TY - THES TI - Rooting variation in three provenances of Dao (Dracontomelon dao (BLCO.) Merr. And Rolfe) AU - Aguilos, Mariar M. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - Master's Thesis PB - University of the Philippines ER - TY - CHAP TI - Survival rates, causes of mortality, and movements of coyotes in southern Minnesota AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Bigalke, B.J. AU - Lajoie, I.L. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Haroldson, B.S. AU - Erb, J.D. AU - Osborn, R.G. T2 - Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2002 A2 - DonCarlos, M.W. A2 - Kimmel, R.O. A2 - Lawrence, J.S. A2 - Lenarz, M.S. PY - 2003/// SP - 1–7 PB - Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ER - TY - CHAP TI - Home range characteristics, resource selection, and survival of river otter in southeastern Minnesota AU - Gorman, T.A. AU - Erb, J.D. AU - McMillan, B.R. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Martin, D.J. T2 - Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2002 Section of Wildlife A2 - DonCarlos, M.W. A2 - Kimmel, R.O. A2 - Lawrence, J.S. A2 - Lenarz, M.S. PY - 2003/// SP - 145–153 PB - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ER - TY - CHAP TI - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources CWD surveillance program AU - Tardiff, J.A. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - DonCarlos, M.W. AU - Hart, G. AU - Fieberg, J. T2 - Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2002 A2 - DonCarlos, M.W. A2 - Kimmel, R.O. A2 - Lawrence, J.S. A2 - Lenarz, M.S. PY - 2003/// SP - 55–64 PB - Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incubation Matters AU - Cooper, C.B. AU - Phillips, T.R. T2 - Birdscope DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 17 IS - 1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Dissident Science in Agricultural Biotechnology: The Discovery, Controversy and Significance of Transgenes AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Annual Meetings of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2003/10/17/ CY - Atlanta, GA DA - 2003/10/17/ PY - 2003/10/17/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Where rivers are born: the scientific imperative for defending small streams and wetlands AU - Meyer, J.L. AU - Kaplan, L.A. AU - Newbold, D. AU - Strayer, D.L. AU - Woltemade, C.J. AU - Zedler, J.B. AU - Beilfuss, R. AU - Carpenter, Q. AU - Semlistsch, R. AU - Watzin, M.C. AU - Zedler, P.H. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// SP - 24 PB - American Rivers Special Publication ER - TY - CONF TI - Lake Ohrid Experience and Lessons Learned AU - Watzin, M. AU - Avramoski, O. AU - Kycyku, S. AU - Naumoski, T. AU - Panovski, D. AU - Puka., V. AU - Selfo, L. T2 - World Lake Basin Management Initiative Workshop C2 - 2003/6/18/ C3 - Proceedings, World Lake Basin Management Initiative Workshop DA - 2003/6/18/ PY - 2003/6/18/ PB - LakeNet ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring and evaluation of cyanobacteria in Burlington Bay, Lake Champlain: Summer 2002 AU - Watzin, M.C. AU - Shambaugh, Ad AU - Brines, E. A3 - Lake Champlain Basin Program DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M1 - 41 M3 - Technical Report PB - Lake Champlain Basin Program SN - 41 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Transect bird survey with data synthesis from multiple transects in the central Arizona-Phoenix area: period 1998 to 2000 AU - Ohmart, Robert D. AU - Pearson, David AU - Hostetler, Mark E. AU - Katti, Madhusudan V. AU - Hulen, Thom DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - dataset UR - https://sustainability-innovation.asu.edu/caplter/data/view/knb-lter-cap.43/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Estimating detection probabilities for community assessment and population monitoring AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Pollock, K.J. A3 - USGS Status and Trends Program DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - Annual report PB - USGS Status and Trends Program ER - TY - RPRT TI - American Oystercatcher (Haematopus paliatus) research and monitoring in North Carolina. AU - Simons, T.R. AU - McGowan, C. AU - Cordes, J. AU - Lyons, M. AU - Golder, W. A3 - National Park Service and the US Fish and Wildlife Service DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - Annual report PB - National Park Service and the US Fish and Wildlife Service ER - TY - JOUR TI - Documentation of a late born fawn in south central Minnesota AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Anderson, J.R. T2 - Whitetales Summer DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// SP - 54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antlered female deer: how and why? AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. T2 - Whitetail Journal DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// SP - 70-74 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Animals crossing the Northway: Are existing culverts useful? AU - LaPoint, S.C. AU - Kays, R.W. AU - Ray, J.C. T2 - Adirondack Journal of Environmental Studies DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 11–17 ER - TY - CONF TI - An efficient lower jaw removal technique for large mammals AU - Bigalke, B.J. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - DePerno, C.S. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science DA - 2003/// VL - 82 SP - 67–72 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guide to Selling Timber AU - Mance, K. AU - Warren, S. AU - Sills, E. AU - Williamson, B. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - NC State University Extension Publication PB - North Carolina State University UR - https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/woodswise/timber.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guide to Consulting Foresters AU - Hamilton, R. AU - Mance, K. AU - Sills, E. AU - Warren, S. AU - Bardon, R. AU - Moore, S. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - NC State University Extension Publication PB - North Carolina State University UR - https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/woodswise/consulting.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Keeping the Family in Family Forest AU - Warren, S. AU - Hiatt, A. AU - Sills, E. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - NC State University Extension Publication PB - North Carolina State University UR - https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/treetips/family.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Making a Profit from Pine straw AU - Mance, K. AU - Warren, S. AU - Sills, E. T2 - Tree Tips DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - NC State University Extension Publication UR - https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/treetips/pinestraw.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Making Money from Hunting Leases AU - Mance, K. AU - Warren, S. AU - Sills, E. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - NC State University Extension Publication PB - North Carolina State University UR - https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/treetips/hunting.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Getting Help from a Consulting Forester AU - Mance, K. AU - Sills, E. AU - Warren, S. AU - Hamilton, R. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - NC State University Extension Publication PB - North Carolina State University UR - https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/treetips/gettinghelp.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Goods from your Woods AU - Mance, K. AU - Warren, S. AU - Sills, E. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - NC State Extension publication PB - North Carolina State University UR - https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/treetips/goods.pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - Forests in a Market Economy A3 - Sills, E. A3 - Abt, K. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// SP - 379 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers ER - TY - RPRT TI - WoodsWise AU - Sills, Erin A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - Non-Technical Guides PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension UR - http://www.ncsu.edu/woodlands/forestry.html) ER - TY - RPRT TI - Tree Tips AU - Sills, Erin A3 - NC Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - Non-Technical Factsheets PB - NC Cooperative Extension Service UR - http://www.ncsu.edu/woodlands/forestry.html) ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Survey of the Parasites of Coyotes (Canis latrans) in New York based on Fecal Analysis AU - Gompper, Matthew E. AU - Goodman, Rachel M. AU - Kays, Roland W. AU - Ray, Justina C. AU - Fiorello, Christine V. AU - Wade, Susan E. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases AB - Coyotes (Canis latrans) have colonized northeastern North America only within the past 10-80 yr. We examined feces of coyotes in 2000-01 at three sites in New York (USA) to survey parasites in the region. Two cestodes, nine nematodes, five protozoa, one trematode, and two arthropods were identified from 145 coyote fecal samples. Parasite component community diversity was higher (n = 16 species) in southern New York than in middle and northern sites (nine species each) and infracommunity species richness was greater in southern New York than at the other sites. These differences may reflect the variable diets of coyotes, as well as recent colonization of the region and the mixing of component communities from expanding coyote populations. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-39.3.712 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 712-717 J2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0090-3558 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-39.3.712 DB - Crossref KW - Canis latrans KW - coyotes KW - parasites KW - New York KW - survey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response to Revilla, and Buckley and Ruxton: the resource dispersion hypothesis AU - Johnson, Dominic AU - Macdonald, David AU - Kays, Roland AU - Blackwell, Paul G T2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution AB - We agree with Revilla [ 1 Revilla, E. (2003) Moving beyond the resource dispersion hypothesis. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18, doi: 10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00153-8. Google Scholar ] that the resource dispersion hypothesis (RDH) indeed lacks comprehensive evidence in any one specific case; however, this deficiency results from a lack of good tests, rather than from the failure of any tests [ 2 Johnson D.D.P. Macdonald D.W. Sentenced without trial: Reviling and revamping the Resource Dispersion Hypothesis. Oikos. 2003; 101: 433-440 Crossref Scopus (13) Google Scholar ]. Revilla's claim that ‘we only need evidence against one of its assumptions and/or predictions to invalidate it’, is too sweeping. RDH cannot be rejected just because it does not work everywhere or is difficult to test. Ecological models can only be refined into theories by discovering where they do not work, as well as where they do [ 3 Peters R.H. A Critique for Ecology. Cambridge University Press, 1991 Google Scholar ]. The costs of group living that Revilla cites do not detract from the proposition that heterogeneous resources will lower those costs compared with homogenous resources. Revilla sees a ‘conceptual gap’ between the RDH mechanism and a causal means of group formation because he incorrectly assumes that wherever resources are heterogeneous, RDH automatically predicts animals to live in groups. RDH was always a facilitating, rather than a causal, factor leading to group formation [ 4 Carr G.M. Macdonald D.W. The sociality of solitary foragers: a model based on resource dispersion. Anim. Behav. 1986; 34: 1540-1549 Crossref Scopus (210) Google Scholar , 5 Macdonald D.W. The ecology of carnivore social behaviour. Nature. 1983; 301: 379-384 Crossref Scopus (764) Google Scholar ]. We agree that ‘resource patchiness alone’ is not enough to explain group living (indeed, we have previously outlined why simultaneous dispersal costs are crucial [ 6 Macdonald D.W. Carr G.M. Food security and the rewards of tolerance. in: Standen V. Foley R. Comparative Socioecology: The Behavioural Ecology of Humans and Animals. Blackwell Scientific, 1989: 75-99 Google Scholar , 7 Johnson D.D.P. et al. Environmental correlates of badger social spacing across Europe. J. Biogeogr. 2002; 29: 411-425 Crossref Scopus (89) Google Scholar ]) – RDH is not exclusive of other theories. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1016/s0169-5347(03)00155-1 VL - 18 IS - 8 SP - 381-382 J2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution LA - en OP - SN - 0169-5347 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(03)00155-1 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Social polyandry and promiscuous mating in a primate-like carnivore: the kinkajou (Potos flavus) AU - Kays, Roland T2 - Monogamy AB - The class Mammalia includes a diverse array of societies, from solitary species that rarely meet except for mating, to species so gregarious that they are rarely out of contact with their many group mates. Within this continuum, social monogamy is more likely to evolve in the less gregarious lineages, but remains a rare strategy across the class (Kleiman, 1977; van Schaik & Kappeler, chapter 4). PY - 2003/9/11/ DO - 10.1017/CBO9781139087247.008 SP - 125-137 OP - PB - Cambridge University Press SN - 9780521819732 9780521525770 9781139087247 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139087247.008 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - MULTIDIMENSIONAL COVER CHARACTERISTICS: IS VARIATION IN HABITAT SELECTION RELATED TO WHITE-TAILED DEER SEXUAL SEGREGATION? AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. AU - Griffin, Steven L. T2 - Journal of Mammalogy AB - We documented cover characteristics at white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus dakotensis) bedding and feeding sites on winter and summer ranges in the central Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming. Radiolocations of female (2,592; n = 73) and male (573; n = 12) deer were compared with 1,087 random locations. Characteristics of cover recorded at deer and random locations included basal area, point-centered quarter distance, density of tall shrubs and saplings, and available hiding (horizontal) cover. On winter range, females selected areas with lower levels of hiding cover than males, whereas habitats selected on summer range were similar. On winter and summer ranges, females bedded in areas with greater hiding cover than feeding or random sites. Three principal components (interpreted as hiding cover, thermal cover, and radiation cover) differed with respect to season and explained 78.5% of the variation in cover characteristics. In winter, males had higher scores for hiding cover, while females had higher scores for radiation cover. Conversely, during summer, females had higher scores for hiding and thermal cover. Results were compared to the reproductive-strategy (RSH) and predator-avoidance (PAH) hypotheses, which attempt to explain sexual segregation in ungulates. Univariate results indicated the sexes occupied habitats with similar cover characteristics on summer range but not on winter range. Therefore, we rejected the RSH for summer range but were unable to reject the RSH for winter range. Also, hiding cover was of greater importance to males on winter range and females on summer range. Based on these results, we rejected the PAH for winter range but were unable to reject the PAH for summer range. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<1316:mccivi>2.0.co;2 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - 1316-1329 J2 - Journal of Mammalogy LA - en OP - SN - 0022-2372 1545-1542 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<1316:mccivi>2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref KW - Black Hills KW - hiding cover KW - Odocoileus virginianus dakotensis KW - predator-avoidance hypothesis KW - reproductive-strategy hypothesis KW - resource partitioning KW - sexual segregation KW - South Dakota KW - white-tailed deer KW - Wyoming ER - TY - JOUR TI - Latitudinal trends in body size among over-wintering leaf warblers (genus Phylloscopus) AU - Katti, M. AU - Price, T.D. T2 - Ecography AB - Geographical trends in body size are commonly interpreted in the framework of Bergmann's rule, which states that larger body sizes are found at higher latitudes. Here we demonstrate a negative association of body size with latitude among over‐wintering warblers of the genus Phylloscopus as well as within a single species ( Phylloscopus trochiloides ) we were able to study in depth. We examine the role of resources in determining body size distributions. In mid‐winter in India there are more large prey at southern sites (occupied by large‐bodied warblers) than at a northern site (occupied by small‐bodied warblers). Phylloscopus trochiloides is a relatively large species. The timing of its autumn migration is correlated with the withdrawal of the monsoon through India and its appearance on the breeding grounds in spring is correlated with the appearance of relatively large prey. We suggest that prey size and abundance are the main determinants of the spatial distributions of Phylloscopus warblers in winter. Cross‐species associations of body size with both time of arrival on the breeding grounds and migration distance may also largely reflect the spatial and temporal distribution of prey. Resources are likely to be more important in determining both the strength and direction of latitudinal associations with body size than is currently appreciated, even in cases where Bergmann's rule is upheld. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03264.x VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 69-79 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038625123&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Verification testing in computational fluid dynamics: An example using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes methods for two-dimensional flow in the near wake of a circular cylinder AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. T2 - International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids AB - Abstract Verification testing was performed for various Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes methods for uniform flow past a circular cylinder at Re = 5232. The standard and renormalized group (RNG) versions of the k –ε method were examined, along with the Boussinesq, Speziale and Launder constitutive relationships. Wind tunnel experiments for flow past a circular cylinder were also performed to obtain a comparative data set. Preliminary studies demonstrate poor convergence for the Speziale relationship. Verification testing with the standard and RNG k –ε models suggests that the simulations exhibit global monotonic convergence for the Boussinesq models. However, the global order of accuracy of the methods was much lower than the expected order of accuracy of 2. For this reason, pointwise convergence ratios and orders of accuracy were computed to show that not all sampling locations had converged (standard k –ε model: 19% failed to converge; RNG k –ε model: 14% failed to converge). When the non‐convergent points were removed from consideration, the average orders of accuracy are closer to the expected value (standard k –ε model: 1.41; RNG k –ε model: 1.27). Poor iterative and global grid convergence was found for the RNG k –ε/Launder model. The standard and RNG k –ε models with the Boussinesq relationship were compared with experimental data and yielded results significantly different from the experiments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1002/fld.568 VL - 43 IS - 12 SP - 1371-1389 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0345763110&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - k-epsilon methods KW - circular cylinder KW - near wake KW - verification ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a versatile aerosol generation system for use in a large wind tunnel AU - Heist, D.K. AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Eisner, A. AU - Conner, T. T2 - Aerosol Science and Technology AB - A novel aerosol generation system has been constructed for use in a large wind tunnel for two distinct research projects. One project requires a uniform aerosol concentration over the wind tunnel cross section, while the other project demands a stratified aerosol concentration distribution. The system consists of an array of venturi nozzles, which entrains particulate matter from a moving conveyor belt and disperses it into the tunnel under the force provided by a compressed air source. For the stratified release configuration, only the bottom row of nozzles was used and a confinement sleeve was installed to prevent mixing with clean air; the mixing fans were omitted from this configuration. The uniform release arrangement was tested by gravimetrically measuring particle concentration over the cross section of the tunnel for tunnel speeds of 0.1 and 1.0 m/s; uniformity was achieved within a coefficient of variation of 6.4%. The stratified distribution results show a high concentration near the floor, which diminishes with increased height. Particle size distribution was also determined on filter samples using scanning electron microscopy analysis for the uniform release experiments. No appreciable difference in mass median diameter or geometric standard deviation could be discerned for the various sampling points. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1080/02786820300947 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 293-301 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037368956&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - RPRT TI - Recreational forest trails: Plan for success AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Harkins, L. AU - Megalos, M.A. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M1 - WON-29 M3 - Woodland Owner Note Series Publication PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - WON-29 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forestry Drain Survey AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - RPRT TI - Financial incentives for forest management AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Hamilton, R.A. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M1 - WON-4 M3 - Woodland Owner Note Series Publication PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - WON-4 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Understanding forestry terms. A glossary for private landowners AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Megalos, M.A. AU - Kea, J.B. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M1 - WON-26 M3 - Woodland Owner Note Series Publication PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - WON-26 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Timber sales: A planning guide for landowners AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M1 - AG-640 M3 - Agriculture Publication PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - AG-640 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forest and the North Carolina economy AU - Jahn, L.G. AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Mitchell, P.H. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - Poster Publication PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - CONF TI - Theoretical studies of the effects of phosphorylation on protein electron transfer chains AU - Pasquinelli, MA AU - Beratan, DN T2 - BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA C2 - 2003/// C3 - BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL DA - 2003/// VL - 84 SP - 149A-150A M1 - 2 ER - TY - CONF TI - Modeling the consequences of disorder on the photophysics of conjugated polymers: Do excitons and charges see the same disorder? AU - Yaron, D AU - Pasquinelli, M AU - Liu, LA T2 - AMER CHEMICAL SOC 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA C2 - 2003/// C3 - ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY DA - 2003/// VL - 226 SP - U290-U291 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of beech bark disease on aboveground biomass and species composition in a mature northern hardwood forest, 1985 to 2000 AU - Forrester, JA AU - McGee, GG AU - Mitchell, MJ T2 - JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2307/3557531 VL - 130 IS - 2 SP - 70-78 SN - 0040-9618 KW - Fagus grandifolia KW - beech bark disease KW - aboveground biomass KW - leaf litter KW - lignin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scaling Gross Primary Production (GPP) over boreal and deciduous forest landscapes in support of MODIS GPP product validation AU - Turner, DP AU - Ritts, WD AU - Cohen, WB AU - Gower, ST AU - Zhao, MS AU - Running, SW AU - Wofsy, SC AU - Urbanski, S AU - Dunn, AL AU - Munger, JW T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - The Moderate Resolution Imaging Radiometer (MODIS) is the primary instrument in the NASA Earth Observing System for monitoring the seasonality of global terrestrial vegetation. Estimates of 8-day mean daily gross primary production (GPP) at the 1 km spatial resolution are now operationally produced by the MODIS Land Science Team for the global terrestrial surface using a production efficiency approach. In this study, the 2001 MODIS GPP product was compared with scaled GPP estimates (25 km2) based on ground measurements at two forested sites. The ground-based GPP scaling approach relied on a carbon cycle process model run in a spatially distributed mode. Land cover classification and maximum annual leaf area index, as derived from Landsat ETM+ imagery, were used in model initiation. The model was driven by daily meteorological observations from an eddy covariance flux tower situated at the center of each site. Model simulated GPPs were corroborated with daily GPP estimates from the flux tower. At the hardwood forest site, the MODIS GPP phenology started earlier than was indicated by the scaled GPP, and the summertime GPP from MODIS was generally lower than the scaled GPP values. The fall-off in production at the end of the growing season was similar to the validation data. At the boreal forest site, the GPP phenologies generally agreed because both responded to the strong signal associated with minimum temperature. The midsummer MODIS GPP there was generally higher than the ground-based GPP. The differences between the MODIS GPP products and the ground-based GPPs were driven by differences in the timing of FPAR and the magnitude of light use efficiency as well as by differences in other inputs to the MODIS GPP algorithm—daily incident PAR, minimum temperature, and vapor pressure deficit. Ground-based scaling of GPP has the potential to improve the parameterization of light use efficiency in satellite-based GPP monitoring algorithms. DA - 2003/12/15/ PY - 2003/12/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2003.06.005 VL - 88 IS - 3 SP - 256-270 SN - 1879-0704 KW - MODIS KW - validation KW - gross primary production KW - light use efficiency KW - eddy covariance KW - Biome-BGC KW - FPAR KW - boreal forest KW - deciduous forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of management practices on annual net N-mineralization in a restored prairie and maize agroecosystems AU - Brye, K. R. AU - Norman, J. M. AU - Gower, S. T. AU - Bundy, L. G. T2 - Biogeochemistry DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 135-160 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparisons of land cover and LAI estimates derived from ETM plus and MODIS for four sites in North America: a quality assessment of 2000/2001 provisional MODIS products AU - Cohen, WB AU - Maiersperger, TK AU - Yang, ZQ AU - Gower, ST AU - Turner, DP AU - Ritts, WD AU - Berterretche, M AU - Running, SW T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - The MODIS land science team produces a number of standard products, including land cover and leaf area index (LAI). Critical to the success of MODIS and other sensor products is an independent evaluation of product quality. In that context, we describe a study using field data and Landsat ETM+ to map land cover and LAI at four 49-km2 sites in North America containing agricultural cropland (AGRO), prairie grassland (KONZ), boreal needleleaf forest, and temperate mixed forest. The purpose was to: (1) develop accurate maps of land cover, based on the MODIS IGBP (International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme) land cover classification scheme; (2) derive continuous surfaces of LAI that capture the mean and variability of the LAI field measurements; and (3) conduct initial MODIS validation exercises to assess the quality of early (i.e., provisional) MODIS products. ETM+ land cover maps varied in overall accuracy from 81% to 95%. The boreal forest was the most spatially complex, had the greatest number of classes, and the lowest accuracy. The intensive agricultural cropland had the simplest spatial structure, the least number of classes, and the highest overall accuracy. At each site, mapped LAI patterns generally followed patterns of land cover across the site. Predicted versus observed LAI indicated a high degree of correspondence between field-based measures and ETM+ predictions of LAI. Direct comparisons of ETM+ land cover maps with Collection 3 MODIS cover maps revealed several important distinctions and similarities. One obvious difference was associated with image/map resolution. ETM+ captured much of the spatial complexity of land cover at the sites. In contrast, the relatively coarse resolution of MODIS did not allow for that level of spatial detail. Over the extent of all sites, the greatest difference was an overprediction by MODIS of evergreen needleleaf forest cover at the boreal forest site, which consisted largely of open shrubland, woody savanna, and savanna. At the agricultural, temperate mixed forest, and prairie grassland sites, ETM+ and MODIS cover estimates were similar. Collection 3 MODIS-based LAI estimates were considerably higher (up to 4 m2 m−2) than those based on ETM+ LAI at each site. There are numerous probable reasons for this, the most important being the algorithms' sensitivity to MODIS reflectance calibration, its use of a prelaunch AVHRR-based land cover map, and its apparent reliance on mainly red and near-IR reflectance. Samples of Collection 4 LAI products were examined and found to consist of significantly improved LAI predictions for KONZ, and to some extent for AGRO, but not for the other two sites. In this study, we demonstrate that MODIS reflectance data are highly correlated with LAI across three study sites, with relationships increasing in strength from 500 to 1000 m spatial resolution, when shortwave-infrared bands are included. DA - 2003/12/15/ PY - 2003/12/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2003.06.006 VL - 88 IS - 3 SP - 233-255 SN - 0034-4257 KW - land cover KW - leaf area index KW - ETM KW - MODIS KW - BigFoot KW - IGBP KW - validation ER - TY - JOUR TI - An improved strategy for regression of biophysical variables and Landsat ETM+ data AU - Cohen, WB AU - Maiersperger, TK AU - Gower, ST AU - Turner, DP T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - Empirical models are important tools for relating field-measured biophysical variables to remote sensing data. Regression analysis has been a popular empirical method of linking these two types of data to provide continuous estimates for variables such as biomass, percent woody canopy cover, and leaf area index (LAI). Traditional methods of regression are not sufficient when resulting biophysical surfaces derived from remote sensing are subsequently used to drive ecosystem process models. Most regression analyses in remote sensing rely on a single spectral vegetation index (SVI) based on red and near-infrared reflectance from a single date of imagery. There are compelling reasons for utilizing greater spectral dimensionality, and for including SVIs from multiple dates in a regression analysis. Moreover, when including multiple SVIs and/or dates, it is useful to integrate these into a single index for regression modeling. Selection of an appropriate regression model, use of multiple SVIs from multiple dates of imagery as predictor variables, and employment of canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to integrate these multiple indices into a single index represent a significant strategic improvement over existing uses of regression analysis in remote sensing. To demonstrate this improved strategy, we compared three different types of regression models to predict LAI for an agro-ecosystem and live tree canopy cover for a needleleaf evergreen boreal forest: traditional (Y on X) ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, inverse (X on Y) OLS regression, and an orthogonal regression method called reduced major axis (RMA). Each model incorporated multiple SVIs from multiple dates and CCA was used to integrate these. For a given dataset, the three regression-modeling approaches produced identical coefficients of determination and intercepts, but different slopes, giving rise to divergent predictive characteristics. The traditional approach yielded the lowest root mean square error (RMSE), but the variance in the predictions was lower than the variance in the observed dataset. The inverse method had the highest RMSE and the variance was inflated relative to the variance of the observed dataset. RMA provided an intermediate set of predictions in terms of the RMSE, and the variance in the observations was preserved in the predictions. These results are predictable from regression theory, but that theory has been essentially ignored within the discipline of remote sensing. DA - 2003/4/10/ PY - 2003/4/10/ DO - 10.1016/s0034-4257(02)00173-6 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - 561-571 SN - 1879-0704 KW - regression analysis KW - biophysical variables KW - Landsat ETM ER - TY - JOUR TI - The use of multiple measurement techniques to refine estimates of conifer needle geometry AU - Bond-Lamberty, B AU - Wang, C AU - Gower, ST T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Knowledge of foliar surface area is important in many fields, but estimating the area of nonflat conifer needles is difficult. The primary goal of this study was to use optical scanning and immersion methods to test and refine the standard cross-sectional geometries assumed for black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) needles. Projected leaf area (PLA, measured using a flatbed scanner), and hemisurface leaf area (HSLA, estimated from water immersion) were compared for conifer samples from a 37-year-old even-aged stand in northern Manitoba, Canada. The HSLA–PLA relationship was used to infer information about needle cross-sectional geometry after assuming a basic form (rhombus for black spruce and hemiellipse for jack pine). The cross section of black spruce needles was best approximated as a rhombus with a major/minor diagonal ratio of 1.35. Jack pine needles were best described by a hemiellipse with major/minor axis ratio of 1.30. Minor but incorrect assumptions of needle cross-sectional geometry resulted in foliar area errors of 6–8% using scanning methods and 1–2% using immersion methods. Simple equations are presented to calculate hemisurface needle area from volume or projected needle area based on these refined parameters. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1139/x02-166 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 101-105 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial variability of aboveground net primary production for a forested landscape in northern Wisconsin AU - Burrows, SN AU - Gower, ST AU - Norman, JM AU - Diak, G AU - Mackay, DS AU - Ahl, DE AU - Clayton, MK T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Quantifying forest net primary production (NPP) is critical to understanding the global carbon cycle because forests are responsible for a large portion of the total terrestrial NPP. The objectives of this study were to measure above ground NPP (NPP A ) for a land surface in northern Wisconsin, examine the spatial patterns of NPP A and its components, and correlate NPP A with vegetation cover types and leaf area index. Mean NPP A for aspen, hardwoods, mixed forest, upland conifers, nonforested wetlands, and forested wetlands was 7.8, 7.2, 5.7, 4.9, 5.0, and 4.5 t dry mass·ha –1 ·year –1 , respectively. There were significant (p = 0.01) spatial patterns in wood, foliage, and understory NPP components and NPP A (p = 0.03) when the vegetation cover type was included in the model. The spatial range estimates for the three NPP components and NPP A differed significantly from each other, suggesting that different factors are influencing the components of NPP. NPP A was significantly correlated with leaf area index (p = 0.01) for the major vegetation cover types. The mean NPP A for the 3 km × 2 km site was 5.8 t dry mass·ha –1 ·year –1 . DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1139/x03-124 VL - 33 IS - 10 SP - 2007-2018 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physiological tradeoffs in the parameterization of a model of canopy transpiration AU - Mackay, DS AU - Ahl, DE AU - Ewers, BE AU - Samanta, S AU - Gower, ST AU - Burrows, SN T2 - ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES AB - We examined physiological parameter tradeoffs in modeling stomatal control of transpiration from a number of forest species. Measurements of sapflux, micrometeorology, and leaf area index were made in stands representing 85% of the forest ecosystems around the WLEF eddy flux tower in northern Wisconsin. A Jarvis-based canopy conductance model was used to simulate canopy transpiration (EC) for five tree species from these stands. They consisted of conifers and deciduous species in both upland and wetland locations. Parameter estimation was used to assess the tradeoffs between physiological parameters used in the calculation of stomatal conductance. These tradeoffs were then evaluated against current theory on stomatal regulation of leaf water potential. The results show that the best simulations of EC were obtained with values of maximum stomatal conductance (gSmax) and stomatal sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit (δ) that closely followed this hydraulic theory. The model predictions reveal a large variation in the strategies used to regulate water potential among species. Aspen showed the greatest tendency towards efficiency, indicating that it has high EC under low vapor pressure deficit (D) conditions, but is susceptible to rapid EC decline at moderate to high D. Other species showed more conservative water use. The results indicate that inter-specific differences in dynamic response to D can produce large spatial variation in EC under typical environmental conditions. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1016/s0309-1708(02)00090-8 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 179-194 SN - 1872-9657 KW - canopy conductance KW - canopy transpiration KW - forest water fluxes KW - land surface process modeling KW - parameter estimation KW - TREES ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methodological limitations and N-budget differences among a restored tallgrass prairie and maize agroecosystems AU - Brye, KR AU - Norman, JM AU - Gower, ST AU - Bundy, LG T2 - AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT AB - Interpretation of elemental balances requires careful assessment of component terms and their errors, especially for the major terms of the nitrogen (N) budget which has implications for environmental health. This study reports results from independent field measurements of major annual N-budget components, including atmospheric deposition, fertilizer added, net mineralization, residue returned, soil storage changes of inorganic N, leaching, and plant uptake. Measurements were made in a restored tallgrass prairie and optimally and deficiently N-fertilized, no-tillage and chisel-plowed maize (Zea mays L.) agroecosystems on Plano silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudoll (USDA); Haplic Phaeozem (approximate FAO)) in Wisconsin between 1995 and 1999. Denitrification and N losses due to runoff were assumed negligible and bulk density was assumed uniform with depth and across ecosystems. Annual inorganic N leaching was negligible in the restored prairie, but represented 3–57% of the amount of fertilizer-N applied in the optimally N-fertilized agroecosystems. On an annual basis, closure of the inorganic-N budget yielded cumulative errors that were often undesirably large; indicating methodological problems with quantifying ecosystem N cycling in situ. Increased spatial sampling is required to reduce individual measurement errors of two components with large uncertainties; namely net N-mineralization and soil inorganic N changes. Profile-scaled net N-mineralization generally did not balance with the residue N input from the previous year, but the imbalance agreed with the N-budget imbalance. Both results suggest that the prairie is accumulating N slowly, the deficiently N-fertilized maize plots are losing N more rapidly, and the optimally N-fertilized maize plots have too large an uncertainty to be interpreted confidently. Nitrogen-use efficiency, defined on a N-uptake basis, did not differ among the prairie and deficiently N-fertilized maize for 3 out of 5 years, but the prairie was significantly more efficient than the optimally N-fertilized maize. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1016/s0167-8809(03)00067-7 VL - 97 IS - 1-3 SP - 181-198 SN - 0167-8809 KW - nitrogen budget KW - tallgrass prairie KW - maize KW - agroecosystems KW - Wisconsin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of nutrient and paper mill biosolids amendments on the growth and nutrient status of hardwood forests AU - Feldkirchner, DC AU - Wang, C AU - Gower, ST AU - Kruger, EL AU - Ferris, J T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and soil and vegetation nutrient concentrations were measured in pole-sized northern hardwood and aspen forests to quantify the potential for various nutrient amendments to increase tree growth, as well as potential deleterious effects on vegetation. Four blocks were installed in each forest type containing the following treatments: control, N+Ca+Mg+K+P+S (complete), wood-fired boiler ash (ash), N+wood-fired boiler ash (N+ash), and two rates of paper mill sludge (sludge and 2× sludge). The northern hardwood forests had three additional treatments: N, Ca+Mg+K (base cations), and N+Ca+Mg+K (N+base cations). Fertilizer treatments were designed to provide N at a rate of 100 kg ha−1. Other nutrients were applied in proportion to N so that N, P, K, S, Mg, and Ca were applied at a ratio of 100:50:33:9:5:4, respectively. Total ANPP was not significantly different among treatments for the maple stands, but plots treated with wood ash were 10% greater than controls. ANPP was greater in 1998 and 1999 for aspen plots receiving N+ash, but results were only statistically significant (p=0.013) in 1999. Basal area differed by 40–60% among experimental plots within any given block and was positively correlated to wood increment. Wood increment, adjusted for basal area, did not differ significantly among treatments for the aspen stands, but the N+ash treatment was 30% greater than the control. A two-way factorial comparison indicated that ash had a significant (p=0.024) positive effect on wood increment and N had a significant (p=0.044) negative effect on wood increment for the maple stands. Tree growth was not correlated to foliar nutrient concentrations, but ratios of K to other elements (K:Ca, K:Mg, K:N, and K:P) were highest, on average, for wood ash plots. These differences were not statistically significant with the exception of K:N for the aspen stands and K:Ca for the maple stands. We did not observe any beneficial effects of paper mill sludge on forest growth, but there was some evidence that wood ash increased annual wood production. DA - 2003/4/7/ PY - 2003/4/7/ DO - 10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00318-3 VL - 177 IS - 1-3 SP - 95-116 SN - 0378-1127 KW - ANPP KW - net primary productivity KW - sugar maple KW - paper mill sludge KW - paper mill biosolids KW - wood ash KW - northern hardwoods ER - TY - JOUR TI - Automated parameterization of land surface process models using fuzzy logic AU - Mackay, D. S. AU - Samanta, S. AU - Ahl, D. E. AU - Ewers, B. E. AU - Gower, S. T. T2 - Transactions in GIS AB - All land surface process models require parameters that are proxies for spatial processes that are impractical or impossible to measure. Recent developments in model parameter estimation theory suggest that information obtained from calibrating such models is inherently uncertain in nature. As a consequence, identification of optimum parameter values is often highly non–specific. A calibration framework using fuzzy logic is presented to deal with such uncertain information. An application of this technique to calibrate the sub–canopy controls on transpiration in a land surface process model demonstrates that objective estimates of parameter values and expected ranges of predictions can be obtained with suitable choices for objective functions. An iterative refinement in parameter estimates was possible with conditional sampling techniques. The automated approach was able to correctly identify parameter tradeoffs such that two strongly different sets of parameters could DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1111/1467-9671.00134 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 139-153 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Patterns and mechanisms of the forest carbon cycle AU - Gower, ST T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES AB - Forests are an important source for fiber and fuel for humans and contain the majority of the total terrestrial carbon (C). The amount of C stored in the vegetation and soil are strongly influenced by environmental constraints on annual C uptake and decomposition and time since disturbance. Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen deposition, and climate warming induced by greater greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere influence C accumulation rates of forests, but their effects will likely differ in direction and magnitude among forest ecosystems. The net interactive effect of global change on the forest C cycle is poorly understood. The growing demand for wood fiber and fuel by humans and the ongoing anthropogenic perturbations of the climate have changed the natural disturbance regimes (i.e., frequency and intensity); these changes influence the net exchange of CO 2 between forests and the atmosphere. To date, the role of forest products in the global C cycle have largely been ignored, and important emissions associated with the production, transport, and utilization of the forest products have been excluded, leading to erroneous conclusions about net C storage in forest products. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105515 VL - 28 SP - 169-204 SN - 1543-5938 KW - global change KW - disturbance KW - net primary production KW - net ecosystem production KW - carbon sequestration KW - forest products ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of aging on pyrene transformation in sediments AU - Guthrie-Nichols, E AU - Grasham, A AU - Kazunga, C AU - Sangaiah, R AU - Gold, A AU - Bortiatynski, J AU - Salloum, M AU - Hatcher, P T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY AB - Abstract The effect of aging on pyrene transformation and pyrene association with fractions of the sedimentary organic matrix (S d OM) was evaluated using [4,9‐ 13 C 2 ]pyrene. Sediments were collected from a site of previous petroleum hydrocarbon contamination (New Orleans, LA, USA). Aged sediments were autoclaved for 1 h, amended with pyrene, and then stored in the dark in a 0.05% NaN 3 solution for 120 d. Both aged and nonaged sediments were incubated in aerated microcosms for 120 d. Microcosms were acidified to collect evolved carbon dioxide (CO 2 ); sediments were fractionated and lipid extracted to quantify pyrene in S d OM fractions. Cross‐polarization magic angle spinning 13 C‐nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS 13 C‐NMR) spectra indicated that synthetic aging techniques did alter S d OM structure to some degree, but these changes did not affect S d OM affinity for pyrene. Aging delayed pyrene mineralization and increased pyrene concentrations extracted from bulk sediment and humic fractions. Aging also reduced the toxicity of sediment humin. Pyrene‐4,5‐dione and pyrene cis ‐4,5‐dihydrodiol were identified in extracts of aged sediments by 13 C‐NMR and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, respectively. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1002/etc.5620220106 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 40-49 SN - 1552-8618 KW - synthetic aging KW - 4,5-pyrenequinone KW - C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance KW - biotransformation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Net ecosystem production of two contrasting boreal black spruce forest communities AU - KEB O'Connell, AU - Gower, ST AU - Norman, JM T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1007/pl00021511 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 248-260 SN - 1435-0629 KW - net ecosystem production KW - boreal black spruce forests KW - Sphagnum KW - feathermoss ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of net primary production and light-use dynamics of two boreal black spruce forest communities AU - KEB O'Connell, AU - Gower, ST AU - Norman, JM T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1007/pl00021510 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 236-247 SN - 1435-0629 KW - boreal black spruce forests KW - net primary production KW - light-use efficiency KW - Saskatchewan ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon distribution of a well- and poorly-drained black spruce fire chronosequence AU - Wang, CK AU - Bond-Lamberty, B AU - Gower, ST T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract The objective of this study was to quantify carbon (C) distribution for boreal black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands comprising a fire chronosequence in northern Manitoba, Canada. The experimental design included seven well‐drained (dry) and seven poorly‐drained (wet) stands that burned between 1998 and 1850. Vegetation C pools (above‐ground + below‐ground) steadily increased from 1.3 to 83.3 t C ha −1 for the dry chronosequence, and from 0.6 to 37.4 t C ha −1 for the wet chronosequence. The detritus C pools (woody debris + forest floor) varied from 10.3 to 96.0 t C ha −1 and from 12.6 to 77.4 t C ha −1 for the dry and wet chronosequence, respectively. Overstorey biomass, mean annual biomass increment (MAI), woody debris mass, and litterfall were significantly greater (α = 0.05) for the dry stands than for the wet stands, but the bryophyte, understorey, and forest floor C pools were significantly less for the dry than for the wet stands. The root mass ratio decreased with stand age until 37 years after fire, was fairly constant thereafter, and was not significantly affected by soil drainage. The C pools of the overstorey and bryophyte tended to increase with stand age. Foliage biomass, litterfall, and MAI (for the dry stands) peaked at 71 years after fire and declined in the oldest stands. The results from this study illustrate that the effects of disturbance and edaphic conditions must be accounted for in boreal forest C inventories and C models. The appropriateness of using chronosequences to examine effects of wildfire on ecosystem C distribution is discussed. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00645.x VL - 9 IS - 7 SP - 1066-1079 SN - 1365-2486 KW - biomass KW - black spruce KW - boreal forest KW - carbon KW - chronosequence KW - fire ER - TY - JOUR TI - A cross-biome comparison of daily light use efficiency for gross primary production AU - Turner, DP AU - Urbanski, S AU - Bremer, D AU - Wofsy, SC AU - Meyers, T AU - Gower, ST AU - Gregory, M T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Vegetation light use efficiency is a key physiological parameter at the canopy scale, and at the daily time step is a component of remote sensing algorithms for scaling gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) over regional to global domains. For the purposes of calibrating and validating the light use efficiency ( ε g ) algorithms, the components of ε g – absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and ecosystem GPP – must be measured in a variety of environments. Micrometeorological and mass flux measurements at eddy covariance flux towers can be used to estimate APAR and GPP, and the emerging network of flux tower sites offers the opportunity to investigate spatial and temporal patterns in ε g at the daily time step. In this study, we examined the relationship of daily GPP to APAR, and relationships of ε g to climatic variables, at four micrometeorological flux tower sites – an agricultural field, a tallgrass prairie, a deciduous forest, and a boreal forest. The relationship of GPP to APAR was close to linear at the tallgrass prairie site but more nearly hyperbolic at the other sites. The sites differed in the mean and range of daily ε g , with higher values associated with the agricultural field than the boreal forest. ε g decreased with increasing APAR at all sites, a function of mid‐day saturation of GPP and higher ε g under overcast conditions. ε g was generally not well correlated with vapor pressure deficit or maximum daily temperature. At the agricultural site, a ε g decline towards the end of the growing season was associated with a decrease in foliar nitrogen concentration. At the tallgrass prairie site, a decline in ε g in August was associated with soil drought. These results support inclusion of parameters for cloudiness and the phenological status of the vegetation, as well as use of biome‐specific parameterization, in operational ε g algorithms. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00573.x VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 383-395 SN - 1365-2486 KW - absorbed photosynthetic radiation KW - carbon cycle KW - eddy covariance KW - gross primary production KW - light use efficiency KW - remote sensing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Providing Knowledge at the Click of a Mouse: Forestry and Natural Resources Desktop Reference Library AU - Bardon, Robert E. T2 - Journal of Extension [On-line] DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - Article 3TOT2 UR - http://www.joe.org/joe/2003june/tt2.php ER - TY - CHAP TI - Measuring and interpreting changes in connectivity for mammals in coniferous forests AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Schwartz, M. K. AU - Tallmon, D. A. AU - Lair, K. P. T2 - Mammal community dynamics : management and conservation in the coniferous forests of western North America A2 - Cynthia J. Zabel, Robert G. Anthony AB - Western coniferous forests have a history of natural disturbance due to fire, disease, and other factors (Agee 1993), but during the past century late-seral forests have been increasingly fragmented due to logging and development. For example, in the Pacific Northwest, less than half of pre-settlement, old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest remains, often in relatively small remnants of 100 ha or less in a matrix of clear-cuts and regenerating forest (Booth 1991, Garmon et al. 1999, Jules et al. 1999). Road building has also impacted wildlife habitat, with an average of 3.4 miles of road per square mile on United States Forest Service roaded-lands and approximately twice that on private lands (Federal Budget Consulting Group and Price-Waterhouse LLP 1997, Coghlan and Sowa 1998, Federal Register 2001, USDA 2001). PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1017/cbo9780511615757.018 PB - New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press SN - 9780521810432 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential causes of population declines in forest fragments in an Amazonian frog AU - Funk, WC AU - Mills, LS T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - Forest fragmentation results in population declines and extinctions for many forest vertebrates, but little is known about the mechanisms causing declines in fragments. We investigated potential causes of declines in forest fragments for an Amazonian forest frog (Colostethus stepheni) at an experimental fragmentation study site in central Amazonian Brazil using field estimates of abundance and vital rates coupled with population simulations. Although adult male survival was not reduced by fragmentation, mean clutch size was reduced by 17%. Population simulations demonstrate that a reduction in clutch size of this magnitude is sufficient to cause the observed magnitude of population declines in fragments. Female snout-vent length was also reduced in fragments and may be related to the observed reduction in clutch size. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00274-4 VL - 111 IS - 2 SP - 205-214 SN - 0006-3207 KW - forest fragmentation KW - Colostethus stepheni KW - Amazonian Brazil KW - population decline KW - survival probability KW - clutch size KW - population simulations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Of mice and men and trillium: Cascading effects of forest fragmentation AU - Tallmon, DA AU - Jules, ES AU - Radke, NJ AU - Mills, LS T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - Cascading ecological effects of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation have been studied primarily in extreme cases (e.g., the isolation of habitat fragments in a novel habitat matrix such as suburban developments, reservoirs, or agricultural fields), with less attention to more subtle and widespread cases, such as habitat fragmentation due to timber harvest. Few studies have used rigorous demographic data to demonstrate the direct and indirect effects of habitat fragmentation. We trapped deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) at five sites over two years in southwest Oregon, USA, and used multi‐state capture–recapture models to estimate deer mouse survival and movement in clearcuts, forest‐fragment edges, forest‐fragment interiors, and contiguous forests. We also estimated deer mouse densities in fragmented and unfragmented forests and combined deer mouse demographic studies with trillium ( Trillium ovatum ) seed predation trials to link deer mouse changes to reduced trillium recruitment previously observed at the same study sites. Mouse survival was highest in clearcuts, intermediate in forest fragments, and lowest in unfragmented (control) forests. Mouse movement among clearcuts, forest edges, and forest interiors was common over short time intervals. Collectively, demographic rates led to mouse densities that were 3–4 times higher at forest‐fragment sites than at unfragmented sites. Trillium seeds were ∼3 times more likely to be depredated in areas of elevated relative mouse abundance than in areas of lower relative abundance. Forest fragmentation has favored mouse populations, resulting in increased seed predation that may decrease recruitment rates and increase local extinction risks for trillium. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1890/02-5111 VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 1193-1203 SN - 1051-0761 KW - demography KW - edge effects KW - habitat fragmentation KW - direct and indirect effects KW - landscape ecology KW - Pacific Northwest, USA KW - Peromyscus maniculatus KW - plant-animal interactions KW - population dynamics KW - trillium recruitment, southwest Oregon, USA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape location affects genetic variation of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) AU - Schwartz, MK AU - Mills, LS AU - Ortega, Y AU - Ruggiero, LF AU - Allendorf, FW T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - The effect of a population's location on the landscape on genetic variation has been of interest to population genetics for more than half a century. However, most studies do not consider broadscale biogeography when interpreting genetic data. In this study, we propose an operational definition of a peripheral population, and then explore whether peripheral populations of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) have less genetic variation than core populations at nine microsatellite loci. We show that peripheral populations of lynx have fewer mean numbers of alleles per population and lower expected heterozygosity. This is surprising, given the lynx's capacity to move long distances, but can be explained by the fact that peripheral populations often have smaller population sizes, limited opportunities for genetic exchange and may be disproportionately affected by ebbs and flows of species' geographical range. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01878.x VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 1807-1816 SN - 1365-294X KW - biogeography KW - landscape ecology KW - landscape genetics KW - Lynx canadensis KW - microsatellite KW - population genetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of mustelids using mitochondrial DNA and non-invasive sampling AU - Riddle, AE AU - Pilgrim, KL AU - Mills, LS AU - McKelvey, KS AU - Ruggiero, LF T2 - CONSERVATION GENETICS DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1023/a:1023338622905 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 241-243 SN - 1566-0621 KW - fisher KW - Gulo gulo KW - hair snares KW - Martes KW - mitochondrial DNA KW - mtDNA KW - mustelids KW - non-invasive sampling KW - wolverine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating pregnancy rates and litter size in snowshoe hares using ultrasound AU - Griffin, P. C. AU - Bienen, L. AU - Gillin, C. M. AU - Mills, L. S. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 1066-1072 ER - TY - CHAP TI - The state of our commonwealth: Is Pennsylvania moving towards a sustainable and resilient future? AU - Beratan, K. AU - Loveless, S. M. AU - Martin, P. J. S. AU - Spyke, N. P. T2 - Report and recommendations submitted to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection PY - 2003/// PB - Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Paleocene and Eocene woods of the Denver Basin, Colorado AU - Wheeler, E. A. AU - Michalski, T. M. T2 - Rocky Mountain Geology AB - Silicified woods are common in the upper D1 (Paleocene – Puercan and Torrejonian) and D2 (Eocene – Wasatchian) sequences of the Denver Basin. Almost all derive from angiosperms. Woods from the upper D1 sequence are the second set of angiosperm woods described from Paleocene strata of the Rocky Mountain region. Wood assemblages from the upper D1 sequence differ from Paleocene wood assemblages of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and the Big Bend region of Texas, indicating variation within the Western Interior. Lauraceous woods with oil cells are common in the Denver Basin assemblages while they are not known from the San Juan Basin or Big Bend. This initial survey suggests that the early Paleocene D1 (7 wood types) and early Eocene D2 (5 wood types) wood assemblages differ. Lauraceous woods with oil cells apparently are not common in the D2 sequence. The early Eocene Denver Basin wood assemblages differ from the early Eocene Yellowstone Fossil Forest wood assemblages in which conifers are common and phyllanthoid woods are rare. Growth rings are present but not well defined in the D1 and D2 sequence woods. The Denver Basin angiosperm woods are neither semi-ring porous nor ring porous, features that are common in present-day northern temperate forests and in angiosperm woods from the late Eocene Florissant Fossil Beds. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.29 VL - 38 SP - 29-43 ER - TY - CONF TI - The future of hunting in Texas II. An overview of 20 years of research AU - Adams, C. A. AU - Brown, R. D. AU - Higginbotham, B. J. A2 - Miller, J. A2 - Midtbo, J. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the National Symposium on Sustainable Natural Resource-Based Alternative Enterprises DA - 2003/// SP - 109-118 PB - Starkville, MS: Mississippi State University ER - TY - CONF TI - The future of hunting in Texas I: Think tank AU - Higginbotham, B. J. AU - Brown, R. D. AU - Adams, C. A. A2 - J. Miller, A2 - Midtbo, J. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the National Symposium on Sustainable Natural Resource-Based Alternative Enterprises, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS DA - 2003/// SP - 93-109 PB - Starkville, MS: Mississippi State University ER - TY - CONF TI - The future of hunting in Texas III. Input from hunters and development of the strategic plan AU - Brown, R. D. AU - Higginbotham, B. J. AU - Adams, C. A. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the National Symposium on Sustainable Natural Resource-Based Alternative Enterprises DA - 2003/// SP - 119-125 PB - Starkville, MS: Mississippi State University ER - TY - BOOK TI - Preserving Texas' hunting heritage: a strategic plan for ensuring the future of hunting in Texas DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - College Station, TX: Texas Cooperative Extension ER - TY - CHAP TI - World forests: forest area, ownership, and management AU - Siry, J. AU - Cubbage, F. T2 - Forests in a Market Economy A2 - Sills, Erin O. A2 - Abt, Karen Lee PY - 2003/// PB - Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 9781402010286 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Production economics: timber harvesting AU - Siry, J. AU - Cubbage, F. AU - Sills, E.O. T2 - Forests in a Market Economy A2 - Sills, Erin O. A2 - Abt, Karen Lee PY - 2003/// PB - Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 9781402010286 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Nonindustrial private forests AU - Cubbage, F. AU - Snider, A. AU - Abt, K.L. AU - Moulton, R. T2 - Forests in a Market Economy A2 - Sills, Erin O. A2 - Abt, Karen Lee PY - 2003/// PB - Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 9781402010286 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mist, soil water potential, and cutting water potential influence rooting of stem cuttings of loblolly pine AU - LeBude, AV AU - Blazich, FA AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Frampton, LJ AU - Wise, FC T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND HORTICULTURE CROPS DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.2003.618.15 IS - 618 SP - 147-151 SN - 0567-7572 KW - vegetative propagation KW - shoot water potential KW - timber species KW - Pinus taeda ER - TY - CONF TI - Improving the rooting ability of stem cuttings from Virginia pine and Fraser fir Christmas trees by stumping AU - Rosier, C. AU - Frampton, J. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the 27th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2003/// SP - 197-200 PB - Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State University- Stillwater ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic variation in Fraser fir mortality due to Phytophthora root rot AU - Potter, K. M. AU - Frampton, J. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the 27th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2003/// SP - 72-74 PB - Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State University- Stillwater ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fraser fir: a 'natural' Christmas tree threatened in its native stands AU - Potter, K. AU - Frampton, J. T2 - American Christmas Tree Journal DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 47 IS - 5 SP - 22-28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chestnut mast (newsletter of the Carolinas Chapter of The American Chestnut Foundation) AU - Frampton, J. AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Chestnut Mast DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 5 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Letter to the editor -wrong to place wildfire blame AU - Robison, D. J. T2 - Paper Age DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 2003 IS - Nov./Dec. ER - TY - JOUR TI - International Christmas Tree Research and Extension Conference AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Sylvanet DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 12-14 ER - TY - CONF TI - Economic returns model for silvicultural investments in young hardwood stands AU - Siry, J. P. AU - Robison, D. J. AU - Cubbage, F. W. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2002 Southern Forest Economics Workshop : March 17-19, Ramada Plaza Resort, Virginia Beach, Virginia DA - 2003/// SP - 245-251 PB - Virginia Beach, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ER - TY - CHAP TI - Controlling maturation and flowering for forest tree domestication AU - Brunner, A. M. AU - Goldfarb, B. AU - Busov, V. B. AU - Strauss, S. H. T2 - Transgenic Plants: Current Innovations and Future Trends PY - 2003/// SP - 9-44 PB - Wymondham, England: Horizon Scientific Press SN - 1898486441 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Book review: Mount Mitchell & the Black Mountains by Timothy Silver AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Chestnut Mast DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 4-5 ER - TY - CONF TI - Southern Center for Sustainable Forests: delivery of an educational outreach program AU - Moore, S. E. AU - Cubbage, F. AU - Edeburn, J. AU - Richter, D. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings, 2003 Society of American Foresters Annual Convention DA - 2003/// PB - Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters ER - TY - CONF TI - Forest Stewardship Council certification conditions, management impacts, and costs for NC State University college forests AU - Marsinko, A. AU - Cubbage, F. AU - Cox, J. AU - Moore, S. E. A2 - G. S. Amacher, A2 - Sullivan, J. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings, Southern Forest Economics Workshop (SOFEW) DA - 2003/// SP - 95-105 PB - Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech ER - TY - CONF TI - Forest certification costs and benefits: the experience of the Southern Center for Sustainable Forests AU - Cubbage, F. AU - Richter, D. AU - Thompson, M. AU - Moore, S. E. AU - Edeburn, J. AU - Chesnutt, M. AU - Cox, J. AU - Boyette, W. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings, 2002 Society of American Foresters Annual Convention DA - 2003/// SP - 236-242 PB - Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tropospheric O-3 moderates responses of temperate hardwood forests to elevated CO2: a synthesis of molecular to ecosystem results from the Aspen FACE project AU - Karnosky, DF AU - Zak, DR AU - Pregitzer, KS AU - Awmack, CS AU - Bockheim, JG AU - Dickson, RE AU - Hendrey, GR AU - Host, GE AU - King, JS AU - Kopper, BJ AU - Kruger, EL AU - Kubiske, ME AU - Lindroth, RL AU - Mattson, WJ AU - Mcdonald, EP AU - Noormets, A AU - Oksanen, E AU - Parsons, WFJ AU - Percy, KE AU - Podila, GK AU - Riemenschneider, DE AU - Sharma, P AU - Thakur, R AU - Sober, A AU - Sober, J AU - Jones, WS AU - Anttonen, S AU - Vapaavuori, E AU - Mankovska, B AU - Heilman, W AU - Isebrands, JG T2 - FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY AB - Summary The impacts of elevated atmospheric CO 2 and/or O 3 have been examined over 4 years using an open‐air exposure system in an aggrading northern temperate forest containing two different functional groups (the indeterminate, pioneer, O 3 ‐sensitive species Trembling Aspen, Populus tremuloides and Paper Birch, Betula papyrifera , and the determinate, late successional, O 3 ‐tolerant species Sugar Maple, Acer saccharum ). The responses to these interacting greenhouse gases have been remarkably consistent in pure Aspen stands and in mixed Aspen/Birch and Aspen/Maple stands, from leaf to ecosystem level, for O 3 ‐tolerant as well as O 3 ‐sensitive genotypes and across various trophic levels. These two gases act in opposing ways, and even at low concentrations (1·5 × ambient, with ambient averaging 34–36 nL L −1 during the summer daylight hours), O 3 offsets or moderates the responses induced by elevated CO 2 . After 3 years of exposure to 560 µmol mol −1 CO 2 , the above‐ground volume of Aspen stands was 40% above those grown at ambient CO 2 , and there was no indication of a diminishing growth trend. In contrast, O 3 at 1·5 × ambient completely offset the growth enhancement by CO 2 , both for O 3 ‐sensitive and O 3 ‐tolerant clones. Implications of this finding for carbon sequestration, plantations to reduce excess CO 2 , and global models of forest productivity and climate change are presented. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00733.x VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 289-304 SN - 1365-2435 KW - aggrading aspen forest KW - carbon budgets KW - carbon sequestration KW - interacting pollutants ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ozone affects the fitness of trembling aspen AU - Karnosky, DF AU - Percy, KE AU - Mankovska, B AU - Prichard, T AU - Noormets, A AU - Dickson, RE AU - Jepsen, E AU - Isebrands, JG T2 - AIR POLLUTION, GLOBAL CHANGE AND FORESTS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM AB - Abstract Trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) is sensitive to tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) as determined by visible foliar symptoms, accelerated foliar senescence and premature abscission, degradation and change in composition of epicuticular waxes, decreased photosynthesis and chlorophyll, and decreased aboveground and belowground growth. The species is highly variable in O 3 responses as some clones are similar in sensitivity to Bel W3 tobacco and other clones are tolerant to moderate levels of O 3 . We have, therefore, hypothesized and presented evidence for natural selection of O 3 -tolerance in aspen populations. This hypothesis has been criticized, however, as improbable because O 3 is thought to be a fairly weak selection force and because changes in tree population are thought to occur over very long time periods, longer than tropospheric O 3 has been known to be a problem. To shed more light on this argument, in 1994 we established a set of research field trials using clones of known origin and previously determined O 3 sensitivity at three sites in the Lake States region with differing O 3 profiles (Rhinelander, Wisconsin—low O 3 ; Kalamazoo, Michigan—moderate O 3 ; and Kenosha, Wisconsin—high O 3 ). In this paper, we present evidence of changes in the relative volume d 2 h growth of clone 259 (O 3 -sensitive) compared to clone 216 (O 3 -tolerant) of −0.1%, −44.2%, and −62.8% at the low, medium and high O 3 sites at age 5. In addition, relative survival of the clone 259 compared to 216 was −11.0%, −6.8%, and −38.4% at the low, moderate, and high O 3 sites. Actual survival rates at the high O 3 site were 78.2% for clone 216 and only 48.2% for clone 259. Our results suggest that very rapid and significant changes in competitive ability and fitness can occur under ambient levels of O 3 in the lower Great Lakes region for aggrading forests. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that O 3 is inducing natural selection for O 3 tolerance in aspen. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/s1474-8177(03)03008-0 VL - 3 SP - 199-209 SN - 1474-8177 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Volume gains of loblolly pine rooted clones at age 10 on two sites in Florida and Alabama AU - McCall, E. AU - Isik, F. T2 - Proc. 27th Biennial Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 27 SP - 43 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in estimation of genetic parameters from small disconnected diallel mating AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, B. T2 - Proc. 27th Biennial Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 27 SP - 20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding what can be accomplished through interorganizational relationships: the importance of typologies, context and management strategies AU - Mandell, M. AU - Steelman, T. A. T2 - Public Management Review AB - There has been increasing interest in collaborations, partnerships and networks as they have emerged as interorganizational innovations to address the integrated nature of complex policy problems. Understanding the variation in how these innovations work, as well as what they do, is an important step in allowing managers to understand better the implications and applications of these arrangements. This article provides a descriptive and functional analysis of the diverse types of interorganizational innovations with an eye toward achieving a more universal typology of the variations that exist. The article details the various applications for which these different variants can be used and the contextual factors that affect them. The typology and functional analysis is useful for decision makers to assess the types of interorganizational innovations they might want to adopt in a given situation. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1080/1461667032000066417 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 197-224 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation of juvenile wood properties in loblolly pine diallel test AU - Sykes, R. AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, B. AU - Kadla, J. AU - Chang, H-M. T2 - Proc. 27th Biennial Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 27 SP - 27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic improvement of virginia pine for christmas tree production AU - Frampton, J. AU - Isik, F. AU - Rosier, C. T2 - Proc. 27th Biennial Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 27 SP - 31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Four-year results from a clonal test of loblolly pine AU - Goldfarb, B. AU - Isik, F. AU - LeBude, A. AU - McKeand, S. AU - Li, B. T2 - Proc. 27th Biennial Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 27 SP - 42 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Community responses to wildland fire threats in New Mexico AU - Steelman, T. A. AU - Kunkel, G. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - BOOK TI - Community responses to wildland fire threats AU - Steelman, T. A. AU - Kunkel, G. AU - Bell, D. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Addressing the wildfire threat: innovations by communities in Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico AU - Steelman, T. A. AU - Kunkel, G. AU - Bell, D. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - The The significance of festivals to rural economies: estimating the economic impacts of Scottish Highland Games in North Carolina AU - Chhabra, D. AU - Sills, Erin AU - Cubbage, F. W. T2 - Journal of Travel Research AB - Festivals are often part of the economic development strategy of rural areas. This study estimates the economic impacts of visitor expenditures at two Scottish festivals in rural North Carolina, using tourist survey data and an input-output model. While local restaurants and lodging and festival vendors and sponsors benefit from substantial visitor expenditures, the multipliers are relatively small, and hence the total economic impact of the festivals represents only a small percentage of economic activity in the two regions considered. Lodging expenditures have the greatest impact on the region with a multiple-day festival, while expenditures on food and beverage have the greatest impact on the region with a single-day festival. The magnitude of the economic impact depends on characteristics of both the festival (number of days) and the local economy (other attractions and linkages). DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1177/0047287503041004012 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 421–427 ER - TY - CONF TI - Responsiveness of diverse families of loblolly pine to fertilization: eight-year results from SETRES-2 AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Grissom, J. E. AU - Rubilar, R. AU - Allen, H. L. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the 27th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2003/// SP - 30-33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Policy innovations for private forest management and conservation in costa rica AU - Snider, A. AU - Pattanayak, S. AU - Sills, E. AU - Schuler, J. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 101 IS - 5 SP - 18-23 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Local uses of parks: uncovering patterns of household production from the forests of Siberut, Indonesia AU - Pattanayak, S. AU - Sills, E. AU - Mehta, A. AU - Kramer, R. T2 - Conservation and Society DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 209-222 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Introduction AU - Sills, Erin AU - Abt, K. T2 - Forests in a Market Economy A2 - Sills, E. A2 - Abt, K. AB - This book demonstrates how economic principles can be used to analyze forest policy issues across existing and developing market economies. The majority of the chapters address timber production and timber markets, primarily from private forest lands. However, policy makers and forest owners are increasingly concerned with a wide range of forest outputs, including ecosystem services, amenities, recreation, and fuelwood, as well as timber. While many of these outputs are not traded in formal markets, the chapters in this book demonstrate that the market paradigm is a useful framework for examining the behavior and values of forest owners and users. Market concepts can be applied broadly to improve our understanding of public policy in the contentious arena of forest management. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_1 SP - 1–8 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implications of fetal sex ratio hypotheses in endangered populations: simulated dynamics of Florida Key deer, Florida, USA AU - Peterson, MN AU - Grant, WE AU - Lopez, RR AU - Silvy, NJ T2 - ECOLOGICAL MODELLING AB - Fetal sex ratios (FSRs) have important implications for managing small isolated populations. Mean male-biased FSRs ranging from 2.67:1 to 1:1 have been reported for the endangered Florida Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium). Several general hypotheses have been proposed that describe the manner in which FSR may vary within a deer population over time: (1) tendency to equalize the sex ratio by producing the minority sex, (2) poor body condition results in more males, and (3) excellent body condition results in more males. Our objective was to evaluate implications of FSR for Key deer as suggested by these hypotheses. Because of their small numbers and geographic isolation, the issue of FSR is important for predicting response of Key deer to management actions. We developed nine alternative deterministic models representing combinations of three mean or median FSRs that have been hypothesized for Key deer and the three hypothesized mechanisms of FSR variation. With each model, we simulated Key deer demographics and compared predictions with actual survey data (1971–2000). The model with the best prediction was based on a median FSR of 1.45:1, and the FSR variation within the survey data best supported the hypothesis that poor body condition would result in more males. Our results indicate the most commonly cited FSR (2.67:1) for Florida Key deer is inaccurate, probably due to small sample size. We conclude that FSR variation has the potential to shape the response of endangered populations to disturbance. DA - 2003/7/15/ PY - 2003/7/15/ DO - 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00071-1 VL - 165 IS - 2-3 SP - 209-220 SN - 0304-3800 KW - Key deer KW - Odocoileus virginianus clavium KW - fetal sex ratio KW - simulation model KW - endangered species ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genotype-by-environment interaction and deployment considerations for families from Florida provenances of loblolly pine AU - Sierra-Lucero, V. AU - Huber, D. A. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - White, T. L. AU - Rockwood, D. L. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 85-92 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of deer exclusion grates for urban areas AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Lopez, R. R. AU - Silvy, N. J. AU - Owen, C. B. AU - Frank, P. A. AU - Braden, A. W. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 31 SP - 1198-1204 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating capture methods for urban white-tailed deer AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Lopez, R. R. AU - Frank, P. A. AU - Peterson, M. J. AU - Silvy, N. J. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 31 SP - 1176-1187 ER - TY - CONF TI - Embracing the paradoxical in environmental decision making AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Peterson, M. J. AU - Peterson, T. R. A2 - Walker, G. B. A2 - Kinsella, W. J. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the 7th Biennial Conference on Communication and Environment DA - 2003/// SP - 52-61 ER - TY - CONF TI - Dominance and stand structure analysis in a GxE interaction trial AU - Rubilar, R. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Allen, H. L. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the 27th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2003/// SP - 34-37 ER - TY - CONF TI - Animal Welfare-based Modification of the Rio Grande Wild Turkey Funnel Trap AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Aguirre, R. AU - Lawyer, T. A. AU - Jones, D. A. AU - Schaap, J. N. AU - Peterson, M. J. AU - Silvy, N. J. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies DA - 2003/// VL - 57 SP - 208-212 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional assessment of lake water clarity using satellite remote sensing AU - Nelson, S. A. C. AU - Soranno, P. A. AU - Cheruvelil, K. S. AU - Batzli, S. A. AU - Skole, D. L. T2 - Journal of Limnology AB - Lake water clarity as measured by Secchi disk transparency (SDT) is a cost-effective measure of water quality.However, in regions where there are thousands of lakes, sampling even a small proportion of those lakes for SDT year after year is cost prohibitive.Remote sensing has the potential to be a powerful tool for assessing lake clarity over large spatial scales.The overall objective of our study was to examine whether Landsat-7 ETM+ could be used to measure water clarity across a large range of lakes.Our specific objectives were to: 1) develop a regression model to estimate SDT from Landsat data calibrated using 93 lakes in Michigan, U.S.A., and to 2) examine how the distribution of SDT across the 93 calibration lakes influenced the model.Our calibration dataset included a large number of lakes with a wide range of SDT values that captured the summer statewide distribution of SDT values in Michigan.Our regression model had a much lower r 2 value than previously published studies conducted on smaller datasets.To examine the importance of the distribution of calibration data, we simulated a calibration dataset with a different SDT distribution by sub-sampling the original dataset to match the distribution of previous studies.The sub-sampled dataset had a much higher percentage of lakes with shallow water clarity, and the resulting regression model had a much higher r 2 value than our original model.Our study shows that the use of Landsat to measure water clarity is sensitive to the distribution of water clarity used in the calibration set. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.4081/jlimnol.2003.s1.27 VL - 62 IS - Sup. 1 SP - 27-32 ER - TY - CONF TI - Overview of lake water clarity regional assessment using satellite remote sensing AU - Nelson, S.A.C. AU - Taylor, William W. T2 - Bolsena Conference on Residence Times C2 - 2003/// C3 - Residence time in lakes: science, management, education CY - Viterbo, Italy: Bolsena DA - 2003/// ET - Viterbo Province edition SP - 105–115 PB - Istituto italiano di idrobiologia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of elevated CO2 and O-3 on aspen clones of varying O-3 sensitivity AU - Wustman, BA AU - Oksanen, E AU - Karnosky, DF AU - Noormets, A AU - Isebrands, JG AU - Pregitzer, KS AU - Hendrey, GR AU - Sober, J AU - Podila, GK T2 - AIR POLLUTION, GLOBAL CHANGE AND FORESTS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM AB - To determine whether elevated CO2 reduces or exacerbates the detrimental effects of O3 on aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Aspen clones 216 and 271 (O3 tolerant), and 259 (O3 sensitive) were exposed to ambient levels of CO2 and O3 or elevated levels of CO2, O3, or CO2 + O3 in the FACTS II (Aspen FACE) experiment, and physiological and molecular responses were measured and compared. Clone 259, the most O3-sensitive clone, showed the greatest amount of visible foliar symptoms as well as significant decreases in chlorophyll, carotenoid, starch, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) concentrations and transcription levels for the Rubisco small subunit. Generally, the constitutive (basic) transcript levels for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (Pal) and chalcone synthase (Chs) and the average antioxidant activities were lower for the ozone sensitive clone 259 as compared to the more tolerant 216 and 271 clones. A significant decrease in chlorophyll a, b and total (a+b) concentrations in CO2, O3, and CO2 + O3 plants was observed for all clones. Carotenoid concentrations were also significantly lower in all clones; however, Chs transcript levels were not significantly affected, suggesting a possible degradation of carotenoid pigments in O3-stressed plants. Antioxidant activities and Pal and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-oxidase transcript levels showed a general increase in all O3 treated clones, while remaining low in CO2 and CO2 + O3 plants (although not all differences were significant). Our results suggest that the ascorbate-glutathione and phenylpropanoid pathways were activated under ozone stress and suppressed during exposure to elevated CO2. Although CO2 + O3 treatment resulted in a slight reduction of O3-induced leaf injury, it did not appear to ameliorate all of the harmful affects of O3 and, in fact, may have contributed to an increase in chloroplast damage in all three aspen clones. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/s1474-8177(03)03022-5 VL - 3 SP - 391-409 SN - 1474-8177 ER - TY - CONF TI - Cone and seed insect pest research: the role of the southwide studies AU - Byram, T. D. AU - Mangini, A. C. AU - McKeand, S. E. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the 27th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2003/// SP - 116-125 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantum chemical investigation of biexcitons in conjugated polymers AU - Pasquinelli, MA AU - Yaron, D T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS AB - The formation of biexcitons in conjugated polymers is examined within the Pariser–Parr–Pople (PPP) model of polyacetylene. The calculations are done using a scattering formalism that provides a size-consistent description of excited states containing both single and double electron–hole pair excitations. The excited-state absorption spectrum from the 1 1Bu exciton state was calculated and examined for signatures of biexciton formation. Calculations were performed on polyenes with up to 9 unit cells, and on long chains using periodic boundary conditions. While polyenes with 7 to 31 unit cells exhibit states with some of the features expected for biexcitons, such states are not seen in the limit of long chains. This suggests that, within the two-band model considered here, exciton–exciton interactions are not of sufficient strength to lead to biexciton formation in the limit of long chains, and that their presence in shorter chains is due to confinement effects. In the long-chain limit, transitions are found to states consisting of overlapping electron–hole pairs, but these states have energies above that required to make two free excitons. These states may result from scattering resonances between excitons. DA - 2003/5/1/ PY - 2003/5/1/ DO - 10.1063/1.1565100 VL - 118 IS - 17 SP - 8082-8092 SN - 1089-7690 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037837740&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent advances in the molecular genetics of resin biosynthesis and genetic engineering strategies to improve defenses in conifers AU - Tang, W. T2 - Journal of Forestry Research DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 171 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Public interests in private property: Conflicts over wood chip mills in North Carolina AU - Warren, S. T. T2 - Southern Rural Sociology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 114 ER - TY - JOUR TI - One step further: Women's access to and control over farm and forest resources in the U.S. South AU - Warren, S. T. T2 - Southern Rural Sociology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 94 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation in Bombacopsis quinata [Pachira quinata] and its use / Variacion genetica en Bombacopsis quinata y su uso AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Billingham, M. R. AU - Boshier, D. H. T2 - Bombacopsis quinata : un a?rbol maderable para reforestar DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - CHAP TI - Linking fitness landscapes with the behavior and distribution of animals AU - Powell, R. A. T2 - Landscape ecology and resource management: Linking theory with practice A2 - Bissonette, J. A. A2 - Storch, I. PY - 2003/// SP - 93-123 PB - Washington, DC: Island Press SN - 1559639725 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Fishers and martens AU - Powell, R. A. AU - Buskirk, S. W. AU - Zielinski, W. J. T2 - Wild mammals of North America: Biology, management, and conservation (2nd ed.) AB - Digital Repository of Scientific Institutes (RCIN) was established and is being developed mainly as an outcome of two projects acquired and jointly accomplished by a group of Polish scientific institutes. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.4098/at.arch.94-47 SP - 635-649 PB - Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press SN - 0801874165 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Timber demand AU - Abt, R. C. AU - Ahn, S. T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. AB - Forest economics’ existence as a distinct subdiscipline is usually attributed to the unique characteristics of the forest resource (Gregory 1987). The issues of longer production period, opportunity cost of land, and trees as factory and product, along with Faustmann’s subsequent insight, are generally the beginning and end of the forest economics section of broader resource economics courses. Thus, the focus of forest economics has been understandably supply-sided. Once the assessment of forest resources goes beyond stand management to include prices and markets, however, demand analysis plays an equally important role. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_9 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Private forests AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Snider, A. G. AU - Abt, K. L. AU - Moulton, R. J. T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. AB - This chapter discusses privately owned forests and timber management in a market economy, including private property rights and tenure, landowner objectives and characteristics, markets, and government policies. Private forest land ownership and management—whether it be industrial or nonindustrial—is often assumed to represent the classic model of atomistic competition in a free market, private enterprise system. Private stumpage markets for timber are perhaps the best example of how this kind of market competition allocates scarce inputs such as land, capital, and labor for efficient production of wood fiber outputs, for example, pulpwood and sawtimber. Where strong private markets for timber exist, there are usually many private forest landowners (producers) and a moderate number of timber buyers (consumers). PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_3 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - International trade in forest products AU - Prestemon, J. P. AU - Buongiorno, J. AU - Wear, D. N. AU - Siry, J. P. T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. AB - The 21st century continues a trend of rapid growth in both international trade of forest products and a concern for forests. These two trends are connected. Forces causing trade growth are linked to the loss of native forest resources in some countries and the accumulation of nonnative forest resources in other countries. Factors increasing trade include relaxation of trade barriers, income growth, and improvements in wood growing, harvest, and manufacturing technologies. But environmental concerns are increasing as consumer preferences change, and as native forests recede and plantation forests become more prominent. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_11 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Global forests AU - Siry, J. P. AU - Cubbage, Frederick T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. AB - Data on the extent of different forest types provide the basis for monitoring the status of the world’s forests, as well as analyzing the effects of markets and government on those forests. Estimates of the total area of the world’s forests depend on how one defines forests, the year data were collected, the source of the data, and the organization compiling the information. This chapter summarizes data on world forest extent, plantation extent, and forest management and ownership. Forest types and ownership determine how forests grow, are altered by management, and are allocated in markets or by government. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_2 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Forests in a market economy -- (Forestry sciences; v. 72) DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Forest production AU - Siry, J. P. AU - Cubbage, F. W. AU - Sills, Erin T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. AB - Basic production economics involves the estimation of production functions, calculation of various types of production costs, comparison of costs with product prices, and determination of profit-maximizing mixes of input use and levels of production. Relationships among inputs, technology, and multiple products determine the productivity and efficiency of firms or organizations. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_5 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Financial analysis of timber investments AU - Zinkhan, F. C. AU - Cubbage, Frederick T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. AB - Timber is part of the investment portfolio of a wide range of investors. Traditional forestry investors include farmers who own forest land and the large forest products firms that have purchased forest land to grow timber, usually to supply large pulp and paper mills. Over the last few decades, many new investors have inherited, purchased, or otherwise acquired timberland. These are often passive investors, not actively involved in timber management. However, like all economic actors, they are either directly or indirectly concerned with the returns to timber production. Both passive and active timberland investors have alternative investment vehicles for their scarce capital. Common analytical frameworks can be applied to timber and nontimber assets to help investors assess these alternative asset classes. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_6 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Aggregate timber supply AU - Wear, D. N. AU - Pattanayak, S. K. T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. AB - Timber supply modeling is a means of formalizing the production behavior of heterogeneous landowners managing a wide variety of forest types and vintages within a region. The critical challenge of timber supply modeling is constructing theoretically valid and empirically practical aggregate descriptions of harvest behavior. Understanding timber supply is essential for assessing tradeoffs between forest production and the environment, for forecasting timber market activity and timber prices, and for evaluating the level and distribution of costs and benefits of forest policies. It follows that timber supply modeling is an essential interface between forest production economics and policy and decision making. This chapter examines timber supply modeling, focusing especially on issues regarding aggregation of timber stocks (some of this chapter is based on Wear and Parks 1994). A section on general theory is followed by a discussion of various contemporary modeling approaches. The explicit aggregation of forest capital and description of capital structure in the analysis of timber supply remain as core research issues. We conclude with an empirical example that explores these topics. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_8 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Timber and amenities on nonindustrial private forest land AU - Pattanayak, S. K. AU - Abt, K. L. AU - Holmes, T. P. T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. AB - Economic analyses of the joint production timber and amenities from nonindustrial private forest lands (NIPF) have been conducted for several decades. Binkley (1981) summarized this strand of research and elegantly articulated a microeconomic household model in which NIPF owners maximize utility by choosing optimal combinations of timber income and amenities. Most follow-up attempts have been limited to either simulations based on stylized characterization of joint production (Max and Lehman 1988) or to empirical representations hampered by data limitations— particularly with regard to measuring amenity production (Hyberg and Holthausen 1989). In attempting to redress this gap, Holmes (1986) was limited to binary representations of timber and amenities and did not get conclusive results. In this chapter, we use data from North Carolina that includes timber output and amenity indices to illustrate a method for empirically characterizing Binkley’s household model. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_14 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Stated preference methods for valuation of forest attributes AU - Holmes, T. P. AU - Boyle, K. J. T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. AB - The valuation methods described in this chapter are based on the idea that forest ecosystems produce a wide variety of goods and services that are valued by people. Rather than focusing attention on the holistic value of forest ecosystems as is done in contingent valuation studies, attribute-based valuation methods (ABMs) focus attention on a set of attributes that have management or policy relevance (Adamowicz et al. 1998a, Bennett and Blamey 2001). The attribute set might include, for example, measures of biological diversity, areas designated for timber production or set aside for conservation, size of timber harvesting gaps, or watershed protection measures. If human-induced changes in forest ecosystems can be meaningfully represented by a set of attributes, choices made by survey respondents among sets of alternatives can provide resource managers and policy makers with detailed information about public preferences for many potential states of the environment. If price is included as an attribute of the problem, a multidimensional valuation surface can be estimated for use in cost/benefit analysis. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_18 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Public timber supply under multiple-use management AU - Wear, D. N. T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. AB - In many parts of the world, substantial shares of timber inventories are managed by government agencies. The objective of this chapter is to examine the potential influence of public timber production on market structure as well as on prices, harvest quantities, and economic welfare. National forest management in the United States is used as a tractable case study, but findings provide general insights into the potential market effects of interactions between public and private producers in timber markets. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_12 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Nontimber forest products in the rural household economy AU - Sills, Erin AU - Lele, S. AU - Holmes, T. P. AU - Pattanayak, S. K. T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_15 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Forest ecosystem services as production inputs AU - Pattanayak, S. K. AU - Butry, D. T. T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. PY - 2003/// PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Estimating forest recreation demand using count data models AU - Englin, J. E. AU - Holmes, T. P. AU - Sills, Erin T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. AB - Forests, along with related natural areas such as mountains, lakes, and rivers, provide opportunities for a wide variety of recreational activities. Although the recreational services supplied by forested areas produce value for the consumers of those services, the measurement of recreational value is complicated by the fact that access to most natural areas is non-priced. Because outdoor recreation often competes with commodity uses of forests, such as timber harvesting or mineral extraction, failure to account for the recreational use of forest land makes it impossible to determine the efficient use of forest resources. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_19 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Contingent valuation of forest ecosystem protection AU - Kramer, R. A. AU - Holmes, T. P. AU - Haefele, M. T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. AB - In recent decades, concerns have arisen about the proper valuation of the world’s forests. While some of these concerns have to do with market distortions for timber products or inadequate data on non-timber forest products, an additional challenge is to uncover the economic worth of nonmarket services provided by forest ecosystems (Kramer et al. 1997). This has led to a growing number of publications addressing the valuation of forest ecosystem services, on topics such as carbon sequestration and endangered species habitat. In this chapter, we focus on the contingent valuation method (CVM) to assess the structure, health, and extent of forest ecosystems.1 PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_17 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Agroforestry adoption by smallholders AU - Mercer, D. E. AU - Pattanayak, S. K. T2 - Forests in a market economy A2 - E. O. Sills, A2 - Abt, K. L. PY - 2003/// PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402010281 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating patch occupancy when patches are incompletely surveyed AU - Stefanski, L. A. AU - Rubino, M. J. AU - Hess, G. R. T2 - Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 2543 SP - 1-20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Time trend of genetic parameter estimates in growth traits of Pinus Taeda L AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, B.-L. T2 - Silvae Genetica DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 52 SP - 114-121 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Taking stock of agroforestry adoption studies AU - Pattanayak, S. K. AU - Mercer, D. E. AU - Sills, Erin AU - Yang, J. C. T2 - Agroforestry Systems DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1023/a:1024809108210 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 173–186 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival of captive-reared Hispaniolan parrots released in Parque Nacional del Este, Dominican Republic AU - Collazo, JA AU - White, TH AU - Vilella, FJ AU - Guerrero, SA T2 - CONDOR AB - We report first-year survival rates of 49 captive-reared Hispaniolan Parrots (Amazona ventralis) released in Parque Nacional del Este, Dominican Republic. Our goal was to learn about factors affecting postrelease survival. Specifically, we tested if survival was related to movements and whether modifying prerelease protocols influenced survival rates. We also estimated survival in the aftermath of Hurricane Georges (22 September 1998). Twenty-four parrots, fitted with radio-transmitters, were released between 14 September and 12 December 1997. Twenty-five more were released between 29 June and 16 September 1998. First-year survival rates were 30% in 1997 and 29% in 1998. Survival probability was related to bird mobility. In contrast to birds released in 1997, none of the 25 parrots released in 1998 suffered early postrelease mortality (i.e., 3–5 days after release). Two adjustments to prerelease protocols (increased exercise and reduced blood sampling) made in 1998 may have contributed to differences in mobility and survival between years. The reduction of early postrelease mortality in 1998 was encouraging, as was the prospect for higher first-year survival (e.g., 30% to 65%). Only one death was attributed to the immediate impact of the hurricane. Loss of foraging resources was likely a major contributor to ensuing mortality. Birds increased their mobility, presumably in search of food. Survival rates dropped 23% in only eight weeks posthurricane. This study underscores the value of standardized prerelease protocols, and of estimating survival and testing for factors that might influence it. Inferences from such tests will provide the best basis to make adjustments to a release program. Supervivencia de Amazona ventralis Criadas en Cautivero y Liberadas en el Parque Nacional del Este, República Dominicana Resumen. Determinamos la supervivencia de 49 individuos de Amazona ventralis criados en cautiverio y liberados en el Parque Nacional del Este, República Dominicana. El proyecto se diseñó para aprender sobre los factores que pueden influenciar la supervivencia de las cotorras dominicanas. Específicamente, pusimos a prueba si la supervivencia estaba relacionada a movimientos y si modificaciones al protocolo de pre-liberación influenciaron la supervivencia. También estimamos la supervivencia de las cotorras después del paso del huracán Georges el 22 de septiembre 1998. En 1997 se liberaron 24 cotorras con radio transmisores entre el 14 de septiembre y el 12 de diciembre. Otras 25 se liberaron entre el 29 de junio y el 16 de septiembre de 1998. La estimación de la supervivencia en 1997 fue de un 30% y en 1998 de un 29%. La probabilidad de supervivencia estuvo relacionada a la movilidad del ave. En comparación con las cotorras liberadas en 1997, ninguna de las cotorras liberadas en 1998 murió durante los primeros 3–5 dias post-liberación. Dos ajustes a los protocolos de pre-liberación en 1998 contribuyeron probablamente a las diferencias en movilidad y supervivencia entre años. Este resultado fue alentador, así como el prospecto de alcanzar tasas más altas de supervivencia (e.g., 30% a 65%). La muerte de sólo una cotorra se atribuye al impacto directo del huracán. La pérdida de recursos alimenticios probablemente contribuyó fuertemente a la mortandad subsiguiente. Las cotorras exhibieron mayor movilidad, presumiblemente en búsqueda de frutos. La tasa de supervivencia disminuyó un 23% en solo ocho semanas después del huracán. Este estudio enfatiza el valor de protocolos de preliberación estandarizados y de estimaciones de tasas de supervivencia que ponen a prueba factores que la puedan influenciar. Las inferencias de dichas pruebas proveerán un mejor fundamento para ajustar los programas de liberación. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[0198:SOCHPR]2.0.CO;2 VL - 105 IS - 2 SP - 198-207 SN - 0010-5422 KW - Amazona ventralis KW - Dominican Republic KW - Hispaniolan Parrot KW - movement release program KW - survival KW - telemetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of the physical wood properties of green Pinus taeda radial samples by near infrared spectroscopy AU - Schimleck, LR AU - Mora, C AU - Daniels, RF T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - The application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to the green wood of radial samples (simulated increment cores) and the development of calibrations for the prediction of wood properties are described. Twenty Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) radial strips were characterized in terms of air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness. NIR spectra were obtained in 10-mm steps from the radial longitudinal and transverse faces of each sample and used to develop calibrations for each property. NIR spectra were collected when the wood was green (moisture content ranged from approximately 100% to 154%) and dried to approximately 7% moisture content. Relationships between measured and NIR estimates for green wood were good; coefficients of determination (R 2 ) ranged from 0.79 (MFA) to 0.85 (air-dry density). Differences between calibrations developed using the radial longitudinal and transverse faces were small. Calibrations were tested on an independent set. Predictive errors were relatively large for some green samples and relationships were moderate; R 2 p ranged from 0.67 (MFA) to 0.81 (stiffness). Dry wood calibrations demonstrated strong predictive relationships with R 2 p ranging from 0.87 (air-dry density) to 0.95 (stiffness). NIR spectroscopy has the potential to predict the air-dry density, MFA, and stiffness of 10-mm sections of green P. taeda wood samples. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1139/X03-173 VL - 33 IS - 12 SP - 2297-2305 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Soil genesis and classification (5th ed.) CN - S591 .B887 2003 DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Ames: Iowa State Press SN - 0813828732 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monthly leaf area index estimates from point-in-time measurements and needle phenology for Pinus taeda AU - Sampson, DA AU - Albaugh, TJ AU - Johnsen, KH AU - Allen, HL AU - Zarnoch, SJ T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Leaf area index (LAI) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees of the southern United States varies almost twofold interannually; loblolly pine, essentially, carries two foliage cohorts at peak LAI (September) and one at minimum (March–April). Herein, we present an approach that may be site invariant to estimate monthly LAI for loblolly pine using point-in-time measurements from a LI-COR LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer (PCA). Our analyses used needle accretion and abscission data from monthly needle counts and destructive harvest data from a replicated 2 × 2 factorial experiment of water and nutrition amendments. No significant treatment effects on relative needle accretion or abscission were observed. Cohort (interannual) differences in needle accretion were found but appeared trivial. Cohort year had variable effects on needle abscission. Abscission of current-year foliage began in July and continued through November of the third year; however, only 7%–9% remained 23 months following bud initiation. A treatment-invariable regression of PCA measurements on cohort foliage biomass (r 2 [Formula: see text] 0.98) was used to estimate annual cohort LAI. We derived monthly estimates of LAI from cohort accretion and abscission and cohort LAI. Monthly estimates of LAI for loblolly pine, using point-in-time measurements from the PCA, appear possible, although further testing is required. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1139/X03-166 VL - 33 IS - 12 SP - 2477-2490 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimates of genetic parameters for oleoresin and growth traits in juvenile loblolly pine AU - Roberds, JH AU - Strom, BL AU - Hain, FP AU - Gwaze, DP AU - McKeand, SE AU - Lott, LH T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - In southern pines of the United States, resistance to attack by southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, is believed to principally involve flow of oleoresin to beetle attack sites. Both environmental and genetic factors are known to affect the quantity of oleoresin flow in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., but little is known about the genetic contribution to phenotypic variation in this trait. Here we report estimates of genetic variation in oleoresin flow and growth traits for a population of this species. Oleoresin yield, total height, and diameter were measured on 10- and 11-year-old trees from an experimental test in Santa Rosa County, Florida. Trees were from 72 full-sib families produced by mating 48 parents according to a disconnected partial diallel mating design. Resin yield was determined from breast-height samples collected at two times: once in the summer of 1999 when latewood was being produced (summer resin flow), and once in the spring of 2000 during earlywood formation (spring resin flow). All traits studied were found to be highly genetically variable and to have much greater additive than dominance variance. Estimates of narrow-sense heritability for spring and summer resin flow were in the moderate range and are comparable to values obtained for the growth traits. Additive genetic correlations between oleoresin yield and the growth traits were positive and moderately high, suggesting that directional selection to improve growth in loblolly pine will also result in increased production of oleoresin. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1139/X03-186 VL - 33 IS - 12 SP - 2469-2476 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Patterns of cowbird parasitism in the southern Atlantic coastal plain and piedmont AU - Kilgo, JC AU - Moorman, CE T2 - WILSON BULLETIN AB - Until recently, little information was available on patterns of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in the southeastern United States, a region into which cowbirds expanded their range only during the last half of the Twentieth Century and where their abundance is relatively low. We compiled parasitism data from several published and unpublished studies conducted in Georgia and South Carolina from 1993–2000 to examine levels of brood parasitism and determine frequent host species. The combined dataset included 1,372 nests of 24 species reported in the literature to have been parasitized by cowbirds. The parasitism rate on all species combined was 8.2%. Considering only those species that served as hosts in these studies (n = 12), the parasitism rate was 9.3%. Seven species were parasitized at rates ≥10%. Based on the extent of parasitism (among studies and locations), their relative abundance, and the sample size of nests, Prairie Warblers (Dendroica discolor), Hooded Warblers (Wilsonia citrina), Yellow-breasted Chats (Icteria virens), and Indigo Buntings (Passerina cyanea), all shrub nesters, appear to be the most important cowbird hosts in the region. Parasitism on some species reported as frequent hosts elsewhere was extremely low or not documented. We conclude that the impact of brood parasitism on the seasonal fecundity of hosts in the region probably is minimal, but additional work is warranted on species of concern, such as the Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris). DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1676/03-037 VL - 115 IS - 3 SP - 277-284 SN - 0043-5643 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of vegetation control and fertilization on net nutrient release from decomposing loblolly pine needles AU - Gurlevik, N AU - Kelting, DL AU - Allen, HL T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - This study examined the effects of vegetation control and nitrogen + phosphorus fertilization on decomposition and nutrient release dynamics of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) needle litter. Needle litter was placed in litterbags and left to decompose on the forest floor, and changes in mass loss and nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Zn, B, Cu) concentrations and contents were observed at 2- to 6-month intervals for 32 months. Fertilization had no effect on mass loss, while vegetation control resulted in a warmer and drier forest floor and led to reduced mass loss (k = 0.39 and 0.28 year –1 for fertilization and vegetation control, respectively). Concentrations of N, P, Ca, S, Zn, and Cu in the decomposing litter increased two- to three-fold over the 32 months, while concentrations of K, Mg, Mn, and B declined, increased, or did not change depending on time and treatment. Based on the release dynamics, the nutrient mobility series was as follows: Cu [Formula: see text] N [Formula: see text] S < P < Zn [Formula: see text] Ca < K [Formula: see text] Mn < Mg [Formula: see text] B. Fertilization had no effect on release dynamics; however, vegetation control reduced release of N, P, S, and Zn, and increased release of B. The mineral soil may be the main source of plant available N and P in midrotation southern pine stands based on the slow release of these elements from decomposing needle litter. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1139/X03-182 VL - 33 IS - 12 SP - 2491-2502 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid assessment of wood density of live trees using the Resistograph for selection in tree improvement programs AU - Isik, F AU - Li, BL T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Wood density is traditionally determined by a volumetric method that is accurate but expensive for large-scale sampling. A new device called the Resistograph was investigated for rapid assessment of relative wood density of live trees in progeny trials. Fourteen full-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) produced by a six-parent half-diallel mating design were tested at four sites. For each family, wood density was measured with the traditional volumetric method and then compared with the Resistograph readings (amplitude). Amplitude had weak (0.29) to moderate (0.65) phenotypic correlations with wood density on an individual-tree basis over the four sites. The family mean correlation between the two measurements, however, was much stronger (0.92). The additive genetic correlation between the two measures was also high (0.95). Individual-tree breeding values of amplitude yielded more accurate rankings than phenotypic values. The rankings of the parental, general-combining abilities were identical for the two measures. Both wood density and amplitude were under strong genetic control at the family level (full-sib family heritability (h 2 fs ) = 0.95 for wood density and h 2 fs = 0.85 for amplitude). The efficiency of using the Resistograph as a means of indirect selection for improvement of wood density was 87% at the family level. Results from this study suggest that the Resistograph could be used reliably and efficiently to assess relative wood density of live trees for selection in tree improvement programs. The method is rapid, nondestructive, and much cheaper than the traditional volumetric method. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1139/X03-176 VL - 33 IS - 12 SP - 2426-2435 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Density and distribution of water boatmen and brine shrimp at a major shorebird wintering area in Puerto Rico AU - Tripp, Kimberly J. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - WETLANDS ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1023/b:wetl.0000005542.46697.1d VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 331-341 SN - 1572-9834 KW - Caribbean KW - Density KW - Distribution KW - Puerto Rico KW - Salinity tolerance KW - Salt flats KW - Shorebirds KW - Survival KW - Trichocorixa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Positive assortative mating with selection restrictions on group coancestry enhances gain while conserving genetic diversity in long-term forest tree breeding AU - Rosvall, O. AU - Mullin, T. J. T2 - Theoretical and Applied Genetics DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/s00122-003-1318-9 VL - 107 IS - 4 SP - 629-642 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogeny of robinioid legumes (Fabaceae) revisited: Coursetia and Gliricidia recircumscribed, and a biogeographical appraisal of the Caribbean endemics AU - Lavin, M. AU - Wojciechowski, M. F. AU - Gasson, P. AU - Hughes, C. AU - Wheeler, E. T2 - Systematic Botany DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 387-409 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling actual evapotranspiration from forested watersheds across the Southeastern United States AU - Lu, J. B. AU - Sun, G. AU - McNulty, S. G. AU - Amatya, D. M. T2 - Journal of the American Water Resources Association AB - ABSTRACT: About 50 to 80 percent of precipitation in the southeastern United States returns to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration. As evapotranspiration is a major component in the forest water balances, accurately quantifying it is critical to predicting the effects of forest management and global change on water, sediment, and nutrient yield from forested watersheds. However, direct measurement of forest evapotranspiration on a large basin or a regional scale is not possible. The objectives of this study were to develop an empirical model to estimate long‐term annual actual evapotranspiration (ART) for forested watersheds and to quantify spatial AET patterns across the southeast. A geographic information system (GIS) database including land cover, daily streamflow, and climate was developed using long term experimental and monitoring data from 39 forested watersheds across the region. Using the stepwise selection method implemented in a statistical modeling package, a long term annual AET model was constructed. The final multivariate linear model includes four independent variables—annual precipitation, watershed latitude, watershed elevation, and percentage of forest coverage. The model has an adjusted R 2 of 0.794 and is sufficient to predict long term annual ART for forested watersheds across the southeastern United States. The model developed by this study may be used to examine the spatial variability of water availability, estimate annual water loss from mesoscale watersheds, and project potential water yield change due to forest cover change. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04413.x VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 887-896 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Localizing national fragmentation statistics with forest type maps AU - Riitters, K. H. AU - Coulston, J. W. AU - Wickham, J. D. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 101 IS - 4 SP - 18-22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest certification of state and university lands in North Carolina - A comparison AU - Cubbage, F. AU - Moore, S. AU - Cox, J. AU - Jervis, L. AU - Edeburn, J. AU - Richter, D. AU - Boyette, W. AU - Thompson, M. AU - Chesnutt, M. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 101 IS - 8 SP - 26-31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing EST-based genetic maps between Pinus sylvestris and Pinus taeda AU - Komulainen, P AU - Brown, GR AU - Mikkonen, M AU - Karhu, A AU - Garcia-Gil, MR AU - D O'Malley, AU - Lee, B AU - Neale, DB AU - Savolainen, O T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1007/s00122-003-1312-2 VL - 107 IS - 4 SP - 667-678 SN - 1432-2242 KW - Pinus sylvestris KW - Pinus taeda KW - ESTP KW - AFLP KW - genetic mapping ER - TY - JOUR TI - An arabinogalactan protein associated with secondary cell wall formation in differentiating xylem of loblolly pine AU - Zhang, Y. AU - Brown, G. AU - Whetten, R. AU - Loopstra, C.A. AU - Neale, D. AU - Kieliszewski, M.J. AU - Sederoff, R.R. T2 - Plant Molecular Biology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1023/A:1023978210001 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 91–102 SN - 0167-4412 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1023978210001 KW - arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) KW - Pinus taeda KW - plant cell wall biosynthesis KW - xylem differentiation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vegetation control and fertilization in midrotation Pinus taeda stands in the southeastern United States AU - Albaugh, TJ AU - Allen, HL AU - Zutter, BR AU - Quicke, HE T2 - ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE AB - Nous avons evalue l'effet sur des plantations de Pinus taeda L. de differentes methodes de controle de la vegetation (VC) a savoir des traitements chimiques (glyphosate, imazapyr, metsulfuron, methyl et triclopyr), des interventions mecaniques et une fertilisation phosphatee, ceci sur un ensemble de stations situees en plaine et en piedmont des Etats du Sud Ouest, portant des peuplements allant de 10 a 22 ans en debut d'experience. Nous avons etudie la surface terriere des pins et des feuillus (principale vegetation concurrente) ainsi que le volume et la composition foliaire en nutrients des pins dans un dispositif en bloc complet a 2 ou 3 repetitions, avec une combinaison factorielle 2 x 2 d'une seule application de VC et de fertilisation. Le controle de la vegetation reduit l'importance des feuillus de 70 % au moins, sur toutes les stations. En moyenne, c'est le traitement combine qui a l'effet le plus important sur le volume de pin (6,1 et 11,0 m 3 ha -1 an -1 ) suivi par la fertilisation seule (5,5 et 7,9 m 3 ha -1 an -1 ) et par le VC seul (1,1 et 4,5 m 3 ha -1 an -1 ), les deux nombres entre parentheses correspondant aux annees 1 et, puis 3 et 4. L'amplitude de l'effet sur le volume des pins pour l'ensemble des traitements et des stations va de -3 a 12 m 3 ha -1 an -1 . Il est possible que certains stations, non representees ici, caracterisees par un plus grand deficit en eau, une concurrence plus importante et des disponibilites suffisantes en azote et phosphore, puissent reagir de maniere plus importante aux traitements de controle de la vegetation. La fertilisation seule n'a pas d'effet significatif sur la surface terriere des feuillus aux annees 2 et 4 ; la proportion de feuillus en surface terriere est a peu pres la meme avant et apres traitement (12 et 11 %) dans les parcelles temoins et fertilisees. Pour expliquer la superiorite du traitement combine sur la croissance des pins au bout de 4 ans, nous emettons l'hypothese suivante : l'effet fertilisation tend a diminuer, les nutrients apportes ayant ete utilises, mais l'effet VC augmente compte tenu de l'augmentation des disponibilites en nutrients et en eau au profit des pins, la vegetation concurrente ne pouvant pas se developper. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1051/forest:2003054 VL - 60 IS - 7 SP - 619-624 SN - 1286-4560 KW - vegetation control KW - fertilization KW - nitrogen KW - phosphorus KW - pine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Up, down and up again is a signature global gene expression pattern at the beginning of gymnosperm embryogenesis AU - Zyl, L AU - Bozhkov, PV AU - Clapham, DH AU - Sederoff, RR AU - Arnold, S T2 - GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS AB - Somatic embryogenesis of a gymnosperm, Picea abies, represents a sequence of specifically regulated developmental stages including proembryogenic mass (PEM), PEM-to-embryo transition, and early and late embryogeny. Here, we report cDNA array analysis of expression patterns of 373 genes in the beginning of P. abies embryo development. The analysis revealed a group of 107 genes (29% of arrayed cDNAs) which were upregulated upon PEM-to-embryo transition, then downregulated during early embryogeny and finally upregulated again at the beginning of late embryogeny. This major gene expression pattern was abrogated in a developmentally arrested cell line that is unable to pass through the PEM-to-embryo transition. Thirty-five genes (9.4% of arrayed cDNAs) were found to be differentially expressed during normal embryonic pattern formation. Among them, 22 genes (5.9% of arrayed cDNAs) were directly associated with embryo pattern formation and can be considered as marker genes for early stages of P. abies embryogenesis. The majority of the marker genes encode for proteins involved in translation and posttranslational modification. Among them, 18 genes displayed the major expression pattern. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1016/S1567-133X(02)00068-6 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 83-91 SN - 1567-133X KW - Picea abies KW - embryogenesis KW - cDNA arrays KW - gene expression profile KW - transcriptionally repressive state KW - developmentally regulated genes KW - arrested cell line ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcript profiles of stress-related genes in developing white spruce (Picea glauca) somatic embryos cultured with polyethylene glycol AU - Stasolla, C AU - Zyl, L AU - Egertsdotter, U AU - Craig, D AU - Liu, WB AU - Sederoff, RR T2 - PLANT SCIENCE AB - The effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the transcript level of 512 stress-related genes was analyzed by cDNA microarray. Major changes in gene expression between control and PEG-treated embryos were observed during the initial stages of development, upon transfer of the embryogenic tissue on maturation medium, and during the late phases of development, culminating with the generation of cotyledonary embryos. Only small changes in gene expression were observed during the intermediate phases of embryo development. The transcript levels of several genes involved in cell aging and detoxification mechanisms, including peroxidases and chitinases, were developmentally regulated during the embryogenic process. Major differences in the expression of these genes were observed between control and PEG-treated embryos. Based on their expression profiles, four different clusters of genes involved in stress response mechanisms were identified. The first group of genes, which included several heat shock proteins, was up-regulated in PEG-treated immature embryos. An opposite tendency was observed for a second cluster of genes, which included a glutathione-S-transferase, and a cysteine protease. The third class included genes repressed by PEG in fully developed embryos, whereas a fourth group of genes, which included several heat shock proteins and ubiquitin, was induced in PEG-treated embryos at the end of the culture period. Difference in transcript levels and profiles of several genes involved in cell wall and lignin biosynthesis were also observed between control and PEG-treated embryos. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00228-0 VL - 165 IS - 4 SP - 719-729 SN - 0168-9452 KW - microarray KW - polyethylene glycol KW - transcript levels KW - white spruce ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geographic analysis of forest health indicators using spatial scan statistics AU - Coulston, JW AU - Riitters, KH T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1007/s00267-002-0023-9 VL - 31 IS - 6 SP - 764-773 SN - 1432-1009 KW - monitoring KW - spatial analysis KW - spatial clusters KW - forest fragmentation KW - forest insect KW - forest disease KW - hotspots ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combinatorial modification of multiple lignin traits in trees through multigene cotransformation AU - Li, L AU - Zhou, YH AU - Cheng, XF AU - Sun, JY AU - Marita, JM AU - Ralph, J AU - Chiang, VL T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Lignin quantity and reactivity [which is associated with its syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) constituent ratio] are two major barriers to wood-pulp production. To verify our contention that these traits are regulated by distinct monolignol biosynthesis genes, encoding 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) and coniferaldehyde 5-hydroxylase (CAld5H), we used Agrobacterium to cotransfer antisense 4CL and sense CAld5H genes into aspen (Populus tremuloides). Trees expressing each one and both of the transgenes were produced with high efficiency. Lignin reduction by as much as 40% with 14% cellulose augmentation was achieved in antisense 4CL plants; S/G-ratio increases as much as 3-fold were observed without lignin quantity change in sense CAld5H plants. Consistent with our contention, these effects were independent but additive, with plants expressing both transgenes having up to 52% less lignin, a 64% higher S/G ratio, and 30% more cellulose. An S/G-ratio increase also accelerated cell maturation in stem secondary xylem, pointing to a role for syringyl lignin moieties in coordinating xylem secondary wall biosynthesis. The results suggest that this multigene cotransfer system should be broadly useful for plant genetic engineering and functional genomics. DA - 2003/4/15/ PY - 2003/4/15/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0831166100 VL - 100 IS - 8 SP - 4939-4944 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Apparent homology of expressed genes from wood-forming tissues of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) with Arabidopsis thaliana AU - Kirst, M. AU - Johnson, A. F. AU - Baucom, C. AU - Ulrich, E. AU - Hubbard, K. AU - Staggs, R. AU - Paule, C. AU - Retzel, E. AU - Whetten, R. AU - Sederoff, R. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) and Arabidopsis thaliana differ greatly in form, ecological niche, evolutionary history, and genome size. Arabidopsis is a small, herbaceous, annual dicotyledon, whereas pines are large, long-lived, coniferous forest trees. Such diverse plants might be expected to differ in a large number of functional genes. We have obtained and analyzed 59,797 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from wood-forming tissues of loblolly pine and compared them to the gene sequences inferred from the complete sequence of the Arabidopsis genome. Approximately 50% of pine ESTs have no apparent homologs in Arabidopsis or any other angiosperm in public databases. When evaluated by using contigs containing long, high-quality sequences, we find a higher level of apparent homology between the inferred genes of these two species. For those contigs 1,100 bp or longer, ≈90% have an apparent Arabidopsis homolog ( E value < 10 - 10 ). Pines and Arabidopsis last shared a common ancestor ≈300 million years ago. Few genes would be expected to retain high sequence similarity for this time if they did not have essential functions. These observations suggest substantial conservation of gene sequence in seed plants. DA - 2003/5/27/ PY - 2003/5/27/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1132171100 VL - 100 IS - 12 SP - 7383-7388 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1132171100 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of lignin produced by cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase-deficient Pinus taeda cultured cells AU - Stasolla, C AU - Scott, J AU - Egertsdotter, U AU - Kadla, J AU - D O'Malley, AU - Sederoff, R AU - Zyl, L T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Comparative studies were conducted on composition of lignin produced both in vivo and in vitro by cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD)-deficient mutant loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). In vivo studies were performed using differentiating xylem obtained from two genotypes of heterozygous (CAD/cad) and two genotypes of homozygous (cad/cad) CAD-deficient mutant trees. In vitro studies were performed using a culture system in which cells, generated from the same genotypes, were induced to produce lignin in culture. Steady state RNA levels and enzyme activity of CAD were dramatically reduced in both xylem and cultured cells obtained from homozygous mutant trees, compared to their heterozygous counterparts. Light microscopic studies showed pronounced differences during the lignin formation between homozygous and heterozygous cells. Phenolic compounds in the heterozygous (CAD/cad) cells were deposited around the cell wall, accumulated preferentially in vacuoles of the homozygous (cad/cad) cells. Differences in lignin composition as revealed by thioacidolysis were also observed. Lignin of both xylem tissue and cultured cells obtained from CAD-deficient homozygotes showed lower levels of coniferyl alcohols and significant enrichments in dihydroconiferyl alcohol (DHCA) and coniferyl aldehyde, compared to their heterozygous counterparts. The striking similarities in lignin composition observed both in vivo and in vitro, open new possibilities for the use of culture systems aimed at revealing the mechanisms controlling lignin biosynthesis, and the formation of DHCA subunits. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1016/S0981-9428(03)00051-2 VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 439-445 SN - 0981-9428 KW - cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase KW - cultured cells KW - dihydroconiferyl alcohol KW - lignin KW - Pinus taeda KW - xylem ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of isolation method on the chemical structure of residual lignin AU - Jaaskelainen, AS AU - Sun, Y AU - Argyropoulos, DS AU - Tamminen, T AU - Hortling, B T2 - WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1007/s00226-003-0163-y VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 91-102 SN - 0043-7719 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simple tests for detecting segregation of major genes with phenotypic data from a diallel mating AU - Zeng, W. AU - Li, B. L. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - 268-278 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response to G.S. Cumming (2002). 'Habitat shape, species invasions, and reserve design: insights from simple models.' - Online publication enhances integration of current research in the classroom AU - Drew, C. A. AU - Hess, G. R. T2 - Conservation Ecology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 7 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - NMR analysis of lignins in CAD-deficient plants. Part 1. Incorporation of hydroxycinnamaldehydes and hydroxybenzaldehydes into lignins AU - Kim, H AU - Ralph, J AU - Lu, FC AU - Ralph, SA AU - Boudet, AM AU - MacKay, JJ AU - Sederoff, RR AU - Ito, T AU - Kawai, S AU - Ohashi, H AU - Higuchi, T T2 - ORGANIC & BIOMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AB - Peroxidase/H2O2-mediated radical coupling of 4-hydroxycinnamaldehydes produces 8–O–4-, 8–5-, and 8–8-coupled dehydrodimers as has been documented earlier, as well as the 5–5-coupled dehydrodimer. The 8–5-dehydrodimer is however produced kinetically in its cyclic phenylcoumaran form at neutral pH. Synthetic polymers produced from mixtures of hydroxycinnamaldehydes and normal monolignols provide the next level of complexity. Spectral data from dimers, oligomers, and synthetic polymers have allowed a more substantive assignment of aldehyde components in lignins isolated from a CAD-deficient pine mutant and an antisense-CAD-downregulated transgenic tobacco. CAD-deficient pine lignin shows enhanced levels of the typical benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde end-groups, along with evidence for two types of 8–O–4-coupled coniferaldehyde units. The CAD-downregulated tobacco also has higher levels of hydroxycinnamaldehyde and hydroxybenzaldehyde (mainly syringaldehyde) incorporation, but the analogous two types of 8–O–4-coupled products are the dominant features. 8–8-Coupled units are also clearly evident. There is clear evidence for coupling of hydroxycinnamaldehydes to each other and then incorporation into the lignin, as well as for the incorporation of hydroxycinnamaldehyde monomers into the growing lignin polymer. Coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde (as well as vanillin and syringaldehyde) co-polymerize with the traditional monolignols into lignins and do so at enhanced levels when CAD-deficiency has an impact on the normal monolignol production. The implication is that, particularly in angiosperms, the aldehydes behave like the traditional monolignols and should probably be regarded as authentic lignin monomers in normal and CAD-deficient plants. DA - 2003/1/21/ PY - 2003/1/21/ DO - 10.1039/b209686b VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 268-281 SN - 1477-0539 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic gain and selection efficiency of loblolly pine in three geographic regions AU - Xiang, B. AU - Li, B. L. AU - McKeand, S. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - 196-208 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Five years of Paulownia field trials in North Carolina AU - Bergmann, BA T2 - NEW FORESTS DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1023/A:1022983602103 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 185-199 SN - 0169-4286 KW - animal waste KW - clones KW - field performance KW - genotype KW - Paulownia elongata KW - Paulownia fortunei KW - Paulownia X 'Henan 1' KW - Princess tree KW - propagation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential expression of genes encoding calmodulin-binding proteins in response to bacterial pathogens and inducers of defense responses AU - Ali, GS AU - Reddy, VS AU - Lindgren, PB AU - Jakobek, JL AU - Reddy, ASN T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1023/A:1023001403794 VL - 51 IS - 6 SP - 803-815 SN - 0167-4412 KW - calcium KW - calmodulin KW - calmodulin-binding proteins KW - plant defense KW - signal transduction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.] response to herbicides and disking on a cutover site and in a mid-rotation pine plantation in southern USA AU - Ramsey, CL AU - Jose, S AU - Miller, DL AU - Cox, J AU - Portier, KM AU - Shilling, DG AU - Merritt, S T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.], an alien grass listed as a federal noxious weed, is invading the forestlands of the southeastern USA threatening their ecological and economic integrity. Two field studies were conducted to quantify the effects of herbicides and disking on cogongrass that had infested a cutover site and an adjacent 17-year-old loblolly pine stand. Foliar cover, foliar biomass and rhizome biomass were quantified at 6-month intervals for 2 years. Imazapyr and glyphosate were applied at rates up to 1.12 and 8.96 kg ai ha−1, respectively, as single or split applications. Disking was post, herbicide application on the cutover site only. Evidence for immature cogongrass swards was present in both studies, which led to significant temporal, or community-level growth effects for all three measured responses. With respect to main effects, the herbicide treatments temporarily controlled the cover and aboveground biomass, with an almost negligible impact on rhizome biomass, in the cutover study. Disking had no significant effect on foliar re-growth, but did decrease rhizome re-growth, across all levels of time and herbicide treatments. The split imazapyr treatment had the slowest recovery rate (31% of the control treatment), regardless of disking effects. All the herbicide treatments resulted in reduced cover, foliar biomass and rhizome biomass in the mid-rotation study, 12 months after treatment (12 MAT). However, recovery was evident at the end of 24 months. Comparison of herbicide treatments between the cutover and mid-rotation studies revealed that competition from the 17-year-old pines did not significantly enhance herbicide control of cogongrass, although there was a trend of lower biomass productivity associated with the mid-rotation study. For example, rhizome biomass was 26% lower for the control in the mid-rotation study when compared to the non-disked control in the cutover study, in terms of relative growth 2 years after treatment. The overall effect of disking, herbicides (single dose or split applications), and pine tree competition was to provide a “window for desirable plant re-establishment” that may last up to 2–3 years. Long-term control may be possible with repeated herbicide applications and the use of fast growing, evergreen trees that can provide continuous heavy shade. DA - 2003/7/3/ PY - 2003/7/3/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00515-7 VL - 179 IS - 1-3 SP - 195-207 SN - 0378-1127 KW - invasive plants KW - split applications KW - shade stress KW - imazapyr KW - glyphosate KW - rhizomes KW - photosynthetic light response curve ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of body condition on local apparent survival of spring migrant Sanderlings in coastal North Carolina AU - Dinsmore, SJ AU - Collazo, JA T2 - CONDOR AB - Many shorebirds are long-distance migrants, and they depend upon widely spaced stopover sites for refueling during their annual migrations. Two competing hypotheses attempt to explain stopover duration: one predicts departure based on time minimization (time-selection hypothesis) and the other predicts departure on the basis of maximum energy gain (energy-selection hypothesis). During spring 1993, we tested these hypotheses during a mark-resight study of migrant Sanderlings (Calidris alba) at Portsmouth Island, North Carolina. We individually color-banded 204 Sanderlings and used capture-recapture methods to estimate local apparent survival during 10 five-day intervals from late April to mid-June. We found that survival rates were best modeled as a decreasing quadratic time trend; a linear time trend and period-specific survival rates received little support. We found no evidence that either body mass or a simple body condition index better explained survival rates. Our estimates of the 5-day local survival rates of Sanderlings at Portsmouth Island remained relatively high (ϕi > 0.80) through late May, after which they dropped rapidly as birds left the area. The period-specific conditional resighting probability was 0.39 (SE = 0.03). Our results do not provide strong support for either the time- or energy-selection hypotheses and hint that studies of migratory behavior need to be conducted even more intensively and across much larger regions in order to better understand the underlying factors. Influencia de la Condición Física sobre las Tasas de Residencia de Calidris alba durante la Migración de Primavera en la Costa de Carolina del Norte Resumen. Muchos playeros migran largas distancias y dependen de áreas ampliamente esparcidas para hacer escalas durante sus migraciones anuales. En estas áreas, los playeros reabastecen rápidamente sus reservas energéticas antes de partir hacia la próxima parada. Existen dos hipótesis principales para explicar la duración de cada escala: una predice que la duración de cada escala es en función de poder minimizar el tiempo (hipótesis de selección temporal) y la otra que el tiempo de escala es determinado sobre la base de maximizar la ganancia de energía (hipótesis de selección energética). Durante la primavera de 1993 pusimos a prueba estas hipótesis durante un estudio sobre captura-recaptura del playero Calidris alba en la Isla de Portsmouth, Carolina del Norte. Marcamos individualmente 204 playeros y usamos el método de captura-recaptura para estimar las tasas de residencia durante 10 intervalos de 5 días entre finales de abril y mediados de junio. Los modelos que mejor explicaron las tasas de residencia revelaron una tendencia cuadrática decreciente. Los datos no apoyaron modelos de tendencia lineal ni tasas de residencia período-específicas. No encontramos evidencia de que el peso corporal ni un índice simple de condición física contribuyesen a explicar mejor las tasas de residencia. Nuestras estimaciones de las tasas de residencia a 5-días para C. alba en la Isla de Portsmouth permanecieron relativamente altas (ϕi > 0.80) durante la segunda mitad de mayo, y disminuyeron rápidamente hasta que los playeros partieron del área. La probabilidad condicional de recuperación visual período-específica fue de 0.39 (EE = 0.03). Nuestros resultados no demostraron evidencia concluyente a favor de ninguna de las dos hipótesis (selección temporal, selección energética). Sugerimos que esta información resalta la necesidad de llevar a cabo estudios detallados a través de regiones geográficamente más amplias para poder entender qué factores explican mejor el comportamiento migratorio. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1650/7226 VL - 105 IS - 3 SP - 465-473 SN - 0010-5422 KW - body condition KW - Calidris alba KW - North Carolina KW - Sanderling KW - shorebird KW - survival ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of black bears to forest management in the southern Appalachian mountains AU - Mitchell, MS AU - Powell, RA T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - We evaluated responses of black bears ( Ursus americanus) to changes in habitat in the Pisgah National For- est in North Carolina, USA. Changes in habitat were due to forest management, which affected bear habitat in complex ways. Harvested stands provided plentiful food resources that decreased with regeneration of the canopy. However, their value was offset by a lack of resources associated with mature overstory. Following canopy closure, early-successional food resources in harvested stands tended to decrease, although some soft mast remained more abundant than in unharvested stands. We used a tested Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) to evaluate effects of har- vest management on bear habitat. Values of HSI for harvested stands tended to differ little among young stands and older stands regenerating in pine (Pinus spp.) or hardwood, and all had lower HSI values than unharvested stands. Although effects of roads are modeled negatively in the HSI, proximity of harvested stands to logging roads did not bias comparisons to harvested stands. We used time-series analysis to characterize year-to-year changes on HSI maps for our study area from 1981 through 1994, and designated the results as an index of habitat change. We used this index to evaluate use of changed areas by black bears, estimated from 127 home ranges. Adult females used changed areas inversely proportional to the index of change, whereas adult and juvenile males showed no preferences. With respect to year-to-year variation at the peripheries of their home ranges, adult males and adult females selected habitat patches where suitability had increased and rejected patches where suitability had declined. Home ranges of adult males contained proportionally fewer areas of habitat decline than those of females or juvenile males. Adult females used areas where habitat suitability decreased, proportional to the decrease, but did not prefer them to areas of stable or improved suitability. Adult males appeared to avoid areas of decreased suitability altogether. Forest management positively affected some aspects of bear habitat but had an overall negative effect on habitat suitability in the southern Appalachians. Forest management will not improve bear habitat overall in areas where resources are abundant. Where soft mast is limiting, however, trade-offs between overall habitat suitability and improved productivity of soft mast may be warranted. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.2307/3802676 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 692-705 SN - 1937-2817 KW - black bear KW - forest management KW - GIS KW - habitat change KW - habitat suitability index KW - home range KW - management indicator species KW - North Carolina KW - Pisgah National Forest KW - timber harvest KW - Ursus americanus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nondestructive and rapid estimation of hardwood foliar nitrogen status using the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter AU - Chang, SX AU - Robison, DJ T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - The utility of a portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502, Minolta Camera Co. Ltd., Japan) for rapidly and nondestructively assessing foliar N status of hardwood species was evaluated in two experiments. In experiment one (established near Raleigh, North Carolina), 0, 56, 168, or 336 kg N/ha (ammonium nitrate) was applied in June 1998 to sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), and swamp cottonwood (Populus heterophylla L.) to obtain foliar samples with a range of N concentrations. Significant regression equations were established between foliar N concentration (obtained through chemical analysis) and SPAD value for all four species studied in August 1998. In experiment two, the SPAD meter was further tested in 1999 on sweetgum in eastern NC to examine whether crown position and the date of measurement affect the relationship between SPAD meter readings and foliar N concentrations. The slopes of the regression lines were similar but the intercepts were variable among the dates and crown positions. The best correlations between the SPAD meter readings and foliar N concentrations were obtained for the upper crown position early in the growing season and for the lower crown position late in the growing season. The SPAD meter was demonstrated to be a useful tool for nondestructively assessing foliar N status, particularly for relative comparison purposes, and may have efficient application for field assessments in decision-making and operational nutrient management programs for hardwood species. Accurate prediction of foliar % N by the SPAD meter may be difficult giving the generally medium range correlation coefficients. DA - 2003/8/18/ PY - 2003/8/18/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00004-5 VL - 181 IS - 3 SP - 331-338 SN - 0378-1127 KW - nutrient management KW - forest nutrition KW - sycamore KW - sweetgum KW - green ash KW - swamp cottonwood KW - portable chlorophyll meter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of one-way gene flow on genetic variance components in a natural population AU - Hu, X. S. AU - Zeng, W. AU - Li, B. L. T2 - Silvae Genetica DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 18-24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DRIS analysis identifies a common potassium imbalance in sweetgum plantations AU - Coleman, MD AU - Chang, SX AU - Robison, DJ T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) analysis was applied to fast-growing sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) plantations in the southeast United States as a tool for nutrient diagnosis and fertilizer recommendations. First, standard foliar nutrient ratios for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were established using high-yield stands from a region-wide sweetgum fertilization study. DRIS indices were then calculated for the low-yield stands in the same study and stands from four other studies to evaluate foliar nutritional characteristics. Low-yield stands showed strong negative K imbalance, indicating insufficient K, but also showed strong positive Mg imbalance. Potassium imbalance was also observed in the other four data sets tested. DRIS analysis successfully identified the tendency for K insufficiency to increase from early to late in the growing season, probably due to K foliar leaching and low soil K supply. While insufficient N was common in all the stands tested, the DRIS analysis failed to identify any P imbalance. We recommend that K be applied in N:K ratios less than one to correct K imbalance problems in the studied sweetgum plantations. Supra-optimal Ca and Mg levels are expected to decline once insufficient N and K are corrected. DRIS analysis provides the means for diagnosing nutrient imbalance and a potential basis for prescribing corrective amendments in sweetgum plantations. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1081/CSS-120023227 VL - 34 IS - 13-14 SP - 1919-1941 SN - 0010-3624 KW - forest fertilization KW - nutrient diagnosis KW - short rotation KW - woody crops KW - Liquidambar styraciflua ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterisation of PtMYB1, an R2R3-MYB from pine xylem AU - Patzlaff, Astrid AU - Newman, Lisa J. AU - Dubos, Christian AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - Smith, Caroline AU - McInnis, Stephanie AU - Bevan, Michael W. AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Campbell, Malcolm M. T2 - Plant Molecular Biology DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1023/B:PLAN.0000019066.07933.d6 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 597-608 J2 - Plant Mol Biol LA - en OP - SN - 0167-4412 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:plan.0000019066.07933.d6 DB - Crossref KW - MYB KW - phenylalanine ammonia-lyase KW - phenylpropanoid KW - pine KW - xylem ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in mitogen-activated protein kinase activity occur in the maize pulvinus in response to gravistimulation and are important for the bending response AU - Clore, AM AU - Turner, WS AU - Morse, AM AU - Whetten, RW T2 - PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT AB - ABSTRACT The maize ( Zea mays L.) pulvinus was used as a model system to study the signalling events that lead to differential growth in response to gravistimulation in plants. The pulvinus functions to return tipped plants to vertical via differential elongation of the cells on its lower side. By performing immunokinase assays using total soluble protein extracts and an antibody against mammalian ERK1, a mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)‐like activity was assayed in pulvini halves harvested at various time points after tipping. We detected a reproducible alternation of higher levels of activity occurring between the upper and lower halves of the pulvinus between 75 and 180 min after tipping, with a sustained increase in the upper half occurring at the end of the time‐course. This timing roughly corresponds to the presentation time for maize (i.e. the amount of time that the plant needs to be tipped before it is committed to bend), which occurs between 2 and 4 h. Treatment of maize stem explants with an inhibitor of MAPK activation, U0126, led to a reduction in the activity of this kinase, as well as an almost 65% reduction in bending as measured at 20 h. Rinsing out of the inhibitor resulted in recovery of both bending and kinase activity. It is possible that changes in MAPK activity in the gravistimulated pulvinus are part of a signalling cascade that may help to distinguish between minor perturbations in plant orientation and more significant and long‐term changes, and may also help to determine the direction of bending. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.00990.x VL - 26 IS - 7 SP - 991-1001 SN - 0140-7791 KW - Zea mays L. KW - gravitropism KW - mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) KW - U0126 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Best linear unbiased prediction of clonal breeding values and genetic values from full-sib mating designs AU - Xiang, B AU - Li, BL T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Full-sib progeny tests with clonal replicates may provide better breeding value estimates and the greatest genetic gain in a tree improvement program. Clonal breeding values (CBV) that combine the family and within-family breeding values due to additive genetic effects can maximize the genetic gain for advanced generation breeding. Clonal genetic values (CGV) that further incorporate full-sib family specific combining ability due to nonadditive genetic effect can maximize gain for a deployment program with clonal propagation techniques. The best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) is the best statistical method for estimating both CBV and CGV because of its desirable statistical properties compared with the heritability-based gain calculation. A BLUP method for determining both the CBV and CGV for full-sib clonal progeny tests was proposed in this paper. The formulas for CBV and CGV were derived using general BLUP methodology, and formulas were derived for the calculations of their standard errors. An analytical method by using a standard statistical package (SAS PROC MIXED) was presented for CBV and CGV calculations from any full-sib mating designs. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1139/X03-118 VL - 33 IS - 10 SP - 2036-2043 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of aging on pyrene transformation in sediments AU - Guthrie-Nichols, E AU - Grasham, A AU - Kazunga, C AU - Sangaiah, R AU - Gold, A AU - Bortiatynski, J AU - Salloum, M AU - Hatcher, P T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<0040:TEOAOP>2.0.CO;2 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 40-49 SN - 1552-8618 KW - synthetic aging KW - 4,5-pyrenequinone KW - C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance KW - biotransformation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Productivity of southern pine plantations - Where are we and how did we get here? AU - Stanturf, J. A. AU - Kellison, R. C. AU - Broerman, F. S. AU - Jones, S. B. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 101 IS - 3 SP - 26-31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen mineralization dynamics following the establishment of a loblolly pine plantation AU - Li, QC AU - Allen, HL AU - Wilson, CA T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - The USDA Forest Service initiated a national study in the early 1990s to examine the effects of organic matter removal, compaction, and vegetation control on tree growth and soil processes at several locations across the United States and Canada. Our study was undertaken on the Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina installation during the second and the fifth growing seasons following loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation establishment. We used the in situ soil core incubation method to assess net N mineralization, and collections were conducted monthly from March to December in 1993 and 1996. The largest differences in N mineralization resulted from soil type differences between blocks. Organic matter removal did not affect N mineralization in either year; however, compaction reduced N mineralization during both years. Vegetation control had a pronounced positive effect on N mineralization and was only slightly less important as compared with soil type. Mineralization rates in year 5 were 80% less than in year 2. We hypothesized that the high N mineralization rates in year 2 may be related to a decrease in the input of soluble organic C following harvest (reducing immobilization), a quick mineralization of microbial N, fluctuating soil temperature and water conditions, and fine roots and litter biomass input following harvest. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1139/X02-184 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 364-374 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Innovation and forest industry: domesticating the pine forests of the southern United States, 1920-1999 AU - Stanturf, JA AU - Kellison, RC AU - Broerman, FS AU - Jones, SB T2 - FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS AB - Abstract The history of forest management in the southern United States has been a process of intensification and the pine forests of the Coastal Plain can be regarded as in the early stage of crop domestication. Silviculture research into tree improvement and other aspects of plantation establishment and management has been critical to the domestication process, which began in the early 1950s with the paradigm shift from natural stand management to plantation forestry. Advances were incremental innovations that relied heavily on basic knowledge gained in other disciplines and from formal university–industry silviculture research cooperatives. These cooperatives played a critical role in the domestication process, especially as they disseminated technological innovations. Sixteen major pulp and paper companies were examined in terms of participation in research cooperatives, expenditures on research and implementation of innovations. Despite a lack of relationship between company size (gross sales) and expenditures on forestry research, implementation of innovations was significantly related to research expenditures, timberland owned and total sales. Adjusting for timberland ownership or annual sales, the companies that spent the most on forestry research did the best job implementing research results. Emerging trends in industry structure and support for research may indicate a new role for public research institutions in the South, and call into question the need for silviculture research cooperatives. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00039-X VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 407-419 SN - 1389-9341 KW - innovation KW - technology transfer KW - research policy KW - forest industry KW - plantations KW - research cooperatives KW - forest productivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation of juvenile wood properties in a loblolly pine progeny test AU - Sykes, R. AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, B. L. AU - Kadla, J. AU - Chang, H. M. T2 - TAPPI Journal DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 2 IS - 12 SP - 08- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fertility capability soil classification: a tool to help assess soil quality in the tropics AU - Sanchez, PA AU - Palm, CA AU - Buol, SW T2 - GEODERMA AB - The soil quality paradigm was originally developed in the temperate region with the overarching objective of approaching air quality and water quality standards. Although holistic and systems-oriented, soil quality focused principally on issues arising from large nutrient and energy inputs to agricultural lands. Soil quality in the tropics, however, focuses on three overarching concerns: food insecurity, rural poverty and ecosystem degradation. Soil science in the tropics relies heavily on quantitative attributes of soils that can be measured. The emotional, value-laden and “measure everything” approach proposed by some proponents of the soil quality paradigm has no place in the tropics. Soil quality in the tropics must be considered a component of an integrated natural resource management framework (INRM). Based on quantitative topsoil attributes and soil taxonomy, the fertility capability soil classification (FCC) system is probably a good starting point to approach soil quality for the tropics and is widely used. FCC does not deal with soil attributes that can change in less than 1 year, but those that are either dynamic at time scales of years or decades with management, as well as inherent ones that do not change in less than a century. FCC attributes can be positive or negative depending on the land use as well as the temporal and spatial scales in question. Version 4 is introduced in this paper. The main changes are to include the former h condition modifier (acid, but not Al-toxic) with “no major chemical limitations” because field experience has shown little difference between the two and to introduce a new condition modifier m that denotes organic carbon saturation deficit. Additional modifiers are needed for nutrient depletion, compaction, surface sealing and other soil biological attributes, but there is no sufficient evidence to propose robust, quantitative threshold values at this time. The authors call on those actively involved in linking these attributes with plant growth and ecosystem functions to provide additional suggestions that would enhance FCC. The use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) shows great potential on a wide range of tropical soils. The evolution of soil science from a qualitative art into a quantitative science has progressed well in the tropics. Regressing to qualitative and vaguely defined soil quality attributes would be a step backwards. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00040-5 VL - 114 IS - 3-4 SP - 157-185 SN - 1872-6259 KW - soil attributes KW - tropical soils KW - soil taxonomy KW - integrated natural resource management KW - organic carbon saturation KW - diffuse reflectance spectroscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deployment of genetically improved loblolly and slash pines in the south AU - McKeand, S. AU - Mullin, T. AU - Byram, T. AU - White, T. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 101 IS - 3 SP - 32-37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Current and future red-cockaded woodpecker habitat availability on non-industrial private forestland in North Carolina AU - Drake, D. AU - Jones, E. J. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 661-669 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterisation of a pine MYB that regulates lignification AU - Patzlaff, Astrid AU - McInnis, Stephanie AU - Courtenay, Adrian AU - Surman, Christine AU - Newman, Lisa J. AU - Smith, Caroline AU - Bevan, Michael W. AU - Mansfield, Shawn AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Campbell, Malcolm M. T2 - The Plant Journal AB - Summary A member of the R2R3‐MYB family of transcription factors was cloned from a cDNA library constructed from RNA isolated from differentiating pine xylem. This MYB, Pinus taeda MYB4 ( Pt MYB4), is expressed in cells undergoing lignification, as revealed by in situ RT‐PCR. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) showed that recombinant Pt MYB4 protein is able to bind to DNA motifs known as AC elements. AC elements are ubiquitous in the promoters of genes encoding lignin biosynthetic enzymes. Transcriptional activation assays using yeast showed that Pt MYB4 could activate transcription in an AC‐element‐dependent fashion. Overexpression of Pt MYB4 in transgenic tobacco plants altered the accumulation of transcripts corresponding to genes encoding lignin biosynthetic enzymes. Lignin deposition increased in transgenic tobacco plants that overexpressed Pt MYB4, and extended to cell types that do not normally lignify. Taken together, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that Pt MYB4 is sufficient to induce lignification, and that it may play this role during wood formation in pine. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01916.x VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 743-754 LA - en OP - SN - 0960-7412 1365-313X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01916.x DB - Crossref KW - lignin KW - MYB KW - transcription KW - wood KW - pine KW - phenylpropanoid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Time trends in genetic parameters for height and optimal age for parental selection in Scots pine AU - Jansson, G. AU - Li, B. L. AU - Hannrup, B. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 696-705 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Timber supply projections for northern new England and New York: Integrating a market perspective AU - Sendak, P. E. AU - Abt, R. C. AU - Turner, R. J. T2 - Northern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 175-185 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preface to special section: Southern Oxidants Study 1999 Atlanta Supersite Project (SOS3) AU - Solomon, PA AU - Cowling, EB AU - Weber, R T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - [1] The Atlanta Supersite Project consisted of a one-month intensive field program to compare advanced methods for measurement of PM2.5 mass, chemical composition (including single particle composition in real time), and aerosol precursor species. The project was the first of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) PM Supersite Program field research efforts and provided valuable information to follow-up Supersite Program projects conducted during 2000–2004. Results from the study also provided insights into source-receptor relationships impacting the site and atmospheric chemical and physical processes that result in PM accumulation in Atlanta, Georgia. The Atlanta Supersite Project was funded by the EPA through a cooperative agreement (EPA CR824849) with the Southern Oxidants Study under the direction of Dr. Ellis Cowling. The project was managed by faculty in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Georgia Tech with Dr. William Chameides as principal investigator. The intensive field measurements program took place during the month of August 1999 at the Jefferson St. site adjacent to the Georgia Power building in NW metro Atlanta. Since 1998, this same site has been operated as part of the Southeastern Aerosol Research Characterization Study (SEARCH) and the Aerosol Research Inhalation Epidemiology Study (ARIES), both funded by EPRI, the Southern Company, and the Georgia Power Company. These studies maintain a measurement program of many important atmospheric variables that will continue to provide insight into possible adverse health effects associated with exposure to ambient urban PM concentrations. SEARCH provided extensive spatial information about PM and related variables throughout the southeastern United States, while other coordinated efforts (e.g., Assessment of Spatial Aerosol Composition in Atlanta (ASACA)) provided valuable spatial information within the Atlanta metropolitan area. The papers within this special issue provide details and intercomparions of results from filter-based time-integrated aerosol measurements, continuous or semicontinuous methods for mass and PM components and precursors, and for the four particle mass spectrometers operated during the study. Other papers include aerosol characterization and chemistry, atmospheric modeling studies, and results from ASACA. The overview paper summarizes the study, its results, and provides a listing of all publications associated with the Atlanta Supersite Project that were known at the time of its submission to this special issue of Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. [2] We dedicate this special issue to the memory of Glen Cass, our colleague and good friend, who was Chair of the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology during the Atlanta Supersite Project. The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development (funded and managed or partially funded and collaborated in) the research described here under (Assistance agreement CR824849) to the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, GA. It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication. DA - 2003/4/15/ PY - 2003/4/15/ DO - 10.1029/2003jd003536 VL - 108 IS - D7 SP - SN - 2169-897X KW - Atlanta Supersite Project KW - PM Supersite Project KW - methods evaluation KW - continuous PM methods KW - integrated PM methods KW - chemical composition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overview of the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Project AU - Solomon, PA AU - Chameides, W AU - Weber, R AU - Middlebrook, A AU - Kiang, CS AU - Russell, AG AU - Butler, A AU - Turpin, B AU - Mikel, D AU - Scheffe, R AU - Cowling, E AU - Edgerton, E AU - St John, J AU - Jansen, J AU - McMurry, P AU - Hering, S AU - Bahadori, T T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - This paper presents an overview of the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Project coordinated through the Southern Oxidants Study and Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT) and funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) along with other sponsors who provided in‐kind support primarily through existing studies. The Atlanta Supersite Project was located at the existing Southeastern Aerosol Research Characterization Study (SEARCH)/Aerosol Research Inhalation Epidemiology Study (ARIES) site on Jefferson Street in NW Atlanta, Georgia. The primary objective of the Atlanta Supersite Project was to evaluate and compare advanced measurement methods for particulate matter mass and its components. Methods included filter‐ and denuder‐based time‐integrated or discrete samplers, a variety of semicontinuous methods measuring mass, its major components (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, organic carbon, elemental carbon, trace elements) and gas‐phase precursors, and for the first time ever, a comparison among particle mass spectrometers; four in total. These data were complemented by meteorological data as well as gas‐phase criteria pollutant measurements and other supplemental data such as particle physical properties, volatile organic compounds (VOC), oxygenated VOC, and NOy. The primary and supplemental data also were used to better understand the formation and accumulation of particulate matter in Atlanta and to better understand source‐receptor relationships. This paper overviews the study, summarizing objectives, the site and measurements, and the relative reference data used for comparisons, and it overviews the meteorological and chemical characteristics of pollution in Atlanta during the study, puts the study in context of Atlanta and the southeast United States, and finally summarizes the key findings from the over 30 publications published, submitted, or in preparation. This paper also provides as complete a list as is currently available of those publications. Others certainly will be emerging over time. The comprehensive database is available through the Atlanta Supersite Project Web site sponsored by GIT ( http://www-wlc.eas.gatech.edu/supersite/ ). DA - 2003/4/15/ PY - 2003/4/15/ DO - 10.1029/2001jd001458 VL - 108 IS - D7 SP - SN - 2169-8996 KW - Atlanta Supersite Project KW - overview KW - methods comparison KW - chemical characteristics KW - continuous speciation methods KW - particle mass spectrometers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation in decay resistance and its correlation to wood density and growth in white spruce AU - Yu, QB AU - Yang, DQ AU - Zhang, SY AU - Beaulieu, J AU - Duchesne, I T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - This study investigated the genetic variation of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in decay resistance and its correlation with wood density and growth. Three fungi were examined, a brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum), a white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor), and a standing-tree-decay fungus (Fomitopsis pinicola). The decay resistance was inversely related to the growth rate of the fungi on heartwood blocks. A total of 270 trees of 35 families were harvested from 36-year-old provenance–progeny trials at two sites through a thinning operation. The narrow-sense heritabilities of white spruce decay resistance to brown rot and white rot were 0.21 and 0.27, respectively. There were no significant differences in resistance to standing-tree-decay fungus among the families. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between the growth rate of brown rot on heartwood blocks and wood density were positive, but the genetic correlation between wood density and the growth rate of white rot on heartwood blocks was negative but not significant. The results indicate that the different species of fungi have different relationships with the annual growth of trees and wood density, and suggest that selection for wood density in white spruce might lead to an increase in resistance to white rot, but a decrease in resistance to brown rot. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1139/X03-150 VL - 33 IS - 11 SP - 2177-2183 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of body size on male mating tactics and paternity in black bears, Ursus americanus AU - Kovach, AI AU - Powell, RA T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY AB - The reproductive behaviour of large, solitary mammals is difficult to study. Owing to their secretive nature and wide-ranging habits, aspects of male mating behaviour are poorly documented in solitary than in social species. We used radiotelemetry and microsatellite DNA analysis to investigate the influence of body size on male mating tactics and short-term reproductive success in the black bear, Ursus americanus, a solitary carnivore. We investigated male ranging behaviour and documented male encounters with breeding females to determine whether males employed conditional mating tactics according to their body sizes. We found that male home-range sizes were not positively associated with body size, but encounter rates with breeding females were. Although all males searched widely for females, mating access appeared to be largely determined by fighting ability. Large males encountered more breeding females and had more frequent encounters during the females' estimated receptive periods than did small- and medium-sized males. Paternity was highly skewed toward the three dominant males who fathered 91% of the cubs sampled during the 3-year study. Paternity was correlated with the frequency of male encounters during female receptive periods. Male encounters, however, overestimated the success of medium-sized males and underestimated the overall variance in male reproductive success. Multiple paternity occurred in two of seven litters, indicating that sperm competition is important in black bear mating behaviour. Implications for male lifetime reproductive success are discussed. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1139/Z03-111 VL - 81 IS - 7 SP - 1257-1268 SN - 1480-3283 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative genetic linkage maps of Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus globulus and their F1 hybrid based on a double pseudo-backcross mapping approach AU - Myburg, A. A. AU - Griffin, A. R. AU - Sederoff, R. R. AU - Whetten, R. W. T2 - Theoretical and Applied Genetics DA - 2003/7/1/ PY - 2003/7/1/ DO - 10.1007/s00122-003-1347-4 VL - 107 IS - 6 SP - 1028-1042 J2 - Theor Appl Genet LA - en OP - SN - 0040-5752 1432-2242 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-003-1347-4 DB - Crossref KW - comparative mapping KW - AFLP KW - Eucalyptus KW - transmission ratio distortion KW - genome synteny ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of polyethylene glycol on gene expression of developing white spruce somatic embryos AU - Stasolla, C AU - Zyl, L AU - Egertsdotter, U AU - Craig, D AU - Liu, WB AU - Sederoff, RR T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Somatic embryogenic cultures of white spruce (Picea glauca) represent a valuable system to study molecular mechanisms regulating embryo development because many embryos of defined developmental stages can be generated. The inclusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the maturation medium can improve the number and quality of embryos produced. To learn more about the mechanism of action of PEG, we analyzed transcript profiles of stage-specific embryos matured without (control) or with (PEG treated) PEG. RNA extracted from maturing spruce embryos was analyzed on DNA microarrays containing 2,178 cDNAs from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). The efficiency of heterologous hybridization between spruce and pine species on microarrays has been documented previously (L. van Zyl, S. von Arnold, P. Bozhkov, Y. Chen, U. Egertsdotter, J. MacKay, R. Sederoff, J. Shen, L. Zelena, D. Clapham [2002] Comp Funct Genomics 3: 306-318). Several pine genes, including the apparent homologs to the Arabidopsis genes ZWILLE, FIDDLEHEAD, FUSCA, and SCARECROW, increased in expression after PEG treatments. These genes are known to be involved in the formation of the embryo body plan and in the control of the shoot and root apical meristems. The increased transcript levels of these genes in immature PEG-treated embryos suggest that PEG may improve the quality of spruce somatic embryos by promoting normal differentiation of the embryonic shoot and root. Changes in the transcript levels of many genes involved in sucrose catabolism and nitrogen assimilation and utilization were also observed between control and PEG-treated embryos. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1104/pp.015214 VL - 131 IS - 1 SP - 49-60 SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photosynthetic acclimation is reflected in specific patterns of gene expression in drought-stressed loblolly pine AU - Watkinson, J. I. AU - Sioson, A. A. AU - Vasquez-Robinet, C. AU - Shukla, M. AU - Kumar, D. AU - Ellis, M. AU - Heath, L. S. AU - Ramakrishnan, N. AU - Chevone, B. AU - Watson, L. T. AU - Van Zyl, L. AU - Egertsdotter, U. AU - Sederoff, R. R. AU - Grene, R. T2 - Plant Physiology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1104/pp.103026914 VL - 133 IS - 4 SP - 1702-1716 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Families of loblolly pine that are the most stable for resistance to fusiform rust are the least predictable AU - McKeand, SE AU - Amerson, HV AU - Li, B AU - Mullin, TJ T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - In an extensive series of trials with open-pollinated families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), resistance to fusiform rust disease (caused by Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) at individual test sites was relatively unpredictable for the families deemed most resistant. The most resistant families were also the most stable for performance across test sites, with stability defined as the slope of the regression of family means for rust infection versus site means for rust infection. A family's R-50 value (its predicted rust infection level when the site mean infection is 50%) was correlated to its stability parameter or slope (r = 0.78). On average, any one family's level of infection (% galled) was reasonably predictable for any given infection level at a given site; the average coefficient of determination (r 2 ) was 0.78 for the regression of family means for rust infection versus site means for rust infection. However, the six most stable families for resistance had the lowest r 2 values (average r 2 = 0.58). We speculated that the lower predictability for the most resistant families was due to interactions of specific resistance genes in these families and corresponding avirulence and (or) virulence levels in the pathogen populations that may differ among sites. Although the predictability of the individual resistant families was relatively low, if these families were bulked into a resistant seed lot, they performed in a more predictable manner with r 2 = 0.74 for the regression of the bulk mean versus site means. Bulks of four to six highly resistant families appeared to be a good solution to obtain stable and predictable performance across a range of sites. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1139/X03-050 VL - 33 IS - 7 SP - 1335-1339 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Avian fruit preferences across a Puerto Rican forested landscape: pattern consistency and implications for seed removal AU - Carlo, TA AU - Collazo, JA AU - Groom, MJ T2 - OECOLOGIA DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1007/s00442-002-1087-1 VL - 134 IS - 1 SP - 119-131 SN - 1432-1939 KW - frugivory KW - preference KW - plant phenology KW - seed dispersal KW - Puerto Rico ER - TY - JOUR TI - A national ozone biomonitoring program - Results from field surveys of ozone sensitive plants in northeastern forests (1994-2000) AU - Smith, G AU - Coulston, J AU - Jepsen, E AU - Prichard, T T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1023/A:1024879527764 VL - 87 IS - 3 SP - 271-291 SN - 0167-6369 KW - air quality KW - bioindicator KW - forest health KW - kriging KW - ozone exposure KW - Palmer drought severity index KW - seasonal precipitation KW - sensitive species KW - SUM06 exposure index ER - TY - JOUR TI - The nitrogen cascade AU - Galloway, JN AU - Aber, JD AU - Erisman, JW AU - Seitzinger, SP AU - Howarth, RW AU - Cowling, EB AU - Cosby, BJ T2 - BIOSCIENCE AB - Human production of food and energy is the dominant continental process that breaks the triple bond in molecular nitrogen (N2) and creates reactive nitrogen (Nr) species. Circulation of anthropogenic Nr in Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere has a wide variety of consequences, which are magnified with time as Nr moves along its biogeochemical pathway. The same atom of Nr can cause multiple effects in the atmosphere, in terrestrial ecosystems, in freshwater and marine systems, and on human health. We call this sequence of effects the nitrogen cascade. As the cascade progresses, the origin of Nr becomes unimportant. Reactive nitrogen does not cascade at the same rate through all environmental systems; some systems have the ability to accumulate Nr, which leads to lag times in the continuation of the cascade. These lags slow the cascade and result in Nr accumulation in certain reservoirs, which in turn can enhance the effects of Nr on that environment. The only way to eliminate Nr accumulation and stop the cascade is to convert Nr back to nonreactive N2. DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 341-356 SN - 1525-3244 KW - nitrogen cascade KW - fertilizer KW - forest dieback KW - eutrophication KW - ozone KW - denitrification ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional assessment of ozone sensitive tree species using bioindicator plants AU - Coulston, JW AU - Smith, GC AU - Smith, WD T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1023/A:1022578506736 VL - 83 IS - 2 SP - 113-127 SN - 0167-6369 KW - air pollution KW - monitoring KW - northeastern United States KW - risk assessment KW - spatial analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating growth and resistance of eastern and western white pine to white pine weevil and blister rust in the northeast AU - Pike, C. C. AU - Robison, D. J. AU - Maynard, C. A. AU - Abrahamson, L. P. T2 - Northern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 19-26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transgenic loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plants expressing a modified delta-endotoxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis with enhanced resistance to Dendrolimus punctatus Walker and Crypyothelea formosicola Staud AU - Tang, W AU - Tian, YC T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - A synthetic version of the CRY1Ac gene of Bacillus thuringiensis has been used for the transformation of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) using particle bombardment. Mature zygotic embryos were used to be bombarded and to generate organogenic callus and transgenic regenerated plants. Expression vector pB48.215 DNA contained a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) CRY1Ac coding sequence flanked by the double cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and nopaline synthase (NOS) terminator sequences, and the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) gene controlled by the promoter of the nopaline synthase gene was introduced into loblolly pine tissues by particle bombardment. The transformed tissues were proliferated and selected on media with kanamycin. Shoot regeneration was induced from the kanamycin-resistant calli, and transgenic plantlets were then produced. More than 60 transformed plants from independent transformation events were obtained for each loblolly pine genotype tested. The integration and expression of the introduced genes in the transgenic loblolly pine plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reactions (PCR) analysis, by Southern hybridization, by Northern blot analysis, and by Western blot analysis. Effective resistance of transgenic plants against Dendrolimus punctatus Walker and Crypyothelea formosicola Staud was verified in feeding bioassays with the insects. The transgenic plants recovered could represent a good opportunity to analyse the impact of genetic engineering of pine for sustainable resistance to pests using a B. thuringiensis insecticidal protein. This protocol enabled the routine transformation of loblolly pine plants that were previously difficult to transform. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1093/jxb/erg071 VL - 54 IS - 383 SP - 835-844 SN - 1460-2431 KW - Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) CRY1Ac KW - biolistic transformation KW - insect feeding bioassay KW - Pinus taeda L. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short- and long-term effects of site preparation, fertilization and vegetation control on growth and stand development of planted loblolly pine AU - Nilsson, U AU - Allen, HL T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Short- and long-term effects of high and low site preparation intensity, fertilization at planting and vegetation control on growth and stand development were examined in a study that was established on six sites in southeastern USA. The study was established in 1979–1980, and growth after the 18th growing season is reported. The high-intensive site preparation improved long-term stand volume growth. Evidence suggests that the main long-term effect of the intensive site preparation was a reduction in competition from hardwoods. Herbicide treatment improved seedling establishment and early growth, but growth during the last period of measurements (14–18 years after planting) were lower in the herbicide-treated plots as compared to plots without herbicide treatment when herbicides were combined with intensive site preparation. Fertilization at planting, in combination with high-intensive site preparation, improved volume growth during the first 10 years after planting, while fertilization at planting in combination with low-intensive site preparation had little effect on volume growth. The hypothesis that low variability in the seedling stage due to intensive site preparation will lead to low variability in the mature stands with a subsequent reduction in self-thinning was examined. The low site preparation intensity had higher coefficient of variations of stem volumes, and higher mortality. However, the difference in mortality was probably partly a result of differences in competition from hardwoods, and it was not possible to separate the importance of reduced variability from reduced competition from hardwoods. Fertilized plots had lower variability than non-treated control plots but there was no significant difference in mortality between the two treatments. Therefore, it was concluded that reduced variability in the seedling stands, as a result of intensive regeneration methods that reduces environmental heterogeneity, reduces the variability in the mature stands. However, it could not be inconclusively proved that lower variability in the mature stands will result in reduced or postponed self-thinning. DA - 2003/3/3/ PY - 2003/3/3/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00140-8 VL - 175 IS - 1-3 SP - 367-377 SN - 0378-1127 KW - Pinus taeda L. KW - southeastern USA KW - self-thinning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimates of additive, dominance and epistatic genetic variances from a clonally replicated test of loblolly pine AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, B. L. AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 77-88 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biological constraints on the growth of hardwood regeneration in upland Piedmont forests AU - Romagosa, MA AU - Robison, DJ T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - The effects of aboveground fungi, insects, browsing mammals and weeds on the growth (height, diameter and volume index) and density of hardwood stems were studied on three upland sites in the Piedmont of North Carolina, USA during the first two growing seasons following clearcutting. Competition from weeds was the most detrimental to hardwood growth. Pesticide treatments alone (broad-spectrum insecticide, fungicide and mammal repellent) did not significantly increase growth. Compared to the control (no weeding or pesticides), stems receiving the pesticide+weeded treatment increased in height 1.6–4.5 times, diameter 1.7–5.3 times and volume index 3.4–5.1 times by the end of second growing season, across all sites. Stem density did not exhibit clear treatment effects, although individual tree mortality and recruitment in the plots were not recorded. Exclosures, with weeding, to eliminate the browsing impact of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann), installed only during the second year of study, yielded a 1.9, 1.6 and 3.2 times increase in mean stem height, diameter and stem volume index, respectively, as compared to weeded only plots. Results indicate that very young hardwood regeneration can respond quickly to release from biological constraints and the rate of stand establishment and development may be enhanced with stand manipulations in the first two growing seasons. DA - 2003/3/3/ PY - 2003/3/3/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00224-4 VL - 175 IS - 1-3 SP - 545-561 SN - 1872-7042 KW - natural regeneration KW - hardwoods KW - competition KW - release KW - weeds KW - insects KW - fungi KW - deer KW - productivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Equations for predicting green weight of loblolly pine trees in the South AU - Bullock, B. P. AU - Burkhart, H. E. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 153-159 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trapping and marking terrestrial mammals for research: Integrating ethics, performance criteria, techniques, and common sense AU - Powell, RA AU - Proulx, G T2 - ILAR JOURNAL AB - We propose that researchers integrate ethics, performance criteria, techniques, and common sense when developing research trapping programs and in which members of institutional animal care and use committees address these topics when evaluating research protocols. To ask questions about ethics is in the best tradition of science, and researchers must be familiar with codes of ethics and guidelines for research published by professional societies. Researchers should always work to improve research methods and to decrease the effects on research animals, if for no other reason than to minimize the chances that the methods influence the animals' behavior in ways that affect research results. Traps used in research should meet performance criteria that address state-of-the-art trapping technology and that optimize animal welfare conditions within the context of the research. The proposal includes the following criteria for traps used in research: As Criterion I, killing-traps should render >/= 70% of animals caught irreversibly unconscious in /= 70% of animals with