997 DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - Ames: Iowa State University Press SN - 081381460X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular genetics of growth and development in Populus (Salicaceae) .5. Mapping quantitative trait loci affecting leaf variation AU - Wu, R AU - Bradshaw, HD AU - Stettler, RF T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY AB - We examined the genetic variation of leaf morphology and development in the 2-yr-old replicated plantation of an interspecific hybrid pedigree of Populus trichocarpa T. & G. and P. deltoides Marsh. via both molecular and quantitative genetic methods. Leaf traits chosen were those that show pronounced differences between the original parents, including leaf size, shape, orientation, color, structure, petiole size, and petiole cross section. Leaves were sampled from the current terminal, proleptic, and sylleptic branches. In the F2 generation, leaf traits were all significantly different among genotypes, but with significant effects due to genotype X crown-position interaction. Variation in leaf pigmentation, petiole length. And petiole length proportion appeared to be under the control of few quantitative trait loci (QTLs). More QTLs were associated with single leaf area, leaf shape, lamina angle, abaxial color, and petiole flatness, and in these traits the number of QTLs varied among crown positions. In general, the estimates of QTL numbers from Wright's biometric method were close to those derived from molecular markers. For those traits with few underlying QTLs, a single marker interval could explain from 30 to 60% of the observed phenotypic variance. For multigenic traits, certain markers contributed more substantially to the observed variation than others. Genetic cluster analysis showed developmentally related traits to be more strongly associated with each other than with unrelated traits. This finding was also supported by the QTL mapping. For example, the same chromosomal segment of linkage group L seemed to account for 20% of the phenotypic variation of all dimension-related traits, leaf size, petiole length. and midrib angle. In both traits. the P. deltoides alleles had positive effects and were dominant to the P. trichocarpa alleles. Similar relationships were also found for lamina angle. abaxial greenness, and petiole. DA - 1997/2// PY - 1997/2// DO - 10.2307/2446076 VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - 143-153 SN - 1537-2197 KW - growth KW - leaf trait KW - linkage map KW - Populus KW - quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping KW - Salicaceae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limit theorems and a general framework for risk analysis in clonal forestry AU - Bishir, J AU - Roberds, J T2 - MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AB - Use of clonally propagated plantings in reforestation offers management advantages of phenotypic uniformity and high yields. Disadvantages include low genetic diversity and the possibility that the clone or clones chosen are particularly susceptible to attack by an insect or pathogen unforeseen as a problem at the time of clonal selection. In this paper, we continue consideration of the problem of choosing an optimal number of clones to minimize the risk of plantation failure. We present an analysis in which risk of failure for a plantation is represented by the probability that the proportion, S, of ramets that survive until harvest is less than or equal to a prescribed value. Our approach includes most earlier treatments as special cases. We show that the proportion S converges in distribution and, furthermore, that, under general conditions, a moderate number of clones, usually no more than 20 to 40 and often fewer, provides equivalent or better protection against catastrophic loss than does a large number of clones. DA - 1997/5// PY - 1997/5// DO - 10.1016/S0025-5564(96)00184-8 VL - 142 IS - 1 SP - 1-11 SN - 0025-5564 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Ecology and behaviour of North American black bears: Home ranges, habitat and social organization AU - Powell, R. A. AU - Zimmermann, J. W. AU - Seaman, D. E. CN - QL737.C27 P69 1997 DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - London; New York: Chapman & Hall SN - 0412579901 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Over-winter movements of adult largemouth bass in a North Carolina reservoir AU - Woodward, K. O. AU - Noble, R. L. T2 - Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 51 IS - 1997 SP - 113-122 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clonal variation in herbivore induced resistance of hybrid poplar to a fungal pathogen AU - Klepzig, R. AU - Smalley, R. T2 - Great Lakes Entomologist DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 30 IS - 1997 SP - 99-104 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Age of environmentalism AU - De Steiguer, J. E. CN - GE195 .D38 1997 DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - New York: McGraw-Hall SN - 0070608415 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Collection and presentation of roadway inventory data AU - Karimi, H. A. AU - Hummer, J. E. T2 - Interim Report, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Project 1515, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, May 1997 PY - 1997/// PB - Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board ER - TY - JOUR TI - Food habits of 4 species of wading birds (Ardeidae) in a tropical mangrove swamp AU - Miranda, L AU - Collazo, JA T2 - COLONIAL WATERBIRDS DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2307/1521591 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 413-418 SN - 0738-6028 KW - Ardeidae KW - dietary overlap KW - estuaries KW - egrets KW - food habits KW - foraging KW - herons KW - mangroves KW - Puerto Rico KW - wading birds ER - TY - CHAP TI - Molecular markers and forest trees AU - O'Malley, D. M. AU - Whetten, R. T2 - DNA markers: Protocols, applications, and overviews A2 - G. Caetano-Anolles, P. M. Gresshoff CN - QP624 .D147 1997 PY - 1997/// SP - 237-257 PB - New York: Wiley-VCH ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in body size, sexual dimorphism and age-specific survival in stoats, Mustela erminea (Mammalia: Carnivora), with fluctuating food supplies AU - Powell, RA AU - King, CM T2 - BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY AB - Most hypotheses attempting to explain the evolution of pronounced sexual dimorphism in body size in the three species of weasels (Mustela erminea,M. frenata,M. nivalis) assume that sexual dimorphism is a long-term adaptation, associated with the different reproductive strategies of the two sexes. We here examine an auxiliary hypothesis which predicts that the degree of sexual dimorphism may also vary over the short-term, because when food is temporarily abundant, sexual selection should favour a greater growth rate of males than of females. This hypothesis concerns a phenotypic response which could introduce temporarily increased variation into an existing genotypic trait. We document the present size and sexual dimorphism of stoats introduced last century to New Zealand from Britain in relation to between-year variation in food supply in a single habitat (forests of southern beech,Nothofagussp.). Southern beech trees produce heavy crops of flowers and seed at 3–5 year intervals, which are associated with very variable supplies of important prey of stoats, including several species of seed-eating birds, litter-feeding insects, and feral house mice (Mus musculus). Alternative prey are scarce. Regressions of condylobasal length and head-body length on mouse population indices were significant in both sexes. Mean condylobasal length was larger in both male and female stoats born after a heavy seedfall compared with those born in non-seedfall years. However, the largest males born in years of heavy seedfall were removed by selective mortality before the age of 3 years, so the condylobasal lengths for old (≥3.0 yr) males converged on a common mean regardless of food supply in their birth year. Sexual dimorphism did not vary with food supplies (as reflected in seedfall records or mouse population indices) at any age. First-year survivorship, at least from the age of independence, was significantly negatively correlated with density of stoats in the summer of their birth year. DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1006/bijl.1996.0154 VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 165-194 SN - 0024-4066 KW - nutrition KW - 'silver spoon' effect KW - growth rate KW - age-specific mortality, fecundity KW - Mus musculus KW - New Zealand KW - density-dependent survival ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inheritance, gene expression, and lignin characterization in a mutant pine deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase AU - MacKay, JJ AU - OMalley, DM AU - Presnell, T AU - Booker, FL AU - Campbell, MM AU - Whetten, RW AU - Sederoff, RR T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - We have discovered a mutant loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in which expression of the gene encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) is severely reduced. The products of CAD, cinnamyl alcohols, are the precursors of lignin, a major cell wall polymer of plant vascular tissues. Lignin composition in this mutant shows dramatic modifications, including increased incorporation of the substrate of CAD (coniferaldehyde), indicating that CAD may modulate lignin composition in pine. The recessive cad-n1 allele, which causes this phenotype, was discovered in a tree heterozygous for this mutant allele. It is inherited as a simple Mendelian locus that maps to the same genomic region as the cad locus. In mutant plants, CAD activity and abundance of cad RNA transcript are low, and free CAD substrate accumulates to a high level. The wood of the mutant is brown, whereas the wood in wild types is nearly white. The wood phenotype resembles that of brown midrib (bm) mutants and some transgenic plants in which xylem is red-brown due to a reduction in CAD activity. However, unlike transgenics with reduced CAD, the pine mutant has decreased lignin content. Wood in which the composition of lignin varies beyond previous expectations still provides vascular function and mechanical support. DA - 1997/7/22/ PY - 1997/7/22/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.94.15.8255 VL - 94 IS - 15 SP - 8255-8260 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro regeneration of plantlets from mature embryos of pinus ayacahuite AU - Saborio, F. AU - Dvorak, William S. AU - Donahue, J. K. AU - Thorpe, T. A. T2 - Tree Physiology AB - A plantlet regeneration protocol was developed for Pinus ayacahuite var. ayacahuite (Ehrenb.). Embryos from mature seeds from ten provenances were cultured in a 16-h photoperiod for 3 days on a medium containing 30 mM sucrose and 0.7% agar. Cotyledons from these embryos were subcultured onto MCM medium (Bornman 1983) supplemented with 50 micro M N(6)-benzyladenine and 90 mM sucrose for 2 weeks. Bud development and shoot elongation were maximized by subculturing the explants on half strength AE medium (von Arnold and Ericksson 1981), supplemented with 60 mM sucrose and 0.05% activated charcoal every 30 days. Seed source had a significant effect on the responses of the embryos to the bud induction protocol. For the provenance with the best response to bud induction, about 79% of the cultured cotyledons formed buds, and each cotyledon formed a mean of 9.1 buds, so that about 70 shoots could be induced from each seed. The best rooting response (40% rooting) was obtained by treating the shoots for 8 h with 100 micro M naphthalene acetic acid. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1093/treephys/17.12.787 VL - 17 IS - 12 SP - 787-796 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunochemical identification of AFLR, a regulatory protein, involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis AU - Liu, BH AU - Brewer, JF AU - Flaherty, JE AU - Payne, G AU - Bhatnagar, D AU - Chu, FS T2 - FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL IMMUNOLOGY AB - Polyclonal antibodies against AFLR, the aflR gene product of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, were generated by immunizing a rabbit with the Escherichia coli‐expressed recombinant AFLR protein of A. flavus. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the antibodies not only reacted with the recombinant AFLR protein of A. flavus or A. parasiticus but also with native 47‐kDa AFLR in A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Immunoblot analysis revealed that accumulation of the 47‐kDa AFLR in cultures of A. flavus and A. parasiticus correlated well with the production of aflatoxin under various culture conditions that regulate aflatoxin formation. Neither AFLR nor aflatoxin was found when A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 was grown in peptone mineral salts (PMS) medium; however, both were detected after the culture was transferred to glucose mineral salts (GMS) medium. The AFLR protein was absent in the non‐aflatoxigenic Penicillium and Fusarium species grown in GMS medium. The data indicate that the antibodies obtained in the present studies are specific for AFLR and could be used in various studies to monitor the role of AFLR in regulating aflatoxin biosynthesis. DA - 1997/12// PY - 1997/12// DO - 10.1080/09540109709354959 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 289-298 SN - 1465-3443 KW - aflatoxin KW - AFLR KW - antibodies KW - regulation KW - A-flavus KW - A-parasiticus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stress protein synthesis and peroxidase activity in a submersed aquatic macrophyte exposed to cadmium AU - Siesko, MM AU - Fleming, WJ AU - Grossfeld, RM T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY AB - Sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus L.) was exposed to CdCl, to evaluate peroxidase (POD) activity and stress protein (SP) synthesis as potential biomarkers of contaminant stress in an aquatic plant. Peroxidase activity did not increase in sago pondweed incubated for 24 h in a liquid culture medium containing 0.5, 0.75, or 1 mM CdCl,. By contrast, at each of these CdCl, concentrations, SPs of 162, 142, 122, 82, and 61 kDa were preferentially synthesized, and synthesis of a 66-kDa protein was reduced relative to controls. Peroxidase activity also did not change in sago pondweed rooted for 21 d in agar containing 1 mM CdCl2, despite the lower growth rate, lower protein content, and brown discoloration of the plants. Only when the plants were grown 7 or 21 d on agar containing 10 mM CdCl, were the growth retardation and phenotypic deterioration accompanied by significantly increased POD activity. In contrast, plants rooted for 7 d in agar containing 1 mM CdCl, were not significantly discolored or retarded in growth, yet they preferentially synthesized SPs of 122, 82, and 50 kDa and synthesized proteins of 59 and 52 kDa at reduced rates relative to controls. Similar changes in protein synthesis were accompanied by signs of depressed growth after 21 d of incubation with 1 mM CdCl, and with 7 or 21 d of exposure to 10 mM CdCl,. These data indicate that changes in SP synthesis may precede detectable alterations in growth of aquatic plants and, therefore, may be a potentially useful early biomarker of contaminant stress. However, further studies will be required to determine whether the SP response is measurable during exposure to environmentally relevant contaminant levels. DA - 1997/8// PY - 1997/8// DO - 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1755:SPSAPA>2.3.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 8 SP - 1755-1760 SN - 1552-8618 KW - biomarkers KW - stress proteins KW - cadmium KW - peroxidase KW - pondweed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seed orchard pest management: the case for Forest Service R & D AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Masters, C. J. AU - Cameron, R. S. AU - Lowe, W. J. AU - Weir, R. J. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 95 IS - 1 SP - 29-32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hierarchical maximum-likelihood classification for improved accuracies AU - Ediriwickrema, J AU - Khorram, S T2 - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING AB - Among the supervised parametric classification methods, the maximum-likelihood (MLH) classifier has become popular and widespread in remote sensing. Reliable prior probabilities are not always freely available, and it is a common practice to perform the MLH classification with equal prior probabilities. When equal prior probabilities are used, the advantages in MLH classification may not be attained. This study has explored a hierarchical pixel classification (HPC) method to estimate prior probabilities for the spectral classes from the Landsat thematic mapper (TM) data and spectral signatures. The TM pixels were visualized in multidimensional feature space relative to the spectral class probability surfaces. The pixels that fell within more than one probability region or outside all probability regions were categorized as the pixels likely to misclassify. Prior probabilities were estimated from the pixels that fell within spectral class probability regions. The pixels most likely to be correctly classified do not need extra information and were classified according to the probability region in which they fell. The pixels likely to be misclassified need additional information and were classified by MLH classification with the estimated prior probabilities. The classified image resulting from the HPC showed increased accuracy over three classification methods. Visualization of pixels in multidimensional feature space, relative to the spectral class probability reforms, overcome the practical difficulty in estimating prior probabilities while utilizing the available information. DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1109/36.602523 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 810-816 SN - 0196-2892 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Degradation of carbon-14-atrazine and carbon-14-metolachlor in soil from four depths AU - Miller, JL AU - Wollum, AG AU - Weber, JB T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Degradation of 14C-atrazine [2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine] and 14C-metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide] was monitored for 6 and 2 mo, respectively, using sterile and nonsterile soil microcosms. Both chemical and biological degradation were observed for atrazine, metolachlor degraded only biologically. The calculated halflife of atrazine was 3.6 wk in nonsterile surface samples (0–5 cm). At the surface, after 22 wk, bound residues accounted for almost 60% of the recovered radioactivity while 36% was recovered as 14CO2, indicating significant cleavage of the triazine ring. For sterilized surface samples, atrazine degraded chemically with bound residues accounting for 63% of the recovered label and had a calculated halflife of 6.2 wk. Degradation and binding were somewhat lower in soil samples from 20 to 25 cm and deeper subsurface samples (45 and 75 cm) showed almost no degradation and very little binding. Metolachlor degraded only in the surface nonsterile samples; no degradation was observed in subsurface samples or in sterile samples from any depth. Bound residues occurred in high amounts in the surface soil (31%) but declined rapidly with depth, indicating that organic matter is the primary binding site for metolachlor. Very little 14CO2 (<1.6%) was produced from metolachlor in any sample. This study showed that both herbicides degraded slower and sorbed less to the soil with increasing soil depth, especially below 25 cm. Quantifying degradation rates of agricultural chemicals in the vadose zone is important for predicting and preventing groundwater contamination as well as for successful implementation of in-situ bioremediation of contaminated subsoils. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030007x VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 633-638 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decomposition of roots in loblolly pine: Effects of nutrient and water availability and root size class on mass loss and nutrient dynamics AU - King, JS AU - Allen, HL AU - Dougherty, P AU - Strain, BR T2 - PLANT AND SOIL DA - 1997/8// PY - 1997/8// DO - 10.1023/A:1004248232450 VL - 195 IS - 1 SP - 171-184 SN - 0032-079X KW - belowground decomposition KW - fertilization KW - global change KW - irrigation KW - nutrient cycling KW - Pinus taeda ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of Rhizobium from root nodules of leguminous trees growing in alkaline soils AU - Surange, S AU - Wollum, AG AU - Kumar, N AU - Nautiyal, CS T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AB - High temperature, pH, and salt stresses in tropical alkaline soils limit nodulation and dinitrogen fixation by strains of Rhizobium from the root nodules of nitrogen fixing trees (NFTs). This study was conducted to determine the variability among Rhizobium strains isolated from different NFTs in growth response to high temperature, pH, and salt concentrations. Variable response to increases in temperature, pH, and salt concentrations was observed. Rhizobium strain isolated from Albizia lebbek survived at 50 °C, while Rhizobium strains isolated from Sesbania formosa, Acacia farnesiana, and Dalbergia sissoo were well adapted to grow on pH 12.0. All the Rhizobium strains tolerated salt concentrations up to 5.0%. Strains were further characterized with respect to utilization of 27 carbon sources and for their effectiveness in substrate utilization at pH 7.0 and 9.0. Generally higher rates of O 2 consumption were observed at pH 7.0 compared with pH 9.0.Key words: Rhizobium, leguminous trees, root nodules, stress tolerance. DA - 1997/9// PY - 1997/9// DO - 10.1139/m97-130 VL - 43 IS - 9 SP - 891-894 SN - 0008-4166 KW - Rhizobium KW - leguminous trees KW - root nodules KW - stress tolerance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil phosphorus dynamics during 17 years of continuous cultivation: A method to estimate long-term P availability AU - Schmidt, JP AU - Buol, SW AU - Kamprath, EJ T2 - GEODERMA AB - The ability to predict long-term plant-availability of soil P provides an additional management tool for sustainable agriculture. Our objective is to present a methodology using P fractionation data for predicting long-term plant-availability of soil P. Soil samples were collected (0–30 cm) in 1975, 1985, and 1992 from two continually cropped field trials. Soils were a Norfolk loamy sand and a Davidson clay loam, two Ultisols from North Carolina, USA. Four rates of P were applied from 1975 to 1986, and subsequently discontinued. The relationships between the resin and inorganic NaHCO3 fractions, and between the inorganic NaHCO3 and NaOH fractions, indicated that some level of equilibrium appeared to exist between these three fractions of soil P. Given this equilibrium condition, removal of resin P, as the most plant-available fraction, would subsequently reduce the levels of P in the inorganic NaHCO3 and NaOH fractions. Conversely, adding P as fertilizer would increase P in the resin fraction with a subsequent increase in the inorganic NaHCO3 and NaOH fractions. Although P applied as fertilizer was not completely accounted for in crop removal or net change in soil P, estimated numbers of crops based on our model for predicting available P reflected trends in yields at these two field sites. Sixteen and five crops were estimated for the Norfolk and Davidson soils, respectively. Both corn and soybean yields continued to be high on the Norfolk soil through 1992, while corn yields had declined after 1985 on the Davidson soil. Quantifying the long-term availability of soil P provides some measure of potential return on a capital investment of P fertilization in low-input agriculture. DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00011-6 VL - 78 IS - 1-2 SP - 59-70 SN - 0016-7061 KW - phosphorus KW - soil management KW - fertilization KW - agriculture KW - Ultisols KW - land use ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional economic contributions of the forest based industries in the South AU - Aruna, P. B. AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. AU - Lee, K. J. AU - Redmond, C. T2 - Forest Products Journal DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 47 IS - 7-8 SP - 35-45 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physiological characterization of indigenous rhizobia nodulating Vigna unguiculata in Zimbabwean soils AU - Mpepereki, S. AU - Makonese, F. AU - Wollum, A. G. T2 - Symbiosis DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 275-292 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phenotypic characterization of soybean bradyrhizobia in two soils of North Carolina AU - Ramirez, M. E. AU - Israel, D. W. AU - Wollum, A. G. T2 - Soil Biology & Biochemistry AB - Serotypic composition of nodules (480 per soil type) from five soybean cultivars grown on two (Dothan and Cape Fear) soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina was characterized. Symbiotic N2-fixation efficiency, capacity for induction of foliar chlorosis symptomatic of rhizobitoxine production and antibiotic resistances of isolates purified from these nodules were also determined. While host plant cultivar had no significant effect on the serotype distribution, soil type had a large effect on the distribution and diversity of serotypes. Forty-six serotypes were identified among nodules from the Cape Fear soil, but only serotype 4676 (8%), 76 (11%), 94 (9%) and 122124 (12%) occurred in more than 5% of the nodules. Thirty percent of nodule occupants were not identified with the eleven antisera used. Twenty-four serotypes were identified among nodules from the Dothan soil. Of these serotypes 3194 (32%), 4676 (16%), and 76 (23%) occurred in more than 15% of the nodules. Five percent of the nodule occupants were not identified. Major serotypes did not change, but their frequency changed when fields were sampled at different growth stages in the same season and at the same growth stage in different seasons. Isolates serotyped as 3194, 4676, and most of the isolates serotyped as 76 generally exhibited higher levels of resistance to streptomycin and erythromycin than isolates serotyped as 24, 94 and 122124. Five percent of the isolates from the Cape Fear soil (all serotyped as 3194) and 18% of the isolates from the Dothan soil (serotyped as 3194 or 76) induced foliar chlorosis when cultivar Brim was the host. Only 12–14% of the isolates from the two populations had N2-fixation capacity equal to or greater than that of the efficient reference strain MN110. However, four improved soybean cultivars grown in the same fields and year that isolates were obtained did not exhibit a significant seed yield response to application of 150 kg N ha−1 when yields in the minus N treatment ranged from 3.2 to 3.7 Mg ha−1. A significant seed yield response by a non-nodulated cultivar indicated that these soils were N limited. Therefore, the symbiotic N2-fixation capacity of these bradyrhizobial populations did not limit soybean seed yields despite the low percentage of isolates with high N2-fixation efficiency and the presence of isolates with the capacity to induce leaf chlorosis symptomatic of rhizobitoxine production. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00008-4 VL - 29 IS - 9-10 SP - 1547-1555 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of similar serotypes of soybean bradyrhizobia from two soil populations AU - Ramirez, ME AU - Israel, DW AU - Wollum, AG T2 - SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY AB - The physiological and genetic diversity within two major serotypic groups of bradyrhizobial isolates obtained from soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) plants grown on a Dothan and a Cape Fear soil was examined. All isolates serotyped as 3194 had large colonies with smooth borders and high resistances to erythromycin, streptomycin and spectinomycin with minimal inhibitory concentration values (MIC) ranging from 200 to 400 μg ml−1. Pulsed-field gel-electrophoresis (PFGE) separation of DNA fragments generated with the rarely cutting restriction endonuclease, Xba I, revealed six genotypes among 28 different 3194 isolates. Four of these genotypes were common to both soils and only 21% of the isolates were classified as having high N2-fixation capacity. Leaf chlorosis was induced by 46% of the 3194 isolates. Among the 122124 isolates, MIC values were lower than for 3194 isolates ranging from < 13 to 200 μg ml−1. These 122124 isolates produced small colonies (50%) and large colonies with rough borders (50%) when plated on YEM. The genetic diversity of serotype 122124 isolates differed with soil type as PFGE patterns revealed nine genotypes among the 16 isolates from the mineral organic (Cape Fear) soil and only three genotypes among the 14 isolates from the sandy mineral (Dothan) soil. Only two of the 12 genotypes were common to both soils. Sixty percent of the 122124 isolates were classified as having high N2-fixation capacity and none induced foliar chlorosis. Pulsed-field gel-electrophoresis pattern was the only trait that generated groups of isolates that were similar with respect to other measured traits. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00009-6 VL - 29 IS - 9-10 SP - 1539-1545 SN - 0038-0717 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Period-doubling bifurcations for systems of difference equations and applications to models in population biology AU - Selgrade, JF AU - Roberds, JH T2 - NONLINEAR ANALYSIS-THEORY METHODS & APPLICATIONS DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1016/S0362-546X(96)00041-7 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 185-199 SN - 1873-5215 KW - discrete models KW - period-doubling bifurcation KW - Henon map KW - population genetics KW - pioneer and climax populations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inoculum density and expression of major gene resistance to fusiform rust disease in loblolly pine AU - Kuhlman, EG AU - Amerson, HV AU - Jordan, AP AU - Pepper, WD T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Inoculum densities of 25 × 103 to 200 × 103 per ml of basidiospores from single aeciospore isolates avirulent or virulent to the Fr1 (fusiform resistance-1) gene were used to inoculate a control-pollinated loblolly pine family heterozygous for this gene. With two avirulent isolates, the regression curve of gall frequency 9 months after inoculation went from 26 to 50% as inoculum density increased to 100 × 103 spores. The regression curve flattened at higher inoculum densities. With two virulent isolates, gall frequency increased from 47% to a plateau at 97% as spore density increased. A double-blind element of the study correlated the occurrence of the genetic marker (RAPD marker J7-485A) for Fr1 resistance in haploid megagametophyte tissuend the presence or absence of galls on seedlings after artificial inoculations. With avirulent isolates at the two higher densities of 100 × 103 and 200 × 103, marker presence-absence and phenotypic assessments of gall presence-absence agreed for 95% of the seedlings. At the 50 ×103 level, marker-phenotype agreed for 86% of the seedlings. The increased marker-phenotype association resulted from a reduction or elimination of disease escapes as Fr1 resistance remained stable even at higher spore densities. The double-blind study indicates that resistant individuals can be identified from the megagametophyte tissue of germinating seedlings. With virulent isolates, marker and disease phenotype did not correlate, even at the lowest inoculum density. The virulent isolates appear to be homozygous for virulence because infection of marker-positive resistant seedlings equaled or exceeded that of marker-negative susceptible seedlings at the lowest inoculum density. DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.6.597 VL - 81 IS - 6 SP - 597-600 SN - 0191-2917 KW - Cronartium quercuum f sp fusiforme KW - Pinus taeda ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of a mycorrhizal fungus and/or rhizobium on growth and biomass partitioning of subterranean clover exposed to ozone AU - Miller, JE AU - Shafer, , SR AU - Schoeneberger, MM AU - Pursley, WA AU - Horton, SJ AU - Davey, CB T2 - WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION DA - 1997/5// PY - 1997/5// DO - 10.1023/A:1026496420809 VL - 96 IS - 1-4 SP - 233-248 SN - 0049-6979 KW - rhizobia KW - VAM ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genotype by environment interaction for index traits that combine growth and wood density in loblolly pine AU - McKeand, SE AU - Eriksson, G AU - Roberds, JH T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.1007/s001220050509 VL - 94 IS - 8 SP - 1015-1022 SN - 0040-5752 KW - gain KW - K-statistic KW - Pinus taeda L KW - selection index KW - stability KW - tree improvement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Embryogenic callus induction in Fraser fir AU - Rajbhandari, N. AU - Stomp, A. M. T2 - HortScience DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 737-738 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of timber harvest in a South Carolina blackwater bottomland AU - Perison, D AU - Phelps, J AU - Pavel, C AU - Kellison, R T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - This study was initiated on the South Fork Edisto River in South Carolina to investigate and compare the impacts of two different harvest methods (helicopter and rubber-tired skidder) on the ecological structure and function of a blackwater forested wetland. The two harvest treatments were chosen to represent a broad spectrum of potential impacts and were compared to an undisturbed site. Following harvest in 1991, functional responses in vegetative productivity, herpetofaunal populations, and soil and water quality were evaluated in 1992 and 1993. Herbaceous biomass was greater on the helicopter and skidder treatments than on the undisturbed control. In general, the biomass measured on the skidder treatment was not significantly different from the biomass measured on the helicopter treatment. Higher decomposition rates were noted in the harvested areas as compared to the control. This was mainly attributed to higher soil temperatures, which accelerated microbial activity. Increased decomposition rates may have been responsible for elevated levels of ammonium and organic carbon observed in ground water samples. A total of 29 species of herpetofauna (10 amphibians and 19 reptiles) were observed during the study. Salamanders were found more often in the undisturbed control. Reptiles were observed more frequently in the harvested area. Although herpetofaunal species composition was different between harvest and control, indices of diversity were similar. DA - 1997/2// PY - 1997/2// DO - 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03896-0 VL - 90 IS - 2-3 SP - 171-185 SN - 1872-7042 KW - blackwater KW - bottomland hardwoods KW - herpetofauna KW - function KW - harvest KW - biomass KW - biogeochemistry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Subcellular localization of celery mannitol dehydrogenase - A cytosolic metabolic enzyme in nuclei AU - Yamamoto, YT AU - Zamski, E AU - Williamson, JD AU - Conkling, MA AU - Pharr, DM T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Abstract Mannitol dehydrogenase (MTD) is the first enzyme in mannitol catabolism in celery (Apium graveolens L. var dulce [Mill] Pers. Cv Florida 638). Mannitol is an important photoassimilate, as well as providing plants with resistance to salt and osmotic stress. Previous work has shown that expression of the celery Mtd gene is regulated by many factors, such as hexose sugars, salt and osmotic stress, and salicylic acid. Furthermore, MTD is present in cells of sink organs, phloem cells, and mannitol-grown suspension cultures. Immunogold localization and biochemical analyses presented here demonstrate that celery MTD is localized in the cytosol and nuclei. Although the cellular density of MTD varies among different cell types, densities of nuclear and cytosolic MTD in a given cell are approximately equal. Biochemical analyses of nuclear extracts from mannitol-grown cultured cells confirmed that the nuclear-localized MTD is enzymatically active. The function(s) of nuclear-localized MTD is unknown. DA - 1997/12// PY - 1997/12// DO - 10.1104/pp.115.4.1397 VL - 115 IS - 4 SP - 1397-1403 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sterile and nonsterile degradation of carbon-14-primisulfuron in soil from four depths AU - Miller, JL AU - Wollum, AG AU - Weber, JB T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract The degradation of 14 C‐primisulfuron (2‐[[[[[4,6‐bis(difluoromethoxy)‐2‐pyrimidinyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl] benzoic acid) was monitored for 2 mo using soil microcosms under sterile and nonsterile conditions. Both chemical and biological degradation was detected. The half‐life was 2.1 wk for nonsterile samples from 0 to 5 cm, and 3.4 wk for nonsterile samples from 20 to 25 cm. After 7 wk, bound residues accounted for 48 and 27% of the recovered radioactivity in these samples, respectively. For sterile samples from the same depths, the half‐life was >7 wk and bound residues accounted for 7% of the recovered radiolabel. Disappearance and bound residue formation of primisulfuron were similar for both sterile and nonsterile samples from deeper in the profile (45–75 cm) indicating little biological degradation occurred in these subsurface samples. Chemical and microbial degradation of primisulfuron appeared to differ; the same metabolites were produced but at different times and in different amounts. Very little 14 CO 2 (<3%) was produced from any sample. These results indicate that initial hydrolyzation of the sulfonylurea bridge occurs both chemically and biologically, but does not occur readily in the subsoil. This may have implications for the prevention of groundwater contamination and for the bioremediation of contaminated soils. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600020015x VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 440-445 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - CONF TI - Soil profile alteration under long-term, high-input agriculture AU - Buol, S. W. AU - Stokes, M. L. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Replenishing soil fertility in Africa. Proceedings of an international symposium cosponsored by Divisions A-6 (International Agronomy) and S-4 (Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition), and the International Center for Research in Agroforestry, held at the 88th Annual Meetings of the American Society of Agronomy and the Soil Science Society of America, Indianapolis, Indiana, 6 November 1996. Ed. by Roland J. Buresh, Pedro A. Sanchez, and Frank Calhoun. Madison, WI.: Soil Science Society of America, 1997 CN - S599.5.A1 R46 1997 DA - 1997/// SP - 97-109 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal trends of light-saturated net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of loblolly pine trees grown in contrasting environments of nutrition, water and carbon dioxide AU - Murthy, R AU - Zarnoch, SJ AU - Dougherty, PM T2 - PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT AB - ABSTRACT Repeated measures analysis was used to evaluate the effect of long‐term CO 2 enhancement on seasonal trends of light‐saturated rates of net photosynthesis ( A sat ) and stomatal conductance to water vapour ( g sat ) of 9‐year‐old loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) trees grown in a 2 × 2 factorial experimental design of nutrition and water. A significant interaction effect of CO 2 and nutrition on mean A sat was observed for juvenile foliage. Also, juvenile foliage exposed to +350 μmol mol −1 CO 2 had a higher rate of increase of A sat between late summer and early autumn. This would lead to a greater potential for recharging carbohydrate reserves for winter. Mature foliage was affected by CO sat , water and nutrient treatments in two ways. First, A sat was significantly increased as a result of elevated CO 2 in January, a period when stomatal conductance was only 47% of the maximum observed rate. Secondly, the rate of increase of A sat from winter to early spring was accelerated as a result of both nutrient + water and + 350 μmol mol −1 CO 2 treatments. This accelerated response resulted in a greater potential for photosynthate production during the period when growth initiation occurred. Nutrient, water or carbon dioxide treatments did not significantly alter trends in g sat for mature or juvenile foliage. A significant nutrition × CO 2 interaction was observed for the mature foliage, suggesting that g sat increased with increasing CO 2 and nutrition. These results may have important consequences for the determination of the water use efficiency of loblolly pine. In spite of low g sat in the winter to early spring period, there was a substantial gain in A sat attributable to elevated CO 2 concentrations. DA - 1997/5// PY - 1997/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1997.00085.x VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 558-568 SN - 1365-3040 KW - Pinus taeda L KW - elevated CO2 KW - net photosynthesis, repeated measures analysis KW - stomatal conductance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rootstock effects on scion growth and reproduction in 8-year-old grafted loblolly pine AU - Jayawickrama, K. J. S. AU - McKeand, Steven AU - Jett, J. B. T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-27-11-1781 VL - 27 IS - 11 SP - 1781–1787 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential of Paulownia elongata trees for swine waste utilization AU - Bergmann, Ben AU - Rubin, A. R. AU - Campbell, C. R. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - A greenhouse experiment was done with vegetatively propagated trees to examine the influence of swine lagoon effluent on the growth and foliar nutrient content of the fast-growing hardwood species Paulownia elongata. Application of swine lagoon effluent promoted plant growth and was as beneficial as a complete chemical fertilizer applied at a similar nitrogen loading rate. Foliar concentrations of nitrogen were high, typically between 3.5% and 4.5%, when swine lagoon effluent was applied at a nitrogen loading rate equivalent to 205 or 409 kg/ha. Zinc and copper concentrations were also relatively high when plants received these swine lagoon effluent treatments (45 to 55 ppm and 17 to 23 ppm, respectively). Sufficient variation among P. elongata clones was revealed for growth parameters and foliar nutrient concentrations to anticipate a benefit from the selection of genotypes that are the most efficient for remediation of animal waste, i.e., high biomass production and foliar nutrient accumulation. The data show that P. elongata has potential for use as a swine waste utilization species. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.13031/2013.21401 VL - 40 IS - 6 SP - 1733–1738 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ozone pollution in the rural United States and the new NAAQS AU - Chameides, W. L. AU - Saylor, R. D. AU - Cowling, E. B. T2 - Science AB - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently proposed a new National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone, based on an 8-hour averaged concentration of 0.08 part per million. An analysis of ozone data gathered in 1995 by the Southern Oxidants Study Spatial Ozone Network (SON) and EPA’s Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) indicates that promulgation of this new standard will bring large parts of the rural eastern United States into nonattainment. This in turn will necessitate a major change in the nation’s pollution control strategies. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1126/science.276.5314.916 VL - 276 IS - 5314 SP - 916 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Non-breeding territoriality of semipalmated sandpipers AU - Tripp, K. J. AU - Collazo, J. A. T2 - Wilson Library Bulletin DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 109 IS - 4 SP - 630-642 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen cycling in piedmont vegetated filter zones .2. Subsurface nitrate removal AU - Verchot, LV AU - Franklin, EC AU - Gilliam, JW T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract Subsurface flow often constitutes the major pathway for movement of dissolved nutrients such as NO 3 ‐N from agricultural fields. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the changes in shallow groundwater chemistry along a piezometric gradient from agricultural fields, across grass‐vegetated field edges and through adjacent forest on two Piedmont watersheds and (ii) determine the relative importance of dilution, denitrification, and plant uptake in subsurface NO 3 attenuation. We monitored changes in groundwater chemistry at three depths along a piezometric gradient from an agricultural field through a grass field edge and through a forested filter zone (FFZ). We measured marked decrease in nitrate concentrations from 8 to 10 mg L −1 at the field edge to almost 0 at the forest edge; Cl concentrations remained within the range of 8 to 10 mg L −1 , suggesting that dilution was not an important factor in NO 3 concentration reductions. At a third site, we introduced NO 3 ‐N and a conservative tracer, bromide, into the soil profile at both the grass‐vegetated field border and the forested area, to determine mechanisms responsible for the observed decrease in NO 3 ‐N concentrations. Using ion concentration ratios we determined that nitrate attenuation in the grass‐vegetated field edge was low compared to the forest. Nitrate loss in the forest was almost exclusively through denitrification; plant uptake was insignificant in these experiments. Although grass‐vegetated field borders were less effective than riparian forests at NO 3 ‐N removal, considerable reductions were observed in these areas on the experimental watersheds. Similar reductions would be expected over shorter distances in riparian forests. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600020003x VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 337-347 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen cycling in piedmont vegetated filter zones .1. Surface soil processes AU - Verchot, LV AU - Franklin, EC AU - Gilliam, JW T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract Surface runoff is a major transport mechanism for particulate‐bound and dissolved N species from agricultural fields. One means of reducing nutrient loading in surface waters is the use of vegetative filter zones. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two forested filter zones (FFZ) for removing N from runoff in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. We used a spreading device to ensure dispersed flow in the FFZ. In addition to measuring inputs and outputs from each FFZ, we characterized the N cycle in the surface 30 cm of the soil profile to determine the fate of different N species retained in the FFZ. N loading increased as water passed through FFZ1: NO 3 ‐N increased by 1.6 kg ha −1 yr −1 , organic‐N increased by 13.4 kg ha −1 yr −1 and NH 4 ‐N decreased by 0.2 kg ha −1 yr −1 . The second FFZ was more effective with net retention of 0.2 kg ha −1 yr −1 for NO 3 ‐N, 0.5 kg ha −1 yr −1 for organic‐N and 0.2 kg ha −1 yr −1 for NH 4 ‐N. The FFZ were ineffective during the winter and spring when water filled pore space exceeded 35% in FFZ1 and 25% in FFZ2, and infiltration was low. Infiltration was the key factor controlling N pollutant removal from surface runoff. Therefore, the clayey soils of the Piedmont may not be as effective as the sandy coastal plain soils studied by other authors. Results from the analysis of the N cycle suggest that both uptake by the vegetation and leaching to deeper soil layers were the dominant fates of inorganic‐N. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600020002x VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 327-336 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implementing clonal forestry in the southeastern United States: Srieg satellite workshop summary remarks AU - Stelzer, H. E. AU - Goldfarb, B. T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research AB - Fifty people from the forest genetics community participated in a 2-day workshop to identify and discuss issues concerning the implementation of clonal forestry in the southeastern United States. Consensus was that the most pressing issues fell into the general categories of biological and technological limitations, economics, and ecological and societal concerns. The key aspect of the biological barrier focused on the limitations imposed by the maturation of trees. Economic issues centered on the need for reliable estimates of costs and returns. Ecological and societal issues focused on the difficulty of quantifying ecological risk and the possibility that clonal forestry could be regulated based on perceived rather than actual risks. Discussions brought about the need for propagation scientists and forest geneticists to participate with other interested groups to determine the ecological and economic consequences of various deployment strategies. The information and confidence gained in these efforts should permit forest managers to move toward safe and effective implementation of clonal forestry. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1139/x96-200 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 442-446 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Histological analyses of the host response of two aspen genotypes to wounding and inoculation with Hypoxylon mammatum AU - Enebak, S. A. AU - Bucciarelli, B. AU - Ostry, M. E. AU - Li, B. T2 - European Journal of Forest Pathology AB - Summary Ramets derived from root sprouts of two quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) parents were either mechanically wounded or wounded and inoculated with mycelium of Hypoxylon mammatum. Female aspen parents were considered either resistant or susceptible based on a 30‐year field trial of their open‐pollinated progenies that had 21% and 93% mortality, respectively, caused by H. mammatum. Each stem was wounded twice at the base and in the nonlignified zone. Samples were taken 5 mm above the site of wounding at 7 and 14 days. Histochemicals used were phloroglucinol‐HCl and Sudan Black B to detect lignin and suberin, respectively. Thin sections of the resistant aspen ramets showed intensive staining phloroglucinol‐HCl, which was localized along both sides of the wound margin. Collenchyma callus was well developed by day 7 and was derived from the phloem tissue internal to the cell walls staining positive for phloroglucinol‐HCl, near the vascular cambium. In contrast, the tissues of susceptible aspen ramets were less stained, the stained cells were less scattered and less collenchyma callus had formed than on the resistant ramets. The presence of the fungus increased the amount of staining observed with phloroglucinol‐HCl and delayed wound closure in both aspen genotypes. No distinguishing pattern could be identified between the two aspen genotypes with respect to suberin formation. When comparing stem response to phloroglucinol‐HCl with respect to the tissue type on the same stem (succulent versus woody), the inoculation of older woody tissue resulted in a more defined host response and thus were better in separating the two aspen genotypes. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0329.1997.tb01448.x VL - 27 IS - 6 SP - 337-345 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heterosis and genotype x environment interactions of juvenile aspens in two contrasting sites AU - Li, B.-L. AU - Wu, R.-L. T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1139/97-110 VL - 27 IS - 10 SP - 1525-1537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Harvest time and nitrogen source influence in vitro growth of apical buds from Fraser fir seedlings AU - Bergmann, BA AU - Sun, YH AU - Stomp, AM T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Information was obtained concerning appropriate bud harvest time and nitrogen source to be used in the tissue culture of Fraser fir [ Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir] apical buds from 2-year-old seedlings. April was the preferred time to harvest buds for culture, as summer buds had a high contamination frequency, and fall and winter buds did not develop well. Shoot elongation of buds collected in April (1.6 cm) was more than twice that of buds collected in February (0.7 cm) after 100 days in culture; during the same period, shoot fresh mass increased 5-fold (0.21 g in April, 0.04 g in February). Inclusion of a nitrate source reduced the frequency of bud browning, and glutamine was superior to ammonium as a source of reduced nitrogen. Litvay's basal medium containing 10 m m glutamine and 10 m m nitrate was the best nitrogen source combination tested when considering bud browning frequency and shoot fresh mass and length after 100 days in culture. DA - 1997/2// PY - 1997/2// DO - 10.21273/HORTSCI.32.1.125 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 125-128 SN - 0018-5345 KW - adventitious buds KW - tissue culture KW - bud culture KW - shoot elongation KW - Abies fraseri ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a sonic telemetry system in three habitats of an estuarine environment AU - Braun, J AU - Epperly, SP AU - Collazo, JA T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY AB - A directional sonic telemetry system in small embayment, seagrass, and channel habitats in Core Sound, North Carolina was evaluated. We compared point location estimates calculated after correcting for system bias in three different ways: using test station (i.e. known location transmitting–receiving stations) angle errors, and using a within test site and an among test site mean angle error estimate. Estimates are necessary because, when tracking an animal, system bias cannot be corrected for using test station angle errors. In addition, telemetered animals may move beyond test areas or into different habitats. We found no significant difference (P>0.05) among point location estimates, suggesting that a within or an among mean angle error was an acceptable estimate. Choosing the appropriate angle error estimate must be done carefully because both presented limitations. A within test site mean angle error was the more conservative approach, avoiding biases caused by significant (P<0.05) interhabitat angle error variability. An estimate containing interhabitat variability (i.e. among test site angle error) might be more robust for correcting system bias when the instrumented animal moves outside test areas or into a heterogeneous area. Seagrass habitat polygons in southern Core Sound range in size from 0.1 to 3189 ha. Attained levels of accuracy and precision from this study suggest that work could be conducted in areas where polygons are ≥6.9 ha, which represents >97% of the seagrass habitat in Core Sound. Although the majority (80%) of the polygons are small (<10.0 ha), they represent <5% of the total seagrass area. In addition, classifying use of habitat in areas where polygons are ≤6.9 ha is possible because small polygons have a contagious distribution; hence, their areas may be additive. Risks of misclassifying use of habitat can be reduced also by controlling the size of confidence areas (Ae) by adjusting the distance between observers and the tracked animal. The confidence area as a function of distance can be predicted because location error varied linearly and significantly with geometric mean distance (Dg). On the basis of this relationship, Dg must be <326 m for Ae95 to be <10.0 ha. DA - 1997/5/1/ PY - 1997/5/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02737-2 VL - 212 IS - 1 SP - 111-121 SN - 0022-0981 KW - accuracy KW - angle error estimate KW - Cheloniidae KW - estuaries KW - North Carolina KW - precision KW - sea turtle KW - sonic telemetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of medium components and light on callus induction, growth, and frond regeneration in Lemna gibba (duckweed) AU - Moon, H.-K. AU - Stomp, A.-M. T2 - In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Plant DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1007/s11627-997-0035-5 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 20-25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of constitutive and inducible traits of hybrid poplars on forest tent caterpillar feeding and population ecology AU - Robison, D. J. AU - Raffa, K. F. T2 - Forest Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 252-267 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eastern wild turkey reproduction in an area subjected to flooding AU - Cobb, DT AU - Doerr, PD T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - We used cohort analyses and population cohort matrices to model a wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) population under perturbed (i.e., man-induced flooding on 3-yr intervals) and unperturbed (i.e., non-flood) conditions. The net reproductive rate (R o ) of a cohort in which reproduction in the hatching-year (HY) age class was perturbed by flooding dropped to 0.460 from R o = 1.383 for unperturbed cohorts. The R o of cohorts in which only after-hatching-year (AHY) age classes were exposed to flooding was >1.0. Cohort analyses demonstrated the importance to the population of nesting by HY hens and the significant effects on cohort reproductive potential of exposing the HY age class to flooding. Evaluation of population cohort matrices also suggested that flooding on a 3-year interval precludes sufficient reproduction to maintain this wild turkey population. DA - 1997/4// PY - 1997/4// DO - 10.2307/3802586 VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 313-317 SN - 0022-541X KW - cohort fecundity KW - demography KW - flooding KW - floodplain management KW - hydrology KW - life tables KW - Meleagris gallopavo silvestris KW - modelling KW - population cohort matrix KW - population dynamics KW - reproduction KW - wild turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Basal pruning Fraser fir Christmas trees AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Snelling, L. K. T2 - HortScience DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 324-326 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A technique for dorsal subcutaneous implantation of heart rate biotelemetry transmitters in Black Ducks: Application in an aircraft noise response study AU - Harms, CA AU - Fleming, WJ AU - Stoskopf, MK T2 - CONDOR AB - A technique for heart rate biotelemetry transmitter implantation was developed to monitor heart rate fluctuations of Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) in response to simulated aircraft noise in a large outdoor enclosure. A dorsal subcutaneous approach, with subcutaneous tunneling of lead wires, was employed for placement of the 32 g transmitters. A base-apex lead configuration, with leads anchored at the dorsal cervico-thoracic junction and the caudal keel, yielded the maximal ECG wave-form deflection for triggering the transmitter. Heart rates of six Black Ducks (three in each of two separate trials) were monitored for 3 days pre-noise to establish a baseline, and then for 4 days of simulated aircraft noise. The noise stimulus replicated an FB-111 military jet, and was played 48 times per day at a peak volume of 110 dB. Daily mean heart rates, used as indicators of metabolic rates, did not increase in response to noise. Recognizable acute heart rate increases corresponding with a noise event occurred with increased frequency during the first day of noise presentation, but on subsequent days the responses did not differ significantly from baseline. Acute heart rate responses to aircraft noise diminished rapidly, indicating the ability of Black Ducks to habituate to the auditory component of low altitude aircraft overflights. DA - 1997/2// PY - 1997/2// DO - 10.2307/1370247 VL - 99 IS - 1 SP - 231-237 SN - 0010-5422 KW - Black Duck KW - Anas rubripes KW - biotelemetry KW - heart rate KW - noise KW - stress ER - TY - JOUR TI - The potential of plantations to foster woody regeneration within a deforested landscape in lowland Costa Rica AU - Haggar, J AU - Wightman, K AU - Fisher, R T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Reforestation of degraded pastures in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica since 1988 has created a patchwork of small plantations that may have the potential to capture and conserve the remnant biodiversity in this largely deforested landscape. Studies of woody regeneration in 6 year old experimental plantations and on-farm plantations on abandoned pasture were conducted at the La Selva Biological Station and surrounding region. The experimental plantations include seven native and four exotic tree species, together with an abandoned pasture control. The impact of plantations on woody regeneration varied according to the plantation tree species. Some species fostered greater abundance of woody regeneration, some greater species richness, other species both abundance and richness, while another group had no effect significantly different from abandoned pasture. Abundance of woody regeneration did not appear to be related to canopy cover at the time of sampling. Nevertheless, plantation trees that established rapidly and had high growth rates did in general stimulate higher levels of woody regeneration. A comparison of this study with one conducted in the same plantations 18 months later indicates that the effect of some trees promoting greater density of regeneration may decline over time, while differences in species richness may persist or strengthen. Observations in a range of 6 year old plantations on farms showed a wide range of densities of woody regeneration. Part of this variation could be explained by the presence or absence of grazing within the plantation. Abundance and species richness of woody regeneration under plantation stands can be substantial. Nevertheless, the incidence of mature forest species was low and their ability to invade in the future will probably depend on subsequent stand management. It must not be forgotten that the motivation for reforestation is primarily economic; increased biodiversity is a by-product that, if it is to be promoted, will require adaptation of management practices. DA - 1997/12// PY - 1997/12// DO - 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00194-1 VL - 99 IS - 1-2 SP - 55-64 SN - 1872-7042 KW - regeneration KW - restoration KW - tropical plantation KW - Vochysia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shoot and foliage growth phenology of loblolly pine trees as affected by nitrogen fertilization AU - Zhang, SS AU - Allen, HL AU - Dougherty, PM T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH DA - 1997/9// PY - 1997/9// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-27-9-1420 VL - 27 IS - 9 SP - 1420-1426 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - CONF TI - Overview of Kandi and other taxonomic changes in North Carolina AU - Buol, S. W. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Soil Science Society of North Carolina proceedings, 40th CN - S590 .S674 DA - 1997/// PB - Raleigh, N.C.: Soil Science Society of North Carolina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and genetic distance analysis of wheat cultivars using RAPD fingerprinting AU - Myburg, A. A. AU - Botha, A. M. AU - Wingfield, B. D. AU - Wilding, W. J. M T2 - Cereal Research Communications DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 875-882 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of carbon dioxide, fertilization and irrigation on Loblolly pine branch morphology AU - Murthy, R. AU - Dougherty, P. M. T2 - Trees (Berlin, Germany) DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 11 IS - 8 SP - 485-493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Date of earlywood-latewood transition in provenances and families of loblolly pine, and its relationship to growth phenology and juvenile wood specific gravity AU - Jayawickrama, KJS AU - McKeand, SE AU - Jett, JB AU - Wheeler, EA T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - When grown together in plantations, fast-growing southern and coastal sources of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) often have lower wood specific gravity than northern and inland sources. This study investigated whether this phenomenon could be explained by a later transition to latewood, associated with a longer period of height growth, of the fast-growing sources. Seven to nine open-pollinated families, from each of four provenances, were grown at two locations in southwest Georgia. Tree cambia were wounded with a needle during summer and fall of the fifth and sixth growing seasons (1993 and 1994). The wounding was done to leave a mark in the xylem used later to determine whether earlywood or latewood was being produced at the time of wounding. Provenances were significantly different for the date of transition in 1994, with 22 days between the earliest and the latest. For most families, latewood transition followed height growth cessation in 1993, but preceded it in 1994. The date of latewood transition had a strong positive correlation (family mean basis across provenances) with the date of height growth cessation and a moderate negative correlation with specific gravity. Juvenile wood specific gravity had a weak (nonsignificant) negative correlation with annual height increment and a stronger negative correlation, significant in 1993, with diameter increment. Correlations within provenances were weak or close to zero. This study provided evidence for an association (especially at the provenance level) between a later cessation of height growth, a later transition to latewood, and lower specific gravity in 5- and 6-year-old trees. DA - 1997/8// PY - 1997/8// DO - 10.1139/x97-091 VL - 27 IS - 8 SP - 1245-1253 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An analysis of wood pellets for export: A case study of Sweden as an importer AU - Aruna, P. B. AU - Laarman, J. G. AU - Araman, P. AU - Cubbage, F. W. T2 - Forest Products Journal DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 47 IS - 6 SP - 49-52 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abnormal lignin in a loblolly pine mutant AU - Ralph, J AU - MacKay, JJ AU - Hatfield, RD AU - OMalley, DM AU - Whetten, RW AU - Sederoff, RR T2 - SCIENCE AB - Novel lignin is formed in a mutant loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) severely depleted in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.195), which converts coniferaldehyde to coniferyl alcohol, the primary lignin precursor in pines. Dihydroconiferyl alcohol, a monomer not normally associated with the lignin biosynthetic pathway, is the major component of the mutant's lignin, accounting for approximately 30 percent (versus approximately 3 percent in normal pine) of the units. The level of aldehydes, including new 2-methoxybenzaldehydes, is also increased. The mutant pines grew normally indicating that, even within a species, extensive variations in lignin composition need not disrupt the essential functions of lignin. DA - 1997/7/11/ PY - 1997/7/11/ DO - 10.1126/science.277.5323.235 VL - 277 IS - 5323 SP - 235-239 SN - 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainable management of genetic resources AU - McKeand, S. AU - Svensson, J. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 95 IS - 3 SP - 4-9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro adventitious shoot production in Paulownia AU - Bergmann, BA AU - Moon, HK T2 - PLANT CELL REPORTS DA - 1997/2// PY - 1997/2// DO - 10.1007/s002990050230 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 315-319 SN - 0721-7714 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genotypic stability effects on predicted family responses to silvicultural treatments in loblolly pine AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Crook, R. P. AU - Allen, H. L. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 84-89 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental challenges in Lebanon AU - Masri, R. T2 - Journal of Developing Societies DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 73-115 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Used pallets as a source of pellet fuel: current industry status AU - Aruna, P. B. AU - Laarman, J. G. AU - Araman, P. AU - Coulter, E. AU - Cubbage, F. W. T2 - Forest Products Journal DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 47 IS - 9 SP - 51-56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Generating confidence intervals for composition-based landscape indexes AU - Hess, GR AU - Bay, JM T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1023/A:1007967425429 VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 309-320 SN - 1572-9761 KW - landscape indexes KW - landscape diversity KW - accuracy assessment KW - uncertainty KW - classification error KW - error matrixes KW - bootstrapping ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water movement and solute transport through saprolite AU - Li, K AU - Amoozegar, A AU - Robarge, WP AU - Buol, SW T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Abstract Many soils are underlain by saprolite. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for preferential movement of pollutants through one soil and two saprolites in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. At one site (Site 1), two 100 by 100 by 100 cm intact blocks were isolated in situ in the Bt horizon and underlying saprolite, and a solution containing KBr, NH 4 NO 3 , a blue dye, and a red dye was applied to the top of each block. At a second location (Site 2), a 120 by 120 by 100 cm intact block of saprolite was similarly prepared. Acid red dye powder (5 g) was placed in four small holes (3 cm deep) bored into the surface of the block, and the block was leached with a solution containing only KBr and NH 4 NO 3 . After drainage, each block was dissected layer by layer (5 or 10 cm thick), and the middle 80 by 80 by 100 cm volume was divided into 768 samples and analyzed for K + , Br ‐ , NH + 4 , and NO ‐ 3 , as well as dye content. The visible patterns of the dyes, and extracted solute concentrations, at Site 1 indicated that preferential movement was more pronounced in the Bt horizon than in the saprolite. At Site 2, the red dye and solutes moved vertically with little lateral deviation. Our results suggest that vertical water movement in the two saprolites occurs mainly through matrix pores with little preferential movement via the visible features inherited from respective parent rocks. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100060027x VL - 61 IS - 6 SP - 1738-1745 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The bottomland hardwood forest of the southern United States AU - Kellison, RC AU - Young, MJ T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Bottomland hardwood forests are valued for timber production, water storage, enhanced water quality, nutrient cycling, erosion control and wildlife habitat. However, the majority of southern bottomland stands, 90% of which are in private ownership, are occupied by a degraded mixture of tree species, caused largely by repeated, incomplete harvests. They can be naturally regenerated to a stand of favorable species composition by removing the residual stand of merchantable and non-merchantable trees. For timber production, these systems respond best to even-aged management such as clearcutting, shelterwood cutting and patch clearcutting. Plant succession under such systems allows shade intolerant species to occupy the site, followed by species of increasing shade tolerance. Uneven-aged systems, such as individual-tree selection and group selection, are also viable regeneration methods, but they require great attention to detail and frequent stand entry. In areas of high sensitivity to timber harvesting, a two-aged system such as a leave-tree is recommended. Stand disturbance, either planned or unplanned, is needed to keep southern hardwood forest stands viable. DA - 1997/2// PY - 1997/2// DO - 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03905-9 VL - 90 IS - 2-3 SP - 101-115 SN - 0378-1127 KW - bottomland hardwood forest KW - USA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rooting stem cuttings of Atlantic white cedar outdoors in containers AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Snelling, L. K. T2 - HortScience DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 315-317 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk analyses in clonal forestry AU - Roberds, JH AU - Bishir, JW T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - The number of clones to use in plantations is an important problem that must be addressed by practitioners of clonal forestry because of productivity and forest health considerations. This problem has been analyzed from a number of perspectives, but analyses based upon risk of plantation failure have provided special insight about effects produced by an increase in numbers of clones. In this paper, we describe alternative models and methods that have been proposed to investigate the effect of number of clones on risk of plantation failure following an unforeseen catastrophic event. Properties of these models are reviewed and conclusions resulting from the analysis of each model are given. Results from these analyses and recently developed theory indicate that use of 30 to 40 unrelated clones in plantations provides protection against catastrophic failure roughly equivalent to the use of large numbers of unrelated clones. A detailed description of the recently introduced time-to-failure model is also presented, and several examples that illustrate properties of this model are discussed. Finally, some implications regarding the development of breeding populations are identified and explored. Resume : La problOmatique du nombre de clones utilisOs dans les plantations clonales doit Œtre abordOe par les praticiens de la foresterie clonale en raison des implications quielle peut avoir pour la productivitO et la santO des forŒts. Ce problme a OtO OtudiO sous de nombreux angles, mais il siest avOrO que liapproche basOe sur le risque diOchec de plantation a permis de rOvOler les effets rOsultant diune augmentation du nombre de clones utilisOs. Les auteurs de liOtude font la description des mOthodes et modles alternatifs qui ont OtO proposOs pour Otudier lieffet du nombre de clones sur le risque diOchec de plantation suite ‡ un OvOnement catastrophique imprOvisible. Les auteurs prOsentent la revue des caractOristiques ainsi que les conclusions dOcoulant de lianalyse de chacun de ces modles. Les rOsultats de cette analyse ainsi que les considOrations thOoriques dOveloppOes rOcemment indiquent que liutilisation de 30 ‡ 40 clones non apparentOs par plantation procure une protection contre des Ochecs catastrophiques qui est ‡ peu prs Oquivalente ‡ celle qui dOcoule de liutilisation diun grand nombre de clones non apparentOs. Une description dOtaillOe du modle rOcent de «dOlai diOchec» est prOsentOe. Quelques exemples illustrant les caractOristiques de ce modle sont Ogalement discutOs. Enfin, certaines implications relatives au dOveloppement des populations diOlevage sont identifiOes et discutOes. (Traduit par la ROdaction) DA - 1997/3// PY - 1997/3// DO - 10.1139/x96-202 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 425-432 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrology of a drained forested Pocosin watershed AU - Amatya, DM AU - Skaggs, RW AU - Gregory, JD AU - Herrmann, RB T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - ABSTRACT: In order to assess the effects. of silvicultural and drainage practices on water quality it is necessary to understand their impacts on hydrology. The hydrology of a 340 ha artificially drained forested watershed in eastern North Carolina was studied for a five‐year period (1988–92). Effects of soils, beds and changes in vegetation on water table depth, evapotranspiration (ET) and drainage outflows were analyzed. Total annual outflows from the watershed varied from 29 percent of the rainfall during the driest year (1990) when mostly mature trees were present to as much as 53 percent during a year of normal rainfall (1992) after about a third of the trees were harvested. Annual ET from the watershed, calculated as the difference between annual rainfall and outflow, varied from 76 percent of the calculated potential ET for a dry year to as much as 99 percent for a wet year. Average estimated ET was 58 percent of rainfall for the five‐year period. Flow rates per unit area were consistently higher from a smaller harvested block (Block B ‐ 82 ha) of the watershed than from the watershed as a whole. This is likely due to time lags, as drainage water flows through the ditch‐canal network in the watershed, and to timber harvesting of the smaller gaged block. DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03530.x VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 535-546 SN - 0043-1370 KW - pine plantation KW - harvesting KW - water table depths KW - drainage outflow KW - peak outflow rate KW - total evapotranspiration KW - Isaac Creek ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a watershed scale forest hydrologic model AU - Amatya, DM AU - Skaggs, RW AU - Gregory, JD T2 - AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT AB - A watershed scale hydrologic model (DRAINWAT) for drained forested lands was developed by coupling DRAINLOB, a field scale forestry version of DRAINMOD and the ditch and channel routing model section of FLD and STRM. The simulation model was tested with 5 years (1988–1992) of data collected on a 340 ha watershed located near Beaufort in eastern North Carolina. Testing of the model included comparison of observed and simulated daily, monthly, and annual outflows and hourly event hydrographs by three different evapotranspiration (ET) methods. Two of which (Teskey form and GS HR form) are based on the Penman-Monteith method and the third one on the Thornthwaite method. The average absolute deviation in observed and predicted daily outflows for a 5 year period was 0.94 mm day−1, when the Penman-Monteith methods were used to predict ET. The average absolute deviation in cumulative outflow when ET was predicted by the Thornthwaite method was, respectively, 23% and 50% higher compared with the values obtained with both forms of the Penman-Monteith method. Based on coefficient of determination (R2), coefficient of efficiency (E), and root mean square error (RMSE), Teskey and GS HR forms of the Penman-Monteith method performed better than the Thornthwaite method in predicting both daily and monthly outflows. However, the average daily deviations by all three methods were not significantly different at 5% level. Prediction errors in simulating monthly outflows were reduced compared with daily outflows. The predicted mean annual outflow volumes when the GS_HR and Thornthwaite methods were used for ET were in closest agreement with observed data. Statistics showed that errors resulting from use of the Thornthwaite method, with correction factors, were usually within acceptable limits given the large input data required by the Penman-Monteith ET methods. Model prediction of event hydrographs was satisfactory based on different statistical and graphical comparisons. Deviations in predicted and observed results are attributed to errors in both. Errors in the measured outflows occurred for some larger events due to weir submergence. Errors in the simulations resulted from errors in rainfall inputs, and from uncertainties in drainable porosity, hydraulic conductivity and estimates of ET due to a number of factors including approximations of leaf area index (LAI) and stomatal conductance parameters. The model performance as a whole was satisfactory given the complexity of the model, limitations of input data for the watershed, measurement errors in outflow and rainfall, and the fact that the model was not calibrated. DA - 1997/3// PY - 1997/3// DO - 10.1016/S0378-3774(96)01274-7 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 239-258 SN - 0378-3774 KW - DRAINMOD KW - watershed scale model KW - channel routing KW - drainage KW - Penman-Monteith ET KW - thornthwaite ET ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating foliage area of Loblolly pine shoots AU - Murthy, R. AU - Dougherty, P. M. T2 - Forest Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 299-303 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A modified throw-trap to sample prey for wading bird studies AU - Miranda, L. AU - Collazo, J. A. T2 - Journal of Field Ornithology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 68 IS - 4 SP - 602-606 ER -