TY - THES TI - Long-term evaluation on the effect of anthropogenic disturbances to the carbon budget of forests in northern Hokkaido, Japan AU - Aguilos, Maricar M. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// M3 - PhD Dissertation PB - Hokkaido University UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335106919_PhD_Thesis_M_Aguilos_2012 ER - TY - CONF TI - Northern Japan’s cool-temperate forest reaches its carbon compensation point seven years after clearcutting AU - Aguilos, M. AU - Takagi, K. AU - Fukuzawa, K. AU - Sasa, K. AU - Saigusa, N. AU - Murayama, T. AU - Fujinuma, T. T2 - 5th EAFES Congress C2 - 2012/// C3 - Proceedings: The 5th EAFES Congress CY - Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/3/17/ UR - http://www.esj.ne.jp/eafes5/index.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhanced annual litterfall production due to spring solar radiation in cool-temperate mixed forests of Northern Hokkaido, Japan AU - Aguilos, M.M. AU - Takagi, K. AU - Takahashi, H. AU - Hasegawa, J. AU - Ashiya, D. AU - Kotsuka, C. AU - Naniwa, A. AU - Sakai, R. AU - Ito, K. AU - Miyoshi, C. AU - Nomura, M. AU - Uemura, S. AU - Sasa, K. T2 - Journal of Agricultural Meteorology AB - We determined the interannual variation of annual litterfall rate in cool-temperate forests [three mixed-forests (Mx1-Mx3), an evergreen coniferous forest (Ec), and a deciduous conifer plantation (Dc)] of northern Hokkaido over a 16-year observation period (1996-2011) and evaluated the effect of meteorological and phenological variables on the annual litterfall production. Total solar radiation during spring (from March to May) positively correlated with the annual litterfall rate in the current year at three mixed forests with statistical significance. A warm spring advanced the day of snow melt and the day of leaf expansion, however, the early leaf expansion did not enhance the annual litter production at any of the studied forests. In conclusion, spring solar radiation was the best explanatory factor among the studied factors that determines the interannual variation of the annual litterfall rate at cool-temperate mixed forests, although the mechanisms behind this relationship remain unknown. The early snowmelt and leaf expansion caused by a warm spring did not directly link to the enhancement of the litterfall rate. This implies that global warming or changing rainfall patterns do not necessarily affect the annual litterfall amount in these forests, at least within the range observed during the 16 years. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.2480/agrmet.68.4.2 VL - 68 IS - 4 SP - 215-224 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85024726284&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - CO2 flux estimation for a valley terrain using the atmospheric boundary layer method AU - Okada, K. AU - Okada, N. AU - Urano, S. AU - Nishida, Y. AU - Takagi, K. AU - Aguilos, M. AU - Kobayash, T. T2 - Journal of Agricultural Meteorology AB - For this study, we conducted nighttime upper-air observations in a complex valley terrain to test the applicability of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) method for CO2 flux estimation, comparing the obtained flux with that observed using the eddy covariance technique. Three different definitions for the determination of the nocturnal boundary layer height did not strongly affect the calculation of CO2 flux using the ABL method, which implies that the change in CO2 concentration near the surface strongly affects flux evaluations using the ABL method. The CO2 flux calculated using the ABL method was generally 2-5 times greater than the eddy CO2 flux at<0.5 m s-1 in the nighttime average horizontal wind velocity, which indicates that the advection from a 2-5 times broader surrounding area caused CO2 accumulation near the surface of the valley bottom, if a slight site-to-site variation in ecosystem respiration within the source area is assumed for the ABL observation. To incorporate advection terms, the equation for the ABL method was modified using the advection factor (AF), where AF was expressed as a linear function of the nighttime average horizontal wind velocity. The modified CO2 flux agreed well with the eddy CO2 flux, but the function of the AF itself is likely to have site-to-site variation. It must be normalized in future studies by consideration of other environmental factors, such as temperature and topographical features. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.2480/agrmet.68.3.1 VL - 68 IS - 3 SP - 165-174 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85024727490&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Influence of growing-season prescribed fire on white-tailed deer forage at Fort Bragg, North Carolina AU - Lashley, M.A. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// M3 - Biennial Report 2011-2012 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - The influence of coyotes on white-tailed deer recruitment at Fort Bragg, North Carolina AU - Chitwood, M.C. AU - Elfelt, M.B. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// M3 - Biennial Report 2011-2012 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - The effects of growing-season prescribed fire on small mammals and ground-nesting birds at Fort Bragg, North Carolina AU - Kilburg, E. AU - Prince, A. AU - Elfelt, M. AU - Moorman, C. AU - DePerno, C. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// M3 - Biennial Report 2011-2012 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - CHAP TI - Animal Damage Control AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - 2013 Agricultural Chemicals Manual A2 - Abney, M.R. A2 - Buhler, W.G. A2 - Shew, B. A2 - Caldwell, D.F. A2 - Crozier, C. A2 - DePerno, C. A2 - Richardson, R. A2 - Roberson, G. A2 - Shew, B. A2 - Kennedy, G. A2 - Melton, T. A2 - Burnette, J. PY - 2012/// SP - 400-410 PB - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Lawn Maintenance on Nutrient Losses Via Overland Flow During Natural Rainfall Events AU - Spence, P.L. AU - Osmond, D.L. AU - Childres, W. AU - Heitman, J.L. AU - Robarge, W.P. T2 - Journal of the American Water Resources Association AB - Spence, Porchè L., Deanna L. Osmond, Wesley Childres, Joshua L. Heitman, and Wayne P. Robarge, 2012. Effects of Lawn Maintenance on Nutrient Losses Via Overland Flow During Natural Rainfall Events. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 909‐924. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00658.x Abstract: A sampling system was used to evaluate the effect of residential lawn management on nutrient losses via overland flow generated during natural rainfall events from three residential landscapes: a high maintenance fescue lawn (HMFL), a low maintenance fescue lawn (LMFL), and a mixed forested residential landscape (FRL). A sampling system was located in designated areas within each landscape such that 100% of the runoff follows natural flow paths to the outlet ports and collects in sterile Nalgene ® B 3 media bags (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rochester, NY). A rainfall event was defined as producing ≥2.54 mm of water. A total of 87 rainfall events occurred during a 20‐month monitoring period. The total runoff volume collected from the LMFL was higher than from the HMFL and FRL, but on average <1% of the total rainfall was collected from the three landscapes. Mean nitrate concentrations from each lawn did not exceed 0.6 mg N/l. Nutrient unit area losses from the HMFL, LMFL, and FRL were 1,000 times less than fertilizer and throughfall inputs, which were due to the presence of well‐structured soils (low bulk densities) with high infiltration rates. This study demonstrated that the frequency of runoff, total runoff volumes, and nutrient losses during natural rainfall events are lower from highly maintained (i.e., irrigation, fertilizer application, and reseeding) densely uniform manicured lawns than low maintenance lawns and forested residential landscapes. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00658.x VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - 909-924 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84867096121&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - lawns KW - runoff monitoring KW - developed areas KW - nutrients KW - residential KW - throughfall ER - TY - RPRT TI - Navigating Controversy, Seeking Objectivity: Goals and Practices of Public Think Tanks to Provide Expertise to Policymakers AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2012/3/2/ PY - 2012/3/2/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Energy Education at CSM: A Humanities and Social Sciences Approach AU - Lucena, J. AU - Schneider, J. C2 - 2012/5/2/ CY - National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO DA - 2012/5/2/ PY - 2012/5/2/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - State-Sponsored Expertise and the Navigation of Political and Scientific Controversy: Reports on Climate Change Policy by U.S. Public Think Tanks AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2012/6/1/ PY - 2012/6/1/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Public Engagement in Science and Technology: When the Stakes are High and Debates are Lively AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Center for Science and Technology Policy Research 10th Anniversary C2 - 2012/9/27/ CY - University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Co. DA - 2012/9/27/ PY - 2012/9/27/ PB - University of Colorado-Boulder ER - TY - CONF TI - Roadblocks in Highway Innovation: Public Highway Construction, Innovation, and Regulation AU - Kimmel, S. AU - Toohey, N. AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Conference on Earth and Energy Research C2 - 2012/3/28/ CY - Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO DA - 2012/3/28/ PY - 2012/3/28/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Climate Change, Engineered Systems, and Society AU - Hollander, R. AU - Miller, C. AU - Delborne, J. AU - Munakata Marr, J. AU - Rabkin, D. AU - Sittenfeld, D. DA - 2012/4/3/ PY - 2012/4/3/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scaling relationships for event water contributions and transit times in small-forested catchments in Eastern Quebec AU - Segura, C. AU - James, A.L. AU - Lazzati, D. AU - Roulet, N.T. T2 - Water Resources Research AB - Recent studies of catchment hydrologic response are incorporating increasingly complex datasets to investigate model representation of spatial and temporal variability. In this paper, catchment rainfall‐runoff and stable isotope tracer response were modeled using a lumped conceptual model that integrates the unit hydrograph and isotope hydrograph separation methodologies. The model was applied across eight nested catchments (7 to 147 ha) for four rainstorms collected between summer and fall in 2001–2002, generating a usable 23 rainstorm datasets ranging from 1.2 to 10.3 h in length and spanning variability in environmental conditions related to storm characteristics (size and intensity) and antecedent moisture. Monte Carlo simulations were run for four model structures of varying complexity and evaluated using a Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) approach. We found that a model of intermediate complexity was adequate to model all catchment‐storm pairs. Relationships between the parameters of the best model and catchment and storm characteristics were sought. We found that the fraction of effective rainfall routed as event water was correlated to rainstorm size but insensitive to catchment size, indicating that it is controlled by environmental conditions such as storm intensity and size. The mean transit time of event water decreased with increasing rainstorm size, indicating increased connectivity during larger rainstorms. Finally, a linear relation was found between the mean transit time of event water and catchment size suggesting that the time it takes for event water to be transferred to the stream is directly related to catchment size, particularly for catchments greater than 30 ha. C7 - W07502 DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1029/2012WR011890 VL - 48 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing and Modifying Eight Empirical Models of Snowmelt Using Data from Harp Experimental Station in Central Ontario AU - Yao, Huaxia AU - McConnell, Christopher AU - James, April AU - Fu, Congsheng T2 - British Journal of Environment and Climate Change DA - 2012/7// PY - 2012/7// DO - 10.9734/bjecc/2012/2249 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 259–277 SN - 2231-4784 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjecc/2012/2249 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analyzing the combined influence of solar activity and El Niño on streamflow across southern Canada AU - Fu, Congsheng AU - James, April L. AU - Wachowiak, Mark P. T2 - Water Resources Research AB - It is well known that the spatial and temporal patterns in streamflow can be correlated with many teleconnections, e.g., solar activity and climatic phenomena such as El Niño. However, fewer studies have attempted to analyze both the influence of solar activity and large scale climatic phenomena on natural processes, particularly hydrological processes. In this study we examine long term records of solar activity and El Niño for their combined influence on streamflow across southern Canada. Data used in the analysis include sunspot number, sea surface temperature anomaly in Niño region 3.4, and annual mean streamflow from 50 Canadian Reference Hydrometric Basin Network (RHBN) stations with record lengths ≥50 years (14 of them ≥90 years). Analysis is performed using Fourier spectrum analysis (FSA), continuous wavelet transform (CWT), and cross wavelet transform coherence analysis (WTC). Results of FSA show that for almost all the 14 RHBN stations with record lengths of ≥90 years, streamflow exhibits periodicities of approximately 11 and 22 years (which is in accordance with solar activity), as well as shorter term periodicities consistent with El Niño (2–7 years). WTC analysis confirms the correlation between these periodicities (2–7 years, 11 years, 22 years) in streamflow with solar activity and El Niño records. Both solar activity and El Niño's influences on annual mean streamflow in 18–32 year bands are common, while the influence of El Nino is more extensive in the 2–7 and ∼11 year bands. Through examination of correlations between solar activity and streamflow, El Niño and streamflow, and finally El Niño and solar activity, WTC analysis has identified that solar activity affects El Niño first, and this influence is then transferred by El Niño to streamflow. This study expands on earlier efforts examining linkages between El Niño and streamflow across southern Canada to an examination of linkages between solar activity, El Niño, and streamflow. DA - 2012/5// PY - 2012/5// DO - 10.1029/2011wr011507 VL - 48 IS - 5 J2 - Water Resour. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0043-1397 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011507 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproductive biology of a narrowly endemic swallow, Tachycineta swallow in dry, seasonal forest in coastal Peru AU - Stager, M. AU - Lopresti, E. AU - Angulo Pratalungo, F. AU - Ardia, D.R. AU - Caceres, D. AU - Cooper, C.B. AU - Iñigo-Elias, E. AU - Molina, J. AU - Taylor, N. AU - Winkler, D.W. T2 - Ornitologia Neotropical DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 23 SP - 95–112 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Links and Distinctions Among Citizenship, Science, and Citizen Science. A Reponse to "The Future of Citizen Science." AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Democracy & Education DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 13 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Data AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Scientific American DA - 2012/7/3/ PY - 2012/7/3/ PB - Scientific American UR - https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/life-liberty-and-the-pursuit-of-data/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Retro Science, part 1 AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Scientific American DA - 2012/8/23/ PY - 2012/8/23/ UR - https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/retro-science-part-1/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Stone Soup for Thanksgiving: Understanding bird disease through citizen science AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Scientific American DA - 2012/11/21/ PY - 2012/11/21/ PB - Scientific American UR - https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/stone-soup-for-thanksgiving-understanding-bird-disease-through-citizen-science/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Ho: Ho: Ho:, Merry Hypotheses! The gift of creativity in citizen science AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2012/12/24/ PY - 2012/12/24/ PB - PLOS UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170909100905/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2012/12/24/ho-ho-ho-merry-hypotheses-the-gift-of-creativity-in-citizen-science/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Researcher’s Perspective: A Citizen Science fix for data junkies AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS Citizen Sci blog DA - 2012/12/12/ PY - 2012/12/12/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20160309183433/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2012/12/12/researchers-perspective-a-citizen-science-fix-for-data-junkies/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Data validation in citizen science: a case study from Project FeederWatch AU - Bonter, David N AU - Cooper, Caren B T2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment AB - To become more widely accepted as a valuable research tool, citizen‐science projects must find ways to ensure that data gathered by large numbers of people with varying levels of expertise are of consistently high quality. Here, we describe a data validation protocol developed for Project FeederWatch, a continent‐wide bird monitoring program, that is designed to increase researchers' and participants' confidence in the data being collected. DA - 2012/8// PY - 2012/8// DO - 10.1890/110273 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 305-307 J2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment LA - en OP - SN - 1540-9295 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/110273 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clock gene variation in Tachycineta swallows AU - Dor, Roi AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Lovette, Irby J. AU - Massoni, Viviana AU - Bulit, Flor AU - Liljesthrom, Marcela AU - Winkler, David W. T2 - Ecology and Evolution AB - Many animals use photoperiod cues to synchronize reproduction with environmental conditions and thereby improve their reproductive success. The circadian clock, which creates endogenous behavioral and physiological rhythms typically entrained to photoperiod, is well characterized at the molecular level. Recent work provided evidence for an association between Clock poly-Q length polymorphism and latitude and, within a population, an association with the date of laying and the length of the incubation period. Despite relatively high overall breeding synchrony, the timing of clutch initiation has a large impact on the fitness of swallows in the genus Tachycineta. We compared length polymorphism in the Clock poly-Q region among five populations from five different Tachycineta species that breed across a hemisphere-wide latitudinal gradient (Fig. 1). Clock poly-Q variation was not associated with latitude; however, there was an association between Clock poly-Q allele diversity and the degree of clutch size decline within breeding seasons. We did not find evidence for an association between Clock poly-Q variation and date of clutch initiation in for any of the five Tachycineta species, nor did we found a relationship between incubation duration and Clock genotype. Thus, there is no general association between latitude, breeding phenology, and Clock polymorphism in this clade of closely related birds.Figure 1Photos of Tachycineta swallows that were used in this study: A) T. bicolor from Ithaca, New York, B) T. leucorrhoa from Chascomús, Argentina, C) T. albilinea from Hill Bank, Belize, D) T. meyeni from Puerto Varas, Chile, and E) T. thalassina from Mono Lake, California, Photographers: B: Valentina Ferretti; A, C-E: David Winkler. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1002/ece3.73 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 95–105 SN - 2045-7758 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.73 KW - Circadian KW - Clock KW - polyglutamine KW - Tachycineta KW - time of breeding KW - tree swallow ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clutch Investment in the Chilean Swallow (Tachycineta meyeni) Shifts with Time of Breeding and Position in the Sequence of Laying AU - Liljesthröm, M. AU - Cooper, C. AU - Reboreda, J.C. T2 - The Condor AB - Within a population, the sizes of eggs and clutches vary, and the combination of both determines a female's reproductive investment. We investigated females' investment in clutches of the Chilean Swallow (Tachycineta meyeni) at the southern limit of its range, where it breeds in an extreme climate. We analyzed variation in clutch, egg and yolk size in relation to the female's condition, date of laying, and position in the sequence of laying. As predicted by energy/nutrient constraints, clutch size and yolk size decreased over the breeding season, though egg mass increased. Females' investment strategy differed with clutch size: their investment in eggs increased with each successive egg in clutches of 4 and 5 eggs but decreased with each successive egg in clutches of 3 eggs. Eggs that were heavier for their size were more likely to hatch than eggs light for their size. Females may make a strategic decision, with high investment in eggs laid early resulting in a short sequence (small clutch) and delayed investment resulting in a long sequence (large clutch). Alternatively, the shift in clutch investment may simply be a consequence of physiology. Better estimates of female body condition are needed for these options to be distinguished. DA - 2012/5// PY - 2012/5// DO - 10.1525/cond.2012.110142 VL - 114 IS - 2 SP - 377–384 SN - 0010-5422 1938-5129 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2012.110142 KW - egg size KW - laying order KW - clutch size KW - reproductive investment KW - Tachycineta meyeni ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural History Traits Associated with Detecting Mortality Within Residential Bird Communities: Can Citizen Science Provide Insights? AU - Cooper, Caren Beth AU - Loyd, Kerrie Anne Therese AU - Murante, Tessa AU - Savoca, Matthew AU - Dickinson, Janis T2 - Environmental Management DA - 2012/5/9/ PY - 2012/5/9/ DO - 10.1007/s00267-012-9866-x VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 11-20 J2 - Environmental Management LA - en OP - SN - 0364-152X 1432-1009 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9866-x DB - Crossref KW - Domestic cat KW - Predator-prey interactions KW - Urbanization KW - Birdfeeders KW - "My Yard Counts" KW - "PredatorWatch" ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of sampling scheme on the inference of sex-biased gene flow in the American badger (Taxidea taxus) AU - Kierepka, E.M. AU - Latch, E.K. AU - Swanson, B.J. T2 - Canadian Journal of Zoology AB - Population genetics has fueled a substantial growth in studies of dispersal, a life-history trait that has important applications in ecology and evolution. Mammals typically exhibit male-biased gene flow, so this pattern often serves as a null hypothesis in empirical studies. Estimation of dispersal using population genetics is not without biases, so we utilized a combination of population genetic methods and simulations to evaluate gene flow within the American badger ( Taxidea taxus (Schreber, 1777)), a highly elusive and poorly understood mustelid. A total of 132 badgers captured between 2001 and 2002 were genotyped at nine microsatellite loci to investigate fine-scale genetic structure consistent with philopatry in females and dispersal in males. Resultant genetic patterns were largely consistent with a panmictic population with little evidence for sex-biased dispersal, and simulations confirmed that our sampling scheme did not substantially impact our statistics. An overall deficiency of heterozygotes was observed across the Lower Peninsula, which indicates either a Wahlund effect, mixing of separate populations, or inbreeding. Our study emphasizes the importance in deciphering between actual behavioral mechanisms and sampling effects when interpreting genetic data to understand other factors that influence dispersal like population density and territoriality. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.1139/z2012-094 VL - 90 IS - 10 SP - 1231-1242 J2 - Can. J. Zool. LA - en OP - SN - 0008-4301 1480-3283 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-094 DB - Crossref KW - Taxidea taxus KW - American badger KW - sex-biased dispersal KW - sampling KW - spatial autocorrelation ER - TY - THES TI - A Bayesian Hierarchical Spatial Model for West Nile Virus in New York City: Evaluating an Approach to Handle Large Spatial Data Sets AU - Pacifici, Jamian Krishna DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// M3 - M.S. Thesis PB - University of Georgia ER - TY - RPRT TI - The influence of alley cropping systems on soil water dynamics and soil erosion in a changing climate AU - Rousseau, A.N. AU - Hallema, D.W. AU - Gumiere, S.J. AU - Carrer, G. AU - Fossey, M. A3 - Institut national de la recherche scientifique DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// M1 - R-1334 M3 - Progress report - Ouranos-ICAR-PACC-26-Biodiversity Project PB - Institut national de la recherche scientifique SN - R-1334 UR - http://espace.inrs.ca/id/eprint/1200 ER - TY - CONF TI - Extent and distribution of sustainable intensive forest biofuel practices AU - Nettles, J.E. AU - Leggett, ZH C2 - 2012/// C3 - Proceedings from Sun Grant National Conference: Science for Biomass Feedstock Production and Utilization DA - 2012/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluating the impact of switchgrass intercropping in loblolly pine plantations on long-term soil productivity AU - Leggett, Z.H. AU - Sucre, E.B. C2 - 2012/// C3 - Proceedings from Sun Grant National Conference: Science for Biomass Feedstock Production and Utilization DA - 2012/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Water relations and productivity in an intercropped pine-switchgrass study examining biofuel production in North Carolina, USA AU - Albaugh, J.M. AU - Domec, J. AU - Maier, C.A. AU - Sucre, E.B. AU - Leggett, Z.H. AU - King, J.S. T2 - 2012 National Conference: Science for Biomass Feedstock Producation and Utilization C2 - 2012/// C3 - Proceedings from Sun Grant National Conference: Science for Biomass Feedstock Production and Utilization CY - New Orleans, LA DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/10/2/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Conservation, Science and Peace Building in South-eastern Europe AU - Ali, S. AU - Watzin, M.C. T2 - Environmental security: approaches and issues A2 - Floyd, R. A2 - Matthew, R. PY - 2012/// PB - Routledge Press, Taylor and Francis Group ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photosynthetic response to genome methylation affects the growth of Chinese white poplar AU - Ma, Kaifeng AU - Song, Yuepeng AU - Jiang, Xibing AU - Zhang, Zhiyi AU - Li, Bailian AU - Zhang, Deqiang T2 - Tree Genetics & Genomes DA - 2012/6/6/ PY - 2012/6/6/ DO - 10.1007/S11295-012-0527-2 VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - 1407-1421 J2 - Tree Genetics & Genomes LA - en OP - SN - 1614-2942 1614-2950 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11295-012-0527-2 DB - Crossref KW - Photosynthesis KW - DNA methylation KW - Growth trait KW - Methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) Candidate markers ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2n egg formation in Populus × euramericana (Dode) Guinier AU - Xi, Xiaojun AU - Li, Dan AU - Xu, Wenting AU - Guo, Liqin AU - Zhang, Jinfeng AU - Li, Bailian T2 - Tree Genetics & Genomes DA - 2012/5/9/ PY - 2012/5/9/ DO - 10.1007/S11295-012-0510-Y VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - 1237-1245 J2 - Tree Genetics & Genomes LA - en OP - SN - 1614-2942 1614-2950 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11295-012-0510-Y DB - Crossref KW - 2n eggs KW - Poplar KW - Simple sequence repeat (SSR) KW - First division restitution (FDR) KW - Asynchronous megasporogenesis ER - TY - CONF TI - Modelling wetland extent as a function of climate using remote sensing imagery and spatially explicit climate data AU - Tulbure, M.G. AU - Broich, M. T2 - International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing C2 - 2012/// C3 - Proceedings of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// PB - CD-ROM Publication ER - TY - JOUR TI - Information beyond the forum: Motivations, strategies, and impacts of citizen participants seeking information during a consensus conference AU - Delborne, Jason AU - Anderson, A. A. AU - Kleinman, D. L. AU - Colin, M. AU - Powell, M. T2 - Public Understanding of Science AB - During traditional consensus conferences, organizers control the formal information available to participants—by compiling structured background materials and recruiting expert panelists. Less formally, however, participants are encouraged to bring their own experiences into the deliberations, and in doing so, they often seek outside information. We explore this heretofore understudied phenomenon of information seeking during a deliberative event: the U.S. National Citizens’ Technology Forum (2008), which addressed the convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and cognitive science on the potential development of human-enhancement technologies. Through interviews with participants and observation of in-person and online deliberations, we identify outside information-seeking strategies and motivations. Our study demonstrates that conceptualizing models of deliberation as standalone settings of communication exchange ignores the reality of the complex information environment from which deliberative participants draw when making sense of technical issues. Future citizen deliberations must incorporate outside information seeking in the design of the exercises. DA - 2012/6/19/ PY - 2012/6/19/ DO - 10.1177/0963662512447173 VL - 22 IS - 8 SP - 955-970 J2 - Public Underst Sci LA - en OP - SN - 0963-6625 1361-6609 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662512447173 DB - Crossref KW - consensus conference KW - deliberation KW - information seeking KW - Internet KW - mass media KW - nanotechnology KW - public engagement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Loblolly Pine Age and Density Affects Switchgrass Growth and Soil Carbon in an Agroforestry System AU - Blazier, Michael A. AU - Clason, Terry R. AU - Vance, Eric D. AU - Leggett, Zakiya AU - Sucre, Eric B. T2 - Forest Science AB - Global interest in biomass-based fossil fuel substitutes is increasing, creating needs for new crops and cropping systems that will expand biofuel production. In the southeastern United States, an alley cropping agroforestry management system in which switchgrass is cultivated between rows of loblolly pine is being explored. Such a system could produce an annually harvested, high-yield energy crop, wood waste for biofuel production, conventional forest products, and environmental services such as soil carbon (C) sequestration. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of loblolly pine age (juvenile, mid-rotation, and late-rotation) and loblolly pine density (no trees, low density, and high density) on switchgrass and loblolly pine growth and soil characteristics (microbial biomass C and activity, labile C, and total soil C) linked to carbon sequestration and site productivity. Switchgrass ground coverage was greater in loblolly pine alleys than in open conditions in 2 of the 3 years of this study, but switchgrass biomass was lower in loblolly pine alleys than in open conditions in the mid-rotation stand. Switchgrass in alleys was associated with greater labile C, respiration, and microbial biomass and activity in soil compared with that in loblolly pine plantations with intensive suppression of understory. DA - 2012/10/26/ PY - 2012/10/26/ DO - 10.5849/forsci.11-052 VL - 58 IS - 5 SP - 485-496 J2 - Forest Science LA - en OP - SN - 0015-749X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.11-052 DB - Crossref KW - biofuel KW - microbial biomass KW - alley cropping ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bobwhite use of field borders AU - Bowling, S. AU - Moorman, C. AU - DePerno, C. T2 - The Upland Gazette DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 7–8 UR - https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/UplandGazette/UG_FALL2012.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decline in riparian Tsuga canadensis forests of the central Appalachians across an Adelges tsugae invasion chronosequence AU - Martin, Katherine L. AU - Goebel, P. Charles T2 - The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society AB - Forests of eastern North American are losing Tsuga candensis (eastern hemlock) ecosystems throughout an expanding portion of its range due to the invasive pest insect Adelges tsugae (hemlock woolly adelgid: HWA). Tsuga canadensis represents a small portion of the landscape, particularly in the central and southern Appalachians where it is largely restricted to cove and riparian areas; however, it is a foundation species that defines a unique forest ecosystem. Consequently, loss of T. canadensis will result in a re-organization of ecosystem structure and function as alternate communities develop. A greater understanding this transition will advance ecological theory, but is also directly applicable to management and restoration planning. While county-level patterns of detection are readily available, less is known about the process of decline and compositional shifts. We identified riparian T. canadensis forests along thirty headwater streams across West Virginia and Virginia, representing an invasion chrononosequence of nine to thirty-two years. Sites encompassed a range in elevation, slope, and aspect, intended to identify patterns of T. canadensis dominance and decline. At each site, we sampled the overstory and sapling vegetation and recorded the crown health of each T. canadensis in transects at 10, 30, and 50 meters from the bank-full stream channel. Although in severe decline, T. canadensis continued to dominate both the overstory and sapling layers across riparian-upland transects across the central Appalachians. Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated decline was moderated by higher elevations and landscape positions that received less incident radiation due to aspect and slope, but duration of Adelges tsugae invasion was the most influential factor in the decline of crown health for the overstory. SEM also identified decline in the overstory as the most influential factor in the decline of the sapling layer. Future forest function depends on composition, which will likely vary depending on the presence of Rhododendron maximum, an aggressive native shrub. Most importantly, functional processes that respond rapidly to T. canadensis decline are likely to experience continuing fluctuation as the composition shifts more gradually. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.3159/torrey-d-12-00012.1 VL - 139 IS - 4 SP - 367–378 SN - 1095-5674 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3159/torrey-d-12-00012.1 KW - Adelges tsugae KW - Central Appalachians KW - Eastern Hemlock KW - Foundation Species KW - Hemlock Woolly Adelgid KW - Invasive Species KW - Structural Equation Modeling KW - Tsuga canadensis ER - TY - CHAP TI - Implementation of the U.S. Legal, Institutional, and Economic Criterion and Indicators for the 2010 Montreal Process for Sustainable Forest Management AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - McGinley, Kathleem AU - Moffat, Steverson AU - Lin, Liwei AU - Robertson, Guy T2 - Sustainable Forest Management PY - 2012/// SP - 287–304 PB - InTech Press SN - 978-953-307-668-3. ER - TY - CHAP TI - Wildlife radiotracking AU - Millspaugh, J.J. AU - Kesler, D.C. AU - Kays, R.W. AU - Gitzen, R.A. AU - Schulz, J.H. AU - Belant, J.L. AU - Rota, C.T. AU - Keller, B.J. AU - Bodinof, C.M. T2 - ENVIS Bulletin on Telemetry in Wildlife Science A2 - Sivakumar, K. A2 - Habib, B. PY - 2012/// VL - 13 SP - 20–30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ámbito de Hogar y Actividad Circadiana del Ocelote (Leopardus pardalis) en la Isla de Barro Colorado, Panamá AU - Moreno, Ricardo S. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Giacalone-Willis, Jacalyn AU - Aliaga-Rossel, Enzo AU - Mares, Rafael AU - Bustamante, Aida T2 - Mesoamericana DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 30–39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Animal Visitation and Pollination of Flowering Balsa Trees (Ochroma pyramidale) in Panama AU - Kays, Roland AU - Rodríguez, M.Elizabeth AU - Valencia, Lina María AU - Horan, Robert AU - Adam, R. AU - Ziegler, Christian T2 - Mesoamericana DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 56–70 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A record of Striped Hog-nosed Skunk Conepatus semistriatus in central Panama, between two known sub-ranges AU - Esser, H.J. AU - Liefting, Y. AU - Kays, R. AU - Jansen, P.a T2 - Small Carnivore Conservation DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 47 SP - 62-64 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bias in estimating animal travel distance: the effect of sampling frequency AU - Rowcliffe, J. Marcus AU - Carbone, Chris AU - Kays, Roland AU - Kranstauber, Bart AU - Jansen, Patrick A. T2 - Methods in Ecology and Evolution AB - Summary 1. The distance travelled by animals is an important ecological variable that links behaviour, energetics and demography. It is usually measured by summing straight‐line distances between intermittently sampled locations along continuous animal movement paths. The extent to which this approach underestimates travel distance remains a rarely addressed and unsolved problem, largely because true movement paths are rarely, if ever, available for comparison. Here, we use simulated movement paths parameterized with empirical movement data to study how estimates of distance travelled are affected by sampling frequency. 2. We used a novel method to obtain fine‐scale characteristics of animal movement from camera trap videos for a set of tropical forest mammals and used these characteristics to generate detailed movement paths. We then sampled these paths at different frequencies, simulating telemetry studies, and quantified the accuracy of sampled travel distance estimation. 3. For our focal species, typical telemetry studies would underestimate distances travelled by 67–93%, and extremely high sampling frequencies (several fixes per minute) would be required to get tolerably accurate estimates. The form of the relationship between tortuosity, sample frequency, and distance travelled was such that absolute distance cannot accurately be estimated by the infrequent samples used in typical tracking studies. 4. We conclude that the underestimation of distance travelled is a serious but underappreciated problem. Currently, there is no reliable, widely applicable method to obtain approximately unbiased estimates of distance travelled by animals. Further research on this problem is needed. DA - 2012/3/20/ PY - 2012/3/20/ DO - 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00197.x VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 653–662 SN - 2041-210X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00197.x KW - Barro Colorado Island KW - camera traps KW - daily distance KW - day range KW - movement models KW - radiotracking KW - random walk KW - telemetry KW - travel distance KW - tropical forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moderating Argos location errors in animal tracking data AU - Douglas, David C. AU - Weinzierl, Rolf AU - C. Davidson, Sarah AU - Kays, Roland AU - Wikelski, Martin AU - Bohrer, Gil T2 - Methods in Ecology and Evolution AB - Summary The A rgos S ystem is used worldwide to satellite‐track free‐ranging animals, but location errors can range from tens of metres to hundreds of kilometres. Low‐quality locations ( A rgos classes A , 0, B and Z ) dominate animal tracking data. Standard‐quality animal tracking locations ( A rgos classes 3, 2 and 1) have larger errors than those reported in A rgos manuals. The D ouglas A rgos‐filter ( DAF ) algorithm flags implausible locations based on user‐defined thresholds that allow the algorithm's performance to be tuned to species' movement behaviours and study objectives. The algorithm is available in M ovebank – a free online infrastructure for storing, managing, sharing and analysing animal movement data. We compared 21,044 temporally paired global positioning system ( GPS ) locations with A rgos location estimates collected from A rgos transmitters on free‐ranging waterfowl and condors (13 species, 314 individuals, 54,895 animal‐tracking days). The 95th error percentiles for unfiltered A rgos locations 0, A , B and Z were within 35·8, 59·6, 163·2 and 220·2 km of the true location, respectively. After applying DAF with liberal thresholds, roughly 20% of the class 0 and A locations and 45% of the class B and Z locations were excluded, and the 95th error percentiles were reduced to 17·2, 15·0, 20·9 and 18·6 km for classes 0, A , B and Z , respectively. As thresholds were applied more conservatively, fewer locations were retained, but they possessed higher overall accuracy. Douglas A rgos‐filter can improve data accuracy by 50–90% and is an effective and flexible tool for preparing Argos data for direct biological interpretation or subsequent modelling. DA - 2012/10/10/ PY - 2012/10/10/ DO - 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00245.x VL - 3 IS - 6 SP - 999-1007 J2 - Methods Ecol Evol LA - en OP - SN - 2041-210X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00245.x DB - Crossref KW - accuracy KW - animal movement KW - Argos KW - Douglas Argos-filter KW - Movebank KW - satellite telemetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Data from: Thieving rodents as substitute dispersers of megafaunal seeds AU - Jansen, Patrick A. AU - Hirsch, Ben T. AU - Emsens, Willem-Jan AU - Zamora-Gutierrez, Veronica AU - Wikelski, Martin AU - Kays, Roland W. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.5441/001/1.9t0m888q UR - https://www.datarepository.movebank.org/handle/10255/move.291 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The interplay of homing and dispersal in green turtles: A focus on the southwestern atlantic T2 - Journal of Heredity AB - Current understanding of spatial ecology is insufficient in many threatened marine species, failing to provide a solid basis for conservation and management. To address this issue for globally endangered green turtles, we investigated their population distribution by sequencing a mitochondrial control region segment from the Rocas Atoll courtship area (n = 30 males) and four feeding grounds (FGs) in Brazil (n = 397), and compared our findings to published data (nnesting = 1205; nfeeding = 1587). At Rocas Atoll, the first Atlantic courtship area sequenced to date, we found males were differentiated from local juveniles but not from nesting females. In combination with tag data, this indicates possible male philopatry. The most common haplotypes detected at the study sites were CMA-08 and CMA-05, and significant temporal variation was not revealed. Although feeding grounds were differentiated overall, intra-regional structure was less pronounced. Ascension was the primary natal source of the study FGs, with Surinam and Trindade as secondary sources. The study clarified the primary connectivity between Trindade and Brazil. Possible linkages to African populations were considered, but there was insufficient resolution to conclusively determine this connection. The distribution of FG haplotype lineages was nonrandom and indicative of regional clustering. The study investigated impacts of population size, geographic distance, ocean currents, and juvenile natal homing on connectivity, addressed calls for increased genetic sampling in the southwestern Atlantic, and provided data important for conservation of globally endangered green turtles. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1093/jhered/ess068 VL - 103 IS - 6 SP - 792-805 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84870498291&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Chelonia mydas KW - mtDNA KW - control region KW - mixed stock analysis KW - connectivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Within-Farm Efficiency Comparison of Silvopasture Systems with Conventional Pasture and Forestry in Northeast Argentina AU - Frey, G. E. AU - Fassola, H. E. AU - Pachas, A. N. AU - Colcombet, L. AU - Lacorte, S. M. AU - Renkow, M. AU - Perez, O. AU - Cubbage, F. W. T2 - Land Economics AB - Agroforestry, which has multiple inputs and outputs, would benefit from scrutiny of economic efficiency because levels of adoption have not met expectations. Previous literature estimated the efficiency of agricultural systems using data envelopment analysis; however, the vast variability between farms makes comparing systems difficult. This study uses paired, within-farm comparisons of silvopasture, a combination of planted trees and pasture, to conventional cattle-ranching and plantation forestry, to evaluate the relative technical efficiency. Silvopasture proves to be more efficient than conventional cattle-ranching. Forestry demonstrated increasing returns to scale, cattle-raising demonstrated decreasing returns to scale for large-scale farmers, and silvopasture was intermediate. (JEL D24, O13) DA - 2012/8/15/ PY - 2012/8/15/ DO - 10.3368/le.88.4.639 VL - 88 IS - 4 SP - 639-657 J2 - Land Economics LA - en OP - SN - 0023-7639 1543-8325 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.88.4.639 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A telemetric thread tag for tracking seed dispersal by scatter-hoarding rodents AU - Hirsch, Ben T. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Jansen, Patrick A. T2 - Plant Ecology DA - 2012/5/10/ PY - 2012/5/10/ DO - 10.1007/s11258-012-0054-0 VL - 213 IS - 6 SP - 933-943 J2 - Plant Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 1385-0237 1573-5052 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-012-0054-0 DB - Crossref KW - Radio telemetry KW - Seed tag KW - Animal dispersed seeds KW - Astrocaryum KW - Agouti ER - TY - JOUR TI - Parameterization and multi-criteria calibration of a distributed storm flow model applied to a Mediterranean agricultural catchment AU - Hallema, Dennis W. AU - Moussa, Roger AU - Andrieux, Patrick AU - Voltz, Marc T2 - Hydrological Processes AB - Abstract The principal challenge in the parameterization of storm flow models for agricultural catchments with an artificial drainage network and fields with different degrees of tillage lies in the parsimonious definition of distributed model parameters in a way that reduces the number of calibration parameters to a justifiable minimum. This paper presents a comprehensive case study for the parameter estimation of a distributed storm flow model applied to an agricultural catchment (0.91 km 2 ) in the Mediterranean region. Model parameterization was combined with procedures for multi‐criteria, multi‐storm calibration, where we automatically calibrated three parameters related to flow velocity and infiltration, and compared single and multi‐storm criteria that are based on discharge volume, peak flow, and the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient. Multi‐storm calibration yielded a set of parameter values for the simulation batch with best multi‐storm overall performance, which are close to the median values in the pre‐calibration of individual storms. Our results suggest that flow velocities and proportionality of the channel infiltration rate do not vary significantly over the course of 11 years. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2012/4/17/ PY - 2012/4/17/ DO - 10.1002/hyp.9268 VL - 27 IS - 10 SP - 1379-1398 J2 - Hydrol. Process. LA - en OP - SN - 0885-6087 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9268 DB - Crossref KW - storm flow KW - event-based modelling KW - distributed model KW - multi-criteria calibration ER - TY - JOUR TI - How Perceived Exposure to Environmental Harm Influences Environmental Behavior in Urban China AU - Chen, Xiaodong AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Hull, Vanessa AU - Lu, Chuntian AU - Hong, Dayong AU - Liu, Jianguo T2 - AMBIO AB - Rapid environmental degradation in China makes understanding how perceived exposure to environmental harm influences environmental attitudes and participation in pro-environmental behaviors among the Chinese people crucial. We used a nation-wide survey dataset in urban China to test two hypotheses: experiencing environmental harm directly affects environmental behavior; environmental attitudes mediate the relationship between experiencing environmental harm and environmental behavior. We found respondents who experienced environmental harm had more pro-environmental attitudes. Experiencing environmental harm positively influenced pro-environmental behavior both directly and indirectly through the mediation of pro-environmental attitudes. Among the pro-environmental behaviors, environmental litigation was most strongly related with exposure to environmental harm. Our results suggest that more participation in pro-environmental behaviors may be expected as rapid economic development increases public exposure to environmental harm in urban China. DA - 2012/7/21/ PY - 2012/7/21/ DO - 10.1007/S13280-012-0335-9 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 52-60 J2 - AMBIO LA - en OP - SN - 0044-7447 1654-7209 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S13280-012-0335-9 DB - Crossref KW - China KW - Environmental attitudes KW - Environmental harm KW - New environmental paradigm KW - Pro-environmental behavior ER - TY - JOUR TI - Small mammal use of field borders planted as beneficial insect habitat AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Plush, Charles J. AU - Orr, David B. AU - Reberg-Horton, Chris AU - Gardner, Beth T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin AB - Abstract Field borders established for wildlife conservation have been recognized as a possible venue for also promoting beneficial insect populations, such as parasitic wasps and pollinators, on agricultural lands. However, traditional fallow field borders lack nectar sources required to sustain beneficial insect communities, and their value to small mammals is not well‐understood. In October–November 2009, we trapped small mammals in four field‐border treatments (planted native, warm‐season grasses and prairie flowers, planted prairie flowers only, fallow vegetation, and frequently mowed vegetation) replicated around nine organic crop fields, and developed closed‐population models in Program MARK to estimate abundance in each border. We also measured vegetation cover within each border treatment from June to August 2009. We captured 491 individuals of two species, the hispid cotton rat ( Sigmodon hispidus ) and house mouse ( Mus musculus ). Cotton rat abundance was ≥2 times greater in grass and flower borders and flowers‐only borders than in fallow borders, likely because of greater vegetation density and availability of preferred foods in planted borders. No cotton rats were captured in mowed borders, and house mouse abundance was ≥5 times lower in mowed borders than in other border types. Lower abundance of cotton rats and house mice in mowed borders emphasizes the importance of structurally complex non‐crop vegetation for supporting small‐mammal communities in agricultural landscapes. Field borders planted to promote beneficial insects may be a useful tool for maximizing the ecological services provided by non‐crop vegetation. © 2012 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2012/11/30/ PY - 2012/11/30/ DO - 10.1002/wsb.226 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 209-215 J2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin LA - en OP - SN - 1938-5463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.226 DB - Crossref KW - agriculture KW - beneficial insects KW - field borders KW - Mus musculus KW - Sigmodon hispidus KW - small mammals ER - TY - THES TI - Understanding regional water resource dynamics due to land-cover/land-use and climate changes in the North Carolina Piedmont AU - Gray, Joshua Michael DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.17615/gfa6-ec52 M3 - Doctoral Dissertation PB - University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill ER - TY - CONF TI - PhenoCam: A Continental Observatory in Support of Monitoring, Modeling, and Forecasting Phenological Responses to Climate Change AU - Friedl, Mark A. AU - Richardson, A.D. AU - Pless, R. AU - Frolking, Steve AU - Milliman, T.E. AU - Klosterman, Stephen AU - Toomey, M.P. AU - Gray, Josh M. C2 - 2012/// C3 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2012/// SP - GC54A-06 PB - American Geophysical Union ER - TY - CONF TI - A comparison of phenophase transition dates calculated from MODIS EVI and NBAR-EVI AU - Frick, E.A. AU - Friedl, M.A. AU - Melaas, E.K. AU - Gray, J.M. C2 - 2012/// C3 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2012/// SP - B11C-0438 PB - American Geophysical Union ER - TY - CONF TI - Impacts of hunting pressure on adult male white-tailed deer behavior AU - Karns, G.R. AU - Lancia, R.A. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Conner, M.C. C2 - 2012/// C3 - Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies DA - 2012/// VL - 66 SP - 120–125 ER - TY - CHAP TI - An Emissions-Intensity Approach for Crediting Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Agriculture: Reconciling Climate and Food Security Objectives in the Developing World AU - Baker, J.S. AU - Murray, B.C. T2 - Climate Change Mitigation and Agriculture A2 - Wollenberg, Eva A2 - Nihart, Alison A2 - Tapio-Bistrom, Marja-Liisa A2 - Grieg-Gran, Maryanne PY - 2012/// PB - Earthscan ER - TY - BLOG TI - Dragging Humanity Up the Shining Hills of a GIS Map to Create a Virtuous Planetary Superorganism: A Review of The Neighborhood Project AU - Katti, Madhusudan T2 - Scientific American Blog DA - 2012/8/17/ PY - 2012/8/17/ PB - Scientific American UR - https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/dragging-humanity-up-the-shining-hills-of-a-gis-map-to-create-a-virtuous-planetary-superorganism-a-review-of-the-neighborhood-project/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Human influences on species interactions in urban communities: Insights from the LTER and ULTRA-Ex networks AU - Warren, Paige S. AU - Lerman, Susannah B. AU - Nilon, Charles H. AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Strohbach, Michael AU - Danford, Rachel AU - Adler, Lynn S. AU - Irwin, Rebecca E. T2 - 97th ESA Annual Convention 2012 C2 - 2012/8// DA - 2012/8// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of the production and transaction costs of forest carbon offset projects in the USA AU - Galik, Christopher S. AU - Cooley, David M. AU - Baker, Justin S. T2 - Journal of Environmental Management AB - Forest carbon offset project implementation costs, comprised of both production and transaction costs, could present an important barrier to private landowner participation in carbon offset markets. These costs likewise represent a largely undocumented component of forest carbon offset potential. Using a custom spreadsheet model and accounting tool, this study examines the implementation costs of different forest offset project types operating in different forest types under different accounting and sampling methodologies. Sensitivity results are summarized concisely through response surface regression analysis to illustrate the relative effect of project-specific variables on total implementation costs. Results suggest that transaction costs may represent a relatively small percentage of total project implementation costs - generally less than 25% of the total. Results also show that carbon accounting methods, specifically the method used to establish project baseline, may be among the most important factors in driving implementation costs on a per-ton-of-carbon-sequestered basis, dramatically increasing variability in both transaction and production costs. This suggests that accounting could be a large driver in the financial viability of forest offset projects, with transaction costs likely being of largest concern to those projects at the margin. DA - 2012/12// PY - 2012/12// DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.045 VL - 112 SP - 128-136 J2 - Journal of Environmental Management LA - en OP - SN - 0301-4797 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.045 DB - Crossref KW - Transaction costs KW - Forestry KW - Carbon credits KW - Sequestration KW - United States ER - TY - CHAP TI - Information literacy: building critical skills for learning and communicating about research on the web AU - Ciccone, K. AU - Morris, C. AU - Sills, E. T2 - Quick Hits for Teaching with Technology: Successful Strategies by Award-Winning Teachers A2 - Morgan, Robin K. A2 - Olivares, Kimberly T. PY - 2012/// SP - 71-72 PB - Indiana University Press ER - TY - CHAP TI - REDD+ projects as a hybrid of old and new forest management approaches: Opportunities and challenges under policy and market uncertainty AU - Sunderlin, W. AU - Sills, W. T2 - Analyzing REDD+: Challenges and Choices A2 - Angelsen, Arild A2 - Brockhaus, Maria A2 - Sunderlin, William D. A2 - Verchot, Louis V. PY - 2012/// SP - 177–192 PB - Center for International Forestry Research SN - 9786028693806 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Site selection for forest carbon projects AU - Lin, Liwel AU - Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Sunderlin, William D. T2 - Analyzing REDD+: Challenges and Choices A2 - Angelsen, Arild A2 - Brockhaus, Maria A2 - Sunderlin, William D. A2 - Verchot, Louis V. PY - 2012/// SP - 209–230 PB - Center for International Forestry Research SN - 9786028693806 ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Opportunities and Challenges of Citizen Science as a Tool for Ecological Research AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Hochachka, Wesley M. AU - Dhondt, André A. T2 - Citizen Science AB - This chapter discusses the opportunities and challenges of citizen science as a tool for undertaking ecological research. Before assessing the potential for large-scale citizen science to advance our understanding of ecological systems, the chapter considers the types of ecological research questions for which the scale (extent and resolution) of data from citizen science is particularly suitable. It then provides examples that illustrate how citizen science data can elucidate some of the processes relating to ecology, such as the underlying patterns of an organism's distribution and abundance as well as its life history and behavior. It also outlines research considerations that must be taken into account when designing (or continuing) citizen science projects. PY - 2012/3/16/ DO - 10.7591/cornell/9780801449116.003.0007 SP - 99-113 OP - PB - Cornell University Press SN - 9780801449116 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801449116.003.0007 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A dynamic Brownian bridge movement model to estimate utilization distributions for heterogeneous animal movement AU - Kranstauber, Bart AU - Kays, Roland AU - LaPoint, Scott D. AU - Wikelski, Martin AU - Safi, Kamran T2 - Journal of Animal Ecology AB - 1. The recently developed Brownian bridge movement model (BBMM) has advantages over traditional methods because it quantifies the utilization distribution of an animal based on its movement path rather than individual points and accounts for temporal autocorrelation and high data volumes. However, the BBMM assumes unrealistic homogeneous movement behaviour across all data. 2. Accurate quantification of the utilization distribution is important for identifying the way animals use the landscape. 3. We improve the BBMM by allowing for changes in behaviour, using likelihood statistics to determine change points along the animal's movement path. 4. This novel extension, outperforms the current BBMM as indicated by simulations and examples of a territorial mammal and a migratory bird. The unique ability of our model to work with tracks that are not sampled regularly is especially important for GPS tags that have frequent failed fixes or dynamic sampling schedules. Moreover, our model extension provides a useful one-dimensional measure of behavioural change along animal tracks. 5. This new method provides a more accurate utilization distribution that better describes the space use of realistic, behaviourally heterogeneous tracks. DA - 2012/2/20/ PY - 2012/2/20/ DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01955.x VL - 81 IS - 4 SP - 738-746 LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8790 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01955.x DB - Crossref KW - behavioural change KW - encounter probability KW - GPS KW - home range KW - utilization distribution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accelerometer-informed GPS telemetry: Reducing the trade-off between resolution and longevity AU - Brown, Danielle D. AU - LaPoint, Scott AU - Kays, Roland AU - Heidrich, Wolfgang AU - Kümmeth, Franz AU - Wikelski, Martin T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin AB - Abstract Tracking animal movement using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology is an increasingly popular method for studying animal ecology, behavior, and conservation. To date, most GPS location schedules have been set at regular intervals. If intervals are too long, they undersample the details of movement paths, and if too short, they oversample resting sites and deplete the unit's battery without providing new information. We address this problem by creating a dynamic GPS schedule that is linked to the activity level of the animal via an accelerometer onboard the tracking tag. We deployed traditional and accelerometer‐informed GPS tags on northern tamanduas anteater ( Tamandua mexicana ) in tropical forest in the Republic of Panama (2009–2010), and on fisher ( Martes pennanti ) in temperate forest in New York, USA (2009–2011). These species are medium‐sized forest‐dwellers that frequently use tree cavities, ground burrows, and thick vegetation for resting and foraging, all traits that make them particularly challenging for GPS tracking. The accelerometer‐informed tags performed better than the traditional GPS tags: they attempted 73.6% more locations per day, achieved 61.7% higher location success rates, spent 28.2% less time searching for satellites, made 67.4% fewer redundant location attempts in places where animals were inactive, and ultimately provided more data for a given battery size. The resulting tracks of animal movement had high temporal resolution, revealing aspects of their behavior and ecology that would have been missed by traditional tags, especially for the fast‐moving fisher. By dynamically linking the location schedule to animal movement rate, accelerometer‐informed GPS tags reduce the trade‐off between collecting detailed movement data and recording movement data for a longer period of time. © 2012 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2012/2/10/ PY - 2012/2/10/ DO - 10.1002/wsb.111 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 139-146 J2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin LA - en OP - SN - 1938-5463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.111 DB - Crossref KW - accelerometry KW - activity KW - animal movement KW - anteater KW - fisher KW - fix success KW - Global Positioning System performance KW - location success KW - wildlife tracking ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Food Availability on Space and Refuge Use by a Neotropical Scatterhoarding Rodent AU - Emsens, Willem-Jan AU - Suselbeek, Lennart AU - Hirsch, Ben T. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Winkelhagen, Annemarie J. S. AU - Jansen, Patrick A. T2 - Biotropica AB - Abstract Animals that rely on refuges for safety can theoretically increase their foraging area without simultaneously increasing predation risk and travel costs by using more refuges. The key prediction of this theory, a negative correlation between food abundance, home range size and the number of refuges used, has never been empirically tested. We determined how home range size and refuge use by the Central American agouti ( Dasyprocta punctata) varied across a gradient of abundance of the agoutis' principal food source: seeds and fruits of the palm Astrocaryum standleyanum . We used both manual and automated radio telemetry to measure space use of 11 agoutis during 2 mo of the Astrocaryum fruiting season, and of another set of 10 agoutis during 6 mo in which the animals largely relied on cached Astrocaryum seeds. We found that agoutis living in areas of lower food density had larger home ranges, and that all individuals used multiple refuges. The number of refuges, however, was not correlated with home range size. Consequently, agoutis that had larger home ranges roamed farther from their refuges. These results suggest that agoutis increase their home range size in response to food scarcity at the cost of their safety. DA - 2012/6/1/ PY - 2012/6/1/ DO - 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2012.00888.x VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 88-93 J2 - Biotropica LA - en OP - SN - 0006-3606 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2012.00888.x DB - Crossref KW - Astrocaryum standleyanum KW - Central American agouti KW - Dasyprocta punctata KW - food limitation KW - home range KW - Panama KW - predation risk KW - radio telemetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Opinions of Forest Managers, Loggers, and Forest Landowners in North Carolina regarding Biomass Harvesting Guidelines AU - Fielding, Diane AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Hazel, Dennis AU - Gugelmann, Brunell AU - Moorman, Christopher T2 - International Journal of Forestry Research AB - Woody biomass has been identified as an important renewable energy source capable of offsetting fossil fuel use. The potential environmental impacts associated with using woody biomass for energy have spurred development of biomass harvesting guidelines (BHGs) in some states and proposals for BHGs in others. We examined stakeholder opinions about BHGs through 60 semistructured interviews with key participants in the North Carolina, USA, forest business sector—forest managers, loggers, and forest landowners. Respondents generally opposed requirements for new BHGs because guidelines added to best management practices (BMPs). Most respondents believed North Carolina’s current BMPs have been successful and sufficient in protecting forest health; biomass harvesting is only an additional component to harvesting with little or no modification to conventional harvesting operations; and scientific research does not support claims that biomass harvesting negatively impacts soil, water quality, timber productivity, or wildlife habitat. Some respondents recognized possible benefits from the implementation of BHGs, which included reduced site preparation costs and increases in proactive forest management, soil quality, and wildlife habitat. Some scientific literature suggests that biomass harvests may have adverse site impacts that require amelioration. The results suggest BHGs will need to be better justified for practitioners based on the scientific literature or linked to demand from new profitable uses or subsidies to offset stakeholder perceptions that they create unnecessary costs. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1155/2012/256141 VL - 2012 SP - 1-15 J2 - International Journal of Forestry Research LA - en OP - SN - 1687-9368 1687-9376 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/256141 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Analysis of Impervious Surface and Suburban Form Using High Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery AU - Hester, D AU - Nelson, Stacy AU - Khorram, Siamak AU - Cakir, Halil AU - Cheshire, Heather AU - Hain, Ernst T2 - Environmental Remote Sensing and Systems Analysis PY - 2012/2/9/ DO - 10.1201/b11702-13 SP - 209-230 OP - PB - CRC Press SN - 9781439877432 9781439877449 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11702-13 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Remote Sensing AU - Khorram, Siamak AU - Nelson, Stacy A.C. AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - van der Wiele, Cynthia F. AB - Remote Sensing provides information on how remote sensing relates to the natural resources inventory, management, and monitoring, as well as environmental concerns. It explains the role of this new te DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4614-3103-9 OP - PB - Springer US SN - 9781461431022 9781461431039 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3103-9 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mastering Natural Selection to Shape a Human Superorganism AU - Katti, Madhusudan T2 - BioScience DA - 2012/8// PY - 2012/8// DO - 10.1525/bio.2012.62.8.12 VL - 62 IS - 8 SP - 772-775 RI - The Neighborhood Project: Using Evolution to Improve My City, One Block at a Time LA - en OP - SN - 1525-3244 0006-3568 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.8.12 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping leaf area index using spatial, spectral, and temporal information from multiple sensors AU - Gray, Josh AU - Song, Conghe T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment AB - Leaf area index (LAI) is one of the most important biophysical parameters for modeling ecosystem processes such as carbon and water fluxes. Remote sensing provides the only feasible option for mapping LAI continuously over landscapes, but existing methodologies have significant limitations. There is a tradeoff between spatial and temporal resolutions inherent in remotely sensed images, i.e. high spatial resolution images may only be collected infrequently, whereas imagery with fine temporal resolution has necessarily coarser spatial resolution. LAI products created using a single sensor inherit the spatial and temporal characteristics of that sensor. Moreover, the majority of developed algorithms in the literature use spectral information alone, which suffers from the serious limitation of signal saturation at moderately high LAI. We developed a novel approach for mapping effective LAI (Le) using spectral information from Landsat, spatial information from IKONOS, and temporal information from MODIS, which overcomes these limitations. The approach is based on an empirical model developed between Le measured on the ground and spectral and spatial information from remotely sensed images to map annual maximum and minimum Le. A phenological model was fit to a time series of MODIS vegetation indices which was used to model the trajectory between annual minimum and maximum Le. This approach was able to generate maps of Le at Landsat spatial resolution with daily temporal resolution. We tested the approach in the North Carolina Piedmont and generated daily maps of Le for a 100 km2 area. Modeled Le compared well with time series of LAI estimates from two AmeriFlux sites within the study area. A comparison of the MODIS LAI product with spatially averaged Le estimates from our model showed general agreement in forested areas, but large differences in developed areas. This model takes advantage of multidimensional information available from multiple remote sensors and offers significant improvements for mapping leaf area index, particularly for forested areas where spectral indices tend to saturate. DA - 2012/4// PY - 2012/4// DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2011.12.016 VL - 119 SP - 173-183 J2 - Remote Sensing of Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0034-4257 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.12.016 DB - Crossref KW - Leaf area index KW - Multi-sensor fusion KW - Phenology KW - Landsat KW - MODIS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Governmental Forest Policy for Sustainable Forest Management in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Nicaragua: Regulation, Implementation, and Impact AU - McGinley, Kathleen A. AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. T2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry AB - We evaluated how governmental forest regulation in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Nicaragua has succeeded or failed in fostering changes in forest owner and user behavior that enhance the sustainability of tropical forest management. As expected, sufficient resources and capacity for forest policy implementation are crucial for attaining governmental forest policy objectives, but innovative arrangements for promoting, enforcing, and verifying policy compliance can compensate for limited regulatory resources and processes. The findings also indicate that: the level of governmental commitment to sustainable forest management (SFM) was as important as total funding levels; a mix of government rules and incentives enhanced adoption of SFM; the incorporation of professional forest regents offset limited agency capacity; and forest certification enhanced SFM on forest concessions. Local level inducements and constraints that enhance or impede governmental forest policy adoption and compliance also were identified. DA - 2012/6// PY - 2012/6// DO - 10.1080/10549811.2011.588467 VL - 31 IS - 4-5 SP - 355-375 J2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry LA - en OP - SN - 1054-9811 1540-756X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2011.588467 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing silvopastoral systems and prospects in eight regions of the world AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Balmelli, Gustavo AU - Bussoni, Adriana AU - Noellemeyer, Elke AU - Pachas, Anibal N. AU - Fassola, Hugo AU - Colcombet, Luis AU - Rossner, Belén AU - Frey, Gregory AU - Dube, Francis AU - de Silva, Marcio Lopes AU - Stevenson, Hayley AU - Hamilton, James AU - Hubbard, William T2 - Agroforestry Systems AB - Silvopasture systems combine trees, forage, and livestock in a variety of different species and management regimes, depending on the biophysical, economic, cultural, and market factors in a region. We describe and compare actual farm practices and current research trials of silvopastoral systems in eight regions within seven countries of the world: Misiones and Corrientes provinces, Argentina; La Pampa province, Argentina; northwestern Minas Gerais, Brazil; the Aysén region of Patagonia, Chile; the North Island of New Zealand; the Southeast United States; Paraguay; and Uruguay. Some countries use native trees and existing forests; some use plantations, particularly of exotic species. Natural forest silvopasture systems generally add livestock in extensive systems, to capture the benefits of shade, forage, and income diversification without much added inputs. Plantation forest systems are more purposive and intensive, with more focus on joint production and profits, for small owners, large ranches, and timber companies. Trends suggest that more active management of both natural and planted silvopastoral systems will be required to enhance joint production of timber and livestock, achieve income diversification and reduce financial risk, make more profit, improve environmental benefits, and realize more resilience to adapt to climate change. DA - 2012/2/5/ PY - 2012/2/5/ DO - 10.1007/S10457-012-9482-Z VL - 86 IS - 3 SP - 303-314 J2 - Agroforest Syst LA - en OP - SN - 0167-4366 1572-9680 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10457-012-9482-Z DB - Crossref KW - Silvopasture KW - Adoption KW - South America KW - USA KW - New Zealand ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early tree growth, crop yields and estimated returns for an agroforestry trial in Goldsboro, North Carolina AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Glenn, Viola AU - Paul Mueller, J. AU - Robison, Daniel AU - Myers, Russell AU - Luginbuhl, Jean-Marie AU - Myers, Ron T2 - Agroforestry Systems DA - 2012/2/4/ PY - 2012/2/4/ DO - 10.1007/S10457-012-9481-0 VL - 86 IS - 3 SP - 323-334 J2 - Agroforest Syst LA - en OP - SN - 0167-4366 1572-9680 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10457-012-9481-0 DB - Crossref KW - Forests KW - Crops KW - Growth and yield KW - Alley cropping KW - Economic analyses ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the integrated pest management practices of southeastern US ornamental nursery operations AU - LeBude, Anthony V AU - White, Sarah A AU - Fulcher, Amy F AU - Frank, Steve AU - Klingeman III, William E AU - Chong, Juang-Horng AU - Chappell, Matthew R AU - Windham, Alan AU - Braman, Kris AU - Hale, Frank AU - Dunwell, Winston AU - Williams-Woodward, Jean AU - Ivors, Kelly AU - Adkins, Craig AU - Neal, Joe T2 - Pest Management Science AB - Abstract BACKGROUND: The Southern Nursery Integrated Pest Management (SNIPM) working group surveyed ornamental nursery crop growers in the southeastern United States to determine their pest management practices. Respondents answered questions about monitoring practices for insects, diseases and weeds, prevention techniques, intervention decisions, concerns about IPM and educational opportunities. Survey respondents were categorized into three groups based on IPM knowledge and pest management practices adopted. RESULTS: The three groups differed in the use of standardized sampling plans for scouting pests, in monitoring techniques, e.g. sticky cards, phenology and growing degree days, in record‐keeping, in the use of spot‐spraying and in the number of samples sent to a diagnostic clinic for identification and management recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: Stronger emphasis is needed on deliberate scouting techniques and tools to monitor pest populations to provide earlier pest detection and greater flexibility of management options. Most respondents thought that IPM was effective and beneficial for both the environment and employees, but had concerns about the ability of natural enemies to control insect pests, and about the availability and effectiveness of alternatives to chemical controls. Research and field demonstration is needed for selecting appropriate natural enemies for augmentative biological control. Two groups utilized cooperative extension almost exclusively, which would be an avenue for educating those respondents. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry DA - 2012/4/19/ PY - 2012/4/19/ DO - 10.1002/ps.3295 VL - 68 IS - 9 SP - 1278-1288 J2 - Pest. Manag. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 1526-498X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.3295 DB - Crossref KW - cooperative extension KW - IPM KW - ornamental nursery crops KW - survey ER - TY - CONF TI - Exploring similarities among many species distributions AU - Simmerman, Scott AU - Wang, Jingyuan AU - Osborne, James AU - Shook, Kimberly AU - Huang, Jian AU - Godsoe, William AU - Simons, Theodore T2 - the 1st Conference of the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment AB - Collecting species presence data and then building models to predict species distribution has been long practiced in the field of ecology for the purpose of improving our understanding of species relationships with each other and with the environment. Due to limitations of computing power as well as limited means of using modeling software on HPC facilities, past species distribution studies have been unable to fully explore diverse data sets. We build a system that can, for the first time to our knowledge, leverage HPC to support effective exploration of species similarities in distribution as well as their dependencies on common environmental conditions. Our system can also compute and reveal uncertainties in the modeling results enabling domain experts to make informed judgments about the data. Our work was motivated by and centered around data collection efforts within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park that date back to the 1940s. Our findings present new research opportunities in ecology and produce actionable field-work items for biodiversity management personnel to include in their planning of daily management activities. C2 - 2012/// C3 - Proceedings of the 1st Conference of the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment on Bridging from the eXtreme to the campus and beyond - XSEDE '12 DA - 2012/// DO - 10.1145/2335755.2335835 PB - ACM Press SN - 9781450316026 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2335755.2335835 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting native plant landscaping preferences in urban areas AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Thurmond, Brandi AU - Mchale, Melissa AU - Rodriguez, Shari AU - Bondell, Howard D. AU - Cook, Merril T2 - Sustainable Cities and Society AB - The rapidly growing physical footprint of cities makes understanding residential landscaping preferences increasingly important for water quality, biodiversity conservation, and addressing climate change. In this paper we answer four interrelated questions about residential landscaping preferences with a case study in Raleigh, NC: (1) How are residents’ landscaping preferences influenced by what residents believe their neighbors prefer? (2) Do residents accurately assess their neighbors’ landscaping preferences? (3) How does ethnicity influence landscaping preferences? and (4) Do the socio-demographic and neighborhood norm based correlates of landscaping preferences persist when both are accounted for in multivariate models? Respondents (n = 179) in this study preferred a 50% native plant garden design over 100% turf grass or the 75% and 100% native plant garden designs, and inaccurately assumed that their neighbors preferred turf over the native plant garden based landscaping designs. These results suggest that correcting erroneous assumptions about neighborhood preferences may alleviate normative pressure against adopting alternatives to turf grass landscaping. Although landscaping choices were best predicted by what residents perceived their neighbors preferred, ethnicity, income, and home ownership were also related to landscape preferences. African American ethnicity and income were positively related to preference for turf grass coverage. Environmental justice concerns linked to urban vegetation should be considered in light of the finding that African Americans appeared to prefer turf grass dominated landscaping. Results from this study indicate that middle income neighborhoods with high levels of home ownership may prove most receptive to initiatives aimed at increasing the use of more sustainable landscaping. DA - 2012/12// PY - 2012/12// DO - 10.1016/j.scs.2012.05.007 VL - 5 SP - 70-76 J2 - Sustainable Cities and Society LA - en OP - SN - 2210-6707 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2012.05.007 DB - Crossref KW - Biodiversity KW - Ecosystem services KW - Ethnicity KW - Landscape design KW - Native plant garden KW - Norms ER - TY - JOUR TI - The U-Box/ARM E3 ligase PUB13 regulates cell death, defense, and flowering time in Arabidopsis. AU - Li, W AU - Ahn, IP AU - Ning, Y AU - Park, CH AU - Zeng, L AU - Whitehill, JG AU - Lu, H AU - Zhao, Q AU - Ding, B AU - Xie, Q AU - Zhou, JM AU - Dai, L AU - Wang, GL T2 - Plant physiology AB - Abstract The components in plant signal transduction pathways are intertwined and affect each other to coordinate plant growth, development, and defenses to stresses. The role of ubiquitination in connecting these pathways, particularly plant innate immunity and flowering, is largely unknown. Here, we report the dual roles for the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Plant U-box protein13 (PUB13) in defense and flowering time control. In vitro ubiquitination assays indicated that PUB13 is an active E3 ubiquitin ligase and that the intact U-box domain is required for the E3 ligase activity. Disruption of the PUB13 gene by T-DNA insertion results in spontaneous cell death, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid (SA), and elevated resistance to biotrophic pathogens but increased susceptibility to necrotrophic pathogens. The cell death, hydrogen peroxide accumulation, and resistance to necrotrophic pathogens in pub13 are enhanced when plants are pretreated with high humidity. Importantly, pub13 also shows early flowering under middle- and long-day conditions, in which the expression of SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 and FLOWERING LOCUS T is induced while FLOWERING LOCUS C expression is suppressed. Finally, we found that two components involved in the SA-mediated signaling pathway, SID2 and PAD4, are required for the defense and flowering-time phenotypes caused by the loss of function of PUB13. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PUB13 acts as an important node connecting SA-dependent defense signaling and flowering time regulation in Arabidopsis. DA - 2012/3// PY - 2012/3// DO - 10.1104/pp.111.192617 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 239-250 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/22383540 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interspecific comparison of constitutive ash phloem phenolic chemistry reveals compounds unique to manchurian ash, a species resistant to emerald ash borer. AU - Whitehill, JG AU - Opiyo, SO AU - Koch, JL AU - Herms, DA AU - Cipollini, DF AU - Bonello, P T2 - Journal of chemical ecology DA - 2012/5// PY - 2012/5// DO - 10.1007/s10886-012-0125-7 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - 499-511 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/22588569 KW - Agrilus planipennis KW - Fraxinus KW - Wood-borer KW - HPLC KW - Host plant resistance KW - Plant-insect interactions KW - Invasive species KW - Emerald ash borer KW - Coleoptera KW - Buprestidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutritional attributes of ash (Fraxinus spp.) outer bark and phloem and their relationships to resistance against the emerald ash borer. AU - Hill, AL AU - Whitehill, JG AU - Opiyo, SO AU - Phelan, PL AU - Bonello, P T2 - Tree physiology AB - The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, EAB) is an alien, invasive wood-boring insect that is responsible for killing millions of ash trees since its discovery in North America in 2002. All North American ash species (Fraxinus spp.) that EAB has encountered have shown various degrees of susceptibility, while Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Ruprecht), which shares a co-evolutionary history with this insect, is resistant. Recent studies have looked into constitutive resistance mechanisms in Manchurian ash, concentrating on the secondary phloem, which is the feeding substrate for the insect. In addition to specialized metabolism and defense-related components, primary metabolites and nutritional summaries can also be important to understand the feeding behavior of insect herbivores. Here, we have compared the nutritional characteristics (water content, total protein, free amino acids, total soluble sugars and starch, percent carbon and nitrogen, and macro- and micronutrients) of outer bark and phloem from black, green, white and Manchurian ash to determine their relevance to resistance or susceptibility to EAB. Water content and concentrations of Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, K, Li, tryptophan and an unknown compound were found to separate black and Manchurian ash from green and white ash in a principal component analysis (PCA), confirming their phylogenetic placements into two distinct clades. The traits that distinguished Manchurian ash from black ash in the PCA were water content and concentrations of total soluble sugars, histidine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, proline, sarcosine, tyramine, tyrosol, Al, Fe, K, Na, V and an unknown compound. However, only proline, tyramine and tyrosol were significantly different, and higher, in Manchurian ash than in black ash. DA - 2012/11// PY - 2012/11// DO - 10.1093/treephys/tps104 VL - 12 IS - 12 SP - 1522-1532 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/23143945 KW - Agrilus planipennis KW - EAB KW - emerald ash borer KW - Fraxinus americana KW - Fraxinus mandshurica KW - Fraxinus nigra KW - Fraxinus pennsylvanica KW - GC-MS KW - insect nutrition KW - plant-insect interactions KW - plant resistance KW - primary metabolism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Three-dimensional characterization of pine forest type and red-cockaded woodpecker habitat by small-footprint, discrete-return lidar T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Accurate measurement of forest canopy structure is critical for understanding forest-wildlife habitat relationships. Although most theory and application have been based on in situ measurements, imaging technologies such as Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) provide measurements that are both vertically accurate and horizontally extensive. We use small-footprint, multiple-return lidar from a state-wide dataset (1-m footprint, 0.11 point/m2) to characterize the vertical and horizontal structure of successional loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and mature, fire-maintained longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests on the coastal plain of North Carolina, USA. The relationship between these characteristics and the federally-endangered red-cockaded woodpecker’s (Picoides borealis, Vieillot) habitat preferences were assessed; as this species has a strong affinity for mature longleaf pine forests. Vertical structure was characterized by lidar-derived metrics (e.g., average and standard deviation of canopy height) and horizontal patterns of vertical structure were quantified by semivariograms and lacunarity analysis. Lidar metrics were compared with field measurements of stand structure and with woodpecker habitat use. We predicted woodpecker distribution using the Maxent species distribution modeling algorithm with elevation, landcover, and hydrography geospatial variables, with and without lidar-derived structural variables. Lidar successfully quantified canopy variation and differentiated between the structural characteristics of these two similar coniferous evergreen forest types (e.g. significant differences in maximum height, canopy cover, and size classes). Loblolly stands were found to have the tallest trees on average with a higher canopy cover. Both semivariograms and lacunarity analyses clearly differentiated between evergreen forest structural types (e.g. semivariogram range was 18.7 m for longleaf, 32.3 m for loblolly). By examining the immediate area around cavity nesting sites we found taller trees than those found across broader foraging sites. The species distribution model accurately predicted woodpecker distribution (tested with woodpecker presence, AUC > .85). The addition of lidar-derived variables improved the model’s predictive power by 8% compared to the model based only on elevation, landcover, and hydrography environmental variables. We show that relatively low density lidar data are valuable for wildlife studies by characterizing and separating similar canopy types, describing different use zones (foraging vs. nesting), and for use in species distribution models. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.06.020 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.06.020 KW - Forest structure KW - Lidar remote sensing KW - Longleaf pine KW - Pinus palustris KW - Loblolly pine KW - Red-cockaded woodpecker ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accelerating the domestication of trees using genomic selection: Accuracy of prediction models across ages and environments AU - Resende, M.F.R. AU - Muñoz, P. AU - Acosta, J.J. AU - Peter, G.F. AU - Davis, J.M. AU - Grattapaglia, D. AU - Resende, M.D.V. AU - Kirst, M. T2 - New Phytologist AB - • Genomic selection is increasingly considered vital to accelerate genetic improvement. However, it is unknown how accurate genomic selection prediction models remain when used across environments and ages. This knowledge is critical for breeders to apply this strategy in genetic improvement. • Here, we evaluated the utility of genomic selection in a Pinus taeda population of c. 800 individuals clonally replicated and grown on four sites, and genotyped for 4825 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Prediction models were estimated for diameter and height at multiple ages using genomic random regression best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP). • Accuracies of prediction models ranged from 0.65 to 0.75 for diameter, and 0.63 to 0.74 for height. The selection efficiency per unit time was estimated as 53–112% higher using genomic selection compared with phenotypic selection, assuming a reduction of 50% in the breeding cycle. Accuracies remained high across environments as long as they were used within the same breeding zone. However, models generated at early ages did not perform well to predict phenotypes at age 6 yr. • These results demonstrate the feasibility and remarkable gain that can be achieved by incorporating genomic selection in breeding programs, as long as models are used at the relevant selection age and within the breeding zone in which they were estimated. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03895.x VL - 193 IS - 3 SP - 617-624 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855802587&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - genomic selection KW - genotype by environment interaction KW - model estimation KW - Pinus taeda KW - plant breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Corrigendum to “A comparison of trenched plot techniques for partitioning soil respiration” [Soil Biol. Biochem. 43 (10) (2011) 2108–2114] AU - Bond-Lamberty, Ben AU - Bronson, Dustin AU - Bladyka, Emma AU - Gower, Stith T. T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry AB - Corrigendum to “A comparison of trenched plot techniques for partitioning soil respiration” [Soil Biol. Biochem. 43 (10) (2011) 2108e2114] Ben Bond-Lamberty *, Dustin Bronson , Emma Bladyka , Stith T. Gower d a Joint Global Change Research Institute, DOE Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 1200, College Park, MD 20740, USA Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 S. University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Botany and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA DA - 2012/4// PY - 2012/4// DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.11.003 VL - 47 SP - 220 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0038-0717 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.11.003 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peptide Production and Decay Rates Affect the Quantitative Accuracy of Protein Cleavage Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (PC-IDMS) AU - Shuford, Christopher M. AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. AU - Muddiman, David C. T2 - Molecular & Cellular Proteomics AB - No consensus has been reached on the proper time to add stable-isotope labeled (SIL) peptides in protein cleavage isotope dilution mass spectrometry workflows. While quantifying 24 monolignol pathway enzymes in the xylem tissue of Populus trichocarpa, we compared the protein concentrations obtained when adding the SIL standard peptides concurrently with the enzyme or after quenching of the digestion (i.e. postdigestion) and observed discrepancies for nearly all tryptic peptides investigated. In some cases, greater than 30-fold differences were observed. To explain these differences and potentially correct for them, we developed a mathematical model based on pseudo-first-order kinetics to account for the dynamic production and decay (e.g. degradation and precipitation) of the native peptide targets in conjunction with the decay of the SIL peptide standards. A time course study of the digests confirmed the results predicted by the proposed model and revealed that the discrepancy between concurrent and postdigestion introduction of the SIL standards was related to differential decay experienced by the SIL peptide and the native peptide in each method. Given these results, we propose concurrent introduction of the SIL peptide is most appropriate, though not free from bias. Mathematical modeling of this method reveals that overestimation of protein quantities would still result when rapid peptide decay occurs and that this bias would be further exaggerated by slow proteolysis. We derive a simple equation to estimate the bias for each peptide based on the relative rates of production and decay. According to this equation, nearly half of the peptides evaluated here were estimated to have quantitative errors greater than 10% and in a few cases over 100%. We conclude that the instability of peptides can often significantly bias the protein quantities measured in protein cleavage isotope dilution mass spectrometry-based assays and suggest peptide stability be made a priority when selecting peptides to use for quantification. DA - 2012/5/17/ PY - 2012/5/17/ DO - 10.1074/mcp.O112.017145 VL - 11 IS - 9 SP - 814-823 J2 - Mol Cell Proteomics LA - en OP - SN - 1535-9476 1535-9484 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.O112.017145 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organizational Structures and Data Use in Volunteer Monitoring Organizations (VMOs) AU - Laird, Shelby Gull AU - Nelson, Stacy A.C. AU - Stubbs, Harriett S. AU - James, April L. AU - Menius, Erika T2 - Applied Environmental Education & Communication AB - Complex environmental problems call for unique solutions to monitoring efforts alongside developing a more environmentally literate citizenry. Community-based monitoring (CBM) through the use of volunteer monitoring organizations helps to provide a part of the solution, particularly when CBM groups work with research scientists or government managers. This study of volunteer monitoring organizations (VMOs) active in 2009 in the United States was conducted via survey in order to better understand the organizational structure, data collection procedures and data use of water-quality monitoring by volunteers, focusing on North Carolina. Organizational structures and origins of monitoring groups are discussed and reveal a wide variety of types and history of programs. Data collection procedures including required training and quality assurance were explored and discussed through the survey. Many groups require training of a varied type, but fewer complete quality assurance plans. Multiple types of volunteer monitoring data uses were indicated, including management and research. This study suggests a lack of structure at the state level may hinder the usefulness of data collected for purposes other than local information and environmental education. Cooperation between research scientists and VMOs may aid organizations in publishing more of their data and developing a quality assurance plan. DA - 2012/7// PY - 2012/7// DO - 10.1080/1533015X.2012.776918 VL - 11 IS - 3-4 SP - 165-177 J2 - Applied Environmental Education & Communication LA - en OP - SN - 1533-015X 1533-0389 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2012.776918 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Air pollution retention within a complex of urban street canyons: A two-city comparison AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Reff, A. T2 - Atmospheric Environment AB - Uncharacterized microscale spatial and temporal variability in urban air pollutant concentration dynamics may contribute uncertainty or bias to epidemiological model results. In this study, a method for quantifying this variability is presented. Urban buildings were treated as a matrix of bluff bodies to estimate the retention of air pollution in the street canyons downstream of the buildings. This method was based primarily on bluff body theoretical work that derived functional relationships between nondimensional contaminant residence time (H) within a wake and the following fluid properties of the air: 1) Reynolds Number (Re), 2) street canyon height (D) to width (W) aspect ratio (D/W), and 3) turbulence intensity, defined as the square root of turbulence kinetic energy (k) divided by the freestream wind speed (U). Empirical relationships between these variables were built from sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) concentration and meteorological data collected during the Midtown Manhattan 2005 (MID05) Study held in August, 2005 in Manhattan, NY, along with geographical information system (GIS) data describing the building topography. Results were then compared with results from a similar previous analysis using data collected during the Joint Urban 2003 (JU2003) study in Oklahoma City, OK. For the MID05 data, Re ranged from 1.65 × 106 to 7.74 × 107, with a median of 1.13 × 107. The range of Re was consistent with earlier observations from the JU2003 study, although the measured winds tended to be more turbulent (median k = 2.2 m2 s−2) compared with JU2003 (median k = 0.45 m2 s−2). Values for H ranged from 7.2 to 1186, with a median H of 80.9. The distribution of H was substantially wider for MID05 than for JU2003, with model estimates exceeding observations of H by an order of magnitude for single obstacle wind tunnel studies with Re ∼ 104. Inverse relationships were validated between H and Re and between H and D/W for the MID05 data and for a pooled data analysis from the MID05 and JU2003 studies. The model of H vs. Re for pooled MID05 and JU2003 data provided a good fit overall but produced a positively biased estimate of the Oklahoma City model results. The model of H vs. D/W for pooled MID05 and JU2003 data did not provide a good fit, suggesting that the building topographies of the two cities are too different to produce a reasonable comparison. These inter-study comparisons suggest that the topographic relationships may contain underlying site-specific features that would require elucidation prior to generalizing to other urban sites. Overall, results from this work present a foundational method for generating estimates of H based on readily available sources of data such as building coordinates and dimensions and meteorological parameters. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.036 VL - 49 SP - 24-32 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84856554703&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Air quality KW - Air pollution KW - Dispersion KW - Epidemiology KW - Street canyon KW - Urban ER - TY - JOUR TI - 'Corrigendum to "A literature review of concentrations and size distributions of ambient airborne Pb-containing particulate matter" [Atmos. Environ. 45 (28) (2011) 5005-5015]' AU - Cho, S.-H. AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Thornburg, J. AU - Portzer, J. AU - Vanderpool, R. AU - Cavender, K. AU - Rice, J. T2 - Atmospheric Environment DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.045 VL - 60 SP - 680-681 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865860314&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mental model of the drug market intervention AU - Rivers, L. AU - Norris, A. AU - McGarrell, E.F. T2 - Journal of Drug Issues AB - Recent years have witnessed the growth of the so-called “pulling-levers” approach to reducing gang and gun violence, and more recently, to eliminate overt drug markets. Research has indicated promising results, at least in terms of impact at a community level, yet much remains to be known about the theoretical foundation of these interventions. The current research utilizes an approach developed in the cognitive sciences to examine these theoretical foundations. Specifically, the “mental models” approach to developing graphical representations of how people know, perceive, make decisions, and construct behavior is applied to the drug market intervention strategy as originally developed in High Point, North Carolina. In-depth interviews were conducted with police officials, social service providers, and community partners to better understand how this strategy was developed and what these “experts” believe are the foundation of the strategy. The findings indicate a complex logic model undergirding the strategy with multiple theoretical components. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1177/0022042612436653 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 59-81 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84875379963&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - mental models KW - rehabilitation KW - drugs KW - risk KW - pulling levers ER - TY - JOUR TI - An expert guide to understanding grower decisions related to fresh fruit and vegetable contamination prevention and control AU - Parker, J.S. AU - Wilson, R.S. AU - LeJeune, J.T. AU - Rivers, L. AU - Doohan, D. T2 - Food Control AB - This research intends to refocus the on-farm fresh produce food safety paradigm away from an emphasis on knowledge deficit models and ready-made or tightly-coupled, reductionist solutions toward a loosely-coupled systems approach. The dynamic environment of produce farming and multi-dimensional objectives of produce growers create manifold pathways to address farm-specific food safety concerns. We propose a systems approach to facilitate increased decision making of growers using farm-specific criteria to improve their efforts. Currently, social and psychological dimensions of fresh produce food safety are overlooked in program development with preference given to bio-physical knowledge and technological solutions. In this paper, we describe a comprehensive model that was developed through a formal expert elicitation and literature review for the purpose of enhancing education and policy development and improving the microbiological safety of fresh and fresh cut produce. This model illuminates the intrinsic interrelationships among farm scale, marketing practices, and the need for appropriate food safety interventions. We further discuss how this loosely-coupled systems perspective can both aid our understanding of grower decision making and provide a basis for developing equitable solutions to on-farm food safety issues as part of a social-psychological approach to addressing these issues. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.12.025 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 107-116 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863398231&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Food safety KW - Decision making KW - Fresh cut produce KW - Fresh produce KW - Mental models KW - Perceptions ER - TY - JOUR TI - How conservation and humanitarian groups respond to production of border security on the Arizona–Sonora border AU - Shellabarger, Rachel AU - Peterson, Markus Nils AU - Sills, Erin T2 - Local Environment AB - US policies for securing the border with Mexico are driven by multiple political concerns, including the desire to control illegal trade and immigration in a way that conveys “border security” to a national audience. Highly visible border enforcement near urban centres and via the border fence has pushed migrants into far less visible and remote wilderness areas, driving both ecological degradation and a humanitarian crisis. This study employed ethnographic methods to explore how natural resource agency employees and humanitarian volunteers in Altar Valley Arizona perceived and responded to the production of border security. We found that both groups recognised human rights and environmental concerns, although they assigned different priorities and addressed them through conflicting means. As in other cases where consumers are separated from production practices, there was a general consensus among informants that it was important to raise the consciousness of the national audience about the negative externalities of producing border security. DA - 2012/4// PY - 2012/4// DO - 10.1080/13549839.2012.678311 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 481-493 J2 - Local Environment LA - en OP - SN - 1354-9839 1469-6711 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.678311 DB - Crossref KW - environmental justice KW - Arizona KW - Altar Valley KW - migration KW - commodity fetishism ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Search for Value and Meaning in the Cocoa Supply Chain in Costa Rica AU - Haynes, Jessica AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Mercer, Evan AU - Sills, Erin T2 - Sustainability AB - Qualitative interviews with participants in the cocoa (Theobroma cacao) supply chain in Costa Rica and the United States were conducted and supplemented with an analysis of the marketing literature to examine the prospects of organic and Fairtrade certification for enhancing environmentally and socially responsible trade of cocoa from Costa Rica. Respondents were familiar with both systems, and most had traded at least organic cocoa for some period. However, most individuals said that they were seeking better product differentiation and marketing than has been achieved under the organic and Fairtrade systems. Many suggested that more direct recognition of individual growers and the unique value of their cocoa throughout the production chain would be more helpful than certification for small companies in the cocoa supply chain. These findings suggest new marketing techniques that convey an integration of meaning into the cocoa and chocolate supply chain as a differentiation strategy. This involves integration of the story of producers’ commitment and dedication; shared producer and consumer values of social and environmental responsibility; and personal relationships between producers and consumers. This marketing approach could enhance the ability of smaller companies to successfully vie with their larger competitors and to produce cocoa in a more environmentally and socially acceptable manner. DA - 2012/7/10/ PY - 2012/7/10/ DO - 10.3390/su4071466 VL - 4 IS - 7 SP - 1466-1487 J2 - Sustainability LA - en OP - SN - 2071-1050 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su4071466 DB - Crossref KW - cocoa KW - supply chain KW - certification KW - trade KW - marketing KW - integration of meaning KW - Costa Rica ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do Payments for Environmental Services Affect Forest Cover? A Farm-Level Evaluation from Costa Rica AU - Arriagada, R. A. AU - Ferraro, P. J. AU - Sills, E. O. AU - Pattanayak, S. K. AU - Cordero-Sancho, S. T2 - Land Economics AB - Payments for environmental services (PES) are popular despite little empirical evidence of their effectiveness. We estimate the impact of PES on forest cover in a region known for exemplary implementation of one of the best-known and longest-lived PES programs. Our evaluation design combines sampling that incorporates prematching, data from remote sensing and household surveys, and empirical methods that include partial identification with weak assumptions, difference-in-differences matching estimators, and tests of sensitivity to unobservable heterogeneity. PES in our study site increased participating farm forest cover by about 11% to 17% of the mean area under PES contract over eight years. (JEL Q57, Q58) DA - 2012/2/21/ PY - 2012/2/21/ DO - 10.3368/le.88.2.382 VL - 88 IS - 2 SP - 382-399 J2 - Land Economics LA - en OP - SN - 0023-7639 1543-8325 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.88.2.382 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Private landowner interest in market-based incentive programs for endangered species habitat conservation AU - Rodriguez, Shari L. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Bondell, Howard D. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin AB - Abstract More than 75% of endangered species in the United States rely on private lands for habitat. Although this habitat has long been regulated under the Endangered Species Act, there is now broad agreement that economic incentives are also needed for effective protection on private land. Many different mechanisms for incentive programs have been proposed and tested. For example, recovery credit systems use term‐duration market‐based contracts to engage landowners in endangered species conservation. We examined how market‐mechanism design influences interest in endangered species habitat conservation using a survey of North Carolina Farm Bureau county advisory board members in 93 of the 100 North Carolina counties ( n = 735) in 2009. Respondents preferred contracts (57% were interested) over easements (39% were interested). Endangered species conservation ranked low in importance relative to other conservation issues, but 45% of respondents were interested in contracts to conserve endangered species habitat on their property. The preferred contract duration was 10 years, and respondents preferred state‐ and agricultural‐related organizations over federal and wildlife conservation‐related organizations for managing contracts. Younger respondents, respondents who had previously participated in conservation programs, respondents who perceived endangered species conservation as important, and respondents who had lower property‐rights orientation scores, were most likely to be interested in contracts to restore and maintain endangered species habitat on their lands. Our results suggest that market mechanisms could drive down costs and drive up durations for endangered species habitat conservation contracts. Further, term contracts may prove critical for endangered species conservation efforts that require high levels of landowner support and spatial flexibility within relatively short‐time frames. © 2012 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2012/7/9/ PY - 2012/7/9/ DO - 10.1002/wsb.159 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 469-476 J2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin LA - en OP - SN - 1938-5463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.159 DB - Crossref KW - contracts KW - easements KW - endangered species KW - market-based incentives KW - North Carolina KW - participation KW - private land KW - recovery credit system ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis L.) Extent and Sustainability in Western North Carolina AU - Furgurson, Jill AU - Cubbage, Fred AU - Sills, Erin AU - Bates, Peter T2 - Open Journal of Forestry AB - Bloodroot distribution and abundance were assessed in the Waynesville watershed in Western North Carolina. This high quality site provides a benchmark for bloodroot populations in the region. Summary data from an inventory of nine stands of bloodroot in the watershed are presented. Analysis of inventory data reveals that both petiole height and petiole diameter are negatively associated with overstory tree DBH, suggesting that there is an optimal overstory structure for bloodroot. In the Waynesville watershed, seven out of nine stands have an average tree DBH between 27.38 cm and 36.17 cm. Allometric equations re-lating belowground biomass to bloodroot petiole height and diameter have strong explanatory power, indicating that harvesters could selectively harvest large rhizomes by targeting plants with larger petioles. These results in combination with natural history, field observations and literature provide insights on the sustainability of bloodroot harvest in Southern Appalachia. Wild bloodroot is likely becoming scarce due to loss of favorable sites, such as rich cove forests, as well as harvest pressure. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.4236/ojf.2012.24026 VL - 02 IS - 04 SP - 213-218 J2 - OJF OP - SN - 2163-0429 2163-0437 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2012.24026 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating public willingness to fund nongame conservation through state tax initiatives AU - Dalrymple, C. Jane AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Cobb, David T. AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Bondell, Howard D. AU - Dalrymple, D. Joseph T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin AB - Abstract Nongame conservation is insufficiently funded at local, national, and global levels. Despite campaigns and reforms over the past 30 years in the United States, adequate and consistent federal funding has failed to materialize and shifted the focus to state‐level initiatives. We surveyed North Carolina residents during April–May 2010, to assess public willingness to fund nongame conservation, preferred nongame conservation funding mechanisms, and key predictors of support for nongame funding. We estimated a model of willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) using interval‐censored data modeling and compared models using the Akaike Information Criterion. The mean WTP was US$98.80/year/household when respondents were allowed to choose their own tax vehicle, thus removing any payment vehicle bias; an additional sales tax on outdoor recreation equipment was the most preferred funding mechanism. In a follow‐up question, respondents indicated a mean WTP of US$32.92/employed adult (equivalent to about $65/household) annually via a flat income tax. The importance of nongame conservation to respondents, frequency of watching and/or enjoying wildlife, and education were positively related to WTP, whereas age was negatively related to WTP. Prisons were the most popular source from which to reallocate funds to nongame conservation (48%), and respondents believed an average of US$545,000 should be reallocated. Our findings suggested that while the general public indicated that they valued nongame conservation and were amenable to tax increases or reallocations for nongame conservation, they believed that taxes should be user‐based and specialized (e.g., outdoor equipment taxes). These findings highlighted public WTP for nongame conservation even during an economic recession. © 2012 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2012/7/25/ PY - 2012/7/25/ DO - 10.1002/wsb.164 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 483-491 J2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin LA - en OP - SN - 1938-5463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.164 DB - Crossref KW - contingent valuation method KW - funding KW - nongame conservation KW - North Carolina KW - willingness-to-pay ER - TY - JOUR TI - Migration and mobility on the Amazon frontier AU - Caviglia-Harris, Jill L. AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Mullan, Katrina T2 - Population and Environment DA - 2012/3/25/ PY - 2012/3/25/ DO - 10.1007/s11111-012-0169-1 VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 338-369 J2 - Popul Environ LA - en OP - SN - 0199-0039 1573-7810 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-012-0169-1 DB - Crossref KW - Migration KW - Population mobility KW - Brazilian Amazon KW - Panel data KW - Rural households ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climatic and genetic controls of yields of switchgrass, a model bioenergy species AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Wimberly, Michael C. AU - Boe, Arvid AU - Owens, Vance N. T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - The U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard calls for 136 billion liters of renewable fuels production by 2022. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has emerged as a leading candidate to be developed as a bioenergy feedstock. To reach biofuel production goals in a sustainable manner, more information is needed to characterize potential production rates of switchgrass. We used switchgrass yield data and general additive models (GAMs) to model lowland and upland switchgrass yield as nonlinear functions of climate and environmental variables. We used the GAMs and a 39-year climate dataset to assess the spatio-temporal variability in switchgrass yield due to climate variables alone. Variables associated with fertilizer application, genetics, precipitation, and management practices were the most important for explaining variability in switchgrass yield. The relationship of switchgrass yield with climate variables was different for upland than lowland cultivars. The spatio-temporal analysis showed that considerable variability in switchgrass yields can occur due to climate variables alone. The highest switchgrass yields with the lowest variability occurred primarily in the Corn Belt region, suggesting that prime cropland regions are the best suited for a constant and high switchgrass biomass yield. Given that much lignocellulosic feedstock production will likely occur in regions with less suitable climates for agriculture, interannual variability in yields should be expected and incorporated into operational planning. DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2011.10.017 VL - 146 IS - 1 SP - 121-129 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0167-8809 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.10.017 DB - Crossref KW - Spatio-temporal variability KW - Marginal climates KW - GAMs KW - Biomass KW - Lignocellulosic biofuels ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inventory and Ventilation Efficiency of Nonnative and Native Phragmites australis (Common Reed) in Tidal Wetlands of the Chesapeake Bay AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Ghioca-Robrecht, Dana M. AU - Johnston, Carol A. AU - Whigham, Dennis F. T2 - Estuaries and Coasts DA - 2012/7/3/ PY - 2012/7/3/ DO - 10.1007/s12237-012-9529-4 VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 1353-1359 J2 - Estuaries and Coasts LA - en OP - SN - 1559-2723 1559-2731 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-012-9529-4 DB - Crossref KW - Patch inventory KW - Intragenic physiological differences KW - Intrapatch biomass allocation KW - Pressurized ventilation KW - Ventilation efficiency KW - Invasive wetland plants KW - Phragmites KW - Chesapeake Bay ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of switchgrass yield to future climate change AU - Tulbure, Mirela G AU - Wimberly, Michael C AU - Owens, Vance N T2 - Environmental Research Letters AB - A climate envelope approach was used to model the response of switchgrass, a model bioenergy species in the United States, to future climate change. The model was built using general additive models (GAMs), and switchgrass yields collected at 45 field trial locations as the response variable. The model incorporated variables previously shown to be the main determinants of switchgrass yield, and utilized current and predicted 1 km climate data from WorldClim. The models were run with current WorldClim data and compared with results of predicted yield obtained using two climate change scenarios across three global change models for three time steps. DA - 2012/11/6/ PY - 2012/11/6/ DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045903 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 045903 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. OP - SN - 1748-9326 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045903 DB - Crossref KW - switchgrass KW - biofuels KW - climate change KW - spatial variability KW - climate envelope ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of two Pinus patula hybrids in southern Africa AU - Kanzler, A AU - Payn, K AU - Nel, A T2 - Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science AB - Two Pinus patula hybrids, P. greggii × P. patula and P. patula × P. tecunumanii, were planted across a number of sites in southern Africa. The growth and survival for each species/taxon was assessed at either 5 or 8 years of age at each site and compared to the respective parental species. Pinus greggii, as a pure species, has greater drought tolerance and is better adapted to harsher sites than P. patula. At 8 years the P. greggii × P. patula hybrid had similar survival and was more productive than P. patula at the two sites where it was tested. Furthermore, the performance of the hybrid was better than pure species on the site with average poorer growth suggesting that this hybrid could be planted on poorer, more marginal sites not well suited to P. patula. Pinus tecunumanii is a productive species with good tolerance to the pitch canker fungus (PCF). Previous work has shown that the P. patula × P. tecunumanii hybrid is more tolerant to PCF after field inoculations. The latter hybrid was assessed at 5 years on three sites and compared to both parent species. The hybrid had similar survival and was more productive than both parent species. Large variation in performance between individual P. patula × P. tecunumanii families suggests that comprehensive testing and selection should be conducted in tandem with any operational deployment of this hybrid. DA - 2012/3// PY - 2012/3// DO - 10.2989/20702620.2012.683639 VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - 19-25 SN - 2070-2620 2070-2639 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2012.683639 KW - hybrid performance KW - Pinus greggii KW - Pinus tecunumanii ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in treated wastewater discharges into Charleston Harbor, South Carolina AU - Hedgespeth, M.L. AU - Sapozhnikova, Y. AU - Pennington, P. AU - Clum, A. AU - Fairey, A. AU - Wirth, E. T2 - Science of the Total Environment AB - This study assessed seasonal and regional trends of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) detected in monthly samples from two local wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Charleston, South Carolina, USA, over the period of one year. Surface water of Charleston Harbor was also analyzed to examine environmental distribution in an estuarine ecosystem. Of the 19 compounds examined, 11 were quantified in wastewater influent, 9 in effluent, and 7 in surface water. Aqueous concentrations of many PPCPs were reduced by > 86% in wastewater effluent compared with influent, though some compounds showed low removal and greater effluent concentrations compared with influent (e.g. estrone and fluoxetine). Differences in effluent concentrations and estimated removal between facilities were likely related to variations in the facilities' operating procedures. Surface water concentrations were generally reduced by > 90% for those chemicals found in effluent. Additionally, there were seasonal trends that indicate reduced degradation in colder months in wastewater and surface water. To our knowledge, this is the first study examining PPCPs in the South Atlantic Bight. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.076 VL - 437 SP - 1-9 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84867593767&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Pharmaceutical KW - Hormone KW - EPA Method 1694 KW - Influent KW - Effluent KW - Estuary ER - TY - MGZN TI - When to Cut Your Woodlot: Maximizing the Economic Returns AU - Jeuck, J. AU - Bardon, R.E. T2 - National Woodlands DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// SP - 49-51 M1 - Spring UR - http://www.woodlandowners.org/Publications/Magazine(2012-04).pdf ER - TY - MGZN TI - Understanding the Factors Influencing Standing Timber Prices AU - Bardon, R.E. T2 - National Woodlands DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// SP - 8-9 M1 - Spring UR - http://www.woodlandowners.org/Publications/Magazine(2012-04).pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - How to Rapidly Inventory Scattered and Piled Forest Harvest Residue AU - Osborne, N. AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Hazel, D.W. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// M1 - AG-754W M3 - Agricultural Publication PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University SN - AG-754W ER - TY - CONF TI - Accurately Assessing Woody Biomass Potential in North Carolina, US AU - Jeuck, J. AU - Hazel, D. AU - Bardon, R.E. T2 - Sun Grant National Conference: Science for Biomass Feedstock Production and Utilization C2 - 2012/// C3 - Proceedings from Sun Grant National Conference: Science for Biomass Feedstock Production and Utilization CY - New Orleans, Louisiana DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/10/2/ SP - 241-250 PB - UT Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee UR - https://ag.tennessee.edu/sungrant/Documents/2012%20National%20Conference/ConferenceProceedings/Volume%202/Vol2.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation in resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in seedlings of two Turkish Abies species AU - Frampton, John AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Benson, D. Michael T2 - Tree Genetics & Genomes DA - 2012/7// PY - 2012/7// DO - 10.1007/s11295-012-0529-0 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 53-63 KW - Abies bornmuelleriana KW - Abies equi-trojani KW - Christmas trees KW - Root rot KW - Trojan fir KW - Turkish fir ER - TY - BOOK TI - The effect of risk perceptions on intentions to travel in the aftermath of September 11, 2001 AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Gibson, H. AU - Pennington-Gray, L. AU - Thapa, B. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.4324/9780203049464 SE - 19-38 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84917303158&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contributions of the community stakeholder park audit tool AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - American Journal of Preventive Medicine DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.12.002 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 332-333 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84857209375&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - RPRT TI - Raleigh Durham International Airport Wildlife Hazard Management Plan AU - Roise, J.P. AU - Browne, M. AU - Hertl, P. A3 - Approved by FAA, study commissioned by RDU DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// PB - Approved by FAA, study commissioned by RDU ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using environmental variables and soil processes to forecast denitrification potential and nitrous oxide fluxes in coastal plain wetlands across different land uses AU - Morse, Jennifer L. AU - Ardón, Marcelo AU - Bernhardt, Emily S. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences AB - We examined relationships between denitrification (DNF) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) fluxes and potentially important chemical and physical predictors to build a predictive understanding of gaseous N losses from coastal plain wetlands. We collected soil, gas, and pore water samples from 48 sampling locations across a large (440 ha) restored wetland, an adjacent drained agricultural field, and nearby forested wetlands every two months over two years. In summer and fall 2007, we measured soil DNF potential (21.6–3560 mg N m −3 d −1 ) and N 2 O efflux (−4.36–8.81 mg N m −2 d −1 ), along with 17 predictor variables. We developed statistical models for the most comprehensive subset of the data set (fall 2007) and used another subset (summer 2007) for cross‐validation. Soil pH and total soil nitrogen were the best predictors of DNF potential (R adj 2 = 0.68). A regression using carbon dioxide flux and soil temperature together with soil extractable NH 4 + and DNF potential explained 85% of the variation in fall N 2 O fluxes. The model for DNF performed reasonably well when cross‐validated with summer data (R 2 = 0.40), while the N 2 O model did not predict summer N 2 O fluxes (R 2 < 0.1). Poor model performance was likely due to nonlinear responses to high temperatures and/or higher and more variable root respiration by plants during the growing season, leading to overprediction of N 2 O flux. Our results suggest that soil DNF potential may be modeled fairly effectively from a small number of soil parameters, that DNF potential is uncorrelated with N 2 O effluxes, and that successful estimation of wetland N 2 O effluxes will require finer‐scale models that incorporate seasonal dynamics. DA - 2012/6// PY - 2012/6// DO - 10.1029/2011JG001923 VL - 117 IS - G2 SP - n/a-n/a J2 - J. Geophys. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0148-0227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001923 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rainfall-Driven Amplification of Seasonal Acidification in Poorly Buffered Tropical Streams AU - Small, G.E. AU - Ardón, M. AU - Jackman, A.P. AU - Duff, J.H. AU - Triska, F.J. AU - Ramírez, A. AU - Snyder, M. AU - Pringle, C.M. T2 - Ecosystems DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1007/s10021-012-9559-6 VL - 15 IS - 6 SP - 974-985 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865355798&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - acidification KW - carbonic acid KW - climate KW - CO2 KW - El Nino KW - stream KW - tropical ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic matter characterization and decomposition dynamics in sub-Antarctic streams impacted by invasive beavers,Caracterización de la materia orgánica y la dinámica de descomposición en arroyos subantárticos impactados por castores invasores AU - Ulloa, E. AU - Anderson, C.B. AU - Ardón, M. AU - Murcia, S. AU - Valenzuela, A.E.J. T2 - Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research AB - Despite being a relatively remote and well conserved area, the sub-Antarctic ecoregion faces pressing global threats from climate change, the ozone hole and introduced species. Its freshwater ecosystems are one of the least studied components of this biome, but they are known to confront a host of invasive taxa including trout and beavers. We set out to understand the basic characterization and dynamics of organic matter processing and decomposition in sub-Antarctic streams under natural forest (NF) conditions and in ponds constructed by North American beavers ( Castor canadensis ) (BP). We found these streams have a naturally stable benthic organic matter regime throughout the year with a peak in leaf input from Nothofagus pumilio in autumn. Beaver ponds significantly increased the retention of organic matter and caused significantly higher decomposition rates, probably associated with increased density and biomass of Hyalella spp. As expected, leaf decay rates for N. pumilio , a deciduous species, were higher (NF: -0.0028 day -1 ± 0.0001 SE; BP: -0.0118 day -1 ± 0.0009 SE) than N. betuloides (a broad-leaf evergreen) (NF: -0.0018 day -1 ± 0.0005 SE; BP: -0.0040 day -1 ± 0.0003 SE). Overall these results indicate that the naturally low decomposition rates (slower than 89% of a global survey of decay rates) for these cold, oligotrophic streams are being modified by introduced beavers to resemble more temperate latitudes. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.3856/vol40-issue4-fulltext-6 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 881-892 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84876232214&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Castor canadensis KW - carbon cycle KW - decay rate KW - decomposition KW - leaf packs KW - Nothofagus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse gas fluxes in southeastern U.S. coastal plain wetlands under contrasting land uses AU - Morse, J.L. AU - Ardón, M. AU - Bernhardt, E.S. T2 - Ecological Applications AB - Whether through sea level rise or wetland restoration, agricultural soils in coastal areas will be inundated at increasing rates, renewing connections to sensitive surface waters and raising critical questions about environmental trade-offs. Wetland restoration is often implemented in agricultural catchments to improve water quality through nutrient removal. Yet flooding of soils can also increase production of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane, representing a potential environmental trade-off. Our study aimed to quantify and compare greenhouse gas emissions from unmanaged and restored forested wetlands, as well as actively managed agricultural fields within the North Carolina coastal plain, USA. In sampling conducted once every two months over a two-year comparative study, we found that soil carbon dioxide flux (range: 8000-64 800 kg CO2 x ha(-1) x yr(-1)) comprised 66-100% of total greenhouse gas emissions from all sites and that methane emissions (range: -6.87 to 197 kg CH4 x ha(-1) x yr(-1)) were highest from permanently inundated sites, while nitrous oxide fluxes (range: -1.07 to 139 kg N2O x ha(-1) x yr(-1)) were highest in sites with lower water tables. Contrary to predictions, greenhouse gas fluxes (as CO2 equivalents) from the restored wetland were lower than from either agricultural fields or unmanaged forested wetlands. In these acidic coastal freshwater ecosystems, the conversion of agricultural fields to flooded young forested wetlands did not result in increases in greenhouse gas emissions. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1890/11-0527.1 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 264-280 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84858669656&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - carbon dioxide KW - denitrification KW - greenhouse gas KW - methane KW - nitrous oxide KW - North Carolina coastal plain KW - restoration KW - soil respiration KW - wetland ER - TY - CONF TI - Multiscale simulations of the adsorption of aqueous PEOnPPOmPEOn triblock copolymers onto hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymer surfaces AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A AU - He, Feng AU - Liu, Hongyi AU - Rojas, Orlando J T2 - AMER CHEMICAL SOC 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA C2 - 2012/// C3 - ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY DA - 2012/// VL - 244 ER - TY - CONF TI - Molecular dynamics simulations of the thermal stability of oleic acid films on a crystalline cellulose surface AU - Quddus, Mir AAR AU - Rojas, Orlando J AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A T2 - AMER CHEMICAL SOC 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA C2 - 2012/// C3 - ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY DA - 2012/// VL - 243 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Molecular dynamics simulations of the thermal stability of crystalline cellulose surfaces coated with oleic acid AU - Quddus, Mir A. A. R. AU - Rojas, Orlando J. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AB - The thermal stability of different types of oleic acid films on a crystalline cellulose surface has been investigated through molecular dynamics simulations. The thin film was observed to become disordered upon heating, resulting in the evaporation of oleic acid molecules. This effect is expected to contribute to the performance of cellulose, for example in packaging, where food contamination can be facilitated. In contrast, double layers and annealed coatings remained stable over the temperature range tested in this simulation. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1021/bk-2012-1107.ch010 VL - 1107 PB - na SE - 191-208 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84898630112&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Nano-Bio Materials AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A AU - Yingling, Yaroslava G T2 - Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology PY - 2012/// SP - 1454-1463 PB - Springer, Dordrecht ER - TY - CONF TI - Characteristics of interfaces in ABA triblock copolymer/homopolymer systems from simulations and theory AU - Tallury, Syamal S AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A AU - Spontak, Richard J T2 - AMER CHEMICAL SOC 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA C2 - 2012/// C3 - ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY DA - 2012/// VL - 244 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon Nanotube and Polyimide Interactions: A Molecular Dynamics Study AU - Jiang, Q. AU - Tallury, S. AU - Pasquinelli, M. T2 - Polymer Preprints DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 71 ER - TY - JOUR TI - COMPARATIVE THREADING OF GUEST POLYMERS BY HOST CYCLODEXTRINS: MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS AU - Gurarslan, Alper AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A AU - Tonelli, Alan E T2 - Polymer Preprints DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 406 ER - TY - BOOK TI - In silico strategies for modeling stereoselective metabolism of pyrethroids AU - Chang, Daniel T. AU - Goldsmith, Michael-Rock AU - Tornero-Velez, Rogelio AU - Tan, Yu-Mei AU - Grulke, Christopher M. AU - Chen, Ling-Jen AU - Ulrich, Elin M. AU - Lindstrom, Andrew B. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AU - Rabinowitz, James R. AU - Dary, Curtis C. AB - In silico methods are invaluable tools to researchers seeking to understand and predict metabolic processes within PBPK models. Even though these methods have been successfully utilized to predict and quantify metabolic processes, there are many challenges involved. Stereochemical processes are a particular challenge since they require computational methods that can elucidate 3D structures and their inherent conformational dependence within a biological context. Developed methods to estimate stereoselective metabolic hydrolysis in mammals are presented to aid PBPK modelers in determining qualitative as well as quantitative relationships among the chiral pyrethroid pesticides. We illustrate a case example of rat serum carboxylesterase (rsCE)-mediated hydrolysis of 27 pyrethroid stereisomers elucidated through a proposed three-step in silico workflow. The methodology involves (i) a pharmacophore structural qualifier/filter to determine whether or not a particular stereoisomer is indeed a viable substrate, and (ii) a mechanism-specific quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) to predict metabolic rate constants. Our strategy extends the utility of pharmacophore filters in the reduction of misclassification of mechanistically competent substrates, while strengthening the utility of QSAR models within PK/PD model development. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1021/bk-2012-1099.ch016 VL - 1099 PB - American Chemical Society (ACS) SE - 245-269 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84905658108&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental and computational study of the effect of alcohols on the solution and adsorption properties of a nonionic symmetric triblock copolymer AU - Liu, Xiaomeng AU - He, Feng AU - Salas, Carlos AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AU - Genzer, Jan AU - Rojas, Orlando J. T2 - Journal of Physical Chemistry B AB - This study investigates the effect of alcohols on the solution and adsorption properties of symmetric triblock nonionic copolymers comprising blocks of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) (EO(37)PO(56)EO(37)). The cloud point, surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), and maximum packing at the air-water interface are determined, and the latter is compared to the amount of polymer that adsorbs from solution onto polypropylene (PP) and cellulose surfaces. The interaction energy and radius of micelles are calculated by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Equivalent MD bead parameters were used in dynamic density functional theory (DDFT) simulations to study the influence of alcohols on the phase behavior of EO(37)PO(56)EO(37) and its adsorption on PP from aqueous solutions. The simulation results agree qualitatively with the experimental observations. Ethanol acts as a good cosolvent for EO(37)PO(56)EO(37) and reduces the amount of EO(37)PO(56)EO(37) that adsorbs on PP surfaces; however, little or no influence is observed on the adsorption on cellulose. Interestingly, longer chain alcohols, such as 1-pentanol, produce the opposite effect. Overall, the solution and adsorption properties of nonionic symmetric triblock copolymers in the presence of alcohols are rationalized by changes in solvency and the hydrophobic effect. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1021/jp207190c VL - 116 IS - 4 SP - 1289-1298 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863015015&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Erratum: The soft-confined method for creating molecular models of amorphous polymer surfaces (Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2012) 116:5 (1570-1578)) AU - Liu, Hongyi AU - Li, Yan AU - Krause, Wendy E. AU - Rojas, Orlando J. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - Journal of Physical Chemistry B AB - ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionThe Soft-Confined Method for Creating Molecular Models of Amorphous Polymer SurfacesHongyi Liu, Yan Li, Wendy E. Krause, Orlando J. Rojas*, and Melissa A. Pasquinelli*Cite this: J. Phys. Chem. B 2012, 116, 8, 2633Publication Date (Web):February 16, 2012Publication History Published online16 February 2012Published inissue 1 March 2012https://doi.org/10.1021/jp301233xCopyright © 2012 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views290Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (96 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1021/jp301233x VL - 116 IS - 8 SP - 2633-2633 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863263736&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - ENCYC TI - T. Boone Pickens AU - Delborne, J. AU - Wigner, A. T2 - Encyclopedia of Energy A2 - Pierce, M.A. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 3 SP - 1015–17 PB - Salem Press ER - TY - CHAP TI - Moving Forward with Citizen Deliberation: Lessons and Inspiration from the National Citizens’ Technology Forum AU - Delborne, J. AU - Schneider, J. T2 - Nanotechnology and the Public: Risk Perception and Risk Communication A2 - Priest, S.H. PY - 2012/// SP - 103–11 PB - CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group ER - TY - JOUR TI - Importance of colonization and competition in forest landscape response to global climatic change AU - Xu, Chonggang AU - Gertner, George Z. AU - Scheller, Robert M. T2 - CLIMATIC CHANGE AB - The tree species composition of a forested landscape may respond to climate change through two primary successional mechanisms: (1) colonization of suitable habitats and (2) competitive dynamics of established species. In this study, we assessed the relative importance of competition and colonization in forest landscape response (as measured by the forest type composition change) to global climatic change. Specifically, we simulated shifts in forest composition within the Boundary Waters Canoe Area of northern Minnesota during the period 2000–2400 AD. We coupled a forest ecosystem process model, PnET-II, and a spatially dynamic forest landscape model, LANDIS-II, to simulate landscape change. The relative ability of 13 tree species to colonize suitable habitat was represented by the probability of establishment or recruitment. The relative competitive ability was represented by the aboveground net primary production. Both competitive and colonization abilities changed over time in response to climatic change. Our results showed that, given only moderate-frequent windthrow (rotation period = 500 years) and fire disturbances (rotation period = 300 years), competition is relatively more important for the short-term (<100 years) compositional response to climatic change. For longer-term forest landscape response (>100 years), colonization became relatively more important. However, if more frequent fire disturbances were simulated, then colonization is the dominant process from the beginning of the simulations. Our results suggest that the disturbance regime will affect the relative strengths of successional drivers, the understanding of which is critical for future prediction of forest landscape response to global climatic change. DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1007/s10584-011-0098-5 VL - 110 IS - 1-2 SP - 53-83 SN - 1573-1480 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Divergent carbon dynamics under climate change in forests with diverse soils, tree species, and land use histories AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Kretchun, Alec M. AU - Van Tuyl, Steve AU - Clark, Kenneth L. AU - Lucash, Melissa S. AU - Hom, John T2 - ECOSPHERE AB - Accounting for both climate change and natural disturbances—which typically result in greenhouse gas emissions—is necessary to begin managing forest carbon sequestration. Gaining a complete understanding of forest carbon dynamics is, however, challenging in systems characterized by historic over‐utilization, diverse soils and tree species, and frequent disturbance. In order to elucidate the cascading effects of potential climate change on such systems, we projected forest carbon dynamics, including soil carbon changes, and shifts in tree species composition as a consequence of wildfires and climate change in the New Jersey pine barrens (NJPB) over the next 100 years. To do so, we used the LANDIS‐II succession and disturbance model combined with the CENTURY soil model. The model was calibrated and validated using data from three eddy flux towers and the available empirical or literature data. Our results suggest that climate change will not appreciably increase fire sizes and intensity. The recovery of C stocks following substantial disturbances at the turn of the 20th century will play a limited but important role in this system. In areas characterized by high soil water holding capacity, reduced soil moisture may lead to lower total C and these forests may switch from being carbon sinks to becoming carbon neutral towards the latter part of the 21st century. In contrast, other areas characterized by lower soil water holding capacity and drought tolerant species are projected to experience relatively little change over the next 100 years. Across all soil types, however, the regeneration of many key tree species may decline leading to longer‐term (beyond 2100) risks to forest C. These divergent responses were largely a function of the dominant tree species, and their respective temperature and soil moisture tolerances, and soil water holding capacity. In summary, the system is initially C conservative but by the end of the 21st century, there is increasing risk of de‐stabilization due to declining growth and regeneration. DA - 2012/11// PY - 2012/11// DO - 10.1890/es12-00241.1 VL - 3 IS - 11 SP - SN - 2150-8925 KW - carbon sequestration KW - CENTURY KW - forest simulation model KW - heterotrophic respiration KW - LANDIS-II KW - New Jersey KW - soil carbon KW - wildfire ER - TY - JOUR TI - An individual-based process model to simulate landscape-scale forest ecosystem dynamics AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Spies, Thomas A. T2 - ECOLOGICAL MODELLING AB - Forest ecosystem dynamics emerges from nonlinear interactions between adaptive biotic agents (i.e., individual trees) and their relationship with a spatially and temporally heterogeneous abiotic environment. Understanding and predicting the dynamics resulting from these complex interactions is crucial for the sustainable stewardship of ecosystems, particularly in the context of rapidly changing environmental conditions. Here we present iLand (the individual-based forest landscape and disturbance model), a novel approach to simulating forest dynamics as an emergent property of environmental drivers, ecosystem processes and dynamic interactions across scales. Our specific objectives were (i) to describe the model, in particular its novel approach to simulate spatially explicit individual-tree competition for resources over large scales within a process-based framework of physiological resource use, and (ii) to present a suite of evaluation experiments assessing iLands ability to simulate tree growth and mortality for a wide range of forest ecosystems. Adopting an approach rooted in ecological field theory, iLand calculates a continuous field of light availability over the landscape, with every tree represented by a mechanistically derived, size- and species-dependent pattern of light interference. Within a hierarchical multi-scale framework productivity is derived at stand-level by means of a light-use efficiency approach, and downscaled to individuals via local light availability. Allocation (based on allometric ratios) and mortality (resulting from carbon starvation) are modeled at the individual-tree level, accounting for adaptive behavior of trees in response to their environment. To evaluate the model we conducted simulations over the extended environmental gradient of a longitudinal transect in Oregon, USA, and successfully compared results against independently observed productivity estimates (63.4% of variation explained) and mortality patterns in even-aged stands. This transect experiment was furthermore replicated for a different set of species and ecosystems in the Austrian Alps, documenting the robustness and generality of our approach. Model performance was also successfully evaluated for structurally and compositionally complex old-growth forests in the western Cascades of Oregon. Finally, the ability of our approach to address forest ecosystem dynamics at landscape scales was demonstrated by a computational scaling experiment. In simulating the emergence of ecosystem patterns and dynamics as a result of complex process interactions across scales our approach has the potential to contribute crucial capacities to understanding and fostering forest ecosystem resilience under changing climatic conditions. DA - 2012/4/24/ PY - 2012/4/24/ DO - 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.02.015 VL - 231 SP - 87-100 SN - 1872-7026 KW - Forest ecosystem dynamics KW - Complex adaptive systems KW - Individual-based modeling KW - Ecological field theory KW - Hierarchical multi-scale modeling KW - Forest structure and functioning ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new model for simulating climate change and carbon dynamics in forested landscapes AU - Dymond, C.C. AU - R.M. Scheller, AU - Beukema, S. T2 - Journal of Ecosystems and Management DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 1-2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Projection of US forest sector carbon sequestration under US and global timber market and wood energy consumption scenarios, 2010-2060 AU - Nepal, Prakash AU - Ince, Peter J. AU - Skog, Kenneth E. AU - Chang, Sun J. T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - This study provides a modeling framework to examine change over time in U.S. forest sector carbon inventory (in U.S. timberland tree biomass and harvested wood products) for alternative projections of U.S. and global timber markets, including wood energy consumption, based on established IPCC/RPA scenarios. Results indicated that the U.S. forest sector's projected capacities for carbon sequestration could be notably altered by use of forest resources for energy. A scenario with large expansion in U.S. wood energy consumption (16-fold increase by 2060) coupled with high global growth in gross domestic product would convert U.S. timberlands to a substantial carbon emission source by 2050, as timber growing stock inventories would be depleted because of increased biomass energy production. In contrast, the same high growth in the economy coupled with much smaller expansion of U.S. wood biomass energy consumption (less than two-fold increase by 2060) would result in a projected increase in average annual additions to U.S. forest sector carbon by up to four-fold by 2060. Results also indicated that higher cumulative carbon emissions from increased use of wood for energy could be partially offset—over time—by increased forest plantations and more intensive forest management that could be stimulated by the increased use of wood for energy. The modeling framework will enable future use of the USFPM/GFPM market modeling system to evaluate the impacts of forest carbon offset policies on forest carbon and forest products markets, by allowing carbon offset payments to compete in the model with forest products or wood energy for the control and use of available timber resources. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.06.011 VL - 45 SP - 251-264 SN - 1873-2909 KW - Economic analysis KW - Harvested wood products carbon KW - Timber market KW - Tree biomass carbon KW - Wood energy consumption KW - 2010 RPA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Financial feasibility of increasing carbon sequestration in harvested wood products in Mississippi AU - Nepal, Prakash AU - Grala, Robert K. AU - Grebner, Donald L. T2 - FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS AB - Abstract Longer forest rotation ages can potentially increase accumulation of carbon in harvested wood products due to a larger proportion of sawlogs that can be used for manufacturing durable wood products such as lumber and plywood. This study quantified amounts of carbon accumulated in wood products harvested from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands grown in Mississippi by extending rotation ages traditionally used to manage these stands for timber. The financial viability of this approach was examined based on carbon payments received by landowners for sequestering carbon in standing trees and harvested wood products. Results indicated a potential to increase carbon accumulated in wood products by 16.11 metric tons (t) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per hectare (ha) for a rotation increase of 5 years and 67.07 tCO2e/ha for a rotation increase of 65 years. Carbon prices of $50/tCO2e and $110/tCO2e would be required to provide a sufficient incentive to forest landowners to extend rotations by 5 and 10 years, respectively. With 2.8 million ha of loblolly pine stands in Mississippi, this translates to a possible increase in wood products carbon of 45 million tCO2e and 80 million tCO2e for harvest ages increased by 5 and 10 years, respectively. Higher carbon prices lengthened rotation ages modestly due to low present values of carbon accumulated with long rotations. DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1016/j.forpol.2011.08.005 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 99-106 SN - 1872-7050 KW - Carbon KW - Compensation KW - Financial feasibility KW - Net Present Value KW - Rotation age KW - Wood products ER - TY - JOUR TI - Financial Implications of Enrolling Mississippi Forest Landowners in Carbon Offset Programs AU - Nepal, Prakash AU - Grala, Robert K. AU - Grebner, Donald L. T2 - SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY AB - This study examined the financial viability of managing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands for increased carbon sequestration by Mississippi nonindustrial private forest landowners under three Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) forestry carbon offset programs: afforestation, managed forests, and long-lived wood products. At carbon prices of $4.25 per metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e) and $10/t CO2e, a forest management regime that provided the largest net present value (NPV) from timber production also provided the largest NPV when the stand was jointly managed for timber and increased carbon sequestration, regardless of the number of contracts. At a carbon price of $4.25/t CO2e, joint management for timber and increased carbon sequestration generated an additional NPV of up to $937/ha compared with the best management regime for timber only. Carbon prices of $10/t CO2e and $20/t CO2e increased NPV by $2,406/ha and $5,335/ha, respectively. DA - 2012/2// PY - 2012/2// DO - 10.5849/sjaf.09-067 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 5-10 SN - 0148-4419 KW - afforestation KW - carbon credits KW - Chicago Climate Exchange KW - loblolly pine KW - net present value KW - stand density index ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial Patterns of Soil Surface C Flux in Experimental Canopy Gaps AU - Schatz, Jason D. AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Mladenoff, David J. T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2012/6// PY - 2012/6// DO - 10.1007/s10021-012-9535-1 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 616-623 SN - 1435-0629 KW - Canopy gap KW - C flux KW - Gap microclimate KW - Respiration KW - Soil temperature KW - Soil flux KW - Northern hardwood forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions of temperature and moisture with respiration from coarse woody debris in experimental forest canopy gaps AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Mladenoff, David J. AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Stoffel, Jennifer L. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Coarse woody debris (CWD) and canopy gaps are thought to be important structural components that influence forest ecosystem processes, yet few studies have assessed whether these features interact to influence decay dynamics, and we know of none that does so under controlled experimental canopy gap conditions. By manipulating forest structure to create canopy openings, we tested whether canopy gaps, through their influence on microclimate, affect the respiration rate of CWD in a mature second-growth northern hardwood forest of Wisconsin, USA. We sought to determine the relative contribution of moisture or temperature as predictors of respiration, and to provide estimates of the annual C emission from CWD in these treatments. Differences in the surface temperature of CWD were apparent immediately following gap treatments, with debris in gaps staying significantly warmer than beneath undisturbed canopy. Coarse woody debris moisture content differed more between gaps and undisturbed canopy in the second post-treatment year due to higher insolation and temperature in gaps relative to undisturbed canopy. The gap treatment increased respiration rates and altered the relationship with CWD temperature and moisture in complex ways. The impacts of gap creation on C fluxes from CWD depended on the range of temperature and moisture being examined. The interaction of the temperature and moisture of the debris in combination with the decay class explained 60% of the observed variation in CWD respiration beneath undisturbed canopies. In gaps, only 23% of the variation of flux could be explained by environmental variables. Annual C fluxes were 128.2 g C kg−1 year−1 in canopy openings and 108.5 g C kg−1 year−1 in undisturbed canopy locations. DA - 2012/2/1/ PY - 2012/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.038 VL - 265 SP - 124-132 SN - 0378-1127 KW - Canopy gap KW - C flux KW - Coarse woody debris KW - Decay class KW - Respiration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating the carbon budget and maximizing future carbon uptake for a temperate forest region in the U.S. AU - Peckham, S AU - Gower, S. T. AU - Buongiorno, J. T2 - Carbon Balance and Management AB - Forests of the Midwest U.S. provide numerous ecosystem services. Two of these, carbon sequestration and wood production, are often portrayed as conflicting. Currently, carbon management and biofuel policies are being developed to reduce atmospheric CO2 and national dependence on foreign oil, and increase carbon storage in ecosystems. However, the biological and industrial forest carbon cycles are rarely studied in a whole-system structure. The forest system carbon balance is the difference between the biological (net ecosystem production) and industrial (net emissions from forest industry) forest carbon cycles, but to date this critical whole system analysis is lacking. This study presents a model of the forest system, uses it to compute the carbon balance, and outlines a methodology to maximize future carbon uptake in a managed forest region. We used a coupled forest ecosystem process and forest products life cycle inventory model for a regional temperate forest in the Midwestern U.S., and found the net system carbon balance for this 615,000 ha forest was positive (2.29 t C ha-1 yr-1). The industrial carbon budget was typically less than 10% of the biological system annually, and averaged averaged 0.082 t C ha-1 yr-1. Net C uptake over the next 100-years increased by 22% or 0.33 t C ha-1 yr-1 relative to the current harvest rate in the study region under the optized harvest regime. The forest’s biological ecosystem current and future carbon uptake capacity is largely determined by forest harvest practices that occurred over a century ago, but we show an optimized harvesting strategy would increase future carbon sequestration, or wood production, by 20-30%, reduce long transportation chain emissions, and maintain many desirable stand structural attributes that are correlated to biodiversity. Our results for this forest region suggest that increasing harvest over the next 100 years increases the strength of the carbon sink, and that carbon sequestration and wood production are not conflicting for this particular forest ecosystem. The optimal harvest strategy found here may not be the same for all forests, but the methodology is applicable anywhere sufficient forest inventory data exist. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1186/1750-0680-7-6 VL - 7 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Removing the Tension from Extension AU - Bradley, Lucy AU - Driscoll, Elizabeth AU - Bardon, Robert T2 - Journal of Extension [On-line] DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - Article 2TOT1 UR - http://www.joe.org/joe/2012april/tt1.php ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landowners' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Aspirations Towards Woody Biomass Markets in North Carolina AU - Shaw, Jasmine AU - Hazel, Dennis AU - Bardon, Robert AU - Jayaratne, K.S.U. T2 - Journal of Extension [On-line] DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - Article 4FEA9 UR - http://www.joe.org/joe/2012august/a9.php ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors shaping private landowner engagement in wildlife management AU - Golden, Katherine E. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Bardon, Robert E. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin AB - Abstract The changing demographics of rural landowners have the potential to affect wildlife management on private land and therefore, there is a need to determine what factors influence landowner participation in wildlife management. We surveyed 1,368 North Carolina, USA, private landowners to determine socio‐demographic factors predicting participation in a variety of wildlife management practices. Wildlife management practices most commonly implemented by landowners were providing supplemental feed (21.8%), mowing to improve habitat (16.2%), erecting nesting boxes (14.7%), and planting food plots (14.6%). Ecologically valuable management activities such as prescribed burning (2.3%) were among the least practiced. Hunting or having a family member that hunted was the most consistent predictor of participation in wildlife management practices. Landowners who hunted, resided on their property, were younger and were male were more likely to implement wildlife management practices than their counterparts. Resident landowners, especially those who hunt, may be the most receptive to outreach efforts promoting wildlife habitat management on private lands. Our results indicate outreach efforts should target habitat management practices with longer term wildlife benefits (e.g., prescribed fire, controlling invasive plants), because practices with immediate short‐term benefits (e.g., food plots, supplemental feeding, mowing) are currently 3–4 times more prevalent. © 2012 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2012/12/29/ PY - 2012/12/29/ DO - 10.1002/wsb.235 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 94-100 J2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin LA - en OP - SN - 1938-5463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.235 DB - Crossref KW - hunting KW - landowners KW - North Carolina KW - private land KW - wildlife management ER - TY - CONF TI - Integration of climate change in the analysis and design of engineered systems: Barriers and opportunities for engineering education AU - Lucena, J. AU - Delborne, J. AU - Johnson, K. AU - Leydens, J. AU - Munakata-Marr, J. AU - Schneider, J. AB - The goal of this paper is to begin mapping perspectives of engineering faculty on barriers and opportunities related to the integration of climate change in the analysis and design of engineered systems (CC&ES). Although both sustainability and renewable energy have been receiving increasing attention in engineering education for quite some time, climate change, especially as it relates to engineered systems, has yet to become a widely accepted topic of teaching and research. From recent literature on engineering education and from interviews with engineering faculty, a picture emerges of whether and how climate change is an important dimension in the analysis and design of engineered systems. From those sources, we begin to see what it might take to incorporate the relationship between climate change and engineered systems in engineering education, what the barriers and opportunities to this incorporation might be, and what strategies might be available to institutionalize this incorporation in engineering education. Support for this paper comes from a larger research project on “Climate Change, Engineered Systems, and Society” which has the goal to develop conceptual and educational frameworks and networks of change agents to promote effective formal and informal education for engineering students, policymakers and the public at large. The project partners include the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), Arizona State University, Boston Museum of Science, Colorado School of Mines (CSM), and the University of Virginia. Within this larger team, the CSM team is planning to develop a testbed for the incorporation of CC&ES in engineering education. Hence, our first step is to find related curricular innovations in the engineering education literature and perspectives from engineering faculty on barriers and opportunities to the integration of CC&ES in engineering education. C2 - 2012/// C3 - Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2011, vol 5 DA - 2012/// DO - 10.1115/imece2011-64975 SP - 199-206 ER - TY - CONF TI - Strategies of neutrality between political and scientific controversy: Comparing efforts by U.S. public think tanks to inform debates on climate change policy AU - Delborne, J. C2 - 2012/// C3 - International Conference on Culture, Politics, and Climate Change DA - 2012/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Species trials of short rotation woody crops on wastewater application sites in North Carolina AU - Shifflett, S. AU - Hazel, D. AU - Frederick, D. AU - Nichols, E. G. C2 - 2012/// C3 - 9th International Phyto Society Conference DA - 2012/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Species trial for short rotation woody crops on municipal wastewater application fields in North Carolina AU - Shifflett, S. AU - Hazel, D. AU - Frederick, D. AU - Wright, J. AU - Nichols, E. G. C2 - 2012/// C3 - 9th Biennial Short Rotation Woody Crops Operations Working Group Conference DA - 2012/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Potential for growing woody biomass energy crops on wastewater sites in North Carolina AU - Frederick, D. AU - Nichols, E. G. AU - Hazel, D. C2 - 2012/// C3 - Civic and Small-Scale Biofuels Statewide DA - 2012/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Efficacy of aquatic-use registered herbicides used for preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) control of Microstegium vimineum on stream and riparian restoration sites AU - Hall, K. AU - Richardson, R. AU - Hoyle, S. AU - Spooner, J. AU - Frederick, D. C2 - 2012/// C3 - 2012 AWRA Annual Water Resources Conference DA - 2012/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - SNP markers trace familial linkages in a cloned population of Pinus taeda-prospects for genomic selection AU - Zapata-Valenzuela, Jaime AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Maltecca, Christian AU - Wegrzyn, Jill AU - Neale, David AU - McKeand, Steve AU - Whetten, Ross T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES AB - Advances in DNA sequencing technology have made possible the genotyping of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, and new methods of statistical analysis are emerging to apply these advances in plant breeding programs. We report the utility of markers for prediction of breeding values in a forest tree species using empirical genotype data (3,406 polymorphic SNP loci). A total of 526 Pinus taeda L. clones tested widely in field trials were phenotyped at age 5 years. Only 149 clones from 13 full-sib crosses were genotyped. Markers were fit simultaneously to predict marker additive and dominance effects. Subsets of the 149 genotyped clones were used to train a model using all markers. Cross-validation strategies were followed for the remaining subset of genotyped individuals. The accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values ranged from 0.61 to 0.83 for wood lignin and cellulose content, and from 0.30 to 0.68 for height and volume traits. The accuracies of predictions based on markers were comparable with the accuracies based on pedigree. Because of the small number of SNP markers used and the relatively small population size, we suggest that observed accuracies in this study trace familial linkage rather than historical linkage disequilibrium with trait loci. Prediction accuracies of models that use only a subset of markers were generally comparable with the accuracies of the models using all markers, regardless of whether markers are associated with the phenotype. The results suggest that using SNP loci for selection instead of phenotype is efficient under different relative lengths of the breeding cycle, which would allow cost-effective applications in tree breeding programs. Prospects for applications of genomic selection to P. taeda breeding are discussed. DA - 2012/12// PY - 2012/12// DO - 10.1007/s11295-012-0516-5 VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - 1307-1318 SN - 1614-2950 KW - Loblolly pine KW - Marker-aided selection KW - Quantitative genetics KW - Genomic selection KW - Marker-trait association ER - TY - CONF TI - Dammed If You Do, Dammed If You Don’t: Tensions between Ensuring Dam Safety and Maximizing Colorado’s Water Supply AU - Ikard, S. AU - Delborne, J. AU - Brunsdale, K. T2 - Annual Conference of the Association of State Dam Safety Officials C2 - 2012/9/15/ C3 - Dam Safety 2012 Conference Proceedings DA - 2012/9/15/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forest Health Monitoring 2009 National Technical Report AU - Potter, K AU - M., AU - Conkling, B. L. A3 - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - SRS-167 PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - BOOK TI - Wildlife research techniques in rugged mountainous Asian landscape DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Silviculture and the assessment of climate change genetic risk for Southern Appalachian forest tree species AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - S., Crane Barbara C2 - 2012/// C3 - Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference DA - 2012/// SP - 257-258 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Seeking the Spotlight: World Wide Views and the U.S. Media Context AU - Schneider, J. AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Citizen Participation in Global Environmental Governance A2 - Rask, M. A2 - Worthington, R. A2 - Lammi, M. PY - 2012/// SP - 241–60 PB - Earthscan Publications SN - 9781849713795 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Moving forward with citizen deliberation: Lessons and inspiration from the National Citizens' Technology Forum AU - Delborne, J. A. AU - J., Schneider T2 - Nanotechnology and the public : risk perception and risk communication PY - 2012/// PB - Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press SN - 9781439826836 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing multiple vital rates to maximize greater sage-grouse population growth AU - Taylor, Rebecca L. AU - Walker, Brett L. AU - Naugle, David E. AU - Mills, L. Scott T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract Despite decades of field research on greater sage‐grouse, range‐wide demographic data have yet to be synthesized into a sensitivity analysis to guide management actions. We reviewed range‐wide demographic rates for greater sage‐grouse from 1938 to 2011 and used data from 50 studies to parameterize a 2‐stage, female‐based population matrix model. We conducted life‐stage simulation analyses to determine the proportion of variation in population growth rate (λ) accounted for by each vital rate, and we calculated analytical sensitivity, elasticity, and variance‐stabilized sensitivity to identify the contribution of each vital rate to λ. As expected for an upland game bird, greater sage‐grouse showed marked annual and geographic variation in several vital rates. Three rates were demonstrably important for population growth: female survival, chick survival, and nest success. Female survival and chick survival, in that order, had the most influence on λ per unit change in vital rates. However, nest success explained more of the variation in λ than did the survival rates. In lieu of quantitative data on specific mortality factors driving local populations, we recommend that management efforts for greater sage‐grouse first focus on increasing female survival by restoring large, intact sagebrush‐steppe landscapes, reducing persistent sources of human‐caused mortality, and eliminating anthropogenic habitat features that subsidize species that prey on juvenile, yearling, and adult females. Our analysis also supports efforts to increase chick survival and nest success by eliminating anthropogenic habitat features that subsidize chick and nest predators, and by managing shrub, forb, and grass cover, height, and composition to meet local brood‐rearing and nesting habitat guidelines. We caution that habitat management to increase chick survival and nest success should not reduce the cover or height of sagebrush below that required for female survival in other seasons (e.g., fall, winter). The success or failure of management actions for sage‐grouse should be assessed by measuring changes in vital rates over long time periods to avoid confounding with natural, annual variation. © 2011 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2012/2// PY - 2012/2// DO - 10.1002/jwmg.267 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 336-347 SN - 1937-2817 KW - Centrocercus urophasianus KW - demography KW - greater sage-grouse KW - life-stage simulation analysis KW - nest success KW - population growth KW - process variance KW - sagebrush KW - sensitivity KW - survival ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Common Management Actions on the Nest Success of North American Birds AU - Hartway, Cynthia AU - Mills, L. Scott T2 - CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AB - Abstract: Management strategies for the recovery of declining bird populations often must be made without sufficient data to predict the outcome of proposed actions or sufficient time and resources necessary to collect these data. We quantitatively reviewed studies of bird management in Canada and the United States to evaluate the relative efficacy of 4 common management interventions and to determine variables associated with their success. We compared how livestock exclusion, prescribed burning, removal of predators, and removal of cowbirds (Molothrus ater) affect bird nest success and used meta‐regression to evaluate the influence of species and study‐specific covariates on management outcomes. On average, all 4 management interventions increased nest success. When common species and threatened, endangered, or declining species (as defined by long‐term trend data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey) were analyzed together, predator removal was the most effective management option. The difference in mean nest success between treatment and control plots in predator‐removal experiments was more than twice that of either livestock exclusion or prescribed burning. However, when we considered management outcomes from only threatened, endangered, or declining species, livestock exclusions resulted in the greatest mean increase in nest success, more than twice that of the 3 other treatments. Our meta‐regression results indicated that between‐species variation accounted for approximately 86%, 40%, 35%, and 7% of the overall variation in the results of livestock‐exclusion, prescribed‐burn, predator‐removal, and cowbird‐removal studies, respectively. However, the covariates we tested explained significant variation only in outcomes among prescribed‐burn studies. The difference in nest success between burned and unburned plots displayed a significant, positive trend in association with time since fire and was significantly larger in grasslands than in woodlands. Our results highlight the importance of comparative studies on management effects in developing efficient and effective conservation strategies. DA - 2012/8// PY - 2012/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01883.x VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 657-666 SN - 1523-1739 KW - conservation planning KW - grazing KW - Molothrus KW - predator control KW - prescribed fire KW - restoration KW - control de depredadores KW - fuego prescrito KW - Molothrus KW - pastoreo KW - planificacion de la conservacion KW - restauracion ER - TY - CONF TI - The effects of transgenic samples on the enzymatic saccharification AU - Min, D. Y. AU - Li, Q. Z. AU - Yang, C. M. AU - Chang, H. M. AU - Chiang, V. AU - Jameel, H. C2 - 2012/// C3 - Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Pulping, Papermaking and Biotechnology (ICPPB '12), vols. I and II DA - 2012/// SP - 1058-1062 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial variation and prediction of forest biomass in a heterogeneous landscape AU - Lamsal, S. AU - Rizzo, D. M. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - Journal of Forestry Research DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1007/s11676-012-0228-6 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 13–22 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Noninvasive Sampling for carnivores AU - Kelly, M. J. AU - Betsch, J. AU - Wultsch, C. AU - Mesa, B. AU - Mills, L. S. T2 - Carnivore ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques A2 - Boitani, L. A2 - Powell, R. AB - Carnivores are notoriously difficult to study, yet recently, noninvasive carnivore studies have increased dramatically due to technological and methodological advances, and new analytical analysis techniques. For example, the ability to extract DNA from very small and/or poor quality samples, such as single hairs, and other techniques for assessing hormones from faecal samples have increased the ability to make individual and population-level inferences about carnivores. Increased availability of infrared remote cameras has facilitated large-scale surveys across vast areas, targeting multiple carnivores simultaneously. Today, researchers can estimate population size and survival, as well as historic and current rates of movement across fragmented landscapes, and can measure carnivore stress loads without ever catching, handling, or seeing a single individual animal first-hand. Noninvasive approaches draw from cutting-edge advances in genetics, population biology, biostatistics, endocrinology, and epidemiology. It is an exciting time to study carnivores using noninvasive sampling techniques. PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558520.003.0004 PB - Oxford : Oxford University Press SN - 9780191625336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - LiDAR-Landsat data fusion for large-area assessment of urban land cover: Balancing spatial resolution, data volume and mapping accuracy AU - Singh, Kunwar K. AU - Vogler, John B. AU - Shoemaker, Douglas A. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - ISPRS JOURNAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING AB - The structural characteristics of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data are increasingly used to classify urban environments at fine scales, but have been underutilized for distinguishing heterogeneous land covers over large urban regions due to high cost, limited spectral information, and the computational difficulties posed by inherently large data volumes. Here we explore tradeoffs between potential gains in mapping accuracy with computational costs by integrating structural and intensity surface models extracted from LiDAR data with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery and evaluating the degree to which TM, LiDAR, and LiDAR-TM fusion data discriminated land covers in the rapidly urbanizing region of Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. Using supervised maximum likelihood (ML) and classification tree (CT) methods, we classified TM data at 30 m and LiDAR data and LiDAR-TM fusions at 1 m, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m and 30 m resolutions. We assessed the relative contributions of LiDAR structural and intensity surface models to classification map accuracy and identified optimal spatial resolution of LiDAR surface models for large-area assessments of urban land cover. ML classification of 1 m LiDAR-TM fusions using both structural and intensity surface models increased total accuracy by 32% compared to LiDAR alone and by 8% over TM at 30 m. Fusion data using all LiDAR surface models improved class discrimination of spectrally similar forest, farmland, and managed clearings and produced the highest total accuracies at 1 m, 5 m, and 10 m resolutions (87.2%, 86.3% and 85.4%, respectively). At all resolutions of fusion data and using either ML or CT classifier, the relative contribution of the LiDAR structural surface models (canopy height and normalized digital surface model) to classification accuracy is greater than the intensity surface. Our evaluation of tradeoffs between data volume and thematic map accuracy for this study system suggests that a spatial resolution of 5 m for LiDAR surface models best balances classification performance and the computational challenges posed by large-area assessments of land cover. DA - 2012/11// PY - 2012/11// DO - 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2012.09.009 VL - 74 SP - 110-121 SN - 1872-8235 KW - LiDAR KW - Landsat KW - Fusion KW - Land cover KW - Large-area assessment KW - Mapping accuracy KW - Managed clearings ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Natural and Human-Altered Ecosystems AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Haas, Sarah E. AU - Vaclavik, Tomas T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, VOL 50 AB - A central challenge to studying emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) is a landscape dilemma: Our best empirical understanding of disease dynamics occurs at local scales, whereas pathogen invasions and management occur over broad spatial extents. The burgeoning field of landscape epidemiology integrates concepts and approaches from disease ecology with the macroscale lens of landscape ecology, enabling examination of disease across spatiotemporal scales in complex environmental settings. We review the state of the field and describe analytical frontiers that show promise for advancement, focusing on natural and human-altered ecosystems. Concepts fundamental to practicing landscape epidemiology are discussed, including spatial scale, static versus dynamic modeling, spatially implicit versus explicit approaches, selection of ecologically meaningful variables, and inference versus prediction. We highlight studies that have advanced the field by incorporating multiscale analyses, landscape connectivity, and dynamic modeling. Future research directions include understanding disease as a component of interacting ecological disturbances, scaling up the ecological impacts of disease, and examining disease dynamics as a coupled human-natural system. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172938 VL - 50 SP - 379-402 SN - 1545-2107 KW - connectivity KW - disease control KW - dynamic model KW - invasive species KW - multiscale KW - species distribution model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape Epidemiology and Control of Pathogens with Cryptic and Long-Distance Dispersal: Sudden Oak Death in Northern Californian Forests AU - Filipe, Joao A. N. AU - Cobb, Richard C. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Lee, Christopher A. AU - Valachovic, Yana S. AU - Cook, Alex R. AU - Rizzo, David M. AU - Gilligan, Christopher A. T2 - PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AB - Exotic pathogens and pests threaten ecosystem service, biodiversity, and crop security globally. If an invasive agent can disperse asymptomatically over long distances, multiple spatial and temporal scales interplay, making identification of effective strategies to regulate, monitor, and control disease extremely difficult. The management of outbreaks is also challenged by limited data on the actual area infested and the dynamics of spatial spread, due to financial, technological, or social constraints. We examine principles of landscape epidemiology important in designing policy to prevent or slow invasion by such organisms, and use Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death, to illustrate how shortfalls in their understanding can render management applications inappropriate. This pathogen has invaded forests in coastal California, USA, and an isolated but fast-growing epidemic focus in northern California (Humboldt County) has the potential for extensive spread. The risk of spread is enhanced by the pathogen's generalist nature and survival. Additionally, the extent of cryptic infection is unknown due to limited surveying resources and access to private land. Here, we use an epidemiological model for transmission in heterogeneous landscapes and Bayesian Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo inference to estimate dispersal and life-cycle parameters of P. ramorum and forecast the distribution of infection and speed of the epidemic front in Humboldt County. We assess the viability of management options for containing the pathogen's northern spread and local impacts. Implementing a stand-alone host-free "barrier" had limited efficacy due to long-distance dispersal, but combining curative with preventive treatments ahead of the front reduced local damage and contained spread. While the large size of this focus makes effective control expensive, early synchronous treatment in newly-identified disease foci should be more cost-effective. We show how the successful management of forest ecosystems depends on estimating the spatial scales of invasion and treatment of pathogens and pests with cryptic long-distance dispersal. DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002328 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1553-7358 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating the demand for public open space: Evidence from North Carolina municipalities AU - Wang, Chunhua AU - Thill, Jean-Claude AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE AB - Abstract This paper empirically identifies socio‐economic, physical, and geographic factors of the demand for open space in the state of North Carolina in the United States. Estimated coefficients suggest that spatial dependency exists in open space demand and that open space is a normal good. The paper provides the first empirical investigation of how open space demand is affected by local weather conditions. It is found that the demand has a statistically significant substitution relationship with nice weather. We discuss the socio‐economic rationale for the estimated demand models within the regional context of North Carolina and point to some relevant policy implications. Resumen. Este artículo identifica empíricamente los factores socioeconómicos, físicos y geográficos de la demanda de espacios al aire libre en el estado de Carolina del Norte en los Estados Unidos. Los coeficientes estimados sugieren que existe una dependencia espacial en la demanda de espacios al aire libre y que los espacios al aire libre son un bien normal. El artículo ofrece la primera investigación empírica sobre como se ve afectada la demanda de espacios al aire libre por las condiciones meteorológicas locales. Se ha encontrado que la demanda tiene una relación de substitución estadísticamente significativa con una meteorología benigna. Discutimos el fundamento socioeconómico de los modelos de demanda estimados dentro del contexto regional de Carolina del Norte e indicamos varias implicaciones relevantes para la formulación de políticas. DA - 2012/3// PY - 2012/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00372.x VL - 91 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1435-5957 KW - Q31 KW - Q51 KW - Open space KW - demand KW - population growth KW - urban amenities KW - climate and weather ER - TY - JOUR TI - Equilibrium or not? Modelling potential distribution of invasive species in different stages of invasion AU - Vaclavik, Tomas AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS AB - Abstract Aim The assumption of equilibrium between organisms and their environment is a standard working postulate in species distribution models (SDMs). However, this assumption is typically violated in models of biological invasions where range expansions are highly constrained by dispersal and colonization processes. Here, we examined how stage of invasion affects the extent to which occurrence data represent the ecological niche of organisms and, in turn, influences spatial prediction of species’ potential distributions. Location Six ecoregions in western Oregon, USA. Methods We compiled occurrence data from 697 field plots collected over a 9‐year period (2001–09) of monitoring the spread of invasive forest pathogen Phytophthora ramorum . Using these data, we applied ecological‐niche factor analysis to calibrate models of potential distribution across different years of colonization. We accounted for natural variation and uncertainties in model evaluation by further investigating three hypothetical scenarios of varying equilibrium in a simulated virtual species, for which the ‘true’ potential distribution was known. Results We confirm our hypothesis that SDMs calibrated in early stages of invasion are less accurate than models calibrated under scenarios closer to equilibrium. SDMs that are developed in early stages of invasion tend to underpredict the potential range compared to models that are built in later stages of invasion. Main conclusions A full environmental niche of invasive species cannot be effectively captured with data from a realized distribution that is restricted by processes preventing full occupancy of suitable habitats. If SDMs are to be used effectively in conservation and management, stage of invasion needs to be considered to avoid underestimation of habitats at risk of invasion. DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00854.x VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 73-83 SN - 1472-4642 KW - Ecological-niche factor analysis KW - invasive species KW - landscape epidemiology KW - model performance KW - non-equilibrium KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - potential distribution KW - species distribution model KW - virtual species ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecosystem transformation by emerging infectious disease: loss of large tanoak from California forests AU - Cobb, Richard C. AU - Filipe, Joao A. N. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Gilligan, Christopher A. AU - Rizzo, David M. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY AB - Summary 1. Few pathogens are the sole or primary cause of species extinctions, but forest disease has caused spectacular declines in North American overstorey trees and restructured forest ecosystems at large spatial scales over the past 100 years. These events threaten biodiversity associated with impacted host trees and other resources valued by human societies even when they do not directly cause host extinction. 2. Invasion of Phytophthora ramorum and emergence of the forest disease sudden oak death has caused a large‐scale decline of tanoak ( Notholithocarpus densiflorus ) in Californian coastal forests. Here, we describe structural changes to tanoak forests and develop predictive models of infection rates, mortality rates and changes in tanoak biomass and abundance by combining regionally extensive longitudinal field studies and mathematical modelling. 3. Pathogen‐invaded stands had smaller average tanoak tree size and higher proportions of large dead tanoak trees compared with uninvaded stands. This pattern is caused in part by a positive relationship between tanoak size and mortality rate, as well as prolific basal sprouting from trees killed by the disease. Tanoak infection, mortality and biomass decline rates were positively related to the prevalence of infection in sporulation‐supporting species, especially California bay laurel ( Umbellularia californica ). 4. We developed a stage‐structured and spatially explicit mathematical model including species dynamics and P. ramorum transmission, where the long‐term outcome of disease ranges from host extinction when densities of bay laurel are high to limited or no disease outbreak. Low densities of tanoak in a matrix of non‐susceptible neighbouring species resulted in slow‐enough transmission to retain overstorey tanoak, suggesting host‐density thresholds may exist in real forests. 5. Synthesis . Tanoak is likely to persist in many disease‐impacted forests via vegetative reproduction, but overstorey trees may be eliminated or greatly reduced in abundance, a pattern similar to other forest diseases that have emerged in the last century including chestnut blight and beech bark disease. Our results support a general model of disease‐caused changes to forest trees useful for the analysis of emerging forest pathogens where vegetative reproduction, community‐level epidemiology and stage‐specific mortality rate interact to determine local disease intensity and host decline. DA - 2012/5// PY - 2012/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01960.x VL - 100 IS - 3 SP - 712-722 SN - 1365-2745 KW - community-driven transmission KW - disease ecology KW - forest disease KW - pathogen-caused extinction KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - plant population and community dynamics KW - selective species removal KW - sudden oak death ER - TY - JOUR TI - Common Factors Drive Disease and Coarse Woody Debris Dynamics in Forests Impacted by Sudden Oak Death AU - Cobb, Richard C. AU - Chan, Maggie N. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Rizzo, David M. T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2012/3// PY - 2012/3// DO - 10.1007/s10021-011-9506-y VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 242-255 SN - 1435-0629 KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - emerging infectious disease KW - disease ecology KW - tanoak KW - coarse woody debris KW - decomposition ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter 9: Large-scale patterns of forest fire occurrence in the conterminous United States and Alaska, 2001-08 AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring 2009 National Technical Report A2 - Potter, Kevin M. A2 - Conkling, Barbara L. PY - 2012/// SP - 151-162 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter 5: Large-scale assessment of invasiveness and potential for ecological impact by non-native tree species AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Smith, William D. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring 2009 National Technical Report A2 - Potter, Kevin M. A2 - Conkling, Barbara L. PY - 2012/// SP - 79-94 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter 4: Large-scale patterns of insect and disease activity in the conterminous United States and Alaska from the national insect and disease detection survey database, 2007 and 2008 AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring 2009 National Technical Report A2 - Potter, Kevin M. A2 - Conkling, Barbara L. PY - 2012/// SP - 63-78 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - An emergent disease causes directional changes in forest species composition in coastal California AU - Metz, Margaret R. AU - Frangioso, Kerri M. AU - Wickland, Allison C. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Rizzo, David M. T2 - ECOSPHERE AB - Non‐native forest pathogens can cause dramatic and long‐lasting changes to the composition of forests, and these changes may have cascading impacts on community interactions and ecosystem functioning. Phytophthora ramorum , the causal agent of the emergent forest disease sudden oak death (SOD), has a wide host range, but mortality is concentrated in a few dominant tree species of coastal forests in California and Oregon. We examined interactions between P. ramorum and its hosts in redwood and mixed evergreen forest types over an 80,000 ha area in the Big Sur ecoregion of central California, an area that constitutes the southernmost range of the pathogen and includes forest stands on the advancing front of pathogen invasion. We established a network of 280 long‐term forest monitoring plots to understand how host composition and forest structure facilitated pathogen invasion, and whether selective mortality from SOD has led to shifts in community composition. Infested and uninfested sites differed significantly in host composition due to both historical trends and disease impacts. A reconstruction of pre‐disease forest composition showed that stands that eventually became infested with the pathogen tended to be more mature with larger stems than stands that remained pathogen‐free, supporting the hypothesis of aerial dispersal by the pathogen across the landscape followed by local understory spread. The change in species composition in uninfested areas was minimal over the study period, while infested stands had large changes in composition, correlated with the loss of tanoak ( Notholithocarpus densiflorus ), signaling the potential for SOD to dramatically change coastal forests through selective removal of a dominant host. Forest diversity plays an important role in pathogen establishment and spread, and is in turn changed by pathogen impacts. Asymmetric competency among host species means that impacts of P. ramorum on forest diversity are shaped by the combination and dominance of hosts present in a stand. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.1890/es12-00107.1 VL - 3 IS - 10 SP - SN - 2150-8925 KW - Big Sur, California KW - diversity-disease risk KW - emerging infectious disease KW - mixed evergreen forests KW - pathogen-mediated competition KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - redwood forests KW - sudden oak death KW - tanoak ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accounting for multi-scale spatial autocorrelation improves performance of invasive species distribution modelling (iSDM) AU - Vaclavik, Tomas AU - Kupfer, John A. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY AB - Abstract Aim Analyses of species distributions are complicated by various origins of spatial autocorrelation (SAC) in biogeographical data. SAC may be particularly important for invasive species distribution models (iSDMs) because biological invasions are strongly influenced by dispersal and colonization processes that typically create highly structured distribution patterns. We examined the efficacy of using a multi‐scale framework to account for different origins of SAC, and compared non‐spatial models with models that accounted for SAC at multiple levels. Location We modelled the spatial distribution of an invasive forest pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum , in western USA. Methods We applied one conventional statistical method (generalized linear model, GLM) and one nonparametric technique (maximum entropy, Maxent) to a large dataset on P. ramorum occurrence ( n = 3787) to develop four types of model that included environmental variables and that either ignored spatial context or incorporated it at a broad scale using trend surface analysis, a local scale using autocovariates, or multiple scales using spatial eigenvector mapping. We evaluated model accuracies and amounts of explained spatial structure, and examined the changes in predictive power of the environmental and spatial variables. Results Accounting for different scales of SAC significantly enhanced the predictive capability of iSDMs. Dramatic improvements were observed when fine‐scale SAC was included, suggesting that local range‐confining processes are important in P. ramorum spread. The importance of environmental variables was relatively consistent across all models, but the explanatory power decreased in spatial models for factors with strong spatial structure. While accounting for SAC reduced the amount of residual autocorrelation for GLM but not for Maxent, it still improved the performance of both approaches, supporting our hypothesis that dispersal and colonization processes are important factors to consider in distribution models of biological invasions. Main conclusions Spatial autocorrelation has become a paradigm in biogeography and ecological modelling. In addition to avoiding the violation of statistical assumptions, accounting for spatial patterns at multiple scales can enhance our understanding of dynamic processes that explain ecological mechanisms of invasion and improve the predictive performance of static iSDMs. DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02589.x VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 42-55 SN - 1365-2699 KW - Autocovariate KW - invasive species KW - model performance KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - plant pathogen KW - spatial autocorrelation KW - spatial eigenvector mapping KW - species distribution model KW - trend surface KW - western USA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of intercropped switchgrass establishment under a range of experimental site preparation treatments in a forested setting on the Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA AU - Albaugh, J. M. AU - Sucre, E. B. AU - Leggett, Zakiya H AU - Domec, J. C. AU - King, J. S. T2 - Biomass and Bioenergy AB - There is growing interest in using switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as a biofuel crop and for its potential to sequester carbon. However, there are limited data on the establishment success of this species when grown as a forest intercrop in coastal plain settings of the U.S. Southeast. Therefore, we studied establishment success of switchgrass within experimental intercropped plots and in pure switchgrass plots in an intensively managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation in eastern North Carolina. Pine trees were planted in the winter of 2008, and switchgrass was planted in the summer of 2009. Establishment success of switchgrass was measured over the growing season from May to October 2010, and quantified in terms of percent cover, height (cm), tiller density (number of tillers m−2), leaf area index and biomass (Mg ha−1). At the end of the growing season, pure switchgrass plots were taller than the intercropped treatments (114 ± 2 cm versus 98 ± 1 cm, respectively), but no significant treatment effects were evident in the other variables measured. Switchgrass biomass across all treatments increased from 2.65 ± 0.81 Mg ha−1 in 2009 to 4.14 ± 0.45 Mg ha−1 in 2010. There was no significant effect of distance from the pine row on any switchgrass growth parameters. However, we anticipate a shading effect over time that may limit switchgrass growth as the pines approach stand closure. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.06.029 VL - 46 SP - 673–682 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Calibration of a species-specific spectral vegetation index for leaf area index (LAI) monitoring: Example with MODIS reflectance time-series on eucalyptus plantations AU - Maire, G. AU - Marsden, C. AU - Nouvellon, Y. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Ponzoni, F. J. T2 - Journal of Remote Sensing DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 4 IS - 12 SP - 3766-3780 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Occupancy Models to Evaluate Expert Knowledge-based Species-Habitat Relationships AU - Iglecia, Monica N. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - McKerrow, Alexa J. T2 - AVIAN CONSERVATION AND ECOLOGY AB - Iglecia, M. N., J. A. Collazo, and A. J. McKerrow. 2012. Use of occupancy models to evaluate expert knowledge-based species-habitat relationships. Avian Conservation and Ecology 7(2): 5.http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ACE-00551-070205 DA - 2012/12// PY - 2012/12// DO - 10.5751/ace-00551-070205 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - SN - 1712-6568 KW - Breeding Bird Survey KW - Brown-headed Nuthatch KW - Eastern Wood-Pewee KW - expert knowledge KW - habitat conservation KW - Red-headed Woodpecker KW - South Atlantic Coastal Plain ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulating the Sustainability of Forest Management in the Americas: Cross-Country Comparisons of Forest Legislation AU - McGinley, Kathleen AU - Alvarado, Raquel AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Diaz, Diana AU - Donoso, Pablo J. AU - Jacovine, Laércio Antônio Gonçalves AU - de Silva, Fabiano Luiz AU - MacIntyre, Charles AU - Zalazar, Elizabeth Monges T2 - Forests AB - Based on theoretical underpinnings and an empirical review of forest laws and regulations of selected countries throughout the Americas, we examine key components of natural forest management and how they are addressed in the legal frameworks of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the U.S. We consider forest policy directives in terms of legislative, planning, operational, environmental/ecological, social, and economic aspects and classify them by the type of policy obligation: (1) non-discretionary laws or rules; or (2) discretionary, voluntary directives; and, further, by the type of policy approach: (1) a specific technology or practice required or recommended; (2) a process or system requirement or recommendation; or (3) a performance or outcome based requirement or recommendation. Protection of at-risk species and riparian buffers are required in all countries and include specific prescriptions in most; forest management planning and secure, legal land title or tenancy are commonly required; and mandatory processes to protect soil and water quality are customary. Less common requirements include forest monitoring and social and economic aspects, and, when in place, they are usually voluntary. Implications for improved policies to achieve sustainable forest management (SFM) are discussed. DA - 2012/7/6/ PY - 2012/7/6/ DO - 10.3390/f3030467 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 467-505 J2 - Forests LA - en OP - SN - 1999-4907 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f3030467 DB - Crossref KW - forest regulation KW - sustainable forest management policy KW - Latin America KW - North America ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of five modelling techniques to predict the spatial distribution and abundance of seabirds AU - Oppel, Steffen AU - Meirinho, Ana AU - Ramirez, Ivan AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Allan F. O'Connell, AU - Miller, Peter I. AU - Louzao, Maite T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - Knowledge about the spatial distribution of seabirds at sea is important for conservation. During marine conservation planning, logistical constraints preclude seabird surveys covering the complete area of interest and spatial distribution of seabirds is frequently inferred from predictive statistical models. Increasingly complex models are available to relate the distribution and abundance of pelagic seabirds to environmental variables, but a comparison of their usefulness for delineating protected areas for seabirds is lacking. Here we compare the performance of five modelling techniques (generalised linear models, generalised additive models, Random Forest, boosted regression trees, and maximum entropy) to predict the distribution of Balearic Shearwaters (Puffinus mauretanicus) along the coast of the western Iberian Peninsula. We used ship transect data from 2004 to 2009 and 13 environmental variables to predict occurrence and density, and evaluated predictive performance of all models using spatially segregated test data. Predicted distribution varied among the different models, although predictive performance varied little. An ensemble prediction that combined results from all five techniques was robust and confirmed the existence of marine important bird areas for Balearic Shearwaters in Portugal and Spain. Our predictions suggested additional areas that would be of high priority for conservation and could be proposed as protected areas. Abundance data were extremely difficult to predict, and none of five modelling techniques provided a reliable prediction of spatial patterns. We advocate the use of ensemble modelling that combines the output of several methods to predict the spatial distribution of seabirds, and use these predictions to target separate surveys assessing the abundance of seabirds in areas of regular use. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.013 VL - 156 SP - 94-104 SN - 1873-2917 KW - Species distribution model KW - Machine learning KW - Marine protected area KW - Important bird area (IBA) KW - Shearwater KW - Portugal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trends over time in tree and seedling phylogenetic diversity indicate regional differences in forest biodiversity change AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Woodall, Christopher W. T2 - Ecological Applications AB - Changing climate conditions may impact the short‐term ability of forest tree species to regenerate in many locations. In the longer term, tree species may be unable to persist in some locations while they become established in new places. Over both time frames, forest tree biodiversity may change in unexpected ways. Using repeated inventory measurements five years apart from more than 7000 forested plots in the eastern United States, we tested three hypotheses: phylogenetic diversity is substantially different from species richness as a measure of biodiversity; forest communities have undergone recent changes in phylogenetic diversity that differ by size class, region, and seed dispersal strategy; and these patterns are consistent with expected early effects of climate change. Specifically, the magnitude of diversity change across broad regions should be greater among seedlings than in trees, should be associated with latitude and elevation, and should be greater among species with high dispersal capacity. Our analyses demonstrated that phylogenetic diversity and species richness are decoupled at small and medium scales and are imperfectly associated at large scales. This suggests that it is appropriate to apply indicators of biodiversity change based on phylogenetic diversity, which account for evolutionary relationships among species and may better represent community functional diversity. Our results also detected broadscale patterns of forest biodiversity change that are consistent with expected early effects of climate change. First, the statistically significant increase over time in seedling diversity in the South suggests that conditions there have become more favorable for the reproduction and dispersal of a wider variety of species, whereas the significant decrease in northern seedling diversity indicates that northern conditions have become less favorable. Second, we found weak correlations between seedling diversity change and latitude in both zones, with stronger relationships apparent in some ecoregions. Finally, we detected broadscale seedling diversity increases among species with longer‐distance dispersal capacity, even in the northern zone, where overall seedling diversity declined. The statistical power and geographic extent of such analyses will increase as data become available over larger areas and as plot measurements are repeated at regular intervals over a longer period of time. DA - 2012/3// PY - 2012/3// DO - 10.1890/10-2137.1 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 517-531 J2 - Ecological Applications LA - en OP - SN - 1051-0761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/10-2137.1 DB - Crossref KW - biodiversity KW - climate change KW - conservation biology KW - dispersal KW - ecosystem function KW - forest health KW - indicator KW - landscape ecology KW - monitoring KW - North America KW - phylogenetic diversity KW - regional scale ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Those puppy-dog eyes AU - Powell, R. A. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1511/2012.98.355 SP - 356-356 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thieving rodents as substitute dispersers of megafaunal seeds AU - Jansen, Patrick A. AU - Hirsch, Ben T. AU - Emsens, Willem-Jan AU - Zamora-Gutierrez, Veronica AU - Wikelski, Martin AU - Kays, Roland T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - The Neotropics have many plant species that seem to be adapted for seed dispersal by megafauna that went extinct in the late Pleistocene. Given the crucial importance of seed dispersal for plant persistence, it remains a mystery how these plants have survived more than 10,000 y without their mutualist dispersers. Here we present support for the hypothesis that secondary seed dispersal by scatter-hoarding rodents has facilitated the persistence of these large-seeded species. We used miniature radio transmitters to track the dispersal of reputedly megafaunal seeds by Central American agoutis, which scatter-hoard seeds in shallow caches in the soil throughout the forest. We found that seeds were initially cached at mostly short distances and then quickly dug up again. However, rather than eating the recovered seeds, agoutis continued to move and recache the seeds, up to 36 times. Agoutis dispersed an estimated 35% of seeds for >100 m. An estimated 14% of the cached seeds survived to the next year, when a new fruit crop became available to the rodents. Serial video-monitoring of cached seeds revealed that the stepwise dispersal was caused by agoutis repeatedly stealing and recaching each other's buried seeds. Although previous studies suggest that rodents are poor dispersers, we demonstrate that communities of rodents can in fact provide highly effective long-distance seed dispersal. Our findings suggest that thieving scatter-hoarding rodents could substitute for extinct megafaunal seed dispersers of tropical large-seeded trees. DA - 2012/7/31/ PY - 2012/7/31/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1205184109 VL - 109 IS - 31 SP - 12610-12615 SN - 0027-8424 KW - Pleistocene extinctions KW - seed predation KW - cache pilferage KW - telemetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - The potential use of near infrared spectroscopy to discriminate between different pine species and their hybrids AU - Espinoza, Jesus A. AU - Hodge, Gary R. AU - Dvorak, William S. T2 - JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AB - There is growing interest in the use of pine hybrids in commercial forestry plantations in the tropics and sub-tropics. However, the production of pine hybrid seeds can be difficult and is dependent on the presence of an adequate number of male and female strobili, timely application of the pollination bag, good pollination techniques and reasonable weather conditions. After pollination, a wait of two or more years is required for cones to mature and for seeds to be collected. The seeds collected from artificial hybrid crosses in an orchard are assumed to be true hybrids, but might also be the (female) pure species if pollen contamination has occurred prior to or during bagging of the male strobili. Confirming hybridity in pines is often very difficult in the seedling stage when only needle morphological characteristics are used. In this study, we examined ground oven-dried needle samples of 16 pine species from different geographic regions using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to determine if this method is effective in distinguishing between pine species. We also created three “simulated hybrids” by manually mixing needles from three sets of parental pure species. The raw near infrared reflectance spectroscopy data were transformed using standard normal variate and de-trending techniques and a model was developed to distinguish between pure pine species and their “hybrids” using discriminant analysis. A total of 120 paired-species models were developed (one for each potential hybrid of the 16 species). For each of the 120 paired-species models, there were 20 independent observations in a validation data set and the 2400 observations were classified with 94% accuracy. Models were also developed for each of six species-simulated hybrid data sets. A total of 120 independent validation observations were classified as either parental species or simulated hybrid with 90% accuracy. The results indicate that NIR spectroscopy can be used as an effective tool to distinguish between pure pine species and suggest that it will also distinguish hybrids from their parents. Using NIR spectroscopy to verify hybridity in pines might be quicker and less expensive and, in some cases, as accurate as using molecular techniques. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1255/jnirs.1006 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 437-447 SN - 1751-6552 KW - hybridisation KW - introgression KW - hybrid verification KW - pine needles ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of assessment scale and metric selection on the greenhouse gas benefits of woody biomass AU - Galik, Christopher S. AU - Abt, Robert C. T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - Recent attention has focused on the net greenhouse gas (GHG) implications of using woody biomass to produce energy. In particular, a great deal of controversy has erupted over the appropriate manner and scale at which to evaluate these GHG effects. Here, we conduct a comparative assessment of six different assessment scales and four different metric calculation techniques against the backdrop of a common biomass demand scenario. We evaluate the net GHG balance of woody biomass co-firing in existing coal-fired facilities in the state of Virginia, finding that assessment scale and metric calculation technique do in fact strongly influence the net GHG balance yielded by this common scenario. Those assessment scales that do not include possible market effects attributable to increased biomass demand, including changes in forest area, forest management intensity, and traditional industry production, generally produce less-favorable GHG balances than those that do. Given the potential difficulty small operators may have generating or accessing information on the extent of these market effects, however, it is likely that stakeholders and policy makers will need to balance accuracy and comprehensiveness with reporting and administrative simplicity. DA - 2012/9// PY - 2012/9// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.04.009 VL - 44 SP - 1-7 SN - 1873-2909 KW - Biomass KW - Forest KW - Greenhouse gas KW - Accounting KW - Co-firing ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Cellulase-Mediated Saccharification on Wood Derived from Transgenic Low-Lignin Lines of Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) AU - Min, Douyong AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Jameel, Hasan AU - Chiang, Vincent AU - Chang, Hou-min T2 - APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.1007/s12010-012-9833-2 VL - 168 IS - 4 SP - 947-955 SN - 1559-0291 KW - Transgenic hardwood KW - Downregulated lignin KW - Pretreatment KW - Enzymatic saccharification ER - TY - JOUR TI - TEMPORAL VARIATION IN LOCAL WETLAND HYDROLOGY INFLUENCES POSTDISPERSAL SURVIVAL OF JUVENILE WOOD STORKS (MYCTERIA AMERICANA) AU - Borkhataria, Rena R. AU - Frederick, Peter C. AU - Keller, Rebecca A. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - AUK AB - Since the 1960s, anthropogenic shifts in the timing and distribution of surface-water flows in the Everglades have pushed back the onset of reproduction in Wood Storks (Mycteria americana). Late nesting increases the probability that juveniles leave the colony during the summer rainy season, when water levels are high and prey animals unavailable. We used satellite telemetry to track firstyear survival of 85 Wood Storks from southern Florida over 4 years. We further evaluated survival in relation to hydrologic and physiologic variables, including water depths, surface-water recession rates, May rainfall, use of wetland habitats, sex, total feather mercury, whiteblood-cell counts, and heterophih:lymphocyte ratios for a subset of 71 birds, using a known-fates model in Program MARK. Juveniles that dispersed from the colony during favorable conditions (surface water depths <25 cm) had a first-year survival rate of 0.37 ± 0.06 (SE), compared with 0.15 ± 0.04 for those that dispersed into unfavorable conditions (depths >25 cm). General hydrologie conditions (favorable vs. unfavorable), wetland habitat use, and white-blood-cell counts were the best predictors of monthly survival, and the strongest effects were associated with the first month postdispersal. Our study is the first to show a relationship between temporally fluctuating hydrologic variables and survival of juvenile Wood Storks, highlighting the need to consider the timing of hydrologic manipulations when managing wetlands for birds. We conclude that human-induced changes in the temporal patterns of hydrology may have important consequences for the phenology and, ultimately, the demography of wetland birds. DA - 2012/7// PY - 2012/7// DO - 10.1525/auk.2012.11244 VL - 129 IS - 3 SP - 517-528 SN - 1938-4254 KW - dispersal KW - Everglades KW - Mycteria americana KW - phenology KW - survival KW - wading birds KW - wetlands KW - Wood Storks ER - TY - JOUR TI - Splice variant of the SND1 transcription factor is a dominant negative of SND1 members and their regulation in Populus trichocarpa AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Lin, Ying-Chung AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Song, Jian AU - Chen, Hao AU - Zhang, Xing-Hai AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Secondary Wall-Associated NAC Domain 1s (SND1s) are transcription factors (TFs) known to activate a cascade of TF and pathway genes affecting secondary cell wall biosynthesis (xylogenesis) in Arabidopsis and poplars. Elevated SND1 transcriptional activation leads to ectopic xylogenesis and stunted growth. Nothing is known about the upstream regulators of SND1 . Here we report the discovery of a stem-differentiating xylem (SDX)-specific alternative SND1 splice variant, PtrSND1 - A2 IR , that acts as a dominant negative of SND1 transcriptional network genes in Populus trichocarpa . PtrSND1 - A2 IR derives from PtrSND1-A2 , one of the four fully spliced PtrSND1 gene family members ( PtrSND1 - A1 , - A2 , - B1 , and - B2 ). Each full-size PtrSND1 activates its own gene, and all four full-size members activate a common MYB gene ( PtrMYB021 ). PtrSND1-A2 IR represses the expression of its PtrSND1 member genes and PtrMYB021 . Repression of the autoregulation of a TF family by its only splice variant has not been previously reported in plants. PtrSND1-A2 IR lacks DNA binding and transactivation abilities but retains dimerization capability. PtrSND1-A2 IR is localized exclusively in cytoplasmic foci. In the presence of any full-size PtrSND1 member, PtrSND1-A2 IR is translocated into the nucleus exclusively as a heterodimeric partner with full-size PtrSND1s. Our findings are consistent with a model in which the translocated PtrSND1-A2 IR lacking DNA-binding and transactivating abilities can disrupt the function of full-size PtrSND1s, making them nonproductive through heterodimerization, and thereby modulating the SND1 transcriptional network. PtrSND1-A2 IR may contribute to transcriptional homeostasis to avoid deleterious effects on xylogenesis and plant growth. DA - 2012/9/4/ PY - 2012/9/4/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1212977109 VL - 109 IS - 36 SP - 14699-14704 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulating the effects of the southern pine beetle on regional dynamics 60 years into the future AU - Costanza, Jennifer K. AU - Hulcr, Jiri AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - Earnhardt, Todd AU - McKerrow, Alexa J. AU - Dunn, Rob R. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - Ecological Modelling AB - We developed a spatially explicit model that simulated future southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis, SPB) dynamics and pine forest management for a real landscape over 60 years to inform regional forest management. The SPB has a considerable effect on forest dynamics in the Southeastern United States, especially in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stands that are managed for timber production. Regional outbreaks of SPB occur in bursts resulting in elimination of entire stands and major economic loss. These outbreaks are often interspersed with decades of inactivity, making long-term modeling of SPB dynamics challenging. Forest management techniques, including thinning, have proven effective and are often recommended as a way to prevent SPB attack, yet the robustness of current management practices to long-term SPB dynamics has not been examined. We used data from previously documented SPB infestations and forest inventory data to model four scenarios of SPB dynamics and pine forest management. We incorporated two levels of beetle pressure: a background low level, and a higher level in which SPB had the potential to spread among pine stands. For each level of beetle pressure, we modeled two scenarios of forest management: one assuming forests would be managed continuously via thinning, and one with a reduction in thinning. For our study area in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama, we found that beetle pressure and forest management both influenced the landscape effects of SPB. Under increased SPB pressure, even with continuous management, the area of pine forests affected across the region was six times greater than under baseline SPB levels. However, under high SPB pressure, continuous management decreased the area affected by nearly half compared with reduced management. By incorporating a range of forest and SPB dynamics over long time scales, our results extend previous modeling studies, and inform forest managers and policy-makers about the potential future effects of SPB. Our model can also be used to investigate the effects of additional scenarios on SPB dynamics, such as alternative management or climate change. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.06.037 VL - 244 SP - 93-103 J2 - Ecological Modelling LA - en OP - SN - 0304-3800 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.06.037 DB - Crossref KW - Forest thinning KW - Southern pine beetle prevention KW - Southern pine beetle risk KW - State-and-transition simulation model KW - TELSA KW - VDDT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Opinions from the front lines of cat colony management conflict AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Hartis, B. AU - Rodriguez, S. AU - Green, M. AU - Lepczyk, C. A. T2 - PLoS One DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 7 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling habitat dynamics accounting for possible misclassification AU - Veran, Sophie AU - Kleiner, Kevin J. AU - Choquet, Remi AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Nichols, James D. T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2012/8// PY - 2012/8// DO - 10.1007/s10980-012-9746-z VL - 27 IS - 7 SP - 943-956 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Habitat dynamics KW - Land cover KW - Habitat misclassification KW - Accuracy KW - Hidden Markov chain KW - Multi-event model ER - TY - JOUR TI - MicroRNAs in trees AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Shi, Rui AU - Zhang, Xing-Hai AU - Chiang, Vincent L. AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DA - 2012/9// PY - 2012/9// DO - 10.1007/s11103-011-9864-z VL - 80 IS - 1 SP - 37-53 SN - 0167-4412 KW - MicroRNA KW - Woody plant KW - Gene regulation KW - Plant development KW - Plant stress response KW - Artificial microRNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intra-annual nutrient flux in Pinus taeda AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Stape, Jose L. AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Rubilar, Rafael A. AU - Price, James W. T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Intra-annual nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium) flux was quantified for Pinus taeda L. at a nutrient-poor, well-drained sandy site in Scotland County, NC, USA where a 2 × 2 factorial of irrigation and nutrition was applied in four replications in a 10-year-old stand with 1200 stems ha−1. Treatments were applied with the goal of providing optimum nutrition (no nutritional deficiencies) and water availability. Component (foliage, branch, stem and root) nutrient content was estimated monthly for 2 years using nutrient concentration and phenology assessments combined with destructive harvests. Positive flux values indicated nutrient accumulation in the trees while negative values indicated nutrient loss from the trees. Fertilization significantly increased nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium flux 140%, on average, over non-fertilized. Irrigation significantly increased calcium flux 28% while there was no significant irrigation effect on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or magnesium. Maximum nutrient fluxes (kg ha−1 day−1) for non-fertilized and fertilized stands were 0.36 and 1.05 for nitrogen, 0.042 and 0.095 for phosphorus, 0.13 and 0.51 for potassium, 0.27 and 0.42 for calcium, and 0.04 and 0.12 for magnesium, respectively. Maximum flux was coincident with ephemeral tissue (foliage and fine root) development and likely would be higher in stands with more foliage than those observed in this study (projected leaf area indices were 1.5 and 3.0 for the non-fertilized and fertilized stands). Minimum nutrient fluxes (kg ha−1 day−1) for non-fertilized and fertilized stands were −0.18 and −0.42 for nitrogen, −0.029 and −0.070 for phosphorus, −0.05 and −0.18 for potassium, −0.04 and −0.05 for calcium, and −0.02 and −0.03 for magnesium, respectively. Minimum fluxes were typically observed in the dormant season and were linked to foliage senescence and branch death. Foliage and branch component nutrient contents were out of phase for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium, indicating nutrient retranslocation and storage in branches prior to foliage development and after foliage senescence. In contrast to current operational fertilizer programs which often target winter application these data suggest the best application times would be during foliage development. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.1093/treephys/tps082 VL - 32 IS - 10 SP - 1237-1258 SN - 1758-4469 KW - loblolly pine KW - nutrient uptake KW - resource availability ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forest Health Monitoring 2008 National Technical Report AU - Potter, K.M. AU - Conkling, B.L. A3 - Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - SRS-158 SP - 179 p. PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of density estimation methods for mammal populations with camera traps in the Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco landscape AU - Noss, A. J. AU - Gardner, B. AU - Maffei, L. AU - Cuellar, E. AU - Montano, R. AU - Romero-Munoz, A. AU - Sollman, R. AU - O'Connell, A. F. T2 - ANIMAL CONSERVATION AB - Abstract Sampling animal populations with camera traps has become increasingly popular over the past two decades, particularly for species that are cryptic, elusive, exist at low densities or range over large areas. The results have been widely used to estimate population size and density. We analyzed data from 13 camera trap surveys conducted at five sites across the K aa‐ I ya landscape, B olivian C haco, for jaguar, puma, ocelot and lowland tapir. We compared two spatially explicit capture–recapture ( SCR ) software packages: secr , a likelihood‐based approach, and SPACECAP , a B ayesian approach, both of which are implemented within the R environment and can be used to estimate animal density from photographic records of individual animals that simultaneously employ spatial information about the capture location relative to the sample location. As a non‐spatial analysis, we used the program CAPTURE 2 to estimate abundance from the capture–recapture records of individuals identified through camera trap photos combined with an ad hoc estimation of the effective survey area to estimate density. SCR methods estimated jaguar population densities from 0.31 to 1.82 individuals per 100 km 2 across the K aa‐ I ya sites; puma from 0.36 to 7.99; ocelot from 1.67 to 51.7; and tapir from 7.38 to 42.9. Density estimates using either secr or SPACECAP were generally lower than the estimates generated using the non‐spatial method for all surveys and species; and density estimates using SPACECAP were generally lower than that using secr . We recommend using either secr or SPACECAP because the spatially explicit methods are not biased by an informal estimation of an effective survey area. Although SPACECAP and secr are less sensitive than non‐spatial methods to the size of the grid used for sampling, we recommend grid sizes several times larger than the average home range (known or estimated) of the target species. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00545.x VL - 15 IS - 5 SP - 527-535 SN - 1469-1795 KW - Leopardus KW - Panthera KW - Puma KW - SPACECAP KW - Spatial Capture Recapture (SCR) KW - Tapirus ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter 6: Large-scale patterns of forest fire occurrence in the conterminous United States and Alaska, 2005-07 AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring 2008 National Technical Report A2 - Kevin M. Potter, A2 - Conkling, Barbara L. PY - 2012/// SP - 73-83 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter 5: Large-scale patterns of insect and disease activity in the conterminous United States and Alaska, 2006 AU - Potter, K.M. AU - Koch, F.H. T2 - Forest health monitoring : 2008 national technical report A2 - Kevin M. Potter, A2 - Conkling, Barbara L. PY - 2012/// SP - 63-72 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter 2: Evolutionary diversity and phylogenic community structure of forest trees across the conterminous United States AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring 2008 National Technical Report A2 - Kevin M. Potter, A2 - Conkling, Barbara L. PY - 2012/// SP - 21-38 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter 1: Introduction AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring 2008 National Technical Report A2 - Kevin M. Potter, A2 - Conkling, Barbara L. PY - 2012/// SP - 9-19 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Book review: Molecular approaches in natural resource conservation and management AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Landscape Ecology DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1007/s10980-011-9679-y VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 467-468 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive molecular evolution of a defence gene in sexual but not functionally asexual evening primroses AU - Hersch-Green, E. I. AU - Myburg, H. AU - Johnson, M. T. J. T2 - Journal of Evolutionary Biology DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 25 IS - 8 SP - 1576-1586 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A two-phase sampling design for increasing detections of rare species in occupancy surveys AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Dorazio, Robert M. AU - Conroy, Michael J. T2 - METHODS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Summary 1. Occupancy estimation is a commonly used tool in ecological studies owing to the ease at which data can be collected and the large spatial extent that can be covered. One major obstacle to using an occupancy‐based approach is the complications associated with designing and implementing an efficient survey. These logistical challenges become magnified when working with rare species when effort can be wasted in areas with none or very few individuals. 2. Here, we develop a two‐phase sampling approach that mitigates these problems by using a design that places more effort in areas with higher predicted probability of occurrence. We compare our new sampling design to traditional single‐season occupancy estimation under a range of conditions and population characteristics. We develop an intuitive measure of predictive error to compare the two approaches and use simulations to assess the relative accuracy of each approach. 3. Our two‐phase approach exhibited lower predictive error rates compared to the traditional single‐season approach in highly spatially correlated environments. The difference was greatest when detection probability was high (0·75) regardless of the habitat or sample size. When the true occupancy rate was below 0·4 (0·05–0·4), we found that allocating 25% of the sample to the first phase resulted in the lowest error rates. 4. In the majority of scenarios, the two‐phase approach showed lower error rates compared to the traditional single‐season approach suggesting our new approach is fairly robust to a broad range of conditions and design factors and merits use under a wide variety of settings. 5. Synthesis and applications. Conservation and management of rare species are a challenging task facing natural resource managers. It is critical for studies involving rare species to efficiently allocate effort and resources as they are usually of a finite nature. We believe our approach provides a framework for optimal allocation of effort while maximizing the information content of the data in an attempt to provide the highest conservation value per unit of effort. DA - 2012/8// PY - 2012/8// DO - 10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00201.x VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 721-730 SN - 2041-2096 KW - monitoring KW - occupancy estimation KW - survey design KW - survey effort KW - threatened and endangered species ER - TY - JOUR TI - A NEW (HOVENIA) AND AN OLD (CHADRONOXYLON) FOSSIL WOOD FROM THE LATE EOCENE FLORISSANT FORMATION, COLORADO, USA AU - Wheeler, Elisabeth A. AU - Meyer, Herbert W. T2 - IAWA JOURNAL AB - A fossil wood with features similar to those of the Oligocene Hovenia palaeodulcis Suzuki (Rhamnaceae) from Japan is described from the late Eocene Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, Colorado, U.S.A. This is the first report of fossil wood of this Asian genus in North America and is further documentation of Tertiary exchange between East Asia and North America. The affinities of Chadronoxylon florissantensis , the most common angiosperm wood at Florissant, are reevaluated; its combination of features suggests relationships with two families in the Malpighiales, the Salicaceae and Phyllanthaceae. Chadronoxylon is compared with Paraphyllanthoxylon Bailey. The Eocene P. hainanensis from China has notable differences from the original diagnosis of Paraphyllanthoxylon , but shares features with Chadronoxylon warranting transfer of P. hainanensis to Chadronoxylon and the creation of Chadronoxylon hainanensis (Feng, Yi, Jen) Wheeler & Meyer, comb. nov. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1163/22941932-90000096 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 309-318 SN - 2294-1932 KW - Hovenia KW - Rhamnaceae KW - Chadronoxylon KW - Paraphyllanthoxylon KW - Malpighiales ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is a home range? AU - Powell, Roger A. AU - Mitchell, Michael S. T2 - JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY AB - “Home range” is a standard concept in animal ecology and behavior but few people try to understand what home ranges mean to the animals that have them and often assume that a home-range estimate, quantified using some method, is the home range. This leads to 2 problems. First, researchers put much energy into discerning and using the “best” methods for estimating home ranges while no one understands, really, what a home range is. Second, maps delineating home-range estimates may have little connection with what home ranges are and what they mean to the animals that have them. To gain insight into these problems, Roger Powell (hereafter, Roger) documented his own use of space for 65 days, obtaining complete data on where he went, what he did, and how much energy and money he expended and gained in each place. Roger's use of space is consistent with how other mammals use space and, therefore, examination of his data provides insight into what a home range is and how ecologists should approach quantifying other animals' home ranges. We present estimates of Roger's home range in 5 different metrics, or currencies, that provide important and different insights. Home-range estimators that combine different types of information to estimate the spatial distribution and qualities of resources that structure animal behavior (i.e., fitness surfaces) will probably provide the most insight into animals’ home ranges. To make reasonable estimates of home ranges, researchers must collect data on habitat, resources, and other attributes of the landscape, so that they can understand basic behaviors of animals and understand how animals may view their environment. We propose that the best concept of a home range is that part of an animal's cognitive map of its environment that it chooses to keep updated. DA - 2012/8// PY - 2012/8// DO - 10.1644/11-mamm-s-177.1 VL - 93 IS - 4 SP - 948-958 SN - 1545-1542 KW - cognitive map KW - currency KW - fitness surface KW - global positioning system KW - hippocampus KW - home range KW - telemetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of harvest residue in rotation cycle carbon balance in loblolly pine plantations. Respiration partitioning approach AU - Noormets, Asko AU - McNulty, Steve G. AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Gavazzi, Michael AU - Sun, Ge AU - King, John S. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Timber harvests remove a significant portion of ecosystem carbon. While some of the wood products moved off‐site may last past the harvest cycle of the particular forest crop, the effect of the episodic disturbances on long‐term on‐site carbon sequestration is unclear. The current study presents a 25 year carbon budget estimate for a typical commercial loblolly pine plantation in N orth C arolina, USA , spanning the entire rotation cycle. We use a chronosequence approach, based on 5 years of data from two adjacent loblolly pine plantations. We found that while the ecosystem is very productive ( GEP up to 2900 g m −2 yr −1 , NEE at maturity about 900 g C m −2 yr −1 ), the production of detritus does not offset the loss of soil C through heterotrophic respiration ( R H ) on an annual basis. The input of dead roots at harvest may offset the losses, but there remain significant uncertainties about both the size and decomposition dynamics of this pool. The pulse of detritus produced at harvest resulted in a more than 60% increase in R H . Contrary to expectations, the peak of R H in relation to soil respiration ( SR ) did not occur immediately after the harvest disturbance, but in years 3 and 4, suggesting that a pool of roots may have remained alive for the first few years. On the other hand, the pulse of aboveground R H from coarse woody debris lasted only 2 years. The postharvest increase in R H was offset by a decrease in autotrophic respiration such that the total ecosystem respiration changed little. The observed flux rates show that even though the soil C pool may not necessarily decrease in the long‐term, old soil C is definitely an active component in the site C cycle, contributing about 25–30% of the R H over the rotation cycle. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02776.x VL - 18 IS - 10 SP - 3186-3201 SN - 1354-1013 KW - chronosequence KW - coarse woody debris KW - detritus KW - harvesting KW - heterotrophic respiration KW - loblolly pine KW - managed forest KW - soil carbon ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Influence of Place Meanings on Conservation and Human Rights in the Arizona Sonora Borderlands AU - Shellabarger, Rachel AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Sills, Erin AU - Cubbage, Frederick T2 - Environmental Communication AB - Rachel ShellabargerRachel Shellabarger is a graduate student in Forestry and Environmental Resources at North Carolina State University, M. Nils Peterson*Nils Peterson is an Assistant Professor of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology at North Carolina State University, Erin SillsErin Sills is an Associate Professor of Forestry and Environmental Resources at North Carolina State University & Frederick CubbageFred Cubbage is a Professor of Forestry and Environmental Resources at North Carolina State University DA - 2012/7/16/ PY - 2012/7/16/ DO - 10.1080/17524032.2012.688059 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 383-402 J2 - Environmental Communication LA - en OP - SN - 1752-4032 1752-4040 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2012.688059 DB - Crossref KW - Altar Valley KW - Conservation KW - Culturescape KW - Immigration KW - Mexico KW - Migration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil Nitrogen Transformations Associated with Small Patterned-Ground Features along a North American Arctic Transect AU - Kelley, Alexia M. AU - Epstein, Howard E. AU - Ping, Chien-Lu AU - Walker, Donald A. T2 - PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES AB - ABSTRACT Small patterned‐ground features (PGFs) in the Arctic have unique soil properties that vary with latitude and may greatly affect tundra biogeochemistry. Because nitrogen availability can strongly limit arctic vegetation growth, we examined how soil nitrogen transformations differ between PGFs and the surrounding inter‐PGF tundra along an arctic latitudinal gradient. We collected soils at eight sites from the Alaskan Low Arctic to the Canadian High Arctic. The soils were incubated for 21 days at 9 °C and 15 °C and analysed for changes in total inorganic nitrogen, nitrate and extractable organic nitrogen (EON). We found greater nitrogen immobilisation in the surrounding inter‐PGF soils than in the PGF soils. Along the latitudinal gradient, differences in net nitrogen mineralisation and EON cycling between PGF and inter‐PGF soils were strongly influenced by the presence of a pH boundary within the Low Arctic and the transition between the High and Low Arctic, with greater immobilisation in the nonacidic and Low Arctic sites, respectively. Incubation temperature affected EON flux but did not affect net nitrogen mineralisation or nitrification. These results show that spatial heterogeneity at several scales can influence soil nitrogen dynamics, and is therefore an important influence on arctic ecosystem function. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2012/7// PY - 2012/7// DO - 10.1002/ppp.1748 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 196-206 SN - 1099-1530 KW - Alaska KW - Canada KW - latitudinal gradient KW - micro-site KW - nitrogen cycling KW - tundra ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simple additive effects are rare: a quantitative review of plant biomass and soil process responses to combined manipulations of CO2 and temperature AU - Dieleman, Wouter I. J. AU - Vicca, Sara AU - Dijkstra, Feike A. AU - Hagedorn, Frank AU - Hovenden, Mark J. AU - Larsen, Klaus S. AU - Morgan, Jack A. AU - Volder, Astrid AU - Beier, Claus AU - Dukes, Jeffrey S. AU - King, John AU - Leuzinger, Sebastian AU - Linder, Sune AU - Luo, Yiqi AU - Oren, Ram AU - Angelis, Paolo AU - Tingey, David AU - Hoosbeek, Marcel R. AU - Janssens, Ivan A. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract In recent years, increased awareness of the potential interactions between rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations ([ CO 2 ]) and temperature has illustrated the importance of multifactorial ecosystem manipulation experiments for validating Earth System models. To address the urgent need for increased understanding of responses in multifactorial experiments, this article synthesizes how ecosystem productivity and soil processes respond to combined warming and [ CO 2 ] manipulation, and compares it with those obtained in single factor [ CO 2 ] and temperature manipulation experiments. Across all combined elevated [ CO 2 ] and warming experiments, biomass production and soil respiration were typically enhanced. Responses to the combined treatment were more similar to those in the [ CO 2 ]‐only treatment than to those in the warming‐only treatment. In contrast to warming‐only experiments, both the combined and the [ CO 2 ]‐only treatments elicited larger stimulation of fine root biomass than of aboveground biomass, consistently stimulated soil respiration, and decreased foliar nitrogen (N) concentration. Nonetheless, mineral N availability declined less in the combined treatment than in the [ CO 2 ]‐only treatment, possibly due to the warming‐induced acceleration of decomposition, implying that progressive nitrogen limitation ( PNL ) may not occur as commonly as anticipated from single factor [ CO 2 ] treatment studies. Responses of total plant biomass, especially of aboveground biomass, revealed antagonistic interactions between elevated [ CO 2 ] and warming, i.e. the response to the combined treatment was usually less‐than‐additive. This implies that productivity projections might be overestimated when models are parameterized based on single factor responses. Our results highlight the need for more (and especially more long‐term) multifactor manipulation experiments. Because single factor CO 2 responses often dominated over warming responses in the combined treatments, our results also suggest that projected responses to future global warming in Earth System models should not be parameterized using single factor warming experiments. DA - 2012/9// PY - 2012/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02745.x VL - 18 IS - 9 SP - 2681-2693 SN - 1365-2486 KW - [ CO2 ] enrichment KW - biomass KW - C sequestration KW - elevated temperature KW - manipulation experiments KW - multifactor experiments KW - nitrogen availability KW - soil respiration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seedling resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in the genus Abies AU - Frampton, John AU - Benson, D. Michael T2 - Annals of Forest Science AB - Root rot and stem canker caused by Oomycete species belonging to the genus Phytophthora often seriously limit culture of true firs (Abies spp.) An investigation of the variation of resistance among Abies species to Phytophthor a cinnamomi was carried out to identify potential sources of resistance in the genus. Thirty-two Abies species were grown in a greenhouse for 2 and/or 3 years from seed. Seedlings were moved to an outdoor lath house, inoculated with rice grains colonized with P. cinnamomi, and subsequent mortality was assessed biweekly for 16 weeks. Disease developed rapidly resulting in 88.1 % overall mortality 16 weeks after inoculation. Mortality was less in two of the eight taxonomic sections of the genus evaluated, Momi (0.65 ± 0.0252) and Abies (0.79 ± 0.0193). Mortality in all other sections exceeded 93 %. Final species mortality ranged from 10.6 % (Abies firma) to 100.0 % (several species). Although several caveats apply, results have identified potential sources of Abies to be used as (1) resistant planting stock, (2) grafting rootstock, and (3) parents in hybridization/backcrossing programs in order to mitigate losses caused by P. cinnamomi. DA - 2012/5/8/ PY - 2012/5/8/ DO - 10.1007/S13595-012-0205-4 VL - 69 IS - 7 SP - 805-812 J2 - Annals of Forest Science LA - en OP - SN - 1286-4560 1297-966X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S13595-012-0205-4 DB - Crossref KW - Abies KW - Fir KW - Phytophthora KW - Phytophthora cinnamomi KW - Host range KW - Root rot KW - Christmas trees KW - Disease resistance KW - Plant disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immobilization of white-tailed deer with telazol, ketamine, and xylazine, and evaluation of antagonists AU - Monteith, Kevin L. AU - Monteith, Kyle B. AU - Delger, Joshua A. AU - Schmitz, Lowell E. AU - Brinkman, Todd J. AU - Deperno, Christopher S. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Telazol–xylazine and ketamine–xylazine are versatile and safe drug combinations that are used frequently for chemical immobilization of cervids. Although neither combination consistently offers rapid induction and recovery, we hypothesized that a combination of Telazol, ketamine, and xylazine (TKX) would provide a safe and effective alternative for immobilization of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). During a 2-stage study, we evaluated the effectiveness of yohimbine and tolazoline as alpha2-adrenergic antagonists (2005–2006), and characterized the factors that affected chemical immobilization of male deer with a targeted dose of telazol (2.20 mg/kg), ketamine (1.76 mg/kg), and xylazine (0.44 mg/kg), using explosive-charged darts (2007–2010). During the first stage, we randomly assigned deer to antagonist treatments, including a control group that did not receive an antagonist (n = 8), a tolazoline (4 mg/kg) treatment (n = 16), and a yohimbine (0.11 mg/kg) treatment (n = 15). Recovery times were longer (P = 0.0013) for control (150.6 ± 21.7 min) and yohimbine (74.5 ± 13.1 min), compared with tolazoline (12.5 ± 12.3 min). Tolazoline resulted in faster and more complete recovery compared with the frequent incomplete antagonism and ataxia observed with yohimbine. During the second stage, 56 immobilization events (2007–2010) with TKX yielded a mean induction time of 7.8 minutes (SE = 0.44). Repeated-measures analyses indicated that induction and recovery were affected by body weight, with larger males taking longer to become recumbent (P = 0.08), but they recovered more rapidly (P = 0.003) following administration of tolazoline. Physiological parameters we measured under anesthesia were within normal ranges for white-tailed deer; however, initial temperature was higher (β = −0.86) for younger males (P = 0.014). Final physiological parameters were closely related to initial measurements, with rectal temperature being the most preserved (β = 0.90); heart and respiration rate declined (β < 0.60) during anesthesia. Our results indicate that TKX may be useful for chemically immobilizing white-tailed deer, and we recommend tolazoline as an antagonist for xylazine. © 2012 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2012/9// PY - 2012/9// DO - 10.1002/jwmg.383 VL - 76 IS - 7 SP - 1412-1419 SN - 1937-2817 KW - anesthesia KW - ketamine KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - telazol KW - tolazoline KW - white-tailed deer KW - xylazine KW - yohimbine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional redundancy of the two 5-hydroxylases in monolignol biosynthesis of Populus trichocarpa: LC-MS/MS based protein quantification and metabolic flux analysis AU - Wang, Jack P. AU - Shuford, Christopher M. AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Song, Jina AU - Lin, Ying-Chung AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Chen, Hsi-Chuan AU - Williams, Cranos M. AU - Muddiman, David C. AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANTA DA - 2012/9// PY - 2012/9// DO - 10.1007/s00425-012-1663-5 VL - 236 IS - 3 SP - 795-808 SN - 1432-2048 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865584315&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Lignin KW - Syringyl lignin KW - Angiosperm KW - Kinetics KW - Subcellular localization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Foraging optimally for home ranges AU - Mitchell, Michael S. AU - Powell, Roger A. T2 - JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY AB - Economic models predict behavior of animals based on the presumption that natural selection has shaped behaviors important to an animal's fitness to maximize benefits over costs. Economic analyses have shown that territories of animals are structured by trade-offs between benefits gained from resources and costs of defending them. Intuitively, home ranges should be similarly structured, but trade-offs are difficult to assess because there are no costs of defense, thus economic models of home-range behavior are rare. We present economic models that predict how home ranges can be efficient with respect to spatially distributed resources, discounted for travel costs, under 2 strategies of optimization, resource maximization and area minimization. We show how constraints such as competitors can influence structure of homes ranges through resource depression, ultimately structuring density of animals within a population and their distribution on a landscape. We present simulations based on these models to show how they can be generally predictive of home-range behavior and the mechanisms that structure the spatial distribution of animals. We also show how contiguous home ranges estimated statistically from location data can be misleading for animals that optimize home ranges on landscapes with patchily distributed resources. We conclude with a summary of how we applied our models to nonterritorial black bears (Ursus americanus) living in the mountains of North Carolina, where we found their home ranges were best predicted by an area-minimization strategy constrained by intraspecific competition within a social hierarchy. Economic models can provide strong inference about home-range behavior and the resources that structure home ranges by offering falsifiable, a priori hypotheses that can be tested with field observations. DA - 2012/8// PY - 2012/8// DO - 10.1644/11-mamm-s-157.1 VL - 93 IS - 4 SP - 917-928 SN - 1545-1542 KW - area minimization KW - black bear KW - distribution KW - habitat quality KW - home range KW - optimality KW - resource depression KW - resource maximization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating Distribution of Hidden Objects with Drones: From Tennis Balls to Manatees AU - Martin, Julien AU - Edwards, Holly H. AU - Burgess, Matthew A. AU - Percival, H. Franklin AU - Fagan, Daniel E. AU - Gardner, Beth E. AU - Ortega-Ortiz, Joel G. AU - Ifju, Peter G. AU - Evers, Brandon S. AU - Rambo, Thomas J. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), or drones, have been used widely in military applications, but more recently civilian applications have emerged (e.g., wildlife population monitoring, traffic monitoring, law enforcement, oil and gas pipeline threat detection). UAV can have several advantages over manned aircraft for wildlife surveys, including reduced ecological footprint, increased safety, and the ability to collect high-resolution geo-referenced imagery that can document the presence of species without the use of a human observer. We illustrate how geo-referenced data collected with UAV technology in combination with recently developed statistical models can improve our ability to estimate the distribution of organisms. To demonstrate the efficacy of this methodology, we conducted an experiment in which tennis balls were used as surrogates of organisms to be surveyed. We used a UAV to collect images of an experimental field with a known number of tennis balls, each of which had a certain probability of being hidden. We then applied spatially explicit occupancy models to estimate the number of balls and created precise distribution maps. We conducted three consecutive surveys over the experimental field and estimated the total number of balls to be 328 (95%CI: 312, 348). The true number was 329 balls, but simple counts based on the UAV pictures would have led to a total maximum count of 284. The distribution of the balls in the field followed a simulated environmental gradient. We also were able to accurately estimate the relationship between the gradient and the distribution of balls. Our experiment demonstrates how this technology can be used to create precise distribution maps in which discrete regions of the study area are assigned a probability of presence of an object. Finally, we discuss the applicability and relevance of this experimental study to the case study of Florida manatee distribution at power plants. DA - 2012/6/25/ PY - 2012/6/25/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0038882 VL - 7 IS - 6 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diverse perspectives on mammal home ranges or a home range is more than location densities AU - Powell, Roger A. T2 - JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY AB - Home ranges relate to all aspects of a mammal's biology. The 5 papers in this Special Feature provide statistical, economic, game theoretic, mechanistic, information dependent, and conceptual approaches to understanding home ranges and why animals have them. All the papers emphasize the importance of testing a priori hypotheses, especially hypotheses that elucidate why animals behave as they do. All the papers relate resources and habitat quality to home ranges. Finally, the authors oppose viewing home ranges as the product of measurements and suggest viewing home ranges as the cognitive maps that animals maintain and update. DA - 2012/8// PY - 2012/8// DO - 10.1644/12-mamm-5-060.1 VL - 93 IS - 4 SP - 887-889 SN - 0022-2372 KW - cognitive map KW - habitat quality KW - home range KW - hypothesis testing KW - resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determining suitable locations for seed transfer under climate change: a global quantitative method AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Hargrove, William W. T2 - New Forests AB - Changing climate conditions will complicate efforts to match seed sources with the environments to which they are best adapted. Tree species distributions may have to shift to match new environmental conditions, potentially requiring the establishment of some species entirely outside of their current distributions to thrive. Even within the portions of tree species ranges that remain generally suitable for the species, local populations may not be well-adapted to altered local conditions. To assist efforts to restore forests and to maximize forest productivity in the face of climate change, we developed a set of 30,000 quantitatively defined seed transfer “ecoregions” across the globe. Reflecting current and future conditions, these were created by combining global maps of potentially important environmental characteristics using a large-scale statistical clustering technique. This approach assigns every 4 km2 terrestrial raster cell into an ecoregion using non-hierarchical clustering of the cells in multivariate space based on 16 environmental variables. Two cells anywhere on the map with similar combinations of environmental characteristics are located near each other in this data space; cells are then classified into relatively homogeneous ecoregion clusters. Using two global circulation models and two emissions scenarios, we next mapped the predicted environmentally equivalent future locations of each ecoregion in 2050 and 2100. We further depicted areas of decreasing environmental similarity to given ecoregions, both in current time and under climate change. This approach could help minimize the risk that trees used for production, restoration, reforestation, and afforestation are maladapted to their planting sites. DA - 2012/4/5/ PY - 2012/4/5/ DO - 10.1007/s11056-012-9322-z VL - 43 IS - 5-6 SP - 581-599 J2 - New Forests LA - en OP - SN - 0169-4286 1573-5095 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9322-z DB - Crossref KW - Restoration KW - Conservation genetics KW - Quantitative ecoregions KW - Multivariate clustering KW - Seed sources KW - Human-assisted migration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Demographic transition among hunters: a temporal analysis of hunter recruitment dedication and motives in Denmark AU - Hansen, Hans Peter AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Jensen, Charlotte T2 - Wildlife Research AB - Context In many countries, hunting has emerged as a major source of funding for wildlife conservation and research or habitat acquisition. In some countries, recent declines in recruitment of hunters have generated concerns about the consequences of the rapid demographic change within society in general, and among hunters in particular. Gaining a better understanding of how these demographic changes influence dedication to and motivation for hunting has therefore become an important task. Aims Our aims included documenting the demographic transition among Danish hunters, and identifying correlates of hunter recruitment age, motivations and dedication. Methods We addressed these aims using a national survey of Danish hunters in 2000 (n = 1186) and 2006 (n = 701). Survey data were analysed using multiple regression models. Key results Whereas recruitment numbers remained stable, the average age of recruitment for hunters increased from 21 to 34 between 1984 and 2006, and the percentage of new hunters younger than 20 declined from 63% to 19% during the same period. Respondents who hunted to experience nature were recruited at older ages than other hunters. Recruitment age was negatively related to number of days hunting per year and relative importance placed on hunting as a recreational activity, and positively related to being recruited by friends, female gender, being married, and having an urban childhood. Conclusions The global demographic transition towards an older and more urban populace may drive a change in hunter demographics rather than a decline of hunting. Implications The present study suggests that hunting can persist in the face of rapid demographic change. However, the study also indicates several important structural barriers for new hunters, favouring those hunters being economically most well off and leading to a decline in hunting dedication. To meet these challenges, the study suggests that modifications will be needed in hunter education programs and hunter recruitment campaigns, so as to maintain hunting as a significant positive factor within wildlife conservation. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1071/WR12028 VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 446 J2 - Wildl. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 1035-3712 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WR12028 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - DO3SE modelling of soil moisture to determine ozone flux to forest trees AU - Bueker, P. AU - Morrissey, T. AU - Briolat, A. AU - Falk, R. AU - Simpson, D. AU - Tuovinen, J. -P. AU - Alonso, R. AU - Barth, S. AU - Baumgarten, M. AU - Grulke, N. AU - Karlsson, P. E. AU - King, J. AU - Lagergren, F. AU - Matyssek, R. AU - Nunn, A. AU - Ogaya, R. AU - Penuelas, J. AU - Rhea, L. AU - Schaub, M. AU - Uddling, J. AU - Werner, W. AU - Emberson, L. D. T2 - ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS AB - Abstract. The DO3SE (Deposition of O3 for Stomatal Exchange) model is an established tool for estimating ozone (O3) deposition, stomatal flux and impacts to a variety of vegetation types across Europe. It has been embedded within the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) photochemical model to provide a policy tool capable of relating the flux-based risk of vegetation damage to O3 precursor emission scenarios for use in policy formulation. A key limitation of regional flux-based risk assessments has been the assumption that soil water deficits are not limiting O3 flux due to the unavailability of evaluated methods for modelling soil water deficits and their influence on stomatal conductance (gsto), and subsequent O3 flux. This paper describes the development and evaluation of a method to estimate soil moisture status and its influence on gsto for a variety of forest tree species. This DO3SE soil moisture module uses the Penman-Monteith energy balance method to drive water cycling through the soil-plant-atmosphere system and empirical data describing gsto relationships with pre-dawn leaf water status to estimate the biological control of transpiration. We trial four different methods to estimate this biological control of the transpiration stream, which vary from simple methods that relate soil water content or potential directly to gsto, to more complex methods that incorporate hydraulic resistance and plant capacitance that control water flow through the plant system. These methods are evaluated against field data describing a variety of soil water variables, gsto and transpiration data for Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), birch (Betula pendula), aspen (Populus tremuloides), beech (Fagus sylvatica) and holm oak (Quercus ilex) collected from ten sites across Europe and North America. Modelled estimates of these variables show consistency with observed data when applying the simple empirical methods, with the timing and magnitude of soil drying events being captured well across all sites and reductions in transpiration with the onset of drought being predicted with reasonable accuracy. The more complex methods, which incorporate hydraulic resistance and plant capacitance, perform less well, with predicted drying cycles consistently underestimating the rate and magnitude of water loss from the soil. A sensitivity analysis showed that model performance was strongly dependent upon the local parameterisation of key model drivers such as the maximum gsto, soil texture, root depth and leaf area index. The results suggest that the simple modelling methods that relate gsto directly to soil water content and potential provide adequate estimates of soil moisture and influence on gsto such that they are suitable to be used to assess the potential risk posed by O3 to forest trees across Europe. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.5194/acp-12-5537-2012 VL - 12 IS - 12 SP - 5537-5562 SN - 1680-7324 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing biodiversity conservation conflict on military installations AU - Jenni, Grace D. Lee AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Cubbage, Fred W. AU - Jameson, Jessica Katz T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - Conflict over endangered species conservation on military lands is becoming increasingly important as militaries attempt to balance an increased operational tempo with endangered species conservation. Successfully managing this conflict has major implications for biodiversity conservation given the US military alone manages over 12 million ha of land providing habitat to hundreds of at risk species, 24 of which are endemic to military installations. This paper provides the first assessment of this issue with a qualitative study of military trainers and civilian natural resource professionals who are employed by the Department of Defense (DoD) at the interface of endangered species conservation and troop training on installations throughout the Southeastern US. Emerging conflicts over endangered species conservation on DoD lands differed from non-military contexts because military structure forced interactions into strict protocols allowing avoidance, but not direct contention. Although all informants officially stated nothing impacted training, training area supervisors described endangered species conservation the greatest threat to training they faced. Despite pointed efforts to avoid engagement and official denial that conflict existed, interactions between the groups were characterized by deindividualization and communication breakdown, residues typically associated with highly escalated conflicts. These findings suggest suppressing conflict may create the same negative outcomes typically associated with prolonged direct conflict, by denying parties the ability to resolve differences. These negative outcomes can be addressed by both acknowledging biodiversity conservation conflict exists and allowing dissent during decision-making. Improved cooperation between TASU and NRECM can help reduce impacts of warfare on wildlife conservation, while ensuring sustainability of military training on lands critical to biodiversity conservation. DA - 2012/9// PY - 2012/9// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.05.010 VL - 153 SP - 127-133 SN - 0006-3207 KW - Communication KW - Conflict KW - Department of Defense KW - Military KW - Red cockaded woodpecker KW - Threatened and endangered species ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of GIS Techniques for Developing a Fish Index of Biotic Integrity for an Ecoregion with Low Species Richness AU - Hain, Ernie F. AU - Nelson, Stacy A. C. AU - Tracy, Bryn H. AU - Cakir, Halil I. T2 - SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - We describe a process for developing an index of biotic integrity (IBI) for resident fish communities in an ecoregion that exhibits low natural species richness. From 1990 to 2006, fish community samples were collected by the North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ) at 36 sample sites in the Cape Fear, Lumber, and Yadkin river basins within the Sandhills region of North Carolina. The NCDWQ does not currently have an IBI capable of distinguishing significant differences between reference and non-reference streams. To develop a more robust method of measuring responses to anthropogenic disturbance, we delineated contributing watersheds for each of the 36 sample sites using a geographic information system, hydrologic modeling, and 20-foot-resolution digital elevation models derived from light-detection and ranging data. The 2001 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) and in situ habitat data were used to determine various land-use/land-cover and hydrologic variables within each watershed. These variables were then used to select the sites with absolute minimal anthropogenic impacts. We used the Kruskal-Wallis test to identify 11 fish-community metrics, 2 chemical metrics, and 9 individual species that were significantly different between reference and non-reference sites. Of the final 15 metrics, only 3 exhibited higher values in reference streams. Our results demonstrate that the abundance and richness of the Sandhills fish fauna are greater in areas more highly impacted by anthropogenic activities. By automating the process by which reference sites are chosen, we were able to produce a multi-metric IBI that reflects the varying levels of anthropogenic impacts on wadeable streams in the Sandhills. DA - 2012/12// PY - 2012/12// DO - 10.1656/058.011.0410 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 711-732 SN - 1528-7092 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A standard reaction condition and a single HPLC separation system are sufficient for estimation of monolignol biosynthetic pathway enzyme activities AU - Liu, Jie AU - Shi, Rui AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANTA DA - 2012/9// PY - 2012/9// DO - 10.1007/s00425-012-1688-9 VL - 236 IS - 3 SP - 879-885 SN - 0032-0935 KW - Monolignols KW - Enzyme activity KW - Populus trichocarpa KW - Pinus taeda KW - Angiosperm KW - Gymnosperm ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influences of landscape and lifestyle on home energy consumption AU - Nelson, Cara AU - McHale, Melissa R. AU - Peterson, M. Nils T2 - Urban Ecosystems DA - 2012/7/4/ PY - 2012/7/4/ DO - 10.1007/S11252-012-0246-3 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 773-793 J2 - Urban Ecosyst LA - en OP - SN - 1083-8155 1573-1642 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11252-012-0246-3 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - GROUP-FORAGING EFFECTS ON CAPTURE RATE IN WADING BIRDS AU - Stolen, Eric D. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Percival, H. Franklin T2 - CONDOR AB - Group foraging is common among wading birds, and the reasons why individuals forage in groups are of theoretical and practical interest. Although aggregations of foraging wading birds usually form within patches of high-quality habitat, individual wading birds can sometimes increase success by foraging near others. We investigated the hypothesis that individuals derive a benefit from foraging in groups separate from benefits due to habitat quality. We measured the capture rates of birds foraging solitarily and in groups at foraging sites and paired unused sites and used generalized linear mixed models and information-theoretic model selection to access the evidence that individuals increase their foraging success when foraging in groups. The capture rate of Great Egrets (Ardea alba) in groups was higher, supporting the hypothesis that individuals benefit from the presence of other foragers. This rate was highest in intermediate-sized groups but tapered off in larger groups, suggesting that interference competition limits success. Tricolored Herons (Egretta tricolor) showed a similar but less statistically precise pattern. Contrary to expectation, the capture rate of Snowy Egrets (E. thula) foraging alone was higher than that of those in groups. Although fish abundance was greater at used than at unused sites, and at sites with groups than at sites with individuals, we did not detect an effect of prey density on capture rate, probably because prey density was fairly high at all sites studied. Our study adds to the evidence for a direct benefit to individuals due to the presence of other foragers in aggregations. DA - 2012/11// PY - 2012/11// DO - 10.1525/cond.2012.110159 VL - 114 IS - 4 SP - 744-754 SN - 1938-5129 KW - aggregation KW - foraging success KW - Great Egret KW - group foraging KW - Snowy Egret KW - social-facilitation hypothesis KW - Tricolored Heron ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Bioenergy Demands and Supply Response on Markets, Carbon, and Land Use AU - Abt, Karen L. AU - Abt, Robert C. AU - Galik, Christopher T2 - FOREST SCIENCE AB - An increase in the demand for wood for energy, including liquid fuels, bioelectricity, and pellets, has the potential to affect traditional wood users, forestland uses, management intensities, and, ultimately, carbon sequestration. Recent studies have shown that increases in bioenergy harvests could lead to displacement of traditional wood-using industries in the short run and intensive management, land use change, and sawtimber market impacts in the long-run. We simulate timber markets, as well as land use response and carbon outcomes resulting from projections of both traditional and bioenergy wood use in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida under differing levels of market supply responses. Increased logging residue recovery had a moderating effect on prices, although increased planting response led to higher carbon sequestration, and smaller effects on prices. Increased forest productivity led to lower prices, but also led to reduced timberland and thus lower forest carbon sequestration. Supply responses will be crucial to moderating market responses to increases in bioenergy wood demands. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.5849/forsci.11-055 VL - 58 IS - 5 SP - 523-539 SN - 0015-749X KW - woody biomass KW - timber supply KW - timber demand KW - logging residue KW - carbon sequestration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Directed seed dispersal towards areas with low conspecific tree density by a scatter-hoarding rodent AU - Hirsch, Ben T. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Pereira, Verónica E. AU - Jansen, Patrick A. T2 - Ecology Letters AB - Abstract Scatter‐hoarding animals spread out cached seeds to reduce density‐dependent theft of their food reserves. This behaviour could lead to directed dispersal into areas with lower densities of conspecific trees, where seed and seedling survival are higher, and could profoundly affect the spatial structure of plant communities. We tested this hypothesis with Central American agoutis and Astrocaryum standleyanum palm seeds on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We radio‐tracked seeds as they were cached and re‐cached by agoutis, calculated the density of adult Astrocaryum trees surrounding each cache, and tested whether the observed number of trees around seed caches declined more than expected under random dispersal. Seedling establishment success was negatively dependent on seed density, and agoutis carried seeds towards locations with lower conspecific tree densities, thus facilitating the escape of seeds from natural enemies. This behaviour may be a widespread mechanism leading to highly effective seed dispersal by scatter‐hoarding animals. DA - 2012/9/7/ PY - 2012/9/7/ DO - 10.1111/ele.12000 VL - 15 IS - 12 SP - 1423-1429 J2 - Ecol Lett LA - en OP - SN - 1461-023X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12000 DB - Crossref KW - Astrocaryum KW - agouti KW - Barro Colorado Island KW - directed dispersal KW - density dependence KW - Dasyprocta punctata KW - secondary seed dispersal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon Sequestration from 40 Years of Planting Genetically Improved Loblolly Pine across the Southeast United States AU - Aspinwall, Michael J. AU - McKeand, Steven E. AU - King, John S. T2 - FOREST SCIENCE AB - Highly productive, widely deployed genetically improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) may play an important role in mitigating rising atmospheric CO2 via carbon (C) sequestration. To understand the role of loblolly pine genetic improvement in future C sequestration strategies, we examined the historical (1968–2007) impact of operationally deploying improved families of loblolly pine on productivity and C sequestration across the southeast United States. Since 1977, nearly 100% of loblolly pine plantations in the southeast United States have been established with genetically improved loblolly pine. In recent years, more than 400,000 ha of genetically improved loblolly pine are planted annually. Between 1968 and 2007, we estimate that genetically improved loblolly pine plantations have produced a total of 25.6 billion m3 of stemwood volume and have sequestered 9,865 Tg C in live and dead biomass. Our estimates also indicate that genetic improvement has resulted in an additional 3.7 billion m3 (17% increase) and 1,100 Tg C (13%) of volume production and C sequestration, respectively, relative to volume production and C sequestration with no genetic improvement. We expect that loblolly pine plantation C sequestration will increase as more productive families and clones are deployed and as currently deployed genetic material continues to mature. Together, genetic improvement, intensive silvicultural, and longer rotations aimed at producing long-lived wood products will be important tools for maximizing C sequestration in loblolly pine plantations. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.5849/forsci.11-058 VL - 58 IS - 5 SP - 446-456 SN - 1938-3738 KW - biomass KW - carbon KW - climate change KW - genotype KW - genetic gain ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon Emissions and Sequestration from Fertilization of Pine in the Southeastern United States AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Vance, Eric D. AU - Gaudreault, Caroline AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Stape, Jose L. AU - Rubilar, Rafael A. T2 - FOREST SCIENCE AB - We estimated net carbon emission and sequestration directly attributable to common forest fertilization practices for pine plantations in the southeast United States. We used data from the literature to estimate the carbon emissions associated with the production, transportation, and application of fertilizers used for mid-rotation and early rotation applications as well as the stem wood growth response to these applications. These data were scaled to a regional basis with data from the literature and newly acquired fertilizer application information. Product disposition projections were completed through 125 years (five 25-year rotations). On average, application of nitrogen with 28 kg of elemental phosphorus ha−1 to mid-rotation stands sequestered 19.2 Mg ha−1 carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents as additional stem growth per CO2 equivalent of emissions associated with the fertilizer application. Maximum combined emissions from forest fertilization were 0.34 Tg year−1 CO2 equivalents in 2002, whereas maximum sequestration was 8.70 Tg year−1 CO2 equivalents in 2007. Sequestration lagged emissions because of the long (up to rotation length) stem wood growth response period. After 100 years, approximately 38% of the CO2 equivalent sequestration attributed to mid-rotation fertilization would still be in use or in a landfill, whereas 26% would have been emitted without capturing energy and 36% would have been used as an energy source. Carbon sequestration associated with forest fertilization was related to the area fertilized annually, which may have fluctuated with fertilizer material and wood product prices. Capturing economic value from the sequestered carbon would likely increase forest fertilization and consequently increase carbon sequestration. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.5849/forsci.11-050 VL - 58 IS - 5 SP - 419-429 SN - 1938-3738 KW - nitrogen KW - phosphorus KW - nutrition ER - TY - JOUR TI - ANNUAL SURVIVAL OF RED KNOTS (CALIDRIS CANUTUS RUFA) WINTERING IN FLORIDA AU - Schwarzer, Amy C. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Niles, Lawrence J. AU - Brush, Janell M. AU - Douglass, Nancy J. AU - Percival, H. Franklin T2 - AUK AB - Populations of Red Knots (Calidris canutus rufa) have declined an estimated 80% in the past 25 years. Declines are primarily attributed to dwindling food resources in Delaware Bay, their last migratory stopover before the breeding grounds. Red Knots wintering in Florida also decreased in numbers, prompting the need to estimate local vital rates to determine whether local factors contribute to declining trends. We estimated age-specific annual survival rates and compared them with estimates from populations of Red Knots wintering in South America using the Barker model. Adult annual survival rates between 2005 and 2010 averaged 0.89 ± 0.02 [SD]; range: 0.86–0.94) and were similar to estimates reported for Delaware Bay (0.87–0.92). Juvenile survival (0.95 ± 0.06 [SE]) and adult fidelity (0.81 ± 0.05 [SE]) were also high. However, juvenile survival did not include the period between fledging and arrival in Florida, a period of potentially high mortality. Similar adult survival rates suggested that there was no apparent survival cost for adults migrating to and from Florida compared with those migrating elsewhere. Factors that influence adult survival likely affect populations of C. c. rufa where they co-occur (e.g., breeding grounds, staging areas). Low year-to-year variation (CV = 2.24%) of adult survival suggests that other vital rates with higher variation (e.g., recruitment) may exert a stronger influence on population growth and partly account for the observed decline. Status projections require estimates of fecundity, year-round juvenile survival, and winter distribution in the United States. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.1525/auk.2012.11269 VL - 129 IS - 4 SP - 725-733 SN - 1938-4254 KW - Barker model KW - Calidris canutus KW - Florida KW - Red Knot KW - survival KW - site fidelity ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Comparison of Three Methods to Estimate Evapotranspiration in Two Contrasting Lob lolly Pine Plantations: Age-Related Changes in Water Use and Drought Sensitivity of Evapotranspiration Components AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Sun, Ge AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Gavazzi, Michael J. AU - Treasure, Emrys A. AU - Cohen, Erika AU - Swenson, Jennifer J. AU - McNulty, Steve G. AU - King, John S. T2 - FOREST SCIENCE AB - Increasing variability of rainfall patterns requires detailed understanding of the pathways of water loss from ecosystems to optimize carbon uptake and management choices. In the current study we characterized the usability of three alternative methods of different rigor for quantifying stand-level evapotranspiration (ET), partitioned ET into tree transpiration (T), understory transpiration, interception, and soil evaporation (E S) and determined their sensitivity to drought, and evaluated the reliability of soil moisture measurements by taking into account deep soil moisture dynamic. The analyses were conducted in an early- and in a mid-rotation stand of loblolly pine, the predominant species of southern US forest plantations. The three alternative methods for estimating ET were the eddy covariance measurements of water vapor fluxes (ET EC), the water table fluctuation (ET WT), and the soil moisture fluctuation (ETSM). On annual and monthly scales, the three methods agreed to within 10-20%, whereas on a daily scale, the values of ET SM and ETEC differed by up to 50% and ETSM and ET WT differed by up to 100%. The differences between the methods were attributed to root water extraction below measurement depth and to the sampling at different spatial scales. Regardless of the method used, ET at the early-rotation site was 15-30% lower than that at the mid-rotation site. The dry years did not affect ET at the mid-rotation site but reduced significantly ET at the early-rotation site. Soil moisture trends revealed the importance of measuring water content at several depths throughout the rooting zone because less than 20% of the water is stored in the top 30 cm of soil. Annually, E S represented approximately 9 and 14% of ETEC at the mid-rotation site and the early-rotation site, respectively. At the mid-rotation site, T accounted for approximately 70% of ET EC. Canopy interception was estimated to be 5-10% of annual precipitation and 6-13% of total ETEC. At the early-rotation site, T accounted for only 35% of ET EC. At this site, transpiration from subdominant trees and shrubs represented 40-45% of ET EC, indicating that understory was a significant part of the water budget. We concluded that the eddy covariance method is best for estimating ET at the fine temporal scale (i.e., daily), but other soil moisture and water table-based methods were equally reliable and cost-effective for quantifying seasonal ET dynamics. FOR .S CI. 58(5):497-512. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.5849/forsci.11-051 VL - 58 IS - 5 SP - 497-512 SN - 1938-3738 KW - eddy covariance KW - loblolly pine KW - Pinus taeda KW - sapflow KW - soil moisture probes KW - water table ER - TY - JOUR TI - effect of lignin on enzymatic saccharification of hardwood after green liquor and sulfuric acid pretreatments AU - Min, D. Y. AU - Jameel, H. AU - Chiang, V. AU - Chang, H. M. T2 - BioResources AB - Red maple, sweet gum, trembling aspen, red alder, and Eucalyptus globulus samples were pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid and green liquor before enzymatic saccharification. Substrates showed different levels of delignification and sugar recovery, depending on the applied pretreatments and the syringaldehyde/vanillin ratio (S/V). Three major conclusions were drawn in this research. First, lignin is the greatest contributor to recalcitrance of hardwood to enzymatic saccharification. Second, a high S/V ratio is a useful indicator of high delignification during a pretreatment process. Third, green liquor pretreatment is a promising pretreatment method because of a high delignification degree and sugar recovery. In addition, xylan also contributes to the recalcitrance of hardwoods toward enzymatic saccharification. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.15376/biores.7.2.2272-2283 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 2272-2283 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survey of Zoonotic Pathogens in White-tailed Deer on Bald Head Island, North Carolina AU - Sherrill, Brandon L. AU - Snider, Anthony G. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) have become overabundant in many urban and suburban areas, which can cause concern about exposure of humans and pets to zoonotic pathogens. Bald Head Island, NC is a small barrier island that has experienced ongoing residential development since the mid-1980s and has a relatively high deer density (15–17 deer/km2). To address concerns expressed by residents, we screened ≈13% of the White-tailed Deer population for potential zoonotic pathogens. We collected blood from 8 deer in January through March 2008 and 5 deer in January 2009. We tested sera for antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and six serovars of Leptospira interrogans; and whole blood samples for Bartonella spp. and B. burgdorferi DNA. All sera were negative for antibodies to L. interrogans; two samples were seropositive for A. phagocytophilum, and one was seropositive for B. burgdorferi. Whole blood PCR results were negative for Bartonella spp. and B. burgdorferi. Continued surveillance for wildlife diseases on Bald Head Island is necessary to determine prevalence of specific pathogens, their impacts on the White-tailed Deer population, and the risk of exposure to humans and pets. DA - 2012/9// PY - 2012/9// DO - 10.1656/058.011.0315 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 529-533 SN - 1528-7092 ER - TY - JOUR TI - NESTING ECOLOGY OF SWAINSON'S WARBLERS IN A SOUTH CAROLINA BOTTOMLAND FOREST AU - Bishop, Jennifer Thompson AU - Gerwin, John A. AU - Lancia, Richard A. T2 - WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY AB - We studied the nesting ecology of Swainson's Warblers (Limnothylpis swainsonii) in Britton's Neck, South Carolina, USA and found 144 nests of which 78 were active. Nest initiations followed a bimodal distribution. Clutches averaged (± SE) 3.19 ± 0.20 eggs and 2.50 ± 0.33 fledglings per nest. The Mayfield nest success estimate for a 23-day cycle was 50%. Logistic exposure models indicate nest success to be most impacted by Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) nest parasitism, nest age, and distance to the nearest swamp. Unparasitized nests that were younger in age and further from a swamp had the highest daily survival rates. Ten percent of nests were parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds with a 26% reduction in Swainson's Warbler hatching and an 89% reduction in fledgling production. Multiple brooding was observed in 21% of 2000 and 2001 Swainson's Warbler nests. Vines, such as greenbrier (Smilax spp.), were the most common substrate used for nesting, although two-thirds of the nests contained cane (Arundinaria tecta and A. gigantea) within a 5-m radius. DA - 2012/12// PY - 2012/12// DO - 10.1676/1559-4491-124.4.728 VL - 124 IS - 4 SP - 728-736 SN - 1559-4491 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental investigation of false positive errors in auditory species occurrence surveys AU - Miller, D. A. W. AU - Weir, L. A. AU - McClintock, B. T. AU - Grant, E. H. C. AU - Bailey, L. L. AU - Simons, T. R. T2 - Ecological Applications AB - Ecological ApplicationsVolume 22, Issue 5 p. 1665-1674 Article Experimental investigation of false positive errors in auditory species occurrence surveys David A. W. Miller, Corresponding Author David A. W. Miller davidmiller@usgs.gov United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708 USAE-mail: davidmiller@usgs.govSearch for more papers by this authorLinda A. Weir, Linda A. Weir United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708 USASearch for more papers by this authorBrett T. McClintock, Brett T. McClintock National Marine Mammal Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115 USASearch for more papers by this authorEvan H. Campbell Grant, Evan H. Campbell Grant United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708 USASearch for more papers by this authorLarissa L. Bailey, Larissa L. Bailey Colorado State University, Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USASearch for more papers by this authorTheodore R. Simons, Theodore R. Simons United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 USASearch for more papers by this author David A. W. Miller, Corresponding Author David A. W. Miller davidmiller@usgs.gov United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708 USAE-mail: davidmiller@usgs.govSearch for more papers by this authorLinda A. Weir, Linda A. Weir United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708 USASearch for more papers by this authorBrett T. McClintock, Brett T. McClintock National Marine Mammal Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115 USASearch for more papers by this authorEvan H. Campbell Grant, Evan H. Campbell Grant United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708 USASearch for more papers by this authorLarissa L. Bailey, Larissa L. Bailey Colorado State University, Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USASearch for more papers by this authorTheodore R. Simons, Theodore R. Simons United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 2012 https://doi.org/10.1890/11-2129.1Citations: 67 Corresponding Editor: D. Brunton. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract False positive errors are a significant component of many ecological data sets, which in combination with false negative errors, can lead to severe biases in conclusions about ecological systems. We present results of a field experiment where observers recorded observations for known combinations of electronically broadcast calling anurans under conditions mimicking field surveys to determine species occurrence. Our objectives were to characterize false positive error probabilities for auditory methods based on a large number of observers, to determine if targeted instruction could be used to reduce false positive error rates, and to establish useful predictors of among-observer and among-species differences in error rates. We recruited 31 observers, ranging in abilities from novice to expert, who recorded detections for 12 species during 180 calling trials (66 960 total observations). All observers made multiple false positive errors, and on average 8.1% of recorded detections in the experiment were false positive errors. Additional instruction had only minor effects on error rates. After instruction, false positive error probabilities decreased by 16% for treatment individuals compared to controls with broad confidence interval overlap of 0 (95% CI: −46 to 30%). This coincided with an increase in false negative errors due to the treatment (26%; −3 to 61%). Differences among observers in false positive and in false negative error rates were best predicted by scores from an online test and a self-assessment of observer ability completed prior to the field experiment. In contrast, years of experience conducting call surveys was a weak predictor of error rates. False positive errors were also more common for species that were played more frequently but were not related to the dominant spectral frequency of the call. Our results corroborate other work that demonstrates false positives are a significant component of species occurrence data collected by auditory methods. Instructing observers to only report detections they are completely certain are correct is not sufficient to eliminate errors. As a result, analytical methods that account for false positive errors will be needed, and independent testing of observer ability is a useful predictor for among-observer variation in observation error rates. Citing Literature Supporting Information Filename Description https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3295511 Research data pertaining to this article is located at figshare.com: Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. Volume22, Issue5July 2012Pages 1665-1674 RelatedInformation DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1890/1051-0761-22.5.1665 VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 1665-1674 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating methods for isolating total RNA and predicting the success of sequencing phylogenetically diverse plant transcriptomes AU - Johnson, M. T. J. AU - Carpenter, E. J. AU - Tian, Z. J. AU - Bruskiewich, R. AU - Burris, J. N. AU - Carrigan, C. T. AU - Chase, M. W. AU - Clarke, N. D. AU - Covshoff, S. AU - dePamphilis, C. W. AU - Edger, P. P. AU - Goh, F. AU - Graham, S. AU - Greiner, S. AU - Hibberd, J. M. AU - Jordon-Thaden, I. T2 - PLoS One DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 7 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy Expenditure Associated With the Use of Neighborhood Parks in 2 Cities AU - Suau, Luis J. AU - Floyd, Myron F. AU - Spengler, John O. AU - Maddock, Jay E. AU - Gobster, Paul H. T2 - JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE AB - Availability of public neighborhood parks is associated with physical activity. Little is known about how parks contribute to population energy balance.This study estimated energy expenditure associated with the use of neighborhood parks and compared energy expenditure by activity areas within parks and by neighborhood race/ethnicity and income.The System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity among Youth (SOPLAY), a direct observation approach, was used to estimate energy expenditure in 10 Tampa (Florida) parks and 19 Chicago (Illinois) parks.Parks were selected from census tracts with a moderate to high representation of white, Latino, and African American populations.A total of 9454 park users were observed.Sedentary, moderate, and vigorous activities were assigned metabolic equivalence intensity (MET) values of 1.5, 3, and 6, respectively.Park use in Tampa generated 15 336 total METs over the study period. Chicago parks generated 7305.6 METs. Mean METs varied by activity areas in parks. For Chicago parks, mean METs were higher for parks in African American and higher-income neighborhoods.Public parks can contribute to population energy balance. Policies to make parks available, promotions to encourage park use, and programs to encourage active use of parks are necessary to achieve this potential. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1097/phh.0b013e3182464737 VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - 440-444 SN - 1550-5022 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84864616157&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - energy expenditure KW - physical activity KW - population energy balance KW - public parks ER - TY - JOUR TI - A diverse charcoalified assemblage of Cretaceous (Santonian) angiosperm woods from Upatoi Creek, Georgia, USA. Part 1: Wood types with scalariform perforation plates AU - Falcon-Lang, Howard J. AU - Wheeler, Elisabeth AU - Baas, Pieter AU - Herendeen, Patrick S. T2 - REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY AB - This paper is the first in a series describing a diverse assemblage of charcoalified angiosperm woods from the Cretaceous (early to mid-Santonian) Eutaw Formation at Upatoi Creek, Georgia, USA. In our study, we separated ‘twigs’ from more ‘mature’ woods and further subdivided the latter material into specimens showing scalariform and simple perforation plates. Here, we report on thirteen ‘mature’ specimens with scalariform perforation plates. For such a small sample size, there is a remarkable diversity, with seven more or less distinct wood types present including two new taxa: Gregoryoxylon georgiaensis gen. et. sp. nov. and Chaloneroxylon pagei gen. et. sp. nov. The seven wood types are similar to most previously reported specimens from the Turonian–Santonian interval, i.e., they are diffuse porous, with predominantly solitary vessels, heterocellular rays, and only diffuse and/or scanty paratracheal parenchyma. None of the seven Upatoi wood types has a combination of features that allows unequivocal assignment to a single extant family. Chaloneroxylon may represent a record of the Magnoliaceae; of the other unnamed wood types, one has features found in the asterid orders Cornales and Ericales, while two possibly are referred to the Malpighiales. The affinities of the remaining three wood types, including Gregoryoxylon, are uncertain. The cryptic affinity of these woods is significant in itself, reflecting their Cretaceous age, a time when extant families were still rapidly diversifying. DA - 2012/9/15/ PY - 2012/9/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.03.016 VL - 184 SP - 49-73 SN - 1879-0615 KW - Cretaceous KW - Santonian KW - fossil wood KW - early angiosperms KW - charcoal KW - wildfire ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal sampling frame selection in DNA-based capture-mark-recapture investigations AU - Wegan, M. T. AU - Curtis, P. D. AU - Rainbolt, R. E. AU - Gardner, B. T2 - URSUS AB - Capture–mark–recapture (CMR) population parameter estimation utilizing DNA analysis from remotely-collected hair samples to identify individuals and generate encounter histories has become the standard methodology for estimating abundance of American black (Ursus americanus) and grizzly bear (U. arctos) populations. However, few published studies have examined the time frame for efficiently collecting high-quality hair samples. Our objectives were to examine several measures of hair trapping success and sample quality, such as DNA amplification rates and the mean number of black bear hair samples collected per trap visit, from hair-snare samples collected in 2 non-overlapping, multi-interval sampling frames conducted during 2005 and 2006 at Fort Drum Military Installation in northern New York. Through our data analyses and a review of 12 other bear CMR studies using remote hair sampling, we emphasize that temporal sampling frame is a crucial consideration in study design. To avoid biased population estimates and to use financial, personnel, and temporal resources effectively, hair sampling should be conducted during late spring and early summer. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.2192/ursus-d-11-00013.1 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 42-51 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species abundance and potential biological control services in shade vs. sun coffee in Puerto Rico AU - Borkhataria, Rena R. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Groom, Martha J. T2 - AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT AB - Birds, lizards and insects were surveyed in three sun and three shade coffee plantations in Puerto Rico to provide a comprehensive comparison of biodiversity between plantations types and to identify potential interrelationships (e.g., biological or natural control services) between members of each taxon and coffee pests. Abundance of avian species, including insectivorous species, was significantly higher in shade coffee. Anolis cristatellus and A. stratulus were significantly more abundant in sun plantations whereas A. gundlachi and A. evermanni were detected more frequently in shade plantations. Insects in the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, and Psocoptera were significantly more abundant in shade coffee, while orthopterans were more abundant in sun. The coffee leaf miner (Leucoptera coffeela) and the flatid planthopper (Petrusa epilepsis) did not differ significantly between plantation types, nor did the abundance of the wasp complex that parasitizes the coffee leaf miner. These findings confirmed that shade plantations harbor a wide array of elements of biodiversity; but sun plantations may also harbor many elements of biodiversity, and in some cases, in higher abundance than in shade plantations. DA - 2012/4/1/ PY - 2012/4/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2012.01.025 VL - 151 SP - 1-5 SN - 0167-8809 KW - Biodiversity KW - Biological control KW - Birds KW - Coffee KW - Insects KW - Lizards ER - TY - JOUR TI - Partial life-cycle and acute toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids to freshwater mussels AU - Hazelton, Peter D. AU - Cope, W. Gregory AU - Pandolfo, Tamara J. AU - Mosher, Shad AU - Strynar, Mark J. AU - Barnhart, M. Christopher AU - Bringolf, Robert B. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY AB - Abstract Freshwater mussels are among the most sensitive aquatic organisms to many contaminants and have complex life‐cycles that include several distinct life stages with unique contaminant exposure pathways. Standard acute (24–96 h) and chronic (28 d) toxicity tests with free larva (glochidia) and juvenile mussels are effective at generating data on contaminant effects at two discrete life stages but do not incorporate effects on brooded glochidia. We developed a novel partial life‐cycle assay that incorporates exposures to brooding adult female mussels and used this method in combination with acute toxicity tests to assess adverse effects of perfluoroctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) on freshwater mussels. Fatmucket ( Lampsilis siliquoidea ) were exposed to PFOS at two life stages: brooding glochidia (in marsupia) for 36 d and free glochidia in water for 24 h. In standard acute tests with glochidia (24–48 h exposures) and juveniles (48–96 h exposures) of fatmucket and black sandshell ( Ligumia recta ), glochidia were 8 to 25 times more sensitive than juveniles. Perfluoroctanesulfonic acid significantly reduced the duration of glochidia viability and reduced probability of metamorphosis at concentrations 3,000 times lower than the most sensitive acute endpoint (24‐h EC50). The partial life‐cycle test is adaptable to a variety of endpoints and research objectives and is useful for identifying adverse effects at contaminant concentrations below those required for an acute lethal response. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1611–1620. © 2012 SETAC DA - 2012/7// PY - 2012/7// DO - 10.1002/etc.1866 VL - 31 IS - 7 SP - 1611-1620 SN - 1552-8618 KW - Perfluoroalkyl acids KW - Perfluorinated compounds KW - Akaike's information criteria KW - Unionidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overcoming socio-economic barriers to conservation subdivisions: A case-study of four successful communities AU - Allen, Stephen C. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Hess, George R. AU - Moore, Susan E. T2 - Landscape and Urban Planning AB - Conservation subdivisions have emerged as an option to conserve open space, protect water quality and wildlife habitat, and maintain scenic views without compromising property rights. Despite economic and ecological advantages over traditional subdivisions, conservation subdivisions remain rare. We used a mixed-method study combining a survey of 246 people who attended conservation subdivision workshops with a qualitative case study of four communities that successfully developed conservation subdivisions to identify potential barriers to conservation subdivisions and strategies to overcome those barriers. A principal component analysis based on survey respondent rankings grouped barriers into: resistance to change among stakeholders, concerns about differences between traditional subdivisions and conservation subdivisions, concerns about consumer demand, and misperceptions about construction costs. Survey respondents indicated the top barrier to completion of conservation subdivisions was lack of incentives for developers. The case study communities overcame resistance from developers and landowners through educational efforts including informal meetings, charrettes, and workshops focusing on the environmental and economic benefits of conservation subdivisions. The communities had support from elected officials, and planning staff devoted necessary resources to rewrite ordinances, review sketch plans, and perform site visits. To overcome barriers to conservation subdivisions, communities could provide incentives including density bonuses and expedited approval processes. Encouraging participation in workshops and design charrettes for proposed developments may alleviate concerns of landowners who perceive a loss of property rights from new regulations and aid in the acceptance of conservation subdivisions. DA - 2012/6// PY - 2012/6// DO - 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.03.012 VL - 106 IS - 3 SP - 244-252 J2 - Landscape and Urban Planning LA - en OP - SN - 0169-2046 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.03.012 DB - Crossref KW - Open space KW - Residential development KW - Conservation subdivision ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dispersal of Invasive Forest Insects via Recreational Firewood: A Quantitative Analysis AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - Yemshanov, Denys AU - Magarey, Roger D. AU - Smith, William D. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Recreational travel is a recognized vector for the spread of invasive species in North America. However, there has been little quantitative analysis of the risks posed by such travel and the associated transport of firewood. In this study, we analyzed the risk of forest insect spread with firewood and estimated related dispersal parameters for application in geographically explicit invasion models. Our primary data source was the U.S. National Recreation Reservation Service database, which records camper reservations at > 2,500 locations nationwide. For > 7 million individual reservations made between 2004 and 2009 (including visits from Canada), we calculated the distance between visitor home address and campground location. We constructed an empirical dispersal kernel (i.e., the probability distribution of the travel distances) from these "origin-destination" data, and then fitted the data with various theoretical distributions. We found the data to be strongly leptokurtic (fat-tailed) and fairly well fit by the unbounded Johnson and lognormal distributions. Most campers ( approximately 53%) traveled <100 km, but approximately 10% traveled > 500 km (and as far as 5,500 km). Additionally, we examined the impact of geographic region, specific destinations (major national parks), and specific origin locations (major cities) on the shape of the dispersal kernel, and found that mixture distributions (i.e., theoretical distribution functions composed of multiple univariate distributions) may fit better in some circumstances. Although only a limited amount of all transported firewood is likely to be infested by forest insects, this still represents a considerable increase in dispersal potential beyond the insects' natural spread capabilities. DA - 2012/4// PY - 2012/4// DO - 10.1603/ec11270 VL - 105 IS - 2 SP - 438-450 SN - 1938-291X KW - biological invasion KW - firewood KW - invasive forest pest KW - human-mediated dispersal KW - long-distance dispersal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chestnut resistance to the blight disease: Insights from transcriptome analysis AU - Barakat, A. AU - Staton, M. AU - Cheng, C. H. AU - Park, J. AU - Yassin, N. B. M. AU - Ficklin, S. AU - Yeh, C. C. AU - Hebard, F. AU - Baier, K. AU - Powell, W. AU - Schuster, S. C. AU - Wheeler, N. AU - Abbott, A. AU - Carlson, J. E. AU - Sederoff, R. T2 - BMC Plant Biology DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carnivore Translocations and Conservation: Insights from Population Models and Field Data for Fishers (Martes pennanti) AU - Lewis, Jeffrey C. AU - Powell, Roger A. AU - Zielinski, William J. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Translocations are frequently used to restore extirpated carnivore populations. Understanding the factors that influence translocation success is important because carnivore translocations can be time consuming, expensive, and controversial. Using population viability software, we modeled reintroductions of the fisher, a candidate for endangered or threatened status in the Pacific states of the US. Our model predicts that the most important factor influencing successful re-establishment of a fisher population is the number of adult females reintroduced (provided some males are also released). Data from 38 translocations of fishers in North America, including 30 reintroductions, 5 augmentations and 3 introductions, show that the number of females released was, indeed, a good predictor of success but that the number of males released, geographic region and proximity of the source population to the release site were also important predictors. The contradiction between model and data regarding males may relate to the assumption in the model that all males are equally good breeders. We hypothesize that many males may need to be released to insure a sufficient number of good breeders are included, probably large males. Seventy-seven percent of reintroductions with known outcomes (success or failure) succeeded; all 5 augmentations succeeded; but none of the 3 introductions succeeded. Reintroductions were instrumental in reestablishing fisher populations within their historical range and expanding the range from its most-contracted state (43% of the historical range) to its current state (68% of the historical range). To increase the likelihood of translocation success, we recommend that managers: 1) release as many fishers as possible, 2) release more females than males (55-60% females) when possible, 3) release as many adults as possible, especially large males, 4) release fishers from a nearby source population, 5) conduct a formal feasibility assessment, and 6) develop a comprehensive implementation plan that includes an active monitoring program. DA - 2012/3/27/ PY - 2012/3/27/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0032726 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute effects of road salts and associated cyanide compounds on the early life stages of the unionid mussel Villosa iris AU - Pandolfo, Tamara J. AU - Cope, W. Gregory AU - Young, George B. AU - Jones, Jess W. AU - Hua, Dan AU - Lingenfelser, Susan F. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY AB - Abstract The toxicity of cyanide to the early life stages of freshwater mussels (order Unionida) has remained unexplored. Cyanide is known to be acutely toxic to other aquatic organisms. Cyanide‐containing compounds, such as sodium ferrocyanide and ferric ferrocyanide, are commonly added to road deicing salts as anticaking agents. The purpose of the present study was to assess the acute toxicity of three cyanide compounds (sodium cyanide, sodium ferrocyanide, and ferric ferrocyanide), two road salts containing cyanide anticaking agents (Morton and Cargill brands), a brine deicing solution (Liquidow brand), and a reference salt (sodium chloride) on glochidia (larvae) and juveniles of the freshwater mussel Villosa iris . Sodium ferrocyanide and ferric ferrocyanide were not acutely toxic to glochidia and juvenile mussels at concentrations up to 1,000 mg/L and 100 mg/L, respectively. Lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) for these two chemicals ranged from 10 to >1,000 mg/L. Sodium cyanide was acutely toxic to juvenile mussels, with a 96‐h median effective concentration (EC50) of 1.10 mg/L, although glochidia tolerated concentrations up to 10 mg/L. The EC50s for sodium chloride, Liquidow brine, Morton road salt, and Cargill road salt were not significantly different for tests within the same life stage and test duration (range, 1.66–4.92 g/L). These results indicate that cyanide‐containing anticaking agents do not exacerbate the toxicity of road salts, but that the use of road salts and brine solutions for deicing or dust control on roads may warrant further investigation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1801–1806. © 2012 SETAC DA - 2012/8// PY - 2012/8// DO - 10.1002/etc.1876 VL - 31 IS - 8 SP - 1801-1806 SN - 0730-7268 KW - Unionidae KW - Freshwater mussel KW - Cyanide KW - Road salt KW - Toxicity ER - TY - JOUR TI - ARTHROPOD ABUNDANCE AND SEASONAL BIRD USE OF BOTTOMLAND FOREST HARVEST GAPS AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Bowen, Liessa T. AU - Kilgo, John C. AU - Hanula, James L. AU - Horn, Scott AU - Ulyshen, Michael D. T2 - WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY AB - We investigated the influence of arthropod abundance and vegetation structure on shifts in avian use of canopy gap, gap edge, and surrounding forest understory in a bottomland hardwood forest in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. We compared captures of foliage-gleaning birds among locations during four periods (spring migration, breeding, post-breeding, and fall migration). Foliage arthropod densities were greatest in the forest understory in all four seasons, but understory vegetation density was greatest in gaps. Foliage-gleaning bird abundance was positively associated with foliage-dwelling arthropods during the breeding (F = 18.5, P < 0.001) and post-breeding periods (F = 9.4, P = 0.004), and negatively associated with foliage-dwelling arthropods during fall migration (F = 5.4, P = 0.03). Relationships between birds and arthropods were inconsistent, but the arthropod prey base seemed to be least important during migratory periods. Conversely, bird captures were positively correlated with understory vegetation density during all four periods (P < 0.001). Our study suggests high bird abundance associated with canopy gaps during the non-breeding period resulted less from high arthropod food resource availability than from complex understory and midstory vegetation structure. DA - 2012/3// PY - 2012/3// DO - 10.1676/11-020.1 VL - 124 IS - 1 SP - 31-39 SN - 1938-5447 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Welfare Outcomes and the Advance of the Deforestation Frontier in the Brazilian Amazon AU - Celentano, Danielle AU - Sills, Erin AU - Sales, Marcio AU - Verissimo, Adalberto T2 - WORLD DEVELOPMENT AB - Frontier expansion in the Brazilian Amazon is often described as “boom-bust” development. We critically assess this characterization by mapping and estimating statistical models of welfare as a function of deforestation at the municipal level. After controlling for potential confounding variables and spatial autocorrelation, estimation results are consistent with a frontier “boom” generated by exploitation of natural resources, followed by a “bust” during which forests continue to fall but there is no compensating gain in welfare. However, average per capita welfare increases again with deforestation at very high levels. This second turning point in average welfare, along with the strong bivariate correlation between deforestation and municipal GDP/km2, may encourage local leaders to equate deforestation with development. This confirms the need for international incentive payments for global public goods, such as biodiversity and carbon sequestration, that are provided by the Amazon forest. DA - 2012/4// PY - 2012/4// DO - 10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.002 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 850-864 SN - 0305-750X KW - Brazil KW - Amazon KW - tropical deforestation KW - welfare indicators KW - frontier development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identifying ecohydrological patterns in natural forested wetlands useful to restoration design AU - Ben Johnson, Yari AU - Shear, Theodore Henry AU - James, April Lynda T2 - ECOHYDROLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Wetland restoration projects across the United States commonly lack the species and hydrology of the targeted community being restored. A better understanding of natural wetlands would help restoration project designers achieve community composition and hydrologic regimes that more closely resemble natural conditions. We investigated two different methods to identify patterns in hydrologic regime useful to restoration design. The first method was based on success criteria commonly used by North Carolina wetland mitigation projects. The second method was based on The Nature Conservancy's Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration. To test these two methods, we collected hydrologic and compositional data across the natural variation of nonriverine wet hardwood forest stands, a rare wetland community type commonly restored in North Carolina. Our results show that hydrologic parameters from the first method, based on current success criteria used in North Carolina, are not related to community composition. Hydrologic parameters from the second method, e.g. the maximum water table level over a 3‐day span, explained much of the variation in nonriverine wet hardwood forest community composition. Our results found that clear relationships do exist between hydrologic regime and community composition. Hydrologic parameters that are related to community composition need to be used as success criteria in future restoration designs. This will ensure that projects establish the appropriate hydrologic regime necessary to foster the desired wetland community type. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2012/5// PY - 2012/5// DO - 10.1002/eco.227 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 368-379 SN - 1936-0592 KW - forested wetlands KW - wetland restoration KW - natural reference sites KW - Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration KW - nonriverine wet hardwood forests ER - TY - JOUR TI - Widespread inbreeding and unexpected geographic patterns of genetic variation in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), an imperiled North American conifer AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Jetton, Robert M. AU - Dvorak, William S. AU - Hipkins, Valerie D. AU - Rhea, Rusty AU - Whittier, W. Andrew T2 - CONSERVATION GENETICS AB - Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carr.) is an ecologically important tree species experiencing severe mortality across much of its eastern North American distribution, caused by infestation of the exotic hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand). To guide gene conservation strategies for this imperiled conifer, we conducted a range-wide genetic variation study for eastern hemlock, amplifying 13 highly polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci in 1,180 trees across 60 populations. The results demonstrate that eastern hemlock exhibits moderate inbreeding, possibly a signature of a prehistoric decline associated with a widespread insect outbreak. Contrary to expectations, populations in formerly glaciated regions are not less genetically diverse than in the putative southern refugial region. As expected, peripheral disjunct populations are less genetically diverse than main-range populations, but some are highly genetically differentiated or contain unique alleles. Spatially explicit Bayesian clustering analyses suggest that three or four Pleistocene glacial refuges may have existed in the Southeastern United States, with a main post-glacial movement into the Northeast and the Great Lakes region. Efforts to conserve eastern hemlock genetic material should emphasize the capture of broad adaptability that occurs across the geographic range of the species, as well as genetic variability within regions with the highest allelic richness and heterozygosity, such as the Southern Appalachians and New England, and within disjunct populations that are genetically distinct. Much genetic variation exists in areas both infested and uninfested by the adelgid. DA - 2012/4// PY - 2012/4// DO - 10.1007/s10592-011-0301-2 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 475-498 SN - 1572-9737 KW - Phylogeography KW - Pleistocene KW - Migration KW - Population genetics KW - Microsatellite KW - Bottleneck ER - TY - JOUR TI - The strategic importance of applied tree conservation programs to the forest industry in South Africa AU - Dvorak, Ws T2 - SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE AB - Abstract Because of anticipated adverse climatic change and resulting increases in disease and insect attacks in forest plantations in the future, forest industries must maintain broad genetic bases for adaptability and pest resistance. Since the early 1980s, the South African forest industry has obtained genetic material of 25 pine and eucalypt species that represent more than 4 200 trees from 260 natural populations around the world through its participation in Camcore (International Tree Breeding and Conservation Program) at North Carolina State University, USA. This combined genetic testing and conservation program has identified new productive pine species, such as P. tecunumanii and P. maximinoi, that grow well and are resistant in the seedling stage to the pitch canker fungus (Fusarium circinatum). Because of the industry's foresight to assemble genetic material and test alternate species over the last three decades, it was well prepared to immediately develop more-resistant pine hybrids such as P. patula × P. tecunumanii when the pitch canker situation became problematic. The South African forest industry has collectively worked together to established special 20–40 ha conservation parks across the country to hold and protect the original genetic material collected in Central America, Mexico and South-east Asia. Species are conserved in the parks at the population level and are represented by a minimum of 10 open-pollinated families, five trees per family across two sites. The design is based on maintaining an effective population size of approximately 30 with the goal to capture alleles at high frequencies as well as to include a number of rare alleles in the ex situ plantings. The overlying goal is to maintain well-adapted genetic material for future deployment. Keywords: adaptability ex situ conservationclimate change DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.2989/20702620.2012.683635 VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - 1-6 SN - 2070-2639 KW - adaptability KW - ex situ conservation KW - climate change ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Camcore program at North Carolina State University AU - Goldfarb, Barry T2 - SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.2989/20702620.2012.686191 VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - III-III SN - 2070-2639 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ROLES OF CLIMATE AND FUNCTIONAL TRAITS IN CONTROLLING TOOTHED VS. UNTOOTHED LEAF MARGINS AU - Royer, Dana L. AU - Peppe, Daniel J. AU - Wheeler, Elisabeth A. AU - Niinemets, Uelo T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY AB - • Premise of the study: Leaf‐margin state (toothed vs. untoothed) forms the basis of several popular methods for reconstructing temperature. Some potential confounding factors have not been investigated with large data sets, limiting our understanding of the adaptive significance of leaf teeth and their reliability to reconstruct paleoclimate. Here we test the strength of correlations between leaf‐margin state and deciduousness, leaf thickness, wood type (ring‐porous vs. diffuse‐porous), height within community, and several leaf economic variables. • Methods: We assembled a trait database for 3549 species from six continents based on published and original data. The strength of associations between traits was quantified using correlational and principal axes approaches. • Key results: Toothed species, independent of temperature, are more likely to be deciduous and to have thin leaves, a high leaf nitrogen concentration, a low leaf mass per area, and ring‐porous wood. Canopy trees display the highest sensitivity between leaf‐margin state and temperature; subcanopy plants, especially herbs, are less sensitive. • Conclusions: Our data support hypotheses linking the adaptive significance of teeth to leaf thickness and deciduousness (in addition to temperature). Toothed species associate with the “fast‐return” end of the leaf economic spectrum, providing another functional link to thin leaves and the deciduous habit. Accounting for these confounding factors should improve climate estimates from tooth‐based methods. DA - 2012/5// PY - 2012/5// DO - 10.3732/ajb.1100428 VL - 99 IS - 5 SP - 915-922 SN - 1537-2197 KW - climate KW - deciduous KW - evergreen KW - leaf mass per area KW - leaf teeth KW - leaf thickness KW - temperature KW - wood anatomy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of patch size and shape on occupancy by shrubland birds AU - Shake, C. S. AU - Moorman, C. E. AU - Riddle, J. D. AU - Burchell, M. R. T2 - Condor DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 268-278 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth potential and genetic parameters of four Mesoamerican pines planted in the Southern Hemisphere AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Dvorak, W. S. T2 - SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE AB - Summary results are reported from a total of 319 provenance/progeny tests of Pinus tecunumanii, P. maximinoi, P. patula and P. greggii that were established on sites in Brazil, Colombia and South Africa. Tests were measured for the growth traits height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and volume at ages 3, 5 and 8 years. At a particular age, correlations among height, DBH and volume were very high (from 0.80 to 0.99) at both the provenance and additive genetic levels, and the three growth traits also had similar heritabilities. Volume at age 3 was highly correlated with age 8 volume (around 0.80), and correlations of age 5 volume with age 8 volume were near 0.95. Low-elevation P. tecunumanii had very high between-country correlations both at the provenance and genetic level (around 0.80 to 1.00). Between-country genetic correlations for most other species were around 0.60. Two of the four species, P. tecunumanii and P. maximinoi, grew substantially faster than the commercial controls planted with the progeny tests (i.e. genetically improved P. taeda in Brazil, and improved P. patula in Colombia and South Africa). Pinus greggii var. australis also demonstrated commercial potential on sites in southern Brazil and South Africa. For all species, the best provenance produced 10–20% more volume than the population mean. In all species, additive genetic variation was substantial, and additional genetic gain could be made by family and within-family selection in an intensive tree-breeding effort. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.2989/20702620.2012.686192 VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - 27-49 SN - 2070-2639 KW - genetic correlation KW - genetic variation KW - heritability KW - tree breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of crop field characteristics on nocturnal winter use by American woodcock AU - Blackman, Emily B. AU - Deperno, Christopher S. AU - Heiniger, Ron W. AU - Krachey, Matthew J. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Peterson, M. Nils T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract Since the late 1960s, American woodcock ( Scolopax minor ) have undergone population declines because of habitat loss. Previous research suggested ridge and furrow topography in conventionally tilled soybean fields provided critical nocturnal cover as birds foraged on earthworms. However, the use of no‐till technology has increased and many fields now lack ridge and furrow topography. We assessed woodcock winter nocturnal foraging habitat use given recent changes in agricultural technology, and investigated how field treatment, earthworm abundance, and environmental variables affect the selection of nocturnal foraging sites. We counted woodcock along transects in 5 field treatments twice in each of 67 fields during December–March 2008–2009 and 72 fields during December–March 2009–2010. During both seasons, we collected earthworm and soil samples from a subset of fields of each field treatment. Woodcock densities were at least twice as high in no‐till soybean fields planted after corn and in undisked corn fields with mowed stalks than in other field treatments. No‐till soybean planted after corn and undisked corn fields contained ridge and furrow topography, whereas other crops did not, and earthworms were at least 1.5 times more abundant in no‐till soybean fields than other field treatments. Ridges and furrows in no‐till soybean fields planted after corn and undisked corn fields may provide wintering woodcock with thermal protection and concealment from predators. No‐till soybean fields planted after corn offered the additional benefit of relatively high food availability. The presence of ridge and furrow topography can be used to predict woodcock field use on the wintering grounds in agricultural areas. Farmers can provide nocturnal winter foraging sites for woodcock by delaying field disking and leaving ridge and furrow topography in crop fields. © 2011 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2012/4// PY - 2012/4// DO - 10.1002/jwmg.254 VL - 76 IS - 3 SP - 528-533 SN - 1937-2817 KW - American woodcock KW - foraging habitat KW - no-till agriculture KW - North Carolina KW - Scolopax minor KW - wintering habitat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparisons between laboratory and field results of frost tolerance of pines from the southern USA and Mesoamerica planted as exotics AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Tighe, M. E. T2 - SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE AB - An artificial freezing study was conducted with 14 pine species and varieties from Mexico and Central America, and the southern and western USA. The pines chosen represented major commercial plantation species in the Southern Hemisphere such as Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, P. taeda (multiple sources), P. patula and P. radiata, as well as promising species such as P. greggii, P. maximinoi and P. tecunumanii. Seedlings were grown in environmentally controlled growth chambers in the North Carolina State University Phytotron, and conditions were designed to mimic actual climatic conditions at Curitiba, Brazil, and Sabie, South Africa, located at approximately 25° S latitude. Early autumn conditions were simulated using shortened photoperiods and lower temperatures to harden the trees before the actual freeze testing. There were two freeze experiments: one containing tropical and subtropical material using four temperature treatments (-3, -7, -10, and -14 °C), and one containing temperate and subtropical material using temperatures -7, -14, -21, and -28 °C. Needle segments were frozen, and damage assessed using the electrolyte leakage technique. Rankings of species, varieties and sources corresponded well with field results and expectations based on climate of the source origins. The rankings of pure species and varieties should be useful to predict frost tolerance of pine hybrids, and the methodology shows promise for future experiments to quantify cold tolerance and genetic variation among hybrid progeny. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.2989/20702620.2012.683637 VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - 7-17 SN - 2070-2639 KW - adaptability KW - cold hardiness KW - electrolyte leakage KW - frost tolerance KW - relative conductivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Method for Estimating Deciduous Competition in Pine Stands Using Landsat AU - Blinn, Christine E. AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Wynne, Randolph H. AU - Stape, Jose L. AU - Rubilar, Rafael A. AU - Allen, H. Lee T2 - SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY AB - A method for identifying pine plantations that may require vegetation control using remotely sensed imagery is presented. Landsat satellite images are used to estimate the leaf area index (LAI) of competing deciduous vegetation by subtracting winter LAI from spring LAI. This differencing works because pine leaf area increases relatively little in comparison with deciduous vegetation between winter and early spring. Competing vegetation LAI levels were compared before and after midrotation release treatments to measure the success of the release treatments. The LAI differencing method estimates the relative abundance of competing vegetation in pine stands and was successful at measuring a reduction in competition levels after release treatments. Midrotation stands prior to release treatments were found to have levels of competing vegetation leaf area equivalent to stands that had never received vegetation control treatments and lower levels of competing vegetation after release treatments. DA - 2012/5// PY - 2012/5// DO - 10.5849/sjaf.10-034 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 71-78 SN - 0148-4419 KW - remote sensing KW - silviculture KW - vegetation control KW - loblolly pine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water use in plantations of eucalypts and pines: a discussion paper from a tree breeding perspective AU - Dvorak, W. S. T2 - INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY REVIEW AB - SUMMARY Plantation forests are being established on more marginal, harsh sites to accommodate expansion of agriculture. Because of this, tree breeders and silviculturists are interested in improving drought hardiness of trees. Breeding approaches to improve drought hardiness includes the assessment of trees as dead or alive in trials after severe droughts followed by the selection of the best surviving phenotypes for the establishment of seed orchards or land races. Physiologists estimate water utilization in trees in terms of water use efficiency (WUE). It is a function of biomass per unit of evapotranspiration and is calculated on a leaf or wood scale in clonal plots and stands. The gene complexes that control drought hardiness and WUE are probably different. It one respect, traditional breeding might have a limited impact on changing WUE since it will be difficult to alter rate of evapotranspiration through selection. In another respect, one could argue that selecting trees for high productivity is ind... DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1505/146554812799973118 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 110-119 SN - 2053-7778 KW - breeding KW - drought hardiness KW - water use KW - genomic selection KW - clones ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding environmentally significant behavior among whitewater rafting and trekking guides in the Garhwal Himalaya, India AU - Serenari, Christopher AU - Leung, Yu-Fai AU - Attarian, Aram AU - Franck, Chris T2 - JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AB - Abstract Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India, is planning for large-scale sustainable mountain tourism. However, current tourism practices have resulted in waste accumulation and vegetation loss. This paper explores the possibility of increasing the role of whitewater rafting and adventure tour guides to reduce tourists’ environmental impacts. Earlier studies on guides acquiescent with this role have found it to be effective in altering client behavior and minimizing environmentally destructive behavior. However, only limited research focuses on guides from developing countries outside an ecotourism context. This exploratory research in Garhwal, India, helps explain adventure guide intentions to perform pro-environmental behavior. The theory of planned behavior was applied to identify factors leading to a sample of 68 whitewater and trekking guides to perform three environmentally significant behaviors – packing out rubbish, burying their human waste and cutting living trees for firewood. Results suggest that the theoretical antecedents of the theory of planned behavior can predict intentions to perform pro-environmental behavior among non-western guides. Possible impediments to consistent performance of pro-environmental behavior among guides were noted, including lack of social pressure to change, abhorrence of contact with excreta, caste issues, effort expended to dig burial holes, etc. Managerial possibilities to encourage change are discussed. 对印度喜马拉雅加瓦尔地区浅滩漂流和徒步旅行导游的环保重要行为的理解 印度的加瓦尔地区正在规划大规模的可持续性山区旅游。但是,现在的旅游活动往往引起废物的堆积和植被的流失。该文章探讨了如何增加浅滩漂流和探险旅游导游对减低旅游者对环境影响的职责的可能性。早前的对导游的研究着重在他们默认的职责中对于有效地提醒旅游者行为和减低对环境有伤害的行为。但是,只有非常有限的研究是关于发展中国家除了生态旅游以外的内容里的导游的。这个对于印度加瓦尔地区的探索性研究帮助解释了探险导游的希望执行环保行为的意图。规划行为的理论在文中用来发现由68个浅滩漂流和徒步履行导游使用三种环境重要性行为的例子引导出的因素。三种环境重要性行为包括打包垃圾,埋掩人体排放垃圾,和砍生长中的树作为生火用途。结论指出规划行为理论的理论性前因能够预测在非西方导游中环保行为表现的意图。导游中环保行为持续性表现碰到的可能的障碍也在文中提到,包括缺少社会压力去改变,对排泄物非常不愿意的接触,阶层问题,在挖掩埋坑时花的精力等等。另外,对鼓励改变的管理方面的可能性也被讨论到。 Keywords: adventure tourismguideHimalayaIndiatheory of planned behaviortourism impacts关键词: 探险旅游导游喜马拉雅印度规划行为理论旅游影响 Acknowledgements We wish to thank the College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, and the American Alpine Club for funding this research. We would also like to thank Dr Keith Bosak, University of Montana, for his contributions throughout the research process, and the reviewers who helped improve the paper considerably. Finally, we wish to acknowledge the guides of Garhwal and Mountain Shepherds Initiative Private Limited for their time. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1080/09669582.2011.638383 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 757-772 SN - 0966-9582 KW - adventure tourism KW - guide KW - Himalaya KW - India KW - theory of planned behavior KW - tourism impacts ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermal optimality of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide and underlying mechanisms AU - Niu, Shuli AU - Luo, Yiqi AU - Fei, Shenfeng AU - Yuan, Wenping AU - Schimel, David AU - Law, Beverly E. AU - Ammann, Christof AU - Arain, M. Altaf AU - Arneth, Almut AU - Aubinet, Marc AU - Barr, Alan AU - Beringer, Jason AU - Bernhofer, Christian AU - Black, T. Andrew AU - Buchmann, Nina AU - Cescatti, Alessandro AU - Chen, Jiquan AU - Davis, Kenneth J. AU - Dellwik, Ebba AU - Desai, Ankur R. AU - Etzold, Sophia AU - Francois, Louis AU - Gianelle, Damiano AU - Gielen, Bert AU - Goldstein, Allen AU - Groenendijk, Margriet AU - Gu, Lianhong AU - Hanan, Niall AU - Helfter, Carole AU - Hirano, Takashi AU - Hollinger, David Y. AU - Jones, Mike B. AU - Kiely, Gerard AU - Kolb, Thomas E. AU - Kutsch, Werner L. AU - Lafleur, Peter AU - Lawrence, David M. AU - Li, Linghao AU - Lindroth, Anders AU - Litvak, Marcy AU - Loustau, Denis AU - Lund, Magnus AU - Marek, Michal AU - Martin, Timothy A. AU - Matteucci, Giorgio AU - Migliavacca, Mirco AU - Montagnani, Leonardo AU - Moors, Eddy AU - Munger, J. William AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Oechel, Walter AU - Olejnik, Janusz AU - Kyaw, Tha Paw U AU - Pilegaard, Kim AU - Rambal, Serge AU - Raschi, Antonio AU - Scott, Russell L. AU - Seufert, Guenther AU - Spano, Donatella AU - Stoy, Paul AU - Sutton, Mark A. AU - Varlagin, Andrej AU - Vesala, Timo AU - Weng, Ensheng AU - Wohlfahrt, Georg AU - Yang, Bai AU - Zhang, Zhongda AU - Zhou, Xuhui T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - • It is well established that individual organisms can acclimate and adapt to temperature to optimize their functioning. However, thermal optimization of ecosystems, as an assemblage of organisms, has not been examined at broad spatial and temporal scales. • Here, we compiled data from 169 globally distributed sites of eddy covariance and quantified the temperature response functions of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), an ecosystem-level property, to determine whether NEE shows thermal optimality and to explore the underlying mechanisms. • We found that the temperature response of NEE followed a peak curve, with the optimum temperature (corresponding to the maximum magnitude of NEE) being positively correlated with annual mean temperature over years and across sites. Shifts of the optimum temperature of NEE were mostly a result of temperature acclimation of gross primary productivity (upward shift of optimum temperature) rather than changes in the temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration. • Ecosystem-level thermal optimality is a newly revealed ecosystem property, presumably reflecting associated evolutionary adaptation of organisms within ecosystems, and has the potential to significantly regulate ecosystem–climate change feedbacks. The thermal optimality of NEE has implications for understanding fundamental properties of ecosystems in changing environments and benchmarking global models. DA - 2012/5// PY - 2012/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04095.x VL - 194 IS - 3 SP - 775-783 SN - 0028-646X KW - climate change KW - optimum temperature KW - temperature acclimation KW - temperature adaptation KW - thermal optimality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shade-grown coffee in Puerto Rico: Opportunities to preserve biodiversity while reinvigorating a struggling agricultural commodity AU - Borkhataria, Rena AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Groom, Martha J. AU - Jordan-Garcia, Adrian T2 - AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT AB - Shade-grown coffee contributes to biodiversity conservation and has many ecological benefits. We reviewed historical trends in coffee production and interviewed 100 coffee growers in 1999 to determine current management practices and attitudes toward the cultivation of sun and shade coffee in Puerto Rico. We discuss the outlook for the coffee industry in the 21st century and implications for biodiversity conservation, hoping lessons from Puerto Rico will apply to the international coffee industry. Throughout the 20th century, government intervention, including subsidies and technical assistance, supported coffee farming in Puerto Rico. In an effort to modernize coffee production and increase yields, the conversion from shade to sun coffee plantations was encouraged. Despite government support, the amount of land devoted to this once dominant agricultural commodity declined markedly between 1982 and 2007 (84%), due to labor shortages, low income, and catastrophic hurricanes. We found that a return to shaded plantations would be embraced by most farmers. Growers of shaded coffee were generally happier with their cultivation practices (89.3% satisfied) than growers of sun coffee (60.9% satisfied), valued biodiversity, and were willing to cultivate coffee under shade if given similar incentives to those received for farming sun coffee. The future of the coffee industry in Puerto Rico may depend on government programs that capitalize upon emerging markets for sustainably produced, shade-grown coffee. We conclude that where governments have close ties to the coffee industry, they should strive to wed economic development with the conservation of biodiversity and associated ecological services by providing support and incentives for the production of shade coffee. DA - 2012/3/1/ PY - 2012/3/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2010.12.023 VL - 149 SP - 164-170 SN - 1873-2305 KW - Biodiversity KW - Conservation KW - Farmer attitudes KW - Puerto Rico KW - Shade coffee ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selection of Pinus spp. in South Africa for tolerance to infection by the pitch canker fungus AU - Mitchell, R. G. AU - Wingfield, M. J. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Steenkamp, E. T. AU - Coutinho, T. A. T2 - NEW FORESTS AB - The increasing threats from pests and diseases demand that the South African forest industry explores options to deploy alternative pine species in plantation development. This is especially true for species, such as Pinus patula Schiede and Deppe ex Schltdl. and Cham., which are highly susceptible to the pitch canker fungus Fusarium circinatum. Losses due to F. circinatum have been confined mostly to nurseries and at field establishment resulting in a significant cost to the industry. Although, the fungus has not as yet resulted in stem and branch infections on established P. patula in South Africa, it has caused pitch canker on other, more susceptible species such as P. radiata D. Don., and P. greggii Engelm. ex Parl. As alternatives to P. patula, on the warmer and cooler sites in South Africa, families of P. elliottii Engelm var. elliottii, P. tecunumanii (Schw.) Eguiluz and Perry, P. maximinoi H. E. Moore and P. pseudostrobus Lindl. were screened for tolerance to infection by F. circinatum in greenhouse studies. Seedlings were wounded and inoculated with spores of F. circinatum. Lesion development following inoculation was used to differentiate the levels of tolerance between families. The results showed that P. maximinoi, P. pseudostrobus, and the low elevation variety of P. tecunumanii are highly tolerant to infection with very little family variation. The narrow sense heritability estimates for these species were less than 0.06. In contrast, P. elliottii showed good tolerance with some family variation and a heritability of 0.22, while the high elevation source of P. tecunumanii showed a high degree of family variation and a heritability of 0.59. These results provide the industry with valuable information on pine species tolerant to F. circinatum that could be used as alternatives to P. patula in South Africa. DA - 2012/7// PY - 2012/7// DO - 10.1007/s11056-011-9293-5 VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - 473-489 SN - 1573-5095 KW - Camcore KW - Tree disease KW - Screening for resistance KW - Disease avoidance KW - Plantation forestry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between fecal hormone concentrations and reproductive success in captive pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) AU - Scarlata, Candace D. AU - Elias, Becky A. AU - Godwin, John R. AU - Powell, Roger A. AU - Shepherdson, David AU - Shipley, Lisa A. AU - Brown, Janine L. T2 - JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY AB - The Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) is critically endangered and the focus of a captive-breeding program. However, reproductive success in captivity to date has not been sufficient to sustain reintroduction efforts. The goal of this study was to investigate patterns of fecal progestagen and glucocorticoid excretion in females during mating, gestation, and lactation and identify hormonal relationships to reproductive success. Fresh fecal samples were collected from 48 adult, female rabbits over 3 breeding seasons at a frequency of 4–7 samples per week. Results showed that a large (17-fold) increase in progestagen concentrations 1 day after mating provides a reliable means of determining if a successful mating occurred. In general, higher glucocorticoid concentrations during the breeding season, specifically during mating and gestation, were associated with lower reproductive success. Females that failed to conceive during the breeding season had higher glucocorticoid and lower progestagen baseline concentrations than females that did conceive. Glucocorticoid excretion during late gestation, but not lactation, was negatively associated with litter success, suggesting it affects offspring survival more during the prenatal than the postnatal period. Progestagen and glucocorticoid concentrations at the end of gestation were positively related to litter size, which may be an important factor in juvenile survival. In summary, higher concentrations of fecal glucocorticoids during the breeding season were associated with reduced conception rates and survival of subsequent litters. Ultimately, identifying what factors cause elevated glucocorticoids in pygmy rabbits could provide opportunities to alleviate negative stressors and increase the reproductive output of the captive population. DA - 2012/6// PY - 2012/6// DO - 10.1644/11-mamm-a-223.1 VL - 93 IS - 3 SP - 759-770 SN - 1545-1542 KW - captive breeding KW - conception KW - fecal glucocorticoids KW - hormones KW - lactation KW - litter size KW - mating KW - progestagens KW - stress KW - reproduction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) Forest Certification in North America AU - Moore, Susan E. AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. AU - Eicheldinger, Celia T2 - Journal of Forestry AB - We conducted e-mail surveys of organizations that had received forest management certification under the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in the United States and Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) in the United States and Canada to determine if forest certification has changed forest management practices and if the changes are practically and statistically different between systems. The results indicate that forest certification prompted substantial changes in practices. On average, firms implemented 13–14 changes in forestry, environmental, social, and economic/system practices to obtain or maintain forest certification. Although there was no statistical difference between systems in the total number of changes, there were many differences in the implementation of specific forest practices, with FSC firms required to make more environmental/forest management changes and SFI firms required to make more economic/system changes. Forest managers believed that the benefits of forest certification were greater than the disadvantages. SFI managers rated the benefits of forest certification higher than FSC managers, but also rated the disadvantages higher. Most organizations felt certification accomplished their objectives and were likely to recertify, thus indicating their endorsement of the process. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.5849/jof.10-050 VL - 110 IS - 2 SP - 79-88 SN - 0022-1201 KW - certification KW - sustainability KW - evaluation KW - impacts ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic diversity in natural populations of Gmelina arborea: implications for breeding and conservation AU - Wee, Alison K. S. AU - Li, ChunHong AU - Dvorak, William S. AU - Hong, Yan T2 - NEW FORESTS DA - 2012/7// PY - 2012/7// DO - 10.1007/s11056-011-9288-2 VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - 411-428 SN - 0169-4286 KW - SSR KW - Gmelina arborea KW - Genetic diversity KW - Genetic structure KW - Plantation KW - Tree improvement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Improvement of Sawtimber Potential in Loblolly Pine AU - Cumbie, W. Patrick AU - Isik, Fikret AU - McKeand, Steven E. T2 - FOREST SCIENCE AB - Progeny from 48 elite parents of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were bred in a disconnected diallel mating design and were planted at four sites across the lower coastal plain of the southeastern United States. Height, dbh, volume, fusiform rust incidence (caused by the fungus Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme), stem forking, stem sweep, branch angle, branch diameter, branch frequency, and a sawtimber potential score were measured after six growing seasons. There were significant differences among families for all traits measured. Individual-tree narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.06 to 0.22 and half-sib family-mean heritability estimates ranged from 0.73 to 0.98. Height and volume were the traits most highly correlated with the sawtimber potential score of individual trees. From multiple regression, 79% of the variation in sawtimber potential breeding values can be attributed to variation in volume, rust incidence, stem sweep, and forking breeding values. The potential dollar value of loblolly pine was increased as much as 162% over local checks when both volume and sawtimber potential were used to select the 10 best parents from the population. Implementation of a selection index on currently measured traits is a promising opportunity to make gains in the proportion of sawtimber produced from improved germplasm of loblolly pine in the southeastern United States. DA - 2012/4// PY - 2012/4// DO - 10.5849/forsci.09-060 VL - 58 IS - 2 SP - 168-177 SN - 1938-3738 KW - genetic gain KW - genetic correlation KW - heritability KW - Pinus taeda KW - tree improvement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does homeostasis or disturbance of homeostasis in minimum leaf water potential explain the isohydric versus anisohydric behavior of Vitis vinifera L. cultivars? AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Johnson, Daniel M. T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Due to the diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit (D), one of the key regulatory roles played by stomata is to limit transpiration-induced leaf water deficit. Different types of plants are known to vary in the sensitivity of stomatal conductance (gs) to D with important consequences for their survival and growth. Plants that minimize any increase in transpiration with increasing D have a tight stomatal regulation of a constant minimum leaf water potential (Ψleaf); these plants are termed as ‘isohydric’ (Stocker 1956). Plants that have less control of Ψleaf have been termed as ‘anisohydric’ (Tardieu and Simonneau 1998). Isohydric plants maintain a constant Ψleaf by reducing gs and transpiration under drought stress. Therefore, as drought pushes soil water potential (Ψsoil) below this Ψleaf set point, the plant can no longer extract water for gas exchange. Anisohydric plants allow Ψleaf to decrease with rising D, reaching a much lower Ψleaf in droughted plants relative to well-watered plants (Tardieu and Simonneau 1998), so this strategy produces a gradient between Ψsoil and Ψleaf that allows gas exchange to continue over a greater decline in Ψsoil. Thus, anisohydric plants sustain longer periods of transpiration and photosynthesis, even under large soil water deficit, and are thought to be more drought tolerant than isohydric species (McDowell 2011). In practice, the distinctions between isohydric and anisohydric strategies are often not clear (Franks et al. 2007), even among different cultivars of the same species. For example, cultivars of poplar (Hinckley et al. 1994) and grapevine (Schultz 2003, Lovisolo et al. 2010) have been shown to exhibit both contrasting hydraulic behaviors. A third mode of behavior was also suggested by Franks et al. (2007), in which the difference between soil and midday water potential (Ψsoil − Ψleaf) is maintained seasonally constant but Ψleaf fluctuates in synchrony with soil water availability (isohydrodynamic behavior). The lack of a clear distinction between these two strategies and the complex and variable responses of stomata to D under high and low soil moisture is depicted in two papers in this issue (Rogiers et al. 2012 and Zhang et al. 2012), showing that even typically anisohydric grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars (Semillon and Merlot, respectively) may constrain gs during periods of extremely low Ψsoil. The same individuals can switch from an isohydric-like behavior when transpiration is low to an anisohydric-like behavior with increasing water demand. Interestingly, both studies indicated that classifying species as either isohydric or anisohydric is a simplistic view of stomatal functioning and does not represent well the complex stomatal behavior under drying soil, and Zhang et al. (2012) also reported an isohydrodynamic behavior. Both studies suggested that when soil water is limited, gs is aimed at protecting the integrity of the hydraulic system, whereas as soil water content increases, stomata regulate transpiration less. The results of Zhang et al. (2012) indicated that under limited soil moisture the decrease in gs with increasing D was proportional to reference gs (gs at D = 1 kPa); which is in agreement with the stomata-sensitivity model developed by Oren et al. (1999) for isohydric species (see xeric line in Figure 1A). However, a significant departure from this theoretical model was observed under high soil moisture (see wet and mesic lines in Figure 1B). Similarly, in this issue Rogiers et al. (2012) showed that under Tree Physiology 32, 245–248 doi:10.1093/treephys/tps013 DA - 2012/3// PY - 2012/3// DO - 10.1093/treephys/tps013 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 245-248 SN - 1758-4469 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Depth-dependency of trembling aspen and paper birch small-root responses to eCO(2) and eO(3) AU - Rhea, L. K. AU - King, J. S. T2 - PLANT AND SOIL DA - 2012/6// PY - 2012/6// DO - 10.1007/s11104-011-1094-2 VL - 355 IS - 1-2 SP - 215-229 SN - 1573-5036 KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Ozone KW - Small roots KW - Fine roots KW - Biomass KW - Morphometry KW - Trembling aspen KW - Paper birch ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comprehensive Quantification of Monolignol-Pathway Enzymes in Populus trichocarpa by Protein Cleavage Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry AU - Shuford, Christopher M. AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Chen, Hsi-Chuan AU - Wang, Jack AU - Shi, Rui AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. AU - Muddiman, David C. T2 - JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH AB - The economic value of wood/pulp from many tree species is largely dictated by the quantity and chemical properties of lignin, which is directly related to the composition and linkages of monolignols comprising the polymer. Although much is known regarding the monolignol biosynthetic pathway, our understanding is still deficient due to the lack of quantitative information at the proteomic level. We developed an assay based on protein cleavage isotope dilution mass spectrometry (PC-IDMS) for the determination of all potential, primary enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of monolignols and the peroxidases responsible for their polymerization to form lignin in the model tree species, Populus trichocarpa. Described is the identification of quantitative surrogate peptides through shotgun analysis of native and recombinant proteins, optimization of trypsin proteolysis using fractional factorial design of experiments, and development of a liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring method for specific detection of all targeted peptides. Of the 25 targeted enzymes, three were undetected in the normal xylem tissues, and all but two of the detectable species showed good day-to-day precision (CV < 10%). This represents the most comprehensive assay for quantification of proteins regulating monolignol biosynthesis and will lead to a better understanding of lignin formation at a systems level. DA - 2012/6// PY - 2012/6// DO - 10.1021/pr300205a VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 3390-3404 SN - 1535-3907 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84861831985&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - quantification KW - isotope dilution mass spectrometry KW - selected reaction monitoring KW - filter-aided sample preparation KW - monolignol biosynthesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stand-level patterns of carbon fluxes and partitioning in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation across a gradient of productivity, in Sao Paulo State, Brazil AU - Campoe, O. C. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Laclau, J. P. AU - Marsden, C. AU - Nouvellon, Y. T2 - Tree Physiology DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 32 IS - 6 SP - 696-706 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short-term response of small mammals following oak regeneration silviculture treatments AU - Raybuck, Amy L. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Greenberg, Cathryn H. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Gross, Kevin AU - Simon, Dean M. AU - Warburton, Gordon S. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Upland, mixed-oak forests in the eastern United States have experienced widespread oak regeneration failure, largely due to cessation of anthropogenic disturbance. Silvicultural practices used to promote advance oak regeneration may affect ground-dwelling mammals. From May to August 2008 (pre-treatment), 2010 (first year post-treatment), and 2011 (second year post-treatment), we trapped small mammals to assess changes in species richness and abundance following experimental tests of three silvicultural treatments (prescribed burns, midstory herbicide applications, and shelterwood harvests) used to promote oak regeneration. We trapped small mammals in five replicates of each treatment and controls using Sherman live traps (2008 and 2010) and drift fences (2008, 2010, and 2011). From pre- to post-treatment, we evaluated the change in estimated peromyscid abundance and relative abundance of masked shrews (Sorex cinereus), smoky shrews (Sorex fumeus), and northern short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda). Additionally, we evaluated the change in species richness across treatments for both sampling techniques. For all measures analyzed (i.e., species richness, peromyscid abundance, and relative abundance of shrews), the change from pre- to post-treatment did not differ among treatments. However, more masked shrews, smoky shrews, and northern short-tailed shrews were captured in 2011 (i.e., second year post-treatment) than in 2010 (i.e., first year post-treatment). Our research indicates that, in the short-term, small mammals (e.g., mice and shrews) can tolerate a wide range of forest disturbance following oak regeneration treatments. However, delayed treatment effects (e.g., additional post-herbicide midstory dieback) or additive changes following future treatments (e.g., prescribed burns following shelterwood harvests or multiple prescribed burns) may compound effects on small mammal populations, and should be assessed with long-term research (>2 years post-treatment). DA - 2012/6/15/ PY - 2012/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.02.012 VL - 274 SP - 10-16 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Herbicide KW - Mice KW - Prescribed fire KW - Shelterwood harvest KW - Shrew KW - Southern Appalachians ER - TY - JOUR TI - School sport policy and school-based physical activity environments and their association with observed physical activity in middle school children AU - Bocarro, Jason N. AU - Kanters, Michael A. AU - Cerin, Ester AU - Floyd, Myron F. AU - Casper, Jonathan M. AU - Suau, Luis J. AU - McKenzie, Thomas L. T2 - HEALTH & PLACE AB - Empirical research on the effects of school sport policies on children's physical activity is limited. This study examined sport policies (intramural vs. varsity), physical settings within schools, and supervision in relation to physical activity using the System for Observing Play and Leisure in Youth (SOPLAY). Data were collected on physical activity levels of children in four middle schools. Regression analyses assessed the main effects of sport policy, type of physical activity setting, and supervision as well as interactions. Regression models were stratified by gender. Children in intramural schools were more likely to use indoor spaces and be boys. Regression models indicated that varsity sport programs were associated with lower physical activity levels among boys but not girls. Significant associations between type of physical activity settings and physical activity levels were observed only for boys. Adult supervision was not associated with children's physical activity levels. Finally, descriptive results showed athletic facilities were under-utilized in all schools. DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.08.007 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 31-38 SN - 1873-2054 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855707754&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Physical activity KW - SOPLAY KW - Sport KW - Children KW - Schools KW - Adolescents ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative determination of the representative triterpenoids in the extracts of Ganoderma lucidum with different growth stages using high-performance liquid chromatography for evaluation of their 5 alpha-reductase inhibitory properties AU - Liu, Jie AU - Kurashiki, Kenji AU - Fukuta, Atsuko AU - Kaneko, Shuhei AU - Suimi, Yoshitaro AU - Shimizu, Kuniyoshi AU - Kondo, Ryuichiro T2 - FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - For quantitative determination of 5 triterpenoid constituents, including one ganoderma alcohol (ganodermatriol) and four ganoderma acids (ganoderic acid TR, DM, A, and D), in the products of Ganoderma lucidum, an analytical system was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The mobile phase was a linear gradient of 2% AcOH/H2O–CH3CN, and the elution profile was monitored at 243 and 252 nm for ganoderma alcohols and acids, respectively. This system was applied to a quantitative determination of the constituents in the different stage of G. lucidum (BMC9049 strain). The analytical results indicated that the quantity and composition of these triterpenoids differed appreciably among various stages. The stage that showed the highest concentration of ganoderic acid DM and TR also showed the strongest 5α-reductase inhibitory activity. This stage (stage 5 of 6) is thus the prime stage for harvesting this strain. Further, the contents of 5α-reductase inhibitors such as ganoderic acid TR and DM in G. lucidum extracts could be a very useful indicator to assess their 5α-reductase inhibitory activity and verify their potency. DA - 2012/8/1/ PY - 2012/8/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.034 VL - 133 IS - 3 SP - 1034-1038 SN - 1873-7072 KW - Triterpenoids KW - Ganoderma lucidum KW - 5 alpha-Reductase inhibition KW - Growth stage KW - HPLC analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Midrotation Vegetation Control and Fertilization Response in Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii across the Southeastern United States AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Stape, Jose L. AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Rubilar, Rafael A. AU - Allen, H. Lee T2 - SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY DA - 2012/2// PY - 2012/2// DO - 10.5849/sjaf.10-042 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 44-53 SN - 0148-4419 KW - resource availability KW - nutrition ER - TY - JOUR TI - LATE CRETACEOUS ANGIOSPERM WOODS FROM THE CREVASSE CANYON AND MCRAE FORMATIONS, SOUTH-CENTRAL NEW MEXICO, USA: PART 1 AU - Estrada-Ruiz, Emilio AU - Upchurch, Garland R., Jr. AU - Wheeler, Elisabeth A. AU - Mack, Greg H. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES AB - Late Cretaceous angiosperm woods from the Western Interior of North America are poorly known relative to palynomorphs and leaf macrofossils. In this report we describe angiosperm woods from the Campanian Crevasse Canyon Formation and the Maastrichtian Jose Creek Member of the McRae Formation, in south-central New Mexico. New taxa include Baasia armendarisense (Celastraceae), Fulleroxylon armendarisense (Myrtaceae), and Pygmaeoxylon paucipora (magnoliid of uncertain affinities). Previously described taxa include Metcalfeoxylon (eudicots), Paraphyllanthoxylon (most likely Laurales), and Platanoxylon (Platanaceae). Tree habit is indicated for Metcalfeoxylon, which is known from in situ stumps with a maximum basal diameter of 0.75 m, and for Baasia and Paraphyllanthoxyon, which are known from axes at least 0.14 m in diameter. Baasia and Fulleroxylon represent the first North American fossil wood records of Celastraceae and Myrtaceae, respectively. Baasia also indicates that within Celastraceae, the pattern of alternating regions of thick- and thin-walled fibers originated during the Cretaceous. DA - 2012/5// PY - 2012/5// DO - 10.1086/664714 VL - 173 IS - 4 SP - 412-428 SN - 1537-5315 KW - angiosperm woods KW - Cretaceous KW - fossil wood KW - Campanian-Maastrichtian KW - Crevasse Canyon Formation KW - McRae Formation KW - New Mexico ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactive effects of nocturnal transpiration and climate change on the root hydraulic redistribution and carbon and water budgets of southern United States pine plantations AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Ogee, Jerome AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Jouangy, Julien AU - Gavazzi, Michael AU - Treasure, Emrys AU - Sun, Ge AU - McNulty, Steve G. AU - King, John S. T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Deep root water uptake and hydraulic redistribution (HR) have been shown to play a major role in forest ecosystems during drought, but little is known about the impact of climate change, fertilization and soil characteristics on HR and its consequences on water and carbon fluxes. Using data from three mid-rotation loblolly pine plantations, and simulations with the process-based model MuSICA, this study indicated that HR can mitigate the effects of soil drying and had important implications for carbon uptake potential and net ecosystem exchange (NEE), especially when N fertilization is considered. At the coastal site (C), characterized by deep organic soil, HR increased dry season tree transpiration (T) by up to 40%, and such an increase affected NEE through major changes in gross primary productivity (GPP). Deep-rooted trees did not necessarily translate into a large volume of HR unless soil texture allowed large water potential gradients to occur, as was the case at the sandy site (S). At the Piedmont site (P) characterized by a shallow clay-loam soil, HR was low but not negligible, representing up to 10% of T. In the absence of HR, it was predicted that at the C, S and P sites, annual GPP would have been diminished by 19, 7 and 9%, respectively. Under future climate conditions HR was predicted to be reduced by up to 25% at the C site, reducing the resilience of trees to precipitation deficits. The effect of HR on T and GPP was predicted to diminish under future conditions by 12 and 6% at the C and P sites, respectively. Under future conditions, T was predicted to stay the same at the P site, but to be marginally reduced at the C site and slightly increased at the S site. Future conditions and N fertilization would decrease T by 25% at the C site, by 15% at the P site and by 8% at the S site. At the C and S sites, GPP was estimated to increase by 18% and by >70% under future conditions, respectively, with little effect of N fertilization. At the P site, future conditions would stimulate GPP by only 12%, but future conditions plus N fertilization would increase GPP by 24%. As a consequence, in all sites, water use efficiency was predicted to improve dramatically with future conditions. Modeling the effect of reduced annual precipitation indicated that limited water availability would decrease all carbon fluxes, including NEE and respiration. Our simulations highlight the interactive effects of nutrients and elevated CO2, and showed that the effect of N fertilization would be greater under future climate conditions. DA - 2012/6// PY - 2012/6// DO - 10.1093/treephys/tps018 VL - 32 IS - 6 SP - 707-723 SN - 1758-4469 KW - carbon sequestration KW - Duke FACE KW - ecosystem respiration KW - hydraulic redistribution KW - loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L KW - ) KW - MuSICA KW - soil water content KW - transpiration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving Household Surveys Through Computer-Assisted Data Collection: Use of Touch-Screen Laptops in Challenging Environments AU - Caviglia-Harris, J. AU - Hall, S. AU - Mulllan, K. AU - Macintyre, C. AU - Bauch, S. C. AU - Harris, D. AU - Sills, Erin AU - Roberts, D. AU - Toomey, M. AU - Cha, H. AU - al. T2 - FIELD METHODS AB - Data on land use change and socioeconomic dynamics in developing countries are often collected via paper-and-pencil interviewing (PAPI). This article reviews a computer-aided personal interviewing (CAPI) methodology adopted for the fourth wave of a panel survey administered in a remote region of the Brazilian Amazon in 2009. Ruggedized touch-screen laptops were used to address challenges associated with survey administration in this setting as well as limitations associated with the PAPI method. The authors discuss hardware and software considerations, methodological innovations, and tests for mode effects on missing item response rates and enumerator learning effects. DA - 2012/2// PY - 2012/2// DO - 10.1177/1525822x11399704 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 74-94 SN - 1552-3969 KW - data collection KW - computer-aided personal interviewing (CAPI) KW - PAPI KW - household surveys KW - panel surveys ER - TY - JOUR TI - How Does Spatial Study Design Influence Density Estimates from Spatial Capture-Recapture Models? AU - Sollmann, Rahel AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Belant, Jerrold L. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - When estimating population density from data collected on non-invasive detector arrays, recently developed spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models present an advance over non-spatial models by accounting for individual movement. While these models should be more robust to changes in trapping designs, they have not been well tested. Here we investigate how the spatial arrangement and size of the trapping array influence parameter estimates for SCR models. We analysed black bear data collected with 123 hair snares with an SCR model accounting for differences in detection and movement between sexes and across the trapping occasions. To see how the size of the trap array and trap dispersion influence parameter estimates, we repeated analysis for data from subsets of traps: 50% chosen at random, 50% in the centre of the array and 20% in the South of the array. Additionally, we simulated and analysed data under a suite of trap designs and home range sizes. In the black bear study, we found that results were similar across trap arrays, except when only 20% of the array was used. Black bear density was approximately 10 individuals per 100 km(2). Our simulation study showed that SCR models performed well as long as the extent of the trap array was similar to or larger than the extent of individual movement during the study period, and movement was at least half the distance between traps. SCR models performed well across a range of spatial trap setups and animal movements. Contrary to non-spatial capture-recapture models, they do not require the trapping grid to cover an area several times the average home range of the studied species. This renders SCR models more appropriate for the study of wide-ranging mammals and more flexible to design studies targeting multiple species. DA - 2012/4/23/ PY - 2012/4/23/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0034575 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do biological expansion factors adequately estimate stand-scale aboveground component biomass for Norway spruce? (vol 258, pg 2628, 2009) AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Bergh, Johan AU - Lundmark, Tomas AU - Nilsson, Urban AU - Stape, Jose Luiz AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Linder, Sune T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT DA - 2012/4/15/ PY - 2012/4/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.02.031 VL - 270 SP - 314-314 SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ceruloplasmin alters intracellular iron regulated proteins and pathways: Ferritin, transferrin receptor, glutamate and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha AU - Harned, J. AU - Ferrell, J. AU - Nagar, S. AU - Goralska, M. AU - Fleisher, L. N. AU - McGahan, M. C. T2 - EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH AB - Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a ferroxidase important to the regulation of both systemic and intracellular iron levels. Cp has a critical role in iron metabolism in the brain and retina as shown in patients with aceruloplasminemia and in Cp−/−hep−/y mice where iron accumulates and neural and retinal degeneration ensue. We have previously shown that cultured lens epithelial cells (LEC) secrete Cp. The purpose of the current study was to determine if cultured retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE) also secrete Cp. In addition, the effects of exogenously added Cp on iron regulated proteins and pathways, ferritin, transferrin receptor, glutamate secretion and levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in the nucleus were determined. Like LEC, RPE secrete Cp. Cp was found diffusely distributed within both cultured LEC and RPE, but the cell membranes had more intense staining. Exogenously added Cp caused an increase in ferritin levels in both cell types and increased secretion of glutamate. The Cp-induced increase in glutamate secretion was inhibited by both the aconitase inhibitor oxalomalic acid as well as iron chelators. As predicted by the canonical view of the iron regulatory protein (IRP) as the predominant controller of cellular iron status these results indicate that there is an increase in available iron (called the labile iron pool (LIP)) in the cytoplasm. However, both transferrin receptor (TfR) and nuclear levels of HIF-1α were increased and these results point to a decrease in available iron. Such confounding results have been found in other systems and indicate that there is a much more complex regulation of intracellularly available iron (LIP) and its downstream effects on cell metabolism. Importantly, the Cp increased production and secretion of the neurotransmitter, glutamate, is a substantive finding of clinical relevance because of the neural and retinal degeneration found in aceruloplasminemia patients. This finding and Cp-induced nuclear translocation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1) subunit HIF-1α adds novel information to the list of critical pathways impacted by Cp. DA - 2012/4// PY - 2012/4// DO - 10.1016/j.exer.2012.02.001 VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 90-97 SN - 0014-4835 KW - ceruloplasmin KW - iron KW - lens epithelial cells KW - retinal pigmented epithelial cells glutamate KW - hypoxia-inducible factor KW - transferrin receptor KW - ferritin ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Serosurvey for Brucella suis, Classical Swine Fever Virus, Porcine Circovirus Type 2, and Pseudorabies Virus in Feral Swine (Sus scrofa) of Eastern North Carolina AU - Sandfoss, Mark R. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Betsill, Carl W. AU - Palamar, Maria Baron AU - Erickson, Gene AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - As feral swine (Sus scrofa) populations expand their range and the opportunity for feral swine hunting increases, there is increased potential for disease transmission that may impact humans, domestic swine, and wildlife. From September 2007 to March 2010, in 13 North Carolina, USA, counties and at Howell Woods Environmental Learning Center, we conducted a serosurvey of feral swine for Brucella suis, pseudorabies virus (PRV), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV); the samples obtained at Howell Woods also were tested for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2). Feral swine serum was collected from trapped and hunter-harvested swine. For the first time since 2004 when screening began, we detected B. suis antibodies in 9% (9/98) of feral swine at Howell Woods and <1% (1/415) in the North Carolina counties. Also, at Howell Woods, we detected PCV-2 antibodies in 59% (53/90) of feral swine. We did not detect antibodies to PRV (n=512) or CSFV (n=307) at Howell Woods or the 13 North Carolina counties, respectively. The detection of feral swine with antibodies to B. suis for the first time in North Carolina warrants increased surveillance of the feral swine population to evaluate speed of disease spread and to establish the potential risk to commercial swine and humans. DA - 2012/4// PY - 2012/4// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-48.2.462 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 462-466 SN - 1943-3700 KW - Brucella suis KW - classical swine fever KW - feral swine KW - North Carolina KW - porcine circovirus type 2 KW - pseudorabies virus KW - Sus scrofa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Values, objectivity and credibility of scientists in a contentious natural resource debate AU - Yamamoto, Y. T. T2 - Public Understanding of Science (Bristol, England) DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 101-125 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease AU - Sallis, James F. AU - Floyd, Myron F. AU - Rodriguez, Daniel A. AU - Saelens, Brian E. T2 - CIRCULATION AB - HomeCirculationVol. 125, No. 5Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease Free AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBRole of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease James F. Sallis, PhD, Myron F. Floyd, PhD, Daniel A. Rodríguez, PhD and Brian E. Saelens, PhD James F. SallisJames F. Sallis From the Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (J.F.S.); Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (M.F.F.); Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (D.A.R.); and Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington (B.E.S.). Search for more papers by this author , Myron F. FloydMyron F. Floyd From the Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (J.F.S.); Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (M.F.F.); Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (D.A.R.); and Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington (B.E.S.). Search for more papers by this author , Daniel A. RodríguezDaniel A. Rodríguez From the Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (J.F.S.); Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (M.F.F.); Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (D.A.R.); and Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington (B.E.S.). Search for more papers by this author and Brian E. SaelensBrian E. Saelens From the Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (J.F.S.); Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (M.F.F.); Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (D.A.R.); and Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington (B.E.S.). Search for more papers by this author Originally published7 Feb 2012https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.969022Circulation. 2012;125:729–737IntroductionIn industrialized nations like the United States and Sweden, the vast majority of adults do not meet the physical activity guidelines of 150 minutes per week.1 Inactive lifestyles put most adults at risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes mellitus, obesity, some cancers, osteoporosis, and psychological disorders.2 Physical activity can be effective at all phases of chronic disease management, from primordial prevention (prevention of risk factors) through treatment and rehabilitation.2 There is particular interest in the potential for physical activity to prevent chronic diseases, thereby improving quality of life and reducing healthcare costs.3 In the past decade, limitations of prevention approaches that target mainly individuals with educational and motivational programs have been recognized, triggering a trend to consider influences on behavior that are outside the person, such as the built environment.4,5 The purposes of the present report are to describe multilevel ecological models of behavior as they apply to physical activity, describe key concepts, summarize evidence on the relation of built environment attributes to physical activity and obesity, and provide recommendations for built environment changes that could increase physical activity. The intent of this nonsystematic review is to present conclusions from previous reviews, then illustrate results by highlighting selected studies.An Ecological Model of Physical ActivityEcological models specify multiple levels of influence on behavior, from individual and social factors to institutional, community, built environment, and policy factors. A key principle is that interventions should be most effective when they change the person, the social environment, and built environments and policies.6 Motivating a person to change in an environment that poses many barriers is not expected to be very effective, nor is providing a supportive environment in the absence of educational interventions to promote use of those environments.Built environments are the totality of places built or designed by humans, including buildings, grounds around buildings, layout of communities, transportation infrastructure, and parks and trails.7 Policies can be laws and regulations at any level of government, corporate practices, and rules at institutions such as schools. Changing built environments and policies is expected to have a long-term impact on most or all of the people in those places. Characteristics of built environments, from neighborhoods to cities, have been related to rates of chronic disease and mental health8–10 and risk factors such as obesity11,12 and hypertension.11 Physical activity is believed to be a critical mechanism by which built environments can affect chronic disease.8,9Societal changes over decades have dramatically reduced the need for physical activity in daily life while creating ubiquitous barriers to physical activity. Mechanization and computerization have reduced physical activity at work, labor-saving devices have reduced activity required for household chores, and investments and policies that favored travel by automobiles have reduced the use of walking and bicycling for transportation. Although these societal changes have had some desirable effects, they have also led to a decrease in daily physical activity.Physical activity can be classified into 4 domains of life that describe how people spend their time: Leisure/recreation/exercise, occupation (school for youth), transportation, and household.13 The 4 domains are relevant to and driven by different built environment features and policies. Figure 1 is a simple ecological model of physical activity that identifies institutional and community built environment settings and features, as well as policies, that are relevant to each physical activity domain.Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure 1. An ecological model of 4 domains of physical activity. Adapted from Sallis et al14 with permission of the publisher. Copyright © Annual Reviews, 2006.A commonality across all of the environmental settings identified in Figure 1 (ie, recreation facilities, community design, transportation facilities, workplaces, schools, and homes) is that none are controlled by health professionals. Yet these places can affect health. Thus, for both research and practical applications, it is necessary for health professionals to develop partnerships with professionals from diverse and often unfamiliar disciplines and sectors of society.14The need for a multilevel, multisector approach to physical activity promotion, obesity, and CVD prevention has been recognized by numerous health organizations.4,15–18 These recommendations justify a vigorous research program to identify modifiable environmental attributes and policies that have the strongest or most widespread effects or associations to guide intervention efforts. The Active Living Research program of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has been funding such studies since 2003,19 and the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) includes environment and policy research in the Strategic Plan for NIH Obesity Research.20 Environmental research on physical activity has grown rapidly since 2000, has been reviewed numerous times,21–24 and is informing policy debates at all levels of government.Because investigators do not have control over the policy or environment intervention, it is rarely possible to randomly assign people or places to experimental conditions. Thus, most of the studies are observational, although quasi-experimental studies have become more common. In the present nonsystematic review, overviews of the literature are provided and illustrative results are described as they relate to active transportation and active recreation, because these physical activity domains appear most amenable to environment and policy intervention. Because there is limited evidence about how built environments are related to occupational and household physical activity, these domains were not addressed.Built Environments and Active RecreationHealthy People 202025 and the Institute of Medicine16 identified public parks and recreation facilities as providing settings for diverse recreation activities for children, families, and organizations such as schools and faith-based institutions. Provision of parks and recreation is a function of government in all developed countries. In the United States, parks are administered by municipal, county, state, and federal levels of government, as well as special park districts.26 There are more than 9000 local park and recreation departments with 108 000 public park facilities and 65 000 indoor recreation facilities in the United States.27 Because parks and recreation facilities are generally accessible to populations at highest risk of inactivity and are available at low user costs, they are well positioned to play a role in disease prevention. Their provision, design, and quality can be influenced through public policy.26,28Recreation Environments and Active RecreationAvailability of and proximity to recreation facilities have been associated consistently with greater physical activity among adults,29–32 adolescents,33–35 and children,33,34,36,37 with some exceptions.38 A national study of U.S. adults found perceived access to parks and trails was positively associated with physical activity.29 Respondents perceiving access to these resources were nearly 2 times more likely to meet physical activity guidelines than those who did not perceive these resources were available. A 3-city study found that objectively measured density of parks and recreation facilities was associated with physical activity among adults.30 An observational study39 in Tampa, FL, and Chicago, IL, assessed energy expenditure associated with different activity zones in 28 neighborhood parks. Courts (basketball and racquet sports), playgrounds, and soccer fields generally were associated with greater energy expenditure than baseball/softball fields, picnic areas, and open spaces (Figure 2).Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure 2. Mean energy expenditure (kcal · kg−1 ·min−1) per park in 10 Tampa, FL, neighborhood parks by activity zones (N=6922). Adapted from Floyd et al39 with permission of the publisher. Copyright © Elsevier, 2008.Trails and greenways can be used for active recreation and active commuting. People who used trails on a weekly basis were twice as likely to meet physical activity recommendations.40 A study in Dallas, TX, Chicago, and Los Angeles, CA, demonstrated that greater trail usage was associated with trail characteristics such as mixed views (a combination of urban and natural scenery), lighting, good trail conditions, cafes, and restrooms.41 Lower usage was associated with litter, noise, and high density of vegetation on the trails.Similar results were found in studies of adolescents and children. A national study of 17 000 adolescents found that odds of participating in frequent physical activity were greater when there were more recreation facilities nearby (Figure 3).34 A large study36 of Atlanta, GA, youth found that the presence of recreation space within 1 km of home was related to walking trips among all age groups (ages 5–20 years) and was the strongest predictor of walking among youth in the 15- to 20-year-old age group. Cohen et al33 found that parks with playgrounds, basketball courts, walking paths, tracks, swimming areas, and multiple purpose rooms were associated with greater nonschool physical activity among adolescent girls. Thus, presence of parks and trails, as well as the design of these facilities, has been related to physical activity.Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure 3. Relative odds of overweight and >5 bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with increasing number of recreation facilities per block group, adjusted for population density. Adapted from Gordon-Larsen et al34 with permission of the publisher. Copyright © American Academy of Pediatrics, 2006.Recreation Environments and ObesityThere is limited research on the link between access to recreation environments and weight-related outcomes. Findings generally do not support associations between recreation environments and obesity for either adults or youth.12 This is not surprising, because recreation environments are just 1 component of the built environment. One notable exception was a US national study of adolescents that found odds of being obese were lower among youth in neighborhoods with more recreation facilities (Figure 3).34Interventions and Active RecreationA few studies evaluated the impacts of environmental interventions in park and recreation settings using quasi-experimental designs. For instance, a study conducted in ethnically diverse communities in San Francisco, CA, compared visitation and physical activity in 2 renovated parks to a control park.42 Renovations included turf replacement, new fencing and lighting, and additional programming. Both intervention parks experienced a significant increase in youth and adult visitors. Another study investigated whether expansion of a skate park and improvements to a community center for older adults (eg, building renovations and the addition of exercise equipment) were related to facility use and physical activity, with comparisons to 2 control parks.43 Renovation of the skate park was associated with a 6-fold increase in use and more physical activity. Use levels of the renovated senior center actually declined compared with baseline and were not significantly different from control parks. The researchers suggested the decline might be explained by park users not being aware of the renovations. This highlights the importance of coupling informational and environmental interventions, consistent with ecological models.44Built Environments and Active TransportationActive transportation has declined in recent decades. Between 1977 and 1995, the number of all walking trips decreased by 32% for adults, with similar reductions for youth.45 Adults walk for only 21.2% of trips that are 1.6 km or less, and children walk for only 35.9% of trips to school of that distance.45 Reversing the recent decline in rates of walking and biking for transportation, especially for short trips, presents a major opportunity for improving health for all ages. Evidence is accumulating about how the built environment can support active transportation, and this evidence can inform policy changes.Built Environment, Active Transportation, and Physical ActivityKey characteristics of built environments and community design are land use (residential, commercial, institutional, or park and open space), intensity (population density), location relative to other community destinations, the interconnections available to reach those destinations, and aesthetic qualities. Having a variety of destinations close by has been positively associated with walking and bicycling for transportation.22,23,46–48 Destinations refer to land uses that are frequently accessed in daily life for shopping, education, work, and recreation. Proximity to parks and commercial areas is associated with higher active transportation.24,49Population density refers to the number of individuals or households living in a particular area and is consistently associated with higher active transportation.23,46 In areas of high density, destinations can be closer together because the number of people needed to support shops, services, and schools is found in a smaller area.Transportation facilities that connect residential areas and destinations also are related to active transportation. When neighborhoods have sidewalks, streets are well lit, and pedestrians are shielded from traffic, residents are often found to walk more and have higher physical activity, although results are not highly consistent.46,47,50,51 Having bicycle paths or trails that separate bicycles from traffic is sometimes associated with increased bicycle use.48,52Public bus and rail stops nearby have been positively associated with active transportation.51,53,54 People who use public transportation tended to be more active and less likely to be overweight and obese than adults who did not use public transportation.55 Nationwide, 29% of those who used transit were physically active for 30 minutes or more each day, solely by walking to and from public transit.54Many of the environmental factors associated with active transportation among youth are similar to findings with adults. Two reviews56,57 found consistent evidence that proximity to destinations and the presence of paths for walking and bicycling are important for active transportation among youth.58 Living in neighborhoods with high density and a variety of nonresidential land uses such as parks, play areas, and recreational facilities is associated with higher rates of active transportation in children58 and overall physical activity.57 One difference from the evidence on adults is that for children, the importance of commercial uses close to home is more equivocal.58A commonality across adults and children is the concern regarding safety from traffic as a barrier to physical activity. Parental concern about personal and traffic safety has been associated with whether children are allowed to walk or bicycle in their community or to and from school.56,59 Focusing on behavior-specific correlates, such as with active transport to school, promises to clarify associations and provide more concrete guidance regarding environmental interventions.57,60 Higher rates of walking to school have been consistently associated with closer proximity to school, greater population density, and supportive pedestrian infrastructure and safety conditions on the route.57,59,60 Active transportation to school supplements, and does not replace, other physical activity.56Many of the built environment characteristics described often occur simultaneously in urban areas. Places with high density usually are well connected, have destinations close by, and are well served by infrastructure for walking, bicycling, and public transportation. This covariation suggests that isolating the effects of built environment characteristics on physical activity outcomes is methodologically difficult and may be conceptually unwise, because cumulative effects of several environmental attributes may be required to have a large effect on behavior. Some studies have focused on the package of attributes by sampling individuals from neighborhoods deemed a priori as highly supportive or unsupportive of physical activity. Although not unanimous,22 the evidence consistently indicates that walking is higher in high-walkable neighborhoods than in low-walkable neighborhoods. A walkable environment was defined on the basis of its land use mix, street connectivity, residential density, and retail intensity. In a study of 32 neighborhoods in Seattle, WA, and Baltimore, MD, regions, neighborhood walkability was related to both higher reported walking for transportation (20–40 more minutes per week) and higher objectively measured total physical activity (35–49 more minutes per week).61 An international study showed adults in the most activity-supportive environments were twice as likely to meet physical activity guidelines as those in the least-supportive neighborhoods.51There are fewer studies focusing on rural populations, even though rural residents are at high risk of poor health outcomes.62 For rural residents, traffic safety, recreation facilities, and trails were most consistently associated with physical activity.Built Environments and ObesityStudies on associations between the built environment and obesity have produced mixed findings in adults. Although some neighborhood studies found that walkable neighborhoods protect against overweight and obesity,61,63 a review concluded there are inconsistent associations of walkable neighborhoods and their components with obesity-related outcomes.46 Body fat accumulates over time, so studies of cumulative exposures rather than cross-sectional associations may be more likely to detect impacts of the built environment. Alternatively, cross-sectional associations could be caused by self-selection bias and not be confirmed in longitudinal studies. A large study showed significant cross-sectional but not longitudinal associations between built environments and weight status.64 It is possible that longitudinal changes in built environments must be substantial and well measured to detect associations with change in body mass index.Among children, the evidence on associations between the built environment and obesity or overweight appears equally mixed. Galvez et al65 reported that although most built environment variables were not associated with childhood obesity in 15 studies, distance to playgrounds and density of rail stations were associated with obesity in the anticipated direction. In a prospective study, active commuters to school had significantly lower body mass index than nonactive commuters, but active commuting to school was not associated with body mass index change.66Interventions and Active TransportationAlthough brick-and-mortar solutions are important, research has emphasized the importance of programming and policies to support infrastructure changes. Programming for active transportation to schools (such as safe routes to school and the walking school bus) has been associated with increased physical activity among children, although the studies are methodologically weak.67 Policies play a crucial role in encouraging active transportation. A review concluded there is sufficient evidence that community-scale land use regulations and policies can be effective in increasing walking and bicycling.68 Policies also support complementary strategies such as programs and promotions to encourage active transportation. This is particularly apparent in interventions to promote bicycling, in which single strategies had little effect, but uncontrolled evaluations of cities that used multiple strategies, including protected bicycle facilities, bicycle sharing, and policies favoring cyclists, appeared to be consistently effective.69Disparities in Access to Activity-Supportive Built EnvironmentsDisparities in Access to Parks and Recreation FacilitiesIn light of the potential of parks and recreation facilities to increase physical activity, understanding the extent of their availability and quality in low-income and racial/ethnic minority communities is of importance in efforts to eliminate health disparities. A national study34 showed that areas with college educated populations were 3 and 4 times more likely, respectively, to have at least 1 park or other outdoor recreation resource than areas with less educated residents. Neighborhoods with populations that were 95% minority and overwhelmingly without college education (5% or less) had 46% lower odds of having at least 1 recreation facility. Having a recreation facility nearby is only 1 aspect of addressing income and ethnic disparity. Quality of facilities, safety, and recreation preferences of community members should also be considered.Disparities in Built Environments Relevant to Active TransportationIt appears that disparities in access to activity-supportive community environments vary across attributes. There is little evidence that Hispanics and blacks, or low-income populations, are disadvantaged with respect to the density of areas in which they live.70,71 Racial and ethnic minority and low socioeconomic status groups may be particularly sensitive to the built environment. In a review, light traffic, safety from crime, and sidewalks were most consistently associated with physical activity among black Americans.71 However, low socioeconomic status or high-minority neighborhoods appear to have less supportive environmental conditions for active transportation. A review concluded that disadvantaged neighborhoods had poorer aesthetics and worse conditions related to traffic safety and crime safety.71 For example, a study of 2 US regions found that lower- and higher-income neighborhoods did not differ substantially with regard to commonly assessed walkability variables, but lower-income neighborhoods had less favorable values on pedestrian/cycling facilities, aesthetics, access to recreation facilities, traffic safety, and crime safety.72 These poor conditions could potentially overcome the beneficial effects of living in a walkable low-income neighborhood.Recommendations for Environment and Policy ChangeRecent recommendations for increasing physical activity and reducing obesity and CVD risk retain some educational focus (eg, benefits of physical activity, behavior change skills), but most emphasize more sustainable and broader-reaching environmental and policy changes. Various organizations' recommendations15,16,73–77 in these areas are provided in the Table, with sample strategies that target environmental or policy change. These recommendations have different desired outcomes (eg, obesity prevention versus physical activity promotion only) but considerable overlap in the types of proposed intervention strategies.Table. Recent U.S.-Based Recommendations for Modifying Built Environments or Policies for Physical Activity Promotion, Obesity Prevention, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk ReductionSourcePrimary Target(s)Levels of InterventionExample Built Environment or Policy Recommendation for Increasing Physical ActivityWeb AccessAmerican Academy of Pediatrics (2009)73Physical activity promotion in childrenCommunity“Create and maintain playgrounds, parks, and green spaces [and] means to access them safely”http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/collection/committee_on_environmental_healthAmerican Heart Association Policy Strategies (2011)15Ideal cardiovascular healthCommunity, food supply, healthcare system, media, restaurants, schools, worksites“Implement zoning/building ordinances that encourage pedestrian-friendly streets and roadways with appropriate crosswalks, sidewalks, traffic lights, etc and slower speed limits in walking/biking areas”http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/123/7.816CDC MAPPS interventions for CPPW74Obesity preventionCommunity, food retailers, media, recreational facilities, restaurants, schools, worksitesProvide “incentives for active transit”http://www.cdc.gov/CommunitiesPuttingPreventiontoWork/strategies/index.htmCDC Recommended Strategies for Obesity Prevention (2009)75Obesity preventionCommunity, public service venues, schools“Zone for mixed-used development”www.cdc.gov/obesity/downloads/community_strategies_guide.pdfInstitute of Medicine (2009)16Childhood obesity preventionCommunity, retail food outlets and restaurants, worksites, childcare, government nutrition assistance programs“Adopt community policing strategies that improve safety and security for park use, especially in higher crime neighborhoods”http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12674.htmlNational Physical Activity Plan76Physical activity promotion“Increase accountability of project planning and selection to ensure infrastructure supporting active transportation and other forms of physical activity”http://www.physicalactivityplan.org/White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity (2010)77Childhood obesityFederal and state government and agencies, and local community, schools, local businesses and other private sector partners (eg, entertainment companies)“The Environmental Protection Agency should assist school districts that may be interested in siting guidelines for new schools that consider the promotion of physical activity, including whether students will be able to walk or bike to school”http://www.letsmove.gov/white-house-task-force-childhood-obesity-report-presidentCDC indicates Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; MAPPS, Media, Access, Point of decision information, Price, and Social support/services; and CPPW, Communities Putting Prevention to Work.As seen in the Table, the recommendations target many of the contexts encountered in daily living, such as transportation systems, neighborhood built environments, schools, worksites, and the media. These recommended strategies are also broad in type, targeting changes in physical activity across multiple domains, from encouraging changes to the availability of resources for leisure-time physical activity (eg, more parks and green space) to changes in zoning and land use patterns expected to impact transportation choices.An example set of recommendations is the American Heart Association's recent policy strategies for achieving ideal cardiovascular health published in Circulation.15 In addition to an emphasis on the healthcare system, the recommendations include strategies for targeting built environment (eg, walk/bike trails, safe routes to schools) and policy interventions (eg, shared-use agreements for recreational facility use between schools and communities). The predecessor to these strategies within the American Heart Association appears to be the 2003 guide for improving cardiovascular health at the community level,5 which included many of the same environment and policy recommendations. It is noteworthy that the more recent recommendations had considerably less focus on individual-level education (eg, school curriculum about CVD risks), perhaps recognizing the need to prioritize environment and policy changes before expecting educational int DA - 2012/2/7/ PY - 2012/2/7/ DO - 10.1161/circulationaha.110.969022 VL - 125 IS - 5 SP - 729-737 SN - 1524-4539 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84856854408&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - epidemiology KW - exercise KW - lifestyle KW - obesity KW - prevention ER - TY - JOUR TI - Raman-spectroscopy-based noninvasive microanalysis of native lignin structure AU - Perera, Pradeep N. AU - Schmidt, Martin AU - Chiang, Vincent L. AU - Schuck, P. James AU - Adams, Paul D. T2 - ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1007/s00216-011-5518-x VL - 402 IS - 2 SP - 983-987 SN - 1618-2642 KW - Lignin KW - Entropy minimization KW - Chemometrics KW - Cell wall KW - Monolignol KW - Raman ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perceptions of silvopasture systems among adopters in northeast Argentina AU - Frey, Gregory E. AU - Fassola, Hugo E. AU - Pachas, A. Nahuel AU - Colcombet, Luis AU - Lacorte, Santiago M. AU - Perez, Oscar AU - Renkow, Mitch AU - Warren, Sarah T. AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. T2 - AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS AB - Farmers’ perceptions over time of an agroforestry technology can have an important impact on adoption and disadoption. Their perceptions, in turn, may be influenced by the type and scale of farm they own and the social networks they create. We examined the factors underlying producers’ perceptions of silvopasture systems at the time of adoption and perceptions following several years of experience, and the factors explaining discontinuance of systems in Argentina. We found that while most adopters indicated that other people influenced their decision about whether or not to adopt silvopasture, the type of person that influenced them (professionals vs. other farmers) did not affect adopters’ perceptions of the relative benefits and challenges of the system. However, farm scale and farm type did explain farmers’ perceptions to a good degree. Smaller-scale farmers were less likely to see costs and returns as benefits of the system, but more likely to see cash flow properties as important advantages. Farmers’ perceptions after experiencing the system were good predictors of likely discontinuance, but influential people, farm scales, farm type, and perceptions at the time of adoption were not. DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1016/j.agsy.2011.09.001 VL - 105 IS - 1 SP - 21-32 SN - 0308-521X KW - Farm type KW - Farm scale KW - Agroforestry KW - Discontinuance KW - Silvopasture KW - Argentina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mesoscopic Simulations of the Phase Behavior of Aqueous EO19PO29EO19 Solutions Confined and Sheared by Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Surfaces AU - Liu, Hongyi AU - Li, Yan AU - Krause, Wendy E. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AU - Rojas, Orlando J. T2 - ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES AB - The MesoDyn method is used to investigate associative structures in aqueous solution of a nonionic triblock copolymer consisting of poly(propylene oxide) capped on both ends with poly(ethylene oxide) chains. The effect of adsorbing (hydrophobic) and nonadsorbing (hydrophilic) solid surfaces in contact with aqueous solutions of the polymer is elucidated. The macromolecules form self-assembled structures in solution. Confinement under shear forces is investigated in terms of interfacial behavior and association. The formation of micelles under confinement between hydrophilic surfaces occurs faster than in bulk aqueous solution while layered structures assemble when the polymers are confined between hydrophobic surfaces. Micelles are deformed under shear rates of 1 μs(-1) and eventually break to form persistent, adsorbed layered structures. As a result, surface damage under frictional forces is prevented. Overall, this study indicates that aqueous triblock copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) (Pluronics, EO(m)PO(n)EO(m)) act as a boundary lubricant for hydrophobic surfaces but not for hydrophilic ones. DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1021/am200917h VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 87-95 SN - 1944-8252 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863067883&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - triblock nonionic polymers KW - pluronics KW - MesoDyn KW - lubrication KW - boundary layer KW - spherical micelles KW - cylindrical micelles KW - wormlike micelles ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions of Fr genes and mixed-pathogen inocula in the loblolly pine-fusiform rust pathosystem AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Amerson, Henry V. AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - Garcia, Saul A. AU - McKeand, Steven E. T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES DA - 2012/2// PY - 2012/2// DO - 10.1007/s11295-011-0416-0 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 15-25 SN - 1614-2950 KW - Pinus taeda KW - Disease resistance KW - Gene-for-gene resistance KW - Tree improvement KW - Virulence assessment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of age-related increases in sapwood area, leaf area, and xylem conductivity on height-related hydraulic costs in two contrasting coniferous species AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Lachenbruch, Barbara AU - Pruyn, Michele L. AU - Spicer, Rachel T2 - ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE AB - Knowledge of vertical variation in hydraulic parameters would improve our understanding of individual trunk functioning and likely have important implications for modeling water movement to the leaves. Specifically, understanding how foliage area (A l), sapwood area (A s), and hydraulic specific conductivity (k s) vary with canopy position to affect leaf-specific conductivity (LSC) and whole-tree leaf-specific hydraulic conductance (K l) may explain some of the contrasting patterns of A l/A s reported in the literature. The general aim of the study was to characterize and compare the aboveground relationships between cumulative A l, A s, and k s for two Pacific Northwest coniferous species with contrasting sapwood areas to give insight into size-related design of trees for water transport through changes in LSC and K l. The 230-year-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees had slightly smaller basal diameters than the 102-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudostuga menziesii) trees, but contained 85% sapwood at the base compared to 30% in Douglas-fir. At the tree base, there was no evidence that A l/A s decreased with tree age or with tree size. In both species, A l/A s of branches was significantly higher than A l/A s at the tree base, but it was not different from A l/A s measured in the trunks at the top of the tree. Douglas-fir had higher A l/A s at the base than did ponderosa pine (0.42 vs. 0.24 m2 cm−2), similar patterns of change in A l/A s with height, and similar values of k s, such that LSC in Douglas-fir was 77% the value of LSC in ponderosa pine. Compensating changes to increase LSC between short and tall trees occurred through an increased in k s in tall trees but not through a reduction in A l. LSC increased logarithmically with branch path length or trunk path length whereas K l decreased significantly from top to base of old trees, but not between sections from old and young trees of similar cambial age. Even though ponderosa pine had three times more sapwood than Douglas-fir, this study revealed a common relationship of declining K l with increasing tree height and diameter between the two species, within age classes and among trees. There was no compensating decrease in A l/A s as trees got taller, which showed that a homeostasis in K l was not maintained during growth. The trend of higher allocation of biomass to sapwood over leaves in ponderosa pine is consistent with this species’ tendency to inhabit drier sites than Douglas-fir. DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1007/s13595-011-0154-3 VL - 69 IS - 1 SP - 17-27 SN - 1297-966X KW - Tree conductance KW - Hydraulic limitation KW - Sapwood area/leaf area KW - Specific conductivity KW - Stand age ER - TY - JOUR TI - A dominance-based approach to map risks of ecological invasions in the presence of severe uncertainty AU - Yemshanov, Denys AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - Lyons, D. Barry AU - Ducey, Mark AU - Koehler, Klaus T2 - DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS AB - Abstract Aim Uncertainty has been widely recognized as one of the most critical issues in predicting the expansion of ecological invasions. The uncertainty associated with the introduction and spread of invasive organisms influences how pest management decision makers respond to expanding incursions. We present a model‐based approach to map risk of ecological invasions that combines two potentially conflicting goals: (1) estimating the likelihood of a new organism being established at a given locale and (2) quantifying the uncertainty of that prediction. Location Eastern and central Canada. Methods Our methodology focuses on the potential for long‐distance, human‐assisted spread of invasive organisms. First, we used a spatial simulation model to generate distributions of plausible invasion outcomes over a target geographical region. We then used second‐degree stochastic dominance (SSD) criteria to rank all geographical locations in the target region based on these distributions. We applied the approach to analyze pathways of human‐assisted spread (i.e., with commercially transported goods) of the emerald ash borer (EAB) ( Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire), a major pest of ash trees in North America. Results The projected potential of the pest to establish at remote locations is significantly shaped by the amount of epistemic uncertainty in the model‐based forecasts. The estimates based on the SSD ranking identified major ‘crossroads’ through which the movement of the EAB with commercial transport is most likely to occur. The system of major expressways in Ontario and Quebec was confirmed as the primary gateway of the pest’s expansion throughout the Canadian landscape. Main conclusions Overall, the new approach generates more realistic predictions of long‐distance introductions than models that do not account for severe uncertainties and thus can help design more effective pest surveillance programmes. The modelling technique is generic and can be applied to assess other environmental phenomena when the level of epistemic uncertainty is high. DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00848.x VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 33-46 SN - 1366-9516 KW - Agrilus planipennis KW - epistemic uncertainty KW - human-assisted spread KW - invasive species KW - pathway model KW - stochastic dominance ER - TY - CHAP TI - Wildlife radiotelemetry and remote monitoring AU - Millspaugh, J. J. AU - Kesler, D. C. AU - Gitzen, R. A. AU - Kays, R. W. AU - Schulz, J. H. AU - Rota, C. T. AU - Bodinof, C. M. AU - Belant, J. L. AU - Keller, B. J. T2 - The Wildlife Techniques Manual: Volume 1 Research PY - 2012/// SP - 258-283 PB - Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press SN - 9781421401591 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complex terrain leads to bidirectional responses of soil respiration to inter-annual water availability AU - Riveros-Iregui, Diego A. AU - McGlynn, Brian L. AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. AU - Epstein, Howard E. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Research on the terrestrial C balance focuses largely on measuring and predicting responses of ecosystem‐scale production and respiration to changing temperatures and hydrologic regimes. However, landscape morphology can modify the availability of resources from year to year by imposing physical gradients that redistribute soil water and other biophysical variables within ecosystems. This article demonstrates that the well‐established biophysical relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture interacts with topographic structure to create bidirectional (i.e., opposite) responses of soil respiration to inter‐annual soil water availability within the landscape. Based on soil respiration measurements taken at a subalpine forest in central M ontana, we found that locations with high drainage areas (i.e., lowlands and wet areas of the forest) had higher cumulative soil respiration in dry years, whereas locations with low drainage areas (i.e., uplands and dry areas of the forest) had higher cumulative soil respiration in wet years. Our results indicate that for 80.9% of the forest soil respiration is likely to increase during wet years, whereas for 19.1% of the forest soil respiration is likely to decrease under the same hydrologic conditions. This emergent, bidirectional behavior is generated from the interaction of three relatively simple elements (parabolic soil biophysics, the relative distribution of landscape positions, and inter‐annual climate variability), indicating that terrain complexity is an important mediator of the landscape‐scale soil C response to climate. These results highlight that evaluating and predicting ecosystem‐scale soil C response to climate fluctuation requires detailed characterization of biophysical‐topographic interactions in addition to biophysical‐climate interactions. DA - 2012/2// PY - 2012/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02556.x VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 749-756 SN - 1365-2486 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000299042500029&KeyUID=WOS:000299042500029 KW - bi-directional response KW - climate change KW - hydrology KW - inter-annual variability KW - mountainous terrain ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association genetics of the loblolly pine (Pinus taeda, Pinaceae) metabolome AU - Eckert, Andrew J. AU - Wegrzyn, Jill L. AU - Cumbie, W. Patrick AU - Goldfarb, Barry AU - Huber, Dudley A. AU - Tolstikov, Vladimir AU - Fiehn, Oliver AU - Neale, David B. T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - • The metabolome of a plant comprises all small molecule metabolites, which are produced during cellular processes. The genetic basis for metabolites in nonmodel plants is unknown, despite frequently observed correlations between metabolite concentrations and stress responses. A quantitative genetic analysis of metabolites in a nonmodel plant species is thus warranted. • Here, we use standard association genetic methods to correlate 3563 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to concentrations of 292 metabolites measured in a single loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) association population. • A total of 28 single locus associations were detected, representing 24 and 20 unique SNPs and metabolites, respectively. Multilocus Bayesian mixed linear models identified 2998 additional associations for a total of 1617 unique SNPs associated to 255 metabolites. These SNPs explained sizeable fractions of metabolite heritabilities when considered jointly (56.6% on average) and had lower minor allele frequencies and magnitudes of population structure as compared with random SNPs. • Modest sets of SNPs (n = 1–23) explained sizeable portions of genetic effects for many metabolites, thus highlighting the importance of multi-SNP models to association mapping, and exhibited patterns of polymorphism consistent with being linked to targets of natural selection. The implications for association mapping in forest trees are discussed. DA - 2012/3// PY - 2012/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03976.x VL - 193 IS - 4 SP - 890-902 SN - 1469-8137 KW - association genetics KW - forest trees KW - loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) KW - metabolome KW - natural selection KW - single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ER - TY - CHAP TI - Analysis of radiotelemetry data AU - Millspaugh, J. J. AU - Gitzen, R. A. AU - Belant, J. L. AU - Kays, R. W. AU - Keller, B. J. AU - Kesler, D. C. AU - Rota, C. T. AU - Schulz, J. H. AU - Bodinof, C. M. T2 - The Wildlife Techniques Manual: Volume 1 Research PY - 2012/// SP - 480-501 PB - Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press SN - 9781421401591 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Soft-Confined Method for Creating Molecular Models of Amorphous Polymer Surfaces AU - Liu, Hongyi AU - Li, Yan AU - Krause, Wendy E. AU - Rojas, Orlando J. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B AB - The goal of this work was to use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to build amorphous surface layers of polypropylene (PP) and cellulose and to inspect their physical and interfacial properties. A new method to produce molecular models for these surfaces was developed, which involved the use of a "soft" confining layer comprised of a xenon crystal. This method compacts the polymers into a density distribution and a degree of molecular surface roughness that corresponds well to experimental values. In addition, calculated properties such as density, cohesive energy density, coefficient of thermal expansion, and the surface energy agree with experimental values and thus validate the use of soft confining layers. The method can be applied to polymers with a linear backbone such as PP as well as those whose backbones contain rings, such as cellulose. The developed PP and cellulose surfaces were characterized by their interactions with water. It was found that a water nanodroplet spreads on the amorphous cellulose surfaces, but there was no significant change in the dimension of the droplet on the PP surface; the resulting MD water contact angles on PP and amorphous cellulose surfaces were determined to be 106 and 33°, respectively. DA - 2012/2/9/ PY - 2012/2/9/ DO - 10.1021/jp209024r VL - 116 IS - 5 SP - 1570-1578 SN - 1520-6106 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863136276&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular dynamics simulations of interactions between polyanilines in their inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrins AU - Tallury, Syamal S. AU - Smyth, Margaret B. AU - Cakmak, Enes AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - Journal of Physical Chemistry B AB - Conductive polymers have several applications such as in flexible displays, solar cells, and biomedical sensors. An inclusion complex of a conductive polymer and cyclodextrin is desired for some applications such as for molecular wires. In this study, different orientations of β-cyclodextrin rings on a single polyaniline (PANI) chain in an alternating emeraldine form were simulated using molecular dynamics. The simulations were performed in an implicit solvent environment that corresponds to experimental conditions. When the larger opening of the β-cyclodextrin toroids face the same direction, the cyclodextrins tend to repel each other. Alternating the orientation of the β-cyclodextrins on the chain causes the β-cyclodextrin rings to be more attractive to one another and form pairs or stacks of rings. These simulations explain how the β-cyclodextrins can be used to shield the polyaniline from outside chemical action by analyzing the PANI/cyclodextrin interactions from a molecular perspective. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1021/jp206745q VL - 116 IS - 7 SP - 2023-2030 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84857387776&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stem sinuosity in loblolly pine with nitrogen and calcium additions AU - Espinoza, J. A. AU - Allen, H. L. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Dougherty, P. M. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract Stem sinuosity is a deformation that occurs in loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.), and in many other pine species, that frequently affects the quality of the wood and hence, the final products. This deformation occurs mainly on the stem and has been associated with nutritional and physiological disorders. Nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca) are two important elements affecting the formation, growth, membrane stability and maintenance of tree cell integrity. We hypothesized that high N and low Ca availability could be a cause for sinuous growth in young loblolly pine. A trial was established in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina using different loblolly pine genotypes to evaluate sinuosity when nitrogen fertilizer was applied with and without calcium additions. Eight genotype blocks were fertilized with N (224 kg ha −1 ) as (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and Ca (168 kg ha −1 ) as CaSO 4 . Nutrient concentrations from flushing shoot tissue were examined and then correlated with stem sinuosity. Nitrogen additions caused significant increases in both stem sinuosity and N concentrations. Calcium additions reduced stem sinuosity and mitigated the negative effect of N addition when it was applied with N. The magnitude of the effect of nutrient additions observed in the eight genotypes used, however, suggests that long-term trials composed of more genotypes need to be established in order to confirm the effect of Ca, N and genotype on stem sinuosity found on this study. Our findings infer that the appropriate nutrient balance and selection of genetic material are important to provide good growth and acceptable stem form when managing stands of loblolly pine. DA - 2012/2/1/ PY - 2012/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.026 VL - 265 SP - 55-61 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Stem sinuosity KW - Fertilization KW - Ca KW - N KW - Loblolly pine ER -