TY - CHAP TI - Seasonal mortality and movements of white-tailed deer in the farmland zone of Minnesota. Seasonal mortality and movements of white-tailed deer in the farmland zone of Minnesota AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Haroldson, B.S. AU - Erb, J.D. T2 - Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 1999 A2 - Berner, A. A2 - Lenarz, M. A2 - Eberhardt, T. PY - 2000/// SP - 1-10 PB - Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ER - TY - CHAP TI - Minnetonka Deer Management Program: Progress Report 1999-2000 AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - DonCarlos, K. AU - Regenscheid, D. T2 - Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 1999 A2 - Berner, A. A2 - Lenarz, M. A2 - Eberhardt, T. PY - 2000/// SP - 11–18 PB - Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ER - TY - CHAP TI - River otter population monitoring in southern Minnesota AU - Erb, J.D. AU - Berg, B. AU - DonCarlos, M. AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 1999 A2 - Berner, A. A2 - Lenarz, M. A2 - Eberhardt, T. PY - 2000/// SP - 45-54 PB - Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ER - TY - RPRT TI - Landowner Report: An update of the white-tailed deer capture and mortality study for southeastern Minnesota AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Haroldson, B.S. AU - Erb, J.D. A3 - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// M3 - Technical Report PB - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group ER - TY - CHAP TI - Seasonal mortality and movements of white-tailed deer in southwest Minnesota AU - Brinkman, T.J. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Haroldson, B.S. AU - Erb, J.D. T2 - Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2000 A2 - DonCarlos, M.W. A2 - Eberhardt, R.T. A2 - Kimmel, R.O. A2 - Lenarz, M.S. PY - 2000/// SP - 1-10 PB - Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ER - TY - CHAP TI - Distribution and relative abundance of river otters in southern Minnesota AU - Erb, J.D. AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - Wildlife population and research unit (2000) report A2 - DonCarlos, M.W. A2 - Eberhardt, R.T. A2 - Kimmel, R.O. A2 - Lenarz, M.S. PY - 2000/// SP - 19–26 PB - Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ER - TY - RPRT TI - Landowner Report: Seasonal mortality and movements of white-tailed deer in southwest Minnesota AU - Brinkman, T.J. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Haroldson, B.S. AU - Erb, J.D. A3 - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// PB - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group ER - TY - JOUR TI - Provenance variation and provenance-site interaction in Pinus brutia TEN.: Consequences on the defining of breeding zones AU - Isik, F. AU - Keskin, S. AU - McKeand, S. T2 - Silvae Genetica DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 49 IS - 4-5 SP - 213–223 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Movements of Two Experimentally Displaced Brown Treecreepers Ctimacteris picumnus in a Matrix of Woodland and Pasture AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Corella DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 110–113 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Preliminary evaluation of progress toward Lake Champlain Basin Program phosphorus reduction goals AU - Donlon, A. AU - Watzin, M. A3 - Lake Champlain Steering Committee DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// PB - Lake Champlain Steering Committee ER - TY - CONF TI - Generation of optimal transportation corridors through wetlands AU - Roise, J.P. AU - Bianco, J.V. T2 - INFORMS National Conference C2 - 2000/5/7/ CY - Salt Lake City, UT DA - 2000/5/7/ PY - 2000/5/7/ ER - TY - THES TI - Leaching loss of chemical elements from decomposing logs of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda, L.) AU - Holmes, Z. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// M3 - Duke University Masters Project Publication PB - Duke University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluation of salamander habitat associations and population monitoring techniques in Great Smoky Mountains National Park AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Bailey, L.L. AU - Hyde, E.J. AU - Pollock, K.J. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - The effects of landscape pattern, core areas, and forest management practices on avian communities in the southern Appalachians AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Lichstein, J.L. AU - Franzreb, K.E. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ecology and conservation of Neotropical migrants in the southern Appalachians AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Shriner, S.A. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using GIS to Identify Functionally Significant Wetlands in the Northeastern United States AU - Cedfeldt, Paul T. AU - Watzin, Mary C. AU - Richardson, Bruce Dingee T2 - Environmental Management DA - 2000/7/1/ PY - 2000/7/1/ DO - 10.1007/s002670010067 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 13–24 SN - 0364-152X 1432-1009 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002670010067 KW - wetlands KW - wetland function KW - wetland assessment KW - Geographic Information Systems (GIS) KW - Vermont ER - TY - JOUR TI - Female survival rates in a declining white-tailed deer population AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Griffin, S.L. AU - Rice, L.A. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 1030–1037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Documentation of a late born fawn in south central Minnesota AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Anderson, J.R. T2 - The Prairie Naturalist DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 257–258 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Why are Black Hills whitetails declining? AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Griffin, S.L. AU - Rice, L.A. T2 - South Dakota Conservation Digest DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 67 IS - 1 SP - 12–15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Commentary: What’s up with Black Hills deer? AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Jenks, J.A. T2 - Outdoor News DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 33 IS - 22 SP - 2–19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Whitetail Institute supports Minnesota mortality study AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Haroldson, B.S. AU - Erb, J.D. T2 - Whitetail News DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microsatellite analysis of kinkajou social organization AU - Kays, R. W. AU - Gittleman, J. L. AU - Wayne, R. K. T2 - Molecular Ecology AB - Abstract Kinkajou social groups generally consist of one adult female, two males, one subadult and one juvenile. Based on analysis of variation in 11 microsatellite loci, we assess the degree of kinship within and between four social groups totaling 25 kinkajous. We use exclusion and likelihood analyses to assign parents for seven of the eight offspring sampled, five with ≥ 95% certainty, and two with ≥ 80% certainty. Five of six identified sires of group offspring came from the same social group as the mother and pup. Adult males and females within a group were unrelated and subadults and juveniles were offspring of the group adults, suggesting a family structure. All five identified paternities within a social group were by the dominant male of the group. However, this copulation asymmetry does not necessarily reflect cooperation due to kinship ties between the two adult males within a group as one of two adult male pairs sampled was unrelated. Neighbouring male kinkajous were more closely related to each other than neighbouring female kinkajous, suggesting that females disperse more often or farther than males. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.00921.x VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 743-751 J2 - Mol Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1083 1365-294X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.00921.x DB - Crossref KW - Carnivora KW - dispersal KW - paternity KW - patrilineal KW - Potos KW - relatedness ER - TY - JOUR TI - The behavior and ecology of olingos (Bassaricyon gabbii) and their competition with kinkajous (Potos flavus) in central Panama AU - Kays, R.W. T2 - Mammalia AB - Au centre du Panama, cinq olingos (Bassaricyon gabbii) ont ete captures vivants par des pieges installes en canopee, lors d'une etude par captures-recaptures et radiotelemetrie. Les observations d'animaux s'alimentant et l'examen du contenu de 8 feces a permis d'identifier 15 especes de fruits et/ou de fleurs consommees. Aucune indication de carnivorie n'a ete relevee. Un olingo mâle adulte a utilise un domaine vital de 37,5 ha (methode des polygones convexes), et effectue un parcours moyen de 1 412 ± 272 m par demi-nuit. Les olingos semblent partager de nombreux traits ecologiques et comportementaux avec les kinkajous, et la competition pour les ressources alimentaires pourrait limiter l'abondance et la distribution de cette espece menacee. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1515/mamm.2000.64.1.1 VL - 64 IS - 1 SP - 1-10 OP - SN - 0025-1461 1864-1547 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mamm.2000.64.1.1 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pyrene Sorption by Natural Organic Matter AU - Chefetz, Benny AU - Deshmukh, Ashish P. AU - Hatcher, Patrick G. AU - Guthrie, Elizabeth A. T2 - Environmental Science & Technology AB - Sorption of pyrene on various types of natural organic matter (NOM) varying in chemical composition (e.g. high aliphaticity or aromaticity) was examined in batch sorption studies. The NOM samples (cuticle, humin, humic acid, degraded lignin, peat and lignite) were characterized by elemental analyses and solid-state 13C NMR spectra. Previous studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) sorption on soils and sediments led to the conclusion that aromatic component of the NOM determines the binding of nonionic compounds and that the polarity of the NOM reduces the binding coefficient of the aromatic NOM moieties. In this study we tested the hypothesis that aliphatic moieties of NOM derived from soils or sediments can contribute significantly to the binding of PAHs in aqueous media. Cuticle and a humin sample from an algal deposit exhibited the highest distribution coefficients (Koc). Both samples were rich in aliphatic structures and had very low aromaticity (4.6 and 8.8% for cuticle and humin samples, respectively). A positive trend was observed between the Koc level and the aliphaticity of the NOM, calculated from the 13C NMR spectra. This study demonstrates that aliphatic NOM compounds significantly sorb pyrene in aqueous solution, thus leading to the conclusion that the contribution of these groups to the sorption of aromatic nonionic pollutants in complex NOM matrices can be significant. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.1021/es9912877 VL - 34 IS - 14 SP - 2925-2930 J2 - Environ. Sci. Technol. LA - en OP - SN - 0013-936X 1520-5851 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9912877 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The in situ analytical pyrolysis of two different organic components of a synthetic environmental matrix doped with [4,9-13C] pyrene AU - Greenwood, Paul F. AU - Guthrie, Elizabeth A. AU - Hatcher, Patrick G. T2 - Organic Geochemistry AB - Abstract Laser micropyrolysis GC–MS was used for in situ analysis of the coal and lignin components of a synthetic mixture. Designed to mimic environmental matrices such as soils and sediments, the mix comprised several possible soil precursors and was also amended with [4,9- 13 C]pyrene as part of concurrent research on the interaction of PAH pollutants and sedimentary organic matter. The labeled spike was consistently detected as the major pyrolysate in the in situ analyses of both lignin and coal components of the synthetic mix, indicating its effective sorption by these moieties of the mix. The remaining hydrocarbon distribution detected from the lignin was dominated by guiaicyl (i.e. methoxyphenol) compounds, whereas high abundances of aromatic (e.g. benzene, naphthalene, phenol and alkyl derivatives thereof) and aliphatic (e.g. n- alkene/alkane, prist-1-ene, hopanes) products were detected in the coal. Apart from the high concentrations of the 13 C-spike, these data were very similar to molecular data obtained from the respective pyroprobe pyrolysis GC–MS analysis of pure lignin and coal samples. The untainted (i.e. apart from the 13 C-spike) molecular signatures detected from the in situ analysis of the coal and lignin constituents indicates minimal organic contamination from the other constituents of the synthetic mix, successfully demonstrating the capability of the laser micropyrolysis GC–MS technique to selectively analyse the discrete organic entities within complex and heterogeneous mixtures. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00048-6 VL - 31 IS - 7-8 SP - 635-643 J2 - Organic Geochemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0146-6380 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00048-6 DB - Crossref KW - laser pyrolysis KW - GC-MS KW - soil KW - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon KW - sorption KW - C-13-labeling ER - TY - CONF TI - Time and Space Independent Extension: The Potential of Video Teleconferencing as an Outreach Medium AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Hamilton, R. AU - Payne, W.S. T2 - Third Biennial Conference on University Education in Natural Resources C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings: Third Biennial Conference on University Education in Natural Resources CY - Columbia, MO DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/3/25/ PB - University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Natural Resources UR - http://www.snr.missouri.edu/meetings/3rdconference.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - Woodscaping Your Woodlands: An On-line Guide AU - Bardon, R.E. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 98 IS - 3 SP - 5 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Compass and pacing AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// M1 - 39 M3 - Woodland Owner Note PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - 39 ER - TY - RPRT TI - CEMP 15: A home for forestry AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// M3 - Reference Manual PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - CONF TI - Distance Learning and Extension: Using RealAudio and the World Wide Web to Support Field Faculty Training Needs AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Payne, W.S. T2 - Third Biennial Conference on University Education in Natural Resources C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings: Third Biennial Conference on University Education in Natural Resources CY - Columbia, MO DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/3/25/ PB - University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Natural Resources UR - http://www.snr.missouri.edu/meetings/3rdconference.html ER - TY - CHAP TI - Regulation of Timber Yields For Sustainable Management of Industrial Forest Plantations – Theory and practice AU - Roise, J.P. AU - Cubbage, F.W. AU - Abt, R.C. AU - Siry, J.P. T2 - Sustainable Forest Management A2 - Gadow, K.V. A2 - Pukkala, T. A2 - Tomé, M. AB - The integration of forest plantations, sustained yield regulation of industrial wood fiber, and market responses of private forest landowners determine sustainable forest management for timber. The world has approximately 3.4 billion ha of forests; 230 million ha of all types of forest plantations; and 40 million ha of industrial wood plantations. A sample of private and public forestry analysts in the world indicated that they use a variety of timber harvest regulation approaches. These include Model I and Model II model formulations; Simplex and heuristic model solution approaches; sustained yield harvest constraints; and ecological constraints. An analysis of the forest plantation area and timber supply situation in the U.S. South indicated that intensive forest management can balance softwood timber inventories and timber harvests, at slightly increased real timber prices. The data on forest plantations and growth rates, as well as our survey of harvest regulation, indicate that the forest products industry and other forest owners have the means to achieve and modeling capabilities to measure and implement sustainable timber management. If this potential is realized, increased productivity in managed forests will lessen timber harvesting pressures and enhance the protection of natural forests. PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-010-9819-9_7 SP - 217-256 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mortality and replacement patterns of an old-growth acer-fagus woods in the holden arboretum, Northeastern Ohio AU - Forrester, JA AU - Runkle, , JR T2 - AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST AB - The objective of this study was to establish baseline data for the structure and dynamics of an old-growth beech (Fagus grandifolia)-sugar maple (Acer saccharum) woods in northeastern Ohio before the anticipated future impacts of disturbances such as beech bark disease. Several parameters were selected for study based on their likelihood of being influenced by these disturbances including: (1) species composition; (2) mortality and growth rates of trees, overall, by species and by size class; (3) canopy replacement patterns; (4) coarse woody debris (CWD) characteristics; and (5) the understory response to existing openings and its implications for change in the forest under present conditions. This study extends our understanding of beech-sugar maple old growth because our site is, perhaps, the most northeasterly one not yet affected by beech bark disease and because it is the only studied site influenced by weather conditions generated by Lake Erie.The overall annual mortality rate (from 1992 to 1997) of 2.3% was higher than that reported for other old-growth woods (1%). Mortality was highest for the large canopy stems (≥50 cm dbh) of beech and the subcanopy stems (10–25 cm dbh) of sugar maple. Growth rates decreased with stem size for beech, but increased with stem size for sugar maple. Over the 5 y period beech decreased in relative basal area and relative density whereas sugar maple increased in both measures. CWD mass (35.9 Mg ha−1) was similar to other old-growth deciduous forests. Beech mortality has been greater than sugar maple mortality for several years. Sugar maple and beech were dominant in the understory although few stems <1 cm dbh were found near treefall gaps. Older gaps had more numerous and larger stems.Currently, the structure and dynamics of the woods are very similar to other old-growth beech-sugar maple forests of the region. Beech is present in all size classes. However, the number of large beech stems has been declining steadily even though beech bark disease has not yet reached the area. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0227:marpoa]2.0.co;2 VL - 144 IS - 2 SP - 227-242 SN - 1938-4238 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water-budget evaluation of prairie and maize ecosystems AU - Brye, KR AU - Norman, JM AU - Bundy, LG AU - Gower, ST T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Annual monitoring of water‐budget components is useful for comparing the fate of water inputs among ecosystems. Land‐use changes from natural prairies to managed agroecosystems alter water‐budget components. Weekly hydrological budgets for a restored natural prairie and maize ( Zea mays L.) agroecosystems (no‐tillage and chisel‐plow) were constructed for 132 consecutive wk between June 1995 and January 1998. Precipitation, drainage, soil water–storage changes, and snow‐cover changes were measured on Plano silt loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudoll) at agricultural and prairie sites. Compared with the maize ecosystems, the prairie maintained greater soil water contents deeper in the soil profile (0.8–1.4 m), somewhat larger evapotranspiration (Et), and significantly less drainage because of considerable interception of precipitation by a residue layer. Soil water storage in the no‐tillage maize setting was more similar to the prairie, while Et, net primary productivity, and drainage were more comparable to the chisel‐plow agroecosystem. Total drainage measured with equilibrium‐tension lysimeters was 199 mm of water (coefficient of variation [CV] = 5.7%) for the prairie ecosystem, 563 mm of water (CV = 13.6%) for the no‐tillage maize ecosystem, and 793 mm of water (CV = 18.5%) for the chisel‐plow maize ecosystem. Residue interception for the prairie was 477 mm, compared with 681 mm of precipitation during the growing season of 1997, which contributed to lower prairie drainage. The combination of similar productivity, higher soil water contents, and less drainage than the chisel‐plow ecosystem suggests that a no‐tillage ecosystem is more sustainable than the chisel‐plow agroecosystem in terms of reducing potential adverse environmental impacts associated with soil water movement. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2000.642715x VL - 64 IS - 2 SP - 715-724 SN - 0361-5995 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing the performance of a Dynamic Global Ecosystem Model: Water balance, carbon balance, and vegetation structure AU - Kucharik, CJ AU - Foley, JA AU - Delire, C AU - Fisher, VA AU - Coe, MT AU - Lenters, JD AU - Young-Molling, C AU - Ramankutty, N AU - Norman, JM AU - Gower, ST T2 - GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES AB - While a new class of Dynamic Global Ecosystem Models (DGEMs) has emerged in the past few years as an important tool for describing global biogeochemical cycles and atmosphere‐biosphere interactions, these models are still largely untested. Here we analyze the behavior of a new DGEM and compare the results to global‐scale observations of water balance, carbon balance, and vegetation structure. In this study, we use version 2 of the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS), which includes several major improvements and additions to the prototype model developed by Foley et al. [1996]. IBIS is designed to be a comprehensive model of the terrestrial biosphere; the model represents a wide range of processes, including land surface physics, canopy physiology, plant phenology, vegetation dynamics and competition, and carbon and nutrient cycling. The model generates global simulations of the surface water balance (e.g., runoff), the terrestrial carbon balance (e.g., net primary production, net ecosystem exchange, soil carbon, aboveground and belowground litter, and soil CO 2 fluxes), and vegetation structure (e.g., biomass, leaf area index, and vegetation composition). In order to test the performance of the model, we have assembled a wide range of continental and global‐scale data, including measurements of river discharge, net primary production, vegetation structure, root biomass, soil carbon, litter carbon, and soil CO 2 flux. Using these field data and model results for the contemporary biosphere (1965–1994), our evaluation shows that simulated patterns of runoff, NPP, biomass, leaf area index, soil carbon, and total soil CO 2 flux agree reasonably well with measurements that have been compiled from numerous ecosystems. These results also compare favorably to other global model results. DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1029/1999gb001138 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 795-825 SN - 1944-9224 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrient dynamics of the southern and northern BOREAS boreal forests AU - Gower, ST AU - Hunter, A AU - Campbell, J AU - Vogel, J AU - Veldhuis, H AU - Harden, J AU - Trumbore, S AU - Norman, JM AU - Kucharik, CJ T2 - ECOSCIENCE AB - The objective of this study was to compare nutrient concentration, distribution, and select components of nutrient budgets for aspen (Populus tremuloides), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), and black spruce (Picea mariana) forest ecosystems at the BOReal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study (BOREAS), southern and northern study areas near Candle Lake, Saskatchewan and Thompson, Manitoba, Canada, respectively. The vegetation (excluding fine roots and understory) in the aspen, black spruce, and jack pine stands contained 70-79%, 53-54%, and 58-67% of total ecosystem carbon content, respectively. Soil (forest floor and mineral soil) nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) content comprised over 90% of the total ecosystem nutrient content, except for Ca and Mg content of the southern black spruce stand and Ca content of the southern aspen stand which were less than 90%. Annual litterfall N content was significantly greater (p < 0.05) for trembling aspen (30-41 kg N ha-1 yr-1) than for jack pine (5-10 kg N ha-1 yr-1) or black spruce (6-7 kg N ha-1 yr-1), and was generally greater, but not significantly, for the southern than for the northern study area. Aboveground net primary production was positively correlated (R2 = 0.91) to annual litterfall N content for the BOREAS forests, and for all boreal forests (R2 = 0.57). Annual aboveground nutrient (N, Ca, Mg, and K) requirements (sum of the annual increment of nutrient in foliage, branches, and stems) were significantly greater (p < 0.05) for trembling aspen than for jack pine or black spruce forests. Annual aboveground N requirements ranged from 37-53, 6-14, and 6-7 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for trembling aspen, jack pine, and black spruce forests, respectively. The greater nutrient requirements of deciduous than evergreen boreal forests was explained by a greater annual production of biomass and lower use efficiency of nutrients. Nutrient cycling characteristics of boreal forests were influenced by climate and forest type, with the latter having a greater influence on litterfall N, annual nutrient requirements, nutrient mean residence time, and nutrient distribution. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1080/11956860.2000.11682620 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 481-490 SN - 1195-6860 KW - nutrient distribution KW - boreal forests KW - nutrient requirement KW - litterfall N KW - retranslocation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leaf-level resource use for evergreen and deciduous conifers along a resource availability gradient AU - Kloeppel, BD AU - Gower, ST AU - Vogel, JG AU - Reich, PB T2 - FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY AB - Abstract 1. We compared leaf‐level carbon, nitrogen and water use for a deciduous ( Larix occidentalis Nutt.) and sympatric evergreen ( Pseudotsuga menziesii , Beissn., Franco, or Pinus contorta Engelm.) conifer along a resource availability gradient spanning the natural range of L. occidentalis in western Montana, USA. 2. We hypothesized that leaf photosynthesis ( A ), respiration ( r ), specific leaf area (SLA) and foliar nitrogen concentration ( N ) would be higher for deciduous than sympatric evergreen conifers in mixed stands, and that these interspecies differences would increase from high to low resource availability. We also hypothesized that leaf‐level nitrogen and water‐use efficiency would be higher for the co‐occurring evergreen conifer than L. occidentalis . 3. In general, mass‐based photosynthesis ( A m ) was significantly higher for L. occidentalis than co‐occurring evergreen conifers in the drier sites, but A m was similar for evergreen and deciduous conifers at the mesic site. 4. Mass‐based foliar nitrogen concentration ( N m ) was positively correlated to SLA for all species combined across the gradient ( R 2 = 0·64), but the relationship was very weak ( R 2 = 0·08–0·34) for evergreen and deciduous species separately. Mass‐based A m and r m were poorly correlated to N m for all species combined across the gradient ( R 2 = 0·28 and 0·04, respectively). 5. For each site‐species combination, daily maximum A m was negatively correlated to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) ( R 2 = 0·36–0·59), but was poorly correlated to twig predawn water potential ( R 2 < 0·04). 6. Instantaneous nitrogen‐use efficiency (NUE i ; A m divided by N m ) and water‐use efficiency (δ 13 C) increased significantly ( P = 0·05) from high to low resource availability for both evergreen and deciduous conifers, except for NUE i in L. occidentalis . DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00439.x VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 281-292 SN - 0269-8463 KW - Larix occidentalis KW - photosynthesis KW - Pinus contorta KW - Pseudotsuga menziesii KW - resource-use efficiency KW - respiration ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of fire in the boreal carbon budget AU - Harden, JW AU - Trumbore, SE AU - Stocks, BJ AU - Hirsch, A AU - Gower, ST AU - KP O'Neill, AU - Kasischke, ES T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - To reconcile observations of decomposition rates, carbon inventories, and net primary production (NPP), we estimated long-term averages for C exchange in boreal forests near Thompson, Manitoba. Soil drainage as defined by water table, moss cover, and permafrost dynamics, is the dominant control on direct fire emissions. In upland forests, an average of about 10-30% of annual NPP was likely consumed by fire over the past 6500 years since these landforms and ecosystems were established. This long-term, average fire emission is much larger than has been accounted for in global C cycle models and may forecast an increase in fire activity for this region. While over decadal to century times these boreal forests may be acting as slight net sinks for C from the atmosphere to land, periods of drought and severe fire activity may result in net sources of C from these systems. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06019.x VL - 6 SP - 174-184 SN - 1365-2486 KW - boreal KW - carbon KW - decomposition KW - fire KW - forest KW - soil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detritus production and soil N transformations in old-growth eastern hemlock and sugar maple stands AU - Campbell, JL AU - Gower, ST T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/s100210000018 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 185-192 SN - 1432-9840 KW - gross N mineralization KW - net N mineralization KW - net primary production KW - litterfall KW - detritus KW - old-growth KW - coarse woody debris ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon metabolism of the terrestrial biosphere: A multitechnique approach for improved understanding AU - Canadell, JG AU - Mooney, HA AU - Baldocchi, DD AU - Berry, JA AU - Ehleringer, , JR AU - Field, CB AU - Gower, ST AU - Hollinger, DY AU - Hunt, JE AU - Jackson, RB AU - Running, SW AU - Shaver, GR AU - Steffen, W AU - Trumbore, SE AU - Valentini, R AU - Bond, BY T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/s100210000014 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 115-130 SN - 1435-0629 KW - biosphere metabolism KW - carbon cycle KW - carbon fluxes KW - global change KW - terrestrial ecosystems ER - TY - CONF TI - Do highways fragment small mammal populations? AU - Yale, R. AU - Mills, L. S. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation DA - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Life stage simulation analysis: Estimating vital-rate effects on population growth for conservation AU - Wisdom, MJ AU - Mills, LS AU - Doak, DF T2 - ECOLOGY AB - We developed a simulation method, known as life-stage simulation analysis (LSA) to measure potential effects of uncertainty and variation in vital rates on population growth (λ) for purposes of species conservation planning. Under LSA, we specify plausible or hypothesized levels of uncertainty, variation, and covariation in vital rates for a given population. We use these data under resampling simulations to establish random combinations of vital rates for a large number of matrix replicates and finally summarize results from the matrix replicates to estimate potential effects of each vital rate on λ in a probability-based context. Estimates of potential effects are based on a variety of summary statistics, such as frequency of replicates having the same vital rate of highest elasticity, difference in elasticity values calculated under simulated conditions vs. elasticities calculated using mean invariant vital rates, percentage of replicates having positive population growth, and variation in λ explained by variation in each vital rate. To illustrate, we applied LSA to vital rates for two vertebrates: desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and Greater Prairie Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido). Results for the prairie chicken indicated that a single vital rate consistently had greatest effect on population growth. Results for desert tortoise, however, suggested that a variety of life stages could have strong effects on population growth. Additional simulations for the Greater Prairie Chicken under a hypothetical conservation plan also demonstrated that a variety of vital rates could be manipulated to achieve desired population growth. To improve the reliability of inference, we recommend that potential effects of vital rates on λ be evaluated using a probability-based approach like LSA. LSA is an important complement to other methods that evaluate vital-rate effects on λ, including classical elasticity analysis, retrospective methods of variance decomposition, and simulation of the effects of environmental stochasticity. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.2307/177365 VL - 81 IS - 3 SP - 628-641 SN - 1939-9170 KW - demography KW - Gopherus agassizii (desert tortoise) KW - elasticity KW - finite rate of increase KW - life-stage simulation analysis and importance KW - matrix population models KW - population growth KW - sensitivity KW - species conservation KW - Tympanuchus cupido (Greater Prairie Chicken) KW - variance and covariance KW - vital rates ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating animal abundance using noninvasive DNA sampling: Promise and pitfalls AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Citta, J. J. AU - Lair, K. P. AU - Schwartz, M. K. AU - Tallmon, D. A. T2 - Ecological Applications DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2307/2641002 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 283-294 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid sampling of plant species composition for assessing vegetation patterns in rugged terrain AU - Meentemeyer, RK AU - Moody, A T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1023/a:1008175612254 VL - 15 IS - 8 SP - 697-711 SN - 1572-9761 KW - chaparral KW - landscape scale KW - remote sensing KW - vegetation pattern KW - vegetation sampling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identifying lynx and other North American felids based on mtDNA analysis AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Pilgrim, K. L. AU - Schwartz, M. K. AU - McKelvey, K. T2 - Conservation Genetics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1023/a:1011574209558 VL - 1 SP - 285-288 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Automated mapping of conformity between topographic and geological surfaces AU - Meentemeyer, RK AU - Moody, A T2 - COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES AB - We present a technique to produce spatially distributed fields of geometric alignment between topography and the orientation of geologic bedding planes (topographic/bedding-plane intersection angle). Computation and digital mapping of the topographic/bedding-plane intersection angle (TOBIA) requires the derivation of four spatially distributed variables: topographic slope, slope aspect, bedding dip, and dip azimuth. Slope and slope aspect surfaces are derived from a high resolution (10 m) digital elevation model. Ordinary kriging is used to interpolate spatially continuous fields of dip azimuth and dip from point measurements of strike and dip. Using these variables, TOBIA can be mapped either categorically as slope types, or as a continuous index. Categorical mapping requires two steps. First, slopes are classified into three functional types based on the alignment between the dip azimuth and slope aspect. Slopes are then further partitioned based on the alignment between slope angle and dip angle. Continuous computations of TOBIA rely on a geometric equation using all four variables. The methods provide an efficient means for estimating topographic/bedding plane intersection angles over large areas. Resulting surfaces are useful for a variety of landscape-scale modeling applications, such as the prediction of potential hillslope failure, hydrologic flow paths, and vegetation patterns. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1016/s0098-3004(00)00011-x VL - 26 IS - 7 SP - 815-829 SN - 0098-3004 KW - bedding planes KW - strike and dip KW - topography KW - DEM KW - digital terrain analysis ER - TY - BOOK TI - Fragmented lands: Changing land ownership in Texas AU - Wilkins, N. AU - Brown, R. D. AU - Connor, R. J. AU - Engle, J. AU - Gilliland, C. AU - Hays, A. AU - Slack, R. D. AU - Steinbach, D. W. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// PB - College Station, TX: Texas Cooperative Extension ER - TY - CONF TI - The impact of changing U.S. demographics in the future of deer hunting AU - Brown, R. A2 - R. Field, R. W. Warren A2 - H. Okarma, A2 - Sievent, P. R. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Wildlife, land and people: Priorities for the 21st century. Proceedings of the 2nd International Wildlife Management Congress DA - 2000/// SP - 169-171 PB - Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society ER - TY - CONF TI - The future of deer management in the United States AU - Brown, R. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Nutritional ecology of the herbivores: Seminar on Feeding and Management of Cervidae in the 21st Century DA - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainable forestry: Showing the world a better way AU - Brown, R. D. T2 - Resource, Engineering & Technology for a Sustainable World DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 7 IS - 11 SP - 30 ER - TY - CONF TI - Making extension work for us: A natural resources course for county agents AU - Brown, R. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 9th Annual Extension Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Conference DA - 2000/// PB - Orono: University of Maine Cooperative Extension ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leading wildlife academic programs into the new millennium AU - Brown, R. D. AU - Nielsen, L. A. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Management DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 495-502 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Explaining faculty development - easy as pie AU - Brown, R. T2 - Department Chair DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 10 SP - 23-24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Virginia pine progeny test series AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Pine Tips: Newsletter of the Eastern NC Christmas Tree Growers Association DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The context and development of forestry education in Israel: an NC State connection AU - Robison, D. J. T2 - Sylvanet DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 1-3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Fraser fir progeny test series AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Limbs & Needles DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 8-10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing the accuracy of growth and yield models for Southern hardwood forests AU - Rauscher, M. AU - Young, M. AU - Webb, C. AU - Robison, D. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 24 SP - 176-185 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Propagation of Anemone x hybrida by rooted cuttings AU - Dubois, J-J B. AU - Blazich, F. A. AU - Warren, S. L. AU - Goldfarb, B. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 18 SP - 79-83 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fir species of the world AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Bulletin for American Conifer Society Bulletin DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 17 SP - 152-155 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancing the wood products trade between the U.S. and Africa-focus on Ghana AU - Robison, D. J. T2 - Sylvanet DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 6-7 ER - TY - CONF TI - Coppice effects on willow and poplar stem attributes and biomass productions AU - Tharakan, P. J. AU - Abrahamson, L. P. AU - Robison, D. J. AU - Isebrands, J. G. AU - Nowak, C. A. AU - Volk, T. A. AU - White, E. H. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proc. 21st Internat. Poplar Comm. Mtg. Poplar and Willow Culture: Meetings the Needs of Society and the Environment. DA - 2000/// VL - 21 SP - 175 PB - St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report NC-215 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alternative fir species field trial series AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Limbs & Needles DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 6-7 ER - TY - CONF TI - Vegetative composition and height growth of a 4-year old Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) stand under varying combinations of above- and below-ground competition AU - Moore, S. E. AU - Allen, H. L. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the Third Great Dismal Swamp Symposium DA - 2000/// VL - 3 SP - 85-91 PB - Norfolk, VA: Old Dominion University ER - TY - RPRT TI - 37th annual report, NC State? Hardwood Research Cooperative AU - Robison, D. J. A3 - Raleigh, NC: Dept. of Forestry DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// PB - Raleigh, NC: Dept. of Forestry ER - TY - CONF TI - Lemna gibba growth and nutrient uptake in response to different nutrient levels AU - Classen, J. J. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Bergmann, B. A. AU - Stomp, A. M. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Animal, agricultural, and food processing wastes : proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium, October 9-11, 2000, Des Moines, Iowa DA - 2000/// SN - 1892769115 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Task forces on early start projects for carbon emissions reductions: a report of the Brazil/U.S. Aspen Global Forum AU - Marshall, K. AU - Steelman, T. A. A3 - Denver: Institute for Policy Implementation, Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado at Denver DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// PB - Denver: Institute for Policy Implementation, Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado at Denver ER - TY - TI - Something is happening with Friends of the Cheat AU - Steelman, T. A. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shoot growth patterns related to growth and adaptation of Pinus brutia AU - Isik, F. AU - Isik, K. AU - Yildirim, T. AU - Li, B. T2 - Bildiri, IUFRO XXI World Forestry Congress DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 11 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Matching carbon emission reduction projects to financing: building prototypes AU - Kaplan, M. AU - Steelman, T. A. A3 - Denver: Institute for Policy Implementation, Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado at Denver DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// PB - Denver: Institute for Policy Implementation, Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado at Denver ER - TY - JOUR TI - World view: learning firsthand about world forestry AU - Sills, E. T2 - NC State Bulletin DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - Mar SP - 2 ER - TY - CONF TI - Weak complementarity and ecosystem benefits estimation: soil conservation in Flores, Indonesia AU - Espinoza, J. AU - Pattanayak, S. K. AU - Sills, E. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2000 Southern Forest Economics Workshop DA - 2000/// PB - University of Arkansas, Monticello ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interstock effects on strobilus initiation in topgrafted loblolly pine AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Raley, E. M. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 7 SP - 179-182 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grafting loblolly pine AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Jett, J. B. T2 - Bulletin of the American Conifer Society DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 22-30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Governo da Floresta in Acre, Brazil AU - Sills, E. T2 - Sylvanet DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 3-5 ER - TY - CONF TI - Developing a non-timber resource in the Brazilian Amazon: determinants of household participation AU - Sills, E. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2000 Southern Forest Economics Workshop DA - 2000/// PB - University of Arkansas, Monticello ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid response of antioxidant enzymes to O3-induced oxidative stress in Populus tremuloides clones varying in O3 tolerance AU - Noormets, A. AU - Podila, G. K. AU - Karnosky, D. F. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 7 SP - 339-342 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tree genomes: What will we understand about them by the year 2020 and how might we use that knowledge? AU - Sederoff, R. R. T2 - Forest genetics and sustainability AB - The purpose of this paper is to speculate about the future applications of molecular genetics to the understanding and utilization of tree genomes. Biotechnology of forest trees is a young discipline. The first genetically engineered tree, a glyphosate tolerant hybrid poplar, was produced in 1987 (Fillatti et al., 1987). Since that time, biotechnology of forest trees has incorporated new technology of genetic mapping and has now entered the era of genomics. Much of what follows here is only one person’s speculations about scientific progress into a relatively near future. In general, scientists are less effective at predicting the future of science than are writers of fiction, who are less constrained about predictions. The time frame of this paper is to look forward to the year 2020, which is approximately one rotation age for a temperate pine, and as much as four rotations for a tropical hardwood. The purpose of this short review is not to be comprehensive, nor to provide access to key references, but to provide an overview of ideas related to application to forest trees of existing technology in the relatively near future. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-1576-8_4 SP - 23 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The application of marker-assisted selection to tree breeding AU - Wu RongLing, Yin TongMing AU - Huang MinRen, AU - MingXiu, Wang T2 - Scientia Silvae Sinicae DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 103 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Root architectural plasticity to nutrient stress in two contrasting ecotypes of loblolly pine AU - Wu, R. L. AU - Grissom, J. E. AU - O'Malley, D. M. AU - McKeand, Steven T2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1300/j091v10n03_13 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 307 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Micropropagation of loblolly pine by somatic organogenesis and RAPD analysis of regenerated plantlets AU - Tang, W. T2 - Journal of Forestry Research DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic transformation of loblolly pine using mature zygotic embryo explants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens AU - Tang, W. T2 - Journal of Forestry Research DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 215 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing application and effectiveness of forestry best management practices in New York AU - Schuler, J. L. AU - Briggs, R. D. T2 - Northern Journal of Applied Forestry AB - The application and effectiveness of forestry best management practices (BMPs) was assessed on 33 harvested sites with streamside management zones (SMZs) throughout West Virginia, which coincided with 116 sites of statewide BMP compliance assessment. The sampled sites either showed evidence of activity in the SMZ or a stream crossing was found due to the harvest. Four checklists derived from the West Virginia BMP guidelines were used to assess 27 BMPs on haul roads, skid trails, at landings, and in SMZs. Rankings were analyzed statistically to examine the differences of BMP application and effectiveness among forester involvement, ownership, harvest, and stream type. The overall BMP application and effectiveness on sites with SMZs averaged 85% and 80% in West Virginia. Results also indicated that the BMP application and effectiveness rates were higher on industry owned lands or with forester involved than on private lands or without forester involvement. The findings should be useful to aid in future assessments of application and effectiveness of BMPs across West Virginia or in the region. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.13031/2013.22995 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 125 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early loblolly pine growth response to changes in the soil environment AU - Kelting, D. L. AU - Burger, J. A. AU - Patterson, S. C. T2 - New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 206-225 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Constructed wetlands treatment of high nitrogen landfill leachate AU - Liehr, S. K. AU - Kozub, D. D. AU - Rash, J. K. AU - Sloop, G. M. AU - Doll, B. AU - Rubin, A. R. AU - House, C. H. AU - Hawes, S. AU - Burks, D. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// PB - Alexandria, VA : Water Environment Research Foundation SN - 1893664082 ER - TY - CHAP TI - The evolutionary history of the Mesoamerican Oocarpae AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Jordan, A. P. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Romero, J. L. AU - Woodbridge, W. C. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 1 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Temporal differences in forest history at two sites in eastern North America AU - Blank, G. B. T2 - Methods and approaches in forest history AB - Two forested sites in the USA provide a contrast in studies of forest history. The sites are located 460 km apart along the American east coast, with one on the eastern edge of the North Carolina Piedmont and the other in the central Appalachian mountains (Maryland). Settlement at both sites began in about the same time period, but proximity to transportation, industrial development, and therefore markets, differed considerably. The timing and types of disturbance experienced near these sites differed as well. Factors affecting research into the history of forest impacts at these sites are their proximity to the researcher and funding to support studies. One study has remained general in scope, whereas the other study has led to detailed site analyses and specific results generating a plan for adaptive management and ecosystem research. PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1079/9780851994208.0265 SP - 265 PB - New York : CABI Pub. in association with International Union of Forestry Research Organizations SN - 0851994202 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus tecunumanii AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Gutierrez, E. A. AU - Osorio, L. F. AU - Malan, F. S. AU - Stanger, T. K. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 188 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus pringlei AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Kikuti, P. AU - Fier, I. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 174 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus patula AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Kietzka, J. E. AU - Malan, F. AU - Osorio, L. F. AU - Stanger, T. K. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 148 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus oocarpa AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Gutierrez, E. A. AU - Osorio, L. F. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Brawner, J. T. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 128 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus maximinoi AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Gutierrez, E. A. AU - Gapare, W. J. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Osorio, L. F. AU - Bester, C. AU - Kikuti, P. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 106 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus maximartinezii AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Stanger, T. K. AU - Romero, J. L. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 96 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus jaliscana AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Jordan, A. P. AU - Rosa, J. AU - Hodge, G. R. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 86 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus herrerae AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Kietzka, J. E. AU - Stanger, T. K. AU - Mapula, M. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 74 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus greggii AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Kietzka, J. E. AU - Donahue, J. K. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Stanger, T. K. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 52 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus chiapensis AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Gutierrez, E. A. AU - Osorio, L. F. AU - Merwe, L. AU - Kikuti, P. AU - Donahue, J. K. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 34 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Gutierrez, E. A. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Romero, J. L. AU - Stock, J. AU - Rivas, O. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 12 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Animal home ranges and territories and home range estimators AU - Powell, R. A. T2 - Research techniques in animal ecology: Controversies and consequences A2 - Boitani, L. A2 - Fuller, T. AB - 1. Hypothesis Testing in Ecology, by Charles J. Krebs2: A Critical Review of the Effects of Marking on the Biology of Vertebrates, by Dennis L. Murray and Mark R. Fuller3. Animal Home Ranges and Territories and Home Range Estimators, by Roger A. Powell4. Delusions in Habitat Evaluation: Measuring Use, Selection, and Importance, by David L. Garshelis5. Investigating Food Habits of Terrestrial Vertebrates, by John A. Litvaitis6. Detecting Stability and Causes of Change in Population Density, by Joseph S. Elkinton7. Monitoring Populations, by James P. Gibbs8. Modeling Predator--Prey Dynamics, by Mark S. Boyce9. Population Viability Analysis: Data Requirements and Essential Analyses, by Gary C. White10. Measuring the Dynamics of Mammalian Societies: An Ecologist's Guide to Ethological Methods, by David W. Macdonald, Paul D. Stewart, Pavel Stopka, and Nobuyuki Yamaguchi11. Modeling Species Distribution with GIS, by Fabio Corsi, Jan de Leeuw, and Andrew K. Skidmore PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2307/3803113 SP - 65-110 PB - New York: Columbia University Press SN - 0231113404 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Vegetative composition and height growth of a 4-year old Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis Thyoides) stand under varying combinations of above- and below-ground competition AU - Moore, S. E. AU - Allen, H. L. T2 - The natural history of the Great Dismal Swamp CN - QH105 .V8 N33 2000 PY - 2000/// PB - Madison, WI: Omni Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Responsiveness of diverse provenances of loblolly pine to fertilization - age 4 results AU - McKeand, Steven AU - Grissom, J. E. AU - Handest, J. A. AU - O'Malley, D. M. AU - Allen, H. L. T2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1300/j091v10n01_10 VL - 10 SP - 87–94 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling response to midrotation nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization in loblolly pine plantations AU - Amateis, R. L. AU - Liu, J. AU - Ducey, M. J. AU - Allen, H. L. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 24 SP - 207-212 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Making public policy programs effective and relevant: the role of the policy sciences AU - DeLeon, P. AU - Steelman, T. A. T2 - Journal of Public Policy Analysis and Management AB - Journal of Policy Analysis and ManagementVolume 20, Issue 1 p. 163-171 Curriculum And Case Note Making public policy programs effective and relevant: The role of the policy sciences Peter Deleon, Peter Deleon University of Colorado, DenverSearch for more papers by this authorToddi A. Steelman, Toddi A. Steelman University of Colorado, DenverSearch for more papers by this author Peter Deleon, Peter Deleon University of Colorado, DenverSearch for more papers by this authorToddi A. Steelman, Toddi A. Steelman University of Colorado, DenverSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 February 2001 https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6688(200124)20:1<163::AID-PAM2011>3.0.CO;2-WCitations: 18AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Amy, D.J. (1984). Why policy analysis and ethics are incompatible. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 13(4), 573–591. Atkinson, P.A. (1992). Understanding ethnographic texts. Newbury Park: Sage. Atkinson, P.A.& Hammersby, M. (1998). 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Ethics in policy analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Wildavsky, A. (1979). Speaking truth to power: The art and craft of policy analysis. Boston: Little, Brown. Citing Literature Volume20, Issue1Winter 2001Pages 163-171 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1002/1520-6688(200124)20:1<163::aid-pam2011>3.0.co;2-w VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 163-172 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Innovation in land use governance and protection - The case of great outdoors Colorado AU - Steelman, TA T2 - AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST AB - Land use governance in the United States traditionally has taken a centralized or decentralized form. This research documents a perceived innovation in land use governance that combines centralized and decentralized approaches—Great Outdoors Colorado (GOCO). Using criteria from the extant literature on growth management and land protection, this research provides a framework for evaluating land protection efforts. The perceived innovation of GOCO is evaluated within this framework. Clear innovations associated with the GOCO program include (a) more appropriate land protection efforts, (b) the cultivation of political support for the projects, (c) a dedicated funding source, and (d) a greater likelihood of implementation and enforcement over centralized or decentralized approaches. The GOCO program could use additional innovation in the way it addresses regional areas of concern and the provision of technical expertise. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1177/00027640021956396 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 580-598 SN - 0002-7642 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Agency perceptions about public involvement in national forest management AU - Steelman, T. A. T2 - Social discourse and environmental policy: An application of Q methodology A2 - Addams, H. A2 - Proops, J. CN - GE170 .S668 2001 PY - 2000/// PB - Cheltenham; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Pub. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pines as model gymnosperms to study evolution, wood formation, and perennial growth AU - Lev-Yadun, S AU - Sederoff, R T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1007/s003440000045 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 290-305 SN - 1435-8107 KW - forest biotechnology KW - genomics KW - gymnosperms KW - Pinus KW - plant longevity KW - plant reproduction KW - wood formation KW - wood structure KW - xylogenesis ER - TY - CONF TI - Water budgets of two forests watersheds in South Carolina AU - Sun, G. AU - Lu, J. AU - Gartner, D. AU - Miwa, M. AU - Trettin, C. C. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Water quantity and quality issues in coastal urban areas: Proceedings, American Water Resources Association's Annual Water Resources Conference, November 6-9, 2000, Miami Florida CN - TC401 .A62 2000 DA - 2000/// SP - 199-202 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of spatial models to the stopover ecology of trans-Gulf migrants. AU - Simons, T. R. AU - Pearson, S. M. AU - Moore, F. R. T2 - Stopover ecology of Nearctic-Neotropical landbird migrants: Habitat relations and conservation implications CN - QL698.9 .S76 2000 DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 20 SP - 4-14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Danish Christmas industry: implications for the U.S. in production and marketing of real trees. AU - McKinley, C. R. AU - Frampton, L. J. T2 - Proceedings of the ... Society of American Foresters National Convention DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// IS - 2000 SP - 175-179 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peroxidase activity of desiccation-tolerant loblolly pine somatic embryos AU - Tang, W. T2 - In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Plant DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 488-491 ER - TY - CONF TI - Can information engineering enhance information quality for effective decision-making in textiles? AU - Karpe, Y. AU - Hodge, G. AU - Cahill, N. AU - Oxenham, W. A2 - Klein, B. D. A2 - Rossin, D. F. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2000 Conference on Information Quality CN - QA76.9 .D3 I524 2000 DA - 2000/// PB - Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular genetics and developmental physiology: Implications for designing better forest crops AU - Wu, RL AU - Hu, XS AU - Han, YF T2 - CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES AB - ABSTRACT Current tree biology related to tree genetics and breeding has two important developments that have not well been integrated in the literature. The first is the physiological and biochemical dissection of plant yield, whereas the second is the genetic mapping based on molecular markers, such as RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and microsatellites. Genetic mapping has revolutionized traditional quantitative genetic analysis by which the genetic variation of a character is described in terms of its mean and (co)variance without the knowledge of the underlying genes. By integrating physiological and developmental studies of yield traits, genetic mapping can provide a unique means for detecting key QTL that play important roles in affecting tree growth and metabolism. The incorporation of these QTL into commercial populations through gene transformation or marker-assisted selection will move current breeding programs strictly based on an empirism to an approach that is mechanistically oriented. In this review, we discuss how plant physiology and development are merged with genetic mapping to formulate the strategy of molecular breeding in which superior forest crops are selected at the gene level. It is anticipated that this novel breeding strategy can potentially provide major breakthroughs for tree breeding. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1016/S0735-2689(00)80024-6 VL - 19 IS - 5 SP - 377-393 SN - 1549-7836 KW - CAD KW - ideotype KW - lignin KW - molecular marker KW - phenotypic plasticity KW - QTL KW - tree breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of farm field borders on overwintering sparrow densities AU - Marcus, JF AU - Palmer, WE AU - Bromley, PT T2 - WILSON BULLETIN AB - Wintering birds that use farm fields may benefit from strips of uncultivated, grassy, and weedy vegetation, called field borders. Field borders were established on 4 farms in the North Carolina coastal plain in Wilson and Hyde counties in the spring of 1996. In February of 1997 and 1998, bird numbers on field edges and field interiors, with and without field borders, were surveyed using strip transect and line transect methods. Most (93%) birds detected in field edges were sparrows, including Song (Melospiza melodia), Swamp (Melospiza georgiana), Field (Spizella pusilla), Chipping (Spizella passerina), White-throated (Zonotrichia albicollis), and Savannah (Passerculus sandwichensis) sparrows and Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis). We detected more sparrows on farms with field borders than on farms with mowed edges. This difference was most pronounced in field edges where field borders contained 34.5 sparrows/ha and mowed edges contained 12.9 sparrows/ha. Sparrow abundance did not differ by treatment in field interiors. Sparrow density in field borders was intermediate to wintering sparrow densities reported in other studies. These results suggest that establishing field border systems may be an effective way to increase densities of overwintering sparrows on farms in the southeastern U.S. coastal plain. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0517:TEOFFB]2.0.CO;2 VL - 112 IS - 4 SP - 517-523 SN - 0043-5643 ER - TY - PAT TI - Methods for within family selection in woody perennials using genetic markers AU - O'Malley, D. M. AU - Sederoff, R. R. AU - Grattapaglia, D. C2 - 2000/// DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kinetic study on delignification of kraft-AQ pine pulp with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by Mn(IV)-Me4DTNE AU - Cui, Y AU - Puthson, P AU - Chen, CL AU - Gratzl, JS AU - Kirkman, AG T2 - HOLZFORSCHUNG AB - Summary The kinetics of delignification of a kraft-AQ southern pine pulp with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by [LMn(IV)(μ-O) 3 Mn(IV)](ClO 4 ) 2 (1), where L = 1,2-bis(4,7-dimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclonon-1-yl)ethane was studied. The degree of delignification was significantly improved by using the catalyst. The pulp was bleached for 2 hours at 80°C, in 10% consistency with 2% NaOH, 4% H 2 O 2 and 60 ppm catalyst charges on pulp (O.D.). Kappa number of the pulp was reduced from 31.6 to 16.8 corresponding to a degree of delignification of approximately 4%, while GE brightness was increased from 24.2 to 44.7. At the same time, viscosity of the resulting pulp was reduced from 31.1 mPa•s to 20.1 mPa•s compared to the reduction from 31.1 mPa•s to 20.1 mPa•s in the uncatalyzed bleaching under the same reaction condition. This indicates that the degradation of the carbohydrates was moderate in the catalyzed bleaching compared to the uncatalyzed bleaching. The delignification was found to follow pseudo first order kinetics with respect to kappa number, i.e., residual lignin, in the initial phase and quickly slowed down after 30 minutes (residual phase) under all the reaction temperatures investigated. The delignification rate constants in the initial phase were 0.17, 0.18, and 0.21 min −1 at 50, 60, and 80°C, respectively. Degree of delignification at the delignification time of 30 minutes is approximately 40% at 80°C. The possible delignification mechanism was discussed on the basis of the kinetic studies and lignin model compound experiments. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1515/HF.2000.069 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - 413-419 SN - 1437-434X KW - pine kraft pulp KW - binuclear Mn(IV) complex KW - hydrogen peroxide KW - Mn(IV)-Me4DTNE-catalyzed bleaching of pulp KW - oxidation of residual lignin KW - delignification kinetics KW - brightness of bleached pulp KW - viscosity of bleached pulp ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved AFLP analysis of tree species AU - Cervera, MT AU - Remington, D AU - Frigerio, JM AU - Storme, V AU - Ivens, B AU - Boerjan, W AU - Plomion, C T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a high-throughput, molecular-marker technique that is used increasingly in a variety of genetic analyses. Here, the conditions for carrying out AFLP analysis have been established for different tree species, including both angiosperm and gymnosperm trees, with genome sizes ranging from 0.54 to 38 pg DNA/2C. Specific parameters have been determined to provide informative and reproducible AFLP fingerprints of peach (Prunus persica L.), eucalypt, oak, poplar, and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Typically, 80-130 amplified DNA fragments (i.e., loci analyzed per primer combination) were obtained. Subsequently, these AFLP conditions were evaluated for intra- and inter-specific genetic variability studies as well as for genome mapping purposes of woody species. This work demonstrates that AFLP is a powerful tool in forest tree genetics. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-30-10-1608 VL - 30 IS - 10 SP - 1608-1616 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diel distribution of age-0 largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, in B. E. Jordan Lake, North Carolina (USA) and its relation to cover AU - Irwin, ER AU - Noble, RL T2 - ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH AB - Abstract – We used prepositioned area electrofishers (PAEs, 10×1.5 m) to assess diel differences in distribution of age‐0 largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides , in August 1992–1993 in a paired sampling design. PAEs were placed parallel to shore in an embayment of an unvegetated reservoir (B. E. Jordan Lake, North Carolina, USA). The catch per unit effort (CPUE=fish/PAE) was significantly higher at night than during the day in both years, indicating that age‐0 largemouth bass exhibit nocturnal inshore movements. Age‐0 largemouth bass captured inshore during day were smaller than those captured at night, indicating that movement patterns may change ontogenetically. Inshore‐offshore movements of age‐0 largemouth bass were significantly reduced in the presence of cover, suggesting that diel movements were influenced by specific habitat components. Diel movements likely were related to foraging, resting and predator avoidance behavior and could affect population dynamics and introduce bias in assessment programs. Note DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1600-0633.2000.eff090405.x VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 229-235 SN - 0906-6691 KW - age-0 largemouth bass KW - diel movements KW - assessment bias KW - habitat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dicotyledonous wood anatomy and the APG system of angiosperm classification AU - Baas, P AU - Wheeler, E AU - Chase, M T2 - BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY AB - The recently proposed classification by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) of angiosperms based on monophyletic groups as recognized mainly by molecular analysis is used here to discuss wood anatomical diversity patterns at the ordinal level. The APG orders are compared with the most recent «classical» orders as listed in the second edition ofThe Plant Book for «improved» or «deteriorated» wood anatomical coherence. Although homoplasy in wood anatomical characters, largely due to ecological adaptations, limits the value of wood anatomy at higher levels of classification, many families and orders tend to have characteristic combinations of microscopic wood features. Out of the 29 APG dicot orders, seven (Aquifoliales, Cucurbitales, Gentianales, Geraniales, Myrtales, Sapindales, Saxifragales) show an increase in wood anatomical homogeneity relative to their «classical» predecessors; four APG dicot orders (Apiales, Ericales, Fabales, and Rosales) show a decrease, although within the orders several suprafamilial subclades are homogeneous. For the remaining 18 orders, wood anatomical diversity remains about the same as in previous classifications or the APG ordinal composition is almost identical to the «classical» composition. The results support the value of both molecular markers and wood anatomical characters in phylogenetic classification. Because the «classical» ordinal classifications have been partly inspired by wood anatomical information, one might have expected a greater wood anatomical coherence in them than in the largely molecularly delimited APG orders if wood anatomy did not provide significant phylogenetic signals at higher taxonomic levels. The reverse appears to be the case. Among the wood anatomical characters included in the comparison, vestured intervessel pits, large and simple ray parenchyma pits, and sometimes also wide and tall rays appear to characterize orders. Some orders tend to be characterized by a combination of «primitive» features in the Baileyan sense: scalariform perforations, fibres with distinctly bordered pits, apotracheal parenchyma, and heterocellular rays. This raises the question as to whether in these clades this entire combination of characteristics should not be viewed as synapomorphic rather than symplesiomorphic. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02343.x VL - 134 IS - 1-2 SP - 3-17 SN - 1095-8339 KW - phylogenetic classifications ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biobleaching of pulp with dioxygen in the laccase-mediator system. Part 1. Kinetics of delignification AU - Balakskin, M AU - Chen, CL AU - Gratzl, JS AU - Kirkman, AG AU - Jakob, H T2 - HOLZFORSCHUNG AB - Summary Kinetics of pine kraft-AQ pulp delignification with the laccase-mediator system (LMS) and the effects of variable factors on the delignification were studied. The delignification was conducted in acetate buffer solution at pH 4.5 and at 40°C under atmospheric pressure. Only a part of the residual lignin could be removed in one-stage processes. Kinetics of kappa number reduction follows a pseudo-second order rate law with pulp consistency of 10 %, mediator charge of 0.1 mmole HOBT/g pulp and laccase charage of 10 U Coriolus laccase/g pulp. Kinetics of dioxygen uptake follows a pseudo-first order rate law up to first 8 hours of the reaction and a pseudo-zero order rate law at the reaction time of 8–24 hours. The amounts of dioxygen consumed per removal of one C 9 -unit equivalent of residual lignin is rather high, 1.5–2.5 mole, and increases with increasing reaction time. Experimental data show that side reactions between the Laccase-Mediator System and products of oxidative degradation of lignin strongly inhibit the delignification either by chemical or physical means or both. Removal of the degraded lignin fragments by alkaline extraction effectively restores the delignification of pulp with LMS. A four-stage process consisting of consecutive treatment of pulp with dioxygen-laccase-HOBT (LMS) followed by alkaline extraction (E), (LMS-E) 4 , decreased kappa number of a pine kraft-AQ pulp from 21.8 to less than 5. On the basis of the kinetic data, the mechanism of the pulp delignification with LMS is discussed. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1515/HF.2000.066 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - 390-396 SN - 0018-3830 KW - biobleaching KW - totally chlorine free bleaching KW - laccase-mediator system (LMS) KW - kinetics KW - delignification KW - oxidation KW - dioxygen uptake KW - multi-LMS bleaching process ER - TY - JOUR TI - Red-cockaded woodpeckers: a relationship between reproductive fitness and habitat in the North Carolina Sandhills AU - Davenport, D. E. AU - Lancia, R. A. AU - Walters, J. R. AU - Doerr, P. D. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 426-434 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of major genetic loci contributing to inbreeding depression for survival and early growth in a selfed family of Pinus taeda AU - Remington, D. L. AU - O'Malley, D. M. T2 - Evolution DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 54 IS - 5 SP - 1580-1589 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of the microbiological profile of poults from young versus old turkey breeder hens AU - Fairchild, AS AU - Grimes, JL AU - Wineland, MJ AU - Jones, ET T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - This study was performed to determine whether poults from young turkey breeder hens (YHP, <6 wk of lay) have a different bacterial profile than poults from older turkey breeder hens (OHP, >15 wk of lay) and whether poult bacterial profiles change over the life of a breeder hen flock. Within two hatcheries, YHP had higher numbers of coliforms present in intestines than OHP (p ≤ 0.05). Isolated incidences of significantly different bacteria counts by hen age existed in poults from a third hatchery for all bacteria groups examined. However, within each hatchery, there were more differences due to farm than due to breeder hen age. Seasonal variation had as much influence as hen age when evaluating poult bacterial profiles. It was concluded that factors such as individual farm management, poult environment, biosecurity and traffic control, breeder flock bacterial profiles, and weekly conditions in the hatchery probably have a greater effect on poult bacterial profile than age of breeder hen. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1093/japr/9.4.476 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 476-486 SN - 1056-6171 KW - bacteria KW - hen age KW - microbial profile KW - poults KW - turkey breeder hen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understorey competition affects tree growth and fate of fertilizer-applied N-15 in a Coastal British Columbia plantation forest: 6-year results AU - Chang, SX AU - Preston, CM T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-30-9-1379 VL - 30 IS - 9 SP - 1379-1388 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physical, chemical and morphological properties of some Regoliths in North Carolina AU - Buol, S. AU - Amoozegar, A. AU - Vepraskas, M. J. T2 - Southeastern Geology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 39 IS - 3/4 SP - 151 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Breeding bird abundance in bottomland hardwood forests: Habitat, edge, and patch size effects AU - Sallabanks, R. AU - Walters, J. R. AU - Collazo, Jaime T2 - Condor AB - We studied breeding bird communities in extensive bottomland hardwood forests along the lower Roanoke River in North Carolina during 1992 and 1993. We documented a rich avian community and recorded exceptionally high densities of two species (Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea, Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens), as well as modest densities of three species rarely encountered elsewhere in the region (Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea, Swainson's Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii, American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla). The effects of patch size and edge on bird abundance were small in this forested landscape, but forest type had a large effect. We found half of the species analyzed to differ in abundance between the two primary habitat types, swamp forest and levee forest. In contrast, no species was consistently more abundant at patch interiors than near edges, and only two forest birds were more common in large compared with small patches. Species analyzed included permanent residents, short-distance migrants, Neotropical migrants, and those identified as forest-interior and area-sensitive species in other studies. Our results suggest that the Roanoke River bottomland forests may be functioning effectively as a reserve for a number of bird species. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2307/1370302 VL - 102 IS - 4 SP - 748–758 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing evolutionary relationships of pines in the Oocarpae and Australes subsections using RAPD markers AU - Dvorak, WS AU - Jordon, AP AU - Hodge, GP AU - Romero, JL T2 - NEW FORESTS DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1023/A:1006763120982 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 163-192 SN - 1573-5095 KW - gene conservation KW - introgression KW - migration KW - provenance trials ER - TY - JOUR TI - A quantitative genetic model for analyzing species differences in outcrossing species AU - Wu, RL AU - Li, BL T2 - BIOMETRICS AB - A genetic model based on a two-level intra- and interspecific mating design is proposed to estimate the genetic architecture of species differences and heterosis for outcrossing species. The underlying genetic analyses make use of classical quantitative genetic theories and recent results from molecular genetic studies. Gene effects across different quantitative trait loci (QTL) can be approximated by a geometric series. Under natural selection, gene effects are often associated with allele frequencies in a particular way, which can be approximated by the gamma distribution. By incorporating these approximations into family structural analyses in the mating design, we are able to estimate a number of genetic parameters that contribute to quantitative genetic variation based on a nonlinear optimization approach. These parameters include the number of QTL, their gene effects, and their allele frequencies in the parental populations. We perform simulation studies and illustrate an example to demonstrate the statistical property and procedure of the method. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.01098.x VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 1098-1104 SN - 0006-341X KW - allele frequency KW - covariance among relatives KW - gamma distribution KW - geometric series KW - heterosis KW - interspecific hybrid KW - mating design KW - nonlinear polynomial KW - outcrossing species KW - quantitative trait loci KW - speciation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Southern forest resource assessment using the subregional timber supply (SRTS) model AU - Abt, R. C. AU - Cubbage, F. W. AU - Pacheco, G. T2 - Forest Products Journal DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 25-33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Site preparation effects on foliar N and P use, retranslocation, and transfer to litter in 15-years old Pinus taeda AU - Piatek, KB AU - Allen, HL T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Intensive site preparation in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations may remove nutrients and lower site productivity. We evaluated the effects of nutrient removal in site preparation on mid-rotation pine foliar production, and foliar N- and P-use, retranslocation, and transfer to litter for two years. We also investigated changes in foliar nutrients one year after fertilization. Site preparation treatments were: shear–pile–disk and chop–burn, used with or without vegetation control. Mid-rotation pines were fertilized with 200 kg ha−1 N and 50 kg ha−1 P, or with 200 kg ha−1 N and 50 kg ha−1 P and micronutrients. Foliar production was estimated from litter mass. N- and P-use was estimated from N and P concentrations in green foliage and foliar production. Retranslocation was the difference in N and P between green foliage and litter, in percent. N and P transfer to litter was estimated from litter N and P concentration and litter mass. Nutrient removal in site preparation at plantation establishment did not affect mid-rotation pine foliar production, foliar N- and P-use, retranslocation, or nutrient transfer to litter. The lack of site preparation effects may be related to the length of time after treatment; the stage of decomposition of organic matter that may be removed in site preparation may determine when nutrient supply will be affected. Competition with hardwoods decreased pine foliar production by 56%, and N- and P-use by 55% and 52%, but not percent retranslocation. On shear–pile–disk/herbicide, shear–pile–disk/no-herbicide, and chop–burn/herbicide plots (none or small hardwood component), average pine foliar production was 4365 kg ha−1 year−1, N- and P-use was 53.2 and 4.5 kg ha−1 year−1, N and P retranslocation was 63.7% and 69.8%, N and P transfer to litter was 18.9 and 1.3 kg ha−1 year−1. Based on a hypothetical N budget for the total stand, an N limitation may develop on those treatments that lost more nutrients in site preparation. Fertilization increased foliage production by 26%, and N- and P-use both by 49%, indicating some luxury consumption. DA - 2000/4/17/ PY - 2000/4/17/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00150-4 VL - 129 IS - 1-3 SP - 143-152 SN - 0378-1127 KW - Pinus taeda KW - nitrogen KW - phosphorus KW - retranslocation KW - productivity KW - plantation management KW - fertilization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative genetic variation of leaf size and shape in a mixed diploid and triploid population of Populus AU - Wu, RL T2 - GENETICAL RESEARCH AB - In the interspecific cross of Populus trichocarpa × P. deltoides , unexpected simultaneous occurrence of diploid hybrids and triploid hybrids (with two alleles from the female parent and one from the male parent at each locus) led us to examine the evolutionary genetic significance of this phenomenon. As expected, leaf size and shape of the triploid progeny are closer to the female P. trichocarpa than male P. deltoides parent. Although the pure triploid progeny population did not have higher genetic variance in leaf traits than the pure diploid population, the former appears to hide much non-additive genetic variance and display strong genetic control over the phenotypic plasticity of leaf traits. It is suggested that the cryptic non-additive variance, especially epistasis, can be released when a population is disturbed by changes in the environment. A mixed diploid and triploid progeny population combines phenotypic and genetic characteristics of both pure hybrids and is considered to be of adaptive significance for poplars to survive and evolve in a fluctuating environment. The significant effect due to general and specific combining ability differences at the population level suggests that the population divergence of these two species is under additive and non-additive genetic control. DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.1017/S0016672399004279 VL - 75 IS - 2 SP - 215-222 SN - 0016-6723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land cover as a framework for assessing risk of water pollution AU - Wickham, JD AU - Riitters, KH AU - RV O'Neill, AU - Reckhow, KH AU - Wade, TG AU - Jones, KB T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - ABSTRACT: A survey of numerous field studies shows that nitrogen and phosphorous export coefficients are significantly different across forest, agriculture, and urban land‐cover types. We used simulations to estimate the land‐cover composition at which there was a significant risk of nutrient loads representative of watersheds without forest cover. The results suggest that at between 20 percent and 30 percent nonforest cover, there is a 10 percent or greater chance of N or P nutrient loads being equivalent to the median values of predominantly agricultural or urban watersheds. The methods apply to environmental management for assessing the risk to increased nonpoint nutrient pollution. Interpretation of the risk measures are discussed relative to their application for a single watershed and across a region comprised of several watersheds. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05736.x VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 1417-1422 SN - 1093-474X KW - nutrient export KW - risk analysis KW - simulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Laccase-catalyzed oxidation of 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propene using ABTS as mediator AU - Chen, CL AU - Potthast, A AU - Rosenau, T AU - Gratzl, JS AU - Kirkman, AG AU - Nagai, D AU - Miyakoshi, T T2 - JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR CATALYSIS B-ENZYMATIC AB - The fungal laccases catalyzed oxidation of 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propene (2) with dioxygen in acetate buffer (pH 4.5) producing 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,2-diol (4) and its 1-O-acetyl and 2-O-acetyl derivatives 5 and 6, and 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (7). However, in phosphate buffer (pH 5.9), the same reaction produced only 4 and 7. When 4 was treated in the same fashion in the phosphate buffer, it was converted into 7 with more than 95 mol% yield. This, together with the formation of 5 and 6 in the acetate buffer, showed that 2 is converted into 3–5 via 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,2-epoxide (3) in the acetate buffer in the presence of ABTS. The major reaction of fungal laccase-catalyzed oxidation of 2 with dioxygen in the presence of ABTS is epoxidation of the double bond conjugated to the aromatic ring. DA - 2000/2/18/ PY - 2000/2/18/ DO - 10.1016/S1381-1177(99)00059-4 VL - 8 IS - 4-6 SP - 213-219 SN - 1381-1177 KW - fungal laccases KW - enzyme-catalyzed oxidation KW - 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propene KW - laccase-mediator system ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction to special section: Southern Oxidants Study Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study, Part 2 AU - Cowling, EB AU - Chameides, WL AU - Kiang, CS AU - Fehsenfeld, FC AU - Meagher, JF T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - The 12 papers in this second Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) special section of the Journal of Geophysical Research‐Atmospheres constitute a significant addition to earlier scientific contributions from the SOS: Fehsenfeld et al . [1993], Chameides and Cowling [1995], first special section “;Southern Oxidants Study” in the Journal of Geophysical Research , 103 (D17), 22, 209‐22,669, 1998, and North Carolina State University [1999]. These 12 papers give special emphasis to advances in scientific understanding of chemical, meteorological, and biological factors that govern accumulation of ozone and other oxidants in the lower troposphere within the 11‐state study area centered over Nashville, Tennessee. The aircraft and ground‐based fieldwork portions of SOS' Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study were completed during the summers of 1994 and 1995. In‐depth analysis and interpretation of measurements made during those two summers has continued, and will likely continue for some years in the future. Readers of this second SOS special section needing background information on the Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study should consult the four overview papers published in the first SOS special section [ Cowling et al ., 1998; Meagher et al ., 1998; McNider et al ., 1998; Hübler et al ., 1998]. DA - 2000/4/16/ PY - 2000/4/16/ DO - 10.1029/1999JD901190 VL - 105 IS - D7 SP - 9075-9077 SN - 2169-8996 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geminiviruses: Models for plant DNA replication, transcription, and cell cycle regulation AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L. AU - Settlage, S. B. AU - Orozco, B. M. AU - Nagar, S. AU - Robertson, D. T2 - Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 105-140 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field surveys and evaluation of native and established predators of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera : Adelgidae) in the southeastern United States AU - Wallace, MS AU - Hain, FP T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Field Surveys and Evaluation of Native and Established Predators of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) in the Southeastern United States Get access Matthew S. Wallace, Matthew S. Wallace Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Fred P. Hain Fred P. Hain Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 29, Issue 3, 1 June 2000, Pages 638–644, https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-29.3.638 Published: 01 June 2000 Article history Received: 07 June 1999 Accepted: 08 February 2000 Published: 01 June 2000 DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-29.3.638 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 638-644 SN - 0046-225X KW - Adelges tsugae KW - adelgid KW - hemlock KW - exclusion cages KW - field survey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of controlled drainage on storm event hydrology in a loblolly pine plantation AU - Amatya, DM AU - Gregory, JD AU - Skaggs, RW T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - ABSTRACT: A paired watershed approach was utilized to study the effects of three water management regimes on storm event hydrology in three experimental watersheds in a drained loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L. ) plantation in eastern North Carolina. The regimes were: (1) conventional drainage, (2) controlled drainage (CD) to reduce outflows during spring fish recruitment, and (3) controlled drainage to reduce outflows and conserve water during the growing season. Data from two pit‐treatment years and three years of CD treatment with raised weirs at the watershed outlet are presented. CD treatment resulted in rises in water table elevations during the summer. But the rises were small and short‐lived due to increased evapotranspiration (ET) rates as compared to the spring treatment with lower ET demands. CD treatment had no effect on water tables deeper than 1.3 m. CD treatments, however, significantly (α= 0.05) reduced the stoning outflows for all events, and peak outflow rates for most of the events depending upon the outlet weir level. In some events, flows did not occur at all in watersheds with CD. When event outflows occurred, duration of the event was sharply reduced because of reduced effective ditch depth. Water table depth at the start of an event influenced the effect of CD treatment on storm event hydrology. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04258.x VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 175-190 SN - 1093-474X KW - controlled drainage KW - loblolly pine KW - water table KW - drainage outflow KW - event hydrograph ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential responses of Central American and Mexican pine species and Pinus radiata to infection by the pitch canker fungus AU - Hodge, GR AU - Dvorak, WS T2 - NEW FORESTS DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1023/A:1006613021996 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 241-258 SN - 1573-5095 KW - genetic variation KW - tree breeding KW - gene conservation KW - disease resistance KW - forest pathology KW - Fusarium KW - pitch canker ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of the role of esterases in the differential age- related sensitivity to chlorpyrifos and methamidophos AU - Padilla, S. AU - Buzzard, J. AU - Moser, V. C. T2 - NeuroToxicology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 21 IS - 1-2 SP - 49-56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chromosome condensation induced by geminivirus infection of mature plant cells AU - Bass, H. W. AU - Nagar, S. AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L. AU - Robertson, D. T2 - Journal of Cell Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 113 IS - 7 SP - 1149-1160 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of the condition of agricultural lands in six mid-Atlantic states AU - Hellkamp, AS AU - Bay, JM AU - Campbell, CL AU - Easterling, KN AU - Fiscus, DA AU - Hess, GR AU - McQuaid, BF AU - Munster, MJ AU - Olson, GL AU - Peck, SL AU - Shafer, , SR AU - Sidik, K AU - Tooley, MB T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract Indicators of the condition and sustainability of agricultural lands covering 5.5 million ha in six mid‐Atlantic states were measured in 1994 and 1995. The primary objective was to collect baseline information against which future data from the region can be compared. Soil samples and questionnaire data were collected from a random sample of 293 sites. Indicators addressed productivity, management at the agroecosystem scale, and management for the landscape scale on annual crop land. Crop yields were almost 30% higher than those of the 1980s, with a mean observed to expected yield index of 1.27. The mean soil quality index showed moderate quality for supporting plant growth. Non‐tilled sites, which were mostly hay, had greater microbial biomass than tilled sites. Just over half of the annual crop land was covered by rotation plans; hay fields accounted for most of the land where one crop was grown continuously. Hay showed a lower use of applied nitrogen than seed crops. Integrated pest management was practiced on less than 20% of annual crop land. Twenty‐seven different annual crops were grown in the region, with hay (all types) the dominant crop. Less than 20% of the land where pesticides were applied had high to moderately high potential for pesticides leaching into ground water. This information provides a baseline for long‐term monitoring of agricultural lands in the region. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900030015x VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 795-804 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A geminivirus replication protein interacts with the retinoblastoma protein through a novel domain to determine symptoms and tissue specificity of infection in plants AU - Kong, LJ AU - Orozco, BM AU - Roe, JL AU - Nagar, S AU - Ou, S AU - Feiler, HS AU - Durfee, T AU - Miller, AB AU - Gruissem, W AU - Robertson, D AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L T2 - EMBO JOURNAL AB - Geminiviruses replicate in nuclei of mature plant cells after inducing the accumulation of host DNA replication machinery. Earlier studies showed that the viral replication factor, AL1, is sufficient for host induction and interacts with the cell cycle regulator, retinoblastoma (pRb). Unlike other DNA virus proteins, AL1 does not contain the pRb binding consensus, LXCXE, and interacts with plant pRb homo logues (pRBR) through a novel amino acid sequence. We mapped the pRBR binding domain of AL1 between amino acids 101 and 180 and identified two mutants that are differentially impacted for AL1-pRBR interactions. Plants infected with the E-N140 mutant, which is wild-type for pRBR binding, developed wild-type symptoms and accumulated viral DNA and AL1 protein in epidermal, mesophyll and vascular cells of mature leaves. Plants inoculated with the KEE146 mutant, which retains 16% pRBR binding activity, only developed chlorosis along the veins, and viral DNA, AL1 protein and the host DNA synthesis factor, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, were localized to vascular tissue. These results established the importance of AL1-pRBR interactions during geminivirus infection of plants. DA - 2000/7/3/ PY - 2000/7/3/ DO - 10.1093/emboj/19.13.3485 VL - 19 IS - 13 SP - 3485-3495 SN - 0261-4189 KW - AL1 KW - cell cycle KW - differentiation KW - plant DNA virus KW - pRb ER - TY - JOUR TI - A conceptual model and indicators for assessing the ecological condition of agricultural lands AU - Hess, GR AU - Campbell, CL AU - Fiscus, DA AU - Hellkamp, AS AU - McQuaid, BF AU - Munster, MJ AU - Peck, SL AU - Shafer, , SR T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract As part of an environmental monitoring and assessment effort, we developed a conceptual model for measuring and assessing the condition and sustainability of agroecosystems. An agroecosystem is a field, pasture, or orchard and the associated border areas. We focused on ecological sustainability and defined the goals for agroecosystems in terms of the values people place on them. The purpose of an agroecosystem is to produce food and fiber. Other desired outcomes can be considered as goals for the larger landscape and the rest of the world, and they sometimes function as constraints on production. Condition is defined by agroecosystem productivity and the degree to which farmers use management and stewardship practices that conserve and protect valued natural resources in the landscape and the rest of the world. An agroecosystem in good condition is productive and is managed to conserve valued resources. Sustainability is the maintenance of good condition over time. We developed indicators that link system condition and sustainability to societal values and goals. These indicators measure productivity, management practices that promote sustainability at the agroecosystem scale, and management practices that promote sustainability at landscape and global scales. Our initial efforts focused on annually harvested herbaceous crops; however, the concepts we used can be adapted to other plant and livestock systems. Our conceptual approach may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of several major programs now being implemented, including the USDA's Environmental Quality Incentive and Conservation Reserve Programs. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900030007x VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 728-737 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Wood structure of Southeast-Asian timbers: the PROSEA woods reviewed AU - Baas, P. AU - Wheeler, E. A. T2 - New horizons in wood anatomy PY - 2000/// SP - 1-9 PB - Korea: Chonnam National University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationships between annual variations in reservoir conditions and age-0 largemouth bass year-class strength AU - Jackson, , JR AU - Noble, RL T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Variable recruitment has been documented in populations of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides throughout the species' range. Shoreline electrofishing was used from 1988 to 1998 to assess the magnitude of variations in year-class strength of largemouth bass at the time cohort mean lengths reached 50 mm in Jordan Lake, North Carolina. Concurrent measures of adult stock characteristics, dynamics of larval and juvenile shad Dorosoma spp., lake elevation dynamics, and seasonal air temperatures were used to test published findings concerning factors that influence largemouth bass year-class strength. Catch rates of juvenile largemouth bass varied fourfold from 1988 to 1995. No significant relationships were observed between largemouth bass year-class size and spawning stock size, shad dynamics, or variations in lake elevations. However, late-winter and early spring air temperatures explained a significant amount of the observed variation in catch rates of age-0 largemouth bass. Abundance of yearling largemouth bass in early spring also varied significantly among years and was significantly correlated with differences in age-0 abundance at 50 mm the previous year, suggesting that differences in abundance established early in the life history of largemouth bass play a significant role in recruitment variation. Although relative year-class strength varied predictably with prespawn air temperatures, long-term trends indicated a decline in relative year-class strength over the course of 11 years. Broadscale factors, such as temperature, may introduce variation about the expected mean year-class size of largemouth bass in Jordan Lake, which can be further modified by variations in local conditions. DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0699:RBAVIR>2.3.CO;2 VL - 129 IS - 3 SP - 699-715 SN - 1548-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Host effect on genetic variation of Marssonina brunnea pathogenic to poplars AU - Han, ZM AU - Yin, TM AU - Li, CD AU - Huang, MR AU - Wu, RL T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1007/s001229900082 VL - 100 IS - 3-4 SP - 614-620 SN - 1432-2242 KW - Aigeiros KW - Leuce KW - Marssonina brunnea KW - poplar KW - RAPD KW - Tacamahaca ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ground-water-table rise after forest harvesting on cypress-pine flatwoods in Florida AU - Sun, G AU - Riekerk, H AU - Kornhak, LV T2 - WETLANDS DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0101:gwtraf]2.0.co;2 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 101-112 SN - 0277-5212 KW - forest hydrology KW - harvesting KW - ground-water table KW - pine flatwoods KW - wetlands ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamical analysis of density-dependent selection in a discrete one-island migration model AU - Roberds, JH AU - Selgrade, JF T2 - MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AB - A system of non-linear difference equations is used to model the effects of density-dependent selection and migration in a population characterized by two alleles at a single gene locus. Results for the existence and stability of polymorphic equilibria are established. Properties for a genetically important class of equilibria associated with complete dominance in fitness are described. The birth of an unusual chaotic attractor is also illustrated. This attractor is produced when migration causes chaotic dynamics on a boundary of phase space to bifurcate into the interior of phase space, resulting in bistable genetic polymorphic behavior. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1016/s0025-5564(00)00002-x VL - 164 IS - 1 SP - 1-15 SN - 0025-5564 KW - selection KW - migration KW - genotype KW - density-dependence KW - bifurcation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential expression of genes encoding cell wall proteins in vascular tissues from vertical and bent loblolly pine trees AU - Zhang, Y. AU - Sederoff, R. R. AU - Allona, I. T2 - Tree Physiology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 20 IS - 7 SP - 457-466 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of scientific findings from major ozone field studies in North America and Europe AU - Solomon, P AU - Cowling, E AU - Hidy, G AU - Furiness, C T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - During the past decade, nearly 600 million dollars were invested in more than 30 major field studies in North America and Europe examining tropospheric ozone chemistry, meteorology, precursor emissions, and modeling. Most of these studies were undertaken to provide new or refined knowledge about ozone accumulation and to assist in the development of economical and effective emissions management practices for ozone. In this paper, we describe a selection of field research programs conducted under a wide range of geographical and climatological conditions in North America and Europe. The designs of these studies were generally similar, employing a combination of ground-based observation networks, upper-air sampling, and meteorological observations. Analysis and interpretation of the resulting data were combined with improved inventories of ozone precursor emissions and air quality modeling to develop new or enhanced knowledge about photochemical processes under various tropospheric conditions. The scientific results from these studies contained few surprises; in fact, they generally affirmed the conclusions in the review by the US National Research Council (NRC, 1999). Key findings include: (1) reaffirmation that tropospheric ozone is a multi-scale phenomenon extending to continental boundaries; (2) aerometric conditions aloft are important to ground-level ozone; (3) biogenic sources make important contributions to VOC and NOx emissions in parts of eastern North America and southern Europe; (4) emissions estimates are among the more uncertain components of predictive models for ozone; (5) recirculating flow over complex terrain and large water bodies are universally important factors affecting accumulation of ozone at the ground; (6) nonlinearities in ozone response to precursor changes create important degrees of freedom in management strategies – VOC and NOx sensitivities vary extensively in urban and rural areas, making decisions about emissions management complicated; (7) measurement methods for many precursors, intermediates, and products of photochemical reactions have improved greatly; and (8) additional analysis and interpretation of existing data from many of these field studies should pay handsome dividends at relatively modest cost. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00453-7 VL - 34 IS - 12-14 SP - 1885-1920 SN - 1873-2844 KW - regional ozone field studies KW - tropospheric ozone KW - pollution management KW - meteorology ER - TY - JOUR TI - The complete sequence of a heterochromatic island from a higher eukaryote T2 - Cell DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 100 IS - 3 SP - 377-386 ER - TY - CONF TI - Southern forest resource assessment and linkages to the National RPA AU - Cubbage, F. AU - Siry, J. AU - Moffat, S. AU - Wear, D. AU - Abt, R. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Portland '99, pioneering new trails: Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters 1999 National Convention, Portland, Oregon, September 11-15, 1999 DA - 2000/// SP - 344-349 PB - Bethesda, Maryland: Society of American Foresters ER - TY - JOUR TI - Site history affects soil and plant N-15 natural abundances (delta N-15) in forests of northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia AU - Chang, SX AU - Handley, LL T2 - FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY AB - Abstract 1. About 10 years after establishment, plantations of Western Redcedar ( Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia become nutrient deficient and chlorotic, grow slowly, and are susceptible to invasion by the ericaceous shrub Salal ( Gaultheria shallon Pursh.). 2. To test the hypothesis that δ 15 N can be related to site histories (site disturbance, soil N dynamics and plant development), we measured soil and foliar δ 15 N in the summer of 1992 in 3‐year‐old (nutrient‐sufficient) and 10‐year‐old (nutrient‐deficient) plantations and in old‐growth stands. The foliar and soil δ 15 N values of the plantations and old‐growth forests were different and closely reflected site histories. Salal invasion and nutrient deficiency interacted to depress the growth of Redcedar in 10‐year‐old plantations. 3. Site preparation destroyed the top soil organic layers (fresh and decaying litter) and forced Salal (ecto‐ and ericoid mycorrhizal) into the humus layer, where it was in direct competition with Redcedar, thereby disadvantaging arbuscular mycorrhizal/non‐mycorrhizal Redcedar in its nutrient acquisition during a period when N and P are severely limited. 4. There was a large seasonal range of foliar δ 15 N (5·5 and 4·3‰ for 10‐year‐old Redcedar and Salal, respectively), and there was no relationship between foliar δ 15 N and measured rooting depth, demonstrating that rooting depths cannot be used to explain foliar δ 15 N variation among coexisting woody taxa. 5. Foliar and soil δ 15 N declined with site age and with a presumed change from ‘open’ to ‘closed’ N cycling; the 15 N‐depleting effects of mycorrhizal N transformations contributed to the observed δ 15 N decline. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00424.x VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 273-280 SN - 1365-2435 KW - competition KW - mycorrhizas KW - old-growth forest KW - plantation KW - slash-burning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relative species richness and community completeness: Birds and urbanization in the Mid-Atlantic states AU - Cam, E. AU - Nichols, J. D. AU - Sauer, J. R. AU - Hines, J. E. AU - Flather, C. H. T2 - Ecological Applications DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2307/2641026 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 1196-1210 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Observations of Wood Thrush nest predators in a large contiguous forest AU - Farnsworth, GL AU - Simons, TR T2 - WILSON BULLETIN AB - We used inexpensive (<$30) cameras to document predators at active Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) nests in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. We observed such predators as black rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta), American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans), and black bears (Ursus americanus) remove the contents of nests. Camera installation had no measurable effect on nest survival; daily nest survival was approximately 0.96 for nests with and without cameras. However, placement of an artificial egg trigger in the nest appeared to reduce hatching success. The immobile egg trigger might have interfered with the female Wood Thrush's ability to incubate her eggs. The variety of nest predators observed and the moderate daily survival rates recorded suggest that predation is an important constraint on Wood Thrushes nesting in large contiguous forests. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0082:oowtnp]2.0.co;2 VL - 112 IS - 1 SP - 82-87 SN - 0043-5643 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen increases fresh weight and retail value of fraser fir christmas trees AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Snelling, L. K. AU - Campbell, C. R. AU - Roten, D. K. AU - Hartzog, J. T2 - HortScience DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 860-862 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geminiviruses - Models for plant DNA replication, transcription and cell cycle regulation ([correction to] vol 35, pg 105, 2000) AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L. AU - Settlage, S. B. AU - Orozco, B. M. AU - Nagar, S. AU - Robertson, D. T2 - Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - U4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Whole-genome characterization of embryonic stage inbreeding depression in a selfed loblolly pine family AU - Remington, D.L. AU - O'Malley, D.M. T2 - Genetics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 155 IS - 1 SP - 337-348 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Partitioning of population genetic variance under multiplicative-epistatic gene action AU - Wu, RL T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1007/s001220051347 VL - 100 IS - 5 SP - 743-749 SN - 0040-5752 KW - additive genetic variance KW - aspen KW - dominant genetic variance KW - epistatic genetic variance KW - founder effect KW - hybrid speciation KW - multiplicative epistasis KW - outcrossing species ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-frequency plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis and in vitro flowering of regenerated plantlets in Panax ginseng AU - Tang, W. T2 - Plant Cell Reports (Online) DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 19 IS - 7 SP - 727-732 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating Great Smoky Mountains National Park as a population source for the Wood Thrush AU - Simons, TR AU - Farnsworth, GL AU - Shriner, SA T2 - CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AB - Abstract: The prevailing fragmentation paradigm predicts that large, intact forests are acting as population sources for Neotropical migrant landbirds. We used the Wood Thrush ( Hylocichla mustelina) as a model for evaluating the role Great Smoky Mountains National Park (the largest national park in the eastern United States) may play in maintaining regional songbird populations. We estimated the annual productivity of Wood Thrushes in the park by combining observations on the birds' distribution, abundance, and productivity with estimates of habitat availability. We estimated a breeding population of approximately 10,000 nesting pairs using habitat models developed from over 2500 point-count censuses conducted across the park. Data from 426 nests monitored from 1992 to 1997 produced a daily nest survival rate of 0.96. We estimated an annual fecundity of 2.76 fledglings per breeding pair, based on a model that incorporated the re-nesting behavior of Wood Thrushes. Results indicate that the park is producing approximately 3000 surplus female young each year. Daily nest survival rates were below those reported in other studies of Wood Thrushes in large forest tracts. The relatively high productivity of 3.31 nestlings per successful nest suggests that, in the absence of predation, the park provides high-quality nesting habitat for Wood Thrushes, but that it may also support a more diverse and abundant predator community than more disturbed or less contiguous sites. The difficulties of estimating the size of continental breeding bird populations make assessing the significance of the park within a regional landscape context problematic, but our estimates suggest that, although the park is functioning as a substantial population source on a local scale, its potential to sustain regional or continental Wood Thrush populations is limited. Our findings suggest that species such as the Wood Thrush are capable of moderate levels of surplus productivity in high-quality habitat, but that extensive areas of suitable habitat outside protected areas and other public lands will be required to sustain continental breeding populations. Resumen: El paradigma prevaleciente sobre la fragmentación predice que bosques extensos e intactos actúan como fuentes de poblaciones de aves migratorias neotropicales. Utilizamos a Hylocichla mustelina como modelo para evaluar la función que juega el Parque Nacional Great Smoky Mountains (el parque nacional más grande del este de los Estados Unidos de América) en el mantenimiento de la diversidad de aves canoras en la región. Estimamos la productividad anual de Hylocichla mustelina en el parque combinando observaciones de distribución, abundancia y productividad, con estimaciones de calidad y disponibilidad del hábitat. Estimamos que hay aproximadamente 10,000 parejas reproductoras al aplicar modelos de hábitat basados en más de 2,500 censos realizados a través del parque. Los datos de 426 nidos, de los que se hizo un seguimiento desde 1992 hasta 1997, arrojaron un promedio de sobrevivencia diaria por nido de 0.96. Estimamos que la fecundidad estacional de Hylocichla mustelina es de 2,76 crías por pareja usando un modelo que incorpora segundos intentos de anidación. Los resultados indican que el parque está produciendo un excedente de alrededor de 3,000 hembras juveniles cada año. Las tasas de sobrevivencia diaria de nidos estuvieron por debajo de las tasas reportadas en otros estudios de Hylocichla mustelina realizados en bosques de gran extensión geográfica. La productividad relativamente alta de 3.31 crías por nido exitoso sugiere que el parque provee hábitat de alta calidad para Hylocichla mustelina, pero que también sostiene una comunidad de depredadores diversa y abundante cuando se compara con lugares más perturbados o menos contiguos. Las dificultades para estimar el tamaño de las poblaciones reproductoras de aves continentales hace que la evaluación de la importancia del parque dentro de un contexto de paisaje sea problemática, sin embargo, nuestras estimaciones sugieren que a pesar de que el parque esté funcionando como una fuente poblacional considerable a nivel local, su potencial para sostener poblaciones de Hylocichla mustelina a nivel regional o continental es limitado. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que especies como Hylocichla mustelina son capaces de tener una productividad excedente a niveles moderados en hábitats de alta calidad, pero que se requerirán áreas extensas de hábitat propicio para la reproducción fuera de las áreas protegidas y otros terrenos públicos para proteger las poblaciones continentales. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98606.x VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 1133-1144 SN - 0888-8892 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cover crop nitrogen availability to conventional and no-till corn: Soil mineral nitrogen, corn nitrogen status, and corn yield AU - Vaughan, JD AU - Hoyt, GD AU - Wollum, AG T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - Abstract Understanding seasonal soil nitrogen (N) availability patterns is necessary to assess corn (Zea mays L.) N needs following winter cover cropping. Therefore, a field study was initiated to track N availability for corn in conventional and no‐till systems and to determine the accuracy of several methods for assessing and predicting N availability for corn grown in cover crop systems. The experimental design was a systematic split‐split plot with fallow, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye+hairy vetch, and wheat+hairy vetch established as main plots and managed for conventional till and no‐till corn (split plots) to provide a range of soil N availability. The split‐split plot treatment was sidedressed with fertilizer N to give five N rates ranging from 0–300 kg N ha‐1 in 75 kg N ha‐1 increments. Soil and corn were sampled throughout the growing season in the 0 kg N ha‐1 check plots and corn grain yields were determined in all plots. Plant‐available N was greater following cover crops that contained hairy vetch, but tillage had no consistent affect on N availability. Corn grain yields were higher following hairy vetch with or without supplemental fertilizer N and averaged 11.6 Mg ha‐1 and 9.9 Mg ha‐1 following cover crops with and without hairy vetch, respectively. All cover crop by tillage treatment combinations responded to fertilizer N rate both years, but the presence of hairy vetch seldom reduced predicted fertilizer N need. Instead, hairy vetch in monoculture or biculture seemed to add to corn yield potential by an average of about 1.7 Mg ha‐1 (averaged over fertilizer N rates). Cover crop N contributions to corn varied considerably, likely due to cover crop N content and C:N ratio, residue management, climate, soil type, and the method used to assess and assign an N credit. The pre‐sidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) accurately predicted fertilizer N responsive and N nonresponsive cover crop‐corn systems, but inorganic soil N concentrations within the PSNT critical inorganic soil N concentration range were not detected in this study. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1080/00103620009370495 VL - 31 IS - 7-8 SP - 1017-1041 SN - 0010-3624 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An integrated genetic map of Populus deltoides based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms AU - Wu, RL AU - Han, YF AU - Hu, JJ AU - Fang, JJ AU - Li, L AU - Li, ML AU - Zeng, ZB T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1007/s001220051431 VL - 100 IS - 8 SP - 1249-1256 SN - 0040-5752 KW - AFLP KW - heteroduplex KW - intercross marker KW - linkage map KW - Populus deltoides KW - testcross marker ER - TY - CHAP TI - Population parameters and their estimation AU - Lancia, R. A. AU - Rosenberry, C. S. AU - Conner, M. C. T2 - Ecology and management of large mammals in North America A2 - S. Demarais, A2 - Krausman, P. R. CN - QL739.8 .E36 2000 PY - 2000/// SP - 64-83 PB - NJ: Prentice Hall ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kinetic studies on oxidation of veratryl alcohol by laccase-mediator system. Part 2. The kinetics of dioxygen uptake AU - Balakshin, MY AU - Chen, CL AU - Gratzl, JS AU - Kirkman, AG AU - Jakob, H T2 - HOLZFORSCHUNG AB - Summary The kinetics of dioxygen uptake in the laccase-catalyzed oxidation of veratryl alcohol with dioxygen in the presence of ABTS, the mediator, was studied. The kinetics of dioxygen uptake consists of two phases: (1) the initial phase up to a reaction time of one hour, and (2) the second phase, after a reaction time of one hour. In the initial phase, ABTS is mainly oxidized to the corresponding cation radical. The kinetics of dioxygen uptake follows a pseudo -zero order rate law. The dioxygen uptake under the reaction condition correlates with the initial ABTS concentration according to the stoichiometric relationship of 0.25 moles dioxygen per mole ABTS. In the second phase, veratryl alcohol is mainly oxidized to veratraldehyde. The kinetics of the dioxygen uptake follows a pseudo -first order rate law. The dioxygen uptake correlates linearly with the yield of veratraldehyde. The stoichiometric ratio between the formation of veratraldehyde and the consumption of dioxygen differs slightly at different M/S ratios. On average, however, it is 0.42 moles of dioxygen per one mole of veratraldehyde formed. The reaction mechanism is discussed on the basis of the kinetic data. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1515/HF.2000.029 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 171-175 SN - 0018-3830 KW - laccase KW - ABTS KW - veratryl alcohol KW - dioxygen KW - LMS KW - oxidation KW - kinetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kinetic studies on oxidation of veratryl alcohol by laccase-mediator system - Part 1. Effects of mediator concentration AU - Balakshin, MY AU - Chen, CL AU - Gratzl, JS AU - Kirkman, AG AU - Jakob, H T2 - HOLZFORSCHUNG AB - Summary Kinetics of the laccase-catalyzed oxidation of veratryl alcohol with dioxygen in the presence of 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diamonium salt (ABTS), the mediator, were studied to elucidate the possible reaction mechanism and the role of the mediator in this reaction. The reaction follows a pseudo -first order reaction law. The first order rate constant ( κ ) is dependent on the Mediator/Substrate (M/S) ratio and has a maximum at M/S molar ratio of 0.15. The kinetic studies show that the mechanism of veratryl alcohol oxidation with dioxygen-laccase-ABTS is rather complex and includes different reaction pathways. The mediator is involved in competitive reactions. It has been suggested that at low mediator concentration, the veratryl alcohol is oxidized via the laccase redox cycle. The mediator acts mostly as a laccase activator at a M/S ratio lower than 0.15. With increasing ABTS concentration with respect to the substrate concentration, ABTS acts increasingly as a cosubstrate competing with the original substrate for active centers of the laccase. This results in inhibition of veratryl alcohol oxidation in the enzyme cycle and increases the role of substrate oxidation by an oxidized mediator. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1515/HF.2000.028 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 165-170 SN - 0018-3830 KW - laccase KW - ABTS KW - veratryl alcohol KW - oxidation KW - kinetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrient removal from swine lagoon effluent by duckweed AU - Cheng, J. AU - Stomp, A-M AU - Classen, J. J. AU - Barker, J. C. AU - Bergmann, Ben T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - ABSTRACT. Three duckweed geographic isolates were grown on varying concentrations of swine lagoon effluent in agreenhouse to determine their ability to remove nutrients from the effluent. Duckweed biomass was harvested every otherday over a 12-day period. Duckweed biomass production, nutrient loss from the swine lagoon effluent, and nutrientcontent of duckweed biomass were used to identify effluent concentrations/geographic isolate combinations that areeffective in terms of nutrient utilization from swine lagoon effluent and production of healthy duckweed biomass. WhenLemna minor geographic isolate 8627 was grown on 50% swine lagoon effluent, respective losses of TKN, NH 3 -N, TP,OPO 4 -P, TOC, K, Cu, and Zn were 83, 100, 49, 31, 68, 21, 28, and 67%. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.13031/2013.2701 VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 263–269 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro selection of duckweed geographical isolates for potential use in swine lagoon effluent renovation AU - Bergmann, BA AU - Cheng, J AU - Classen, J AU - Stomp, AM T2 - BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AB - Plant-based systems for nutrient sequestration into valuable biomass have the potential to help avoid the environmental problems associated with the disposal of large volumes of animal waste. The objective of this study was to select superior duckweed (Lemnaceae) genotypes for the utilization of nutrients in animal wastes. A two-step protocol was used to select promising duckweed geographic isolates to be grown on swine lagoon effluent. Forty-one geographic isolates from the worldwide germplasm collection were used in an in vitro screening test, because they were noted to be fast-growing genotypes during routine collection maintenance. In vitro screening was accomplished by growing geographic isolates on a synthetic medium that approximated swine lagoon effluent in terms of nutrient profile, total ionic strength, pH, and buffering capacity. Large differences among geographic isolates were observed for wet weight gain during the 11-day growing period, percent dry weight, and percent protein in dry biomass. Total protein production per culture jar differed 28-fold between the most disparate of the 41 geographic isolates and was the variable used for selection of superior geographic isolates. The challenge of eight of the 41 geographic isolates with full-strength swine lagoon effluent in the greenhouse led to the selection of three that are promising as genotypes to be grown on lagoon effluent. DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00137-6 VL - 73 IS - 1 SP - 13-20 SN - 1873-2976 KW - duckweed KW - growth KW - Lemnaceae KW - Lemna gibba KW - Lemna minor KW - protein production KW - Spirodela punctata KW - swine waste KW - Wolffia KW - Wolffiella ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of seedlings of Fraser momi, and Siberian fir for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Parker, K. C. AU - Benson, D. M. T2 - HortScience DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 87-88 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of mobile mapping systems for roadway data collection AU - Karimi, H. A. AU - Khattak, A. J. AU - Hummer, J. E. T2 - Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering AB - Mobile mapping systems (MMSs) are based on advanced technologies for automatically collecting roadway inventory data. A host of advanced technologies, such as the Global Positioning System for collecting georeferencing data and digital cameras for collecting roadway data, are used in current MMSs. An MMS is driven on a subject roadway, collecting positional data and digital images of the roadway. Through photogrammetric software packages, roadway data are extracted from images. Although there have been studies evaluating the accuracy of positional data collected by MMSs, there have been limited studies of the descriptive data accuracy they provide. In this paper the results of an evaluation of the accuracy of descriptive inventory data collected by three different MMSs are discussed. Each system was tested in three different roadway environments, and five different types of inventory elements were included in each test. The accuracy of collected data was compared with ground truth data. Analysis of these data indicated that the roadway environment and the type of inventory element affect the accuracy of descriptive inventory data collected by MMSs. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2000)14:3(168) VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 168-173 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change impacts on the hydrology and productivity of a pine plantation AU - Sun, G AU - Amatya, DM AU - McNulty, SG AU - Skaggs, RW AU - Hughes, JH T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - ABSTRACT: There are increasing concerns in the forestry community about global climate change and variability associated with elevated atmospheric CO 2 . Changes in precipitation and increases in air temperature could impose additional stress on forests during the next century. For a study site in Carteret County, North Carolina, the General Circulation Model, HADCM2, predicts that by the year 2099, maximum air temperature will increase 1.6 to 1.9°C, minimum temperature will increase 2.5 to 2.8°C, and precipitation will increase 0 to 10 percent compared to the mid‐1990s. These changes vary from season to season. We utilized a forest ecosystem process model, PnET‐II, for studying the potential effects of climate change on drainage outflow, evapotranspiration, leaf area index (LAI) and forest Net Primary Productivity (NPP). This model was first validated with long term drainage and LAI data collected at a 25‐ha mature loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) experimental watershed located in the North Carolina lower coastal plain. The site is flat with poorly drained soils and high groundwater table. Therefore, a high field capacity of 20 cm was used in the simulation to account for the topographic effects. This modeling study suggested that future climate change would cause a significant increase of drainage (6 percent) and forest productivity (2.5 percent). Future studies should consider the biological feedback (i.e., stomata conductance and water use efficiency) to air temperature change. DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04274.x VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 367-374 SN - 1752-1688 KW - climate change KW - drainage KW - forest hydrology KW - loblolly pine KW - modeling KW - PnET-II ER - TY - JOUR TI - A regional assessment of windbreak habitat suitability AU - Hess, G. R. AU - Bay, J. M. T2 - Environmental Monitoring and Assessment DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 237-254 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lignin structure in a mutant pine deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase AU - Lapierre, C AU - Pollet, B AU - MacKay, JJ AU - Sederoff, RR T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) activity is deficient in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) harboring a mutated allele of the cad gene (cad-n1). We compared lignin structure of CAD-deficient and wild-type pines, both types segregating within full-sib families obtained by controlled crosses. The type and frequency of lignin building units and distribution of interunit bonds were determined from the GC-MS analysis of thioacidolysis monomers and dimers. While the lignin content was only slightly reduced, the lignin structure was dramatically modified by the mutation in both mature and juvenile trees. Lignins from CAD-deficient pine displayed unusually high levels of coniferaldehyde and dihydroconiferyl alcohol. In addition, biphenyl and biphenyl ether bonds were in large excess in these abnormal lignins. These results suggest that the CAD-deficient pines efficiently compensate for the shortage in normal lignin precursors by utilizing nontraditional wall phenolics to construct unusual lignins particularly enriched in resistant interunit bonds. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1021/jf991398p VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - 2326-2331 SN - 0021-8561 KW - lignification KW - altered lignin structure KW - pine (Pinus taeda L.) KW - thioacidolysis KW - dihydroconiferyl alcohol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geographic analysis of species richness and community attributes of forest birds from survey data in the mid-Atlantic integrated assessment region AU - Cam, E AU - Sauer, , JR AU - Nichols, JD AU - Hines, JE AU - Flather, CH T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.1023/A:1006473804874 VL - 63 IS - 1 SP - 81-94 SN - 1573-2959 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic discontinuity revealed by chloroplast microsatellites in eastern North American Abies (Pinaceae) AU - Clark, CM AU - Wentworth, TR AU - DM O'Malley, T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY AB - Development of conservation strategies for Fraser fir ( Abies fraseri) in the southern Appalachian Mountains depends in part on recognition of the extent to which Fraser fir is genetically distinct from the closely related balsam ( A. balsamea ) and intermediate ( A. balsamea var. phanerolepis ) fir. These sibling species have exhibited intergrading, clinal variation in morphological, chemical, and genetic characteristics in prior research. Chloroplast microsatellite markers were polymerase chain reaction amplified from genomic DNA samples of 78 individuals representing the geographic ranges of Fraser, balsam, and intermediate fir. Gene diversity levels at two loci ranged among taxa from 0.65 to 0.84. Allele frequencies demonstrated significant differentiation among taxa, with R ST values of 0.36 and 0.10. Haplotype diversity and D 2 SH were highest for balsam fir and lowest for intermediate fir. A haplotype network analysis based on allele size distribution for the two loci revealed two distinct clusters of haplotypes and population‐specific haplotypes. Ninety‐two percent of the haplotypes in one cluster were from balsam fir and intermediate fir, and 84% of the haplotypes in the other cluster were from Fraser fir and intermediate fir. The genetic differentiation of chloroplast DNA markers provides justification for the recognition of Fraser fir as a distinct Management Unit (MU) for conservation purposes, regardless of its taxonomic classification. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.2307/2656885 VL - 87 IS - 6 SP - 774-782 SN - 1537-2197 KW - Abies KW - chloroplast DNA KW - chloroplast haplotypes KW - chloroplast microsatellites KW - chloroplast SSRs KW - conservation KW - Fraser fir KW - Pinaceae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic analysis of the potential impact of climate change on recreational trout fishing in the Southern Appalachian Mountains: An application of a nested multinomial logit model AU - Ahn, S AU - De Steiguer, JE AU - Palmquist, RB AU - Holmes, TP T2 - CLIMATIC CHANGE DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1023/A:1005511627247 VL - 45 IS - 3-4 SP - 493-509 SN - 1573-1480 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A climate change database for biological assessments in the southeastern United States: Development and case study AU - Cooter, EJ AU - Richman, MB AU - Lamb, PJ AU - Sampson, DA T2 - CLIMATIC CHANGE DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.1023/A:1005514709376 VL - 44 IS - 1-2 SP - 89-121 SN - 0165-0009 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Molecular dissection of quantitative traits: new perspectives from populus AU - Wu, R. AU - Li, B. AU - Zeng, Z.-B. T2 - Molecular biology of woody plants A2 - Jain, S. M. A2 - Minocha, S. C. CN - SD403.5 .M66 2000 PY - 2000/// VL - 1 SP - 475-490 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landfill methane oxidation response to vegetation, fertilization, and liming AU - Hilger, HA AU - Wollum, AG AU - Barlaz, MA T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vegetation, N fertilizers, and lime addition on landfill CH 4 oxidation. Columns filled with compacted sandy loam and sparged with synthetic landfill gas were used to simulate a landfill cover. Grass‐topped and bare‐soil columns reduced inlet CH 4 by 47 and 37%, respectively, at peak uptake; but the rate for both treatments was about 18% at steady slate. Nitrate and NH 4 amendments induced a more rapid onset of CH 4 oxidation relative to KCl controls. However, at steady state, NH 4 inhibited CH 4 oxidation in bare columns but not in grassed columns. Nitrate addition produced no inhibitory effects. Lime addition to the soil consistently enhanced CH 4 oxidation. In all treatments, CH 4 consumption increased to a peak value, then declined to a lower steady‐state value; and all gassed columns developed a pH gradient. Neither nutrient depletion nor protozoan grazing could explain the decline from peak oxidation levels. Ammonium applied to grassed cover soil can cause transient reductions in CH 4 uptake, but there is no evidence that the inhibition persists. The ability of vegetation to mitigate NH 4 inhibition indicates that results from bare‐soil tests may not always generalize to vegetated landfill caps. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010041x VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 324-334 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of forest genetics on sustainable forestry: results from two cycles of loblolly pine breeding in the U.S. AU - Li, B. AU - McKeand, Steven AU - Weir, R. T2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1300/j091v10n01_09 VL - 10 IS - 1/2 SP - 79–85 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early field growth of loblolly pine rooted cuttings and seedlings AU - Frampton, J. AU - Li, B. AU - Goldfarb, B. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 98-105 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A genetic map of Maritime pine based on AFLP, RAPD and protein markers AU - Costa, P AU - Pot, D AU - Dubos, C AU - Frigerio, JM AU - Pionneau, C AU - Bodenes, C AU - Bertocchi, E AU - Cervera, MT AU - Remington, DL AU - Plomion, C T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.1007/s001220050006 VL - 100 IS - 1 SP - 39-48 SN - 0040-5752 KW - Pinus pinaster KW - AFLP KW - RAPD KW - protein KW - linkage map KW - QTL ER - TY - CONF TI - Nutrient removal from swine wastewater by duckweed - Spirodela punctata AU - Cheng, J. AU - Bergmann, B. A. AU - Classen, J. J. AU - Stomp, A. M. AU - Howard, J. W. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Industrial wastewater and envrironmental contaminants : proceedings of the 1st World Water Congress of the International Water Association, held in Paris, France, 3-7 July 2000 DA - 2000/// VL - 1 SN - 1900222681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Validating the assumptions of the Mayfield method AU - Farnsworth, GL AU - Weeks, KC AU - Simons, TR T2 - JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY AB - We tested the assumptions of the Mayfield method (Mayfield 1975) using 416 Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) nests monitored from 1993–1997 in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. We tested for differences in nest survival throughout the breeding season and throughout the nesting cycle. We compared the Mayfield cumulative survival curve with a modified version of the Kaplan-Meier with staggered entry. In addition, we compared the group of nests found during nest initiation with those found later in the nesting cycle. There was no evidence nest survival varied through the breeding season or with different stages of the nesting cycle. Furthermore, the Kaplan-Meier survival curve agreed with the Mayfield calculation. We found no evidence of heterogeneity. Validation of Mayfield assumptions is important because the method is widely used, allows for statistical comparisons, and is critical for estimating seasonal fecundity in bird populations. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1648/0273-8570-71.4.658 VL - 71 IS - 4 SP - 658-664 SN - 0273-8570 ER - TY - PAT TI - Genetically engineered duckweed AU - Stomp, A.-M. AU - Rajbhandari, N. C2 - 2000/// DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - The case for molecular mapping in forest tree breeding AU - Rongling, W. AU - Zeng, Z.-B. AU - McKeand, AU - O'Malley, D. M. T2 - Plant Breeding Reviews DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 19 IS - 2000 SP - 41-68 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oxisols AU - Buol, S. W. AU - Eswaran, H. T2 - Advances in Agronomy AB - Soils now known in Soil Taxonomy as Oxisols have been historically identified as Laterites, Latosols, and various Lateritic soils. Other soil classification systems identify them as Ferrisols, Kaolisols, and Ferrasols. The geographic distribution of Oxisols is primarily related to geologic materials and stable geomorphic surfaces in intertropical regions. Some oxisols form from in situ rock weathering or easily weathered basic rock, but many form in polycyclic sediments that have undergone weathering prior to deposition. Oxisols are present in all soil moisture regimes, but most occur in perudic, udic, or ustic soil moisture regimes. Chemical properties are dictated by an abundance of low charge clays and sesquioxides. Sand and silt fractions contain few weatherable minerals. All Oxisols have relatively low cation exchange values and some have a net positive charge in the subsoil. Most have low-base saturation but some, formed from basic parent materials, are highly base saturated. Physical characteristics include low bulk density, high permeability, friable consistence, and low plant available water-holding capacity. There is little micromorphological evidence of clay translocation, and particle-size distribution is nearly uniform with depth in most pedons. Pedogenic scenarios are varied but relate to a relative loss of silica and concentration of iron and aluminum oxides. Many areas of Oxisols remain in natural vegetation. In areas devoid of modern agronomic technology, “slash and burn” agronomic practices provide meager subsistence for sparse human populations. Where modern agronomic infrastructure provides access to markets, natural limitations of acidity and low nutrient content have been overcome economically with lime and fertilizer applications. Robust agronomic production is now a reality on Oxisols. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60845-7 VL - 68 IS - 2000 SP - 151-195 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Late Cretaceous woody dicots from the Aguja and Javelina Formations, Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA AU - Wheeler, EA AU - Lehman, TM T2 - IAWA JOURNAL AB - Angiosperm woods occur throughout Upper Cretaceous (84–66 million years old) continental strata of Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA. Vertebrate remains occur along the same stratigraphic levels, providing a rare opportunity to reconstruct associations of sedimentary facies, wood remains, and vertebrate remains. The wood collection sites span a vertical stratigraphic succession that corresponds to an environmental transect from poorly-drained coastal salt- or brackish water swamps to progressively better drained freshwater flood-plains lying at increasingly greater distance from the shoreline of the inland Cretaceous sea and at higher elevations. The eight dicot wood types of the Aguja Formation differ from the five types of the Javelina Formation, paralleling a change from a fauna dominated by duckbill and horned dinosaurs to a fauna dominated by the large sauropod, Alamosaurus . These woods increase the known diversity of Cretaceous woods, and include the earliest example of wood with characteristics of the Malvales. The lower part of the upper shale member of the Aguja contains numerous narrow axes, some seemingly in growth position, of the platanoid/ icacinoid type, and of another wood that has a suite of features considered primitive in the Baileyan sense. Duckbill dinosaur remains are common in the facies with these woods. In contrast to other Cretaceous localities with dicot wood, Paraphyllanthoxylon is not common. Dicotyledonous trees are most abundant at the top of the Aguja and the lower part of the Javelina Formations in sediments indicating well-drained inland fluvial flood-plain environments. One locality has logs and insitu stumps, with an average spacing of 12–13 metres between each tree, and trees nearly 1 metre in diameter. To our knowledge this is the first report of anatomically preserved in situ Cretaceous dicot trees. Javelinoxylon wood occurs at all levels where remains of the giant sauropod Alamosaurus occur. The vertebrate faunas of the late Cretaceous of New Mexico and Texas are said to comprise a ʻsouthernʼ fauna distinct from the ʻnorthern faunaʼ of Alberta and Montana. The wood remains are consistent with such provincialism. It has been suggested that dicots were not commonly trees in the late Cretaceous of the northern part of the western interior of North America. The Big Bend woods provide direct evidence for dicot trees having more than a subordinate role in Cretaceous vegetation at lower latitudes. Most of the dicot wood types of Big Bend are characterized by high proportions of parenchyma, over 50% in one type. Whether these high proportions of parenchyma are correlated with the higher CO 2 levels of the Cretaceous and /or the pressures exerted by aggressive browsing by large dinosaur herbivores is unknown. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1163/22941932-90000239 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 83-120 SN - 2294-1932 KW - paleobotany KW - fossil wood KW - wood anatomy KW - Cretaceous KW - Aguja Formation KW - Javelina Formation KW - Big Bend National Park KW - Malvales ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content for tropical and temperate New World pines AU - Hall, SE AU - Dvorak, WS AU - Johnston, JS AU - Price, HJ AU - Williams, CG T2 - ANNALS OF BOTANY AB - Temperate pine species have unusually large, complex genomes which make genomic analysis problematic; it has been suggested that tropical pines might have smaller genome sizes than temperate pines. Laser flow cytometry (LFC) was used to measure genome sizes of 11 species from Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua, spanning latitudes 14°–37° N. These values were compared with previously reported LFC estimates for 17 subtropical and temperate species. Genome sizes in this study were large, varying 1.6-fold from 19.94 to 31. 76 pg/C. Genome size variation paralleled taxonomic classification more closely than latitudinal origin. Genome sizes of subgenus Strobus (soft pines) were larger, ranging from 27.36 to 31.76 pg/C; those of subgenus Pinus (hard pines) were smaller, ranging from 19.94 to 24.91 pg/C. The exception was hard pine subsection Macrocarpae which had larger genome sizes ranging from 26.33 to 28.35. Intraspecific variation was substantial for tropical hard pines P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii yet negligible for tropical hard pine P. patula . Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1006/anbo.2000.1272 VL - 86 IS - 6 SP - 1081-1086 SN - 1095-8290 KW - C-values KW - genome size KW - gymnosperms KW - conifers KW - Pinus spp. KW - latitudinal variation KW - megagametophytes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clyde Fuhriman Smith - (1913-2000) - Obituary AU - Farrier, M. H. AU - Deitz, L. L. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 102 IS - 4 SP - 1077-1087 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A scaled linear mixed model for multiple outcomes AU - Lin, X. H. AU - Ryan, L. AU - Sammel, M. AU - Zhang, D. W. AU - Padungtod, C. AU - Xu, X. P. T2 - Biometrics AB - We propose a scaled linear mixed model to assess the effects of exposure and other covariates on multiple continuous outcomes. The most general form of the model allows a different exposure effect for each outcome. An important special case is a model that represents the exposure effects using a common global measure that can be characterized in terms of effect sizes. Correlations among different outcomes within the same subject are accommodated using random effects. We develop two approaches to model fitting, including the maximum likelihood method and the working parameter method. A key feature of both methods is that they can be easily implemented by repeatedly calling software for fitting standard linear mixed models, e.g., SAS PROC MIXED. Compared to the maximum likelihood method, the working parameter method is easier to implement and yields fully efficient estimators of the parameters of interest. We illustrate the proposed methods by analyzing data from a study of the effects of occupational pesticide exposure on semen quality in a cohort of Chinese men. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00593.x VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 593-601 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vegetation along hydrologic and edaphic gradients in a North Carolina coastal plain creek bottom and implications for restoration AU - Bledsoe, BP AU - Shear, TH T2 - WETLANDS DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0126:vahaeg]2.0.co;2 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 126-147 SN - 1943-6246 KW - swamp forests KW - riverine wetlands KW - bottomland hardwoods KW - species-environment relationships KW - microtopography KW - wetland hydrology KW - edaphic factors KW - gradient analysis KW - detrended correspondence analysis KW - canonical correspondence analysis KW - wetland restoration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accuracy assessment curves for satellite-based change detection AU - Morisette, J. T. AU - Khorram, S. T2 - Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 66 IS - 7 SP - 875-880 ER -