TY - CONF TI - Warming effect on the soil heterotrophic respiration in a cool-temperate forest of Northern Japan AU - Aguilos, M. AU - Takagi, K. AU - Liang, N. AU - Watanabe, Y. AU - Goto, S. AU - Takahashi, Y. AU - Mukai, H. AU - Sasa, K. T2 - International Symposium on Agricultural Meteorology (ISAM) C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings: International Symposium on Agricultural Meteorology (ISAM 2010) CY - Nagoya, Japan DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Soil warming in a cool-temperate mixed forest enhances soil heterotrophic and basal respiration rates but Q10 remians unchanged AU - Aguilos, M. AU - Takagi, K. AU - Liang, N. AU - Watanabe, Y. AU - Goto, S. AU - Takahashi, Y. AU - Mukai, H. AU - Sasa, K. T2 - Asiaflux Workshop C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings: Asiaflux Workshop CY - Guangzhou, China DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/12/1/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Animal Damage Control AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - 2011 Agricultural Chemicals Manual A2 - Shew, B. A2 - Richardson, R. A2 - Abney, M.R. A2 - Buhler, W.G. A2 - Caldwell, D.F. A2 - Crozier, C. A2 - DePerno, C. A2 - Roberson, G. A2 - Sidebottom, J. A2 - Moyer, J. A2 - Jones, E. A2 - Burnette, J. PY - 2010/// SP - 495-508 PB - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Movebank: archive, analysis and sharing of animal movement data. World Wide Web electronic publication AU - Wikelski, M. AU - Kays, R. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// UR - http://www.movebank.org. ER - TY - CONF TI - Reflections on the United Nations Climate Conference in Copenhagen (COP15) AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Noontime Seminar Series C2 - 2010/1/11/ CY - Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO. DA - 2010/1/11/ PY - 2010/1/11/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Citizen Voices in the Global Climate and Energy Challenge: Worldwide Views and Citizen Deliberation AU - Schneider, J. AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Noontime Seminar Series C2 - 2010/2/1/ CY - Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, and the Environment and Society Program of the Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO. DA - 2010/2/1/ PY - 2010/2/1/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Translating World Wide Views Results into Policy – Media and Dissemination to Policymakers AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - World Wide Views on Global Warming Research Workshop C2 - 2010/6/8/ CY - Snekkersten, Denmark DA - 2010/6/8/ PY - 2010/6/8/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Reaching Across or Reaching Within? STS and STP Networks, Communities, and Questions AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Gordon Research Conference on Science and Technology Policy C2 - 2010/8/9/ CY - Waterville Valley, NH. DA - 2010/8/9/ PY - 2010/8/9/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Intelligent Monitoring of Dams and Levees: Can Technological Advancements in Continuous Monitoring Stimulate Policy Change? AU - Parekh, M.L. AU - Stone, K.A. AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Association of State Dam Safety Officials – Dam Safety 2010 C2 - 2010/9/20/ CY - Seattle, WA DA - 2010/9/20/ PY - 2010/9/20/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Constructing Audiences in Scientific Controversy AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Environmental Science and Engineering Seminar Series C2 - 2010/9/30/ CY - Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO DA - 2010/9/30/ PY - 2010/9/30/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Corrigendum: “Energy and water balance of two contrasting loblolly pine plantations on the lower coastal plain of North Carolina, USA” [Foreco 259: 1299–1310] AU - Noormets, A. AU - Sun, G. AU - McNulty, S.G. AU - Gavazzi, M.J. AU - Chen, J. AU - Domec, J.-C. AU - King, J.S. AU - Amatya, D.M. AU - Skaggs, R.W. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - In Sun et al. (2010) we reported the albedos (A) for two loblolly pine plantations in the range of 0.22?0.38 (Table 5 in Sun et al., 2010). DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.007 VL - 260 IS - 1 SP - 169 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1127 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.007 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using a Free Online Citizen-Science Project to Teach Observation & Quantification of Animal Behavior AU - Voss, Margaret A. AU - Cooper, Caren B. T2 - The American Biology Teacher AB - Students of animal behavior must learn to accurately define and quantify observations and to be aware of observational bias. We designed an introductory, college-level animal behavior laboratory that uses a free, online citizen-science project (CamClickr) to help students identify and overcome biases when interpreting observations. The exercise encourages proficiency in making structural descriptions of animal behavior while teaching students to use ethograms to generate and test discrete hypotheses. DA - 2010/9/1/ PY - 2010/9/1/ DO - 10.1525/abt.2010.72.7.9 VL - 72 IS - 7 SP - 437-443 LA - en OP - SN - 0002-7685 1938-4211 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2010.72.7.9 DB - Crossref KW - Animal behavior KW - ethograms KW - observational bias KW - structural descriptions of behavior ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Design of Artificial Nestboxes for the Study of Secondary Hole-Nesting Birds: A Review of Methodological Inconsistencies and Potential Biases AU - Lambrechts, Marcel M. AU - Adriaensen, Frank AU - Ardia, Daniel R. AU - Artemyev, Alexandr V. AU - Atiénzar, Francisco AU - Bańbura, Jerzy AU - Barba, Emilio AU - Bouvier, Jean-Charles AU - camprodon, Jordi AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Dawson, Russell D. AU - Eens, Marcel AU - Eeva, Tapio AU - Faivre, Bruno AU - Garamszegi, Laszlo Z. AU - Goodenough, Anne E. AU - Gosler, Andrew G. AU - Grégoire, Arnaud AU - Griffith, Simon C. AU - Gustafsson, Lars AU - Johnson, L. Scott AU - Kania, Wojciech AU - Keišs, Oskars AU - Llambias, Paulo E. AU - Mainwaring, Mark C. AU - Mänd, Raivo AU - Massa, Bruno AU - Mazgajski, Tomasz D. AU - Møller, Anders Pape AU - Moreno, Juan AU - Naef-Daenzer, Beat AU - Nilsson, Jan-Åke AU - Norte, Ana C. AU - Orell, Markku AU - Otter, Ken A. AU - Park, Chan Ryul AU - Perrins, Christopher M. AU - Pinowski, Jan AU - Porkert, Jiri AU - Potti, Jaime AU - Remes, Vladimir AU - Richner, Heinz AU - Rytkönen, Seppo AU - Shiao, Ming-Tang AU - Silverin, Bengt AU - Slagsvold, Tore AU - Smith, Henrik G. AU - Sorace, Alberto AU - Stenning, Martyn J. AU - Stewart, Ian AU - Thompson, Charles F. AU - Tryjanowski, Piotr AU - Török, Janos AU - Noordwijk, Arie J. van AU - Winkler, David W. AU - Ziane, Nadia T2 - Acta Ornithologica AB - The widespread use of artificial nestboxes has led to significant advances in our knowledge of the ecology, behaviour and physiology of cavity nesting birds, especially small passerines. Nestboxes have made it easier to perform routine monitoring and experimental manipulation of eggs or nestlings, and also repeatedly to capture, identify and manipulate the parents. However, when comparing results across study sites the use of nestboxes may also introduce a potentially significant confounding variable in the form of differences in nestbox design amongst studies, such as their physical dimensions, placement height, and the way in which they are constructed and maintained. However, the use of nestboxes may also introduce an unconsidered and potentially significant confounding variable due to differences in nestbox design amongst studies, such as their physical dimensions, placement height, and the way in which they are constructed and maintained. Here we review to what extent the characteristics of artificial nestboxes (e.g. size, shape, construction material, colour) are documented in the ‘methods’ sections of publications involving hole-nesting passerine birds using natural or excavated cavities or artificial nestboxes for reproduction and roosting. Despite explicit previous recommendations that authors describe in detail the characteristics of the nestboxes used, we found that the description of nestbox characteristics in most recent publications remains poor and insufficient. We therefore list the types of descriptive data that should be included in the methods sections of relevant manuscripts and justify this by discussing how variation in nestbox characteristics can affect or confound conclusions from nestbox studies. We also propose several recommendations to improve the reliability and usefulness of research based on long-term studies of any secondary hole-nesting species using artificial nestboxes for breeding or roosting. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.3161/000164510x516047 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 1-26 J2 - Acta Ornithologica LA - en OP - SN - 0001-6454 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/000164510x516047 DB - Crossref KW - methods KW - nestboxes KW - nest sites KW - passerines KW - secondary cavity-nesting birds KW - field experiments KW - tit KW - flycatcher KW - Ficedula KW - Parus KW - Cyanistes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gender Patterns in Bird-related Recreation in the USA and UK AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Smith, Jennifer A. T2 - Ecology and Society DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.5751/es-03603-150404 VL - 15 IS - 4 J2 - E&S LA - en OP - SN - 1708-3087 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/es-03603-150404 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The actin multigene family in Populus: organization, expression and phylogenetic analysis AU - Zhang, Deqiang AU - Du, Qingzhang AU - Xu, Baohua AU - Zhang, Zhiyi AU - Li, Bailian T2 - Molecular Genetics and Genomics DA - 2010/6/25/ PY - 2010/6/25/ DO - 10.1007/S00438-010-0552-5 VL - 284 IS - 2 SP - 105-119 J2 - Mol Genet Genomics LA - en OP - SN - 1617-4615 1617-4623 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S00438-010-0552-5 DB - Crossref KW - Actin genes KW - Gene structure KW - Phylogeny KW - Differential expression KW - Nucleotide diversity KW - Poplar ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of Critical Source Areas for Phosphorus Loss: Lake Champlain Basin, Vermont AU - Ghebremichael, L. T. AU - Veith, T. L. AU - Watzin, M. C. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Lake Champlain, located between Vermont, New York, and Quebec, exhibits eutrophication due to continuing phosphorus (P) inputs from upstream nonpoint-source areas. To address the effects of this eutrophication and as part of total maximum daily load (TMDL) requirements, state-level P reduction goals have been established by both the Vermont and New York Departments of Environmental Conservation. Unfortunately, remedial measures undertaken thus far have been mostly based on voluntary participation by the landowners and have not been guided by a systematic technique to implement remedial measures where they could provide the greatest P loss reduction. Consequently, P reduction goals have not been achieved in most segments of Lake Champlain. The main objective of this study was to identify and quantify critical source areas (CSAs) of P loss using a model-based approach. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used for this objective. This study focuses on the Rock River watershed, which is one of the highest contributors of P to Lake Champlain. Spread over 71 km2, the watershed is dominated by dairy agriculture and has fertile periglacial lacustrine and alluvial soils with an old tile drainage system. In this agriculture-dominated watershed, 80% of total P loss occurs from only 24% of the watershed area, signifying the need for focused remedial measures on CSAs of P loss. The identification of CSAs for P loss is expected to support the next phase of our project, which involves exploring cost-effective P management strategies with the highest potential for P loss reduction applicable to the study watershed and Lake Champlain basin. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.13031/2013.34898 VL - 53 IS - 5 SP - 1595-1604 LA - en OP - SN - 2151-0040 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.34898 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Health disparities and physical activity, parks, and recreation AU - Whitt-Glover, M. AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Leisure, health, and wellness: Making the connections A2 - Payne, L. A2 - Godbey, G. A2 - Ainsworth, B.E. PY - 2010/// PB - Venture Publishing ER - TY - RPRT TI - Effects of Military Jet Overflights on American Oystercatcher Breeding Behavior and Productivity at Cape Lookout National Seashore AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Borneman, T. A3 - U.S. Marine Corps DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// M3 - Annual Report PB - U.S. Marine Corps ER - TY - RPRT TI - American Oystercatcher Conservation Initiative – North Carolina AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Stocking, J.J. A3 - National Park Service DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// M3 - Annual Report PB - National Park Service ER - TY - CHAP TI - Diverse Elevational Diversity Gradients in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A AU - Sanders, N.J. AU - Dunn, R.R. AU - Fitzpatrick, M.C. AU - Carlton, C.E. AU - Pogue, M.R. AU - Parker, C.R. AU - Simons, T.R. T2 - Data Mining for Global Trends in Mountain Biodiversity A2 - Spehn, E.M. A2 - Korner, C. PY - 2010/// SP - 75-87 PB - CRC Press ER - TY - CONF TI - Impacts of hemlock decline on successional pathways and ecosystem function at multiple spatial scales in forests of the central Appalachians, USA AU - Martin, K.L. AU - Goebel, P.C. T2 - IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference A2 - Azevedo, J.C. A2 - Feliciano, M. A2 - Castro, J. A2 - Pinto, M.A. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Forest Landscapes and Global Change - New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration: Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference CY - Bragança, Portugal DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/9/21/ SP - 147–152 PB - Instituto Politécnico de Bragança ER - TY - CHAP TI - Ability of Institutions to Address New Challenges. AU - Cashore, Benjamin AU - Galloway, Glenn AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Humphreys, David AU - Katila, Pia AU - Levin, Kelly AU - Maryudi, Ahmad AU - McDermott, Constance AU - McGinley, Kathleen AU - Kengen, Sebastião AU - Medrado, Moacir José Sales AU - Puente, María Cristina AU - Temu, August B. AU - Zanetti, Ederson Augusto T2 - Forests and Society – Responding to Global Drivers of Change A2 - Merry, Gerardo A2 - Katila, Pia A2 - Galloway, Glenn A2 - Alfaro, Rene I. A2 - Kanninen, Markku A2 - Lobovikov, Maxim A2 - Varjo, Jari T3 - IUFRO World Series PY - 2010/// VL - 25 SP - 441–486 SV - 25 ER - TY - CONF TI - From Conception to Compliance, an Interdisciplinary Approach to Spatial Thinking and GIS Education in North Carolina AU - Branch, B.D. AU - Nelson, S.A.C. AU - Devine, H.A. T2 - International Conference on Education, Training and Informatics C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Training and Informatics CY - Orlando, FL DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/4/6/ SP - 465–470 PB - ICETI Publishers ER - TY - BOOK TI - Review of Remote Sensing for Biodiversity and Wildlife Management, by S. E. Franklin AU - Nelson, S.A.C. AU - Franklin, Steven E DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 76 SE - 1310–1312 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling vegetation dynamics and habitat availability in the southeastern U.S. using GAP data AU - Costanza, J.K. AU - Earnhardt, T. AU - Terando, A. AU - McKerrow, A. T2 - Gap Analysis Bulletin DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// IS - 18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large-Range Movements of Neotropical Orchid Bees Observed via Radio Telemetry AU - Wikelski, Martin AU - Moxley, Jerry AU - Eaton-Mordas, Alexander AU - López-Uribe, Margarita M. AU - Holland, Richard AU - Moskowitz, David AU - Roubik, David W. AU - Kays, Roland T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Neotropical orchid bees (Euglossini) are often cited as classic examples of trapline-foragers with potentially extensive foraging ranges. If long-distance movements are habitual, rare plants in widely scattered locations may benefit from euglossine pollination services. Here we report the first successful use of micro radio telemetry to track the movement of an insect pollinator in a complex and forested environment. Our results indicate that individual male orchid bees (Exaerete frontalis) habitually use large rainforest areas (at least 42-115 ha) on a daily basis. Aerial telemetry located individuals up to 5 km away from their core areas, and bees were often stationary, for variable periods, between flights to successive localities. These data suggest a higher degree of site fidelity than what may be expected in a free living male bee, and has implications for our understanding of biological activity patterns and the evolution of forest pollinators. DA - 2010/5/26/ PY - 2010/5/26/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0010738 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - e10738 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010738 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reply to Wheeldon et al. ‘Colonization history and ancestry of northeastern coyotes’ AU - Kays, Roland AU - Curtis, Abigail AU - Kirchman, Jeremy T2 - Biology Letters AB - The history of hybridization and range change of Canis in eastern North America has created an interesting evolutionary story that researchers are still untangling. We welcome the comment by [Wheeldon et al. (in press)][1] on our study on the evolution of northeastern coyote and the new data they DA - 2010/1/20/ PY - 2010/1/20/ DO - 10.1098/rsbl.2009.1022 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 248-249 J2 - Biol. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 1744-9561 1744-957X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.1022 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - MoveMine: mining moving object databases AU - Li, Zhenhui AU - Ji, Ming AU - Lee, Jae-Gil AU - Tang, Lu-An AU - Yu, Yintao AU - Han, Jiawei AU - Kays, Roland T2 - the 2010 international conference AB - With the maturity of GPS, wireless, and Web technologies, increasing amounts of movement data collected from various moving objects, such as animals, vehicles, mobile devices, and climate radars, have become widely available. Analyzing such data has broad applications, e.g., in ecological study, vehicle control, mobile communication management, and climatological forecast. However, few data mining tools are available for flexible and scalable analysis of massive-scale moving object data. Our system, MoveMine, is designed for sophisticated moving object data mining by integrating several attractive functions including moving object pattern mining and trajectory mining. We explore the state-of-the-art and novel techniques at implementation of the selected functions. A user-friendly interface is provided to facilitate interactive exploration of mining results and flexible tuning of the underlying methods. Since MoveMine is tested on multiple kinds of real data sets, it will benefit users to carry out versatile analysis on these kinds of data. At the same time, it will benefit researchers to realize the importance and limitations of current techniques as well as the potential future studies in moving object data mining. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Management of data - SIGMOD '10 DA - 2010/// DO - 10.1145/1807167.1807319 PB - ACM Press SN - 9781450300322 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1807167.1807319 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving teaching: Instructional self-assessment across a large introductory undergraduate class AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Chintapalli, L. AU - Rutledge, M.E. AU - Mehlenbacher, B. T2 - American Education Science Review DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 1–26 UR - https://faculty.cnr.ncsu.edu/christophersdeperno/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2016/01/PR39-ImprovingteachingAESR.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Earthworm species available to American woodcock (Scolopax minor) on the wintering grounds in eastern North Carolina, USA AU - Blackman, E.B. AU - Reynolds, J.W. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - Peterson, M.N. T2 - Megadrilogica DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 59-64 UR - https://faculty.cnr.ncsu.edu/christophersdeperno/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2016/01/PR40-EarthwormsMega_000.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - White-tailed deer on a barrier island: implications for preserving an ecologically important maritime forest AU - Sherrill, B.L. AU - Snider, A.G. AU - DePerno, C.S. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies DA - 2010/// VL - 64 SP - 38–43 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Models of Location Choice and Willingness to Pay to Avoid Hurricane Risks for Hurricane Katrina Evacuees AU - Shaw, W.D. AU - Baker, J.S. T2 - International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 87–114 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Net farm income and land use under a U.S. greenhouse gas cap and trade AU - Baker, J.S. AU - McCarl, B.A. AU - Murray, B.C. AU - Rose, S.K. AU - Alig, R.J. AU - Adams, D. AU - Latta, G. AU - Beach, R. AU - Daigneault, A. T2 - Agricultural and Applied Economics Association. Policy Issues DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// VL - 7 UR - https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/36813 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Opportunities and Constraints for Forest Climate Mitigation AU - Jackson, Robert B. AU - Baker, Justin S. T2 - BioScience AB - Reversing forest losses through restoration, improvement, and conservation is a critical goal for greenhouse gas mitigation. Here, we examine some ecological, demographic, and economic opportunities and constraints on forest-loss mitigation activities. Reduced deforestation and forest degradation could cut global deforestation rates in half by 2030, preserving 1.5 billion to 3 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide—equivalent (tCO2e) emissions yearly. Our new economic modeling for the United States suggests that greenhouse gas payments of up to $50 per tCO2e could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than 700 million tCO2e per year through afforestation, forest management, and bioelectricity generation. However, simulated carbon payments also imply the reduction of agricultural land area in the United States by 10% or more, decreasing agricultural exports and raising commodity food prices, imports, and leakage. Using novel transgenic eucalypts as our example, we predict selective breeding and genetic engineering can improve productivity per area, but maximizing productivity and biomass could make maintaining water supply, biodiversity, and other ecosystem services a challenge in a carbon-constrained world. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1525/bio.2010.60.9.7 VL - 60 IS - 9 SP - 698-707 LA - en OP - SN - 1525-3244 0006-3568 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.9.7 DB - Crossref KW - carbon storage and sequestration KW - climate change and leakage KW - invasions and water use KW - REDD KW - transgenic Eucalyptus hybrid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Swarm AU - Li, Zhenhui AU - Ding, Bolin AU - Han, Jiawei AU - Kays, Roland T2 - Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment AB - Recent improvements in positioning technology make massive moving object data widely available. One important analysis is to find the moving objects that travel together. Existing methods put a strong constraint in defining moving object cluster, that they require the moving objects to stick together for consecutive timestamps. Our key observation is that the moving objects in a cluster may actually diverge temporarily and congregate at certain timestamps. Motivated by this, we propose the concept of swarm which captures the moving objects that move within arbitrary shape of clusters for certain timestamps that are possibly non-consecutive. The goal of our paper is to find all discriminative swarms, namely closed swarm . While the search space for closed swarms is prohibitively huge, we design a method, ObjectGrowth, to efficiently retrieve the answer. In ObjectGrowth, two effective pruning strategies are proposed to greatly reduce the search space and a novel closure checking rule is developed to report closed swarms on-the-fly. Empirical studies on the real data as well as large synthetic data demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our methods. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.14778/1920841.1920934 VL - 3 IS - 1-2 SP - 723-734 J2 - Proc. VLDB Endow. LA - en OP - SN - 2150-8097 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/1920841.1920934 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does watching a monkey change its behaviour? Quantifying observer effects in habituated wild primates using automated radiotelemetry AU - Crofoot, Margaret C. AU - Lambert, Thomas D. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Wikelski, Martin C. T2 - Animal Behaviour AB - In studies of animal behaviour, researchers have long been concerned that their presence may change the conduct of their study subjects. To minimize observer effects, researchers often habituate their study animals. The premise of this method is that, with sufficient neutral exposure, animals will stop reacting to humans. While numerous studies demonstrate that negative responses to humans decrease over time, the fact that an animal does not flee from or behave aggressively towards observers cannot be taken as evidence that it is not altering its behaviour in other, more subtle ways. Because remotely monitoring the behaviour of wild animals is difficult, it has not been possible to answer the critical question: do habituated animals change their behaviour when researchers are present? Here, we use data from an automated radiotelemetry system that remotely monitored the movement and activity of radiocollared animals to test whether observers affected the behaviour of seven habituated white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus. We found no evidence that observers influenced the ranging behaviour or activity patterns of their study subjects. Capuchins did not move faster, stop to rest less frequently, or display higher levels of activity when they were being followed compared to when they were alone. It has been suggested that researchers may embolden habituated study subjects, artificially increasing their relative dominance, but we found no relationship between observer presence and proximity to neighbouring social groups. Although it remains possible that observer effects existed but were too subtle to be detected with the remote sensing technology we used, the results of this study nevertheless provide reassuring evidence that humans can observe habituated wild animals without overly influencing the animals’ activity and movement patterns. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.06.006 VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 475-480 J2 - Animal Behaviour LA - en OP - SN - 0003-3472 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.06.006 DB - Crossref KW - Barro Colorado Island, Panama KW - Cebus capucinus KW - habituation KW - telemetry ER - TY - CONF TI - Mining periodic behaviors for moving objects AU - Li, Zhenhui AU - Ding, Bolin AU - Han, Jiawei AU - Kays, Roland AU - Nye, Peter T2 - the 16th ACM SIGKDD international conference AB - Periodicity is a frequently happening phenomenon for moving objects. Finding periodic behaviors is essential to understanding object movements. However, periodic behaviors could be complicated, involving multiple interleaving periods, partial time span, and spatiotemporal noises and outliers. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining - KDD '10 DA - 2010/// DO - 10.1145/1835804.1835942 PB - ACM Press SN - 9781450300551 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1835804.1835942 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pitfalls and Successes of Developing an Interdisciplinary Watershed Field Science Course AU - Pearce, Andrea R. AU - Bierman, Paul R. AU - Druschel, Gregory K. AU - Massey, Christine AU - Rizzo, Donna M. AU - Watzin, Mary C. AU - Wemple, Beverly C. T2 - Journal of Geoscience Education AB - At the University of Vermont, an interdisciplinary faculty team developed an introductory watershed science field course. This course honed field skills and catalyzed communication across water-related disciplines without requiring specific prerequisites. Five faculty (geology, engineering, geography, natural resources) taught the four-credit course, highlighting interactions between the hydrosphere, biosphere, and solid Earth. The course, based in the Winooski River watershed, followed the river from its headwaters downstream to its outlet in Lake Champlain focusing on data collection and analysis methods, while exploring threats to this freshwater ecosystem. This course was offered as a summer field course in 2007. Student learning was assessed using weekly summative assignments and final presentations incorporating field data and acquired knowledge. Attitude and knowledge surveys, administered before and after this first year, documented increased self-assessed learning, affinity for the field learning environment, and that the course provided training relevant to various disciplines. The fiscally unsustainable summer model, and course evaluations guided major revisions to the course. The second offering, in 2009, met weekly during spring term to provide students with context before a two-week field component. This field component was held immediately after classes ended to avoid the need to pay faculty summer salaries. DA - 2010/5// PY - 2010/5// DO - 10.5408/1.3544295 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 145-154 J2 - Journal of Geoscience Education LA - en OP - SN - 1089-9995 2158-1428 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5408/1.3544295 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling mortality in mixed-species stands of coastal British Columbia AU - Rathbun, L.C. AU - LeMay, V. AU - Smith, N. T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research AB - Individual-tree distance-independent models were developed to estimate regular mortality for western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii), and western redcedar ( Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) in the coastal temperate rain forests of British Columbia, Canada. Permanent plots remeasured at intervals ranging from 1 to 17 years were used. Because of the irregular remeasurement intervals, survival was estimated using a generalized logistic model and mortality was calculated by subtraction. Basal area of trees larger than the subject tree provided reasonably accurate mortality estimates for larger trees. However, poor results were obtained for trees less than 7.5 cm in diameter at breast height, which had higher mortality rates than the larger trees. Since the implementation of a survival (or mortality) model within a growth and yield model environment can largely affect estimation accuracy, three methods of implementing the model were also evaluated. A probability multiplier approach where the stems per hectare surviving to the next period is estimated by multiplying the probability of survival by the stems per hectare at the beginning of the time period is recommended. This is equivalent to a stochastic approach averaged over many repetitions but with much less processing time. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1139/X10-089 VL - 40 IS - 8 SP - 1517-1528 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77958041008&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - How old is streamwater? Open questions in catchment transit time conceptualization, modelling and analysis AU - McDonnell, J. J. AU - McGuire, K. AU - Aggarwal, P. AU - Beven, K. J. AU - Biondi, D. AU - Destouni, G. AU - Dunn, S. AU - James, A. AU - Kirchner, J. AU - Kraft, P. AU - Lyon, S. AU - Maloszewski, P. AU - Newman, B. AU - Pfister, L. AU - Rinaldo, A. AU - Rodhe, A. AU - Sayama, T. AU - Seibert, J. AU - Solomon, K. AU - Soulsby, C. AU - Stewart, M. AU - Tetzlaff, D. AU - Tobin, C. AU - Troch, P. AU - Weiler, M. AU - Western, A. AU - Wörman, A. AU - Wrede, S. T2 - Hydrological Processes AB - Hydrological ProcessesVolume 24, Issue 12 p. 1745-1754 Invited Commentary How old is streamwater? Open questions in catchment transit time conceptualization, modelling and analysis J. J. McDonnell, Corresponding Author J. J. McDonnell jeffrey.mcdonnell@oregonstate.edu Institute for Water and Watersheds and Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5706, USA School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 3UF UKInstitute for Water and Watersheds and Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5706, USA; School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 3UF UK.===Search for more papers by this authorK. McGuire, K. McGuire Virginia Water Resources Research Center & Department of Forestry Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USASearch for more papers by this authorP. Aggarwal, P. Aggarwal Isotope Hydrology Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorK. J. Beven, K. J. Beven Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ UKSearch for more papers by this authorD. Biondi, D. Biondi Dipartimento di Difesa del Suolo, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), ItalySearch for more papers by this authorG. Destouni, G. Destouni Department of Physical Geography & Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorS. Dunn, S. Dunn Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UKSearch for more papers by this authorA. James, A. James Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, NC State University, Campus Box 8008, Raleigh, NC 27695-8080, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Kirchner, J. Kirchner Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Raemistrasse 101, CH-8092, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorP. Kraft, P. Kraft Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resources Management Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorS. Lyon, S. Lyon Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorP. Maloszewski, P. Maloszewski HMGU Munich—Institute of Groundwater Ecology, 85764 Neuherberg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorB. Newman, B. Newman Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, LuxembourgSearch for more papers by this authorL. Pfister, L. Pfister Isotope Hydrology Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorA. Rinaldo, A. Rinaldo Dept of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universita' di Padova, Padova I-35131, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorA. Rodhe, A. Rodhe Division of Hydrology, Uppsala University, Box 256, SE-751 05 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorT. Sayama, T. Sayama DPRI, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Seibert, J. Seibert Hydrology and Climate, Physical Geography Division, Department of Geography University of Zurich—Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorK. Solomon, K. Solomon Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. Soulsby, C. Soulsby University of Edinburgh, Old College South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM. Stewart, M. Stewart Aquifer Dynamics & GNS Science, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorD. Tetzlaff, D. Tetzlaff School of Geosciences, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Aberdeen, Elphinstone Road Aberdeen, AB24 3UF Scotland, UKSearch for more papers by this authorC. Tobin, C. Tobin Ecole Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, EPFL ENAC ISTE EFLUM GR A0 402, Station 2, Lausanne CH-1015, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorP. Troch, P. Troch Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Weiler, M. Weiler Institute of Hydrology, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79098 Freiburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorA. Western, A. Western Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorA. Wörman, A. Wörman Division of Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 76, SE-100 44 Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorS. Wrede, S. Wrede The Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Resources Section, P.O. Box 5048, NL-2600 GA Delft, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this author J. J. McDonnell, Corresponding Author J. J. McDonnell jeffrey.mcdonnell@oregonstate.edu Institute for Water and Watersheds and Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5706, USA School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 3UF UKInstitute for Water and Watersheds and Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5706, USA; School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 3UF UK.===Search for more papers by this authorK. McGuire, K. McGuire Virginia Water Resources Research Center & Department of Forestry Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USASearch for more papers by this authorP. Aggarwal, P. Aggarwal Isotope Hydrology Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorK. J. Beven, K. J. Beven Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ UKSearch for more papers by this authorD. Biondi, D. Biondi Dipartimento di Difesa del Suolo, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), ItalySearch for more papers by this authorG. Destouni, G. Destouni Department of Physical Geography & Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorS. Dunn, S. Dunn Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UKSearch for more papers by this authorA. James, A. James Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, NC State University, Campus Box 8008, Raleigh, NC 27695-8080, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Kirchner, J. Kirchner Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Raemistrasse 101, CH-8092, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorP. Kraft, P. Kraft Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resources Management Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorS. Lyon, S. Lyon Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorP. Maloszewski, P. Maloszewski HMGU Munich—Institute of Groundwater Ecology, 85764 Neuherberg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorB. Newman, B. Newman Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, LuxembourgSearch for more papers by this authorL. Pfister, L. Pfister Isotope Hydrology Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorA. Rinaldo, A. Rinaldo Dept of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universita' di Padova, Padova I-35131, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorA. Rodhe, A. Rodhe Division of Hydrology, Uppsala University, Box 256, SE-751 05 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorT. Sayama, T. Sayama DPRI, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Seibert, J. Seibert Hydrology and Climate, Physical Geography Division, Department of Geography University of Zurich—Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorK. Solomon, K. Solomon Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. Soulsby, C. Soulsby University of Edinburgh, Old College South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM. Stewart, M. Stewart Aquifer Dynamics & GNS Science, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorD. Tetzlaff, D. Tetzlaff School of Geosciences, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Aberdeen, Elphinstone Road Aberdeen, AB24 3UF Scotland, UKSearch for more papers by this authorC. Tobin, C. Tobin Ecole Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, EPFL ENAC ISTE EFLUM GR A0 402, Station 2, Lausanne CH-1015, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorP. Troch, P. Troch Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Weiler, M. Weiler Institute of Hydrology, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79098 Freiburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorA. Western, A. Western Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorA. Wörman, A. Wörman Division of Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 76, SE-100 44 Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorS. Wrede, S. Wrede The Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Resources Section, P.O. Box 5048, NL-2600 GA Delft, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 June 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7796Citations: 224AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume24, Issue12Special Issue: Preferential flows and residence time distributions - Annual Review Issue15 June 2010Pages 1745-1754 RelatedInformation DA - 2010/5/11/ PY - 2010/5/11/ DO - 10.1002/hyp.7796 VL - 24 IS - 12 SP - 1745-1754 J2 - Hydrol. Process. LA - en OP - SN - 0885-6087 1099-1085 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7796 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gypsies in the palace: experimentalist's view on the use of 3-D physics-based simulation of hillslope hydrological response AU - James, April L. AU - McDonnell, Jeffrey J. AU - Tromp-van Meerveld, Ilja AU - Peters, Norman E. T2 - Hydrological Processes AB - Abstract As a fundamental unit of the landscape, hillslopes are studied for their retention and release of water and nutrients across a wide range of ecosystems. The understanding of these near‐surface processes is relevant to issues of runoff generation, groundwater–surface water interactions, catchment export of nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, contaminants (e.g. mercury) and ultimately surface water health. We develop a 3‐D physics‐based representation of the Panola Mountain Research Watershed experimental hillslope using the TOUGH2 sub‐surface flow and transport simulator. A recent investigation of sub‐surface flow within this experimental hillslope has generated important knowledge of threshold rainfall‐runoff response and its relation to patterns of transient water table development. This work has identified components of the 3‐D sub‐surface, such as bedrock topography, that contribute to changing connectivity in saturated zones and the generation of sub‐surface stormflow. Here, we test the ability of a 3‐D hillslope model (both calibrated and uncalibrated) to simulate forested hillslope rainfall‐runoff response and internal transient sub‐surface stormflow dynamics. We also provide a transparent illustration of physics‐based model development, issues of parameterization, examples of model rejection and usefulness of data types (e.g. runoff, mean soil moisture and transient water table depth) to the model enterprise. Our simulations show the inability of an uncalibrated model based on laboratory and field characterization of soil properties and topography to successfully simulate the integrated hydrological response or the distributed water table within the soil profile. Although not an uncommon result, the failure of the field‐based characterized model to represent system behaviour is an important challenge that continues to vex scientists at many scales. We focus our attention particularly on examining the influence of bedrock permeability, soil anisotropy and drainable porosity on the development of patterns of transient groundwater and sub‐surface flow. Internal dynamics of transient water table development prove to be essential in determining appropriate model parameterization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2010/12/10/ PY - 2010/12/10/ DO - 10.1002/hyp.7819 VL - 24 IS - 26 SP - 3878-3893 J2 - Hydrol. Process. LA - en OP - SN - 0885-6087 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7819 DB - Crossref KW - hillslope model KW - bedrock permeability KW - threshold KW - effective parameters KW - sub-surface flow KW - TOUGH2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Canada Goose Weed Dispersal and Nutrient Loading in Turfgrass Systems AU - Ayers, Christopher R. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Yelverton, Fred H. T2 - ats AB - High populations of Canada geese (Branta canadensis L.) can lead to feces accumulation in areas adjacent to surface waters, creating concern about aquatic eutrophication. Further, turf managers and livestock farmers work to keep their facilities free of noxious or toxic weeds that geese potentially disperse. We investigated the prevalence of viable seeds and nitrogen and phosphorus content in resident Canada goose droppings. During spring, summer, and fall of 2008, we collected 127 fresh individual droppings which were placed in seedling trays within an irrigated greenhouse and allowed 30 days for weed seed to germinate. Trays were cold stratified for 30 days and returned to the greenhouse for an additional 30 days. Also, during summer and fall of 2007 and 2008, we tested 304 fecal samples from 8 sites for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP). Out of 127 droppings planted, 4 plants germinated (3.1%): Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pennsylvanicum L.), annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), and 2 Kyllinga spp. The average amounts of TKN and TP in fecal samples were 24.2 mg/g (range = 12.6 to 55.7) and 3.6 mg/g (range = 1.4 to 8.3) of dry matter, respectively. The results indicate that Canada geese in suburban and urban areas are not frequent vectors of viable seeds, but do have potential to contribute nutrients to adjacent surface waters. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1094/ATS-2010-0212-02-RS VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 0 LA - en OP - SN - 1552-5821 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/ATS-2010-0212-02-RS DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Separation of Availability and Perception Processes for Aural Detection in Avian Point Counts: a Combined Multiple-Observer and Time-of-Detection Approach AU - Stanislav, Stephen J. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. AU - Simons, Theodore R. AU - Alldredge, Mathew W. T2 - Avian Conservation and Ecology AB - Stanislav, S. J., K. H. Pollock, T. R. Simons, and M. W. Alldredge. 2010. Separation of availability and perception processes for aural detection in avian point counts: a combined multiple-observer and time-of-detection approach. Avian Conservation and Ecology 5(1): 3.http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ACE-00372-050103 DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.5751/ace-00372-050103 VL - 5 IS - 1 J2 - ACE LA - en OP - SN - 1712-6568 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ace-00372-050103 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ultrasonic Measurement of Body Fat as a Means of Assessing Body Condition in Free-Ranging Raccoons (Procyon lotor) AU - Stringer, Elizabeth M. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Simons, Theodore AU - O'Connell, Allan F. AU - Waldstein, Arielle T2 - International Journal of Zoology AB - Assessment of body condition of free-ranging animals is important when evaluating population health and fitness. The following study used body condition scoring, ultrasound, and dissected physical measurement to assess fat stores in free-ranging raccoons ( Procyon lotor ). Measurements were taken of subcutaneous fat at interscapular, thoracolumbar, and lumbosacral paraspinal and ventral midline sites. These measurements were examined in relationship to body condition scores and body weight. The ultrasound technique accurately measured the subcutaneous fat of raccoons when compared to dissected physical measurement and yielded data that strongly correlated with both body condition score and body weight, with the ventral midline measurement most strongly correlated. This noninvasive method may be useful in conjunction with body condition score and body weight when assessing the nutritional status of raccoons and potentially other small carnivore species. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1155/2010/972380 VL - 2010 SP - 1-6 J2 - International Journal of Zoology LA - en OP - SN - 1687-8477 1687-8485 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/972380 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Views of Private-Land Stewardship among Latinos on the Texas–Tamaulipas Border AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Peterson, Tarla Rai AU - Lopez, Angelica AU - Liu, Jianguo T2 - Environmental Communication AB - Successful conservation efforts require understanding predictors of private-land stewardship (PLS), its definitions, and what people feel they owe stewardship responsibility to. Various strands of research have touched on the concept, but there is little research focusing on how it is communicated and enacted among the lay public, especially among Latinos. We used a case study in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas to address this gap by identifying and assessing Latino views of PLS. Our results indicate positive relationships between self-identification as a land steward, male gender, and agricultural-land ownership. Respondents associated PLS with property maintenance (60%), natural-resource conservation (14%), and addressing pollution problems (21%). They viewed PLS as a responsibility owed to family rather than to a larger community. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1080/17524032.2010.520723 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 406-421 J2 - Environmental Communication LA - en OP - SN - 1752-4032 1752-4040 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2010.520723 DB - Crossref KW - Conservation KW - Gender KW - Hispanic KW - Lower Rio Grande Valley KW - Mexico KW - Property Rights KW - Trans-boundary ER - TY - JOUR TI - Results of the Nordic Hunting in Society Symposium AU - Hansen, Hans Peter AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Peterson, Tarla R. T2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife DA - 2010/7/14/ PY - 2010/7/14/ DO - 10.1080/10871201003786067 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 301-302 J2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife LA - en OP - SN - 1087-1209 1533-158X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871201003786067 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential response in foliar chemistry of three ash species to emerald ash borer adult feeding. AU - Chen, Y AU - Whitehill, JG AU - Bonello, P AU - Poland, TM T2 - Journal of chemical ecology DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1007/s10886-010-9892-1 VL - 1 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/21153046 KW - Agrilus planipennis KW - Fraxinus KW - Plant defense KW - Phenolics KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - VOCs KW - Coleoptera KW - Buprestidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - A MULTITAXONOMIC APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING LOCAL- VERSUS WATERSHED-SCALE INFLUENCES ON STREAM BIOTA IN THE LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN, VERMONT, USA AU - Cianfrani, Christina M. AU - Sullivan, S. Mažeika P. AU - Hession, W. Cully AU - Watzin, Mary C. T2 - River Research and Applications AB - ABSTRACT Twenty‐one stream reaches in northwestern Vermont were surveyed to assess the relative influence of local‐ and watershed‐scale variables on stream biotic assemblages including fish, aquatic macroinvertebrates and birds. Data were collected during the summers of 2003 and 2004 and included quantitative and qualitative geomorphic and habitat assessments (local‐scale) and land‐use characterization and modelled annual flow and sediment loading (watershed‐scale). Biotic assemblages were surveyed to capture characteristics related to abundance, diversity and composition. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to generate sets of factors representing unique scenarios of geophysical data derived from various spatial extents within the watershed. These factors were then used as the independent variables in multiple regression models using the biotic data as the dependent variables. Forty significant models were built from the combination of the eight scenarios and 11 dependent variables. Fish assemblage diversity and composition were influenced by a combination of local‐scale and watershed‐scale variables; however, the qualitative local data were more predictive than the quantitative data. Local‐scale data and sediment (model‐derived) were important factors in building significant macroinvertebrate models. Bird abundance and species richness were best predicted using local geomorphic characteristics and the qualitative local data. Our results reinforce the concept that whereas both local‐ and watershed‐scale variables affect stream biota, their relative influence depends upon the individual ecology of each taxon. In order to address these issues, comprehensive watershed management, restoration and conservation plans would benefit from assessments at multiple scales and from geomorphological, watershed and multitaxonomic perspectives. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2010/12/2/ PY - 2010/12/2/ DO - 10.1002/rra.1470 VL - 28 IS - 7 SP - 973-988 J2 - River Res. Applic. LA - en OP - SN - 1535-1459 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1470 DB - Crossref KW - stream geomorphology KW - fish KW - macroinvertebrates KW - birds KW - watershed condition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards a functional understanding of the effects of sediment aggradation on stream fish condition AU - Sullivan, S. M. P. AU - Watzin, M. C. T2 - River Research and Applications AB - Abstract Using both field and laboratory experiments, we evaluated mechanistic links among sediment aggradation, embeddedness and fish condition. In the field, we measured fish condition in three common stream and river species representing unique feeding guilds [creek chubs (surface and water column feeders), pumpkinseeds (omnivores) and white suckers (benthic invertivores)] over time across varying sedimentation levels. We continued this work in the laboratory with white suckers (benthic invertivores) and common shiners (surface and water column feeders), standardizing food amounts across degrees of sediment aggradation. In the field, pumpkinseeds – the species with the greatest foraging plasticity – showed no significant difference in condition across levels of sediment aggradation or time. Creek chubs and white suckers were affected by sediment level and time. White suckers – the most specialized forager – were most strongly affected, but exhibited the greatest loss of condition in least aggraded conditions. Laboratory data suggested that sedimentation and time spent in aggraded conditions were significant factors affecting common shiners, in spite of consistent food availability. Results varied across feeding guilds, indicating that opportunistic species that feed across the water column may be more resilient to sedimentation than more specialized trophic groups. However, all fish in the study experienced a loss of condition in aggraded environments over time, indicating that streams and rivers with extensive sediment aggradation are unlikely to support healthy fish assemblages. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2010/11/24/ PY - 2010/11/24/ DO - 10.1002/rra.1336 VL - 26 IS - 10 SP - 1298-1314 J2 - River Res. Applic. LA - en OP - SN - 1535-1459 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1336 DB - Crossref KW - aggradation KW - embeddedness KW - fish condition KW - river KW - sediment KW - stream ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resilience in urban socioecological systems: residential water management as a driver of biodiversity AU - Katti, M. AU - Katti, M. AU - Schleder, B. AB - Abstract Cities are unique ecosystems where human social-economic-cultural activities prominently shape the landscape, influencing the distribution and abundance of other species, and consequent patterns of biodiversity. The long-term sustainability of cities is of increasing concern as they continue to grow, straining infrastructure and pushing against natural resources constraints. A key resource is water, esp. in the more rapidly urbanizing arid regions. Understanding water management is thus critical for a deeper theoretical understanding of urban ecosystems and for effective urban policy. Landscaping and irrigation at any urban residence is a product of local geophysical/ecological conditions, homeowners’ cultural preferences, socioeconomic status, neighborhood dynamics, zoning laws, and city/state/federal regulations. Since landscape structure and water availability are key determinants of habitat for other species, urban biodiversity is strongly driven by the outcome of interactions between these variables. Yet the relative importance of ecological variables vs human socioeconomic variables in driving urban biodiversity remains poorly understood. Here we analyze data from the Fresno Bird Count, a citizen science project in California’s Central Valley, to show that spatial variation in bird diversity is best explained by a multivariate model including significant negative correlations with % building and grass cover, and positive correlations with interactions between irrigation intensity, median family income, and grass height. We discuss implications of our findings for urban water management policies in general, and for Fresno’s planned switch to metering water use in 2013. Ecological theory, conservation, and urban policy all benefit if we recognize cities as coupled socioecological systems. DA - 2010/1/7/ PY - 2010/1/7/ DO - 10.1038/npre.2010.4138.1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Erratum: Overview of the brooklyn traffic real-time ambient pollutant penetration and environmental dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study: Theoretical background and model for design of field experiments (Journal of Environmental Monitoring (2009) 11 (2115-2121) DOI: 10.1039/b907123g) AU - Hahn, I. AU - Wiener, R.W. AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Brixey, L.A. AU - Henkle, S.W. T2 - Journal of Environmental Monitoring DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1039/c0em90039g VL - 12 IS - 12 SP - 2309 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78649960598&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of policy-based bioenergy demand on southern timber markets: A case study of North Carolina AU - Abt, Robert C. AU - Abt, Karen L. AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. AU - Henderson, Jesse D. T2 - Biomass and Bioenergy AB - Key factors driving renewable energy demand are state and federal policies requiring the use of renewable feedstocks to produce energy (renewable portfolio standards) and liquid fuels (renewable fuel standards). However, over the next decade, the infrastructure for renewable energy supplies is unlikely to develop as fast as both policy- and market-motivated renewable energy demands. This will favor the use of existing wood as a feedstock in the first wave of bioenergy production. The ability to supply wood over the next decade is a function of the residual utilization, age class structure, and competition from traditional wood users. Using the North Carolina Renewable Portfolio Standard as a case study, combined with assumptions regarding energy efficiency, logging residual utilization, and traditional wood demands over time, we simulate the impacts of increased woody biomass demand on timber markets. We focus on the dynamics resulting from the interaction of short-run demand changes and long-term supply responses. We conclude that logging residuals alone may be unable to meet bioenergy demands from North Carolina’s Renewable Portfolio Standard. Thus, small roundwood (pulpwood) may be used to meet remaining bioenergy demands, resulting in increased timber prices and removals; displacement of traditional products; higher forest landowner incomes; and changes in the structure of the forest resource. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.05.007 VL - 34 IS - 12 SP - 1679-1686 J2 - Biomass and Bioenergy LA - en OP - SN - 0961-9534 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.05.007 DB - Crossref KW - Renewable electricity portfolio standard KW - Biomass supply KW - Timber markets KW - Logging residuals KW - Timber supply projections ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introducing conservation criminology towards interdisciplinary scholarship on environmental crimes and risks T2 - British Journal of Criminology AB - Environmental crimes, noncompliance and risks create significant harm to the health of humans and the natural world. Yet, the field of criminology has historically shown relatively little interest in the topic. The emergence of environmental or green criminology over the past decade marks a shift in this trend, but attempts to define a unique area of study have been extensively criticized. In the following paper, we offer a conceptual framework, called conservation criminology, designed to advance current discussions of green crime via the integration of criminology with natural resource disciplines and risk and decision sciences. Implications of the framework for criminological and general research on environmental crime and risks are discussed. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1093/bjc/azp045 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 124-144 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-72749105163&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - conservation criminology KW - environmental risk KW - environmental crime KW - green criminology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond a simple case of black and white: Searching for the white male effect in the African-American community AU - Rivers, L. AU - Arvai, J. AU - Slovic, P. T2 - Risk Analysis AB - Prior research focusing on risk perceptions has led to the observation that well‐educated and politically conservative white males tend to systematically perceive lower levels of risk from a wide range of hazards when compared to other members of society (e.g., white women, nonwhite women and men). While this “white male effect (WME)” is quite striking given that many policymakers fall into this group, a byproduct of this finding is that it deflects attention from the heterogeneity, in terms of people's concerns about risks, that exists in African‐American and other minority communities. The research reported here set out to explore this heterogeneity by asking a simple question: Can a phenomenon similar to the WME be found in the African‐American community? It can, and its implications for research and practice in risk management are discussed. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01313.x VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 65-77 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-73649143908&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - African Americans KW - risk perception KW - white male effect ER - TY - JOUR TI - Subsidies for Rubber: Conserving Rainforests While Sustaining Livelihoods in the Amazon? AU - Sills, Erin AU - Saha, Shubhayu T2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry AB - Extractive reserves in the Brazilian Amazon are one of the best-known examples of protected areas specifically designed to be inhabited by humans. The extractive reserve model has been criticized for its dependence on rubber tapping, which is no longer economically competitive. The state of Acre addressed this issue in 1999 by establishing a subsidy for rubber, designed to improve the quality of life of rubber tappers and simultaneously conserve forest. The subsidy is potentially a self-targeting and self-enforcing conservation mechanism, given that rubber production in the Amazon requires intact native forest. However, evidence on implementation of the subsidy through 2002 showed that its distribution had been fairly concentrated and correlated with ownership and sale of cattle. This raises some concerns about the use of such indirect mechanisms. The ultimate success or failure of the rubber program will depend on whether it provides a platform for more sustainable economic strategies and policies. DA - 2010/5/28/ PY - 2010/5/28/ DO - 10.1080/10549810903543907 VL - 29 IS - 2-4 SP - 152-173 J2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry LA - en OP - SN - 1054-9811 1540-756X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549810903543907 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mine over matter? Health, wealth and forests in a mining area of Orissa AU - Pattanayak, Subhrendu AU - Saha, Shubhayu AU - Sahu, Pravash AU - Sills, Erin AU - Singha, Ashok AU - Yang, JuiChen T2 - Indian Growth and Development Review AB - Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether mining can serve as a pathway for economic development despite the environmental externalities. The extensive literature on the “resource curse” phenomenon at the national level generally finds that economic dependence on mineral resources is associated with lower levels of economic growth. This paper shows that further insight can be obtained by studying micro‐level resource curse because of heterogeneity in institutions, natural resources and economic behaviors. Design/methodology/approach The paper empirically tests the resource curse hypothesis with data from a stratified random sample of 600 households in 20 villages in the mining district of Keonjhar, Orissa. Household surveys were used to collect data on demography, forest dependence, health and household economics. Using geographical information system (GIS), the household data were integrated with secondary spatial data on land cover and location of mines to construct multiple measures of exposure to iron ore mines. Findings Microeconometric models demonstrate the multi‐faceted nature of the relationships between mine exposure, forest resources and human welfare. Households closer to mines experience higher incidences of many illnesses, rank lower on indicators of human development and own fewer production assets. They also derive fewer forest benefits because forests are more degraded and less accessible in villages closer to mines. Originality/value This analysis remains timely because of on‐going violent conflicts and concern over negative impacts on the welfare of rural populations in the mining areas of India, which is consistent with the notion of a resource curse. The paper's findings on the magnitude of negative impacts can inform the policy discourse (e.g. benefits sharing schemes) related to mining‐led growth. DA - 2010/9/28/ PY - 2010/9/28/ DO - 10.1108/17538251011084473 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 166-185 J2 - Indian Growth and Dev Review LA - en OP - SN - 1753-8254 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538251011084473 DB - Crossref KW - Mining industry KW - Forests KW - Natural resources KW - Econometrics KW - Social welfare economics KW - India ER - TY - JOUR TI - A gene regulatory network controlled by the NAC transcription factor ANAC092/AtNAC2/ORE1 during salt-promoted senescence AU - Balazadeh, Salma AU - Siddiqui, Hamad AU - Allu, Annapurna D. AU - Matallana-Ramirez, Lilian P. AU - Caldana, Camila AU - Mehrnia, Mohammad AU - Zanor, Maria-Inés AU - Köhler, Barbara AU - Mueller-Roeber, Bernd T2 - The Plant Journal AB - The onset and progression of senescence are under genetic and environmental control. The Arabidopsis thaliana NAC transcription factor ANAC092 (also called AtNAC2 and ORE1) has recently been shown to control age-dependent senescence, but its mode of action has not been analysed yet. To explore the regulatory network administered by ANAC092 we performed microarray-based expression profiling using estradiol-inducible ANAC092 overexpression lines. Approximately 46% of the 170 genes up-regulated upon ANAC092 induction are known senescence-associated genes, suggesting that the NAC factor exerts its role in senescence through a regulatory network that includes many of the genes previously reported to be senescence regulated. We selected 39 candidate genes and confirmed their time-dependent response to enhanced ANAC092 expression by quantitative RT-PCR. We also found that the majority of them (24 genes) are up-regulated by salt stress, a major promoter of plant senescence, in a manner similar to that of ANAC092, which itself is salt responsive. Furthermore, 24 genes like ANAC092 turned out to be stage-dependently expressed during seed growth with low expression at early and elevated expression at late stages of seed development. Disruption of ANAC092 increased the rate of seed germination under saline conditions, whereas the opposite occurred in respective overexpression plants. We also detected a delay of salinity-induced chlorophyll loss in detached anac092-1 mutant leaves. Promoter-reporter (GUS) studies revealed transcriptional control of ANAC092 expression during leaf and flower ageing and in response to salt stress. We conclude that ANAC092 exerts its functions during senescence and seed germination through partly overlapping target gene sets. DA - 2010/1/22/ PY - 2010/1/22/ DO - 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04151.x VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 250-264 LA - en OP - SN - 0960-7412 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04151.x DB - Crossref KW - gene expression KW - germination KW - leaf senescence KW - salt tolerance KW - seeds ER - TY - JOUR TI - Invasion, environmental controls, and ecosystem feedbacks of Phragmites australis in coastal wetlands AU - Tulbure, M. G. T2 - DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prairie Wetland Complexes as Landscape Functional Units in a Changing Climate AU - Johnson, W. Carter AU - Werner, Brett AU - Guntenspergen, Glenn R. AU - Voldseth, Richard A. AU - Millett, Bruce AU - Naugle, David E. AU - Tulbure, Mirela AU - Carroll, Rosemary W. H. AU - Tracy, John AU - Olawsky, Craig AU - al., T2 - BioScience AB - The wetland complex is the functional ecological unit of the prairie pothole region (PPR) of central North America. Diverse complexes of wetlands contribute high spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity, productivity, and biodiversity to these glaciated prairie landscapes. Climatewarming simulations using the new model WETLANDSCAPE (WLS) project major reductions in water volume, shortening of hydroperiods, and less-dynamic vegetation for prairie wetland complexes. The WLS model portrays the future PPR as a much less resilient ecosystem: The western PPR will be too dry and the eastern PPR will have too few functional wetlands and nesting habitat to support historic levels of waterfowl and other wetland-dependent species. Maintaining ecosystem goods and services at current levels in a warmer climate will be a major challenge for the conservation community. DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1525/bio.2010.60.2.7 VL - 60 IS - 2 SP - 128-140 J2 - BioScience LA - en OP - SN - 0006-3568 1525-3244 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.2.7 DB - Crossref KW - prairie pothole wetlands KW - hydrology KW - numeric models KW - climate change KW - waterfowl ER - TY - JOUR TI - Latitudinal gradient of floristic condition among Great Lakes coastal wetlands AU - Johnston, Carol A. AU - Zedler, Joy B. AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. T2 - Journal of Great Lakes Research AB - Coastal wetland vegetation along the Great Lakes differs strongly with latitude, but most studies of Great Lakes wetland condition have attempted to exclude the effect of latitude to discern anthropogenic effects on condition. We developed an alternative approach that takes advantage of the strong relationship between latitude and coastal wetland floristic condition. Latitude was significantly correlated with 13 of 37 environmental variables tested, including growing degree days, agriculture, atmospheric deposition, nonpoint-source pollution, and soil texture, which suggests that latitude is a good proxy for several environmental drivers of vegetation. Using data from 64 wetlands along the U.S. coast of Lakes Huron, Michigan, Erie, and Ontario, we developed linear regressions between latitude and two measures of floristic condition, the Floristic Quality Index (FQI, adj. r2 = 0.437, p < 0.001) and the first axis scores from a non-metric multidimensional scaling of wetland plant cover (MDS1, adj. r2 = 0.501, p < 0.001). Departures from the central tendency of these regression models represented wetlands of better or worse condition than expected for their latitude. This approach provides a means to identify wetlands worthy of preservation, to establish vegetation targets for wetland restoration, and to forecast changes in floristic quality associated with future climate change. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1016/j.jglr.2010.09.001 VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - 772-779 J2 - Journal of Great Lakes Research LA - en OP - SN - 0380-1330 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2010.09.001 DB - Crossref KW - Emergent KW - Growing degree days KW - Invasive plant KW - Plant community KW - Floristic quality KW - Environmental gradient ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental Conditions Promoting Non-native Phragmites australis Expansion in Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Johnston, Carol A. T2 - Wetlands DA - 2010/5/18/ PY - 2010/5/18/ DO - 10.1007/s13157-010-0054-6 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 577-587 J2 - Wetlands LA - en OP - SN - 0277-5212 1943-6246 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-010-0054-6 DB - Crossref KW - Exotic species KW - Invasion KW - Invasive species KW - Nutrients KW - Soil KW - Water level ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of agricultural fires in the central United States in relation to land cover and land use AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Wimberly, Michael C. AU - Roy, David P. AU - Henebry, Geoffrey M. T2 - Landscape Ecology DA - 2010/11/6/ PY - 2010/11/6/ DO - 10.1007/s10980-010-9548-0 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 211-224 J2 - Landscape Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0921-2973 1572-9761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-010-9548-0 DB - Crossref KW - Agricultural burning KW - Active fires KW - Biodiversity KW - Emissions KW - Patterns of fire detections KW - Cloud cover KW - Local spatial analysis KW - Fire detections ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of interannual climate oscillations on rates of submarine groundwater discharge AU - Anderson, William P., Jr. AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. T2 - Water Resources Research AB - Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important component of the coastal hydrologic cycle, affecting mixing and biogeochemistry in the nearshore environment. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences rates of precipitation and groundwater recharge in many regions, including barrier islands of the southeastern U.S. coast; however, the influence of ENSO on SGD is poorly understood for this region. Here we investigate the role of ENSO in controlling recharge and SGD at interannual time scales, using modeling results for both real and generic barrier island environments. Results of our 57 year simulations show that the freshwater component of seasonally averaged SGD as well as groundwater discharge velocity, water table elevation, and submarine groundwater recharge are significantly correlated with ENSO for a real barrier island (Hatteras Island, North Carolina) and, under certain conditions, for generics. These correlations persist for lag times as great as 5 months during winter, creating anomalies of up to 35% between El Niño and La Niña conditions and suggesting that both hydrologic cycling and biogeochemical cycling in these systems are significantly influenced by ENSO. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1029/2009WR008212 VL - 46 IS - 5 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000277266300006&KeyUID=WOS:000277266300006 ER - TY - BOOK TI - North Carolina forest resources assessment: A statewide analysis of the past, current, and projected future conditions of North Carolina forest resources, 2010 A3 - Bardon, R.E. A3 - Megalos, M.A. A3 - New, B. A3 - Brogan, S. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// SP - 487 PB - NC Division of Forest Resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Water Quality Consequences of Restoring Wetland Hydrology to a Large Agricultural Watershed in the Southeastern Coastal Plain AU - Ardón, M. AU - Morse, J.L. AU - Doyle, M.W. AU - Bernhardt, E.S. T2 - Ecosystems DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1007/s10021-010-9374-x VL - 13 IS - 7 SP - 1060-1078 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77957755741&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - wetland KW - restoration KW - nitrogen KW - phosphorus KW - retention KW - mitigation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Research reveals negative consequences of flooding former agricultural fields for wetlands restoration AU - Bernhardt, E.S. AU - Ardón, M. AU - Morse, J. T2 - Water Resources Research Institute News of the University of North Carolina DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// IS - 372 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78650385395&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phosphorus export from a restored wetland ecosystem in response to natural and experimental hydrologic fluctuations AU - Ardón, Marcelo AU - Montanari, Shaena AU - Morse, Jennifer L. AU - Doyle, Martin W. AU - Bernhardt, Emily S. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - Wetland restoration is a commonly used approach to reduce nutrient loading to freshwater and coastal ecosystems, with many wetland restoration efforts occurring in former agricultural fields. Restored wetlands are expected to be effective at retaining or removing both nitrogen and phosphorus (P), yet restoring wetland hydrology to former agricultural fields can lead to the release of legacy fertilizer P. Here, we examined P cycling and export following rewetting of the Timberlake Restoration Project, a 440 ha restored riverine wetland complex in the coastal plain of North Carolina. We also compared P cycling within the restored wetland to two minimally disturbed nearby wetlands and an adjacent active agricultural field. In the restored wetland we observed increased soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations following initial flooding, consistent with our expectations that P bound to iron would be released under reducing conditions. SRP concentrations in spring were 2.5 times higher leaving the restored wetland than a forested wetland and an agricultural field. During two large‐scale drawdown and rewetting experiments we decreased the water depth by 1 m in ∼10 ha of inundated wetland for 2 weeks, followed by reflooding. Rewetting following experimental drainage had no effect on SRP concentrations in winter, but SRP concentrations did increase when the experiment was repeated during summer. Our best estimates suggest that this restored wetland could release legacy fertilizer P for up to a decade following hydrologic restoration. The time lag between restoration and biogeochemical recovery should be incorporated into management strategies of restored wetlands. DA - 2010/12/4/ PY - 2010/12/4/ DO - 10.1029/2009JG001169 VL - 115 IS - G4 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0148-0227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009jg001169 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Exploration of polymer conformational similarities in polymer-carbon nanotube interfaces AU - Thakur, Sidharth AU - Tallury, Syamal AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - IEEE AB - We are using molecular simulations to investigate the interface between the polymer matrix and the carbon nanotube reinforcement, which is the key aspect of the bulk properties of nanocomposites. These simulations are typically analyzed with standard techniques like graphs and animations; however, existing methods are limited for certain exploratory tasks for analyzing the interfacial domains. We present a supplemental exploratory approach that employs standard effective visual-analytical techniques to analyze spatial and temporal properties of the polymer-carbon nanotube interfaces. Our approach is based on a computational method that uses a numerical measure of similarity to compare multiple molecular conformations. We discuss some numerical measures for exploring the behavior of polymer molecules in interfacial domains and present a matrix-based visualization to display and explore local and global similarity relationships of the polymer structures, including dynamical aspects. These methods constitute our initial efforts for using visual-analytical tools to relate the interfacial dynamics to macroscopic properties of the nanocomposite interfaces. C2 - 2010/3// C3 - Proceedings of the IEEE SoutheastCon 2010 (SoutheastCon) DA - 2010/3// DO - 10.1109/secon.2010.5453860 SP - 320-323 PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77952730801&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of cellulose surface orientation on contaminant adhesion studied by molecular dynamics simulation AU - Quddus, Mir A AU - Rojas, Orlando J AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A T2 - AMER CHEMICAL SOC 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA C2 - 2010/// C3 - ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY DA - 2010/// VL - 239 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of aliphatic segment length on nylon-SWCNT interactions via molecular dynamics simulations AU - Tallury, Syamal S AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A T2 - Polymer Preprints DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 207 ER - TY - CONF TI - A Systematic Study of Noncovalent Interactions Between Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes via Molecular Dynamics Simulations AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa AU - Tallury, Syamal C2 - 2010/// C3 - APS Meeting Abstracts DA - 2010/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Visual-Analytical Exploration of the Microstructure of Polymer-Based Nanomaterials AU - Pasquinelli, M.A. AU - Thakur, S.A. C2 - 2010/8// DA - 2010/8// N1 - Acceptance Rate: By invitation only. RN - Acceptance Rate: By invitation only. ER - TY - CHAP TI - Introduction: From Evolution to Energy AU - Delborne, J.A. AU - Kleinman, D.L. AU - Cloud-Hansen, K.A. AU - Handelsman, J. T2 - Controversies in Science and Technology A2 - Kleinman, D. A2 - Delborne, J. A2 - Cloud-Hansen, K. A2 - Handelsman, J. PY - 2010/// VL - 3: From Evolution to Energy SP - xi-xxvi PB - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc ER - TY - BOOK TI - From Evolution to Energy T2 - Controversies in Science and Technology A3 - Kleinman, D.L. A3 - Delborne, J.A. A3 - Cloud-Hansen, K. A3 - Handelsman, J. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 3 PB - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting global change effects on forest biomass and composition in south-central Siberia AU - Gustafson, Eric J. AU - Shvidenko, Anatoly Z. AU - Sturtevant, Brian R. AU - Scheller, Robert M. T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - Multiple global changes such as timber harvesting in areas not previously disturbed by cutting and climate change will undoubtedly affect the composition and spatial distribution of boreal forests, which will, in turn, affect the ability of these forests to retain carbon and maintain biodiversity. To predict future states of the boreal forest reliably, it is necessary to understand the complex interactions among forest regenerative processes (succession), natural disturbances (e.g., fire, wind, and insects), and anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., timber harvest). We used a landscape succession and disturbance model (LANDIS‐II) to study the relative effects of climate change, timber harvesting, and insect outbreaks on forest composition, biomass (carbon), and landscape pattern in south‐central Siberia. We found that most response variables were more strongly influenced by timber harvest and insect outbreaks than by the direct effects of climate change. Direct climate effects generally increased tree productivity and modified probability of establishment, but indirect effects on the fire regime generally counteracted the direct effects of climate on forest composition. Harvest and insects significantly changed forest composition, reduced living aboveground biomass, and increased forest fragmentation. We concluded that: (1) Global change is likely to significantly change forest composition of south‐central Siberian landscapes, with some changes taking ecosystems outside the historic range of variability. (2) The direct effects of climate change in the study area are not as significant as the exploitation of virgin forest by timber harvest and the potential increased outbreaks of the Siberian silk moth. (3) Novel disturbance by timber harvest and insect outbreaks may greatly reduce the aboveground living biomass of Siberian forests and may significantly alter ecosystem dynamics and wildlife populations by increasing forest fragmentation. DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1890/08-1693.1 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 700-715 SN - 1939-5582 KW - aboveground live biomass KW - boreal forests KW - climate KW - fire KW - forest fragmentation KW - global change KW - insect disturbance KW - LANDIS-II KW - timber harvest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increasing the research and management value of ecological models using modern software engineering techniques AU - Scheller, R.M. AU - E.J. Gustafson, B.R. Sturtevant AU - B.C. Ward, AU - D.J. AU - Mladenoff T2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 8 SP - 253-260 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increasing the reliability of ecological models using modern software engineering techniques AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Sturtevant, Brian R. AU - Gustafson, Eric J. AU - Ward, Brendan C. AU - Mladenoff, David J. T2 - FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT AB - Modern software development techniques are largely unknown to ecologists. Typically, ecological models and other software tools are developed for limited research purposes, and additional capabilities are added later, usually in an ad hoc manner. Modern software engineering techniques can substantially increase scientific rigor and confidence in ecological models and tools. These techniques have the potential to transform how ecological software is conceived and developed, improve precision, reduce errors, and increase scientific credibility. We describe our re‐engineering of the forest landscape model LANDIS (LANdscape DIsturbance and Succession) to illustrate the advantages of using common software engineering practices. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1890/080141 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 253-260 SN - 1540-9309 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest restoration in a mixed-ownership landscape under climate change AU - Ravenscroft, Catherine AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Mladenoff, David J. AU - White, Mark A. T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - The extent to which current landscapes deviate from the historical range of natural variability (RNV) is a common means of defining and ranking regional conservation targets. However, climate‐induced shifts in forest composition may render obsolete restoration strategies and conservation targets based on historic climate conditions and disturbance regimes. We used a spatially explicit forest ecosystem model, LANDIS‐II, to simulate the interaction of climate change and forest management in northeastern Minnesota, USA. We assessed the relevance of restoration strategies and conservation targets based on the RNV in the context of future climate change. Three climate scenarios (no climate change, low emissions, and high emissions) were simulated with three forest management scenarios: no harvest, current management, and a restoration‐based approach where harvest activity mimicked the frequency, severity, and size distribution of historic natural disturbance regimes. Under climate change there was a trend toward homogenization of forest conditions due to the widespread expansion of systems dominated by maple ( Acer spp.). White spruce ( Picea glauca ), balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ), and paper birch ( Betula papyrifera ) were extirpated from the landscape irrespective of management activity; additional losses of black spruce ( P. mariana ), red pine ( Pinus resinosa ), and jack pine ( P. banksiana ) were projected in the high‐emissions scenario. In the restoration management scenario, retention and conversion to white pine ( P. strobus ) restricted maple expansion. But, widespread forest loss in the restoration scenario under high‐emissions projections illustrates the potential pitfalls of implementing an RNV management approach in a system that is not compositionally similar to the historic reference condition. Given the uncertainty associated with climate change, ensuring a diversity of species and conditions within forested landscapes may be the most effective means of ensuring the future resistance of ecosystems to climate‐induced declines in productivity. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1890/08-1698.1 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 327-346 SN - 1939-5582 KW - climate change KW - desired conditions KW - forest ecosystem model, LANDIS-II KW - forest management KW - historical variability KW - Minnesota (USA) KW - range of natural variability (RNV) KW - restoration KW - species migration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elasticity and loop analyses: tools for understanding forest landscape response to climatic change in spatial dynamic models AU - Xu, Chonggang AU - Guneralp, Burak AU - Gertner, George Z. AU - Scheller, Robert M. T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2010/7// PY - 2010/7// DO - 10.1007/s10980-010-9464-3 VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - 855-871 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Forest landscape model KW - Elasticity analysis KW - Global climatic change KW - Loop analysis KW - Sensitivity analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon sequestration potential and financial trade-offs associated with loblolly pine and cherrybark oak management in Mississippi AU - Nepal, P. AU - R.K. Grala, AU - Grebner, D.L. T2 - Forum on Public Policy DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 3 SP - 1-19 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Evidence for a recent increase in forest growth is questionable AU - Foster, Jane R. AU - Burton, Julia I. AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Liu, Feng AU - Muss, Jordan D. AU - Sabatini, Francesco M. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Mladenoff, David J. AB - In a recent article, McMahon et al. (1) examined forest-plot biomass accumulation across a range of stands in the mid-Atlantic United States and suggest that climate change and trends in atmospheric CO2 explain an increase in forest growth. To show this increase, they fit a simple model to live above-ground forest biomass (AGB) as a function of stand age, and then propose that the derivative of this model is the expected rate of ensemble biomass change (). They conclude that biomass changes within census plots that exceed the ensemble expectation constitute recent increases in growth rates. DA - 2010/5/25/ PY - 2010/5/25/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1002725107 SP - E86-E87 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of winter selective tree harvest on soil microclimate and surface CO2 flux of a northern hardwood forest AU - Stoffel, Jennifer L. AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Mladenoff, David J. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Soil surface CO2 flux (Sflux) is the second largest terrestrial ecosystem carbon flux, and may be affected by forest harvest. The effects of clearcutting on Sflux have been studied, but little is known about the effect of alternative harvesting methods such as selective tree harvest on Sflux. We measured Sflux before and after (i) the creation of forest canopy gaps (simulating group tree selection harvests) and (ii) mechanized winter harvest but no tree removal (simulating ground disturbance associated with logging). The experiment was carried out in a sugar maple dominated forest in the Flambeau River State Forest, Wisconsin. Pre-treatment measurements of soil moisture, temperature and Sflux were measured throughout the growing season of 2006. In January–February 2007, a harvester created the canopy gaps (200–380 m2). The mechanization treatment consisted of the harvester traveling through the plots for a similar amount of time as the gap plots, but no trees were cut. Soil moisture and temperature and Sflux were measured throughout the growing season for 1 year prior to harvest and for 2 years after harvest. Soil moisture and temperature were significantly greater in the gap than mechanized and control treatments. Instantaneous Sflux was positively correlated to soil moisture and soil temperature at 2 and 10 cm, but temperature at 10 cm was the single best predictor. Annual Sflux was not significantly different among treatments prior to winter 2007 harvest, and was not significantly different among treatments after harvest. Annual (+1 std. err.) Sflux averaged 967 + 72, 1011 + 72, and 1012 + 72 g C m−2 year−1 in the control, mechanized and gap treatments, respectively, for the 2-year post-treatment period. The results from this study suggest selective group tree harvest significantly increases soil moisture and temperature but does not significantly influence Sflux. DA - 2010/1/25/ PY - 2010/1/25/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.10.004 VL - 259 IS - 3 SP - 257-265 SN - 0378-1127 KW - Soil surface CO2 flux KW - Selective tree harvest KW - Northern hardwood forest KW - Harvesting KW - Microclimate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of selective tree harvests on aboveground biomass and net primary productivity of a second-growth northern hardwood forest AU - Dyer, Jacob H. AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Lorimer, Craig G. AU - Mladenoff, David J. AU - Burton, Julia I. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Restoring structural features of old-growth forests, such as increased canopy gap sizes and coarse woody debris, is a common management goal for second-growth, even-aged stands. We experimentally manipulated forest structure by creating variable-size canopy gaps in a second-growth northern hardwood forest in north-central Wisconsin following two growing seasons of pre-treatment monitoring. The objectives of this study were to quantify the influence of canopy gaps of different sizes (50–380 m 2 ) on aboveground biomass and productivity of each vegetation stratum two growing seasons following treatment. Two years after treatment, ground layer biomass in canopy openings increased significantly relative to surrounding undisturbed transition zones. The response of ground layer biomass was greatest in the large versus the medium and small gaps. Sapling aboveground net primary productivity was significantly greater in undisturbed transition zones than within gaps across gap sizes following the second post-treatment growing season. Annual stem diameter increment was greatest for trees along gap borders and was correlated with crown class, percentage of crown perimeter exposed, gap area, and shade tolerance. Total aboveground net primary productivity was significantly lower in the gap addition plots the first year but by the second post-treatment growing season no longer differed from that in the control plots. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1139/x10-184 VL - 40 IS - 12 SP - 2360-2369 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecosystem warming does not affect photosynthesis or aboveground autotrophic respiration for boreal black spruce AU - Bronson, Dustin R. AU - Gower, Stith T. T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - We measured light-saturated photosynthesis (Anet), foliage respiration (Rfol) and stem respiration (Rstem) of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) in heated (+5 °C) and control plots during 2005, 2006 and 2007 in Thompson, MB, Canada. Large greenhouses and soil-heating cables were used to maintain air and soil temperature 5 °C above ambient air and soil temperature. Each greenhouse contained approximately nine black spruce trees and the majority of their fine root mass. Treatments were soil and air warming, soil-only warming, greenhouses maintained at ambient air temperature and control. Gas exchange rates ranged 0.71–4.66, 0.04–0.74 and 0.1–1.0 µmol m−2 s−1 for Anet, Rfol and Rstem, respectively. Treatment differences for Anet, Rfol and Rstem were not significant in any of the 3 years of measurements. The results of this experiment suggest that in a warmer climate, black spruce may not have significant changes in the rate of photosynthesis or respiration. DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1093/treephys/tpq001 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 441-449 SN - 0829-318X KW - carbon cycling KW - climate change KW - foliage respiration KW - global warming KW - Picea mariana KW - stem respiration ER - TY - CHAP TI - Developing a forest management plan AU - Hamilton, Rickey A. AU - Bardon, Robert E. AU - Hazel, Dennis W. T2 - Managing forest on private lands in Alabama and the Southeast A2 - Foundation, Alabama Forestry PY - 2010/// PB - Sweetwater Press/Alabama Forestry Foundation SN - 9781581738230 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Opportunities for Planned County-Based Wildlife Programming AU - Kleist, Andrea M. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Bardon, Robert E. T2 - Journal of Extension [On-line] DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - Article 2RIB7 UR - http://www.joe.org/joe/2010april/rb7.php ER - TY - RPRT TI - Integrating learning, discovery, and engagement through the scholarship of engagement AU - Engagement, Task Force A3 - Raleigh, NC: NCSU Office of Extension, Engagement, and Economic Development DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// PB - Raleigh, NC: NCSU Office of Extension, Engagement, and Economic Development ER - TY - BOOK TI - Controversies in Science and Technology, Volume 3: From Evolution to Energy AU - Kleinman, D. L. AU - Delborne, J. A. AU - Cloud-Hansen, K. AU - Handelsman, J. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// PB - New Rochelle, NY: Mary Ann Liebert SN - 9780299203948 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Forest Types of North America AU - Frederick, D. AU - Sink, S. AU - Donoso, P. T2 - Forests and Forestry in the Americas: An Encyclopedia PY - 2010/// PB - Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters, ER - TY - CONF TI - Coordinating intelligent and continuous performance monitoring with dam and levee safety management policy AU - Parekh, M. AU - Stone, K. AU - Delborne, J. A. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Annual Conference of the Association of State Dam Safety Officials DA - 2010/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Restoration of genetic connectivity among Northern Rockies wolf populations AU - Hebblewhite, Mark AU - Musiani, Marco AU - Mills, L. Scott T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Probably no conservation genetics issue is currently more controversial than the question of whether grey wolves (Canis lupus) in the Northern Rockies have recovered to genetically effective levels. Following the dispersal-based recolonization of Northwestern Montana from Canada, and reintroductions to Yellowstone and Central Idaho, wolves have vastly exceeded population recovery goals of 300 wolves distributed in at least 10 breeding pairs in each of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana. With >1700 wolves currently, efforts to delist wolves from endangered status have become mired in legal battles over the distinct population segment (DPS) clause of the Endangered Species Act (ESA), and whether subpopulations within the DPS were genetically isolated. An earlier study by vonHoldt et al. (2008) suggested Yellowstone National Park wolves were indeed isolated and was used against delisting in 2008. Since then, wolves were temporarily delisted, and a first controversial hunting season occurred in fall of 2009. Yet, concerns over the genetic recovery of wolves in the Northern Rockies remain, and upcoming District court rulings in the summer of 2010 will probably include consideration of gene flow between subpopulations. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, vonHoldt et al. (2010) conduct the largest analysis of gene flow and population structure of the Northern Rockies wolves to date. Using an impressive sampling design and novel analytic methods, vonHoldt et al. (2010) show substantial levels of gene flow between three identified subpopulations of wolves within the Northern Rockies, clarifying previous analyses and convincingly showing genetic recovery. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04770.x VL - 19 IS - 20 SP - 4383-4385 SN - 1365-294X KW - conservation genetics KW - dispersal KW - Endangered Species Act KW - gene flow KW - Northwestern United States KW - wolf re-introduction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ranking Mahalanobis Distance Models for Predictions of Occupancy From Presence-Only Data AU - Griffin, Suzanne C. AU - Taper, Mark L. AU - Hoffman, Roger AU - Mills, L. Scott T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - ABSTRACT The Mahalanobis distance statistic (D 2 ) has emerged as an effective tool to identify suitable habitat from presence data alone, but there has been no mechanism to select among potential habitat covariates. We propose that the best combination of explanatory variables for a D 2 model can be identified by ranking potential models based on the proportion of the entire study area that is classified as potentially suitable habitat given that a predetermined proportion of occupied locations are correctly classified. In effect, our approach seeks to minimize errors of commission, or maximize specificity, while holding the omission error rate constant. We used this approach to identify potentially suitable habitat for the Olympic marmot ( Marmota olympus ), a declining species endemic to Olympic National Park, Washington, USA. We compared models built with all combinations of 11 habitat variables. A 7‐variable model identified 21,143 ha within the park as potentially suitable for marmots, correctly classifying 80% of occupied locations. Additional refinements to the 7‐variable model (e.g., eliminating small patches) further reduced the predicted area to 18,579 ha with little reduction in predictive power. Although we sought a model that would allow field workers to find 80% of Olympic marmot locations, in fact, <3% of 376 occupied locations and <9% of abandoned locations were >100 m from habitat predicted by the final model, suggesting that >90% of occupied marmot habitat could be found by observant workers surveying predicted habitat. The model comparison procedure allowed us to identify the suite of covariates that maximized specificity of our model and, thus, limited the amount of less favorable habitat included in the final prediction area. We expect that by maximizing specificity of models built from presence‐only data, our model comparison procedure will be useful to conservation practitioners planning reintroductions, searching for rare species, or identifying habitat for protection. DA - 2010/7// PY - 2010/7// DO - 10.2193/2009-002 VL - 74 IS - 5 SP - 1112-1121 SN - 0022-541X KW - habitat model KW - Mahalanobis distance KW - Marmota olympus KW - Olympic marmot KW - Olympic National Park KW - presenceonly data ER - TY - BOOK TI - Procedures for implementing small mammal inventories in Bhutan AU - Foresman, K. R. AU - Mills, L.S. AU - Phurba DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// PB - Bhutan: Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and the Environment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population-specific vital rate contributions influence management of an endangered ungulate AU - Johnson, Heather E. AU - Mills, L. Scott AU - Stephenson, Thomas R. AU - Wehausen, John D. T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - To develop effective management strategies for the recovery of threatened and endangered species, it is critical to identify those vital rates (survival and reproductive parameters) responsible for poor population performance and those whose increase will most efficiently change a population's trajectory. In actual application, however, approaches identifying key vital rates are often limited by inadequate demographic data, by unrealistic assumptions of asymptotic population dynamics, and of equal, infinitesimal changes in mean vital rates. We evaluated the consequences of these limitations in an analysis of vital rates most important in the dynamics of federally endangered Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis sierrae ). Based on data collected from 1980 to 2007, we estimated vital rates in three isolated populations, accounting for sampling error, variance, and covariance. We used analytical sensitivity analysis, life‐stage simulation analysis, and a novel non‐asymptotic simulation approach to (1) identify vital rates that should be targeted for subspecies recovery; (2) assess vital rate patterns of endangered bighorn sheep relative to other ungulate populations; (3) evaluate the performance of asymptotic vs. non‐asymptotic models for meeting short‐term management objectives; and (4) simulate management scenarios for boosting bighorn sheep population growth rates. We found wide spatial and temporal variation in bighorn sheep vital rates, causing rates to vary in their importance to different populations. As a result, Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep exhibited population‐specific dynamics that did not follow theoretical expectations or those observed in other ungulates. Our study suggests that vital rate inferences from large, increasing, or healthy populations may not be applicable to those that are small, declining, or endangered. We also found that, while asymptotic approaches were generally applicable to bighorn sheep conservation planning, our non‐asymptotic population models yielded unexpected results of importance to managers. Finally, extreme differences in the dynamics of individual bighorn sheep populations imply that effective management strategies for endangered species recovery may often need to be population‐specific. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.1890/09-1107.1 VL - 20 IS - 6 SP - 1753-1765 SN - 1939-5582 KW - endangered species KW - management KW - Ovis canadensis sierrae KW - population models KW - recovery KW - Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep KW - ungulate KW - vital rates ER - TY - JOUR TI - Foraging patterns of cavity-nesting birds in fire-suppressed and prescribe-burned ponderosa pine forests in Montana AU - Pierson, J. C. AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Christian, D. P T2 - Open Environmental Sciences AB - Fuel-reduction/forest restoration treatments that consist of thinning followed by prescribed burning are becoming increasingly important land management actions that likely affect various wildlife species. To assess potential effects on bark-gleaning birds, we compared the foraging patterns of five cavity-nesting species in thinned and burned ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest sites and control sites. We recorded foraging behavior, location on forage tree, and tree characteristics that may be important in the selection of foraging substrates. Foraging surveys were conducted on three replicate 20-ha thinned/burned plots located within larger treatments that ranged from 60 - 250 ha, paired with three replicate control plots. Red-breasted Nuthatches (Sitta canadensis) foraged more often in control sites. Mountain Chickadees (Poecile gambeli) foraged at similar rates on both treatment types. Black-backed Woodpeckers (Picoides arcticus), Hairy Woodpeckers (P. villosus) and White-breasted Nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis) foraged almost exclusively in thinned/burned sites. Overall, all species selectively foraged on larger diameter trees. In control sites, Red-breasted Nuthatches selected larger ponderosa pine trees and Mountain Chickadees selected larger, live trees. In thinned/burned sites, Red-breasted Nuthatches selected larger, live trees, Mountain Chickadees selected larger trees with more canopy connections, Black-backed Woodpeckers selected trees with beetle evidence present and Hairy Woodpeckers selected recently dead trees. These results suggest fuel reduction/forest restoration treatments in dry ponderosa pine forests may be compatible with providing foraging substrates for cavity-nesting species often present in post-fire habitats. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2174/1876325101004010041 VL - 41 SP - 41-52 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combining ground count, telemetry, and mark-resight data to infer population dynamics in an endangered species AU - Johnson, Heather E. AU - Mills, L. Scott AU - Wehausen, John D. AU - Stephenson, Thomas R. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY AB - Summary 1. To successfully manipulate populations for management and conservation purposes, managers must be able to track changes in demographic rates and determine the factors driving spatial and temporal variation in those rates. For populations of management concern, however, data deficiencies frequently limit the use of traditional statistical methods for such analyses. Long‐term demographic data are often piecemeal, having small sample sizes, inconsistent methodologies, intermittent data, and information on only a subset of important parameters and covariates. 2. We evaluated the effectiveness of Bayesian state‐space models for meeting these data limitations in elucidating dynamics of federally endangered Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis sierrae . We combined ground count, telemetry, and mark–resight data to: (1) estimate demographic parameters in three populations (including stage‐specific abundances and vital rates); and (2) determine whether density, summer precipitation, or winter severity were driving variation in key demographic rates. 3. Models combining all existing data types increased the precision and accuracy in parameter estimates and fit covariates to vital rates driving population performance. They also provided estimates for all years of interest (including years in which field data were not collected) and standardized the error structure across data types. 4. Demographic rates indicated that recovery efforts should focus on increasing adult and yearling survival in the smallest bighorn sheep population. In evaluating covariates we found evidence of negative density dependence in the larger herds, but a trend of positive density dependence in the smallest herd suggesting that an augmentation may be needed to boost performance. We also found that vital rates in all populations were positively associated with summer precipitation, but that winter severity only had a negative effect on the smallest herd, the herd most strongly impacted by environmental stochasticity. 5. Synthesis and applications . For populations with piecemeal data, a problem common to both endangered and harvested species, obtaining precise demographic parameter estimates is one of the greatest challenges in detecting population trends, diagnosing the causes of decline, and directing management. Data on Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep provide an example of the application of Bayesian state‐space models for combining all existing data to meet these objectives and better inform important management and conservation decisions. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01846.x VL - 47 IS - 5 SP - 1083-1093 SN - 0021-8901 KW - Bayesian state-space models KW - demographic parameter estimation KW - fecundity KW - ground count KW - mark-resight KW - Ovis canadensis sierrae KW - Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep KW - survival KW - telemetry ER - TY - CHAP TI - Biofuels: Streams and Themes AU - Delborne, J.A. T2 - Controversies in Science and Technology A2 - Kleinman, D. A2 - Delborne, J. A2 - Cloud-Hansen, K. A2 - Handelsman, J. PY - 2010/// VL - 3: From evolution to energy SP - 175–90 PB - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc SN - 9781934854204 ER - TY - JOUR TI - When is connectivity important? A case study of the spatial pattern of sudden oak death AU - Ellis, Alicia M. AU - Vaclavik, Tomas AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - OIKOS AB - Although connectivity has been examined from many different angles and in many ecological disciplines, few studies have tested in which systems and under what conditions connectivity is important in determining ecological dynamics. Identifying general rules governing when connectivity is important is crucial not only for basic ecology, but also for our ability to manage natural systems, particularly as increasing fragmentation may change the degree to which connectivity influences ecological dynamics. In this study, we used statistical regression, least-cost path analysis, and model selection techniques to test the relative importance of potential connectivity in determining the spatial pattern of sudden oak death, a tree disease that is killing millions of oak and tanoak trees along coastal forests of California and Oregon. We hypothesized that potential connectivity, in addition to environmental conditions, is important in determining the spatial distribution of sudden oak death, the importance of connectivity is more apparent when measured using biologically meaningful metrics that account for the effects of landscape structure on disease spread, and the relative importance of environmental variables and connectivity is approximately equal. Results demonstrate that potential connectivity was important in determining the spatial pattern of sudden oak death, though it was relatively less important than environmental variables. Moreover, connectivity was important only when using biologically meaningful metrics as opposed to simple distance-based metrics that ignore landscape structure. These results demonstrate that connectivity can be important in systems not typically considered in connectivity studies – highlighting the importance of examining connectivity in a variety of different systems – and demonstrate that the manner in which connectivity is measured may govern our ability to detect its importance. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17918.x VL - 119 IS - 3 SP - 485-493 SN - 1600-0706 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting potential and actual distribution of sudden oak death in Oregon: Prioritizing landscape contexts for early detection and eradication of disease outbreaks AU - Vaclavik, Tomas AU - Kanaskie, Alan AU - Hansen, Everett M. AU - Ohmann, Janet L. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - An isolated outbreak of the emerging forest disease sudden oak death was discovered in Oregon forests in 2001. Despite considerable control efforts, disease continues to spread from the introduction site due to slow and incomplete detection and eradication. Annual field surveys and laboratory tests between 2001 and 2009 confirmed a total of 802 infested locations. Here, we apply two invasive species distribution models (iSDMs) of sudden oak death establishment and spread risk to target early detection and control further disease spread in Oregon forests. The goal was to develop (1) a model of potential distribution that estimates the level and spatial variability of disease establishment and spread risk for western Oregon, and (2) a model of actual distribution that quantifies the relative likelihood of current invasion in the quarantine area. Our predictions were based on four groups of primary parameters that vary in space and time: climate conditions, topographical factors, abundance and susceptibility of host vegetation, and dispersal pressure. First, we used multi-criteria evaluation to identify large-scale areas at potential risk of infection. We mapped and ranked host abundance and susceptibility using geospatial vegetation data developed with gradient nearest neighbor imputation. The host vegetation and climate variables were parameterized in accordance to their epidemiological importance and the final appraisal scores were summarized by month to represent a cumulative spread risk index, standardized as five categories from very low to very high risk. Second, using the field data for calibration we applied the machine-learning method, maximum entropy, to predict the actual distribution of the sudden oak death epidemic. The dispersal pressure incorporated in the statistical model estimates the force of invasion at all susceptible locations, allowing us to quantify the relative likelihood of current disease incidence rather than its potential distribution. Our predictions show that 65 km2 of forested land was invaded by 2009, but further disease spread threatens more than 2100 km2 of forests across the western region of Oregon (very high and high risk). Areas at greatest risk of disease spread are concentrated in the southwest region of Oregon where the highest densities of susceptible host species exist. This research identifies high priority locations for early detection and invasion control and illustrates how iSDMs can be used to analyze the actual versus potential distribution of emerging infectious disease in a complex, heterogeneous ecosystem. DA - 2010/8/15/ PY - 2010/8/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.06.026 VL - 260 IS - 6 SP - 1026-1035 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Early detection KW - Invasive species KW - Landscape epidemiology KW - Maxent KW - Multi-criteria evaluation KW - Oregon KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - Species distribution model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pre-impact forest composition and ongoing tree mortality associated with sudden oak death in the Big Sur region; California AU - Davis, Frank W. AU - Borchert, Mark AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Flint, Alan AU - Rizzo, David M. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Mixed-evergreen forests of central coastal California are being severely impacted by the recently introduced plant pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. We collected forest plot data using a multi-scale sampling design to characterize pre-infestation forest composition and ongoing tree mortality along environmental and time-since-fire gradients. Vegetation pattern was described using trend surface analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and redundancy analysis. Species-environment associations were modeled using non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR). Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) mortality was analyzed with respect to environmental and biotic factors using trend surface analysis and multivariate regression. Mixed-evergreen forest occurs throughout the Big Sur region but is most widespread in the north, on north facing slopes, at mid-elevations near the coast. Relative basal area of the dominant tree species changes fairly predictably from north to south and from coast to interior in relation to mapped patterns of precipitation, temperature factors and soil characteristics. Most dominant tree species sprout vigorously after fire. The forests experience a mixed-fire regime in this region ranging from low severity understory burns to high severity crown fires, with the latter increasing above the marine inversion layer and at more interior locations. Ceanothus spp. can dominate mixed-evergreen sites for several decades after severe fires. All of the dominant broadleaf evergreen tree species are hosts of P. ramorum, although not all will die from infection. Tanoak mortality decreases from northwest to southeast and is significantly correlated with climate, especially growing degree days and mean annual precipitation, and with basal area of the foliar host bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) in a 0.5–1 ha neighborhood. Adaptive management of mixed-evergreen forest to mitigate P. ramorum impacts in the region will need to consider large local and regional variation in forest composition and the potentially strong interactions between climate, fire, forest composition and disease severity. DA - 2010/5/25/ PY - 2010/5/25/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.03.007 VL - 259 IS - 12 SP - 2342-2354 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Species distribution models KW - Landscape disease pattern KW - Community ordination KW - Spatial autocorrelation KW - Chaparral ER - TY - JOUR TI - Apparent competition in canopy trees determined by pathogen transmission rather than susceptibility AU - Cobb, Richard C. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Rizzo, David M. T2 - ECOLOGY AB - Epidemiological theory predicts that asymmetric transmission, susceptibility, and mortality within a community will drive pathogen and disease dynamics. These epidemiological asymmetries can result in apparent competition, where a highly infectious host reduces the abundance of less infectious or more susceptible members in a community via a shared pathogen. We show that the exotic pathogen Phytophthora ramorum and resulting disease, sudden oak death, cause apparent competition among canopy trees and that transmission differences among canopy trees drives patterns of disease severity in California coast redwood forests. P. ramorum ranges in its ability to infect, sporulate on, and cause mortality of infected hosts. A path analysis showed that the most prolific inoculum producer, California bay laurel ( Umbellularia californica ), had a greater impact on the mortality rate of tanoak ( Lithocarpus densiflorus ) than did other inoculum‐supporting species. In stands experiencing high tanoak mortality, lack of negative impacts by P. ramorum on bay laurel may increase bay laurel density and subsequently result in positive feedback on pathogen populations. This study demonstrates the degree to which invasive, generalist pathogens can cause rapid changes in forest canopy composition and that differences in transmission can be more important than susceptibility in driving patterns of apparent competition. DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1890/09-0680.1 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - 327-333 SN - 1939-9170 KW - apparent competition KW - community epidemiology KW - disease ecology KW - emerging infectious disease KW - forest pathogens KW - Lithocarpus densiflorus KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - Qeurcus spp. KW - Sequoia sempervirens KW - sudden oak death KW - Umbellularia californica ER - TY - CHAP TI - An association rule discovery system applied to geographic data AU - Rodman, L. C. AU - Jackson, J. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - Standard-based data and information systems for Earth observation A2 - Liping Di, H.K. Ramapriyan AB - An association rule discovery system has been developed for geographic data. Association rules are applicable to the interpretation of remote sensing images, in which rules derived from another data set can provide ancillary data to guide land cover mapping. The software system developed, called Aspect, works with standard geographic data formats and extends the association rule formulation to handle spatial relationships. Multiple strategies provide guidance for selecting the relevant variables to include in the rules. Association rule results are presented that are derived from environmental conditions, anthropogenic features, land cover, and vegetation. PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-540-88264-0_9 PB - New York: Springer SN - 9783540882633 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alleviating the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem within Probe-Based Geospatial Analyses AU - Butkiewicz, Thomas AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Shoemaker, Douglas A. AU - Chang, Remco AU - Wartell, Zachary AU - Ribarsky, William T2 - COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM AB - Abstract We present a probe‐based interface for the exploration of the results of a geospatial simulation of urban growth. Because our interface allows the user great freedom in how they choose to define regions‐of‐interest to examine and compare, the classic geospatial analytic issue known as the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) quickly arises. The user may delineate regions with unseen differences that can affect the fairness of the comparisons made between them. To alleviate this problem, our interface first alerts the user if it detects any potential unfairness between regions when they are selected for comparison. It then presents the dimensions with potential problematic outliers to the user for evaluation. Finally, it provides a number of semi‐automated tools to assist the user in correcting their regions' boundaries to minimize the inequalities they feel could significantly impact their comparisons. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2009.01707.x VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 923-932 SN - 0167-7055 ER - TY - CONF TI - Predicting climate change extirpation risk for central and southern Appalachian forest tree species AU - Potter, K.M. AU - Hargrove, W.W. AU - Koch, F.H. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings from the Conference on Ecology and Management of High-Elevation Forests of the Central and Southern Appalachian Mountains DA - 2010/// SP - 179-189 ER - TY - CONF TI - Ex situ seed collection represents genetic variation present in natural stands of Carolina hemlock AU - Potter, K.M. AU - Jetton, R.M. AU - Dvorak, W.S. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Rhea, J. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States DA - 2010/// SP - 181-190 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The importance of agriculture-dominated landscapes and lack of field border effect for early-succession songbird nest success AU - Riddle, J. D. AU - Moorman, C. E. T2 - Avian Conservation and Ecology AB - Riddle, J. D. and C. E. Moorman. 2010. The importance of agriculture-dominated landscapes and lack of field border effect for early-succession songbird nest success. Avian Conservation and Ecology 5(2): 9.http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ACE-00424-050209 DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.5751/ace-00424-050209 VL - 5 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Views of private-land stewardship among Latinos on the Texas-Tamaulipas border AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Peterson, T. R. AU - Lopez, A. AU - Liu, J. G. T2 - Environmental Communication DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 406-421 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using host associations to predict spatial patterns in the species richness of the parasites of North American carnivores AU - Harris, Nyeema C. AU - Dunn, Robert R. T2 - ECOLOGY LETTERS AB - Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1411–1418 Abstract Despite the central theme in ecology of evaluating determinants of species richness, little effort has been focused on parasites. Here, we developed a parasite diversity model based on known host associations with 29 North American carnivores to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of parasite richness, its relationship to carnivore richness, and how host composition and specificity influenced these patterns. Patterns in parasite species richness closely tracked carnivore species richness across space and this relationship was robust to deviations from the assumption that parasites match the distribution of their hosts. Because wide‐ranging hosts disproportionately contributed to total and specialist parasite species richness, conservation programmes that focus on these common hosts may capture not only much of biological diversity, but also unwittingly sources of human diseases. We supply the first parasite diversity model to understand broad‐scale patterns in species richness patterns for North American carnivores, which can inform both future parasite conservation and disease management. DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01527.x VL - 13 IS - 11 SP - 1411-1418 SN - 1461-0248 KW - Carnivores KW - conservation KW - distribution KW - diversity KW - fundamental niche KW - parasite KW - specialists KW - species richness ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatially correlated forest stand structures: A simulation approach using copulas AU - Kershaw, John A., Jr. AU - Richards, Evelyn W. AU - McCarter, James B. AU - Oborn, Sven T2 - COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE AB - Spatial structure of forest stands is one of the main drivers of forest growth and yield, and is an important indicator of wildlife habitat, aesthetics, and other non-timber forest uses. Because spatial structure is costly to measure, a number of approaches for simulating spatial structures have been proposed. In this paper, we propose a simple approach that is capable of generating multispecies stand structures. Based on the method of copulas (Genest and MacKay, 1986, Am. Stat. 40:280–283), we utilize a normal copula to simulate spatially correlated stand structures. Species composition, diameter, height, and crown ratio distributions of each species, and their correlation with underlying spatial patterns are all controlled by user inputs. Example data sets are used to demonstrate how to estimate required parameters and compare simulated spatial structures with observed spatial structures. Except at the smallest scales (<10 m in the longleaf pine dataset and <2 m in the mixed Acadian Forest dataset), the simulated stand structures adequately captured the observed spatial patterns. Based on these comparisons, we conclude that the system is capable of simulating a range of forest stand spatial structures. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1016/j.compag.2010.07.005 VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - 120-128 SN - 1872-7107 KW - Stand structure KW - Spatial correlation KW - Copulas KW - Simulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lignin and Biomass: A Negative Correlation for Wood Formation and Lignin Content in Trees AU - Novaes, Evandro AU - Kirst, Matias AU - Chiang, Vincent AU - Winter-Sederoff, Heike AU - Sederoff, Ronald T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Studies in populations of forest tree hybrids have shown a negative correlation of biomass growth (usually measured as wood volume) and lignin content ([Kirst et al., 2004][1]; [Novaes et al., 2009][2]). The control of growth and lignin appears to be highly regulated, implying that selection for DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1104/pp.110.161281 VL - 154 IS - 2 SP - 555-561 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation of stem forking in loblolly pine AU - Xiong, J. S. AU - Isik, F. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Whetten, R. W. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 56 IS - 5 SP - 429-436 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection capacity, information gaps and the design of surveillance programs for invasive forest pests AU - Yemshanova, Denys AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - Ben-Haim, Yakov AU - Smith, William D. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AB - Integrated pest risk maps and their underlying assessments provide broad guidance for establishing surveillance programs for invasive species, but they rarely account for knowledge gaps regarding the pest of interest or how these can be reduced. In this study we demonstrate how the somewhat competing notions of robustness to uncertainty and potential knowledge gains could be used in prioritizing large-scale surveillance activities. We illustrate this approach with the example of an invasive pest recently detected in North America, Sirex noctilio Fabricius. First, we formulate existing knowledge about the pest into a stochastic model and use the model to estimate the expected utility of surveillance efforts across the landscape. The expected utility accounts for the distribution, abundance and susceptibility of the host resource as well as the value of timely S. noctilio detections. Next, we make use of the info-gap decision theory framework to explore two alternative pest surveillance strategies. The first strategy aims for timely, certain detections and attempts to maximize the robustness to uncertainty about S. noctilio behavior; the second strategy aims to maximize the potential knowledge gain about the pest via unanticipated (i.e., opportune) detections. The results include a set of spatial outputs for each strategy that can be used independently to prioritize surveillance efforts. However, we demonstrate an alternative approach in which these outputs are combined via the Pareto ranking technique into a single priority map that outlines the survey regions with the best trade-offs between both surveillance strategies. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.07.009 VL - 91 IS - 12 SP - 2535-2546 SN - 1095-8630 KW - Info-gap KW - Sirex noctilio KW - Robustness KW - Opportuneness KW - Invasion model KW - Spatial simulation KW - Pareto frontier KW - Multi-criteria ranking ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate control of terrestrial carbon exchange across biomes and continents AU - Yi, C. X. AU - Ricciuto, D. AU - Li, R. AU - Wolbeck, J. AU - Xu, X. Y. AU - Nilsson, M. AU - Aires, L. AU - Albertson, J. D. AU - Ammann, C. AU - Arain, M. A. AU - Araujo, A. C. AU - Aubinet, M. AU - Aurela, M. AU - Barcza, Z. AU - Barr, A. AU - Berbigier, P. AU - Beringer, J. AU - Bernhofer, C. AU - Black, A. T. T2 - Environmental Research Letters DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 5 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in adult African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) AU - Howard, A. M. AU - Papich, M. G. AU - Felt, S. A. AU - Long, C. T. AU - McKeon, G. P. AU - Bond, E. S. AU - Torreilles, S. L. AU - Luong, R. H. AU - Green, S. L. T2 - Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 49 IS - 6 SP - 800-804 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial and temporal controls on watershed ecohydrology in the northern Rocky Mountains AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. AU - Epstein, Howard E. AU - McGlynn, Brian L. AU - Welsch, Daniel L. AU - Muth, Daniel J. AU - D'Odorico, Paolo T2 - WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AB - Vegetation water stress plays an important role in the movement of water through the soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum. However, the effects of water stress on evapotranspiration (ET) and other hydrological processes at the watershed scale remain poorly understood due in part to spatially and temporally heterogeneous conditions within the watershed, especially in areas of mountainous terrain. We used a spatially distributed model to understand and evaluate the relationship between water stress and ET in a forested mountain watershed during the snow‐free growing season. Vegetation water stress increased as the growing season progressed, due to continued drying of soils, and persisted late into the growing season, even as vapor pressure deficit decreased with lower temperatures. As a result, ET became decoupled from vapor pressure deficit and became increasingly dependent on soil moisture later in the growing season, shifting from demand limitation to supply limitation. We found water stress and total growing season ET to be distributed nonuniformly across the watershed due to interactions between topography and vegetation. Areas having tall vegetation and low topographic index experienced the greatest water stress, yet they had some of the highest evapotranspiration rates in the watershed. DA - 2010/11/24/ PY - 2010/11/24/ DO - 10.1029/2009wr008890 VL - 46 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1944-7973 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000284711600002&KeyUID=WOS:000284711600002 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling fertilizer externalities around Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica AU - Arriagada, Rodrigo A. AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. AU - Gonzalez, Eugenio T2 - AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AB - Abstract Irrigated rice farming in Costa Rica involves use of agrochemicals that pollute important wetlands ecosystems, such as the Palo Verde National Park in the northeastern province of Guanacaste. We characterize rice farming in this region, apply duality theory to estimate conditional factor demand for fertilizer, and then simulate the impacts of alternative policies on fertilizer use. Using a normalized profit function, we also estimate policy impacts on farmer profits. As expected, prices of rice seeds and fertilizer significantly affect use of fertilizer. Price incentives or taxes could encourage farming practices that reduce the threat to downstream ecosystems. DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2010.00472.x VL - 41 IS - 6 SP - 567-575 SN - 0169-5150 KW - Agriculture KW - Rice KW - Conditional factor demands KW - Normalized profit function ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term effects of establishment practices on plant communities across successive rotations in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation AU - Jeffries, Stephanie B. AU - Wentworth, Thomas R. AU - Allen, H. Lee T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Implementation of repeated, high-intensity short rotations in forest plantations raises concerns about the effects of such practices on herbaceous layer biodiversity and overall sustainability. To investigate these concerns, we conducted a comparative study of second and third rotation plant communities in a loblolly pine plantation in the Piedmont of North Carolina. The second rotation stand was established in 1960 using conventional practices and was harvested in 1981, leaving two plots in each of three blocks as “historical” plots representing the second rotation. The third rotation was planted in 1982, and a 2 × 2 factorial experiment was established within an area that had been complete-tree harvested, using two site preparation (drum-chop versus shear, pile, and disk) and two cultural (vegetation control versus no vegetation control) treatments in each of three blocks. Presence/absence data for vascular plant taxa were collected in the second rotation historical plots at year 22 and also in the third rotation treatment plots at year 18 and analyzed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination, indicator species analysis, analysis of species richness, and computation of species turnover. Results indicated overall similarities in the herbaceous layer from year 22 in the second rotation to year 18 in the third rotation, while revealing some key differences in species composition, including persistence of disturbance-responsive species associated with the vegetation control treatment in the third rotation plots. The addition of these species largely accounted for an increase in species richness from the second to the third rotation. Species composition in low intensity third rotation plots (chop, no vegetation control) most closely resembled that of the second rotation plots of similar age. In addition, differences in species composition due to soil and topographic differences within the study persisted through both rotations, while compositional effects of treatments implemented at the beginning of the third rotation diminished with time. We conclude that more intensive silvicultural practices, such as site preparation and vegetation control, reduce initial competition from woody species and thus permit the persistence of early successional species, increasing overall diversity. From the larger perspective of the entire study, the second and third rotation stands converged to similar species composition after approximately two decades post-planting despite early treatment-related differences in the third rotation. It remains to be seen whether additional harvests, rotations, and intensive practices will continue to support a functioning understory plant community in these short rotation plantation forests. DA - 2010/9/30/ PY - 2010/9/30/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.08.003 VL - 260 IS - 9 SP - 1548-1556 SN - 1872-7042 UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.08.003 KW - Herbaceous layer KW - Biodiversity KW - Silviculture KW - Forest management KW - Sustainability KW - Succession ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leaf area of overstory and understory in pine plantations in the flatwoods AU - Peduzzi, A. AU - Allen, H. L. AU - Wynne, R. H. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 154-160 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional Response Models to Estimate Feeding Rates of Wading Birds AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Gilliam, James F. AU - Miranda-Castro, Leopoldo T2 - WATERBIRDS AB - Forager (predator) abundance may mediate feeding rates in wading birds. Yet, when modeled, feeding rates are typically derived from the purely prey-dependent Holling Type II (HoII) functional response model. Estimates of feeding rates are necessary to evaluate wading bird foraging strategies and their role in food webs; thus, models that incorporate predator dependence warrant consideration. Here, data collected in a mangrove swamp in Puerto Rico in 1994 were reanalyzed, reporting feeding rates for mixed-species flocks after comparing fits of the HoII model, as used in the original work, to the Beddington-DeAngelis (BD) and Crowley-Martin (CM) predator-dependent models. Model CM received most support (AIC c wi = 0.44), but models BD and HoII were plausible alternatives (ΔAIC c ≤ 2). Results suggested that feeding rates were constrained by predator abundance. Reductions in rates were attributed to interference, which was consistent with the independently observed increase in aggression as flock size increased (P < 0.05). Substantial discrepancies between the CM and HoII models were possible depending on flock sizes used to model feeding rates. However, inferences derived from the HoII model, as used in the original work, were sound. While Holling's Type II and other purely prey-dependent models have fostered advances in wading bird foraging ecology, evaluating models that incorporate predator dependence could lead to a more adequate description of data and processes of interest. The mechanistic bases used to derive models used here lead to biologically interpretable results and advance understanding of wading bird foraging ecology. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1675/063.033.0104 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 33-40 SN - 1524-4695 KW - Ardea alba KW - Egretta caerulea KW - Egretta tricolor KW - Fgretta thula KW - estuaries foraging KW - functional response KW - man grove swamp KW - Puerto Rico KW - wading birds ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic potential of agroforestry and forestry in the lower mississippi alluvial valley with incentive programs and carbon payments AU - Frey, G. E. AU - Mercer, D. E. AU - Cubbage, F. W. AU - Abt, R. C. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 176-185 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Ability of institutions to address new challenges AU - Cashore, B. AU - Galloway, G. AU - Cubbage, F. AU - Humphreys, D. AU - Katila, P. AU - Levin, K. AU - Maryudi, A. AU - McDermott, C. AU - McGinley, K. AU - Kengen, S. AU - Medrado, M.J.S. AU - Puente, M.C. AU - Temu, A.B. AU - Zanetti, E.A. T2 - Forests and society : responding to global drivers of change PY - 2010/// PB - Vienna : International Union of Forest Research Organizations SN - 9783901347931 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toward global calibrations for estimating the wood properties of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate pine species AU - Schimleck, Laurence R. AU - Hodge, Gary R. AU - Woodbridge, William T2 - JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AB - Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is increasingly being used to replace traditional methods of wood property assessment and, as a result, multi-site, multi-species (or global) calibrations are of interest to organisations who assess wood properties on a large-scale. In this study, the development of global wood property calibrations for tropical, sub-tropical and temperate pines is explored. In a three-stage process, samples provided by ten forest industry companies and representing 14 pine species (two species had two varieties) and one hybrid, grown on 17 different sites in five countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and South Africa) were used to develop calibrations for air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA) and stiffness. Initial calibrations, based on samples from individual co-operators, had variable statistics; for example, R 2 for density ranged from 0.51 to 0.89. In the second stage, multi co-operator calibrations were obtained from two independent data sets that included samples from sites in each country. For the three properties, calibration statistics compared well to those obtained in stage 1, with stiffness having the best fit statistics ( R 2 = 0.917, RPDc=3.3). MFA and stiffness calibrations showed the presence of nonlinearity in the data. The calibrations performed reasonably well when used to predict the wood properties of the alternate set, with density having the weakest predictions. Stage 3 calibrations were based on all available samples and were similar to those developed in stage 2, demonstrating that it is possible to build multi-site, multi-species calibrations for pines. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1255/jnirs.900 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - 355-365 SN - 0967-0335 KW - air-dry density KW - microfibril angle (MFA) KW - near infrared {NIR) spectroscopy KW - Pinus species KW - stiffness KW - tree improvement KW - wood properties ER - TY - JOUR TI - Property Taxes and Forests in West Virginia: A Historical Review AU - Fortney, Jennifer AU - Arano, Kathryn G. T2 - SMALL-SCALE FORESTRY DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1007/s11842-009-9102-6 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 67-80 SN - 1873-7617 KW - ad valorem KW - Nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners KW - Preferential taxation KW - Tax shelter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global near infrared models to predict lignin and cellulose content of pine wood AU - Hodge, Gary R. AU - Woodbridge, William C. T2 - JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AB - Global near infrared models to predict lignin and cellulose content of pine wood were developed using 517 samples for lignin and 457 samples for cellulose. Samples came from seven different pine species, including tropical species ( Pinus caribaea, P. oocarpa, P. maximinoi, P. patula and P. tecunumanii) and temperate species ( P. radiata and P. taeda) from five different countries (Brazil, Colombia, Chile, South Africa and the USA). The global models were tested on an independent validation data set and had excellent fits for lignin [correlation coefficient ( r 2 )=0.97 and standard error of prediciton ( SEP) = 0.44] and good fits for cellulose ( r 2 = 0.82 and SEP = 1.08). Subsets of the data were used to develop smaller multi-species, multi-site calibrations that could be tested on independent datasets containing different species not included in the calibration model. For calibrations based on four or more species, predictions from those models on independent datasets were generally good, with only slight degradation in r 2 and SEP relative to the calibration R 2 and SECV. The results suggest that global calibrations could be valuable in tree breeding programmes to rank species and genotypes for lignin and cellulose content. Species-specific models were developed for two species ( P. tecunumanii and P. taeda) which had sufficient numbers of observations; the global calibrations gave predictions as good as the species-specific calibrations. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1255/jnirs.902 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - 367-380 SN - 1751-6552 KW - NIR KW - global calibrations KW - lignin KW - cellulose KW - breeding KW - indirect selection KW - wood quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes after disturbance in forests of North America AU - Amiro, B. D. AU - Barr, A. G. AU - Barr, J. G. AU - Black, T. A. AU - Bracho, R. AU - Brown, M. AU - Chen, J. AU - Clark, K. L. AU - Davis, K. J. AU - Desai, A. R. AU - Dore, S. AU - Engel, V. AU - Fuentes, J. D. AU - Goldstein, A. H. AU - Goulden, M. L. AU - Kolb, T. E. AU - Lavigne, M. B. AU - Law, B. E. AU - Margolis, H. A. AU - Martin, T. AU - McCaughey, J. H. AU - Misson, L. AU - Montes-Helu, M. AU - Noormets, A. AU - Randerson, J. T. AU - Starr, G. AU - Xiao, J. T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES AB - Disturbances are important for renewal of North American forests. Here we summarize more than 180 site years of eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide flux made at forest chronosequences in North America. The disturbances included stand‐replacing fire (Alaska, Arizona, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan) and harvest (British Columbia, Florida, New Brunswick, Oregon, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Wisconsin) events, insect infestations (gypsy moth, forest tent caterpillar, and mountain pine beetle), Hurricane Wilma, and silvicultural thinning (Arizona, California, and New Brunswick). Net ecosystem production (NEP) showed a carbon loss from all ecosystems following a stand‐replacing disturbance, becoming a carbon sink by 20 years for all ecosystems and by 10 years for most. Maximum carbon losses following disturbance (g C m −2 y −1 ) ranged from 1270 in Florida to 200 in boreal ecosystems. Similarly, for forests less than 100 years old, maximum uptake (g C m −2 y −1 ) was 1180 in Florida mangroves and 210 in boreal ecosystems. More temperate forests had intermediate fluxes. Boreal ecosystems were relatively time invariant after 20 years, whereas western ecosystems tended to increase in carbon gain over time. This was driven mostly by gross photosynthetic production (GPP) because total ecosystem respiration (ER) and heterotrophic respiration were relatively invariant with age. GPP/ER was as low as 0.2 immediately following stand‐replacing disturbance reaching a constant value of 1.2 after 20 years. NEP following insect defoliations and silvicultural thinning showed lesser changes than stand‐replacing events, with decreases in the year of disturbance followed by rapid recovery. NEP decreased in a mangrove ecosystem following Hurricane Wilma because of a decrease in GPP and an increase in ER. DA - 2010/10/27/ PY - 2010/10/27/ DO - 10.1029/2010jg001390 VL - 115 SP - SN - 2169-8961 ER - TY - JOUR TI - AN UNRECONCILED DOUBLE-OBSERVER METHOD FOR ESTIMATING DETECTION PROBABILITY AND ABUNDANCE AU - Riddle, Jason D. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - AUK AB - Multiple-observer point-count methods allow estimation of detection probability and have some advantages over other point-count methods. We introduce the unreconciled double-observer method, an independent double-observer method that does not require observers to match or otherwise reconcile individual observations. The modeling of the counts uses the repeated-counts model (Royle 2004). We compared estimates of detection probability and abundance from the unreconciled double-observer method with estimates from the traditional independent double-observer method (which requires matching of individual animals) using field-simulated bird-point-count data. The unreconciled double-observer method provided point estimates of detection probability and abundance that were essentially identical to the results of the independent double-observer method, even though much less effort was required to collect data with the unreconciled method. Estimates of detection probability from the unreconciled double-observer method were usually less precise—and estimates of abundance always less precise—than those from the independent double-observer method, because there is less information available in the unreconciled double-observer approach. We also evaluated the unreconciled double-observer method on 12 Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes. The unreconciled double-observer method provided estimates of route-level abundance for most routes and for most of the 20 species we considered. We believe that this method has potential for established bird-monitoring programs such as the BBS because no changes in historical data-collection methods are required other than collecting data simultaneously using two or more observers. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1525/auk.2010.09118 VL - 127 IS - 4 SP - 841-849 SN - 1938-4254 KW - abundance KW - detection probability KW - double-observer KW - PRESENCE KW - repeated counts ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of ganoderma alcohols isolated from Ganoderma lucidum on the androgen receptor binding and the growth of LNCaP cells AU - Liu, Jie AU - Shimizu, Kuniyoshi AU - Kondo, Ryuichiro T2 - FITOTERAPIA AB - The effects of ganoderma alcohols isolated from ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Krast (Ganodermataceae) on the androgen receptor binding and the growth of LNCaP cells have been investigated. Less than two hydroxyl groups in 17β-side chain are needed for binding to androgen receptor. In the case of the ganoderma alcohols with the same number of hydroxyl groups in 17β-side chain, the one which has C-3 carbonyl group showed better binding activity to androgen receptor than that which has C-3 hydroxyl group. The unsaturation in 17β-side chain is needed for the inhibition of the cell proliferation of androgen-induced LNCaP cells growth. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.029 VL - 81 IS - 8 SP - 1067-1072 SN - 1873-6971 KW - Ganoderma lucidum KW - Androgen receptor KW - Prostate cancer KW - Triterpenoids ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stereospecificity of hydroxyl group at C-20 in antiproliferative action of ginsenoside Rh2 on prostate cancer cells AU - Liu, Jie AU - Shimizu, Kuniyoshi AU - Yu, Hongshan AU - Zhang, Chunzhi AU - Jin, Fengxie AU - Kondo, Ryuichiro T2 - FITOTERAPIA AB - Prostate cancer is the fifth most common neoplasm worldwide, and the second most common cancer among men. Ginsenosides, the main component of ginseng, have been known for their medicinal effects such as anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of ginsenosides (ginsenoside 20(R)-Rh2 and ginsenoside 20(S)-Rh2) on prostate cancer cells in vitro. Only ginsenoside 20(S)-Rh2 showed proliferation inhibition on androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cells. These results implied that the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group at C-20 may play an important role in antitumor activities. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.05.020 VL - 81 IS - 7 SP - 902-905 SN - 1873-6971 KW - Ginseng KW - Ginsenoside KW - Prostate cancer cell ER - TY - JOUR TI - Specific down-regulation of PAL genes by artificial microRNAs in Populus trichocarpa AU - Shi, Rui AU - Yang, Chenmin AU - Lu, Shanfa AU - Sederoff, Ronald AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANTA DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.1007/s00425-010-1253-3 VL - 232 IS - 6 SP - 1281-1288 SN - 0032-0935 KW - Artificial microRNA KW - Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase KW - Populus trichocarpa transformation KW - Down-regulation KW - PolyA tailing-based real time RT-PCR KW - Quantitation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Silvicultural manipulation and site effect on above and belowground biomass equations for young Pinus radiata AU - Rubilar, Rafael A. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Alvarez, Jose S. AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Stape, Jose L. T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - There is little understanding of how silvicultural treatments, during the early stages of tree development, affect allometric relationships. We developed and compared stem, branch, foliage, coarse and fine root biomass, and leaf area estimation equations, for four-year-old genetically improved radiata pine trees grown on three contrasting soil-site conditions. At each site, selected trees were destructively sampled from a control (shovel planted, no weed control, fertilized with 2 g of boron), a shovel planted + weed control (2 first years) + complete fertilization (nitrogen + phosphorus + boron 2 first years + potassium 2nd year), and a soil tillage (subsoil at 60 cm) + weed control (first 2 years) + complete fertilization treatment. Tissues were separated into foliage, branch, stem, fine and coarse roots (>2 mm). Regression equations for each tree biomass tissue versus leaf area were fit for each site and compared among treatments and sites with the same genetic material. Our results indicated that individual tree biomasses for young plantations are affected by silvicultural treatment and site growing conditions. Higher variability in estimates was found for foliage and branches due to the ephemeral nature of these components. Stem biomass equations vary less, but differences in biomass equations were found among sites and treatments. Coarse root biomass estimates were variable but less than expected, considering the gradient among sites. Similar to stem biomass, a simple positive general linear relationship between root collar diameter, or diameter at breast height with coarse roots biomass was developed across sites and treatments. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.07.015 VL - 34 IS - 12 SP - 1825-1837 SN - 1873-2909 KW - Allometry KW - Root KW - Branch KW - Foliage KW - Stemwood KW - Silviculture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sexual isolation of male moths explained by a single pheromone response QTL containing four receptor genes AU - Gould, Fred AU - Estock, Marie AU - Hillier, N. Kirk AU - Powell, Bekah AU - Groot, Astrid T. AU - Ward, Catherine M. AU - Emerson, Jennifer L. AU - Schal, Coby AU - Vickers, Neil J. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Long distance sexual communication in moths has fascinated biologists because of the complex, precise female pheromone signals and the extreme sensitivity of males to specific pheromone molecules. Progress has been made in identifying some genes involved in female pheromone production and in male response. However, we have lacked information on the genetic changes involved in evolutionary diversification of these mate-finding mechanisms that is critical to understanding speciation in moths and other taxa. We used a combined quantitative trait locus (QTL) and candidate gene approach to determine the genetic architecture of sexual isolation in males of two congeneric moths, Heliothis subflexa and Heliothis virescens . We report behavioral and neurophysiological evidence that differential male responses to three female-produced chemicals ( Z 9-14:Ald, Z 9-16:Ald, Z 11-16:OAc) that maintain sexual isolation of these species are all controlled by a single QTL containing at least four odorant receptor genes. It is not surprising that pheromone receptor differences could control H. subflexa and H. virescens responses to Z 9-16:Ald and Z 9-14:Ald, respectively. However, central rather than peripheral level control over the positive and negative responses of H. subflexa and H. virescens to Z 11-16:OAc had been expected. Tight linkage of these receptor genes indicates that mutations altering male response to complex blends could be maintained in linkage disequilibrium and could affect the speciation process. Other candidate genes such as those coding for pheromone binding proteins did not map to this QTL, but there was some genetic evidence of a QTL for response to Z 11-16:OH associated with a sensory neuron membrane protein gene. DA - 2010/5/11/ PY - 2010/5/11/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0910945107 VL - 107 IS - 19 SP - 8660-8665 SN - 0027-8424 KW - mating KW - speciation KW - AFLP KW - odorant receptor KW - Heliothis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prediction of whole-stem alpha-cellulose yield, lignin content, and wood density in juvenile and mature loblolly pine AU - Aspinwall, M. J. AU - Li, B. L. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Isik, F. AU - Gumpertz, M. L. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 84-90 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pest Risk Maps for Invasive Alien Species: A Roadmap for Improvement AU - Venette, Robert C. AU - Kriticos, Darren J. AU - Magarey, Roger D. AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - Baker, Richard H. A. AU - Worner, Susan P. AU - Raboteaux, Nadilia N. Gomez AU - McKenney, Daniel W. AU - Dobesberger, Erhard J. AU - Yemshanov, Denys AU - De Barro, Paul J. AU - Hutchison, William D. AU - Fowler, Glenn AU - Kalaris, Tom M. AU - Pedlar, John T2 - BIOSCIENCE AB - Pest risk maps are powerful visual communication tools to describe where invasive alien species might arrive, establish, spread, or cause harmful impacts. These maps inform strategic and tactical pest management decisions, such as potential restrictions on international trade or the design of pest surveys and domestic quarantines. Diverse methods are available to create pest risk maps, and can potentially yield different depictions of risk for the same species. Inherent uncertainties about the biology of the invader, future climate conditions, and species interactions further complicate map interpretation. If multiple maps are available, risk managers must choose how to incorporate the various representations of risk into their decisionmaking process, and may make significant errors if they misunderstand what each map portrays. This article describes the need for pest risk maps, compares pest risk mapping methods, and recommends future research to improve such important decision-support tools. DA - 2010/5// PY - 2010/5// DO - 10.1525/bio.2010.60.5.5 VL - 60 IS - 5 SP - 349-362 SN - 0006-3568 KW - biological invasions KW - biosecurity KW - ecological niche models KW - climate change KW - pest risk assessment ER - TY - JOUR TI - PREY SELECTION BY SWAINSON'S WARBLERS ON THE BREEDING GROUNDS AU - Savage, Amelia L. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Gerwin, John A. AU - Sorenson, Clyde T2 - CONDOR AB - Swainson's Warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) breeds in bottomland hardwood forests across the southeastern United States, where it is believed to be one of the rarest breeding songbirds. Although information on its nest-site habitat is considerable, little is known about its foraging habitat except that the species is insectivorous, with a large bill used to flip fallen leaves on the forest floor. We captured Swainson's Warblers and flushed their crops to determine their diet and sampled leaf-litter arthropods and vegetation at each location of capture. We compared the proportion of arthropod orders in the crop samples to the proportion of arthropods collected in the leaf litter to determine the warbler's prey in proportion to its availability. Although Acari (mites and ticks) and Chilopoda (centipedes) were the most abundant arthropods in the leaf-litter samples (51% and 18%, respectively), these orders rarely occurred in the warblers' crops. Conversely, Araneae (spiders) and Coleoptera (beetles) were uncommon in leaf-litter samples (2% and 5%, respectively) but were the most abundant arthropod orders in the warblers' crops. Binary logistic regression with presence or absence of Araneae as the response variable and habitat measures as the predictor variables revealed that the probability of spiders occurring in the leaf litter increased as leaf-litter depth increased. To promote foraging habitat for Swainson's Warbler, deep leaf litter should be maintained by maintaining patches of closed-canopy forests and restoring natural regimes of flooding. DA - 2010/8// PY - 2010/8// DO - 10.1525/cond.2010.090055 VL - 112 IS - 3 SP - 605-614 SN - 1938-5129 KW - arthropods KW - bottomland hardwoods KW - breeding KW - Limnothlypis swainsonii KW - prey selection KW - Swainson's Warbler ER - TY - JOUR TI - New and composite point sampling estimates AU - McTague, John Paul T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - A new estimator for basal area is introduced that is based on the concepts of angle count and angle summation sampling. Using the ratio of the angle count basal area factor and the angle summation (borderline) factor, it is possible to estimate stand volume without measuring the diameters and distances of the trees included in the sample. Employing simulation of repeated sampling in a 40 ha forest of known population parameters, it is demonstrated that the new sampling methodology is unbiased and weakly correlated with conventional angle count sampling. Hence, considerable gains in efficiency are made by combining the two sampling methods with composite estimators. Two applications are explored with the new composite point sampling estimates, including the use of the big basal area factor sampling method and critical height sampling using a Max and Burkhart taper formulation. DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.1139/x10-158 VL - 40 IS - 11 SP - 2234-2242 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of forest management certification in Argentina and Chile AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Diaz, Diana AU - Yapura, Pablo AU - Dube, Francis T2 - FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS AB - Individuals at ten firms in Argentina and Chile that had received Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) or Sistema Chileno de Certificación Forestal (CERTFOR) forest management certification were interviewed to determine the management, environmental, social, and economic impacts of certification. All firms improved many practices in forest management, environmental protection, community relations, public affairs, economic, and environmental management systems in order to receive certification, with an average of 27 changes reported per firm that received forest certification. The amount of changes were fairly evenly distributed among forest management practices, social and legal aspects, and economic and system impacts. Most firms certified by FSC received several conditions or corrective action requests, but these represented only about one-third of the 27 changes those firms made to receive or maintain certification. Certification appeared to prompt similar changes in Argentina and Chile, and with FSC and CERTFOR. Certified firms usually hired only one or two new employees for certification, but did shift job responsibilities so that about 5% to 10% of personnel time was spent on certification. Individuals at interviewed firms were generally very satisfied with certification and all firms except one intended to re-certify. A fin de determinar los impactos de la certificación sobre el manejo forestal en relación a aspectos ecológicos, económicos y sociales fueron entrevistadas con diez empresas en Argentina y Chile que recibieron la certificación de Manejo Forestal Sustentable del Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) o Sistema Chileno de Certificación Forestal (CERTFOR). Todas las empresas mejoraron sus prácticas de manejo forestal, de protección ambiental, sus relaciones con la comunidad y con el público, su economía y sus sistemas de manejo ambiental a fin de recibir la certificación forestal, con un promedio de 27 cambios informados por cada firma que obtuvo la certificación. La cantidad de cambios estuvo uniformemente distribuida entre las prácticas de manejo forestal, los aspectos sociales y legales, y los aspectos económicos y de planificación. La mayoría de las firmas certificadas por FSC recibieron también varias solicitudes de acciones correctivas, pero éstas representan sólo un tercio del total de 27 cambios realizados por estas empresas para recibir o mantener la certificación. La certificación parece haber generado similar número de cambios en Argentina y Chile, ya sea FSC o CERTFOR. Alrededor 5% hasta 10% del tiempo de los empleados fue ganado con certificación forestal. Las personas entrevistadas en las empresas se encontraban por lo general satisfechas con la certificación y excepto una de las empresas, el resto de ellas proyectaban renovar la certificación forestal. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.1016/j.forpol.2010.06.004 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 497-504 SN - 1389-9341 KW - Forest Management Certification KW - FSC KW - CERTFOR KW - Evaluation KW - Impacts ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global timber investments, wood costs, regulation, and risk AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Koesbandana, Sadharga AU - Mac Donagh, Patricio AU - Rubilar, Rafael AU - Balmelli, Gustavo AU - Morales Olmos, Virginia AU - De La Torre, Rafael AU - Murara, Mauro AU - Hoeflich, Vitor Afonso AU - Kotze, Heynz AU - Gonzalez, Ronalds AU - Carrero, Omar AU - Frey, Gregory AU - Adams, Thomas AU - Turner, James AU - Lord, Roger AU - Huang, Jin AU - MacIntyre, Charles AU - McGinley, Kathleen AU - Abt, Robert AU - Phillips, Richard T2 - Biomass and Bioenergy AB - We estimated financial returns and wood production costs in 2008 for the primary timber plantation species. Excluding land costs, returns for exotic plantations in almost all of South America – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and Paraguay – were substantial. Eucalyptus species returns were generally greater than those for Pinus species in each country, with most having Internal Rates of Return (IRRs) of 20% per year or more, as did teak. Pinus species in South America were generally closer to 15%, except in Argentina, where they were 20%. IRRs were less, but still attractive for plantations of coniferous or deciduous species in China, South Africa, New Zealand, Indonesia, and the United States, ranging from 7% to 12%. Costs of wood production at the cost of capital of 8% per year were generally cheapest for countries with high rates of return and for pulpwood fiber production, which would favor vertically integrated firms in Latin America. But wood costs at stumpage market prices were much greater, making net wood costs for open market wood more similar among countries. In the Americas, Chile and Brazil had the most regulatory components of sustainable forest management, followed by Misiones, Argentina and Oregon in the U.S. New Zealand, the United States, and Chile had the best rankings regarding risk from political, commercial, war, or government actions and for the ease of doing business. Conversely, Venezuela, Indonesia, Colombia, and Argentina had high risk ratings, and Brazil, Indonesia, and Venezuela were ranked as more difficult countries for ease of business. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.05.008 VL - 34 IS - 12 SP - 1667-1678 J2 - Biomass and Bioenergy LA - en OP - SN - 0961-9534 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.05.008 DB - Crossref KW - Forest plantations KW - Investment returns KW - Financial models KW - Risk KW - Pinus spp KW - Eucalyptus spp ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic hotspots for adaptation: The population genetics of Mullerian mimicry in Heliconius erato AU - Counterman, B. A. AU - Araujo-Perez, F. AU - Hines, H. M. AU - Baxter, S. W. AU - Morrison, C. M. AU - Lindstrom, D. P. AU - Papa, R. AU - Ferguson, L. AU - Joron, M. AU - Ffrench-Constant, R. H. AU - Smith, C. P. AU - Nielsen, D. M. AU - Chen, R. AU - Jiggins, C. D. AU - Reed, R. D. AU - Halder, G. T2 - PLoS Genetics DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 6 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest ownership and management outcomes in the US, in global context AU - Siry, J. AU - Cubbage, F. AU - Newman, D. AU - Izlar, R. T2 - INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY REVIEW AB - SUMMARY Land is of critical importance for provision of wood and nonwood forest products and environmental services. Ownership is a key factor influencing forest land management and protection. Most forests in the world, 86%, are in public ownership which accounts for a commensurate share of forest degradation. U.S. forest land ownership is dominated by private owners, and this has largely worked well for production and for provision of environmental services. International comparisons of forest land ownership and corresponding management outcomes indicate that private forests provide proportionally more market based goods such as wood, and that their environmental performance in terms of forest management plans, forest certification, and compliance with forest regulations appears to be similar to that of public forests. In fact, private lands have increased environmental conformance with regulations and adopted forest certification for many high production lands. Both public and private lands should more... DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1505/ifor.12.1.38 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 38-48 SN - 2053-7778 KW - global forest resources KW - land ownership KW - public lands KW - private lands KW - sustainable forest management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental Investigation of Observation Error in Anuran Call Surveys AU - Mcclintock, Brett T. AU - Bailey, Larissa L. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - ABSTRACT Occupancy models that account for imperfect detection are often used to monitor anuran and songbird species occurrence. However, presence—absence data arising from auditory detections may be more prone to observation error (e.g., false‐positive detections) than are sampling approaches utilizing physical captures or sightings of individuals. We conducted realistic, replicated field experiments using a remote broadcasting system to simulate simple anuran call surveys and to investigate potential factors affecting observation error in these studies. Distance, time, ambient noise, and observer abilities were the most important factors explaining false‐negative detections. Distance and observer ability were the best overall predictors of false‐positive errors, but ambient noise and competing species also affected error rates for some species. False‐positive errors made up 5% of all positive detections, with individual observers exhibiting false‐positive rates between 0.5% and 14%. Previous research suggests false‐positive errors of these magnitudes would induce substantial positive biases in standard estimators of species occurrence, and we recommend practices to mitigate for false positives when developing occupancy monitoring protocols that rely on auditory detections. These recommendations include additional observer training, limiting the number of target species, and establishing distance and ambient noise thresholds during surveys. DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.2193/2009-321 VL - 74 IS - 8 SP - 1882-1893 SN - 1937-2817 KW - auditory detection KW - aural detection KW - detection probability KW - false negative KW - false positive KW - imperfect detection KW - monitoring KW - site occupancy KW - species occurrence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Mowing on Anthraquinone for Deterrence of Canada Geese AU - Ayers, Christopher R. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Deperno, Christopher S. AU - Yelverton, Fred H. AU - Wang, Huixia J. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - ABSTRACT Anthraquinone (AQ)‐based repellents have been shown to reduce Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ) use of turfgrass; however, impacts of frequent mowing on efficacy of AQ have not been studied. Our objective was to determine efficacy and longevity of a rain‐fast AQ‐based avian repellent, FlightControl® PLUS (FCP), as a deterrent of free‐ranging resident Canada geese under 2 mowing frequencies. We conducted the study at 8 sites in the Triangle region (Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill) of North Carolina, USA. We arranged our experiment in a randomized complete block design, with each of 8 sites containing 4 0.1‐ha treatment combinations: 1) treated with FCP and mowed every 4 days (T4), 2) treated with FCP and mowed every 8 days (T8), 3) untreated and mowed every 4 days, and 4) untreated and mowed every 8 days. We conducted 4 37‐day field sessions (Jun‐Jul 2007, Sep‐Oct 2007, Jun‐Jul 2008, and Sep‐Oct 2008), representing the summer molting phase and the full‐plumage phase. Resident goose use (measured by daily no. of droppings) was 41–70% lower on treated plots than on untreated plots, but use was similar between T4 and T8. Average FCP coverage on grass blades decreased in coverage from approximately 95% to 10% over the 30‐day posttreatment phase. Results indicate that resident Canada goose use of FCP‐treated turfgrass areas was lower than untreated areas even when chemical coverage on grass was 10%. Further, mowing frequency did not have a clear impact on the efficacy of FCP as a Canada goose repellent. DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.2193/2009-323 VL - 74 IS - 8 SP - 1863-1868 SN - 0022-541X KW - Anthraquinone KW - Branta canadensis KW - Canada geese KW - FlightControl (R) PLUS KW - mowing KW - repellents KW - turfgrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of foliar macro- and micronutrient concentrations and ratios in loblolly pine plantations in the southeastern United States AU - Albaugh, J. M. AU - Blevins, L. AU - Allen, H. L. AU - Albaugh, T. J. AU - Fox, T. R. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Rubilar, R. A. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 53-64 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association Mapping of Quantitative Disease Resistance in a Natural Population of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) AU - Quesada, Tania AU - Gopal, Vikneswaran AU - Cumbie, W. Patrick AU - Eckert, Andrew J. AU - Wegrzyn, Jill L. AU - Neale, David B. AU - Goldfarb, Barry AU - Huber, Dudley A. AU - Casella, George AU - Davis, John M. T2 - GENETICS AB - Abstract Genetic resistance to disease incited by necrotrophic pathogens is not well understood in plants. Whereas resistance is often quantitative, there is limited information on the genes that underpin quantitative variation in disease resistance. We used a population genomic approach to identify genes in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) that are associated with resistance to pitch canker, a disease incited by the necrotrophic pathogen Fusarium circinatum. A set of 498 largely unrelated, clonally propagated genotypes were inoculated with F. circinatum microconidia and lesion length, a measure of disease resistance, data were collected 4, 8, and 12 weeks after inoculation. Best linear unbiased prediction was used to adjust for imbalance in number of observations and to identify highly susceptible and highly resistant genotypes (“tails”). The tails were reinoculated to validate the results of the full population screen. Significant associations were detected in 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (out of 3938 tested). As hypothesized for genes involved in quantitative resistance, the 10 SNPs had small effects and proposed roles in basal resistance, direct defense, and signal transduction. We also discovered associated genes with unknown function, which would have remained undetected in a candidate gene approach constrained by annotation for disease resistance or stress response. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1534/genetics.110.117549 VL - 186 IS - 2 SP - 677-U336 SN - 1943-2631 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for gelatinous fiber formation AU - Wyatt, S. E. AU - Sederoff, R. AU - Flaishman, M. A. AU - Lev-Yadun, S. T2 - RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY DA - 2010/5// PY - 2010/5// DO - 10.1134/s1021443710030076 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 363-367 SN - 1021-4437 KW - Arabidpsis thaliana KW - cambium KW - gelatinous fibers KW - gravity KW - reaction wood KW - tension wood ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Experimental Assessment of Vehicle Disturbance Effects on Migratory Shorebirds AU - Tarr, Nathan M. AU - Simons, Theodore R. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - ABSTRACT Off‐road vehicle (ORV) traffic is one of several forms of disturbance thought to affect shorebirds at migration stopover sites. Attempts to measure disturbance effects on shorebird habitat use and behavior at stopover sites are difficult because ORV disturbance is frequently confounded with habitat and environmental factors. We used a before‐after‐control‐impact experimental design to isolate effects of vehicle disturbance from shorebird responses to environmental and habitat factors. We manipulated disturbance levels within beach closures along South Core Banks, North Carolina, USA, and measured changes in shorebird abundance and location, as well as the activity of one focal species, the sanderling ( Calidris alba ), within paired control and impact plots. We applied a discrete treatment level of one flee‐response‐inducing event every 10 minutes on impact plots. We found that disturbance reduced total shorebird and black‐bellied plover ( Pluvialis squatarola ) abundance and reduced relative use of microhabitat zones above the swash zone (wet sand and dry sand) by sanderlings, black‐bellied plovers, willets ( Tringa semipalmata ), and total shorebirds. Sanderlings and total shorebirds increased use of the swash zone in response to vehicle disturbance. Disturbance reduced use of study plots by sanderlings for resting and increased sanderling activity, but we did not detect an effect of vehicle disturbance on sanderling foraging activity. We provide the first estimates of how a discrete level of disturbance affects shorebird distributions among ocean beach microhabitats. Our findings provide a standard to which managers can compare frequency and intensity of disturbance events at other shorebird stopover and roosting sites and indicate that limiting disturbance will contribute to use of a site by migratory shorebirds. DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.2193/2009-105 VL - 74 IS - 8 SP - 1776-1783 SN - 0022-541X KW - barrier island KW - disturbance KW - habitat use KW - migration KW - off-highway vehicle KW - roosting KW - sanderling KW - shorebird KW - stopover ER - TY - JOUR TI - FOSSIL PALMS (ARECACEAE, CORYPHOIDEAE) ASSOCIATED WITH JUVENILE HERBIVOROUS DINOSAURS IN THE UPPER CRETACEOUS AGUJA FORMATION, BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK, TEXAS AU - Manchester, Steven R. AU - Lehman, Thomas M. AU - Wheeler, Elisabeth A. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES AB - Seeds of two palm species conforming to the extant genus Sabal have been recovered from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Aguja Formation of Big Bend National Park, Texas: Sabal bigbendense sp. nov. and Sabal bracknellense (Chandler) Mai. These remains, found together with anatomically preserved palm stems, augment previous reports of Sabalites ungeri (Lesq.) Dorf leaves from the same formation. The co‐occurrence of palm seeds with numerous juvenile hadrosaur and ceratopsian bones indicates that palms closely related to modern cabbage palms may have provided fodder and shelter for young herbivorous dinosaurs. The distribution of these and other Late Cretaceous palm fossils is reviewed. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1086/653688 VL - 171 IS - 6 SP - 679-689 SN - 1537-5315 KW - Arecaceae KW - Campanian KW - ceratopsians KW - dinosaur herbivory KW - fossil KW - leaves KW - Sabal KW - seeds KW - stems KW - Texas ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy and water balance of two contrasting loblolly pine plantations on the lower coastal plain of North Carolina, USA (vol 259, pg 1299, 2010) AU - Noormets, A. AU - Sun, G. AU - McNulty, S. G. AU - Gavazzi, M. J. AU - Chen, J. AU - Domec, J. C. AU - King, J. S. AU - Amatya, D. M. AU - Skaggs, R. W. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 260 IS - 1 SP - 169-169 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A New Resonant Gate Driver for Switching Loss Reduction of High Side Switch in Buck Converter AU - Zhou, Xin AU - Liang, Zhigang AU - Huang, Alex T2 - 2010 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL IEEE APPLIED POWER ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION (APEC) AB - In this paper, a new resonant gate driver circuits is proposed to reduce the switching loss of high side switch in buck converter. Hard switching causes major parts of the power loss in high side switch and limits high switching frequency application of DC-DC converter. The proposed resonant gate driver behaves more like the ideal current source driver which can fast turn-on/turn-off power switch to reduce switching loss. In addition, with proposed resonant gate driver, impact of parasitic gate resistance on switching speed of power switch can be greatly reduced. Test results show that, for buck converter with 12 V input voltage, 1.3 V output voltage, 10 A load current and 5.5 ¿ gate resistance, comparing to conventional driver, with the proposed resonant gate driver for high side switch, total efficiency of buck converter can be improved by more than 3.5%. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1109/apec.2010.5433425 SP - 1477-1481 SN - 1048-2334 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unmodeled observation error induces bias when inferring patterns and dynamics of species occurrence via aural detections AU - McClintock, Brett T. AU - Bailey, Larissa L. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - ECOLOGY AB - The recent surge in the development and application of species occurrence models has been associated with an acknowledgment among ecologists that species are detected imperfectly due to observation error. Standard models now allow unbiased estimation of occupancy probability when false negative detections occur, but this is conditional on no false positive detections and sufficient incorporation of explanatory variables for the false negative detection process. These assumptions are likely reasonable in many circumstances, but there is mounting evidence that false positive errors and detection probability heterogeneity may be much more prevalent in studies relying on auditory cues for species detection (e.g., songbird or calling amphibian surveys). We used field survey data from a simulated calling anuran system of known occupancy state to investigate the biases induced by these errors in dynamic models of species occurrence. Despite the participation of expert observers in simplified field conditions, both false positive errors and site detection probability heterogeneity were extensive for most species in the survey. We found that even low levels of false positive errors, constituting as little as 1% of all detections, can cause severe overestimation of site occupancy, colonization, and local extinction probabilities. Further, unmodeled detection probability heterogeneity induced substantial underestimation of occupancy and overestimation of colonization and local extinction probabilities. Completely spurious relationships between species occurrence and explanatory variables were also found. Such misleading inferences would likely have deleterious implications for conservation and management programs. We contend that all forms of observation error, including false positive errors and heterogeneous detection probabilities, must be incorporated into the estimation framework to facilitate reliable inferences about occupancy and its associated vital rate parameters. DA - 2010/8// PY - 2010/8// DO - 10.1890/09-1287.1 VL - 91 IS - 8 SP - 2446-2454 SN - 0012-9658 KW - auditory detection KW - colonization KW - detection probability KW - false negative KW - false positive KW - imperfect detection KW - local extinction KW - measurement error KW - monitoring KW - observation error KW - site occupancy KW - species occurrence ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Brazil Eucalyptus Potential Productivity Project: Influence of water, nutrients and stand uniformity on wood production AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Binkley, D. AU - Ryan, M. G. AU - Fonseca, S. AU - Loos, R. A. AU - Takahashi, E. N. AU - Silva, C. R. AU - Silva, S. R. AU - Hakamada, R. E. AU - Ferreira, J. M. D. AU - Lima, A. M. N. AU - Gava, J. L. AU - Leite, F. P. AU - Andrade, H. B. AU - Alves, J. M. AU - Silva, G. G. C. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 259 IS - 9 SP - 1684-1694 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relating MODIS vegetation index time-series with structure, light absorption and stem production of fast-growing Eucalyptus plantations AU - Marsden, C. AU - Maire, G. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Lo Seen, D. AU - Roupsard, O. AU - Cabral, O. AU - Epron, D. AU - Lima, A. M. N. AU - Nouvellon, Y. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 259 IS - 9 SP - 1741-1753 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Polymers with Stiff Backbones Interacting with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes AU - Tallury, Syamal S. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B AB - The goal of this study is to explore the interface between single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and polymer chains with semiflexible and stiff backbones in vacuum via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which complements our previous work with flexible backbone polymers. These simulations investigate the structural and dynamical features of interactions with the SWCNT, such as how the polymers prefer to interface with the SWCNT and how the interfacial interaction is affected by the chemical composition and structure of the polymer. The simulations indicate that polymers with stiff and semiflexible backbones tend to wrap around the SWCNT with more distinct conformations than those with flexible backbones. Aromatic moieties along the backbone appear to dictate the adsorption conformation, which is likely due to the preference for optimizing pi−pi interactions, although the presence of bulky aliphatic side chains can hinder those interactions. Moment of inertia plots as a function of time indicate that the adsorption of polymers with stiff backbones tends to be a two-step process, in contrast to flexible backbones. DA - 2010/7/29/ PY - 2010/7/29/ DO - 10.1021/jp101191j VL - 114 IS - 29 SP - 9349-9355 SN - 1520-5207 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77954898628&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - How old is streamwater? Open questions in catchment transit time conceptualization, modelling and analysis AU - McDonnell, J. J. AU - McGuire, K. AU - Aggarwal, P. AU - Beven, K. J. AU - Biondi, D. AU - Destouni, G. AU - Dunn, S. AU - James, A. AU - Kirchner, J. AU - Kraft, P. AU - Lyon, S. AU - Maloszewski, P. AU - Newman, B. AU - Pfister, L. AU - Rinaldo, A. AU - Rodhe, A. AU - Sayama, T. AU - Seibert, J. AU - Solomon, K. T2 - Hydrological Processes DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 24 IS - 12 SP - 1745-1754 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global drivers of human pathogen richness and prevalence AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Davies, T. Jonathan AU - Harris, Nyeema C. AU - Gavin, Michael C. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - The differences in the richness and prevalence of human pathogens among different geographical locations have ramifying consequences for societies and individuals. The relative contributions of different factors to these patterns, however, have not been fully resolved. We conduct a global analysis of the relative influence of climate, alternative host diversity and spending on disease prevention on modern patterns in the richness and prevalence of human pathogens. Pathogen richness (number of kinds) is largely explained by the number of birds and mammal species in a region. The most diverse countries with respect to birds and mammals are also the most diverse with respect to pathogens. Importantly, for human health, the prevalence of key human pathogens (number of cases) is strongly influenced by disease control efforts. As a consequence, even where disease richness is high, we might still control prevalence, particularly if we spend money in those regions where current spending is low, prevalence is high and populations are large. DA - 2010/9/7/ PY - 2010/9/7/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2010.0340 VL - 277 IS - 1694 SP - 2587-2595 SN - 1471-2954 KW - disease KW - diversity gradients KW - global climate KW - human health ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors controlling Eucalyptus productivity: How water availability and stand structure alter production and carbon allocation AU - Ryan, M. G. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Binkley, D. AU - Fonseca, S. AU - Loos, R. A. AU - Takahashi, E. N. AU - Silva, C. R. AU - Silva, S. R. AU - Hakamada, R. E. AU - Ferreira, J. M. AU - Lima, A. M. N. AU - Gava, J. L. AU - Leite, F. P. AU - Andrade, H. B. AU - Alves, J. M. AU - Silva, G. G. C. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 259 IS - 9 SP - 1695-1703 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Explaining growth of individual trees: Light interception and efficiency of light use by Eucalyptus at four sites in Brazil AU - Binkley, D. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Bauerle, W. L. AU - Ryan, M. G. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 259 IS - 9 SP - 1704-1713 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of irrigation on water use and water use efficiency in two fast growing Eucalyptus plantations AU - Hubbard, R. M. AU - Stape, J. AU - Ryan, M. G. AU - Almeida, A. C. AU - Rojas, J. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 259 IS - 9 SP - 1714-1721 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does reverse growth dominance develop in old plantations of Eucalyptus saligna? AU - Bui, T. D. AU - Binkley, D. AU - Stape, J. L. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 259 IS - 9 SP - 1815-1818 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can intensive management accelerate the restoration of Brazil's Atlantic forests? AU - Campoe, O. C. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Mendes, J. C. T. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 259 IS - 9 SP - 1808-1814 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applying ecological insights to increase productivity in tropical plantations AU - Binkley, D. AU - Laclau, J. P. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Ryan, M. G. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 259 IS - 9 SP - 1681-1683 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Upper thermal tolerances of early life stages of freshwater mussels AU - Pandolfo, Tamara J. AU - Cope, W. Gregory AU - Arellano, Consuelo AU - Bringolf, Robert B. AU - Barnhart, M. Christopher AU - Hammer, Edward T2 - JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY AB - Freshwater mussels (order Unioniformes) fulfill an essential role in benthic aquatic communities, but also are among the most sensitive and rapidly declining faunal groups in North America. Rising water temperatures, caused by global climate change, industrial discharges, drought, or land development, could further challenge imperiled unionid communities. The aim of our study was to determine the upper thermal tolerances of the larval (glochidia) and juvenile life stages of freshwater mussels. Glochidia of 8 species of mussels were tested: Lampsilis siliquoidea, Potamilus alatus, Ligumia recta, Ellipsaria lineolata, Lasmigona complanata, Megalonaias nervosa, Alasmidonta varicosa, and Villosa delumbis. Seven of these species also were tested as juveniles. Survival trends were monitored while mussels held at 3 acclimation temperatures (17, 22, and 27°C) were exposed to a range of common and extreme water temperatures (20–42°C) in standard acute laboratory tests. The average median lethal temperature (LT50) among species in 24-h tests with glochidia was 31.6°C and ranged from 21.4 to 42.7°C. The mean LT50 in 96-h juvenile tests was 34.7°C and ranged from 32.5 to 38.8°C. Based on comparisons of LT50s, thermal tolerances differed among species for glochidia, but not for juveniles. Acclimation temperature did not affect thermal tolerance for either life stage. Our results indicate that freshwater mussels already might be living close to their upper thermal tolerances in some systems and, thus, might be at risk from rising environmental temperatures. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.1899/09-128.1 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 959-969 SN - 0887-3593 KW - freshwater mussel KW - Unionidae KW - glochidia KW - juvenile KW - temperature KW - thermal tolerance KW - LT50 KW - LT05 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface preparation and homoepitaxial deposition of AlN on (0001)-oriented AlN substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition AU - Rice, A. AU - Collazo, R. AU - Tweedie, J. AU - Dalmau, R. AU - Mita, S. AU - Xie, J. AU - Sitar, Z. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS AB - Chemical surface treatments were conducted on mechanically polished (MP) and chemomechanically polished (CMP) (0001)-oriented single crystalline aluminum nitride (AlN) substrates to determine a surface preparation procedure for the homoepitaxial deposition of AlN epitaxial layers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. MP AlN substrates characterized by atomic force microscopy exhibited 0.5 nm rms roughness and polishing scratches, while CMP AlN substrates exhibited 0.1 nm rms roughness and were scratch-free. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of MP and CMP AlN substrates indicated the presence of a surface hydroxide layer composed of mixed aluminum oxide hydroxide and aluminum trihydroxide. Wet etching with sulfuric and phosphoric acid mixtures reduced the amount of surface hydroxide. Ammonia annealing at 1250 °C converted the substrate hydroxide layer to AlN and increased the rms roughness of MP and CMP AlN substrates to 2.2 nm and 0.2 nm, respectively. AlN epitaxial layers were deposited at 1100–1250 °C under 20 Torr total pressure with a V/III ratio of 180–300 in either N2 or H2 diluent. High-resolution x-ray diffraction measurements revealed that AlN epitaxial layers deposited on MP substrates were strained due to nucleation and coalescence of AlN grains on the mechanically damaged surfaces. AlN deposited on CMP substrates was epitaxial and strain-free. Thermodynamic models for nitridation and AlN deposition were also proposed and evaluated. DA - 2010/8/15/ PY - 2010/8/15/ DO - 10.1063/1.3467522 VL - 108 IS - 4 SP - SN - 0021-8979 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Research gap analysis for application of biotechnology to sustaining US forests AU - Whetten, R. W. AU - Kellison, R. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 108 IS - 4 SP - 193-201 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Parks Promoting Physical Activity: Synthesis of Findings From Interventions in Seven National Parks AU - Hoehner, Christine M. AU - Brownson, Ross C. AU - Allen, Diana AU - Gramann, James AU - Behrens, Timothy K. AU - Floyd, Myron F. AU - Leahy, Jessica AU - Liddle, Joseph B. AU - Smaldone, David AU - Spain, Diara D. AU - Tardona, Daniel R. AU - Ruthmann, Nicholas P. AU - Seiler, Rachel L. AU - Yount, Byron W. T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH AB - We synthesized the results of 7 National Park Service pilot interventions designed to increase awareness of the health benefits from participation in recreation at national parks and to increase physical activity by park visitors.A content analysis was conducted of the final evaluation reports of the 7 participating parks. Pooled data were also analyzed from a standardized trail-intercept survey administered in 3 parks.The theme of new and diverse partnerships was the most common benefit reported across the 7 sites. The 2 parks that focused on youth showed evidence of an increase in awareness of the benefits of physical activity. Many of the other sites found high levels of awareness at baseline (approaching 90%), suggesting little room for improvement. Five of the 7 projects showed evidence of an increase in physical activity that was associated with the intervention activities. Multivariate analyses suggested that the media exposure contributed to a small but significant increase in awareness of the importance of physical activity (6%) and number of active visits (7%).Enhancements and replication of these programs represents a promising opportunity for improving partnerships between public health and recreation to increase physical activity. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1123/jpah.7.s1.s67 VL - 7 IS - SUPPL.1 SP - S67-S81 SN - 1543-5474 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77749240198&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - active living KW - social marketing KW - recreation KW - leisure studies KW - parks management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimal control of native predators AU - Martin, Julien AU - Kendall, William L. AU - Runge, Michael C. AU - Simons, Theodore R. AU - Waldstein, Arielle H. AU - Schulte, Shiloh A. AU - Converse, Sarah. J. AU - Smith, Graham W. AU - Pinion, Timothy AU - Rikard, Michael AU - Zipkin, Elise F. T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - We apply decision theory in a structured decision-making framework to evaluate how control of raccoons (Procyon lotor), a native predator, can promote the conservation of a declining population of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Our management objective was to maintain Oystercatcher productivity above a level deemed necessary for population recovery while minimizing raccoon removal. We evaluated several scenarios including no raccoon removal, and applied an adaptive optimization algorithm to account for parameter uncertainty. We show how adaptive optimization can be used to account for uncertainties about how raccoon control may affect Oystercatcher productivity. Adaptive management can reduce this type of uncertainty and is particularly well suited for addressing controversial management issues such as native predator control. The case study also offers several insights that may be relevant to the optimal control of other native predators. First, we found that stage-specific removal policies (e.g., yearling versus adult raccoon removals) were most efficient if the reproductive values among stage classes were very different. Second, we found that the optimal control of raccoons would result in higher Oystercatcher productivity than the minimum levels recommended for this species. Third, we found that removing more raccoons initially minimized the total number of removals necessary to meet long term management objectives. Finally, if for logistical reasons managers cannot sustain a removal program by removing a minimum number of raccoons annually, managers may run the risk of creating an ecological trap for Oystercatchers. DA - 2010/7// PY - 2010/7// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.023 VL - 143 IS - 7 SP - 1751-1758 SN - 1873-2917 KW - Structured decision-making KW - Threatened and endangered species KW - Raccoons KW - Oystercatchers KW - Adaptive management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insights from full-rotation Nelder spacing trials with Eucalyptus in Sao Paulo, Brazil AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Binkley, D. T2 - Southern Forests DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 72 IS - 2 SP - 91-98 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Habitat and Search Criteria of the Rare Sandhills Lily, Lilium pyrophilum M. W. Skinner and Sorrie AU - Gregory, Cheryl AU - Braham, Richard AU - Blank, Gary AU - Stucky, Jon T2 - CASTANEA AB - Thirty populations of Sandhills lily (Lilium pyrophilum) in North Carolina and Virginia were studied to understand the habitat requirements and develop search criteria to find new populations. In each population a study plot containing lily individuals was compared with a nearby plot lacking the lily. Lilium pyrophilum habitat occurred on floodplains and adjacent side slopes that supported four Coastal Plain plant community types and maintained rights-of-way and had an open canopy with an understory dominated by herbs and shrubs. Lily individuals occurred on a range of organic to mineral-organic soils but not on sandy soils and lily soils had higher sulfur levels. Relative to plots lacking lily individuals, Lilium pyrophilum plots had a higher wetness index. Since 97% of plots were in jurisdictional wetlands, a wetland indicator of FACW was recommended for L. pyrophilum. Search criteria for finding new populations were developed on the basis of the habitat features elucidated in this study. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.2179/09-026.1 VL - 75 IS - 2 SP - 198-204 SN - 1938-4386 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grafting Fraser fir (Abies fraseri): Effect of grafting date, shade, and irrigation AU - Hibbert-Frey, H. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Blazich, F. A. AU - Hinesley, L. E. T2 - HortScience DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 617-620 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomics of forest and ecosystem health in the Fagaceae: meeting report AU - Kremer, Antoine AU - Sederoff, Ronald AU - Wheeler, Nicholas T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES AB - A summary of 35 keynote, invited and volunteer papers delivered at a recent international conference is provided along with web links to PDFs of those presentations. Major conference themes targeted Genomic Tool Development for the Fagaceae and Application of Genomic Resources. The meeting provided a venue for reviewing the rapidly expanding knowledge base on Fagaceae genomics and for developing collaborations between scientists from Europe and North America. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1007/s11295-010-0277-y VL - 6 IS - 5 SP - 815-820 SN - 1614-2942 KW - Fagaceae KW - Genomics ER - TY - JOUR TI - From a post office job advertisement to helping shape US-Soviet strategic balance: One perspective of the CIA Corona program AU - Iiames, J. S. T2 - Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 76 IS - 7 SP - 754-754 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field Note: Successful Establishment of a Phytoremediation System at a Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Shallow Aquifer: Trends, Trials, and Tribulations AU - Cook, Rachel L. AU - Landmeyer, James E. AU - Atkinson, Brad AU - Messier, Jean-Pierre AU - Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION AB - We report the establishment of a mixed hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) phytoremediation system at a fuel-contaminated site. Several approaches were used to balance competing goals of cost-effectiveness yet successful tree establishment without artificial irrigation or trenching. Bare root and unrooted cuttings were installed using either: (1) 1.2 m deep holes excavated with an 8 cm diameter auger using a direct-push rig and backfilled with the excavated, in situ soil; (2) 1.2 m deep holes created with a 23 cm diameter auger attached to a Bobcat rig and backfilled with clean topsoil from offsite; and (3) shallow holes between 15–30 cm deep that were created with a 1.3 cm diameter rod and no backfill. Tree mortality from initial plantings indicated contaminated zones not quantified in prior site investigations and remedial actions. Aquifer heterogeneity, underground utilities, and prior remediation infrastructure hampered the ability of the site to support a traditional experimental design. Total stem length and mortality were measured for all planted trees and were incorporated into a geographic information system. Planting early in the growing season, augering a larger diameter hole, and backfilling with clean, uncontaminated topsoil was cost effective and allowed for greater tree cutting growth and survival. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1080/15226510903390395 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 716-732 SN - 1549-7879 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956951220&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - phytoremediation KW - hybrid poplars KW - willows KW - planting approaches KW - petroleum hydrocarbons ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF GEOMORPHIC SETTING AND URBANIZATION ON WOOD, POOLS, SEDIMENT STORAGE, AND BANK EROSION IN PUGET SOUND STREAMS AU - Segura, Catalina AU - Booth, Derek B. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - Segura, Catalina and Derek B. Booth, 2010. Effects of Geomorphic Setting and Urbanization on Wood, Pools, Sediment Storage, and Bank Erosion in Puget Sound Streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(5):972‐986. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00470.x Abstract: Interrelationships between urbanization, the near‐riparian zone, and channel morphology were examined in 44 lowland stream reaches in the Puget Lowlands of western Washington, United States. Both the degree of urbanization and channel type control channel response to a range of instream and riparian conditions. Some of these relationships are not evident in lumped datasets (i.e., with all channel types and/or degrees of urbanization) and highlight the importance of fluvial geomorphology in determining channel response. We found that in low‐urbanized watersheds dominated by forced pool‐riffle and plane‐bed morphologies, the frequency and distribution of large woody debris (LWD), pool spacing, sediment storage, and bank erosion have a strong relationship with channel confinement and characteristics of near‐riparian vegetation. In contrast, high‐urbanized reaches dominated by simplified morphologies are substantially less sensitive to the condition of the near‐riparian zone (e.g., size of the near‐riparian vegetation and the level of channel confinement), due to the common disconnection of stream and floodplain caused by the placement of stabilizing structures in the banks. These structures are typically placed to prevent erosion; however, they also result in fewer LWD and pools, less sediment storage, and higher potential for incision. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00470.x VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 972-986 SN - 1093-474X KW - urbanization KW - geomorphology KW - rivers/streams KW - near-riparian zone, erosion KW - riparian vegetation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clonal evaluation for fusiform rust disease resistance: effects of pathogen virulence and disease escape AU - Kayihan, Goegce C. AU - Nelson, C. Dana AU - Huber, Dudley A. AU - Amerson, Henry V. AU - White, Timothy L. AU - Davis, John M. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - We evaluated the precision of phenotypic classification for fusiform rust resistance of Pinus taeda L. in a clonally propagated population segregating for the pathotype-specific resistance gene Fr1. In all marker-defined Fr1/fr1 clones screened with low complexity or ambient inoculum, marker–trait cosegregation was complete with no exceptions. Uncommon exceptions (4 of 30) in which marker-defined Fr1/fr1 clones screened with high complexity inoculum were diseased were probably due to a low frequency of spores virulent to Fr1 resistance. Marker–trait cosegregation for fr1/fr1 clones was less reliable, as all ramets of a few clones (5 of 29, 3 of 25, and 4 of 16) remained disease-free with low complexity, high complexity, or ambient inoculum, respectively. We termed disease-free fr1/fr1 ramets “escapes”, since the genetics of the host–pathogen interaction predicted them to be diseased. For nonmarker-defined materials, we considered escapes to be disease-free ramets within clones that had at least one diseased ramet. Narrow-sense heritability estimates for escape rate were 29% and 23% for the low and high complexity inocula, respectively, suggesting that genetic variation in the host is an important component of this resistance mechanism. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1139/x10-045 VL - 40 IS - 6 SP - 1042-1050 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Altered Ferritin Subunit Composition: Change in Iron Metabolism in Lens Epithelial Cells and Downstream Effects on Glutathione Levels and VEGF Secretion AU - Harned, Jill AU - Ferrell, Jenny AU - Lall, Marilyn M. AU - Fleisher, Lloyd N. AU - Nagar, Steven AU - Goralska, Malgorzata AU - McGahan, M. Christine T2 - INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE AB - The iron storage protein ferritin is necessary for the safe storage of iron and for protection against the production of iron-catalyzed oxidative damage. Ferritin is composed of 24 subunits of two types: heavy (H) and light (L). The ratio of these subunits is tissue specific, and alteration of this ratio can have profound effects on iron storage and availability. In the present study, siRNA for each of the chains was used to alter the ferritin H:L chain ratio and to determine the effect of these changes on ferritin synthesis, iron metabolism, and downstream effects on iron-responsive pathways in canine lens epithelial cells.Primary cultures of canine lens epithelial cells were used. The cells were transfected with custom-made siRNA for canine ferritin H- and L-chains. De novo ferritin synthesis was determined by labeling newly synthesized ferritin chains with 35S-methionine, immunoprecipitation, and separation by SDS-PAGE. Iron uptake into cells and incorporation into ferritin was measured by incubating the cells with 59Fe-labeled transferrin. Western blot analysis was used to determine the presence of transferrin receptor, and ELISA was used to determine total ferritin concentration. Ferritin localization in the cells was determined by immunofluorescence labeling. VEGF, glutathione secretion levels, and cystine uptake were measured.FHsiRNA decreased ferritin H-chain synthesis, but doubled ferritin L-chain synthesis. FLsiRNA decreased both ferritin H- and L-chain synthesis. The degradation of ferritin H-chain was blocked by both siRNAs, whereas only FHsiRNA blocked the degradation of ferritin L-chain, which caused significant accumulation of ferritin L-chain in the cells. This excess ferritin L-chain was found in inclusion bodies, some of which were co-localized with lysosomes. Iron storage in ferritin was greatly reduced by FHsiRNA, resulting in increased iron availability, as noted by a decrease in transferrin receptor levels and iron uptake from transferrin. Increased iron availability also increased cystine uptake and glutathione concentration and decreased nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) accumulation in the cell-conditioned medium.Most of the effects of altering the ferritin H:L ratio with the specific siRNAs were due to changes in the availability of iron in a labile pool. They caused significant changes in iron uptake and storage, the rate of ferritin synthesis and degradation, the secretion of VEGF, and the levels of glutathione in cultured lens epithelial cells. These profound effects clearly demonstrate that maintenance of a specific H:L ratio is part of a basic cellular homeostatic mechanism. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.1167/iovs.09-3861 VL - 51 IS - 9 SP - 4437-4446 SN - 1552-5783 ER - TY - CONF TI - What you need to understand is: Cultural barriers to expansion of local food systems in the United States: An example from North Carolina AU - Beratan, K. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings, Society for Anthropological Sciences Annual Meeting 2010, Albuquerque, NM DA - 2010/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variable conductivity and embolism in roots and branches of four contrasting tree species and their impacts on whole-plant hydraulic performance under future atmospheric CO2 concentration AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Schaefer, Karina AU - Oren, Ram AU - Kim, Hyun S. AU - McCarthy, Heather R. T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Anatomical and physiological acclimation to water stress of the tree hydraulic system involves trade-offs between maintenance of stomatal conductance and loss of hydraulic conductivity, with short-term impacts on photosynthesis and long-term consequences to survival and growth. Here, we study the role of variations in root and branch maximum hydraulic specific conductivity (ks-max) under high and low soil moisture in determining whole-tree hydraulic conductance (Ktree) and in mediating stomatal control of gas exchange in four contrasting tree species growing under ambient and elevated CO2 (CO2a and CO2e). We hypothesized that Ktree would adjust to CO2e through an increase in root and branch ks-max in response to anatomical adjustments. However, physiological changes observed under CO2e were not clearly related to structural change in the xylem of any of the species. The only large effect of CO2e occurred in branches of Liquidambar styraciflua L. and Cornus florida L. where an increase in ks-max and a decrease in xylem resistance to embolism (−P50) were measured. Across species, embolism in roots explained the loss of Ktree and therefore indirectly constituted a hydraulic signal involved in stomatal regulation and in the reduction of Gs-ref, the sap-flux-scaled mean canopy stomatal conductance at a reference vapour pressure deficit of 1 kPa. Across roots and branches, the increase in ks-max was associated with a decrease in −P50, a consequence of structural acclimation such as larger conduits, lower pit resistance and lower wood density. Across species, treatment-induced changes in Ktree translated to similar variation in Gs-ref. However, the relationship between Gs-ref and Ktree under CO2a was steeper than under CO2e, indicating that CO2e trees have lower Gs-ref at a given Ktree than CO2a trees. Under high soil moisture, CO2e greatly reduced Gs-ref. Under low soil moisture, CO2e reduced Gs-ref of only L. styraciflua and Ulmus alata. In some species, higher xylem dysfunction under CO2e might impact tree performance in a future climate when increased evaporative demand could cause a greater loss of hydraulic function. The results contributed to our knowledge of the physiological and anatomical mechanisms underpinning the responses of tree species to drought and more generally to global change. DA - 2010/8// PY - 2010/8// DO - 10.1093/treephys/tpq054 VL - 30 IS - 8 SP - 1001-1015 SN - 1758-4469 KW - Cornus florida KW - embolism KW - FACE KW - Liquidambar styraciflua KW - Pinus taeda L KW - reference stomatal conductances KW - Ulmus alata KW - whole-tree hydraulic conductance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Theme issue 'Challenges and opportunities of using GPS-based location data in animal ecology' introduction AU - Cagnacci, F. AU - Boitani, L. AU - Powell, R. A. AU - Boyce, M. S. T2 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 365 IS - 1550 SP - 2157-2162 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The home-range concept: are traditional estimators still relevant with modern telemetry technology? AU - Kie, John G. AU - Matthiopoulos, Jason AU - Fieberg, John AU - Powell, Roger A. AU - Cagnacci, Francesca AU - Mitchell, Michael S. AU - Gaillard, Jean-Michel AU - Moorcroft, Paul R. T2 - PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Recent advances in animal tracking and telemetry technology have allowed the collection of location data at an ever-increasing rate and accuracy, and these advances have been accompanied by the development of new methods of data analysis for portraying space use, home ranges and utilization distributions. New statistical approaches include data-intensive techniques such as kriging and nonlinear generalized regression models for habitat use. In addition, mechanistic home-range models, derived from models of animal movement behaviour, promise to offer new insights into how home ranges emerge as the result of specific patterns of movements by individuals in response to their environment. Traditional methods such as kernel density estimators are likely to remain popular because of their ease of use. Large datasets make it possible to apply these methods over relatively short periods of time such as weeks or months, and these estimates may be analysed using mixed effects models, offering another approach to studying temporal variation in space-use patterns. Although new technologies open new avenues in ecological research, our knowledge of why animals use space in the ways we observe will only advance by researchers using these new technologies and asking new and innovative questions about the empirical patterns they observe. DA - 2010/7/27/ PY - 2010/7/27/ DO - 10.1098/rstb.2010.0093 VL - 365 IS - 1550 SP - 2221-2231 SN - 1471-2970 KW - home ranges KW - utilization distributions KW - mechanistic models KW - GPS KW - telemetry KW - space use ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survey of Pogonognathellus Borner (Collembola: Tomoceridae) in the Southern Appalachians Based on Morphological and Molecular Data AU - Felderhoff, Kelly L. AU - Bernard, Ernest C. AU - Moulton, John K. T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - Abstract Pogonognathellus Börner is the most common genus of tomocerid Collembola in the southern Appalachian region of the United States. Scale pattern, cuticle color, and molecular data were used with morphology and chaetotaxy to reappraise the members of this genus. P. bidentatus and P. elongatus are confirmed as well-marked species; P. nigritus Maynard is removed from synonymy with P. elongatus and reestablished as a valid species, and a neotype is designated. Two new species are described. Pogonognathellus danieli n. sp. from a cave in Great Smoky Mountains National Park resembles the California cave species P. celsus but possesses clubbed tenent hairs on all tibiotarsi; in P. celsus, the tenent hairs are pointed. P. mystax n. sp. is related to the “P. flavescens complex” but differs in having a purple clypeus and a prominent band of light scales along the posterior edge of each tergite. Many collections of P. flavescens-like and P. dubius-like specimens were made but molecular analysis indicated that these specimens consisted of four P. dubius-like taxa and four P. flavescens-like taxa. True P. flavescens from Sweden (type locality) were molecularly distinct from the putative American P. flavescens included in the analysis. A tentative phylogenetic tree indicated three clades of southern Appalachian Pogonognathellus: one clade containing P. bidentatus; another clade containing species with posterior cephalic macrochaetae but without anterior macrochaetae on the fourth abdominal tergite (Abd. IV; P. elongatus, P. nigritus, and an undescribed species); and a third clade without posterior cephalic macrochaetae but with one pair of anterior macrochaetae on Abd. IV (P. danieli, P. mystax, and eight undescribed species). DA - 2010/7// PY - 2010/7// DO - 10.1603/an09105 VL - 103 IS - 4 SP - 472-491 SN - 1938-2901 KW - Appalachian Mountains KW - Collembola KW - phylogeny KW - taxonomy KW - Tomoceridae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selection efficiency for solid wood traits in pinus taeda using time-of-flight acoustic and micro-drill resistance methods AU - Eckard, J. T. AU - Isik, F. AU - Bullock, B. AU - Li, B. L. AU - Gumpertz, M. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - 233-241 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scaling frequency of channel-forming flows in snowmelt-dominated streams AU - Segura, Catalina AU - Pitlick, John T2 - WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AB - The scaling properties of channel‐forming flows are investigated using a regional flow frequency model developed for snowmelt‐dominated streams in Colorado. The model is derived from analyses of daily flow records at 32 gauging stations where we have independent measurements of the bankfull discharge. The study sites are located in alpine/subalpine basins with drainage areas ranging from 4 to 3700 km 2 . The frequency distribution of daily flows at these locations can be reproduced with a broken power law (BPL) function described by two free parameters. Both parameters are strongly correlated with drainage area, and based on these correlations, a regional model capable of predicting the frequency of daily flows above the mean annual flow was formulated. The applicability of the model was tested using daily flow records from 32 similar‐size basins in Idaho. The frequency distributions of daily flows in snowmelt‐dominated streams in Colorado and Idaho with highly predictable hydrographs (i.e., 1 year autocorrelation above 0.7) are well fitted by the BPL function. According to the model, the frequency of flows greater than bankfull decreases downstream from about 15 d/yr in headwater reaches to about 6 d/yr in downstream reaches. These results imply that the basin response to precipitation and runoff is nonlinear. This multiscaling behavior can be physically interpreted as the result of scale‐dependent variations in runoff and sediment supply, which influence downstream trends in the bankfull channel geometry and intensity of sediment transport. DA - 2010/6/29/ PY - 2010/6/29/ DO - 10.1029/2009wr008336 VL - 46 SP - SN - 0043-1397 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of northern red oak enrichment plantings in naturally regenerating Southern Appalachian hardwood stands AU - Schuler, Jamie L. AU - Robison, Daniel J. T2 - NEW FORESTS DA - 2010/7// PY - 2010/7// DO - 10.1007/s11056-009-9187-y VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 119-130 SN - 1573-5095 KW - Quercus rubra KW - Hardwood plantings KW - Artificial regeneration KW - Weed control KW - Fertilization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Habitat-performance relationships: finding the right metric at a given spatial scale AU - Gaillard, Jean-Michel AU - Hebblewhite, Mark AU - Loison, Anne AU - Fuller, Mark AU - Powell, Roger AU - Basille, Mathieu AU - Van Moorter, Bram T2 - PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - The field of habitat ecology has been muddled by imprecise terminology regarding what constitutes habitat, and how importance is measured through use, selection, avoidance and other bio-statistical terminology. Added to the confusion is the idea that habitat is scale-specific. Despite these conceptual difficulties, ecologists have made advances in understanding 'how habitats are important to animals', and data from animal-borne global positioning system (GPS) units have the potential to help this clarification. Here, we propose a new conceptual framework to connect habitats with measures of animal performance itself--towards assessing habitat-performance relationship (HPR). Long-term studies will be needed to estimate consequences of habitat selection for animal performance. GPS data from wildlife can provide new approaches for studying useful correlates of performance that we review. Recent examples include merging traditional resource selection studies with information about resources used at different critical life-history events (e.g. nesting, calving, migration), uncovering habitats that facilitate movement or foraging and, ultimately, comparing resources used through different life-history strategies with those resulting in death. By integrating data from GPS receivers with other animal-borne technologies and combining those data with additional life-history information, we believe understanding the drivers of HPRs will inform animal ecology and improve conservation. DA - 2010/7/27/ PY - 2010/7/27/ DO - 10.1098/rstb.2010.0085 VL - 365 IS - 1550 SP - 2255-2265 SN - 1471-2970 KW - density dependence KW - fitness KW - global positioning system KW - habitat selection KW - individual heterogeneity KW - scaling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolutionary history of two endemic Appalachian conifers revealed using microsatellite markers AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Frampton, John AU - Josserand, Sedley A. AU - Nelson, C. Dana T2 - CONSERVATION GENETICS AB - Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir.) and intermediate fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill. var. phanerolepis Fern.) exist in small populations in the Appalachian highlands of the southeastern United States. We used ten nuclear microsatellite markers to quantify genetic variation within Fraser fir and intermediate fir, and to examine their evolutionary relationships with the widespread balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.). We found little genetic differentiation among these taxa, suggesting that Fraser fir might best be classified as a variety of balsam fir. The results further appear to reject the hypothesis that intermediate fir was of hybrid origin between two comparatively distantly related species. Low levels of genetic diversity suggest that intermediate fir and Fraser fir have undergone at least some genetic degradation since post-Pleistocene isolation. The results may prove important for in situ and ex situ gene conservation efforts for Fraser fir and intermediate fir, which are imperiled by an exotic insect and by global climate change. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1007/s10592-009-9980-3 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 1499-1513 SN - 1566-0621 KW - Biogeography KW - Pleistocene KW - Migration KW - Population genetics KW - Microsatellite markers KW - Abies ER - TY - JOUR TI - Building the bridge between animal movement and population dynamics AU - Morales, Juan M. AU - Moorcroft, Paul R. AU - Matthiopoulos, Jason AU - Frair, Jacqueline L. AU - Kie, John G. AU - Powell, Roger A. AU - Merrill, Evelyn H. AU - Haydon, Daniel T. T2 - PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - While the mechanistic links between animal movement and population dynamics are ecologically obvious, it is much less clear when knowledge of animal movement is a prerequisite for understanding and predicting population dynamics. GPS and other technologies enable detailed tracking of animal location concurrently with acquisition of landscape data and information on individual physiology. These tools can be used to refine our understanding of the mechanistic links between behaviour and individual condition through ‘spatially informed’ movement models where time allocation to different behaviours affects individual survival and reproduction. For some species, socially informed models that address the movements and average fitness of differently sized groups and how they are affected by fission–fusion processes at relevant temporal scales are required. Furthermore, as most animals revisit some places and avoid others based on their previous experiences, we foresee the incorporation of long-term memory and intention in movement models. The way animals move has important consequences for the degree of mixing that we expect to find both within a population and between individuals of different species. The mixing rate dictates the level of detail required by models to capture the influence of heterogeneity and the dynamics of intra- and interspecific interaction. DA - 2010/7/27/ PY - 2010/7/27/ DO - 10.1098/rstb.2010.0082 VL - 365 IS - 1550 SP - 2289-2301 SN - 1471-2970 KW - demography KW - redistribution kernels KW - perfect mixing KW - spatial ecology KW - dispersal KW - time budgets ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards a Systems Approach for Lignin Biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa: Transcript Abundance and Specificity of the Monolignol Biosynthetic Genes AU - Shi, Rui AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Heber, Steffen AU - Sederoff, Ronald AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY AB - As a step toward a comprehensive description of lignin biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa, we identified from the genome sequence 95 phenylpropanoid gene models in 10 protein families encoding enzymes for monolignol biosynthesis. Transcript abundance was determined for all 95 genes in xylem, leaf, shoot and phloem using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We identified 23 genes that most probably encode monolignol biosynthesis enzymes during wood formation. Transcripts for 18 of the 23 are abundant and specific to differentiating xylem. We found evidence suggesting functional redundancy at the transcript level for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), p-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate shikimate p-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) and coniferyl aldehyde 5-hydroxylase (CAld5H). We carried out an enumeration-based motif identification and discriminant analysis on the promoters of all 95 genes. Five core motifs correctly discriminate the 18 xylem-specific genes from the 77 non-xylem genes. These motifs are similar to promoter elements known to regulate phenylpropanoid gene expression. This work suggests that genes in monolignol biosynthesis are regulated by multiple motifs, often related in sequence. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1093/pcp/pcp175 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 144-163 SN - 1471-9053 KW - Lignin systems biology KW - Monolignol biosynthesis KW - Populus trichocarpa KW - Promoter motifs KW - Transcript abundance KW - Xylem-specific expression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal variation of over-bank flooding of Wei River and its impact on a riparian wetland in Xi'an, China AU - Tian, Shiying AU - Luo, Wan AU - Jia, Zhonghua AU - Butalia, Rajpreet Singh T2 - HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES AB - Abstract Over‐bank flooding is one of the driving forces controlling ecological integrity of riparian wetlands. Indentifying natural over‐bank flooding regime and its temporal variations is crucial for developing conservation and restoration plans and making water resources management policies for these ecosystems. Along the midstream of the Wei River in Xi'an, China lies the Jingwei riparian wetland, which was well preserved until the 1970s. Based on historical record of hydrological and morphological data of the Wei River from 1951 to 2000, we analysed temporal variations of over‐bank flooding frequency, duration, and timing in this paper. The natural annual over‐bank flooding regime was identified as having an occurrence frequency of 2·2 times a year and average duration of 5·3 days; these flooding events typically occur between June and September with occasional occurrence in late spring and late autumn. Over‐bank flooding occurrence frequency and duration decreased significantly during the 1990s, seasonal events of over‐bank floods were changed through reduced flooding frequency during summer and disappearing flooding events in late spring and late autumn. Further investigations showed that reduced discharge in the Wei River was the principal cause for these changes in over‐bank flooding dynamics. Our analysis also showed that decreased discharge of the Wei River during the 1990s was attributed near equally to disturbances from human activities and decreased regional precipitation. Results from this study may help reestablish natural over‐bank flooding dynamics in order to ensure successful restoration of Jingwei riparian wetland. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2010/5/15/ PY - 2010/5/15/ DO - 10.1002/hyp.7591 VL - 24 IS - 10 SP - 1296-1307 SN - 1099-1085 KW - riparian wetlands KW - over-bank flooding KW - human activities KW - climate change KW - wetland restoration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Separating Components of the Detection Process With Combined Methods: An Example With Northern Bobwhite AU - Riddle, Jason D. AU - Stanislav, Stephen J. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Perkins, Fern S. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - There are various methods of estimating detection probabilities for avian point counts. Distance and multiple-observer methods require the sometimes unlikely assumption that all birds in the population are available (i.e., sing or are visible) during a count, but the time-of-detection method allows for the possibility that some birds are unavailable during the count. We combined the dependent double-observer method with the time-of-detection method and obtained field-based estimates of the components of detection probability for northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). Our approach was a special case of Pollock's robust capture–recapture design where the probability that a bird does not sing is analogous to the probability that an animal is a temporary emigrant. Top models indicated that observers' detection probabilities were similar (0.78–0.84) if bobwhite were available, but bobwhite only had an approximately 0.61 probability of being available during a 2.5-minute sampling interval. Additionally, observers' detection probabilities increased substantially after the initial encounter with an individual bobwhite (analogous to a trap-happy response on the part of the observer). A simulated data set revealed that the combined method was precise when availability and detection given availability were substantially lower. Combined methods approaches can provide critical information for researchers and land managers to make decisions regarding survey length and personnel requirements for point-count–based surveys. DA - 2010/8// PY - 2010/8// DO - 10.2193/2009-220 VL - 74 IS - 6 SP - 1319-1325 SN - 1937-2817 KW - availability process KW - Colinus virginianus KW - dependent double-observer method KW - detection probability KW - North Carolina KW - northern bobwhite KW - perception process KW - point counts KW - Pollock's Robust Design KW - time-of-detection method ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of reptiles and amphibians to repeated fuel reduction treatments AU - Matthews, C. E. AU - Moorman, C. E. AU - Greenberg, C. H. AU - Waldrop, T. A. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Management AB - Abstract: Recent use of prescribed fire and fire surrogates to reduce fuel hazards has spurred interest in their effects on wildlife. Studies of fire in the southern Appalachian Mountains (USA) have documented few effects on reptiles and amphibians. However, these studies were conducted after only one fire and for only a short time (1–3 yr) after the fire. From mid‐May to mid‐August 2006 and 2007, we used drift fences with pitfall and funnel traps to capture reptiles and amphibians in a control and 3 replicated fuel‐reduction treatments: 1) twice‐burned (2003 and 2006), 2) mechanical understory cut (2002), and 3) mechanical understory cut (2002) followed by 2 burns (2003 and 2006). We captured fewer salamanders in mechanical + twice‐burned treatment areas than in twice‐burned and control treatment areas, but we captured more lizards in mechanical + twice‐burned treatment areas than in other treatment areas. Higher lizard captures in mechanical + twice‐burned treatment areas likely was related to increased ground temperatures and greater thermoregulatory opportunities. Higher and more variable ground temperatures and faster drying of remaining litter and duff may have led to fewer salamander captures in mechanical + twice‐burned treatment areas. Our longer term results, after 2 prescribed burns, differ from shorter term results. After one prescribed burn at the same site, eastern fence lizard ( Sceloporus undulatus ) captures were greater in mechanical + burn treatment areas but salamander captures did not differ among treatment areas. Our results indicate that multiple (≥2) fuel‐reduction treatments that decrease canopy cover may benefit lizards but negatively affect salamanders. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01251.x VL - 74 IS - 6 SP - 1301-1310 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rearticulating the myth of human-wildlife conflict AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Birckhead, J. L. AU - Leong, K. AU - Peterson, M. J. AU - Peterson, T. R. T2 - Conservation Letters DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 74-82 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro shoot regeneration and polyploid induction of rhododendron 'Fragrantissimum Improved' AU - Hebert, C. J. AU - Touchell, D. H. AU - Ranney, T. G. AU - LeBude, A. V. T2 - HortScience DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 801-804 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydraulic redistribution of soil water by roots affects whole-stand evapotranspiration and net ecosystem carbon exchange AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - King, John S. AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Treasure, Emrys AU - Gavazzi, Michael J. AU - Sun, Ge AU - McNulty, Steven G. T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - Commentary p 3 DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03245.x VL - 187 IS - 1 SP - 171-183 SN - 1469-8137 KW - lobolly pine (Pinus taeda) KW - overstory KW - root sap flow KW - soil water content KW - understory KW - water potential ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-resolution land cover change detection based on fuzzy uncertainty analysis and change reasoning AU - Hester, D. B. AU - Nelson, S. A. C. AU - Cakir, H. I. AU - Khorram, S. AU - Cheshire, H. T2 - International Journal of Remote Sensing AB - Land cover change detection is an important research and application area for analysts of remote sensing data. The primary objective of the research described here was to develop a change detection method capable of accommodating spatial and classification uncertainty in generating an accurate map of land cover change using high resolution satellite imagery. As a secondary objective, this method was designed to facilitate the mapping of particular types and locations of change based on specific study goals. Urban land cover change pertinent to surface water quality in Raleigh, North Carolina, was assessed using land cover classifications derived from pan-sharpened, 0.61 m QuickBird images from 2002 and 2005. Post-classification map errors were evaluated using a fuzzy logic approach. First, a ‘change index’ representing a quantitative gradient along which land cover change is characterized by both certainty and relevance, was created. The result was a continuous representation of change, a product type that retains more information and flexibility than discrete maps of change. Finally, fuzzy logic and change reasoning results were integrated into a binary change/no change map that quantified the most certain, likely, and relevant change regions within the study area. A ‘from-to’ change map was developed from this binary map inserting the type of change identified in the raw post-classification map. A from-to change map had an overall accuracy of 78.9% (κ = 0.747) and effectively mapped land cover changes posing a threat to water quality, including increases in impervious surface. This work presents an efficient fuzzy framework for transforming map uncertainty into accurate and practical change analysis. DA - 2010/1/8/ PY - 2010/1/8/ DO - 10.1080/01431160902893493 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 455-475 J2 - International Journal of Remote Sensing LA - en OP - SN - 0143-1161 1366-5901 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160902893493 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Flexible Polymer Chains Wrapping Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes AU - Tallury, Syamal S. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B AB - The goal of this study is to explore the interface between single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and polymer chains with flexible backbones in vacuo via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. These simulations investigate whether the polymers prefer to wrap the SWCNT, what the molecular details of that interface are, and how the interfacial interaction is affected by the chemical composition and structure of the polymer. The simulations indicate that polymers with flexible backbones tend to wrap around the SWCNT, although not in any distinct conformation; no helical conformations were observed. PAN with the cyano side group showed a preference for transversing the length of the SWCNT rather than wrapping around its diameter, and the cyano group prefers to align parallel to the SWCNT surface. Flexible backbone polymers with bulky and aromatic side groups such as PS and PMMA prefer intrachain coiling rather than wrapping the SWCNT. Moment of inertia plots as a function of time quantify the interplay between intrachain coiling and adsorption to the SWCNT surface. DA - 2010/4/1/ PY - 2010/4/1/ DO - 10.1021/jp908001d VL - 114 IS - 12 SP - 4122-4129 SN - 1520-6106 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77950266139&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Facing the Future: Evidence from Joint Aspen FACE, SoyFACE and SFB 607 Meeting AU - Percy, Kevin E. AU - Matyssek, Rainer AU - King, John S. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.017 VL - 158 IS - 4 SP - 955-958 SN - 1873-6424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O-3 on tree branch growth and implications for hydrologic budgeting AU - Rhea, L. AU - King, J. AU - Kubiske, M. AU - Saliendra, N. AU - Teclaw, R. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AB - The forest hydrologic budget may be impacted by increasing CO2 and tropospheric O3. Efficient means to quantify such effects are beneficial. We hypothesized that changes in the balance of canopy interception, stem flow, and through-fall in the presence of elevated CO2 and O3 could be discerned using image analysis of leafless branches. We compared annual stem flow to the results of a computerized analysis of all branches from the 2002, 2004, and 2006 annual growth whorls of 97 ten-year-old trees from the Aspen Free-Air CO2 and O3 Enrichment (Aspen FACE) experiment in Rhinelander, WI. We found significant effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on some branch metrics, and that the branch metrics were useful for predicting stem flow from birch, but not aspen. The results of this study should contribute to development of techniques for efficient characterization of effects on the forest hydrologic budget of increasing CO2 and tropospheric O3. DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.038 VL - 158 IS - 4 SP - 1079-1087 SN - 0269-7491 KW - Populus tremuloides KW - Betula papyrifera KW - Acer saccharum KW - Hydrologic budget KW - Image analyses KW - Branch architecture KW - Elevated carbon dioxide KW - Ozone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of land prices, transportation costs, and site productivity on timber investment returns for pine plantations in Colombia AU - Lopez, Juan AU - De La Torre, Rafael AU - Cubbage, Frederick T2 - NEW FORESTS DA - 2010/5// PY - 2010/5// DO - 10.1007/s11056-009-9173-4 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 313-328 SN - 1573-5095 KW - Forest investments KW - Location KW - Intensive management KW - Plantations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dedication to Dr. David F. Karnosky AU - King, John S. AU - Percy, Kevin E. AU - Matyssek, Rainer T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.018 VL - 158 IS - 4 SP - 953-954 SN - 0269-7491 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A continuous measure of gross primary production for the conterminous United States derived from MODIS and AmeriFlux data AU - Xiao, Jingfeng AU - Zhuang, Qianlai AU - Law, Beverly E. AU - Chen, Jiquan AU - Baldocchi, Dennis D. AU - Cook, David R. AU - Oren, Ram AU - Richardson, Andrew D. AU - Wharton, Sonia AU - Ma, Siyan AU - Martin, Timothy A. AU - Verma, Shashi B. AU - Suyker, Andrew E. AU - Scott, Russell L. AU - Monson, Russell K. AU - Litvak, Marcy AU - Hollinger, David Y. AU - Sun, Ge AU - Davis, Kenneth J. AU - Bolstad, Paul V. AU - Burns, Sean P. AU - Curtis, Peter S. AU - Drake, Bert G. AU - Falk, Matthias AU - Fischer, Marc L. AU - Foster, David R. AU - Gu, Lianhong AU - Hadley, Julian L. AU - Katul, Gabriel G. AU - Matamala, Roser AU - McNulty, Steve AU - Meyers, Tilden P. AU - Munger, J. William AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Oechel, Walter C. AU - Paw U, Kyaw Tha AU - Schmid, Hans Peter AU - Starr, Gregory AU - Torn, Margaret S. AU - Wofsy, Steven C. T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - The quantification of carbon fluxes between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is of scientific importance and also relevant to climate-policy making. Eddy covariance flux towers provide continuous measurements of ecosystem-level exchange of carbon dioxide spanning diurnal, synoptic, seasonal, and interannual time scales. However, these measurements only represent the fluxes at the scale of the tower footprint. Here we used remotely sensed data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to upscale gross primary productivity (GPP) data from eddy covariance flux towers to the continental scale. We first combined GPP and MODIS data for 42 AmeriFlux towers encompassing a wide range of ecosystem and climate types to develop a predictive GPP model using a regression tree approach. The predictive model was trained using observed GPP over the period 2000–2004, and was validated using observed GPP over the period 2005–2006 and leave-one-out cross-validation. Our model predicted GPP fairly well at the site level. We then used the model to estimate GPP for each 1 km × 1 km cell across the U.S. for each 8-day interval over the period from February 2000 to December 2006 using MODIS data. Our GPP estimates provide a spatially and temporally continuous measure of gross primary production for the U.S. that is a highly constrained by eddy covariance flux data. Our study demonstrated that our empirical approach is effective for upscaling eddy flux GPP data to the continental scale and producing continuous GPP estimates across multiple biomes. With these estimates, we then examined the patterns, magnitude, and interannual variability of GPP. We estimated a gross carbon uptake between 6.91 and 7.33 Pg C yr− 1 for the conterminous U.S. Drought, fires, and hurricanes reduced annual GPP at regional scales and could have a significant impact on the U.S. net ecosystem carbon exchange. The sources of the interannual variability of U.S. GPP were dominated by these extreme climate events and disturbances. DA - 2010/3/15/ PY - 2010/3/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.013 VL - 114 IS - 3 SP - 576-591 SN - 1879-0704 KW - Gross primary productivity KW - MODIS KW - AmeriFlux KW - Eddy covariance KW - Regression tree KW - US KW - Carbon fluxes KW - Interannual variability KW - Satellite data KW - Biomes ER - TY - JOUR TI - THERMAL TOLERANCE OF JUVENILE FRESHWATER MUSSELS (UNIONIDAE) UNDER THE ADDED STRESS OF COPPER AU - Pandolfo, Tamara J. AU - Cope, W. Gregory AU - Arellano, Consuelo T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY AB - Abstract Freshwater mussels fulfill an essential role in aquatic communities, but are also one of the most sensitive and rapidly declining faunal groups in North America. Rising water temperatures, caused by global climate change or industrial discharges, can further challenge impaired unionid communities, but thermal stress is almost certainly not the only stressor affecting freshwater mussels. Metals, such as copper (Cu), are a common source of toxicant exposure in aquatic environments. The toxic effects of Cu on the early life stages of freshwater mussels have been well studied, and freshwater mussels are more sensitive to Cu than most aquatic organisms. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a sublethal copper concentration on the upper thermal tolerance of three species, Lampsilis siliquoidea , Potamilus alatus , and Ligumia recta , of juvenile freshwater mussels in 48‐ and 96‐h tests. Thermal tolerance was determined over a range of experimental temperatures (20–42°C) at three acclimation temperatures (17, 22, and 27°C). Median lethal temperatures (LT50s) were calculated in the absence and presence of Cu, and at 48 h ranged from 34.6 to 44.4°C (mean 37.7°C) without Cu, and from 33.8 to 38.9°C (mean 35.8°C) with Cu. The LT50s at 96 h ranged from 32.5 to 35.6°C (mean 34.5°C) without Cu and from 33.0 to 35.4°C (mean 34.2°C) with Cu. Potamilus alatus had a significantly lower 48 h LT50 with Cu than without Cu at the 22°C acclimation temperature; there were no other significant differences in LT50s attributed to Cu. Survival trends showed limited evidence of interactive effects between copper and temperature for all three species, suggesting the combined stress of elevated temperatures and copper exposure to freshwater mussels should be further explored. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:691–699. © 2009 SETAC DA - 2010/3/10/ PY - 2010/3/10/ DO - 10.1002/etc.92 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 691-699 SN - 1552-8618 KW - Unionidae KW - Freshwater mussel KW - Copper KW - Temperature KW - Multiple stressors ER - TY - JOUR TI - Profiling of phenylpropanoid monomers in developing xylem tissue of transgenic aspen (Populus tremuloides) AU - Suzuki, Shiro AU - Sakakibara, Norikazu AU - Li, Laigeng AU - Umezawa, Toshiaki AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - JOURNAL OF WOOD SCIENCE AB - Here we describe alterations in the cinnamate/monolignol pathway in three transgenic aspen lines: one with downregulated expression of 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), one with upregulated expression of coniferaldehyde 5-hydroxylase (CAld5H), and a 4CL downregulated/CAld5H upregulated line. Compared with the wild type, the 4CL downregulated line showed significantly increased levels of p-hydroxycinnamic acids such as p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids. In contrast, the CAld5H upregulated line had increased content of p-coumaryl and 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohols. In the 4CL downregulated line, it was likely that most hydroxycinnamic acids were glycosylated. These results strongly suggest that the downregulation of 4CL and upregulation of CAld5H disrupt the metabolic flow through the cinnamate/monolignol pathway and thus alter the amount and structure of its final product, lignin. DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1007/s10086-009-1059-8 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - 71-76 SN - 1435-0211 KW - Aspen KW - Transgenic KW - 4-Coumarate:CoA ligase KW - Coniferaldehyde 5-hydroxylase KW - Metabolic profiling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leaf area duration in natural range and exotic Pinus taeda AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Stape, Jose Luiz AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Rubilar, Rafael A. AU - Carlson, Colleen A. AU - Pezzutti, Raul T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Exotic Pinus taeda L. plantations may be more productive than native ones. Several hypotheses may explain this difference; however, process models with a light-interception-driving variable cannot test these hypotheses without foliage display first being quantified in native and exotic trees. We quantified leaf area duration in North Carolina, USA (natural), and Gobernador Virasoro, Argentina (exotic), with no additional nutrients and optimum fertilizer treatments. More (60%–100%) foliage was displayed but for a shorter (∼86 fewer days) time per fascicle in the exotics than in the naturals. Study inference was limited, with only one native and one exotic site. However, while the sites were markedly different in soils, climate, resource availability, and genetics, and we observed significant differences in fascicle display and longevity, most fascicles at both sites survived two growing seasons: the one in which they were produced and the subsequent one. This robust finding indicates it would be reasonable to use two growing seasons for fascicle longevity in process modeling to test hypotheses explaining growth differences in native and exotic loblolly. Fertilization had no effect on any exotic tree parameter, but it increased natural tree fascicle number (24%) and length (30%). DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1139/x09-190 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 224-234 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of a Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase homologue, EaZIP, differentially expressed in variegated Epipremnum aureum 'Golden Pothos' is achieved through a unique method of comparative study using tissue regenerated plants AU - Hung, Chiu-Yueh AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Chen, Jianjun AU - Darlington, Diane E. AU - Williams, Alfred L. AU - Burkey, Kent O. AU - Xie, Jiahua T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Variegated plants provide a valuable tool for studying chloroplast biogenesis by allowing direct comparison between green and white/yellow sectors within the same leaf. While variegated plants are abundant in nature, the mechanism of leaf variegation remains largely unknown. Current studies are limited to a few mutants in model plant species, and are complicated by the potential for cross-contamination during dissection of leaf tissue into contrasting sectors. To overcome these obstacles, an alternative approach was explored using tissue-culture techniques to regenerate plantlets from unique sectors. Stable green and pale yellow plants were developed from a naturally variegated Epipremnum aureum 'Golden Pothos'. By comparing the gene expression between green and pale yellow plants using suppression subtractive hybridization in conjunction with homologous sequence search, nine down-regulated and 18 up-regulated genes were identified in pale yellow plants. Transcript abundance for EaZIP (Epipremnum aureum leucine zipper), a nuclear gene homologue of tobacco NTZIP and Arabidopsis CHL27, was reduced more than 4000-fold in qRT-PCR analysis. EaZIP encodes the Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase, one of the key enzymes in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. Examination of EaZIP expression in naturally variegated 'Golden Pothos' confirmed that EaZIP transcript levels were correlated with leaf chlorophyll contents, suggesting that this gene plays a major role in the loss of chlorophyll in the pale yellow sectors of E. aureum 'Golden Pothos'. This study further suggests that tissue-culture regeneration of plantlets from different coloured sectors of variegated leaves can be used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of variegation. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1093/jxb/erq020 VL - 61 IS - 5 SP - 1483-1493 SN - 1460-2431 KW - Golden Pothos KW - Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase KW - tissue culture KW - transcript abundance KW - variegation formation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global registration of overlapping images using accumulative image features AU - Krish, Karthik AU - Heinrich, Stuart AU - Snyder, Wesley E. AU - Cakir, Halil AU - Khorram, Siamak T2 - Pattern Recognition Letters AB - This paper introduces a new feature-based image registration technique which registers images by finding rotation- and scale-invariant features and matching them using a novel feature matching algorithm based on an evidence accumulation process reminiscent of the generalized Hough transform. Once feature correspondence has been established, the transformation parameters are then estimated using non-linear least squares (NLLS) and the standard RANSAC (random sample consensus) algorithm. The technique is evaluated under similarity transforms – translation, rotation and scale (zoom) and also under illumination changes. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1016/j.patrec.2009.09.016 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 112-118 J2 - Pattern Recognition Letters LA - en OP - SN - 0167-8655 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2009.09.016 DB - Crossref KW - Image registration KW - Feature matching KW - Accumulator-based methods KW - Feature correspondence KW - Evidence accumulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF PRIOR DETECTIONS ON ESTIMATES OF DETECTION PROBABILITY, ABUNDANCE, AND OCCUPANCY AU - Riddle, Jason D. AU - Mordecai, Rua S. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - AUK AB - Survey methods that account for detection probability often require repeated detections of individual birds or repeated visits to a site to conduct counts or collect presence-absence data. Initial encounters with individual species or individuals of a species could influence detection probabilities for subsequent encounters. For example, observers may be more likely to redetect a species or individual once they are aware of the presence of that species or individual at a particular site. Not accounting for these effects could result in biased estimators of detection probability, abundance, and occupancy. We tested for effects of prior detections in three data sets that differed dramatically by species, geographic location, and method of counting birds. We found strong support (AIC weights from 83% to 100%) for models that allowed for the effects of prior detections. These models produced estimates of detection probability, abundance, and occupancy that differed substantially from those produced by models that ignored the effects of prior detections. We discuss the consequences of the effects of prior detections on estimation for several sampling methods and provide recommendations for avoiding these effects through survey design or by modeling them when they cannot be avoided. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1525/auk.2009.09062 VL - 127 IS - 1 SP - 94-99 SN - 1938-4254 KW - abundance KW - detection probability KW - MARK KW - occupancy KW - PRESENCE KW - presence-absence KW - repeated counts KW - time-of-detection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Challenges in elevated CO2 experiments on forests AU - Calfapietra, Carlo AU - Ainsworth, Elizabeth A. AU - Beier, Claus AU - De Angelis, Paolo AU - Ellsworth, David S. AU - Godbold, Douglas L. AU - Hendrey, George R. AU - Hickler, Thomas AU - Hoosbeek, Marcel R. AU - Karnosky, David F. AU - King, John AU - Korner, Christian AU - Leakey, Andrew D. B. AU - Lewin, Keith F. AU - Liberloo, Marion AU - Long, Stephen P. AU - Lukac, Martin AU - Matyssek, Rainer AU - Miglietta, Franco AU - Nagy, John AU - Norby, Richard J. AU - Oren, Ram AU - Percy, Kevin E. AU - Rogers, Alistair AU - Mugnozza, Giuseppe Scarascia AU - Stitt, Mark AU - Taylor, Gail AU - Ceulemans, Reinhart T2 - TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - Current forest Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments are reaching completion. Therefore, it is time to define the scientific goals and priorities of future experimental facilities. In this opinion article, we discuss the following three overarching issues (i) What are the most urgent scientific questions and how can they be addressed? (ii) What forest ecosystems should be investigated? (iii) Which other climate change factors should be coupled with elevated CO2 concentrations in future experiments to better predict the effects of climate change? Plantations and natural forests can have conflicting purposes for high productivity and environmental protection. However, in both cases the assessment of carbon balance and how this will be affected by elevated CO2 concentrations and the interacting climate change factors is the most pressing priority for future experiments. Current forest Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments are reaching completion. Therefore, it is time to define the scientific goals and priorities of future experimental facilities. In this opinion article, we discuss the following three overarching issues (i) What are the most urgent scientific questions and how can they be addressed? (ii) What forest ecosystems should be investigated? (iii) Which other climate change factors should be coupled with elevated CO2 concentrations in future experiments to better predict the effects of climate change? Plantations and natural forests can have conflicting purposes for high productivity and environmental protection. However, in both cases the assessment of carbon balance and how this will be affected by elevated CO2 concentrations and the interacting climate change factors is the most pressing priority for future experiments. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.001 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 5-10 SN - 1878-4372 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unravelling and managing fusiform rust disease: a model approach for coevolved forest tree pathosystems AU - Nelson, C. D. AU - Kubisiak, T. L. AU - Amerson, H. V. T2 - FOREST PATHOLOGY AB - Summary Fusiform rust disease remains the most destructive disease in pine plantations in the southern United States. Our ongoing research is designed to identify, map, and clone the interacting genes of the host and pathogen. Several resistance (R) genes have been identified and genetically mapped using informative pine families and single‐spore isolate inoculations. In addition, we are mapping the first of many expected corresponding avirulence (Avr) genes in the fungal pathogen. The Avr genes condition avirulence/virulence and avirulence is required for an incompatible reaction (i.e., no‐gall development) to take place within an inoculated tree that carries resistance at the corresponding R gene. We provide an overview of our methodology for identifying and mapping R and Avr genes, an update of our current progress, and a brief discussion of two approaches for predicting R gene genotypes of uncharacterized parental trees and for estimating the efficacy of specific pine genotypes at various planting locations. This paper emphasizes the critical importance of controlled genetic materials of both the host and pathogen for elucidating the genetic nature of resistance and virulence in coevolved forest pathosystems. DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0329.2009.00608.x VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 64-72 SN - 1439-0329 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Robustness of Risk Maps and Survey Networks to Knowledge Gaps About a New Invasive Pest AU - Yemshanov, Denys AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - Ben-Haim, Yakov AU - Smith, William D. T2 - RISK ANALYSIS AB - In pest risk assessment it is frequently necessary to make management decisions regarding emerging threats under severe uncertainty. Although risk maps provide useful decision support for invasive alien species, they rarely address knowledge gaps associated with the underlying risk model or how they may change the risk estimates. Failure to recognize uncertainty leads to risk-ignorant decisions and miscalculation of expected impacts as well as the costs required to minimize these impacts. Here we use the information gap concept to evaluate the robustness of risk maps to uncertainties in key assumptions about an invading organism. We generate risk maps with a spatial model of invasion that simulates potential entries of an invasive pest via international marine shipments, their spread through a landscape, and establishment on a susceptible host. In particular, we focus on the question of how much uncertainty in risk model assumptions can be tolerated before the risk map loses its value. We outline this approach with an example of a forest pest recently detected in North America, Sirex noctilio Fabricius. The results provide a spatial representation of the robustness of predictions of S. noctilio invasion risk to uncertainty and show major geographic hotspots where the consideration of uncertainty in model parameters may change management decisions about a new invasive pest. We then illustrate how the dependency between the extent of uncertainties and the degree of robustness of a risk map can be used to select a surveillance network design that is most robust to knowledge gaps about the pest. DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01284.x VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 261-276 SN - 1539-6924 KW - Decision theory KW - info-gap KW - robustness to uncertainty KW - Sirex noctilio KW - survey network ER - TY - JOUR TI - NEST AND CHICK SURVIVAL AND COLONY-SITE DYNAMICS OF LEAST TERNS IN THE US VIRGIN ISLANDS AU - Lombard, Claudia D. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - McNair, Douglas B. T2 - CONDOR AB - We report nest and chick survival and colony-site dynamics of the Least Tern (Sternula antillarum). These results are the first for the Caribbean and were derived with likelihood-based approaches from 4640 nests and 44 chicks fitted with transmitters monitored in 52 colonies at St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, 2003–2006. Managed colonies excluded, overall daily nest survival (±SE) was 0.92 ± 0.03 (period survival = 0.18). Daily nest survival of managed colonies (fenced) was significantly higher (0.97 ± 0.02; period survival = 0.51). Variation in nest survival was best explained by a negative linear trend in daily survival, influenced by year, rain, large colony size, and nesting habitat. Daily nest-survival rates at sandy beaches (0.94 ± 0.02), offshore cays (0.93 ± 0.005), and saltflats (0.91 ± 0.02) did not differ significantly. The period survival of chicks was 0.30 ± 0.11. Estimated fledglings per nest attempt were 0.06. Demographic assessments suggested that higher reproductive rates are required for maintenance (λ ≥ 1). Managed colonies could meet nest-survival thresholds, but complementary measures are needed to increase chick survival. Our findings suggest that management should target sites harboring large colonies because they had higher nest success and higher probability of use in subsequent seasons. The colonies' site dynamics suggested that immigration from other populations is plausible. This possibility relaxes breeding-productivity thresholds and advocates for coordinated conservation among populations on neighboring islands. Estimates of age-specific survival and connectivity are needed for the status of the species to be assessed appropriately and conservation priorities set. DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1525/cond.2010.090042 VL - 112 IS - 1 SP - 56-64 SN - 0010-5422 KW - Caribbean KW - chick survival KW - colony-site dynamics KW - Least Tern KW - nest survival KW - Sternula antillarum KW - US Virgin Islands ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of variable organic matter retention on nutrient availability in a 10-year-old loblolly pine plantation AU - Zerpa, J. L. AU - Allen, H. L. AU - Campbell, R. G. AU - Phelan, J. AU - Duzan, H. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - The effects of varying forest floor and slash retention at time of regeneration were evaluated 10 years after the establishment of a loblolly pine plantation near Millport, Alabama. Treatments included removing, leaving unaltered, or doubling the forest floor and slash material. Forest floor and litterfall mass and nutrient concentrations, available soil N, foliar nutrient concentrations and stand yield were all impacted by the treatments. Forest floor mass and nutrient contents in the doubled treatment were significantly greater than the other two treatments. The doubled treatment accumulated 25, 45 and 350% more forest floor mass and 56, 56, and 310% more N than the control treatment in the Oi, Oe, and Oa layers, respectively. The other nutrients followed similar patterns. Potentially mineralized NO3−-N in the mineral soil was also significantly higher in the doubled treatment. The positive effect of doubling the forest floor on soil N availability was reflected in greater foliage production, 30% more litterfall and 25% more stand yield for this treatment. This study shows that increasing the forest floor retention has resulted in increased nutrient availability and improved tree growth. DA - 2010/3/31/ PY - 2010/3/31/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.024 VL - 259 IS - 8 SP - 1480-1489 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Available nitrogen KW - Forest floor KW - Pinus taeda ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression and nucleotide diversity of the poplar COBL gene AU - Zhang, Deqiang AU - Yang, Xiaohui AU - Zhang, Zhiyi AU - Li, Bailian T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1007/s11295-009-0252-7 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 331-344 SN - 1614-2942 KW - COBL gene KW - Cellulose biosynthesis KW - Expression patterns KW - SNP KW - Nucleotide diversity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of carbon fluxes to drought in a coastal plain loblolly pine forest AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Gavazzi, Michael J. AU - Mcnulty, Steve G. AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Sun, Ge AU - King, John S. AU - Chen, Jiquan T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Full accounting of ecosystem carbon (C) pools and fluxes in coastal plain ecosystems remains less studied compared with upland systems, even though the C stocks in these systems may be up to an order of magnitude higher, making them a potentially important component in regional C cycle. Here, we report C pools and CO 2 exchange rates during three hydrologically contrasting years (i.e. 2005–2007) in a coastal plain loblolly pine plantation in North Carolina, USA. The daily temperatures were similar among the study years and to the long‐term (1971–2000) average, whereas the amount and timing of precipitation differed significantly. Precipitation was the largest in 2005 (147 mm above normal), intermediate in 2006 (48 mm below) and lowest in 2007 (486 mm below normal). The forest was a strong C sink during all years, sequestering 361 ± 67 (2005), 835 ± 55 (2006) and 724 ± 55 (2007) g C m −2 yr −1 according to eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE). The interannual differences in NEE were traced to drought‐induced declines in canopy and whole tree hydraulic conductances, which declined with growing precipitation deficit and decreasing soil volumetric water content (VWC). In contrast, the interannual differences were small in gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (ER), both seemingly insensitive to drought. However, the drought sensitivity of GEP was masked by higher leaf area index and higher photosynthetically active radiation during the dry year. Normalizing GEP by these factors enhanced interannual differences, but there were no signs of suppressed GEP at low VWC during any given year. Although ER was very consistent across the 3 years, and not suppressed by low VWC, the total respiratory cost as a fraction of net primary production increased with annual precipitation and the contribution of heterotrophic respiration ( R h ) was significantly higher during the wettest year, exceeding new litter inputs by 58%. Although the difference was smaller during the other 2 years ( R h : litterfall ratio was 1.05 in 2006 and 1.10 in 2007), the soils lost about 109 g C m −2 yr −1 , outlining their potential vulnerability to decomposition, and pointing to potential management considerations to protect existing soil C stocks. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01928.x VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 272-287 SN - 1365-2486 KW - canopy conductance KW - carbon budget KW - drained coastal plain forest KW - ecosystem productivity KW - ecosystem respiration KW - heterotrophic respiration KW - litterfall ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy and water balance of two contrasting loblolly pine plantations on the lower coastal plain of North Carolina, USA AU - Sun, G. AU - Noormets, A. AU - Gavazzi, M. J. AU - McNulty, S. G. AU - Chen, J. AU - Domec, J. -C. AU - King, J. S. AU - Amatya, D. M. AU - Skaggs, R. W. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - During 2005–2007, we used the eddy covariance and associated hydrometric methods to construct energy and water budgets along a chronosequence of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations that included a mid-rotation stand (LP) (i.e., 13–15 years old) and a recently established stand on a clearcut site (CC) (i.e., 4–6 years old) in Eastern North Carolina. Our central objective was to quantify the differences in both energy and water balances between the two contrasting stands and understand the underlining mechanisms of environmental controls. We found that the LP site received about 20% more net radiation (Rn) due to its lower averaged albedo (α) of 0.25, compared with that at the CC (α = 0.34). The mean monthly averaged Bowen ratios (β) at the LP site were 0.89 ± 0.7, significantly (p = 0.02) lower than at the CC site (1.45 ± 1.2). Higher net radiation resulted in a 28% higher (p = 0.02) latent heat flux (LE) for ecosystem evapotranspiration at the LP site, but there was no difference in sensible heat flux (H) between the two contrasting sites. The annual total evapotranspiration (ET) at the LP site and CC site was estimated as 1011–1226 and 755–855 mm year−1, respectively. The differences in ET rates between the two contrasting sites occurred mostly during the non-growing seasons and/or dry periods, and they were small during peak growing seasons or wet periods. Higher net radiation and biomass in LP were believed to be responsible to the higher ET. The monthly ET/Grass Reference ET ratios differed significantly across site and season. The annual ET/P ratio for the LP and CC were estimated as 0.70–1.13 and 0.60–0.88, respectively, indicating higher runoff production from the CC site than the LP site. This study implied that reforestation practices reduced surface albedos and thus increased available energy, but they did not necessarily increase energy for warming the atmosphere in the coastal plain region where soil water was generally not limited. This study showed the highly variable response of energy and water balances to forest management due to climatic variability. DA - 2010/3/20/ PY - 2010/3/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.016 VL - 259 IS - 7 SP - 1299-1310 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Energy balance KW - Evapotranspiration KW - Forest albedo KW - Forest hydrology KW - Loblolly pine KW - Water balance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elevated CO2 response of photosynthesis depends on ozone concentration in aspen AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Kull, Olevi AU - Sober, Anu AU - Kubiske, Mark E. AU - Karnosky, David F. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AB - The effect of elevated CO2 and O3 on apparent quantum yield (ϕ), maximum photosynthesis (Pmax), carboxylation efficiency (Vcmax) and electron transport capacity (Jmax) at different canopy locations was studied in two aspen (Populus tremuloides) clones of contrasting O3 tolerance. Local light climate at every leaf was characterized as fraction of above-canopy photosynthetic photon flux density (%PPFD). Elevated CO2 alone did not affect ϕ or Pmax, and increased Jmax in the O3-sensitive, but not in the O3-tolerant clone. Elevated O3 decreased leaf chlorophyll content and all photosynthetic parameters, particularly in the lower canopy, and the negative impact of O3 increased through time. Significant interaction effect, whereby the negative impact of elevated O3 was exaggerated by elevated CO2 was seen in Chl, N and Jmax, and occurred in both O3-tolerant and O3-sensitive clones. The clonal differences in the level of CO2 × O3 interaction suggest a relationship between photosynthetic acclimation and background O3 concentration. DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.009 VL - 158 IS - 4 SP - 992-999 SN - 1873-6424 KW - Electron transport KW - Elevated CO2 KW - Elevated O-3 KW - Interactive effects of elevated CO2, O-3 and light KW - Leaf photochemistry KW - Light harvesting ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of a Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry leaf-level photosynthetic rate model for Populus tremuloides in the context of modeling and measurement limitations AU - Lenz, Kathryn E. AU - Host, George E. AU - Roskoski, Kyle AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Sober, Anu AU - Karnosky, David F. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AB - The balance of mechanistic detail with mathematical simplicity contributes to the broad use of the Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry (FvCB) photosynthetic rate model. Here the FvCB model was coupled with a stomatal conductance model to form an [A,gs] model, and parameterized for mature Populus tremuloides leaves under varying CO2 and temperature levels. Data were selected to be within typical forest light, CO2 and temperature ranges, reducing artifacts associated with data collected at extreme values. The error between model-predicted photosynthetic rate (A) and A data was measured in three ways and found to be up to three times greater for each of two independent data sets than for a base-line evaluation using parameterization data. The evaluation methods used here apply to comparisons of model validation results among data sets varying in number and distribution of data, as well as to performance comparisons of [A,gs] models differing in internal-process components. DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.004 VL - 158 IS - 4 SP - 1015-1022 SN - 1873-6424 KW - Photosynthetic rate model KW - Populus tremuloides KW - Parameterization KW - Validation ER - TY - BOOK TI - Implementing innovation: Fostering enduring change in environmental and natural resource governance AU - Steelman, T. A. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// PB - Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press SN - 1589016270 ER -