TY - RPRT TI - Seasonal movements and home ranges of white-tailed deer in the central Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming, 1993-97 AU - Griffin, S.L. AU - Rice, L.A. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. A3 - South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// M3 - Pittman-Robertson Report W-75-R-34 PB - South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks ER - TY - RPRT TI - Summary of deer population monitoring within parks AU - DePerno, C.S. A3 - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// M3 - Technical Report PB - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group ER - TY - BOOK TI - McShea, W. J., H. B. Underwood, and J. H. Rappole (eds.). 1997. The Science of Overabundance - Deer Ecology and Population Management. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington D.C. and London, England. 402 pp. ISBN 1-56098-681-6 AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - McShea, W.J. AU - Underwood, H.B. AU - Rappole, J.H. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 45 SE - 317-318 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aquatic ecosystems in agricultural landscapes: a review of ecological indicators and achievable ecological outcomes AU - Watzin, M.C. AU - McIntosh, A.W. T2 - Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Society DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 54 SP - 636–644 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is Great Smoky Mountains National Park acting as a population source for Wood Thrushes? AU - Farnsworth, G.L. AU - Simons, T.R. T2 - Research and Resources Management in Parks and Public Lands DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 10 SP - 109–113 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessing the diversity and habitat associations of salamanders in Great Smoky Mountains National Park AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Johnson, E. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - The effects of landscape pattern, core areas, and forest management practices on avian communities in the southern Appalachians AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Lichstein, J.L. AU - Franzreb, K.E. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field tests and model analyses of seepage into drift AU - Wang, J.S.Y AU - Trautz, R.C AU - Cook, P.J AU - Finsterle, S AU - James, A.L AU - Birkholzer, J T2 - Journal of Contaminant Hydrology AB - This paper focuses on field test results and model analyses of the first set of five niche seepage tests conducted in the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. The test results suggest that (1) a niche opening (short drift excavated for this study) acts as a capillary barrier; (2) a seepage threshold exists; and (3) the seepage is a fraction of the liquid released above the ceiling. Before seepage quantification, air injection and liquid release tests at two niche locations were conducted to characterize the fracture flow paths. Nearly two-order-of-magnitude changes in air permeability values were measured before and after niche excavation. The dyed liquid flow paths, together with a localized wet feature potentially associated with an ambient flow path, were mapped during dry excavation operations. After niche excavation, the seepage is quantified by the ratio of the water mass dripped into a niche to the mass released above the opening at selected borehole intervals. For the first set of five tests conducted at Niche 3650 site, the ratios range from 0% (no dripping for two tests) to 27.2%. Changes in flow path distributions and water accumulation near seepage threshold were observed on the niche ceiling. The seepage test results compare reasonably well with model results without parameter adjustments, using capillary barrier boundary condition in the niche and two-dimensional and three-dimensional conceptualizations to represent discrete fracture and fracture network for the flow paths. Model analyses of the niche tests indicate that the seepage is very sensitive to the niche boundary condition and is moderately sensitive to the heterogeneity of the fracture flow paths and to the strengths of matrix imbibition. Strong capillary strength and large storage capacity of the fracture flow paths limit the seepage. High permeability value also enhances diversion and reduces seepage for low liquid release rate. DA - 1999/5// PY - 1999/5// DO - 10.1016/s0169-7722(99)00019-4 VL - 38 IS - 1-3 SP - 323-347 J2 - Journal of Contaminant Hydrology LA - en OP - SN - 0169-7722 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-7722(99)00019-4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The ecological basis of sensitivity of brown treecreepers to habitat fragmentation: a preliminary assessment AU - Walters, Jeffrey R AU - Ford, Hugh A AU - Cooper, Caren B T2 - Biological Conservation AB - We attempted to identify the mechanisms responsible for adverse effects of habitat fragmentation on brown treecreepers (Climacteris picumnus) inhabiting eucalyptus woodland in northeastern New South Wales, Australia by comparing demography and foraging ecology of birds in highly fragmented and relatively unfragmented landscapes. In particular, we investigated three possibilities, disrupted dispersal due to patch isolation, reduced fecundity due to elevated nest predation, and reduced food availability due to habitat degradation. Nesting success was high in both highly fragmented and less fragmented habitat. Of first nests, 88% were successful, and 60% of successful groups attempted a second brood. However, there were many more groups in the more fragmented habitat than in the less fragmented habitat that lacked a female for most or all of the breeding season, and thus did not attempt nesting (64% vs 13%). In both the more fragmented and the less fragmented habitat, both males and females spent about 70% of their time foraging and 65% of their foraging time on the ground. We reject reduced fecundity in fragmented habitat as an explanation of adverse effects of habitat fragmentation on brown treecreepers. Thus sensitivity to habitat fragmentation has a different basis for this species in this landscape than that suggested for Nearctic-Neotropical migrants in eastern North America. We also reject the possibility of reduced food availability in fragmented habitat. Our data support disrupted dispersal as a likely explanation for the decline of brown treecreepers in fragmented habitat. However, we can not rule out forms of habitat degradation other than reduced food availability. DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// DO - 10.1016/s0006-3207(99)00016-6 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - 13-20 J2 - Biological Conservation LA - en OP - SN - 0006-3207 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(99)00016-6 DB - Crossref KW - habitat fragmentation KW - eucalyptus woodland KW - demography KW - foraging KW - dispersal ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ecology and conservation of Neotropical migrants in the southern Appalachians AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Shriner, S.A. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toxicity identification evaluation of metal-contaminated sediments using an artificial pore water containing dissolved organic carbons AU - Boucher, Anne M. AU - Watzin, Mary C. T2 - Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry AB - Abstract Recent investigations of sediment‐associated pollutants in Lake Champlain indicated significant contamination with As, Mn, and Ni in Outer Malletts Bay, Vermont, USA. Ceriodaphnia dubia exposed to sediment pore water from several sites in Outer Malletts Bay showed repeatable, acute mortality at only one site. A toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was conducted on pore water to determine the contaminants causing mortality at this site. Unlike most TIE applications, the dilution water used in these tests was formulated to match the hardness, alkalinity, pH, conductivity, and dissolved organic carbon content of the pore water. Results from phase I of the TIE indicated that divalent metals may be responsible for toxicity. Phase II results revealed levels of Mn above LC50 values. Spiking experiments employed in phase III confirmed Mn as the principal toxicant in sediment pore water. The formulated pore water worked well and helped ensure that toxicant behavior was influenced primarily by each TIE manipulation and not by physical and chemical differences between the dilution and site water. Although the Mn toxicity at this site may be the result of its unique geomorphology, this situation underscores the need to look broadly for potential toxicants when evaluating contaminated sites. DA - 1999/3// PY - 1999/3// DO - 10.1002/etc.5620180320 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 509-518 J2 - Environ Toxicol Chem LA - en OP - SN - 0730-7268 1552-8618 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180320 DB - Crossref KW - arsenic KW - manganese KW - pore water KW - Ceriodaphnia dubia KW - toxicity identification evaluation ER - TY - JOUR TI - A hoistable arboreal mammal trap AU - Kays, R.W. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 298–300 ER - TY - THES TI - The solitary group life of a frugivorous carnivore: ecology, behavior, and genetics of kinkajous (Potos flavus AU - Kays, R.W. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// M3 - Dissertation PB - University of Tennessee ER - TY - JOUR TI - Food Preferences of Kinkajous (Potos flaws): A Frugivorous Carnivore AU - Kays, R. W. T2 - Journal of Mammalogy AB - The diet of the kinkajou (Potos flavus) is described from analyses of feces and observations of habituated individuals. Ripe fruit was the primary food comprising 90.6% of feeding bouts and present in 99% of feces. Leaves and flowers made up <10% of the diet. No animal prey was eaten. Seventy-eight species of fruit from 29 families were detected. Moraceae was the main plant family in the diet and Ficus was the most important plant genus. Kinkajous preferentially fed in large fruit patches. Selection indices were calculated for 37 fruit species. Compared with other large mammalian frugivores in central Panama the diet of kinkajous is most similar to the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). DA - 1999/5/20/ PY - 1999/5/20/ DO - 10.2307/1383303 VL - 80 IS - 2 SP - 589-599 J2 - Journal of Mammalogy LA - en OP - SN - 1545-1542 0022-2372 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1383303 DB - Crossref KW - Potos flavus KW - kinkajou KW - frugivore KW - fruit KW - arboreal KW - canopy KW - diet KW - Ficus KW - Panama ER - TY - JOUR TI - Macro-habitats selected by white-tailed deer AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Griffin, S.L. AU - Rice, L.A. T2 - South Dakota Conservation Digest DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - 11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How well do white-tailed deer survive in the central Black Hills? AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Griffin, S.L. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Rice, L.A. T2 - South Dakota Conservation Digest DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - 8-12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SEDIMENT ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT AS A CONFOUNDING FACTOR IN TOXICITY TESTS WITH CHIRONOMUS TENTANS AU - Lacey, Rebekah AU - Watzin, Mary C. AU - McIntosh, Alan W. T2 - Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0231:somcaa>2.3.co;2 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 231 J2 - Environ Toxicol Chem LA - en OP - SN - 0730-7268 1552-8618 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0231:somcaa>2.3.co;2 DB - Crossref KW - Chironomus tentans KW - sediment KW - organic matter KW - confounding factors KW - toxicity tests ER - TY - CHAP TI - Toxic substances in Lake Champlain: An overview AU - McIntosh, Alan AU - Watzin, Mary AU - King, John T2 - Water Science and Application PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1029/ws001p0239 SP - 239-259 OP - PB - American Geophysical Union SN - 0875903509 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ws001p0239 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Annual variation in fat storage by a migrant warbler overwintering in the Indian tropics AU - Katti, M. AU - Price, T. T2 - Journal of Animal Ecology AB - 1. We studied fat storage in a population of greenish leaf warblers ( Phylloscopus trochiloides ) in southern India over four winters (1993–97). This species breeds in temperate regions and overwinters in India from October to April. 2. Diurnal variation in fat scores was comparable to that seen among temperate wintering passerines. Seasonal variation was slight, except for premigratory fattening. There was significant annual variation: in drier winters, which were also winters of low food supplies, fat scores were higher. 3. Energy metabolized overnight is unlikely to vary across winters, and annual variation in fat scores is considered a response to uncertainty of food intake on a given day. Fat scores varied inversely with short‐term rainfall, which drives the abundance of arthropod prey. 4. Annual variation in fat scores was not accompanied by changes in total body mass. This suggests that protein reserves were being compromised by increased fat deposition in dry years and offers an explanation for the observed delay in moult during drier winters. These results suggest that strategies for maximizing short‐term probability of survival translate into future fitness costs, and may shape long‐term life‐history strategies through simple physiological processes. DA - 1999/7// PY - 1999/7// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00331.x VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 369–823 KW - diurnal variation KW - energy reserves KW - Phylloscopus KW - timing of moult KW - winter survival strategies ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of [13C]Pyrene Sequestration in Sediment Microcosms Using Flash Pyrolysis−GC−MS and13C NMR AU - Guthrie, Elizabeth A. AU - Bortiatynski, Jaqueline M. AU - van Heemst, Jasper D. H. AU - Richman, Jack E. AU - Hardy, Kristine S. AU - Kovach, Eugene M. AU - Hatcher, Patrick G. T2 - Environmental Science & Technology AB - In this study, the use of a 13C-labeled pollutant probe, [13C]pyrene, and the application of flash pyrolysis−GC−MS and CPMAS 13C NMR provided analytical capabilities to study pyrene interactions with soluble and insoluble compartments of sedimentary organic matter (SDOM) during whole sediments incubations in aerated microcosms. Surface sediments were collected from a site of previous hydrocarbon contamination in New Orleans, LA. Over a period of 60 days, humic acid and humin fractions of SDOM accumulated increasing amounts of pyrene that were resistant to exhaustive extraction with organic solvents. The sequestered pyrene was evident in CPMAS 13C NMR spectra of humin fractions. The amount of sequestered pyrene in humic materials was quantified by flash pyrolysis−GC−MS, a technique that destroys the three-dimensional structure of macromolecular SDOM. Noncovalent binding of pyrene to humic materials in SDOM was greater in sediments incubated with biological activity than biocide-treated sediments. The combined analytical approaches demonstrate that the sequestered pyrene, or bound residue, is noncovalently associated with SDOM and has not undergone structural alteration. Implications of these data are discussed in reference to SDOM diagenesis and long-term availability of bound pollutant residues in sediments. DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.1021/es980515e VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 119-125 J2 - Environ. Sci. Technol. LA - en OP - SN - 0013-936X 1520-5851 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980515e DB - Crossref ER - TY - RPRT TI - Atlantic white-cedar plant production AU - Summerville, K.O. AU - Gardner, W.E. AU - Hinseley, L.E. AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - Southern Forestry Service Research Station DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// SP - 68-75 M1 - SRS-27 M3 - USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PB - Southern Forestry Service Research Station SN - SRS-27 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ecotypic variation in Atlantic white-cedar in Eastern North Carolina AU - Summerville, K.O. AU - Gardner, W.E. AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Myers, R.J. A3 - USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// M1 - SRS-30 M3 - General Technical Report PB - USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station SN - SRS-30 ER - TY - CONF TI - Ecotypic variation in Atlantic white-cedar in Eastern North Carolina AU - Summerville, K.O. AU - Gardner, W.E. AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Myers, R.J. T2 - 10th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings: 10th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference CY - Shreveport, LA DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/2/16/ SP - 185-189 PB - Southeastern Forest Experiment Station ER - TY - CONF TI - Atlantic white-cedar plant production AU - Summerville, K.O. AU - Gardner, W.E. AU - Hinseley, L.E. AU - Bardon, R.E. T2 - Atlantic White-Cedar: Ecology and Management Symposium C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings: Atlantic White-Cedar: Ecology and Management Symposium CY - Newport News, VA DA - 1999/// PY - 1997/8/6/ SP - 68-75 PB - Christopher Newport University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Croptree management AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// M1 - 33 M3 - Woodland Owner Note PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - 33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tree Shelters Reduced Growth and Survival of Underplanted Red Oak Seedlings in Southern Iowa AU - Bardon, Robert E. AU - Countryman, David W. AU - Hall, Richard B. T2 - Northern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 103-107(5) UR - http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/njaf/1999/00000016/00000002/art00008 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hands on or hands off? Disgust sensitivity and preference for environmental education activities AU - Bixler, R.D. AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Journal of Environmental Education AB - Abstract Detailed descriptions of barriers to environmental education (EE) can provide opportunities for educators to foresee potential problems in programs. High disgust sensitivity is an intrapersonal barrier that constrains preference for learning opportunities involving manipulation of some organic materials. Middle school students in Texas (N = 450) completed a science activity preference scale and a disgust-sensitivity scale. Respondents who expressed the lowest interest in activities that required manipulation of organic substances also had the highest disgust-sensitivity scores. However, no differences were found among students for activities that required observation only. Using a photographic scale, students rated their preference for lake shore environments as places to conduct an aquatic entomology study. Students with high disgust sensitivity were significantly more likely to prefer the poorer locations, which were characterized by clear water and no algae or submerged objects. The addition of a barriers analysis to EE curricula and formation of strategies for working effectively with students with high disgust sensitivity are recommended. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1080/00958969909601871 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 4-11 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0005173753&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Convergence and divergence in leisure style among Whites and African Americans: Toward an interracial contact hypothesis AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Shinew, K.J. T2 - Journal of Leisure Research DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 359-384 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0001240920&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - RPRT TI - North Carolina Wood Based Residue Inventory AU - Deal, E. AU - Roise, J.P. A3 - Energy Division, N.C. Department of Commerce DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// M3 - Technical Report PB - Energy Division, N.C. Department of Commerce ER - TY - JOUR TI - Equations for Predicting Weight Loss of Stored Pulpwood in the Upper Southeastern States AU - Roise, J.P. AU - Whittow, P. AU - Deal, E. T2 - Forest Products Journal DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 77-81 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An analysis of the influence of annual thermal variables on the occurrence of fifteen warmwater fishes AU - Scheller, RM AU - Snarski, VM AU - Eaton, JG AU - Oehlert, GW T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Multisource fish-sampling data and U.S. Geological Survey temperature data from streams throughout the United States were used to investigate the influence of derived thermal regime variables on the presence or absence of 15 common warmwater fish species. The 3-year average annual thermal regime was calculated for streams where presence or absence was known for these 15 species. Six variables estimated to be of biological importance to the winter and summer survival and recruitment of a species, including measures of feeding and nonfeeding periods, were calculated from these thermal regimes. Stepwise discriminant analysis and multiple regression were used to select optimal variables for creating multivariate models. Parametric and nonparametric multivariate discriminant analyses were then performed to test our ability to correctly classify presence or absence using the thermal variables. These statistical empirical models were able to correctly predict presence or absence with greater than 90% accuracy for 13 of 15 species. Nonparametric (Kth nearest neighbor) analyses had marginally more accurate predictions than parametric (linear) analyses. This technique may allow for an improved estimation of potential changes in distribution under various global warming scenarios. DA - 1999/3// PY - 1999/3// DO - 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0257:aaotio>2.0.co;2 VL - 128 IS - 2 SP - 257-264 SN - 0002-8487 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct and indirect estimation of leaf area index, f(APAR), and net primary production of terrestrial ecosystems AU - Gower, ST AU - Kucharik, CJ AU - Norman, JM T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - A primary objective of the Earth Observing System (EOS) is to develop and validate algorithms to estimate leaf area index (L), fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR), and net primary production (NPP) from remotely sensed products. These three products are important because they relate to or are components of the metabolism of the biosphere and can be determined for terrestrial ecosystems from satellite-borne sensors. The importance of these products in the EOS program necessitates the need to use standard methods to obtain accurate ground truth estimates of L, fAPAR, and NPP that are correlated to satellite-derived estimates. The objective of this article is to review direct and indirect methods used to estimate L, fAPAR, and NPP in terrestrial ecosystems. Direct estimates of L, biomass, and NPP can be obtained by harvesting individual plants, developing allometric equations, and applying these equations to all individuals in the stand. Using non-site-specific allometric equations to estimate L and foliage production can cause large errors because carbon allocation to foliage is influenced by numerous environmental and ecological factors. All of the optical instruments that indirectly estimate L actually estimate “effective” leaf area index (LE) and underestimate L when foliage in the canopy is nonrandomly distributed (i.e., clumped). We discuss several methods, ranging from simple to complex in terms of data needs, that can be used to correct estimates of L when foliage is clumped. Direct estimates of above-ground and below-ground net primary production (NPPA and NPPB, respectively) are laborious, expensive and can only be carried out for small plots, yet there is a great need to obtain global estimates of NPP. Process models, driven by remotely sensed input parameters, are useful tools to examine the influence of global change on the metabolism of terrestrial ecosystems, but an incomplete understanding of carbon allocation continues to hamper development of more accurate NPP models. We summarize carbon allocation patterns for major terrestrial biomes and discuss emerging allocation patterns that can be incorporated into global NPP models. One common process model, light use efficiency or epsilon model, uses remotely sensed fAPAR, light use efficiency (LUE) and carbon allocation coefficients, and other meteorological data to estimates NPP. Such models require reliable estimates of LUE. We summarize the literature and provide LUE coefficients for the major biomes, being careful to correct for inconsistencies in radiation, dry matter and carbon allocation units. DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// DO - 10.1016/s0034-4257(99)00056-5 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - 29-51 SN - 1879-0704 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of the litterfall and forest floor organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of upland forest ecosystems in north central Wisconsin AU - Fassnacht, K. S. AU - Gower, S. T. T2 - Biogeochemistry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1007/bf00993003 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 265-284 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A global terrestrial monitoring network integrating tower fluxes, flask sampling, ecosystem modeling and EOS satellite data AU - Running, SW AU - Baldocchi, DD AU - Turner, DP AU - Gower, ST AU - Bakwin, PS AU - Hibbard, KA T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - Accurate monitoring of global scale changes in the terrestrial biosphere has become acutely important as the scope of human impacts on biological systems and atmospheric chemistry grows. For example, the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 signals some of the dramatic socioeconomic and political decisions that may lie ahead concerning CO2 emissions and global carbon cycle impacts. These decisions will rely heavily on accurate measures of global biospheric changes Schimel 1998, IGBP TCWG 1998. An array of national and international programs have inaugurated global satellite observations, critical field measurements of carbon and water fluxes, and global model development for the purposes of beginning to monitor the biosphere. The detection by these programs of interannual variability of ecosystem fluxes and of longer term trends will permit early indication of fundamental biospheric changes which might otherwise go undetected until major biome conversion begins. This article describes a blueprint for more comprehensive coordination of the various flux measurement and modeling activities into a global terrestrial monitoring network that will have direct relevance to the political decision making of global change. DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// DO - 10.1016/s0034-4257(99)00061-9 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - 108-127 SN - 0034-4257 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of radiation regimes in nonrandom forest canopies: Theory, measurements, and a simplified modeling approach AU - Kucharik, C. J. AU - Norman, J. M. AU - Gower, S. T. T2 - Tree Physiology AB - We used field measurements and Monte Carlo simulations of canopy gap-size distribution and gap fraction to examine how beam radiation interacts with clumped boreal forest canopies of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). We demonstrate that the Beer-Lambert law can be modified to accommodate transmission of radiation through a clumped forest canopy as a function of path length or sun zenith angle. Multiband Vegetation Imager (MVI) measurements and Monte Carlo simulations showed that values of the zenith element clumping index (Ωe(0)) are typically between 0.4 and 0.5 in jack pine and black spruce and 0.65 in aspen. Estimates of LAI obtained from MVI measurements of the canopy gap fraction and adjusted for canopy clumping and branch architecture yielded LAI values of 3.0 in jack pine, 3.3 in aspen, and about 6.0 in black spruce. These LAI estimates were within 10–25% of direct measurements made at the same sites. Data obtained with the MVI, along with numerical simulations, demonstrated that assumptions of random foliage distributions in boreal forests are invalid and could yield erroneous values of LAI measured by indirect techniques and false characterizations of atmosphere–biosphere interactions. Monte Carlo simulations were used to develop a general equation for beam radiation penetration as a function of zenith angle in clumped canopies. The essential measurements included stem spacing, crown diameter, crown depth, and within-crown gap fraction. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1093/treephys/19.11.695 VL - 19 IS - 11 SP - 695-706 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An equilibrium tension lysimeter for measuring drainage through soil AU - Brye, KR AU - Norman, JM AU - Bundy, LG AU - Gower, ST T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - An equilibrium tension lysimeter (ETL) was designed to maintain equilibrium between lysimeter suction and soil matric potential. Equilibrium tension lysimeter replicates were installed in a natural prairie, and N-fertilized no-tillage and chisel-plow agroecosystems to measure drainage through undisturbed soil. The ETLs were used to monitor drainage continuously at 1.4 m below the soil surface through a 0.2-µm pore diameter stainless steel porous plate (0.19 m2). Heat dissipation sensors were used to record variations in matric potential inside and outside the ETL's sampling area. Suction was maintained on lysimeters according to the matric potential experienced by the surrounding bulk soil. Cumulative lysimeter drainage was 199, 563, and 793 mm for the prairie, fertilized no-tillage, and fertilized chisel-plow agroeco-systems for 132 wk between 25 June 1995 and 3 Jan. 1998. Drainage accounted for 11, 31, and 44% of precipitation inputs for the prairie, fertilized no-tillage, and fertilized chisel plow systems. Variability between lysimeter replicates was smallest for the prairie, where the coefficient of variation (CV) was 8.2%, and largest for the N-fertilized no-tillage agroecosystem (CV = 36.6%). DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300030016x VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 536-543 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tree shelters reduced growth and survival of underplanted red oak seedlings in southern Iowa AU - Bardon, R. AU - Countryman, D. AU - R., Hall T2 - Northern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 103-107 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Buffer zones: Benefits and dangers of compatible stewardship AU - Groom, M. AU - Jensen, D. B. AU - Knight, R. L. AU - Gatewood, S. AU - Mills, L. AU - Boyd-Heger, D. AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Soule, M. E. T2 - Continental conservation : scientific foundations of regional reserve networks A2 - M. E. Soule, A2 - Terborgh, J. PY - 1999/// SP - 191-198 PB - Washington, D.C. : Island Press SN - 9781559636971 ER - TY - CHAP TI - The role of genetics in understanding forest fragmentation AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Tallmon, D. T2 - Forest fragmentation : wildlife and management implications A2 - James A. Rochelle, Leslie A. Lehmann A2 - Wisniewski, Joe PY - 1999/// PB - Leiden : Brill SN - 9789004113886 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Connectivity: Maintaining flows in fragmented landscapes AU - Dobson, A. AU - Ralls, K. AU - Foster, M. AU - Soule, M. E. AU - Simberloff, D. Doak AU - D., Estes AU - J. A., Mills AU - L. S., Mattson AU - D., Dirzo AU - R., Arita AU - H., Ryan AU - S., Norse AU - E. A, Noss AU - R. F., AU - D., Johns T2 - Continental conservation : scientific foundations of regional reserve networks A2 - Soule?, Michael E. A2 - Terborgh, John PY - 1999/// PB - Washington, D.C. : Island Press SN - 9781559636988 ER - TY - CONF TI - What do demographic sensitivity analyses tell us about controlling Brown-headed Cowbirds? AU - Citta, J. J. AU - Mills, L. S. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Research and management of the brown-headed cowbird in western landscapes DA - 1999/// SP - 121-134 M1 - 18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecological consequences of forest fragmentation in the Klamath region AU - Jules, E. S. AU - Frost, E. J. AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Tallmon, D. A. T2 - Natural Areas Journal DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 368-378 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reliability of conservation actions based on elasticity analysis of matrix models AU - Mills, LS AU - Doak, DF AU - Wisdom, MJ T2 - CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AB - Abstract: Matrix population models have entered the mainstream of conservation biology, with analysis of proportional sensitivities (elasticity analysis) of demographic rates becoming important components of conservation decision making. We identify areas where management applications using elasticity analysis potentially conflict with the mathematical basis of the technique, and we use a hypothetical example and three real data sets (Prairie Chicken [ Tympanuchus cupido ], desert tortoise [ Gopherus agassizii ], and killer whale [ Orcinus orca ]) to evaluate the extent to which conservation recommendations based on elasticities might be misleading. First, changes in one demographic rate can change the qualitative ranking of the elasticity values calculated from a population matrix, a result that dampens enthusiasm for ranking conservation actions based solely on which rates have the highest elasticity values. Second, although elasticities often provide accurate predictions of future changes in population growth rate under management perturbations that are large or that affect more than one rate concurrently, concordance frequently fails when different rates vary by different amounts. In particular, when vital rates change to their high or low values observed in nature, predictions of future growth rate based on elasticities of a mean matrix can be misleading, even predicting population increase when the population growth rate actually declines following a perturbation. Elasticity measures will continue to be useful tools for applied ecologists, but they should be interpreted with considerable care. We suggest that studies using analytical elasticity analysis explicitly consider the range of variation possible for different rates and that simulation methods are a useful tool to this end. DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// DO - 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98232.x VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - 815-829 SN - 1523-1739 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrogeomorphic effects of beaver dams in Glacier National Park, Montana AU - Meentemeyer, RK AU - Butler, DR T2 - PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AB - Sediment depth and stream-flow data from 10 beaver ponds illustrate that beavers (Castor canadensis) considerably influence hydrogeomorphic processes in low-order stream systems of Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana. Beaver ponds clearly trap sediment, and the depth and volume of sediment substantially increase with dam age. Beaver impoundments also reduce the velocity and discharge of streams emerging downstream of dams. Older beaver dams more efficiently reduce stream velocity and discharge than young dams. Three older dams actually precluded downstream discharge, redistributing water as hyporheic outflow. The ability of beavers to alter the hydrogeomorphic environment in the near vicinity of their ponds is dramatic, but future work is still needed to elucidate the relative importance of lowered stream energy versus the erosive potential of underloaded water downstream. [Key words: Castor canadensis, beaver dams, beaver ponds, sedimentation, biogeomorphology, hydrogeomorphology.] DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1080/02723646.1999.10642688 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 436-446 SN - 0272-3646 KW - Castor canadensis KW - beaver dams KW - beaver ponds KW - sedimentation KW - biogeomorphology KW - hydrogeomorphology ER - TY - CONF TI - The future of hunting in Texas: A strategy to address the issues AU - Watt, C. AU - Higginbotham, B. AU - Brown, R. AU - Steinbach, D. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the 9th National Extension Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Conference: Leading the way toward sustainability: Extension in the new millennium: Portland, Maine, September 29-October 2, 1999 DA - 1999/// SP - 249-256 PB - Washington, DC: Natural Resources and Environment Unit, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service - USDA ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of ACTH on the GnRH-induced release of LH and testosterone in male white-tailed deer AU - Bubenik, GA AU - Brown, RD AU - Schams, D AU - Bartos, L T2 - COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY AB - In order to investigate the possible link between stress and the impairment of the reproductive system, 12 yearling white-tailed bucks, born to mothers captured wild in southern Texas, were immobilized every 6 weeks over the period of 1 year. In half of experiments deer were injected i.m. with 20 IU of ACTH; in the second half, we used saline only. Simultaneously, in each experiment we also injected all deer i.m. with 100 μg of GnRH. Three blood samples were taken before and seven after treatment and plasma levels of cortisol, LH and testosterone (T) were later measured by RIA. Half of our yearlings were born to mothers which were fed high-protein–high-energy (HP-HE) diet during their pregnancy; the other half was fed high-protein–low-energy diet (HP-LE). ACTH increased cortisol levels in both nutritional regimes. Cortisol levels in controls decreased with time but a more pronounced reduction was observed in HP-HE bucks as compared to HP-LE deer. GnRH significantly increased LH and T levels. However, only in summer, LH levels were higher in HP-LE fed deer than those fed HP-HE; in other seasons they were equal. Conversely, only in winter T levels were elevated in HP-HE fed deer as compared with HP-LE deer. We concluded that the pronounced suppression of reproductive hormones by ACTH or cortisol reported previously in domestic ungulates does not occur in white-tailed deer yearlings. Conversely, the low level of energy provided in food to mothers during their pregnancies significantly reduced peak levels of testosterone in their male offspring. This study further proved that white-tailed deer is a highly adaptable cervid species resistant to environmental stress. DA - 1999/2// PY - 1999/2// DO - 10.1016/S0742-8413(98)10101-9 VL - 122 IS - 2 SP - 173-179 SN - 1878-1659 KW - white-tailed deer KW - reproduction KW - nutrition KW - stress KW - ACTH KW - GnRH KW - cortisol KW - luteinizing hormone KW - testosterone ER - TY - CHAP TI - Exotics: Impact on native wildlife and habitat AU - Bryant, F. C. AU - Brown, R. D. T2 - Conservacion y Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en el Noreste de Mejico y Sur de Texas. 4th Taller Internacional PY - 1999/// SP - 253-258 PB - Saltillo, MX ER - TY - JOUR TI - What's wrong with exotics? AU - Brown, R. T2 - Exotic Wildlife DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 1, 10-11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Future challenges for natural resource programs in land grant colleges in the 21st century AU - Brown, R. T2 - Renewable Resources Journal DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 12-18 ER - TY - CONF TI - Deer nutrition: What do we know? AU - Brown, R. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of Deer Management 101: From the Ground Up DA - 1999/// PB - College Station, TX: Texas Agricultural Extension Service ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy landscapes for effective particles in conjugated polymers AU - Pasquinelli, MA AU - Yaron, D T2 - SYNTHETIC METALS AB - The interplay between the form of an effective particle and its dynamics is explored theoretically, using singles configuration-interaction (S-CI) calculations on a polyene chain with 40 carbon atoms. The lowest-energy exciton obtained from a full S-CI calculation is compared to that obtained when the exciton is constrained to remain centered on a particular unit cell. Both the effective masses and the energy landscapes (the energy as a function of position along the chain) are in good agreement. This indicates that the dynamics have little effect on the form of the exciton itself. This decoupling of form and dynamics can be used to obtain significant computational savings. In addition, energy landscapes may be useful constructs for exploring the effects of defects and non-uniform morphology on the photophysics, as demonstrated here by examining the effects of a chain-end defect on the exciton. DA - 1999/5// PY - 1999/5// DO - 10.1016/S0379-6779(98)01424-6 VL - 101 IS - 1-3 SP - 518-519 SN - 0379-6779 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032590793&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - semi-empirical models and model calculations KW - electroluminescence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Christmas trees and greenery in Denmark - production and tree improvement AU - Frampton, J. AU - McKinley, C. T2 - American Christmas Tree Journal DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 4-11 ER - TY - CONF TI - The Hardwood Research Cooperative program at NC State University AU - Robison, D. AU - Chang, S. AU - Birks, P. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of Portland '99, pioneering new trails : proceedings of the Society of American Foresters 1999 National Convention, Portland, Oregon, September 11-15, 1999. DA - 1999/// SP - 558-559 SN - 0939970813 ER - TY - CONF TI - Soil, groundwater and floristics in a Southeastern blackwater forest eight years after clearcut with helicopter and skidder logging AU - Rapp, J. AU - Shear, T. AU - Robison, D. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Southern Silviculture Research Conference DA - 1999/// VL - 10 SP - 302-306 PB - Shreveport, LA: USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, General Technical Report SRS-30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shoot produciton and rooting ability of cuttings from juvenile greenhouse loblolly pine hedges AU - Anderson, A. B. AU - Frampton, L. J. AU - Weir, R. J. T2 - Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - 1-14 ER - TY - CONF TI - Optimizing sweetgum rooted cutting technology AU - Robison, D. AU - Hascoat, N. AU - Birks, P. AU - Cunningham, M. AU - Winski, P. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the 25th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 1999/// VL - 25 SP - 223 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating alternative fir species for Phytophthora resistance AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Limbs & Needles DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 7-10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Characterization of black oak decline and associated Cynipid gall wasp on NY's Long Island AU - Pike, C. AU - Robison, D. AU - Abrahamson, L. A3 - Radnor, PA: Final Report, USDA Forest Service Cooperative Agreement No. 42- 804., State & Private Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// PB - Radnor, PA: Final Report, USDA Forest Service Cooperative Agreement No. 42- 804., State & Private Forestry ER - TY - CONF TI - Biological constraints on the early growth of natural hardwood regeneration in NC Piedmont clearcuts AU - Romagosa, M. AU - Robison, D. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Southern Silviculture Research Conference DA - 1999/// VL - 10 SP - 39-42 PB - Shreveport, LA: USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, General Technical Report SRS-30 ER - TY - CONF TI - Screening sweetgum seedling families for growth and stress response AU - Birks, P. AU - Robison, D. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the 25th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 1999/// VL - 25 SP - 36-39 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Revision - program organization & operating procedures AU - Robison, D. J. A3 - Raleigh, NC: Dept. of Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// PB - Raleigh, NC: Dept. of Forestry ER - TY - RPRT TI - Collection of willow germplasm and insect resistance testing AU - Nordman, E. AU - Abrahamson, L. AU - Robison, D. A3 - Palo Alto, CA: Final report to EPRI DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// PB - Palo Alto, CA: Final report to EPRI ER - TY - RPRT TI - 36th annual report, NC State? Hardwood Research Cooperative AU - Robison, D. J. A3 - Raleigh, NC: Dept. of Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// PB - Raleigh, NC: Dept. of Forestry ER - TY - CONF TI - Stomatal versus mesophyll control of instantaneous photosynthesis in trembling aspen exposed to elevated CO2 and/or O3 AU - Noormets, A. AU - Isebrands, J. G. AU - Podila, G. K. AU - Karnosky, D. F. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Plant Biology '99: The Annual Meeting of the American Society of Plant Physiologists DA - 1999/// SP - 119 PB - American Society of Plant Physiologists ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene structure and expression of the aspen cytosolic copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (PtSodCc1) AU - Akkapeddi, AS AU - Noormets, A AU - Deo, BK AU - Karnosky, DF AU - Podila, GK T2 - PLANT SCIENCE AB - Genomic and cDNA clones, corresponding to an ozone-induced cytosolic copper–zinc superoxide dismutase, were isolated from quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). The cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD) appears to be part of a multi-gene family in aspen and is interrupted by five introns in the coding region. Northern blot analysis with a gene-specific probe revealed an increase in the expression of this gene in response to ozone in the leaves of an ozone-tolerant aspen clone, compared with an ozone-sensitive clone. Cytosolic SOD transcript expression levels in leaves were also found to increase significantly within 6 h of mechanical wounding, after which the level of the transcript decreases. Under normal growing conditions, immature male and female aspen floral bud tissues contained the highest levels of the cytosolic SOD gene transcript, whereas transcript levels were almost undetectable in older leaves. DA - 1999/5/31/ PY - 1999/5/31/ DO - 10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00045-X VL - 143 IS - 2 SP - 151-162 SN - 0168-9452 KW - aspen KW - oxidative stress KW - ozone KW - superoxide dismutase ER - TY - CHAP TI - Effects of tropospheric O3 on trembling aspen and interaction with CO2: Results from an O3-gradient and a FACE experiment AU - Karnosky, D. F. AU - Mankovska, B. AU - Percy, K. AU - Dickson, R. E. AU - Podila, G. K. AU - Sober, J. AU - Noormets, A. AU - Hendrey, G. AU - Coleman, M. D. AU - Kubiske, M. AU - Pregitzer, K. S. AU - Isebrands, J. G. T2 - Forest Growth Responses to the Pollution Climate of the 21st Century A2 - L. J. Sheppard, A2 - Cape, J. N. PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-1578-2_24 VL - 116 SP - 311-322 PB - London: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 0792359917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of tropospheric O-3 on trembling aspen and interaction with CO2: Results from an O-3-gradient and a face experiment AU - Karnosky, DF AU - Mankovska, B AU - Percy, K AU - Dickson, RE AU - Podila, GK AU - Sober, J AU - Noormets, A AU - Hendrey, G AU - Coleman, MD AU - Kubiske, M AU - Pregitzer, KS AU - Isebrands, JG T2 - WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION DA - 1999/11// PY - 1999/11// DO - 10.1023/A:1005276824459 VL - 116 IS - 1-2 SP - 311-322 SN - 1573-2932 KW - ozone KW - carbon dioxide KW - FACE KW - aspen KW - greenhouse gases KW - climate change KW - gradients ER - TY - RPRT TI - Sprawl and growth management: problems, experience and opportunity AU - Kaplan, M. AU - Steelman, T. A. AU - Wallis, A. A3 - Denver: University of Colorado at Denver, Institute for Public Policy Implementation and Evaluation DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// PB - Denver: University of Colorado at Denver, Institute for Public Policy Implementation and Evaluation ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic variation in growth, biomass and stem quality traits in Pinus brutia in southern Turkey AU - Isik, F. AU - Isik, K. AU - Lee, S. J. C2 - 1999/// C3 - 25th Biennial Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 1999/// VL - 25 SP - 88-92 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation in Pinus brutia in Turkey: I. Growth, biomass and stem quality traits AU - Isik, F. AU - Isik, K. AU - Lee, S. J. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 6 SP - 89-99 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Fifth year results of Pinus brutia provenance trials AU - Cengiz, Y. AU - Isik, F. AU - Keskin, S. A3 - Western Mediterranean Forest Research Institute DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// M1 - 11 M3 - Technical Bulletin PB - Western Mediterranean Forest Research Institute SN - 11 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Early start carbon emission reduction projects: challenge and opportunity AU - Kaplan, M. AU - Steelman, T. A. A3 - Denver: Institute for Policy Implementation, Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado at Denver DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// PB - Denver: Institute for Policy Implementation, Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado at Denver ER - TY - CONF TI - Interstock effects on topgrafting in loblolly pine AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Raley, F. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the 25th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 1999/// SP - 121-123 ER - TY - CONF TI - Seed source study of North Carolina and South Carolina Atlantic Coastal Plain loblolly pine in Virginia AU - Harbin, M. C. AU - McKeand, S. E. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the 25th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 1999/// SP - 73-75 ER - TY - CONF TI - Growth and biomass allocation of grafted loblolly pine seedlings from diverse families following fertilization AU - Grissom, J. E. AU - McKeand, S. E. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the 25th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 1999/// SP - 67-69 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genotype and nutrition effects on stand-level leaf area in loblolly pine AU - Handest, J. A. AU - Allen, H. L. AU - McKeand, S. E. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the 25th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 1999/// SP - 70-72 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Statistical methods for mapping quantitative trait loci in forest trees AU - Wu RongLing, AU - Liu HongXia, Han YiFan T2 - Scientia Silvae Sinicae DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An evaluation of biological constraints to the early growth of natural hardwood regeneration on North Carolina Piedmont clearcuts AU - Romagosa, M. A. AU - Robison, D. J. T2 - Proceedings of the Tenth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference : Shreveport, Louisiana, February 16-18, 1999 DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// IS - -30 SP - 39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of early thinning on stem taper in Piedmont upland hardwood stands AU - Cakir, H. I. AU - Nix, L. E. T2 - Proceedings of the Tenth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference : Shreveport, Louisiana, February 16-18, 1999 DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// IS - -30 SP - 47 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of planting date on first-year survival of two pines AU - Hassan, A. E. AU - Silva, C. T2 - Proceedings of the Tenth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference : Shreveport, Louisiana, February 16-18, 1999 DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// IS - -30 SP - 344 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the sampling efficiency of ex situ gene conservation efforts in natural pine populations in Central America AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Hamrick, J. L. AU - Hodge, G. R. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of herbivore pressure on Atlantic white-cedar rooted-cutting survival on a North Carolina coastal plain peatland AU - Guidry, J. I. T2 - Atlantic white-cedar : ecology and management symposium DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// IS - -27 SP - 18 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Atlantic white-cedar: Ecology and management symposium. Proceedings of a meeting held a Newport News, Virginia, USA, 6-7 August 1997 AU - Shear, T. AU - Summerville, K.O. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station SE - 82 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic parameters and provenance variation of Pinus tecunumanii in 78 international trials AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Dvorak, W. S. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 157 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atlantic white-cedar wetland restoration project at Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge AU - Hinesley, E. AU - Wicker, M. T2 - Atlantic white-cedar : ecology and management symposium DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// IS - -27 SP - 27 ER - TY - PAT TI - Genetic engineering of wood color in plants AU - Chiang, V. L. AU - Tsai, C. J. AU - Podila, G. K. C2 - 1999/// DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// ER - TY - CHAP TI - Fisher/Martes pennanti AU - Powell, R. A. T2 - The Smithsonian book of North American mammals A2 - Wilson, D. E. A2 - Ruff, S. PY - 1999/// SP - 167-168 PB - Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press SN - 1560988452 ER - TY - CONF TI - Biogeography of small mammals in the Southern Appalachians: Patterns of local and regional abundance AU - Steele, M. A. AU - Powell, R. A. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the Appalachian Biogeography Symposium : held June 25-29, 1995 at the Donaldson Brown Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA DA - 1999/// SP - 155-165 PB - Martinsville, Va.: Virginia Museum of Natural History ER - TY - CHAP TI - Plantation forestry (Plantation silviculture) AU - Moore, S. E. AU - Allen, Howard T2 - Maintaining biodiversity in forested ecosystems AB - With worldwide population growth, there are increasing demands on forests to provide an array of benefits. Growing demand for wood for energy, fiber, and wood products requires that more forests be intensively managed. As silvicultural activities are intensified to meet these demands, all forest organisms will be increasingly aected. The key question is: is intensive forest management compatible with maintenance of biodiversity? In this chapter we will cover how intensive silvicultural activities such as harvesting, site preparation, vegetation control, and fertilization may impact biodiversity. Plantation management is a dominant and growing form of intensive management. Because pine plantations of the southern United States are currently one of the most studied intensively managed forest systems, many of the examples and references cited refer to these systems. Implications, however, are more globally applicable as plantation forestry continues to expand throughout the world (Shepherd 1993, Cubbage et al. 1996). PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1017/cbo9780511613029.014 PB - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press SN - 0521637686 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecophysiological basis for plantation production: a loblolly pine case study AU - Allen, H. L. AU - Albaugh, T. J. T2 - Bosque DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 20 SP - 3-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Once and future public policy program AU - Steelman, T. A. T2 - Policy Currents DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 1-9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation in fusiform rust resistance in loblolly pine across a wide geographic range AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Li, B. AU - Amerson, H. V. T2 - Silvae Genetica DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - 255-260 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Three little words AU - Nielsen, L. A. T2 - Natural resources management: Interactive opportunities. Forest Issues Conference DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// SP - 77-80 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leading like a stained glass window AU - Nielsen, L. A. T2 - Natural resources management: Interactive opportunities. Forest Issues Conference DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// SP - 1-3 ER - TY - CONF TI - Diversity rising: golden opportunity, golden arches, golden rule AU - Nielsen, L. A. A2 - R. M Timm, A2 - Dann, S. L. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the 9th National Extension Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Conference: Leading the way toward sustainability: Extension in the new millennium: Portland, Maine, September 29-October 2, 1999 DA - 1999/// SP - 53-58 PB - Washington, D.C.: Natural Resources and Environment Unit, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service - USDA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding participant perspectives: Q-nethodology in National Forest Management AU - Steelman, TA AU - Maguire, LA T2 - JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT AB - Many policy practitioners and theorists have argued that value-free, objective solutions to policy problems do not exist. While participant values and subjective viewpoints influence policy problems, empirically determining participant perspectives and preferences has been a daunting task. This paper demonstrates how Q-methodology, a technique for systematically revealing subjective perspectives, can contribute to better problem identification and definition; estimation and specification of policy option; and selection, implementation, and evaluation of policies. Two case studies in national forest management are reviewed and demonstrate how Q-methodology can (1) identify important internal and external constituencies, (2) define participant viewpoints and perceptions, (3) provide sharper insight into participant-preferred management directions, (4) identify criteria that are important to participants, (5) explicitly outline areas of consensus and conflict, and (6) develop a common view toward the policy. © 1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1002/(sici)1520-6688(199922)18:3<361::aid-pam3>3.3.co;2-b VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 361-388 SN - 0276-8739 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Public comment process: what does the public contribute to national forest management? AU - Steelman, T. A. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 22-26 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Tree genomes: What will we understand about them by the year 2020 and how might we use that knowledge? AU - Sederoff, R. R. T2 - Forest genetics and sustainability (Forestry sciences; vol. 63) AB - The purpose of this paper is to speculate about the future applications of molecular genetics to the understanding and utilization of tree genomes. Biotechnology of forest trees is a young discipline. The first genetically engineered tree, a glyphosate tolerant hybrid poplar, was produced in 1987 (Fillatti et al., 1987). Since that time, biotechnology of forest trees has incorporated new technology of genetic mapping and has now entered the era of genomics. Much of what follows here is only one person’s speculations about scientific progress into a relatively near future. In general, scientists are less effective at predicting the future of science than are writers of fiction, who are less constrained about predictions. The time frame of this paper is to look forward to the year 2020, which is approximately one rotation age for a temperate pine, and as much as four rotations for a tropical hardwood. The purpose of this short review is not to be comprehensive, nor to provide access to key references, but to provide an overview of ideas related to application to forest trees of existing technology in the relatively near future. CN - SD399.5 .F65 1999 PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-1576-8_4 SP - 23-30 PB - Dordrecht ; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surfing on AG Biotech into genomics AU - Sederoff, R. R. T2 - Molecular Breeding DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 5 IS - 1999 SP - 485-491 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of peat, shade, and seedling size on growth of Atlantic white cedar transplants AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Snelling, L. K. AU - Pierce, G. L. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 5-10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phosphorus retention and release of anions and organic carbon by two Andisols AU - Beck, MA AU - Robarge, WP AU - Buol, SW T2 - EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE AB - Summary Andisols can absorb large amounts of phosphorus rapidly, and then release it slowly, yet the mechanisms by which they retain P and release it for plant growth are poorly understood. Ligand exchange of organic compounds from Al–humic complexes by P and/or Si release – due to breakdown of allophanic microstructure to provide sorption sites – might account for the retention of P, but its extent is not known. We applied a soil column flow‐through technique to quantify the release of anions and organic carbon (C) associated with P sorption by two andic soils, and we related the anion release to possible mechanisms for the retention of P. Phosphate (H 2 PO 4 – , HPO 4 2– ) sorption and concurrent anion desorption were obtained by passing a 1‐g P 1 –1 (32 mmol KH 2 PO 4 in 1 m m CaCl 2 ) solution through the soil columns (25 cm 3 ). Total dissolved P, Fe, Al, S, Ca, Mg, K, Mn, organic C and pH were determined in the eluent. Changes in eluent pH and the patterns of the retention of P and corresponding concentrations of Al, Si and organic C in the eluent were similar for the two Andisols. The general pattern and changes in pH of the eluent coincided with changes in the patterns of release of organic C and Si and the rate of P retention. Release of silica accounted for < 6% of the P sorbed and had only a minor role in P retention in these two Andisols. Release of organic C, however, accounted on a molar basis for 40% and 83%, respectively, of the P sorbed. Direct measurements of the pH of the eluent and release of anions and organic C concurrent to P retention contribute to rapid assessment of the controlling mechanisms of P retention. The results indirectly confirm the hypothesis of ligand exchange of solution P with organic complexes held on allophanic surfaces. The organic C release, however, is not specifically related to either the fast or the slow P retention phase. The shift in the controlling P retention reaction associated with a change from the fast to the slow P retention phase is clearly indicated by an abrupt change of the pH of the eluent. This shift, in previous studies identified graphically by a change in slope of the P sorption isotherm, can be identified directly by measuring the pH of the matrix. DA - 1999/3// PY - 1999/3// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2389.1999.00213.x VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 157-164 SN - 1365-2389 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen mineralization in a pine plantation fifteen years after harvesting and site preparation AU - Piatek, KB AU - Allen, HL T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Intensive site preparation for forest tree planting may result in a mid‐rotation decline in soil N availability. Such decline has not been fully documented. This study was conducted in a loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) plantation in the Piedmont of North Carolina to evaluate the effects of nutrient removal during harvest and site preparation on N availability at mid‐rotation. Treatments, installed in 1981, consisted of a combination of harvest (stem‐only vs. whole‐tree) and site preparation (chop and burn vs. shear, pile, and disk), with a split‐plot of vegetation control (no herbicide vs. herbicide). In 1995 net N mineralization was examined by monthly in situ soil incubations from May through November (7 mo). Net N mineralization was approximately 3 times lower at mid‐rotation than shortly after treatment. A 5°C drop in soil temperature at 10‐cm depth helped explain ≈50% of this decline. At mid‐rotation, harvest intensity, but not site preparation intensity, affected N mineralization, with stem‐only harvest plots mineralizing 11 kg N ha −1 more than whole‐tree harvest plots during the seven months. Chop–burn–no herbicide plots mineralized 34(±3) kg N ha −1 , chop–burn–herbicide: 30(±3) kg N ha −1 , shear–pile–disk–herbicide: 28(±3) kg N ha −1 , and shear–pile–disk–no herbicide: 19(±3) kg N ha −1 in the seven months. Mid‐rotation mineralization was positively correlated with soil temperature and negatively correlated with soil P and soil C:N ratio. The effect of harvest on N mineralization was probably exerted through P nutrition, whereas the lack of site preparation effects suggested that large nutrient removals that occurred with shearing and piling did not have lasting and negative effects on N availability in this plantation. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj1999.634990x VL - 63 IS - 4 SP - 990-998 SN - 0361-5995 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci underlying complex genotype-phenotype relationships in forest trees AU - Wu, R. AU - Han, Y. T2 - Silvae Genetica DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 48 IS - 3-4 SP - 133-146 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Control of exotic species: European wild boars AU - Peine, J. D. AU - Lancia, R. A. T2 - Ecosystem management for sustainability: Principles and practices illustrated by a regional biosphere reserve cooperative CN - QH75 .E323 1999 PY - 1999/// SP - 267-290 PB - Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers ER - TY - JOUR TI - A multiplicative-epistatic model for analyzing interspecific differences in outcrossing species AU - Wu, R. L. AU - Li, B. L. T2 - Biometrics AB - Epistasis may play an important role in evolution and speciation. Under multiplicative interactions between different loci, an analytical model is proposed to estimate genetic parameters at the individual locus level that contribute to interspecific differences in outcrossing species. The multiplicative epistasis model, inferred from a number of animal and plant experiments, suggests that genotypes at a pair of loci have genotypic values equal to the product of genotypic values at the two different loci. By considering the genetic property of outcrossing species (i.e., high polymorphisms) in the multilevel family structure analysis for an intra- and interspecific factorial mating design, a method is developed to provide estimates for allele frequencies and additive and dominant effects at individual loci in each of the two parental populations, the genotypic values of newly formed heterozygotes through species combination each with one allele from a parental population and the second from the other parental population, and the numbers of genetic factors that lead to species differentiation. Use of clones offers a tremendous power to test the adequacy of the model. However, the utilization of the model with species that cannot be cloned is also discussed. An example with interspecific hybrids of two forest tree species is used to demonstrate the model. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1111/j.0006-341x.1999.00355.x VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - 355-365 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Remotely sensed change detection based on artificial neural networks AU - Dai, X. L. AU - Khorram, S. T2 - Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 65 IS - 3 SP - 1187-1194 ER - TY - CONF TI - Potential impact of climate change on the hydrology and productivity of a drained loblolly pine plantation in North Carolina AU - Sun, G. AU - Amatya, D. M. AU - McNulty, S. G. AU - Skaggs, R. W. AU - Hughes, J. H. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings: Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States: May 10-12, 1999, Atlanta, Georgia (American Water Resources Association technical publication series ; TPS-99-1). CN - QC981.8 .C5 S64 1999 [Hill] DA - 1999/// SP - 403-408 PB - Herndon, VA: American Water Resources Association ER - TY - BOOK TI - Opportunities for increasing the fiber supply for the paper industry in the southern United States: A university perspective CN - TS1173 .O66 1999 DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// PB - Raleigh, NC: College of Forest Resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation in height and volume of loblolly pine open-pollinated families during canopy closure AU - Svensson, J. C. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Allen, H. L. AU - Campbell, R. G. T2 - Silvae Genetica DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 48 IS - 3-4 SP - 204-208 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Average effect of a mutation in lignin biosynthesis in loblolly pine AU - Wu, RL AU - Remington, DL AU - MacKay, JJ AU - McKeand, SE AU - DM O'Malley, T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// DO - 10.1007/s001220051287 VL - 99 IS - 3-4 SP - 705-710 SN - 0040-5752 KW - average effect KW - CAD KW - lignin biosynthesis KW - loblolly pine KW - mutant KW - RAPDs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Angiosperm wood evolution and the potential contribution of paleontological data AU - Herendeen, PS AU - Wheeler, EA AU - Baas, P T2 - BOTANICAL REVIEW DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1007/bf02857632 VL - 65 IS - 3 SP - 278-300 SN - 1874-9372 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tree improvement and sustainable forestry- impact of two cycles of loblolly pine breeding in the U.S.A. AU - Li, B. AU - McKeand, S.E. AU - Weir, R.J. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 229-234 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mineral nutrition, resin flow and phloem phytochemistry in loblolly pine AU - Warren, J. M. AU - Allen, Howard AU - Booker, F. L. T2 - Tree Physiology AB - Southern pine beetles and associated pathogenic fungi represent the largest biotic threat to pine forests in the southeastern USA. The two primary defensive mechanisms of the tree to the beetle–fungal complex are the primary oleoresin flow and the concentrations of preformed and induced secondary compounds. We compared oleoresin flow and concentrations of phloem nutrients, soluble sugars, starch, total phenolics and proanthocyanidins in Pinus taeda L. trees in fertilized and control plots in the Sandhills region of North Carolina. Four blocks of 10 trees per treatment were sampled on five dates from May to November 1995. Phloem nitrogen and potassium concentrations were elevated in trees on fertilized plots, whereas phloem calcium concentrations were decreased. Fertilization significantly enhanced (10–20%) concentrations of phloem phenolics and proanthocyanidins. In contrast, phloem soluble sugars and starch concentrations were up to 30% lower in fertilized trees than in control trees. Increased phenolic concentrations and lower nonstructural carbohydrates should correlate with reduced tissue palatability and decreased pathogen susceptibility in fertilized trees; however, resin flows were significantly lower (30–100%) in fertilized trees compared with control trees, which may facilitate pine bark beetle establishment. Furthermore, fertilization-induced increases in phloem nitrogen concentration may be more important than tissue carbohydrate or phenolic content in determining tissue palatability. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1093/treephys/19.10.655 VL - 19 IS - 10 SP - 655–663 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping quantitative trait loci by genotyping haploid tissues AU - Wu, R. L. T2 - Genetics DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 152 IS - 4 SP - 1741-1752 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of nitrogen, photoperiod, cutting type, and clone on root and shoot development of rooted stem cuttings of sweetgum AU - Rieckermann, H AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Cunningham, MW AU - Kellison, RC T2 - NEW FORESTS DA - 1999/11// PY - 1999/11// DO - 10.1023/A:1006621330099 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 231-244 SN - 0169-4286 KW - Liquidambar styraciflua KW - vegetative propagation KW - nutrition KW - night-interruption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding the genetic architecture of a quantitative trait in gymnosperms by genotyping haploid megagametophytes AU - Wu, RL AU - DM O'Malley, AU - McKeand, SE T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// DO - 10.1007/s001220051411 VL - 99 IS - 6 SP - 1031-1038 SN - 0040-5752 KW - average effect KW - candidate gene KW - genetic architecture KW - gymnosperm KW - megagametophyte ER - TY - JOUR TI - The second Committee of Scientists - Moving forward while looking backward AU - Cooper, A. W. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 97 IS - 5 SP - 16-18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Techniques for automated extraction of roadway inventory features from high-resolution satellite imagery AU - Karimi, H. A. AU - Dai, X. L. AU - Khattak, A. J. AU - Khorram, S. AU - Hummer, J. E. T2 - Geocarto International AB - Abstract The emergence of high‐resolution satellite imagery is attracting new applications which can take advantage of remotely sensed data for mapping, inventory, and change detection. Automated collection of roadway inventory features is one such application. To this end, it is important to investigate the performance of conventional feature extraction techniques when applied to high‐resolution images and to develop new techniques for extraction of roadway features using one‐meter, or higher, resolution imagery. In this paper, classification‐ based and edge detection‐based techniques potential for automated extraction of roadway features from high‐resolution satellite imagery are described, tested, and evaluated. Of possible techniques, the applicability of conventional classification algorithms, the Thin and Robust Zero‐Crossing edge detector based on the Laplacian of Gaussian operator, and seeded region growing segmentation is investigated. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique for extracting roadway features are discussed. These techniques are applied to one‐meter resolution images (currently simulated using one‐meter aerial photos) and the experimental results are presented. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1080/10106049908542099 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 5-16 ER - TY - PAT TI - Selective enzymatic oxidation of aromatic methyl groups to aldehydes by oxygen in the presence of a laccase-mediator catalyst AU - Chen, C. AU - Gratzl, J. S. AU - Kirkman, A. G. AU - Potthast, A. AU - Rosenau, T. C2 - 1999/// DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Roadway feature extraction and delineation fron high-resolution satellite imagery AU - Dai, X. L. AU - Karimi, H. A. AU - Khorram, S. AU - Khattak, A. J. AU - Hummer, J. E. T2 - EOM DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// IS - 1999 May SP - 34-37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nursery rooting and growth of loblolly pine cuttings: effects of rooting solution and full-sib family T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 108-116 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular and genetic analysis of transgenic rice plants expressing the maize ribosome-inactivating protein b-32 gene and the herbicide resistance bar gene AU - Kim, JK AU - Duan, XL AU - Wu, R AU - Seok, SJ AU - Boston, RS AU - Jang, IC AU - Eun, MY AU - Nahm, BH T2 - MOLECULAR BREEDING DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1023/A:1009692230725 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 85-94 SN - 1380-3743 KW - transgenic rice KW - bar KW - b-32 KW - proteolytic processing ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-efficiency Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) AU - Wenck, A. R. AU - Quinn, M. AU - Whetten, Ross AU - Pullman, G. AU - Sederoff, R. T2 - Plant Molecular Biology DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1023/a:1006126609534 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 407–416 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors affecting nesting success of wood thrushes in Great Smoky Mountains National Park AU - Farnsworth, GL AU - Simons, TR T2 - AUK AB - Recent evidence suggests that the nesting success of forest-interior Neotropical migrants is lower in fragmented habitat. We examined the nesting success of Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) in a large contiguous forest from 1993 to 1997. From a sample of 416 nests we tested for predictors of daily nest survival rates, including activity at the nest and vegetation parameters at the nest site. We tested whether disturbance during nest checks (as measured by the behavior of the adults) was related to subsequent nest predation. Females were more likely to vocalize when brooding chicks than when incubating eggs. However, we found no evidence that observer disturbance or Wood Thrush activity influenced daily nest survival rates. Wood Thrushes nested predominately in small hemlocks, generally surrounded by many other small hemlocks. However, survival rates of nests in hemlocks were not significantly different from those in other substrates. Overall, neither activity at the nest nor habitat in the vicinity of the nest was a good predictor of nesting success, and only one vegetation characteristic, a measure of concealment, was significantly correlated with successful nesting. Brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) was extremely low (<2% of nests parasitized). However, nesting success was moderate (daily survival rate = 0.958) when compared with other published studies from more-fragmented landscapes. Our results suggest that daily nest survival rates do not increase monotonically from small to very large forest patches. DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// DO - 10.2307/4089686 VL - 116 IS - 4 SP - 1075-1082 SN - 0004-8038 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Choosing a forest vision AU - Floyd, D. W. AU - Alexander, K. AU - Burley, C. AU - Cooper, A. W. AU - Dufault, A. AU - Gorte, R. W. AU - Haines, S. G. AU - Hronek, B. B. AU - Oliver, C. D. AU - Shepard, E. W. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 97 IS - 5 SP - 44-46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Availability of residual N-15 in a coniferous forest soil: a greenhouse bioassay and comparison with chemical extractions AU - Chang, SX AU - Preston, CM AU - Weetman, GE T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract The assessment of soil N availability by chemical extraction methods often needs to be checked by methods which directly measure plant N uptake such as a greenhouse bioassay. In this paper, the recovery of residual 15 N, from humus material samples with 15 N labelled for 24-h, seven-month, and 31-month, in western redcedar ( Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) and western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings was investigated in a 342-day greenhouse incubation study and was compared to chemical extraction studies on the same samples. Apparently higher N availability in the 24-h treatment resulted in greater shoot mass in that treatment than in the other two treatments. However, root and whole plant mass were not significantly different among treatments and there were no differences between the species in any of the above measurements. Plants in the 24-h treatment also proportionally took up more residual 15 N from the humus material than those in the other two treatments and thus significantly greater availability ratios were obtained in the former than in the latter two treatments. At the end of the 342-day incubation, a significant amount of 15 N had been immobilised by the soil in the 24-h treatment compared to net 15 N mineralisation in the other two treatments. The high soil mineral N and 15 N contents in the 24-h treatment at the end of the 342-day incubation compared to the low soil mineral N and 15 N contents in the seven-month treatment at the beginning of greenhouse incubation means immobilisation of fertiliser N in the greenhouse incubation was dramatically reduced compared to field situations. Nitrification was negligible before day 182 but was detected at the end of the incubation. Correlation analysis showed that 15 N released during a two-week anaerobic incubation or in a 42-day aerobic incubation, 15 N extracted by 0.01 M KMnO 4 or 2 M KCl, 15 N released by autoclaving or fumigation (-extraction), and even 15 N abundance in the fulvic acid fraction of the organic matter all seemed good indicators of soil residual N availability. DA - 1999/5/17/ PY - 1999/5/17/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00464-2 VL - 117 IS - 1-3 SP - 199-209 SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A feature-based image registration algorithm using improved chain-code representation combined with invariant moments AU - Dai, XL AU - Khorram, S T2 - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING AB - A new feature-based approach to automated image-to-image registration is presented. The characteristic of this approach is that it combines an invariant-moment shape descriptor with improved chain-code matching to establish correspondences between the potentially matched regions detected from the two images. It is robust in that it overcomes the difficulties of control-point correspondence by matching the images both in the feature space, using the principle of minimum distance classifier (based on the combined criteria), and sequentially in the image space, using the rule of root mean-square error (RMSE). In image segmentation, the performance of the Laplacian of Gaussian operators is improved by introducing a new algorithm called thin and robust zero crossing. After the detected edge points are refined and sorted, regions are defined. Region correspondences are then performed by an image-matching algorithm developed in this research. The centers of gravity are then extracted from the matched regions and are used as control points. Transformation parameters are estimated based on the final matched control-point pairs. The algorithm proposed is automated, robust, and of significant value in an operational context. Experimental results using multitemporal Landsat TM imagery are presented. DA - 1999/9// PY - 1999/9// DO - 10.1109/36.789634 VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 2351-2362 SN - 0196-2892 KW - automated KW - feature extraction KW - image matching KW - image registration KW - satellite imagery ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unexpected variation in lignin AU - Sederoff, RR AU - MacKay, JJ AU - Ralph, J AU - Hatfield, RD T2 - CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY AB - Recent studies on mutant and transgenic plants indicate that lignification may be far more flexible than previously realized. Pines with a mutation affecting the biosynthesis of the major lignin precursor, coniferyl alcohol, show a high level of an unusual subunit, dihydroconiferyl alcohol. These results argue in favor of an increased potential for genetic modification of lignin and indicate that our knowledge of the biosynthesis of lignin is far from complete. DA - 1999/4// PY - 1999/4// DO - 10.1016/S1369-5266(99)80029-6 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 145-152 SN - 1879-0356 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nesting ecology of Red-shouldered and Red-tailed Hawks in Georgia AU - Moorman, C. E. AU - Howell, D. L. AU - Chapman, B. R. T2 - Journal of Raptor Research DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 248-251 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular breeding for grain yield in barley: an evaluation of QTL effects in a spring barley cross AU - Zhu, H AU - Briceno, G AU - Dovel, R AU - Hayes, PM AU - Liu, BH AU - Liu, CT AU - Ullrich, SE T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 1999/4// PY - 1999/4// DO - 10.1007/s001220051134 VL - 98 IS - 5 SP - 772-779 SN - 1432-2242 KW - barley KW - yield KW - marker-assisted selection KW - QTL KW - QTL x E ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mineral nutrient and carbohydrate status of loblolly pine during mist propagation as influenced by stock plant nitrogen fertility AU - Rowe, DB AU - Blazich, FA AU - Weir, RJ T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Hedged stock plants of four full-sib families [27-2 × 27-5, 27-3 × 27-1, 27-2 × 27-1, and 27-6 × 27-1 (designated B, G, R, and W)] of loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) were fertilized daily with a complete nutrient solution containing N at 10, 25, 40, 55, or 70 mg·L –1 . In May, terminal softwood stem cuttings were taken and placed under intermittent mist. Families were combined to form composite poor-rooting (BR) and good-rooting (GW) families. At 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after sticking, cuttings were evaluated for rooting and analyzed for mineral nutrient and carbohydrate content. Percent rooting by week 12 for cuttings from stock plants receiving N between 25 to 70 mg·L –1 was 28% to 33%, whereas significantly fewer (17%) cuttings from plants receiving 10 mg·L –1 had rooted. By week 12, 98% of cuttings taken from stock plants receiving N at 10 mg·L –1 were alive, while significantly fewer (81% and 82%) of the more succulent cuttings receiving 55 and 70 mg·L –1 , respectively, had survived. Nearly all increases in cutting height occurred within the first 3 weeks. In contrast, top dry weight increased steadily throughout the experiment. There were no significant differences in rooting between the two composite families until week 12, when 32% of cuttings from family GW had rooted compared with 24% for family BR. Survival of cuttings was greater for the poor-rooting family (BR) (94%) than for the good-rooting family (GW) (82%) after 12 weeks. Levels of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and individual soluble sugars were initially higher in cuttings taken from stock plants that received higher rates of N, whereas the reverse was true for starch content. With the exception of sucrose, content of TNC and soluble carbohydrates generally increased over time. Starch was nearly depleted by week 3, but had increased by weeks 6 and 9. No correlation was found between TNC: N ratios and rooting percentage. Family GW contained greater quantities of myo-inositol, glucose, fructose, sucrose, total soluble carbohydrates (TSC), and TNC than did family BR. Mineral nutrient content was generally greater in cuttings taken from stock plants that received higher rates of N; these cuttings also maintained higher levels throughout the 12-week rooting period. As with the soluble carbohydrates, the good-rooting composite family (GW) contained greater amounts of all mineral nutrients than did the poor-rooting family BR. DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999/12// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.34.7.1279 VL - 34 IS - 7 SP - 1279-1285 SN - 0018-5345 KW - Pinus taeda KW - Pinaceae KW - conifer KW - adventitious rooting KW - stem cuttings KW - hedged stock plants ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land-cover change detection enhanced with generalized linear models AU - Morisette, JT AU - Khorram, S AU - Mace, T T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING AB - This paper explores the use of generalized linear models (GLMs) for enhancing standard methods of satellite-based land-cover change detection. It starts by generalizing satellite-based change-detection algorithms in a modelling context and then gives an overview of GLMs. It goes onto describe how GLMs can fit into the context of existing change-detection methods. By way of example, using a change detection over two locations in North Carolina, USA, using Landsat Thematic Mapper data, it shows how the models provide a quantitative approach to image-based change detection. The application of GLMs requires special consideration of the spatial correlation of geographical data and how this effects the use of GLMs. The paper describes the use of preliminary variogram analysis on the image data for initial sampling considerations. For the binary response (change/no-change) derived from the reference data, a 'joint-count' test is used to assess their independence. Finally, the model error term is checked through the empirical variogram of the residuals. It is concluded that GLMs can be helpful in examining different change metrics and useful by applying the resulting model throughout the image to get a probability of change estimate as well as pixel-specific estimates of the variability of change estimate. However, as presented here, this application should respect the assumption of independent response data used for the modelling. DA - 1999/9/20/ PY - 1999/9/20/ DO - 10.1080/014311699211750 VL - 20 IS - 14 SP - 2703-2721 SN - 0143-1161 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fascicle nutrient and biomass responses of young loblolly pine to control of woody and herbaceous competitors AU - Zutter, BR AU - Miller, JH AU - Allen, HL AU - Zedaker, SM AU - Edwards, MB AU - Newbold, RA T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Individual fascicle mass and foliar nutrient content and concentration of young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were evaluated on 13 locations of a regionwide competition study in the southeastern United States. The study included a factorial combination of two levels of herbaceous weed control treatment (none, treated) and two levels of woody treatment (none, treated) following site preparation. At pine age 2 years, herbaceous treatment (HT) and woody treatment (WT) had a positive effect on individual fascicle biomass and content of N, P, and K at nearly all and at least half of the locations, respectively. In general, these effects mirrored responses noted for seedling diameter and height. N concentration increased and P concentration decreased at about half of the locations, while Ca and Mg concentrations decreased on nearly all locations with HT. By age 6 years, effects of HT and WT on fascicle mass and nutrient concentrations and contents became neutral or more neutral across the locations. This is attributed in part to the greater nutrient demand of larger crop pines and associated competition components. A notable exception from neutral effects at age 6, typically occurring on sites with high levels of woody vegetation, was the positive response in K concentration or content and negative response in Ca and Mg concentrations with WT. DA - 1999/7// PY - 1999/7// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-29-7-917 VL - 29 IS - 7 SP - 917-925 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Data fusion using artificial neural networks: A case study on multitemporal image analysis AU - Dai, X. L. AU - Khorram, S. T2 - Computers, Environment and Urban Systems AB - In this paper, we present a formulation framework for data fusion in land cover characterization and a case study on multitemporal change analysis using artificial neural networks. Neural networks have the coherent advantage of overcoming the difficulties in merging data from multiple sources since they are distribution-free and it is not required to model the data. Based on a review on remotely sensed data fusion, the neural network-based approach to multitemporal change analysis and its implementation are then explored, which includes network training issues and algorithms, such as the backpropagation algorithm, selection of network architecture including number of hidden layers and number of nodes in each layer, and parameter determination. Experimental results using multitemporal Thematic Mapper (TM) data are provided. Several factors contribute to the selection of an appropriate fusion technique and the neural network-based approach is found to be one of the promising methods. © DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1016/s0198-9715(98)00051-9 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 19-31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population effects of white-tailed deer dispersal AU - Rosenberry, C. S. AU - Lancia, R. A. AU - Conner, M. C. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 858-864 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape pattern metrics and regional assessment AU - RV O'Neill, AU - Riitters, KH AU - Wickham, JD AU - Jones, KB T2 - ECOSYSTEM HEALTH AB - ABSTRACT The combination of remote imagery data, geographic information systems software, and landscape ecology theory provides a unique basis for monitoring and assessing large-scale ecological systems. The unique feature of the work has been the need to develop and interpret quantitative measures of spatial pattern—the landscape indices. This article reviews what is known about the statistical properties of these pattern metrics and suggests some additional metrics based on island biogeography, percolation theory, hierarchy theory, and economic geography. Assessment applications of this approach have required interpreting the pattern metrics in terms of specific environmental endpoints, such as wildlife and water quality, and research into how to represent synergystic effects of many overlapping sources of stress. DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09942.x VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 225-233 SN - 1076-2825 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geminiviruses: Models for plant DNA replication, transcription, and cell cycle regulation {review} AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L. AU - Settlage, S. B. AU - Orozco, B. M. AU - Nagar, S. AU - Robertson, D. T2 - Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences AB - Geminiviruses have small, single-stranded DNA genomes that replicate through double-stranded intermediates in the nuclei of infected plant cells. Viral double-stranded DNA also assembles into minichromosomes and is transcribed in infected cells. Geminiviruses encode only a few proteins for their replication and transcription and rely on host enzymes for these processes. However, most plant cells, which have exited the cell cycle and undergone differentiation, do not contain the replicative enzymes necessary for viral DNA synthesis. To overcome this barrier, geminiviruses induce the accumulation of DNA replication machinery in mature plant cells, most likely by modifying cell cycle and transcriptional controls. In animals, several DNA viruses depend on host replication and transcription machinery and can alter their hosts to create an environment that facilitates efficient viral replication. Analysis of these viruses and their proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of DNA replication, transcription, and cell cycle regulation in mammalian cells. Geminiviruses have the same potential for plant systems. Plants offer many advantages for these types of studies, including ease of transformation, well-defined cell populations and developmental programs, and greater tolerance of cell cycle perturbation and polyploidy. Our knowledge of the molecular and cellular events that mediate geminivirus infection has increased significantly during recent years. The goal of this review is to summarize recent research addressing geminivirus DNA replication and its integration with transcriptional and cell cycle regulatory processes. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1080/07352689991309162 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 71-106 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence for an extreme bottleneck in a rare Mexican pinyon: Genetic diversity, disequilibrium, and the mating system in Pinus maximartinezii AU - Ledig, FT AU - Conkle, MT AU - Bermejo-Velazquez, B AU - Eguiluz-Piedra, T AU - Hodgskiss, PD AU - Johnson, DR AU - Dvorak, WS T2 - EVOLUTION AB - Maxipiñon (Pinus maximartinezii Rzedowski), which is confined to a single population of approximately 2000 to 2500 mature trees, covers about 400 ha in southern Zacatecas, Mexico. Genetic diversity measured by expected heterozygosity was 0.122, which is moderate for pines. However, percentage polymorphic loci was low, 30.3%. The fixation index (F) of 0.081 indicated only slight heterozygote deficiency. Mating system analysis indicated a significant but low level of selling; the multilocus outcrossing rate, tm, was 0.816. The mean of single locus estimates, ts, was smaller (0.761), perhaps suggesting mating among relatives, although the difference between tm and ts was not statistically significant. The most striking features of maxipiñon's genetic structure were that no polymorphic locus had more than two alleles and most alleles at polymorphic loci were at intermediate frequencies. This is in contrast to other pines, which often have three to five or more alleles at some loci and in which the distribution of allele frequencies is U‐shaped, most alleles being present at frequencies less than 10% or greater than 90%. A population with only two alleles per locus and at intermediate frequencies could occur if the population had been reduced to an extreme bottleneck and then expanded rapidly before random drift modified allele frequencies. A novel origin from a hybridization event would also explain the results. Significant gametic disequilibrium was detected at several pairs of loci in both maternal and paternal gametes. The presence of disequilibrium is in agreement with an origin from an extreme bottleneck, perhaps even a single seed. Furthermore, it demands that the event be relatively recent. The number of generations, as calculated from the observed mean disequilibrium, suggested that maxipiñon derived from an extreme bottleneck four to five generations ago, which is less than 1000 years in this species. DA - 1999/2// PY - 1999/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05335.x VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 91-99 SN - 1558-5646 KW - endangered species KW - isozymes KW - linkage disequilibrium KW - outcrossing KW - rarity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Employment and education in forestry: national perspectives, North Carolina trends AU - Cubbage, F. W. AU - Jervis, L. G. AU - Smith, P. G. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 97 IS - 9 SP - 24-28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional influences of soil available water-holding capacity and climate, and leaf area index on simulated loblolly pine productivity AU - Sampson, DA AU - Allen, HL T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - We simulated loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) net canopy assimilation, using BIOMASS version 13.0, for the southeastern United States (1° latitude by 1° longitude grid cells) using a 44-year historical climate record, estimates of available water-holding capacity from a natural resource conservation soils database, and two contrasting leaf area indices (LAI) (low; peak LAI of 1.5 m2 m−2 projected, and high; 3.5 m2 m−2). Median (50th percentile) available water-holding capacity varied from 100 to 250 mm across the forest type for a normalized 1.25 m soil profile. Climate also varied considerably (growing season precipitation ranged from 200 to 1600 mm while mean growing season temperature ranged from 13° to 26°C). Net canopy assimilation ranged from 9.3 to 19.2 Mg C ha−1 a−1 for high LAI and the 95th percentile of available water-holding capacity simulations. We examined the influence of soil available water-holding capacity, and annual variation in temperature and precipitation, on net canopy assimilation for three cells of similar latitude. An asymptotic, hyperbolic relationship was found between the 44-year average net canopy assimilation and soil available water-holding capacity. Shallow soils had, naturally, low water-holding capacity (<100 mm) and, subsequently, low productivity. However, median available water-holding capacity (125–150 mm) was sufficient to maintain near maximum production potential in these cells. Simulations were also conduced to examine the direct affects of soil available water on photosynthesis (PN) and stomatal conductance (gS) on net canopy assimilation. In the absence of water limitations on PN and gS, net canopy assimilation increased by only 10% or less over most of the loblolly pine region (when compared to simulations for median available water-holding capacity with water influences in place). However, the production differences between high and low LAI, at the median soil available water-holding capacity, ranged from 30% to 60% across the loblolly pine range. Vapor pressure deficit was found to dramatically reduce productivity for stands of similar LAI, incident radiation, rainfall, and available water-holding capacity. Thus, these simulations suggest that, regionally, loblolly pine productivity may be more limited by low LAI than by soil available water-holding capacity (for soils of median available water-holding capacity or greater). In addition, high atmospheric forcing for water vapor will reduce net assimilation for regions of otherwise favorable available water and LAI. DA - 1999/11/22/ PY - 1999/11/22/ DO - 10.1016/s0378-1127(99)00054-7 VL - 124 IS - 1 SP - 1-12 SN - 0378-1127 KW - Pinus taeda L. KW - leaf area index KW - soil available water KW - NPP ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predation on artificial nests along three edge types in a North Carolina bottomland hardwood forest AU - Saracco, J. F. AU - Collazo, J. A. T2 - Wilson Bulletin DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 111 IS - 4 SP - 541-549 ER - TY - PAT TI - Methods for within family selection of disease resistance in woody perennials using genetic markers AU - Amerson, H. V. AU - Wilcox, P. AU - Sederoff, R. R. AU - Kuhlman, E. G. AU - O'Malley, D. M. AU - Grattapaglia, D. C2 - 1999/// DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Construction of an AFLP genetic map with nearly complete genome coverage in Pinus taeda AU - Remington, DL AU - Whetten, RW AU - Liu, BH AU - DM O'Malley, T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS AB - De novo construction of complete genetic linkage maps requires large mapping populations, large numbers of genetic markers, and efficient algorithms for ordering markers and evaluating order confidence. We constructed a complete genetic map of an individual loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers segregating in haploid megagametophytes and PGRI mapping software. We generated 521 polymorphic fragments from 21 AFLP primer pairs. A total of 508 fragments mapped to 12 linkage groups, which is equal to the Pinus haploid chromosome number. Bootstrap locus order matrices and recombination matrices generated by PGRI were used to select 184 framework markers that could be ordered confidently. Order support was also evaluated using log likelihood criteria in MAPMAKER. Optimal marker orders from PGRI and MAPMAKER were identical, but the implied reliability of orders differed greatly. The framework map provides nearly complete coverage of the genome, estimated at approximately 1700 cM in length using a modified estimator. This map should provide a useful framework for merging existing loblolly pine maps and adding multiallelic markers as they become available. Map coverage with dominant markers in both linkage phases will make the map useful for subsequent quantitative trait locus mapping in families derived by self-pollination. DA - 1999/6// PY - 1999/6// DO - 10.1007/s001220051194 VL - 98 IS - 8 SP - 1279-1292 SN - 0040-5752 KW - Pinus taeda KW - linkage map KW - AFLP KW - locus ordering KW - genome length estimation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combining constructed wetlands and aquatic and soil filters for reclamation and reuse of water AU - House, CH AU - Bergmann, BA AU - Stomp, AM AU - Frederick, DJ T2 - ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AB - Reclamation and reuse of water and nutrients at their source provide the opportunity to use simple, less costly technologies and lessens potentials for catastrophic effects due to centralized treatment system failures. The combination of multiple treatment environments within constructed wetlands can provide water quality suitable for reuse. A current project in rural Chatham County, NC, uses simple, aesthetically pleasing treatment components constructed both outdoors and indoors to reclaim domestic sewage for toilet flushing, landscape irrigation and aesthetic water features. A courtyard containing constructed wetlands and a solarium with modular soil filter components and aquatic chambers are designed to treat sewage from within a small business facility and to provide recreational space for its 60 employees. The combination of vertical flow and horizontal flow constructed wetlands with fill and draw controls provides the necessary environments for nitrification–denitrification, removal of organic materials and phosphorus adsorption reactions. The system is designed to treat and reuse 4500 l day−1 (1200 gal day−1) of domestic sewage from the business. Some of the plants used are selectively bred or genetically engineered to maximize their water reclamation potential. Utilization of simple treatment and reuse technology has permitted the business owner to renovate an abandoned and deteriorating school building into a home for two thriving and internationally based businesses and to protect the water quality of a nearby reservoir. DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.1016/S0925-8574(98)00052-4 VL - 12 IS - 1-2 SP - 27-38 SN - 0925-8574 KW - reuse KW - constructed wetlands KW - vertical flow KW - soil filter KW - fill and draw KW - reclamation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carry-over effects of water and nutrient supply on water use of Pinus taeda AU - Ewers, B. E. AU - Oren, R. AU - Albaugh, T. J. AU - Dougherty, P. M. T2 - Ecological Applications AB - A study of the effects of nutrients and water supply (2 × 2 factorial experiment) was conducted in a 12-yr-old stand of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) during a period in which soil moisture was not augmented by irrigation because of frequent rain events. Information on the responses of sapwood-to-leaf area ratio and early-to-late wood ratio, to four years of treatments led to the hypothesis that the combination of increased nutrient and water supply (IF treatment) will increase tree transpiration rate per unit leaf area (EC,1) above EC,1 in the control (C), as well as increasing EC,1 above that when either the supply of water (I) or of nutrients (F) is increased. We further hypothesized that canopy transpiration (EC) will rank IF > F > I = C, based on the ranking of leaf area index (L) and assuming that the ranking of EC,1 is as first hypothesized. We rejected our first hypothesis, because F had lower EC,1 than the other treatments, rather than IF having higher values. We could not reject the second hypothesis; the ranking of average daily EC was 1.8 mm for IF, 1.2 mm for F, and 0.7 mm for both C and I (se < 0.1 mm for all treatments). Thus, it was the lower EC,1 of the F treatment, relative to IF, that resulted in ranking of EC similar to that hypothesized. Lower EC,1 in F trees was found to relate to lower canopy stomatal conductance, even though soil moisture conditions during the time of the study were similar in all treatments. Only trees in the F treatment absorbed a substantial amount of water (25%) below 1 m in the soil. These results indicate a “carry-over” effect of irrigation when combined with fertilization that increases EC in irrigated trees, relative to unirrigated trees, even under conditions when soil moisture is high and similar in all treatments. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0513:COEOWA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 513-525 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochemical mechanisms of action of herbicides and the impact of biotechnology on the development of herbicides AU - Moreland, D. E. T2 - Journal of Pesticide Science (International Ed.) DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1584/jpestics.24.299 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 299-307 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Susceptibility of Paulownia elongata to Agrobacterium and production of transgenic calli and hairy roots by in vitro inoculation AU - Bergmann, Ben AU - Lin, X. AU - Whetten, R. T2 - Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1023/A:1026481926560 VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - 45–51 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modified lignin and delignification with a CAD-deficient loblolly pine AU - MacKay, J AU - Presnell, T AU - Jameel, H AU - Taneda, H AU - D O'Malley, AU - Sederoff, R T2 - HOLZFORSCHUNG AB - Summary Lignin composition and lignin removal were investigated in loblolly pines ( Pinus taeda L.) deficient in the monolignol biosynthesis enzyme, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). The CAD-deficient pines were homozygous for the cad - n1 allele, a mutant form of the gene encoding CAD. We show that lignin from CAD-deficient seedlings is more easily removed by mild alkali at room temperature. The nature of the phenolics recovered from this treatment link the increased lignin solubility to a build up of aromatic aldehyde lignin subunits. We carried out a retrospective genetic analysis to identify a 12 year-old CAD-deficient tree from which we isolated Milled Wood Lignin (MWL) and obtained wood chips for pulping studies. The UV absorption spectra of MWL and the effect of sodium borohydride reduction of MWL showed that the CAD-deficient tree had substantially higher incorporation of aldehyde subunits. The CAD-deficient wood was delignified more extensively than the wild type in soda pulping but not in kraft conditions. More extensive lignin removal, both in mild alkali treatment and in soda pulping, indicate that suppression of CAD in softwood trees may hold promise to produce woods well suited for “milder” pulping conditions that consume less chemicals and generate less waste. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1515/HF.1999.067 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 403-410 SN - 0018-3830 KW - pine KW - genetic modification KW - lignin mutant KW - delignification KW - soda pulping KW - coniferaldehyde ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ascribing value to ecological processes: an economic view of environmental change AU - Schaberg, RH AU - Holmes, TP AU - Lee, KJ AU - Abt, RC T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Decisions made by individual landowners and public land managers can have a significant impact on the rates of ecological change. Interdisciplinary cooperation is desirable if economists and ecologists are to correctly interpret the impacts of individual choices for landscape management. This paper reports results from two studies of the residents of North Carolina which contrast individual preferences for utilitarian forest benefits and financial returns with less tangible benefits of forest amenities and ecosystem stability. One study reports preliminary findings from a forest-benefit mail survey on the Nantahala and Pisgah National Forests; the second study presents an analysis of harvest decisions by private landowners. Economic methods pertinent to valuation of environmental goods are briefly considered. Individual behavior is described which suggests that segments of the public recognize welfare benefits specifically from forest amenities, and from `natural' production of environmental goods and services. The two studies suggest how economic tools may be extended to help quantify complex social and biological values associated with ecological processes. DA - 1999/2/22/ PY - 1999/2/22/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00363-6 VL - 114 IS - 2-3 SP - 329-338 SN - 1872-7042 KW - environmental economics KW - non-market benefits KW - trade-off analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal sulfate deposition and export patterns for a small Appalachian watershed AU - Edwards, PJ AU - Gregory, JD AU - Allen, HL T2 - WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION DA - 1999/2// PY - 1999/2// DO - 10.1023/A:1005087421791 VL - 110 IS - 1-2 SP - 137-155 SN - 0049-6979 KW - inputs KW - outputs KW - seasonal accumulations KW - seasonal deficits KW - soil leachate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water quality impacts of forest fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus AU - Binkley, D AU - Burnham, H AU - Allen, HL T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - The drinking-water quality of streamwater in forests is typically very good, exceeding the quality of water in areas with other types of land use. Streams draining agricultural lands in the United States average about nine times greater concentrations of nitrate and phosphate than streams draining forested areas. Forest fertilization commonly increases nutrient concentrations in streamwater, and large increases could lead to unacceptable degradation of water quality. This review summarizes information from studies of forest fertilization around the world, and evaluates the responses of streamwater chemistry. In general, peak concentrations of nitrate-N in streamwater increase after forest fertilization, with a few studies reporting concentrations as high as 10–25 (mg N)/l as nitrate. Increases in average concentrations of nitrate are much lower than the peak values, and the highest annual average nitrate-N concentration ever reported was 4 (mg N)/l. Relatively high concentrations of streamwater nitrate-N tend to occur with repeated fertilization, use of ammonium nitrate (rather than urea), and fertilization of N-saturated hardwood forests. Ammonium-N concentrations may also show large peaks following fertilization (up to 15 (mg N)/l), but annual averages remain <0.5 (mg N)/l. Fertilization with phosphate can lead to increased peak concentrations of >1 (mg P)/l, but annual averages remain <0.25 (mg P)/l. No evidence has been reported of detectable effects of forest fertilization on the composition or productivity of stream communities, but more detailed studies may be warranted (especially in relation to P fertilization). Major limitations in current knowledge include the effects of repeated fertilization in short-rotation plantations, fertilization of large landscapes rather than small stands, and the effects of fertilization on streamwater chemistry in tropical plantations. DA - 1999/8/23/ PY - 1999/8/23/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00549-0 VL - 121 IS - 3 SP - 191-213 SN - 0378-1127 KW - forest fertilization KW - streamwater quality KW - nitrate pollution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant regeneration via organogenesis from six families of loblolly pine AU - Tang, W AU - Fan, QY T2 - PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1023/A:1006392330738 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 223-226 SN - 0167-6857 KW - organogenesis KW - Pinus taeda L. KW - plant regeneration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Paleotemperature estimation from dicotyledonous wood anatomical characters AU - Wiemann, MC AU - Manchester, ST AU - Wheeler, EA T2 - PALAIOS AB - Following an earlier study documenting the relationships between wood anatomical features and climate, we examine the utility of dicotyledonous wood assemblages in assessing paleoclimate. The wood anatomy of dicotyledons from modern forest sites in North, Central, and South America, England, Africa, Malaysia, and the Pacific islands was used to derive equations to predict site mean annual temperature. The best equations gave estimates within 5 degrees C at validation sites. Because trees are physiologically active over a wide range in temperature throughout the year, it would be surprising if wood anatomical characters were more finely tuned to temperature. Mean annual temperature (MAT) was estimated from five fossil wood assemblages: Yellow-stone, Wyoming (early Eocene); Clarno Nut Beds, Oregon (middle Eocene); Post, Oregon (late Eocene); Vantage, Washington (middle Miocene); and Fejej, Ethiopia (Miocene). We used the two best equations to estimate paleotemperature at each site; the MAT estimates differed by 0.1 degrees C at Fejej and 5.7 degrees C at Yellowstone, with differences intermediate to these at the other fossil sites. Compared to present-day values, the paleotemperature estimates indicate that, at middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, mean annual temperatures were warmer in the Eocene and Miocene, whereas the near-equatorial Fejej site was the same temperature in the Miocene as it is today. Where possible, we compared the MAT estimates obtained using fossil woods with those obtained using fossil leaves, and found discrepancies of up to 13 degrees C. These differences may, in part, reflect the complicating effect of evolutionary trends in wood anatomical characters that may have been independent of climate change. DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// DO - 10.2307/3515397 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 459-474 SN - 0883-1351 ER - TY - JOUR TI - George Henry Hepting: Pioneer leader in forest pathology AU - Cowling, E. B. AU - Kelman, A. T2 - Annual Review of Phytopathology AB - George Henry Hepting grew up in the city environment of Brooklyn, but early in his life developed a deep love and scientific interest in forestry. He became America's most skilled scientist in the theory and practice of forest pathology. He studied how long-lived forest trees, unlike most plants, cope with the long-term changes in their biological, physical, and chemical environments. He devoted his remarkably energetic life to learning, understanding, and teaching how trees survive disease stresses induced by biotic and abiotic agents—in forest nurseries, as individual trees, in young sapling stands, in naturally regenerated and planted stands, in old-growth forests, and in landscapes and watersheds. He focused his innovative spirit, curiosity, and high intelligence on seeking ways to use this un- derstanding to develop practical guidelines for management that can be used to decrease or minimize disease losses and deterioration of wood in service. From the research that he and his close co-workers completed have come many tangible benefits. Throughout his life, Hepting was devoted to maintaining the rich biolog- ical heritage of this country in its forests and wildlife resources, in national, state, and city parks, and trees in residential, commercial, and recreational landscapes— resources that are important, not only to the economic vitality, but also for the spirit and aesthetic quality of life in the United States. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.phyto.37.1.19 VL - 37 IS - 1999 SP - 19-28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stand-level allometry in Pinus taeda as affected by irrigation and fertilization AU - King, J. S. AU - Albaugh, T. J. AU - Allen, Howard AU - Kress, L. W. T2 - Tree Physiology AB - Changing environmental conditions have the potential to alter allometric relationships between plant parts, possibly leading to ecosystem-level feedbacks. We quantified allometric shifts in field-grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in response to altered resource availability based on data from multiple harvests to correct for size-related changes in biomass partitioning. A replicated factorial arrangement of irrigation and fertilization treatments was applied for 4 years to an 8-year-old loblolly pine plantation on a well-drained, low fertility site in North Carolina. Destructive and nondestructive growth measurements were used to develop treatment-specific regressions to estimate stand-level biomass for ephemeral and perennial plant parts, both above- and belowground. Stand-level allometric analysis indicated that irrigation increased biomass partitioning to fine roots and decreased partitioning to foliage, relative to other plant parts. Fertilization increased partitioning to perennial tissues (coarse roots, taproots, and branches) and decreased partitioning to ephemeral tissues (foliage and fine roots). Changes in allometry were small (< 6 %) but statistically significant, indicating that biomass partitioning in loblolly pine changes with altered resource availability, but is probably under strong ontogenetic control. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1093/treephys/19.12.769 VL - 19 IS - 12 SP - 769–778 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic dissection of vegetative propagation traits in Eucalyptus tereticornis and E-globulus AU - Marques, CM AU - Vasquez-Kool, J AU - Carocha, VJ AU - Ferreira, JG AU - DM O'Malley, AU - Liu, BH AU - Sederoff, R T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// DO - 10.1007/s001220051400 VL - 99 IS - 6 SP - 936-946 SN - 1432-2242 KW - AFLP KW - pseudo-testcross KW - Eucalyptus KW - QTL KW - vegetative propagation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coarse root system characteristics and toppling of clona AU - Gautam, M. AU - Mead, D. J. AU - Frampton, C. AU - Chang, S. X. T2 - New Zealand Journal of Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 15-18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Building better trees with antisense AU - Sederoff, R T2 - NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// DO - 10.1038/11678 VL - 17 IS - 8 SP - 750-751 SN - 1087-0156 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of two sizes of hybrid striped bass for introduction into small ponds AU - Neal, JW AU - Rice, JA AU - Noble, RL T2 - NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE AB - Abstract Private recreational fisheries in small impoundments provide a potential new market for the growing industry producing hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis. We estimated growth, condition, and survival of hybrid striped bass (female striped bass × male white bass M. chrysops) in two small ponds with established fisheries for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and bluegill Lepomis macrochirus that eventually experienced severe weather-induced fish kills 266 d and 348 d after stocking. Both ponds were stocked with 40 phase 2 (120–169 mm total length, TL) and 22 phase 3 (241–344 mm TL) hybrid striped bass/ha. Growth and condition were monitored from introduction until the occurrence of fish kills. Fish collections immediately following the kills allowed minimum estimates of survival for time at large before each event. Mean growth rates were near 0.35 mm/d for phase 2 hybrids and ranged from 0.13 to 0.21 mm/d for phase 3 hybrids. Mean relative weight (Wr ), which at the time of stocking was optim... DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0074:EOTSOH>2.0.CO;2 VL - 61 IS - 1 SP - 74-78 SN - 1548-8454 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Equations for predicting weight loss in stored pulpwood for North Carolina and Virginia AU - Roise, J. P. AU - Whitlow, P. E. AU - Deal, E. L. T2 - Forest Products Journal DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 77-81 ER -