TY - CONF TI - In pursuit towards establishing a flux monitoring station in the Philippines AU - Aguilos, M.M. AU - Maeda, T. AU - Lasco, R.D. AU - Sanchez, P.S. T2 - Asiaflux Workshop C2 - 2006/// C3 - Proceedings: Asiaflux Workshop 2006 CY - Chiang Mai, Thailand DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/11/29/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Analyzing carbon fluxes in a severely disturbed forest: A case of Bukit Soeharto, Indonesia AU - Aguilos, M. AU - Gamo, M. AU - Maeda, T. A3 - National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// M3 - Final report PB - National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) ER - TY - CONF TI - Breaking through the food plot mentality AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - Harper, C.A. AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - 11th Triennial National Wildlife and Fisheries Extension Conference A2 - Timm, R.M. A2 - Harper, C.A. A2 - Higginbotham, B.J. A2 - Parkhurst, J.A. C2 - 2006/// C3 - Proceedings, 11th Triennial National Wildlife and Fisheries Extension Conference CY - Big Sky, Montana DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// SP - 72–75 ER - TY - CONF TI - Bringing extension into the classroom AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Moorman, C.E. T2 - 11th Triennial National Wildlife and Fisheries Extension Conference A2 - Timm, R.M. A2 - Harper, C.A. A2 - Higginbotham, B.J. A2 - Parkhurst, J.A. C2 - 2006/// C3 - Proceedings, 11th Triennial National Wildlife and Fisheries Extension Conference CY - Big Sky, Montana DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// SP - 128-130 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Seasonal movements, home ranges, and survival of white-tailed deer and mule deer in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming, 1998-2003 AU - Griffin, S.L. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - DePerno, C.S. A3 - South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// M3 - Pittman-Robertson Report W-75-R-46. PB - South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks ER - TY - CHAP TI - Animal Damage Control AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - 2007 Agricultural Chemicals Manual A2 - Buhler, W.G. A2 - Burnette, J. A2 - DePerno, C. A2 - Burton, M.G. A2 - Crozier, C.R. A2 - Gosper, J.M. A2 - Monks, D.W. A2 - Ritchie, D.F. A2 - Roberson, G.T. A2 - Sidebottom, J.R. A2 - Toth, S.J. A2 - Kornegay, J. A2 - Melton, T. PY - 2006/// SP - 514-524 PB - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University ER - TY - CONF TI - Saving the world one native plant at a time AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - 11th Triennial National Wildlife and Fisheries Extension Conference A2 - Timm, R.M. A2 - Harper, C.A. A2 - Higginbotham, B.J. A2 - Parkhurst, J.A. C2 - 2006/// C3 - Proceedings, 11th Triennial National Wildlife and Fisheries Extension Conference CY - Big Sky, Montana DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// SP - 53-56 ER - TY - CHAP TI - La Ciencia ciudadana como herramienta para el monitoreo de la biodiversidad [Citizen Science as a Tool for Biodiversity Monitoring]. AU - Allen, P.E. AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Especies, espacios y riesgos [Species, Spaces and Risks] A2 - Pisanty, I. A2 - Caso, M. PY - 2006/// SP - 17-32 PB - Instituto Nacional de Ecologa: Semarnat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cautious or Courageous: How bold are your Birds? AU - Dickinson, J. AU - Cooper, C.B. AU - Phillips, T. T2 - Birdscope DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 20 IS - 2 ER - TY - CONF TI - Transgene Transgressions: Controversies Over Transgenic Maize in Mexico AU - Delborne, Jason AU - Kinchy, A. T2 - Annual Meetings of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2006/11/4/ CY - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada DA - 2006/11/4/ PY - 2006/11/4/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Dissident Science in Agricultural Biotechnology AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Science, Democracy, and Public Policy Colloquium C2 - 2006/3/9/ CY - University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI DA - 2006/3/9/ PY - 2006/3/9/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Transgenes and Transgressions: Spectrums of Scientific Dissent AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Annual Meetings of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2006/11/4/ CY - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada DA - 2006/11/4/ PY - 2006/11/4/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lake Champlain phytoplankton and algal toxins: present and past AU - Mihuc, T.B. AU - Boyer, G. AU - Jones, J. AU - Satchwell, M. AU - Watzin, M. T2 - Great Lakes Research Review DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 7 SP - 18–21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Partnership Approach to Cyanobacteria Monitoring in Lake Champlain AU - Watzin, M.C. AU - Miller, E.Brines AU - Shambaugh, A.D. AU - Kreider, M.A. T2 - Great Lakes Research Review DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 7 SP - 8–13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Role of Law, Science and the Public Process: Practical Lessons from Lake Champlain (USA and Canada) and Lake Ohrid (Macedonia and Albania) AU - Watzin, M.C. T2 - Pacific McGeorge global business & development law journal DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 241–258 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring and evaluation of cyanobacteria in Lake Champlain: Summer 2005 AU - Watzin, M.C. AU - Fuller, S. AU - Kreider, M. AU - Couture, S. AU - Levine, M. A3 - Lake Champlain Basin Program DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// M1 - 53 M3 - Technical Report PB - Lake Champlain Basin Program SN - 53 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation in frost resistance of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus assessed by artificial freezing in winter AU - Tibbits, Wayne N. AU - White, Timothy L. AU - Hodge, Gary R. AU - Borralho, Nuno M. G. T2 - Australian Journal of Botany AB - A study of genetic variation in freezing tolerance of Eucalyptus globulus was conducted in winter by subjecting leaf discs from nursery-grown seedlings to artificial freezing at temperatures ranging from –5.5 to –10.0°C. A total of ~6200 seedlings from 477 open-pollinated families from the full natural range were assessed in three separate experiments. Patterns of frost tolerance with race were not clear and consistent in all three experiments, although inland south-eastern Tasmanian and West Coast Tasmanian races were usually the more frost tolerant (T50 = –8.8°C, cf. overall mean of –8.3°C). Poor correlations between experiments also made clear identification of superior localities difficult. Winter-frost tolerance was a trait with considerable variation and also under strong additive genetic control. Estimated heritabilities of the relative electrical conductivity following a set freezing temperature and the calculated trait T50 were in the range of 0.27–0.71, with small standard errors. Predicted breeding values in all experiments indicated that the best families were tolerant of ~1.4°C colder temperatures than average. Seedlings appeared equally capable of rapid dehardening, when average T50 cold hardiness changed from –10.5 to –5.7°C during a 10-day period, or ~3–4°C per week. The issue of more thoroughly assessing the genetic basis of frost tolerance in E. globulus through field-testing is discussed. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1071/BT02061 VL - 54 IS - 6 SP - 521 J2 - Aust. J. Bot. LA - en OP - SN - 0067-1924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/BT02061 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geographical and seasonal gradients in hatching failure in Eastern Bluebirds Sialia sialis reinforce clutch size trends AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Hochachka, Wesley M. AU - Phillips, Tina B. AU - Dhondt, André A. T2 - Ibis AB - Eggs untended during the laying phase can lose viability if exposed to high temperatures, such as those common at lower latitudes and late in the nesting season. The egg‐viability hypothesis states that constraints on viability during the laying phase could account for latitudinal and seasonal gradients in clutch size. We used 7 years’ worth of data collected by volunteers (The Birdhouse Network, co‐ordinated by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology) to look simultaneously at populations across the temperate breeding range of Eastern Bluebirds Sialia sialis in order to test three predictions of the egg‐viability hypothesis: the probability of hatching failure decreases at higher latitude and increases later in the season, and that these trends are strongest among large clutches. The overall average number of unhatched eggs relative to the total number of eggs laid was similar to that found by other studies (7.8%; range 6.8–8.9% annually; n = 32 567 eggs from 7231 nests from 530 study sites). Using generalized linear mixed models that controlled for the non‐independence of eggs within a clutch, we found that the ‘per‐egg’ probability of hatching failure was highest late in the season, highest at lower latitudes, and highest for both small (three‐egg) and large (six‐egg) clutches. The seasonal and geographical gradients in egg hatching failure reinforce documented seasonal and geographical trends in clutch size. Loss of egg viability prior to incubation currently provides the most parsimonious and consistent explanation of the observed patterns of hatching failure. However, alternative explanations for large‐scale patterns, particularly those not consistent with the egg‐viability hypothesis, warrant further research into other causes of hatching failure, such as microbes and infertility (related to extra‐pair mating). Our results demonstrate that investigating causes of variation in demography among local populations across a geographical gradient provides a potential means of identifying selection pressures on life‐history traits. DA - 2006/1/18/ PY - 2006/1/18/ DO - 10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00500.x VL - 148 IS - 2 SP - 221-230 LA - en OP - SN - 0019-1019 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00500.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Warm temperatures lead to early onset of incubation, shorter incubation periods and greater hatching asynchrony in tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor at the extremes of their range AU - Ardia, Daniel R. AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Dhondt, Andre A. T2 - Journal of Avian Biology AB - The onset of incubation varies in birds, with many species beginning incubation prior to clutch completion. Here we examine whether early onset is more likely to occur during high temperatures, a critical prediction of the egg‐viability hypothesis, which suggest that birds begin incubation prior to clutch completion in order to maintain egg‐viability. We examined onset of incubation in tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor at two locations at the extremes of their breeding range, Alaska and Tennessee. A majority of individuals (68%) began incubation prior to clutch completion. While females in Tennessee were more likely to begin incubation early, there was no difference between sites when differences in temperatures inside nestboxes were controlled in analyses. Rather, early onset of incubation was predicted by the proportion of daily temperatures above physiological zero during laying, a critical prediction of the egg viability hypothesis. Both warm weather and early onset led to shorter incubation periods and increased levels of hatching asynchrony. We found no effect of timing of nesting, female body condition index or clutch size on the probability of beginning incubation prior to clutch completion. Our results are consistent with the egg viability hypothesis, not consistent with a threshold clutch size rule, and do not support the hurry‐up hypothesis, that individuals breeding later in the season would begin incubation early to reduce the time spent nesting. Overall, our results suggest that broad scale geographic differences in incubation behaviour may be explained by individual‐level responses to environmental conditions. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2006.03747.x VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 137-142 J2 - J Avian Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0908-8857 1600-048X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2006.03747.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of stream geomorphic condition on fish communities in Vermont, U.S.A. AU - Sullivan, S. Mažeika P. AU - Watzin, Mary C. AU - Hession, W. Cully T2 - Freshwater Biology AB - Summary 1. Evaluations of stream geomorphic condition may increase our understanding of the composite effects of human‐induced habitat change on fish communities. Using systematic sampling of 44 reaches spread across 26 rivers in Vermont from 2002 through 2004, we tested the hypothesis that stream reaches in reference geomorphic condition would support fish assemblages that differed in diversity and productivity from fish communities found in reaches of poorer geomorphic condition. 2. At each study reach, we sampled the fish community, identified the morphological unit according to common stream classification systems and then evaluated the extent of deviation from reference geomorphic condition using a regionally adapted geomorphic assessment methodology. 3. We used principal component analysis (PCA) and linear regression to build exploratory models linking stream geomorphic condition to fish community characteristics. 4. Our results suggest that geomorphic condition significantly influences fish community diversity, productivity and condition. Geomorphic condition was a significant factor in all of our fish community models. In conjunction with additional reach characteristics, geomorphic condition explained up to 31% of the total variance observed in models for species diversity of fish communities, 44% of the variance in assemblage biomass and 45% of the variance in a regional index of biotic integrity. 5. Our work builds on single‐species evidence that geomorphic characteristics represent important local‐scale fish‐habitat variables, showing that stream geomorphic condition is a dominant factor affecting entire fish communities. Our results enhance our understanding of the hierarchy of factors that influences fish community diversity and organisation and support the use of geomorphic condition assessments in stream management. DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01616.x VL - 51 IS - 10 SP - 1811-1826 J2 - Freshwater Biol LA - en OP - SN - 0046-5070 1365-2427 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01616.x DB - Crossref KW - fish community diversity KW - geomorphic condition KW - linear regression KW - principal component analysis KW - productivity KW - streams ER - TY - RPRT TI - Estimating detection probabilities for community assessment and population monitoring AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Pollock, K.J. A3 - USGS Status and Trends Program DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// M3 - Annual report PB - USGS Status and Trends Program ER - TY - RPRT TI - Measuring the effect of off-road vehicles on beach birds at Cape Lookout National Seashore AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Tarr, N. A3 - National Park Service DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// M3 - 2005 Annual report PB - National Park Service ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessment of Black-capped Chickadees as a Model Species for a Calcium Limitation Study in the Southern Appalachians AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Hylton, R. A3 - National Park Service and the U.S. Geological Survey DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// M3 - 2005 Annual Report PB - National Park Service and the U.S. Geological Survey ER - TY - RPRT TI - American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) research and monitoring in North Carolina. AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Schulte, S. AU - McGowan, C. AU - Cordes, J. AU - Lyons, M. AU - Golder, W. A3 - National Park Service, U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Audubon Society DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// M3 - 2005 Annual report PB - National Park Service, U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Audubon Society ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) Predation on Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) AU - Aliaga-Rossel, Enzo AU - Moreno, Ricardo S. AU - Kays, Roland W. AU - Giacalone, Jacalyn T2 - Biotropica AB - ABSTRACT We collected details on the predation of four agoutis ( Dasyprocta punctata ) by ocelots ( Leopardus pardalis ). All kills were made outside of the typical agouti activity period (<0500 h). Agoutis were captured from behind and killed with a bite through the back of the skull. The kill sites for two female agoutis were significantly closer to their den sites than expected, while kill sites for two males were not. All carcasses were completely covered by leaves during the day and were fed on during night hours. Predation by ocelots can be a significant cause of mortality for agoutis at Barro Colorado Island (BCI). DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00192.x VL - 38 IS - 5 SP - 691–694 SN - 0006-3606 1744-7429 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00192.x KW - agouti KW - Dasyprocta punctata KW - Leopardus pardalis KW - Neotropics KW - ocelot KW - Panama KW - predation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Southern two-lined salamanders in urbanizing watersheds AU - Miller, Jennifer E. AU - Hess, George R. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. T2 - Urban Ecosystems DA - 2006/12/2/ PY - 2006/12/2/ DO - 10.1007/s11252-006-0012-5 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 73-85 J2 - Urban Ecosyst LA - en OP - SN - 1083-8155 1573-1642 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-006-0012-5 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Models in Ecosystem Science AU - Scheller, Robert M. T2 - Landscape Ecology DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1007/S10980-005-4432-Z VL - 21 IS - 6 SP - 957-958 J2 - Landscape Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0921-2973 1572-9761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10980-005-4432-Z DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Two-Dimensional Hydraulic Modeling Approach to Linking Stream Morphology and Aquatic Habitat Quality AU - Clark, J.S. AU - Hession, W.C. AU - Rizzo, D.M. AU - Laible, J. AU - Watzin, M. A2 - Voinov, A. A2 - Jakeman, A. A2 - Rizzoli, A. C2 - 2006/7// C3 - Proceedings of the iEMSs Third Biennial Meeting: "Summit on Environmental Modelling and Software". International Environmental Modelling and Software Society DA - 2006/7// UR - http://www.iemss.org/iemss2006/sessions/all.html ER - TY - RPRT TI - Turner House AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Doerr, P.D. AU - Lancia, R.A. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// M3 - Informational Brochure PB - North Carolina State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transboundary Water Resource Management and Conflict Resolution: A Coasian Strategic Negotiations Approach AU - Baker, J.S. AU - Willis, D.B. T2 - Western Economics Forum DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 5 IS - 2 UR - http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/92875/files/0502005.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluación de métodos estadísticos utilizados en trabajos de grado y tesis en los programas de la facultad de ciencias agropecuarias, en un período de tres años AU - Echavarría, H. AU - Correa, G. AU - Patiño, J.F. AU - Acosta, J.J. AU - Rueda, J.A. T2 - Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 3565–3580 UR - https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=179914075012 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Comparison of Noninvasive Techniques to Survey Carnivore Communities in Northeastern North America AU - Gompper, Matthew E. AU - Kays, Roland W. AU - Ray, Justina C. AU - Lapoint, Scott D. AU - Bogan, Daniel A. AU - Cryan, Jason R. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin AB - Carnivores are difficult to survey due, in large part, to their relative rarity across the landscape and wariness toward humans. Several noninvasive methods may aid in overcoming these difficulties, but there has been little discussion of the relative merits and biases of these techniques. We assess the value of 5 noninvasive techniques based on results from 2 multiyear studies of carnivores (including members of Carnivora and Didelphidae) in New York forests. Two metrics were particularly valuable in assessing the species-specific value of any particular survey technique: latency to initial detection (LTD) and probability of detection (POD). We found differences in the value of techniques in detecting different species. For midsized species (raccoon [Procyon lotor], fisher [Martes pennanti], opossum [Didelphis virginiana], and domestic cat [Felis catus]), camera traps and track-plates were approximately equivalent in detection efficiency, but the potential for wariness toward the survey apparatus resulted in higher LTD for track-plates than for cameras. On the other hand, track-plates detected small carnivores (marten [M. americana] and weasels [Mustela spp.]) more often than cameras and had higher PODs for small and midsized species than did cameras. Cameras were efficient mechanisms for surveying bears (Ursus americanus; low LTD, high POD) but functioned poorly for discerning presence of coyotes (Canis latrans; high LTD, low POD). Scat surveys and snowtracking were the best methods for coyotes, which avoided camera traps and artificial tracking surfaces. Our analysis of fecal DNA revealed that trail-based fecal surveys were inefficient at detecting species other than coyotes, with the possible exception of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Genetic analyses of feces and snowtracking revealed the presence of foxes at sites where other techniques failed to discern these species, suggesting that cameras and track-plates are inefficient for surveying small canids in this region. The LTD of coyotes by camera traps was not correlated with their abundance as indexed by scat counts, but for other species this metric may offer an opportunity to assess relative abundance across sites. Snowtracking surveys were particularly robust (high POD) for detecting species active in winter and may be more effective than both cameras and track-plates where conditions are suitable. We recommend that survey efforts targeting multiple members of the carnivore community use multiple independent techniques and incorporate mechanisms to truth their relative value. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1142:acontt]2.0.co;2 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 1142-1151 J2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin LA - en OP - SN - 0091-7648 1938-5463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1142:acontt]2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref KW - camera traps KW - camivores KW - fecal DNA KW - latency to detection KW - New York KW - noninvasive survey KW - probability of detection KW - snowtracking KW - track-plates ER - TY - JOUR TI - COMPETITIVE RELEASE IN DIETS OF OCELOT (LEOPARDUS PARDALIS) AND PUMA (PUMA CONCOLOR) AFTER JAGUAR (PANTHERA ONCA) DECLINE AU - Moreno, Ricardo S. AU - Kays, Roland W. AU - Samudio, Rafael, Jr. T2 - Journal of Mammalogy AB - We used fecal analyses to document the diet of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) and puma (Puma concolor) at 2 sites in central Panama. We detected puma on Barro Colorado Island (BCI) nearly every month during the study but never found evidence of jaguars (Panthera onca) at either site. Both ocelots and puma fed predominantly on mammalian prey, but consumed a diversity of species. Collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) and Central American red brocket (Mazama temama) were the most important food items for puma, whereas Central American agoutis (Dasyprocta punctata) and sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni and Bradypus variegatus) were the most important for ocelots. Considerable overlap in diet was found between populations and species, but the diet of puma on BCI was significantly different from the 2 ocelot populations in containing more large prey, suggesting that dietary differences between these predator species are chiefly related to their relative body size. Comparing across larger scales, both populations of ocelots in our study ate larger prey than elsewhere in their range, suggesting that their fundamental niche includes more medium-sized prey than their realized niche in other sites. Puma on BCI ate proportionally more peccaries and deer than in most other populations. These unusual diets in the wake of a recent decline or local extinction of jaguars are consistent with a prey shift in response to competitive release. DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1644/05-MAMM-A-360R2.1 VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 808-816 J2 - Journal of Mammalogy LA - en OP - SN - 0022-2372 1545-1542 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/05-MAMM-A-360R2.1 DB - Crossref KW - Barro Colorado Island KW - Carnivora KW - competitive release KW - diet KW - felid KW - predation ER - TY - JOUR TI - DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE ON THE LION'S MANE (PANTHERA LEO) AU - Patterson, B. D. AU - Kays, R. W. AU - Kasiki, S. M. AU - Sebestyen, V. M. T2 - Journal of Mammalogy AB - Lion manes represent a compromise between social benefits and ecological costs. Mane development of Panthera leo varies geographically with prevailing climate, but varying genetics, behavior and social systems, and nutrition may all influence such broad-scale correlations. We studied captive lions housed comparably across 12 degrees of latitude in North America and correlated mane variation with climatic, life-history, and husbandry variables. As predicted from heat-load considerations, mane length and density were inversely correlated with temperature; color variation was unrelated. Mane development was correlated with January but not July conditions, suggesting a stronger response to cold than to heat. Climate-induced variation in manes of captives accounted for up to 50% of variation seen. Developmental effects of climate appear to be responsible for many of the taxonomic names applied to African lions and may signify important biological differences between modern and Pleistocene lions. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1644/05-MAMM-A-226R2.1 VL - 87 IS - 2 SP - 193-200 J2 - Journal of Mammalogy LA - en OP - SN - 0022-2372 1545-1542 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/05-MAMM-A-226R2.1 DB - Crossref KW - developmental effects KW - lion KW - mane KW - Panthera leo KW - phenotypic plasticity KW - sexual selection KW - temperature ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF ADJACENT AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS ON STREAM MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES AU - Kyriakeas, Sofia A. AU - Watzin, Mary C. T2 - Journal of the American Water Resources Association AB - Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in streams adjacent to cornfields, streams where cows had unrestricted access, and reference locations without agriculture were compared to examine the effects of local land use and land use/land cover in the watershed. At each local site, macroinvertebrates and a variety of habitat parameters were measured upstream, adjacent, downstream, and farther downstream of the local land use. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to calculate drainage basin area, land use/land cover percentages in each basin, and the distance from sample sites to the stream source. Three-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) tests with date, site type, and sampling location as main effects were used to explore differences in macroinvertebrate metrics using median substrate size, percent hay/pasture area, and stream depth as covariates. The covariates significantly improved model fit and showed that multiple contributing factors influence community composition. Local impacts were greatest at sites where cows had access, probably because of sedimentation and embeddedness in the substrate. Differences between the upstream and the adjacent and downstream locations were not as great as expected, perhaps because upstream recolonization was reduced by agricultural impacts or because of differences in the intensity or proximity of agriculture to riparian areas in the watershed. The results underscore the importance of both local and watershed factors in controlling stream community composition. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03848.x VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 425-441 J2 - J Am Water Resources Assoc LA - en OP - SN - 1093-474X 1752-1688 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03848.x DB - Crossref KW - aquatic ecosystems KW - water quality KW - macroinvertebrates KW - biotic indexes KW - agricultural impacts KW - land use/land cover KW - multivariate modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differences in the Reproductive Ecology of Belted Kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon) Across Streams with Varying Geomorphology and Habitat Quality AU - Sullivan, S. Mažeika P. AU - Watzin, Mary C. AU - Hession, W. Cully T2 - Waterbirds AB - We evaluated the influence of stream geomorphology and habitat quality on brood weight, offspring growth rate, and territory length of Belted Kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon) in northwestern Vermont, USA. We gathered measurements of habitat use, fish abundance and biomass, and reproductive success at breeding territories in stream reaches of differing geomorphic and habitat conditions during spring and early summer 2002. We used model selection based on AICc to examine the effects of stream geomorphology, habitat quality, and fish abundance and biomass on the selected reproductive measures. Geomorphic condition emerged as the most important predictor variable for models of both brood weight and territory length. We tested two viable models during the 2003 breeding season at new, independent breeding territories and found them to be well-supported. Our results provide evidence that stream geomorphic condition plays both direct and indirect roles in the habitat use and reproduction of Belted Kingfishers, suggesting that stream and riparian management strategies focused on protecting and restoring functional morphology will have ecological benefits for riverine birds. DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[258:ditreo]2.0.co;2 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 258-270 J2 - Waterbirds LA - en OP - SN - 1524-4695 1938-5390 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[258:ditreo]2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref KW - geomorphology KW - habitat quality KW - Belted Kingfisher KW - Ceryle alcyon KW - reproductive success KW - breeding territory KW - stream ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigating the applicability of end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) across scale: A study of eight small, nested catchments in a temperate forested watershed AU - James, April L. AU - Roulet, Nigel T. T2 - Water Resources Research AB - Current interest in multicatchment hydrologic studies challenges the use of geochemical mixing models across scale, where changes in stream water chemistry from catchment to catchment may indicate (1) changes in the proportional contributions of end‐members, (2) changes in the geochemical signatures of end‐members in space, or (3) changes in the geochemical signatures of end‐members in time. In this study we examine stream water chemistry from a series of eight nested catchments in a 1.47 km 2 temperate forest watershed in southern Quebec for evidence of contributing end‐members. We use eigenvector and residual analysis (Hooper, 2003) of the multivariate stream water chemistry records to estimate the dimensionality of the mixing space for each individual catchment, indicating the number of contributing end‐members. Using the mixing space of the largest, highest‐order catchment (1.47 km 2 ), we evaluate its ability to predict stream water chemistry in the seven upstream catchments, representing progressively smaller areas. We observe significant spatial variation in ionic mixing ratios within the 147 ha watershed. Only spatial testing across catchments allowed us to identify appropriate conservative tracers most compatible with the application of a single mixing model across scale. On the seasonal timescale, groundwater geochemistry changes significantly due to the recharge from spring snowmelt, indicating a mixture of two groundwater end‐members of varying age. On the timescale of storm events, shallow perched water and throughfall provide geochemical signatures consistent with physical mixing while unsaturated zone soil water sampled from local pockets of glacial till does not. Our results suggest cautious application of end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA) for multicatchment studies. DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1029/2005WR004419 VL - 42 IS - 8 J2 - Water Resour. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0043-1397 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004419 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluación de métodos estadísticos utilizados en trabajos de grado y tesis en los programas de la facultad de ciencias agropecuarias, en un período de tres años. AU - Echavarría Sánchez, H. AU - Correa Londoño, G. AU - Patiño Díez, J. AU - Acosta Jaramillo, J. AU - Rueda Restrepo, J. T2 - Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía, Medellín. DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 3465–3580 UR - https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/24349 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of the WHO alert level framework to cyanobacterial monitoring of Lake Champlain, Vermont AU - Watzin, Mary C. AU - Miller, Emily Brines AU - Shambaugh, Angela D. AU - Kreider, Meghan A. T2 - Environmental Toxicology AB - The increasing incidence of toxic cyanobacteria blooms worldwide has created a need for practical and efficient monitoring in order to protect public health. We developed a monitoring and alert framework based on World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and applied it on Lake Champlain during the summers of 2002–2004. The protocol began with collection of net samples of phytoplankton in order to maximize the chance of finding potential toxin-producing cyanobacteria. Samples were collected lakewide in partnership with ongoing monitoring efforts, but because open water sample sites did not capture conditions along the shoreline, we added near-shore and shoreline stations in problem areas. Samples were examined qualitatively until potential toxin-producing taxa were found. Then quantitative analyses began, using a rapid screening method to estimate cell density based on colony size. A final cell density of 4000 cells/mL triggered toxin analyses. Primary analysis was for microcystins using ELISA methods. Cell densities, locations of colonies, and toxin concentrations were reported weekly to public health officials. We found that screening for potential toxin-producing cyanobacteria and then measuring toxin concentrations when cell densities reached critical levels worked well to identify problem locations. Although the WHO recommends using chlorophyll a concentration, it was not a good indicator of problem densities of potential toxin-producing cyanobacteria. Our cell density screening method missed no developing blooms but produced less precise density estimates at high cell counts. Overall, our framework appears to provide an efficient and effective method for monitoring cyanotoxin risks. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 21: 278–288, 2006. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1002/tox.20181 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 278-288 J2 - Environ. Toxicol. LA - en OP - SN - 1520-4081 1522-7278 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.20181 DB - Crossref KW - cyanobacteria KW - cyanotoxins KW - microcystin KW - monitoring KW - Lake Champlain KW - public health KW - alert framework KW - cell density ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban bioacoustics: it's not just noise AU - Warren, Paige S. AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Ermann, Michael AU - Brazel, Anthony T2 - Animal Behaviour AB - The acoustic environment has a major influence in shaping animal communication systems. Humans, particularly in cities, profoundly alter the acoustic structure of their environment. Recent articles have identified effects of noise on animal communication and behaviour. These studies, however, serve to highlight the surprising dearth of research on the behavioural responses of animals to altered acoustic environments. We argue that noise is not the only aspect of urban bioacoustics that researchers should explore. In addition to elevated noise levels, urban areas are characterized by a spatial heterogeneity in noise levels, predictable diurnal variation in noise levels and the existence of many vertical reflective surfaces. All of these characteristics have parallels in natural environments. We suggest that cities are a fruitful area for future research on the evolution of animal communication systems, with more general implications for conservation in human-altered environments. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.07.014 VL - 71 IS - 3 SP - 491-502 J2 - Animal Behaviour LA - en OP - SN - 0003-3472 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.07.014 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tests of absolute photorefractoriness in four species of cardueline finch that differ in reproductive schedule AU - MacDougall-Shackleton, S.A. AU - Katti, M. AU - Hahn, T.P. T2 - Journal of Experimental Biology AB - SUMMARY Species with different reproductive schedules may differ in how they respond to the annual change in photoperiod (the adaptive specialization hypothesis). Seasonally breeding species are predicted to use photorefractoriness to terminate reproduction prior to inclement conditions in autumn and winter, whereas opportunistically breeding species may not exhibit photorefractoriness. We tested for absolute photorefractoriness in four species of cardueline finch that differ in their reproductive schedules:opportunistically breeding red crossbills, flexibly breeding pine siskins, and seasonally breeding Cassin's finches and gray-crowned rosy-finches. Field observations indicated that all four species regress their gonads and begin prebasic feather molt in late summer or autumn. However, exposure to a long day photoperiod in autumn (24 h:0 h L:D) resulted in elevation of gonadotropins and testicular recrudescence in all species except Cassin's finches. Thus, by this criterion, some of the seasonally breeding species tested here did not exhibit absolute photorefractoriness. These results indicate that phylogenetic history needs to be taken into account when considering the adaptive nature of photoperiod response systems. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1242/jeb.02447 VL - 209 IS - 19 SP - 3786-3794 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750599824&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - photoperiod KW - reproduction KW - Loxia curvirostra KW - Carduelis pinus KW - Carpodacus cassinii KW - Leucosticte tephrocotis ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of logging and topography on the distribution of spruce-fir forests near their Southern limits in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA AU - Hayes, Matthew AU - Moody, Aaron AU - White, Peter S. AU - Costanza, Jennifer L. T2 - Plant Ecology DA - 2006/9/9/ PY - 2006/9/9/ DO - 10.1007/s11258-006-9166-8 VL - 189 IS - 1 SP - 59-70 J2 - Plant Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 1385-0237 1573-5052 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-006-9166-8 DB - Crossref KW - Abies fraseri KW - disturbance KW - ecotone KW - Picea rubens KW - southern Appalachians ER - TY - JOUR TI - Erratum: Considerations for modeling particle entrainment into the wake of a circular cylinder (Aerosol Science and Technology 40: 1 (14-26)) AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Eisner, A.D. AU - Flynn, M.R. T2 - Aerosol Science and Technology DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1080/02786820600553546 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 146 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-32344445863&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transport of airborne particles within a room AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Eisner, A.D. AU - Brixey, L.A. AU - Wiener, R.W. T2 - Indoor Air AB - The objective of this study is to test a technique used to analyze contaminant transport in the wake of a bluff body under controlled experimental conditions for application to aerosol transport in a complex furnished room. Specifically, the hypothesis tested by our work is that the dispersion of contaminants in a room is related to the turbulence kinetic energy and length scale. This turbulence is, in turn, determined by the size and shape of furnishings within the room and by the ventilation characteristics. This approach was tested for indoor dispersion through computational fluid dynamics simulations and laboratory experiments. In each, 3 mum aerosols were released in a furnished room with varied contaminant release locations (at the inlet vent or under a desk). The realizable k approximately epsilon model was employed in the simulations, followed by a Lagrangian particle trajectory simulation used as input for an in-house FORTRAN code to compute aerosol concentration. For the experiments, concentrations were measured simultaneously at seven locations by laser photometry, and air velocity was measured using laser Doppler velocimetry. The results suggest that turbulent diffusion is a significant factor in contaminant residence time in a furnished room. This procedure was then expanded to develop a simplified correlation between contaminant residence time and the number of enclosing surfaces around a point containing the contaminant. Practical Implications The work presented here provides a methodology for relating local aerosol residence time to properties of room ventilation and furniture arrangement. This technique may be used to assess probable locations of high concentration by knowing only the particle release location, furniture configuration, inlet and outlet locations, and air speeds, which are all observable features. Applications of this method include development of 'rules of thumb' for first responders entering a room where an agent has been released and selection of sampler locations to monitor conditions in sensitive areas. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00398.x VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 48-55 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645238401&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - indoor air KW - aerosol KW - turbulent diffusion KW - dispersion KW - nondimensional modeling KW - furnishings ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short-term dispersion of indoor aerosols: Can it be assumed the room is well mixed? AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Eisner, A.D. AU - Brixey, L.A. AU - Wiener, R.W. T2 - Building and Environment AB - Monitoring of aerosols is typically performed over 3 h to diurnal time scales for outdoor concentration levels and 15 min to 8 h scales indoors. At these scales, concentration is assumed to be well mixed with little spatio-temporal variability around the sampler. Less attention has been given to the potential for acute exposure to contaminants during the initial minutes after a point-source release, where point-wise concentrations may greatly exceed the well-mixed conditions. Here, we seek to demonstrate that the commonly used well-mixed assumption is flawed in the first minutes after a contaminant is released because point-wise concentration levels are initially highly non-uniform and are influenced by turbulent structures caused by the presence of obstacles in the room. This assumption was examined by releasing 3 μm aerosols in a test room with HEPA filter ventilation and by varying controlled conditions of room furnishings (furnished vs. unfurnished) and contaminant release locations (at the inlet vent or under a desk). For each experiment, aerosol concentrations were measured simultaneously at seven locations by nephelometry. Complementary computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to lend confidence to the experiments and to provide detailed pictures of the velocity and particle concentration profiles. The experimental and numerical results corroborated the hypothesis. For both release locations in the furnished room, a completely well-mixed condition did not occur 600 s after the release, and aerosol dispersion was dictated by the turbulent airflow pattern. For the empty room, there was significantly less spatial variability in the point-wise measured concentrations after 300 s than for the furnished room. This information may aid in evaluating the potential for occupant exposure to aerosolized hazardous substances and in supporting optimization of detector placement. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.12.016 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 156-163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-26444558590&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - aerosols KW - computational fluid dynamics KW - dispersion KW - indoor air quality KW - mixing time KW - turbulent mixing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Considerations for modeling particle entrainment into the wake of a circular cylinder AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Eisner, A.D. AU - Flynn, M.R. T2 - Aerosol Science and Technology AB - The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of the steady state Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for estimating concentration of low Stokes number aerosols (Stk = O(10−4)) in the wake of a bluff body. These simulations are compared with experimental data. In the simulations and experiments, particles are released upstream of the body and convected downstream, where some are entrained into the wake. The air velocity is computed using a steady state renormalized group k ∼ ϵ model. Lagrangian particle trajectory simulations are performed in conjunction with each airflow model to calculate concentrations. The experiments are performed in an aerosol wind tunnel in which phase Doppler velocimetry measurements are obtained for the velocity field and aerosol concentration. The RANS model yields a wake concentration deficit that extends downstream past x/D = 10, while the experiments produce elevated concentrations immediately downstream of the near wake. It is postulated that the concentration peak is at least in part attributed to particle interaction with the boundary layer by the following mechanism. Particles are transported into the boundary layer by turbulent diffusion, turbophoresis, and/or inertial forces. Particles then separate from the cylinder with the airflow and travel in a sheath around the periphery of the near wake to converge at the downstream edge of the near wake. Underestimation of the wake concentration by the RANS model is potentially due to inadequacy in the boundary layer approximation used in the model. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1080/02786820500464877 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 17-26 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-57649132298&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A post-Katrina call to action for the risk analysis community [1] AU - Rivers, L. T2 - Risk Analysis AB - Risk AnalysisVolume 26, Issue 1 p. 1-2 A Post-Katrina Call to Action for the Risk Analysis Community Louie Rivers, Louie Rivers Ohio State University School of Natural Resources 2021 Coffey Road Columbus, OH 43210 614-292-9828 [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Louie Rivers, Louie Rivers Ohio State University School of Natural Resources 2021 Coffey Road Columbus, OH 43210 614-292-9828 [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 18 January 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00718.xCitations: 10Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume26, Issue1February 2006Pages 1-2 RelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00718.x VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 1-2 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645108033&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of habitat characteristics on amphibian species richness in two river basins of Romania AU - Hartel¹, T. AU - Demeter, L. AU - Cogălniceanu, D. AU - Tulbure, M. T2 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica. pp DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 47 SP - 50 ER - TY - CONF TI - The influence of habitat characteristics on amphibian species richness in two river basins of Romania AU - Hartel, T. AU - Demeter, L. AU - Cogălniceanu, D. AU - Tulbure, M.G. A2 - Vences, M. A2 - Köhler, J. A2 - Ziegler, T. A2 - Böhme, W. C2 - 2006/// C3 - Herpetologia Bonnensis II. Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica DA - 2006/// SP - 47 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon dioxide exchange and early old-field succession AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. AU - Albertson, John D. AU - Epstein, Howard E. AU - Williams, Christopher A. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences AB - Old‐field succession is a widespread process active in shaping landscapes in the eastern United States, contributing significantly to the terrestrial sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide, particularly at midlatitudes. However, few studies document ecosystem‐scale carbon dioxide exchange during the early years of old‐field succession, particularly during the temporal transition from cultivation to abandonment. Rates of carbon dioxide exchange were measured for 20 months over a field in Virginia during the transition from an actively cultivated crop field to an unmanaged old field, including one season of crop growth and two seasons of successional growth. Ecosystem carbon respiration exceeded carbon assimilation during growing seasons and dormant periods, resulting in a net flux of carbon dioxide from the biosphere to the atmosphere of between 1.27 and 1.85 kg C m −2 for the entire 20‐month period (an average loss to the atmosphere of 2.07 to 3.01 g C m −2 day −1 ). Crop growth (from 10 January 2001 to 6 June 2001) resulted in a net loss of between 0.22 and 0.32 kg C m −2 to the atmosphere (an average daily loss of 1.5 to 2.2 g C m −2 ), whereas the two seasons of successional growth combined contributed an additional 1.05 to 1.53 kg C m −2 to the atmosphere (an average daily loss of 2.2 to 3.3 g C m −2 ). Empirical modeling was used to demonstrate control of ecosystem carbon respiration by soil temperature, soil moisture status, and the status of vegetation growth activity. Tower‐based estimates of carbon loss were compared at both short (half hourly) and long (seasonal) timescales to independent, ground‐based measurements. Using estimates of carbon exchange from previously published studies, these results are placed in the context of a trajectory of old‐field succession. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1029/2005JG000069 VL - 111 IS - G1 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000240986000001&KeyUID=WOS:000240986000001 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Practicing forestry under local regulations AU - King, B.A. AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Megalos, M.A. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// M1 - 41 M3 - Woodland Owner Note PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - 41 ER - TY - RPRT TI - North Carolina’s forestry present-use property tax program AU - Hamilton, R.A. AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// M1 - 40 M3 - Woodland Owner Note PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - 40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reforestation as an investment: does it pay? AU - Hamilton, R.A. AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// M1 - 08 M3 - Woodland Owner Note PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - 08 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A tale of two towns: Black and white municipalities respond to urban growth in the South Carolina Lowcountry AU - Johnson, C.Y. AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Human Ecology Review DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 23-38 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33646241043&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soluble reactive phosphorus transport and retention in tropical, rainforest streams draining a volcanic and geothermally active landscape in Costa Rica.: Long-term concentration patterns, pore water environment and response to ENSO events AU - Triska, F.J. AU - Pringle, C.M. AU - Duff, J.H. AU - Avanzino, R.J. AU - Ramirez, A. AU - Ardon, M. AU - Jackman, A.P. T2 - Biogeochemistry DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1007/s10533-006-9026-6 VL - 81 IS - 2 SP - 131-143 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750212216&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - phosphorus KW - retention KW - sorption KW - SRP KW - streams KW - tropical KW - TP KW - transport KW - volcanic KW - ENSO ER - TY - JOUR TI - Erratum: Does leaf quality mediate the stimulation of leaf breakdown by phosphorus in Neotropical streams? (Freshwater Biology (2006) 51, (618-633)) AU - Ardón, M. AU - Stallcup, L.A. AU - Pringle, C.M. T2 - Freshwater Biology AB - Freshwater BiologyVolume 51, Issue 5 p. 983-983 Free Access Erratum First published: 24 March 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01553.xAboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Figure 6 published in Ardón et al. (2006) has been incorrectly laid out. The panels have been set in the wrong order. The correct figure is published below. The publisher would like to apologise for this error. Figure 6Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Leaf nutrient content during breakdown of three species of leaves incubated in six streams in La Selva Biological Station. Percent nitrogen in: (a) Trema, (b) Castilla and (c) Zygia over time. Percent phosphorus in: (d)Trema, (e) Castilla and (f) Zygia over time. Note the different scale on the X axis for (a) & (d) Trema. Reference Ardón M., Stallcup L.A. & Pringle, C.M. (2006) Does leaf quality mediate the stimulation of leaf breakdown by phosphorus in Neotropical streams? Freshwater Biology, 51, 618– 633. Wiley Online LibraryCASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volume51, Issue5May 2006Pages 983-983 FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01553.x VL - 51 IS - 5 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645862269&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does nitrogen become limiting under high-P conditions in detritus-based tropical streams? AU - Stallcup, L.A. AU - Ardón, M. AU - Pringle, C.M. T2 - Freshwater Biology AB - Summary 1. We examined effects of nutrients on leaf breakdown in interior forest streams at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. We tested the hypothesis that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) becomes limiting when ambient phosphorus (P) concentration is high. We also compared the breakdown of relatively ‘low quality’ leaves (lower C : N, Trema integerrima ) with that of ‘higher quality’ leaves (higher C : N, Ficus insipida ) in a high‐P stream. 2. Litterbags were incubated in two streams: one enriched experimentally with P [target concentration 200 μ g soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) L −1 ] and one control (naturally low P concentration approximately 10 μ g SRP L −1) . Ammonium enrichment was achieved by adding fertiliser upstream of half of the litterbags in each stream. 3. Phosphorus addition stimulated leaf breakdown, microbial respiration, ergosterol and leaf %P. Leaf breakdown rate was consistent with those in La Selva streams with naturally high P concentration. 4. Nitrogen (N) addition had no effect on leaf breakdown, microbial respiration, ergosterol or leaf chemistry in either the P‐enriched or the reference stream, in spite of low N : P ratios. We conclude that N is probably not limiting in streams at La Selva that are naturally high in P. This may be due to moderately high ambient N concentration (>200 μ g DIN L −1 ) prevailing throughout the year. 5. The species with a lower C : N decomposed more rapidly and supported higher microbial activity than that with a higher C : N. Subtle differences in leaf N content, as well as dissolved P concentration, may be important in determining microbial colonisation and subsequent leaf breakdown. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01588.x VL - 51 IS - 8 SP - 1515-1526 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33746265510&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - decomposition KW - leaf chemistry KW - microbial respiration KW - nutrient limitation KW - phosphorus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does leaf quality mediate the stimulation of leaf breakdown by phosphorus in Neotropical streams? AU - Ardón, M. AU - Stallcup, L.A. AU - Pringle, C.M. T2 - Freshwater Biology AB - Summary 1. Lowland tropical streams have a chemically diverse detrital resource base, where leaf quality could potentially alter the effect of high nutrient concentrations on leaf breakdown. This has important implications given the extent and magnitude of anthropogenic nutrient loading to the environment. 2. Here, we examine if leaf quality (as determined by concentrations of cellulose, lignin and tannins) mediates the effects of high ambient phosphorus (P) concentration on leaf breakdown in streams of lowland Costa Rica. We hypothesised that P would have a stronger effect on microbial and insect processing of high‐ than of low‐quality leaves. 3. We selected three species that represented extremes of quality as measured in leaves of eight common riparian species. Species selected were, from high‐ to low‐quality: Trema integerrima > Castilla elastica > Zygia longifolia . We incubated single‐species leaf packs in five streams that had natural differences in ambient P concentration (10–140 μ g soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) L −1 ), because of variable inputs of solute‐rich groundwater and also in a stream that was experimentally enriched with P (approximately 200 μ g SRP L −1 ). 4. The breakdown rate of all three species varied among the six streams: T. integerrima ( k ‐values range: 0.0451–0.129 day −1 ); C. elastica ( k ‐values range: 0.0064–0.021 day −1 ); and Z. longifolia ( k ‐values range: 0.002–0.008 day −1 ). Both ambient P concentration and flow velocity had significant effects on the breakdown rate of the three species. 5. Results supported our initial hypothesis that litter quality mediates the effect of high ambient P concentration on leaf processing by microbes and insects. The response of microbial respiration, fungal biomass and invertebrate density to high ambient P concentration was greater in Trema (high quality) than in Castilla or Zygia (low quality). Variation in flow velocity, however, confounded our ability to determine the magnitude of stimulation of breakdown rate by P. 6. Cellulose and lignin appeared to be the most important factors in determining the magnitude of P‐stimulation. Surprisingly, leaf secondary compounds did not have an effect. This contradicts predictions made by other researchers, regarding the key role of plant secondary compounds in affecting leaf breakdown in tropical streams. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01515.x VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 618-633 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645109287&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Costa Rica KW - decomposition KW - ergosterol KW - lignin KW - phenolics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling forest harvesting effects on landscape pattern in the Northwest Wisconsin Pine Barrens AU - Radeloff, Volker C. AU - Mladenoff, David J. AU - Gustafson, Eric J. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Zollner, Patrick A. AU - He, Hong S. AU - Akcakaya, H. Resit T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Forest management shapes landscape patterns, and these patterns often differ significantly from those typical for natural disturbance regimes. This may affect wildlife habitat and other aspects of ecosystem function. Our objective was to examine the effects of different forest management decisions on landscape pattern in a fire adapted ecosystem. We used a factorial design experiment in LANDIS (a forest landscape simulation model) to test the effects of: (a) cut unit size, (b) minimum harvest age and (c) target species for management. Our study area was the Pine Barrens of northwest Wisconsin, an area where fire suppression has caused a lack of large open areas important for wildlife. Our results show that all three management choices under investigation (cut unit size, minimum harvest age and target species for management) have strong effects on forest composition and landscape patterns. Cut unit size is the most important factor influencing landscape pattern, followed by target species for management (either jack pine or red pine) and then minimum harvest age. Open areas are more abundant, and their average size is larger, when cut units are larger, target species is jack pine, and minimum harvest age is lower. Such information can assist forest managers to relate stand level management decision to landscape patterns. DA - 2006/11/15/ PY - 2006/11/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.007 VL - 236 IS - 1 SP - 113-126 SN - 1872-7042 KW - landscape ecology KW - simulation modeling KW - LANDIS KW - Pine Barrens KW - Wisconsin KW - forest harvesting KW - spatial pattern ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolating the effects of white-tailed deer on the vegetation dynamics of a rare maritime American holly forest AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Leopold, Donald J. AU - Underwood, H. Brian T2 - AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST AB - Effects of multiple herbivores were isolated in a rare, old-growth, maritime forest that has been affected by high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations for several decades. Three decades of change in the plant community was described using permanent plots and nearly two decades of recovery using deer exclosures. Additional short-term exclosure experiments were used to separate the effect of rabbit and vole herbivory and the influence of canopy type on understory vegetation. We assessed whether natural enclosures formed by high densities of greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia and S. glauca) provide spatial refugia for plant species from deer. Significant differences in fenced plots indicate that deer, rabbits and voles individually affect the understory vegetation, though rabbits and voles are secondary to deer that are the major herbivore in the American holly (Ilex opaca) forest. Plant cover decreased within permanent plots from 1967 to 1986; during the same time period deer densities increased drastically island-wide. Since plots were fenced in 1986 no additional significant changes were detected, but this is likely due to an inadequate sample size. The cover of all species depended on the interaction of fencing and canopy type with significantly higher plant cover in fenced plots beneath mixed or exclusively deciduous canopy. The proportion of woody stems surpassing 0.5 m tall was significantly higher when stems were fenced. Browsing impacts were apparent on approximately a quarter of the vegetation in June 2003. Plant cover, richness and diversity were higher within natural greenbrier enclosures. Overall the exclosure studies indicate the potential natural recovery that could occur within the forest if deer herbivory were limited. Few species have been extirpated, although several are confined to the greenbrier enclosures. Under the current level of herbivory, the maritime holly forest composition will be altered, changing the characteristic canopy of a critically imperiled plant community. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.1674/0003-0031(2006)156[135:iteowd]2.0.co;2 VL - 156 IS - 1 SP - 135-150 SN - 1938-4238 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extant and potential vegetation of an old-growth maritime Ilex opaca forest AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Leopold, Donald J. T2 - PLANT ECOLOGY DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1007/s11258-005-9045-8 VL - 183 IS - 2 SP - 349-359 SN - 1573-5052 KW - gap regeneration KW - Ilex opaca KW - maritime forest KW - seed bank KW - treefall gap KW - vegetation structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen dynamics of a boreal black spruce wildfire chronosequence AU - Bond-Lamberty, Ben AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Wang, Chuankuan AU - Cyr, Pascal AU - Veldhuis, Hugo T2 - BIOGEOCHEMISTRY DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1007/s10533-006-9025-7 VL - 81 IS - 1 SP - 1-16 SN - 1573-515X KW - Picea mariana KW - Pinus banksiana KW - Populus tremuloides KW - Sphagnum KW - biogeochemical cycling KW - boreal forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monitoring spring canopy phenology of a deciduous broadleaf forest using MODIS AU - Ahl, Douglas E. AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Burrows, Sean N. AU - Shabanov, Nikolay V. AU - Myneni, Ranga B. AU - Knyazikhin, Yuri T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - Climate change is predicted to alter the canopy phenology of temperate and boreal forests, which will affect carbon, water, and energy budgets. Therefore, there is a great need to evaluate remotely sensed products for their potential to accurately capture canopy dynamics. The objective of this study was to compare several products derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to field measurements of fraction photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) and plant area index (PAI) for a deciduous broadleaf forest in northern Wisconsin in 2002. MODIS products captured the general phenological development of the canopy although MODIS products overestimated the leaf area during the overstory leaf out period. Field data suggest that the period from budburst to canopy maturity, or maximum PAI, occurred in 10 to 12 days while MODIS products predicted onset of greenness and maturity from 1 to 21 days and 0 to 19 days earlier than that from field observations, respectively. Temporal compositing of MODIS data and understory development are likely key factors explaining differences with field data. Maximum PAI estimates differed only by 7% between field derived and MODIS-based estimates of LAI. Implications for ecosystem modeling of carbon and water exchange and future research needs are discussed. DA - 2006/9/15/ PY - 2006/9/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2006.05.003 VL - 104 IS - 1 SP - 88-95 SN - 1879-0704 KW - understory vegetation KW - plant area index KW - leaf area index KW - photosynthetically active radiation KW - NDVI ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of MODIS NPP and GPP products across multiple biomes AU - Turner, David P. AU - Ritts, William D. AU - Cohen, Warren B. AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Running, Steve W. AU - Zhao, Maosheng AU - Costa, Marcos H. AU - Kirschbaum, Al A. AU - Ham, Jay M. AU - Saleska, Scott R. AU - Ahl, Douglas E. T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - Estimates of daily gross primary production (GPP) and annual net primary production (NPP) at the 1 km spatial resolution are now produced operationally for the global terrestrial surface using imagery from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor. Ecosystem-level measurements of GPP at eddy covariance flux towers and plot-level measurements of NPP over the surrounding landscape offer opportunities for validating the MODIS NPP and GPP products, but these flux measurements must be scaled over areas on the order of 25 km2 to make effective comparisons to the MODIS products. Here, we report results for such comparisons at 9 sites varying widely in biome type and land use. The sites included arctic tundra, boreal forest, temperate hardwood forest, temperate conifer forest, tropical rain forest, tallgrass prairie, desert grassland, and cropland. The ground-based NPP and GPP surfaces were generated by application of the Biome-BGC carbon cycle process model in a spatially-distributed mode. Model inputs of land cover and leaf area index were derived from Landsat data. The MODIS NPP and GPP products showed no overall bias. They tended to be overestimates at low productivity sites — often because of artificially high values of MODIS FPAR (fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy), a critical input to the MODIS GPP algorithm. In contrast, the MODIS products tended to be underestimates in high productivity sites — often a function of relatively low values for vegetation light use efficiency in the MODIS GPP algorithm. A global network of sites where both NPP and GPP are measured and scaled over the local landscape is needed to more comprehensively validate the MODIS NPP and GPP products and to potentially calibrate the MODIS NPP/GPP algorithm parameters. DA - 2006/6/15/ PY - 2006/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2006.02.017 VL - 102 IS - 3-4 SP - 282-292 SN - 1879-0704 KW - MODIS KW - landsat KW - net primary production KW - gross primary production KW - biomes KW - validation KW - global KW - monitoring ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial dynamics of soil moisture and temperature in a black spruce boreal chronosequence AU - Bond-Lamberty, Ben AU - Brown, Karen M. AU - Goranson, Carol AU - Gower, Stith T. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - This study analyzed the spatial dependencies of soil moisture and temperature in a six-stand chronosequence of boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands. Spatial variability of soil temperature (T SOIL ) was evaluated twice during the growing season using four transects in each stand, employing a cyclic sampling design with measurements spaced 2–92 m apart. Soil moisture (θ g ) was measured on one occasion. A spherical model was used to analyze the geostatistical correlation structure; θ g and T SOIL at the 7- and 21-year-old stands did not exhibit stable ranges or sills. The fits with stable ranges and sills modeled the spatial patterns in the older stands reasonably well, although unexplained variability was high. Calculated ranges varied from 3 to 150 m for these stands, lengths probably related to structural characteristics influential in local-scale energy transfer. Transect-to-transect variability was significant and typically 5%–15% of the mean for T SOIL and 10%–70% for θ g . T SOIL and θ g were negatively correlated for most stands and depths, with T SOIL dropping 0.5–0.9 °C for every 1% rise in θ g . The results reported here provide initial data to assess the spatial variability of T SOIL and θ g in a variety of boreal forest stand ages. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1139/x06-160 VL - 36 IS - 11 SP - 2794-2802 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - MODIS leaf area index products: From validation to algorithm improvement AU - Yang, W. Z. AU - Tan, B. AU - Huang, D. AU - Rautiainen, M. AU - Shabanov, N. V. AU - Wang, Y. AU - Privette, J. L. AU - Huemmrich, K. F. AU - Fensholt, R. AU - Sandholt, I. AU - Weiss, M. AU - Ahl, D. E. AU - Gower, S. T. AU - Nemani, R. R. AU - Knyazikhin, Y. AU - Myneni, R. B. T2 - IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing AB - Global products of vegetation green Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation absorbed by vegetation (FPAR) are being operationally produced from Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) at 1-km resolution and eight-day frequency. This paper summarizes the experience of several collaborating investigators on validation of MODIS LAI products and demonstrates the close connection between product validation and algorithm refinement activities. The validation of moderate resolution LAI products includes three steps: 1) field sampling representative of LAI spatial distribution and dynamic range within each major land cover type at the validation site; 2) development of a transfer function between field LAI measurements and high resolution satellite data to generate a reference LAI map over an extended area; and 3) comparison of MODIS LAI with aggregated reference LAI map at patch (multipixel) scale in view of geo-location and pixel shift uncertainties. The MODIS LAI validation experiences, summarized here, suggest three key factors that influence the accuracy of LAI retrievals: 1) uncertainties in input land cover data, 2) uncertainties in input surface reflectances, and 3) uncertainties from the model used to build the look-up tables accompanying the algorithm. This strategy of validation efforts guiding algorithm refinements has led to progressively more accurate LAI products from the MODIS sensors aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua platforms DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1109/tgrs.2006.871215 VL - 44 IS - 7 SP - 1885-1898 ER - TY - JOUR TI - MODIS land cover and LAI collection 4 product quality across nine sites in the western hemisphere AU - Cohen, Warren B. AU - Maiersperger, Thomas K. AU - Turner, David P. AU - Ritts, William D. AU - Pflugmacher, Dirk AU - Kennedy, Robert E. AU - Kirschbaum, Alan AU - Running, Steven W. AU - Costa, Marcos AU - Gower, Stith T. T2 - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING AB - Global maps of land cover and leaf area index (LAI) derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) reflectance data are an important resource in studies of global change, but errors in these must be characterized and well understood. Product validation requires careful scaling from ground and related measurements to a grain commensurate with MODIS products. We present an updated BigFoot project protocol for developing 25-m validation data layers over 49-km 2 study areas. Results from comparisons of MODIS and BigFoot land cover and LAI products at nine contrasting sites are reported. In terms of proportional coverage, MODIS and BigFoot land cover were in close agreement at six sites. The largest differences were at low tree cover evergreen needleleaf sites and at an Arctic tundra site where the MODIS product overestimated woody cover proportions. At low leaf biomass sites there was reasonable agreement between MODIS and BigFoot LAI products, but there was not a particular MODIS LAI algorithm pathway that consistently compared most favorably. At high leaf biomass sites, MODIS LAI was generally overpredicted by a significant amount. For evergreen needleleaf sites, LAI seasonality was exaggerated by MODIS. Our results suggest incremental improvement from Collection 3 to Collection 4 MODIS products, with some remaining problems that need to be addressed DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.1109/tgrs.2006.876026 VL - 44 IS - 7 SP - 1843-1857 SN - 1558-0644 KW - land cover KW - Landsat KW - Leaf Area Index (LAI) KW - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) KW - scaling KW - validation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Boreal mixedwood tree growth on contrasting soils and disturbance types AU - Martin, Jennifer L. AU - Gower, Stith T. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Mixedwood forests are an ecologically and economically important ecosystem in the boreal forest of northern Canada. The objectives of this study were to (i) compare the age–height relationships for dominant tree species growing on two contrasting soil types and originating from different disturbances (logging versus wildfire), and (ii) determine the influence of competition on tree growth. Eight stands were selected that encompassed two age-classes replicated on two soil types (clay loam and sand) in a split-plot design. Four of the eight stands originated from logging (21–26 years old), and <F"Times">the four others originated from wildfires (80 years old). Nonlinear age–height analyses were used to compare annual height and radial increment growth of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Species, soil type, and size class explained significant amounts of the measured variation in the age–height models. Aspen, black spruce, and jack pine were 16%, 27%, and 19% taller, respectively, on clay soils than on sandy soils at the burned stand. Tree heights did not differ significantly among species or between soil types in logged stands. Diameter growth decreased as competition increased for black spruce and jack pine in the burned stands. The results for these three important boreal tree species are discussed in the context of sustainable forestry for boreal mixedwood forests. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1139/x05-306 VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - 986-995 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulation of boreal black spruce chronosequences: Comparison to field measurements and model evaluation AU - Bond-Lamberty, Ben AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Goulden, Michael L. AU - McMillan, Andrew T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES AB - This study used the Biome Biogeochemical Cycles (Biome‐BGC) process model to simulate boreal forest dynamics, compared the results with a variety of measured carbon content and flux data from two boreal chronosequences in northern Manitoba, Canada, and examined how model output was affected by water and nitrogen limitations on simulated plant production and decomposition. Vascular and nonvascular plant growth were modeled over 151 years in well‐drained and poorly drained forests, using as many site‐specific model parameters as possible. Measured data included (1) leaf area and carbon content from site‐specific allometry data, (2) aboveground and belowground net primary production from allometry and root cores, and (3) flux data, including biometry‐based net ecosystem production and tower‐based net ecosystem exchange. The simulation used three vegetation types or functional groups (evergreen needleaf trees, deciduous broadleaf trees, and bryophytes). Model output matched some of the observed data well, with net primary production, biomass, and net ecosystem production (NEP) values usually (50–80% of data) within the errors of observed values. Leaf area was generally underpredicted. In the simulation, nitrogen limitation increased with stand age, while soil anoxia limited vascular plant growth in the poorly drained simulation. NEP was most sensitive to climate variability in the poorly drained stands. Simulation results are discussed with respect to conceptual issues in, and parameterization of, the Biome‐BGC model. DA - 2006/6/8/ PY - 2006/6/8/ DO - 10.1029/2005jg000123 VL - 111 IS - G2 SP - SN - 2169-8961 ER - TY - CONF TI - Preferred methods for delivering education information to forest landowners AU - Bardon, R. E. AU - Hazel, D. AU - Miller, K. C2 - 2006/// C3 - A Southern Region Conference on Technology Transfer and Extension DA - 2006/// SP - 149-155 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic implications of reduced survival of male red deer Cervus elaphus under harvest AU - Hard, Jeffrey J. AU - Mills, L. Scott AU - Peek, James M. T2 - WILDLIFE BIOLOGY AB - We use simple, multivariate evolutionary models to evaluate the short-term potential for size-selective harvest to reduce genetic variability and alter life history in cervids. These genetic effects limit sustainable levels of harvest of the animals because they determine how changes in sex ratio, generation length and traits contributing to fitness influence population growth rate and local adaptation. Our analysis of harvest-mediated adaptive evolution employs a genetic approach that parameterizes models with empirical data obtained from European red deer Cervus elaphus. The analysis indicates that harvest, if sufficiently high to reduce the breeding ratio of males to females to below about 15:100, can reduce effective population size to a level that threatens adaptive potential. The reduction in effective size is realized through decreases in both sex ratio of breeders and the age of breeding males. Predicted selective effects of harvest on body size indicates a weak potential to alter most life-history traits over 10 generations under two harvest scenarios; the patterns suggest that current modes of harvest are unlikely to produce substantial life-history changes in red deer over 10 or fewer generations unless the genetic influences on red deer traits are considerably higher than those predicted here. Nevertheless, male reproductive success is expected to decline detectably if male harvest rate is sufficiently high (> 30%). Collectively, our results imply that harvest methods should permit higher post-hunt male:female ratios (18:100 or higher) and ensure that a sufficient number of larger, older males survive the breeding season. The capacity of selective harvest to alter demography and life history depends heavily on the genetic covariance structure underlying variation in these traits, information that is unknown for many red deer populations. Prudent harvest management should therefore implement and monitor approaches to hunting that aim to conserve life-history variation; meanwhile, use of less selective methods can reduce the risk to long-term adaptive potential and may permit higher sustainable harvest rates. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[427:giorso]2.0.co;2 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 427-441 SN - 1903-220X KW - Cervus elaphus KW - effective population size KW - elk KW - fitness KW - harvest KW - quantitative genetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dam operation and land use on stream channel morphology and riparian vegetation AU - Gordon, Eric AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - GEOMORPHOLOGY AB - Dams are well known for influencing channel and vegetation dynamics downstream, but little work has focused on distinguishing effects of land use and channel responses to the impoundment. In this paper, we examined interacting effects of a dam and land use on downstream changes in channel morphology and riparian vegetation along an agricultural stream system in northern California. Measurements of planform channel morphology, vegetation area, and land use were mapped along multiple stream segments based on a chronological sequence of historical aerial photographs over a 34-yr period prior to operation of the dam in 1983 and over a 17-yr period after dam operation, and compared to a nearby, undammed reference stream. A two-factor analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine the effect of the dam on changes in bankfull area, stream length, and riparian vegetation area while accounting for the effect of land use and distance downstream. The dammed stream's bankfull area contracted 94% after dam operation. Prior to dam operation, bankfull area decreased when land use area increased, but not after operation of the dam. Stream length varied 64% less after dam operation as a consequence of less frequent episodic channel migration and entrenchment. The area of riparian vegetation was decreasing during the pre-dam period, but then increased 72% after operation of the dam. Across time periods, decreases in the area of riparian vegetation were also associated with increases in land use area in both the dammed and reference stream. After operation of the dam, reduced peak discharges and sediment reduction likely lead to channel incision and constrained channel migration, which allowed vegetation to increase 50% on less accessible, abandoned banks. Rating curve and hydraulic exponent analyses based on stream gauge measurements corroborate statistical analyses of the mapped changes. In conclusion, we found that operation of the dam and land use patterns together influenced spatial and temporal changes in channel morphology and riparian vegetation. Use of a nearby undammed reference stream in conjunction with multivariable analysis of spatially and temporally replicated observations provided an effective framework for unraveling interacting effects of dams and land use activities on stream channel and vegetation dynamics. DA - 2006/12/15/ PY - 2006/12/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.001 VL - 82 IS - 3-4 SP - 412-429 SN - 1872-695X KW - GIS KW - channel morphology KW - riparian vegetation KW - land use KW - ANCOVA KW - hydraulic exponent analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Association Rule Discovery System for Geographic Data AU - Rodman, Laura C. AU - Jackson, John AU - Huizar, Robert, III AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 AB - An association rule discovery system has been developed for geographic data. Association rules are applicable to the interpretation of remote sensing images, in which ancillary data are used to guide land cover mapping. The software system developed, called Aspect, works with standard geographic data formats and extends the association rule formulation to handle spatial relationships. Multiple strategies provide guidance for selecting the relevant variables to include in the rules. Association rule results are presented that are derived from environmental conditions, anthropogenic features, land cover, and vegetation. Many of the data layers used in geospatial analysis are derived from remote sensing data products. These data sets might include vegetation conditions, land use, human structures, and terrain. In some cases, the results from an association rule analysis can be used as ancillary information to assist in the interpretation of remote sensing images. Associations between data layers can be used to guide image recognition and identification (1), or can be applied to validation and error checking of data. Association rules can also be applied to prediction, in which rules found in one domain are applied to new domains where the data are not complete. In those cases it may be useful to infer the presence of features in an area based on the known patterns of occurrence elsewhere. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1109/igarss.2006.892 SP - 3478-+ SN - 2153-6996 KW - Association rule discovery KW - geographic data mining KW - geospatial data ER - TY - JOUR TI - A geographic analysis of wind turbine placement in Northern California AU - Rodman, LC AU - Meentemeyer, RK T2 - ENERGY POLICY AB - The development of new wind energy projects requires a significant consideration of land use issues. An analytic framework using a Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed to evaluate site suitability for wind turbines and to predict the locations and extent of land available for feasible wind power development. The framework uses rule-based spatial analysis to evaluate different scenarios. The suitability criteria include physical requirements as well as environmental and human impact factors. By including socio-political concerns, this technique can assist in forecasting the acceptance level of wind farms by the public. The analysis was used to evaluate the nine-county region of the Greater San Francisco Bay Area. The model accurately depicts areas where large-scale wind farms have been developed or proposed. It also shows that there are many locations available in the Bay Area for the placement of smaller-scale wind turbines. The framework has application to other regions where future wind farm development is proposed. This information can be used by energy planners to predict the extent that wind energy can be developed based on land availability and public perception. DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2005.03.004 VL - 34 IS - 15 SP - 2137-2149 SN - 0301-4215 KW - wind turbines KW - geography KW - spatial analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biological Resources and Migration AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1007/s10980-005-2897-4 VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - 625-626 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Landscape Ecology KW - Biological Resource ER - TY - CHAP TI - Economic prospects and policy framework of biotechnology in the southern USA and Latin America AU - Cubbage, F. W. AU - Wear, D.N. AU - Bennadji, Z. T2 - Landscapes, genomics and transgenic conifers PY - 2006/// PB - Dordrecht : Springer SN - 9781402038686 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eocene woods of central Oregon AU - Wheeler, E. A. AU - Manchester, S. R. AU - Wiemann, M. T2 - PaleoBios DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 1-6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The nutritional, ecological, and ethical arguments against baiting and feeding white-tailed deer AU - Brown, Robert D. AU - Cooper, Susan M. T2 - WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN AB - Wildlife Society BulletinVolume 34, Issue 2 p. 519-524 In My Opinion: The Nutritional, Ecological, and Ethical Arguments Against Baiting and Feeding White-Tailed Deer ROBERT D. BROWN, ROBERT D. BROWN Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2258, USA E-mail: [email protected] Bob Brown (right) is professor and head of the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Director of the Institute for Renewable Natural Resources at Texas A&M University. He received a B.S. from Colorado State University and a Ph.D. from the Pennsylvania State University, both in animal nutrition. He was a faculty member at Texas A&M University and a research scientist at the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute in Kingsville from 1975–1987 and head of the Wildlife and Fisheries Department at Mississippi State University from 1987–1993 before coming to Texas A&M. Bob is the President of The Wildlife Society.Search for more papers by this authorSUSAN M. COOPER, SUSAN M. COOPER Texas A&M University, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Uvalde, TX 78801-6205, USA Susan Cooper (left) is an assistant professor of wildlife sciences at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Uvalde, Texas. She obtained her B.S. in zoology at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; her M.S. in ecology at the University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; and her Ph.D. in ecology at the University of Witwatersrand in South Africa. Prior to coming to Uvalde as a research associate in 1993, she had research experience in South Africa, Botswana, Alaska, Kenya, the United Kingdom, and at Michigan State University. Susan's area of interest is the nutritional ecology of ungulates.Search for more papers by this author ROBERT D. BROWN, ROBERT D. BROWN Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2258, USA E-mail: [email protected] Bob Brown (right) is professor and head of the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Director of the Institute for Renewable Natural Resources at Texas A&M University. He received a B.S. from Colorado State University and a Ph.D. from the Pennsylvania State University, both in animal nutrition. He was a faculty member at Texas A&M University and a research scientist at the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute in Kingsville from 1975–1987 and head of the Wildlife and Fisheries Department at Mississippi State University from 1987–1993 before coming to Texas A&M. Bob is the President of The Wildlife Society.Search for more papers by this authorSUSAN M. COOPER, SUSAN M. COOPER Texas A&M University, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Uvalde, TX 78801-6205, USA Susan Cooper (left) is an assistant professor of wildlife sciences at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Uvalde, Texas. She obtained her B.S. in zoology at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; her M.S. in ecology at the University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; and her Ph.D. in ecology at the University of Witwatersrand in South Africa. Prior to coming to Uvalde as a research associate in 1993, she had research experience in South Africa, Botswana, Alaska, Kenya, the United Kingdom, and at Michigan State University. Susan's area of interest is the nutritional ecology of ungulates.Search for more papers by this author First published: 13 December 2010 https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[519:TNEAEA]2.0.CO;2Citations: 40 E-mail: [email protected] Bob Brown (right) is professor and head of the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Director of the Institute for Renewable Natural Resources at Texas A&M University. He received a B.S. from Colorado State University and a Ph.D. from the Pennsylvania State University, both in animal nutrition. He was a faculty member at Texas A&M University and a research scientist at the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute in Kingsville from 1975–1987 and head of the Wildlife and Fisheries Department at Mississippi State University from 1987–1993 before coming to Texas A&M. Bob is the President of The Wildlife Society. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The use of food plots, supplemental feeding, and baiting has been a common and legal practice in Texas for many years. There is now controversy as to whether Texas Parks and Wildlife Department should include this extra nutrition as part of their carrying capacity estimates used to determine harvest permits for private landowners. Managers should remember that nutrition is only one component of carrying capacity, which includes water, shelter, and space as well. Extensive data exists about the potential negative impact of feeding on deer. Studies in Texas (Murden and Risenhoover 1993) have shown that fed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can degrade rangeland by overconsuming high-quality plants and underconsuming low-quality plants. Guiterrez (1999) did not find that effect when South Texas deer were offered winter food plots. Donier et al. (1997) found in Minnesota that winter supplementation increased browse pressure within 900 m of feeders. Other reports (Williamson 2000) show increased browse pressure within a 1-mile radius of feeders, perhaps due to concentration of deer. Cooper et al. (2002) found 50% kernal home range sizes of fed deer were half that of unfed deer and that browse pressure near the feeder was 7 times that of unfed deer. Supplemental feeding has been suspected of contributing to the spread of tuberculosis in deer, chronic wasting disease in elk (Cervus canadensis) and deer, and brucellosis in elk and bison (Bison bison; Williamson 2000). Crowding due to supplemental feeding led to fighting and injuries in Michigan deer (Ozoga 1972). Feeding has actually led to starvation in deer due to increases in population when feeding was initiated (McCullough 1977, Schmitz 1990). Supplemental feed is consumed by nontarget species, possibly leading them to pass disease and to attract predators. Cooper and Ginnett (2000) found decreased survivorship of simulated turkey nests within 400 m of deer feeders in Texas. In 1998 we found illegal levels of aflatoxin in 40% of 100 randomly purchased bags of “deer corn” in Texas (N. Wilkins, Texas Cooperative Extension, USA, unpublished data). The ecological significance of deer feeding and baiting is only part of the issue. Feeding leads to ethical questions as well. Feeding is part of the domestication process, along with fencing, breeding, and health programs that, due to their expense, may lead to the desire for private ownership of wildlife. Baiting, likewise, adds to the advantages of the hunter over the hunted and may decrease hunter satisfaction and increase concerns of the antihunters and the nonhunting public (Ortega y Gasset 1995). Deer managers and agency personnel should review the data presented here and incorporate it into their decision making when considering feeding or baiting of deer. Literature cited Adams, C. E., and L. A. Causey. 2000. The future of hunting in Texas. Texas A&M University Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College Station, USA. Google Scholar Asleson, M. A., E. C. Hellgren, and L. W. Varner. 1996. 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Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C., USA. Google Scholar Youatt, W. G., D. E. Ullrey, and W. T. Magee. 1976. Vitamin A concentrations in the livers of white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 172–173. 10.2307/3800175 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume34, Issue2June 2006Pages 519-524 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[519:TNEAEA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 519-524 SN - 1938-5463 KW - baiting KW - deer KW - hunting KW - Odocoileus spp. KW - supplemental feeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serving members' needs while building a consensus: The development of the Wildlife Society's position statement on economic growth AU - Brown, RD T2 - WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN AB - The editor of Wildlife Society Bulletin asked me to respond to the Gates et al. (2006) article on The Wildlife Society's (TWS) economic growth policy statement. This was done with the concurrence of the authors of that article. I prepared a draft of this response, then ran it by Council, along with the Gates manuscript, the original proposed policy statement, and the policy statement approved by Council. In our reading of the Gates manuscript, the issues raised by the authors seem to be twofold: 1) the process by which this policy statement was adopted, and, 2) the content of the adopted policy, which varies significantly from that proposed by the TWS Working Group on Local Governance. I will address both issues. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[512:SMNWBA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 512-513 SN - 0091-7648 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Binding of warfarin influences the acid-base equilibrium of H242 in sudlow site I of human serum albumin AU - Perry, J.L. AU - Goldsmith, M.R. AU - Williams, T.R. AU - Radick, K. AU - Christenson, T. AU - Gorham, J. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa AU - Toone, E.J. AU - Beratan, D.N. AU - Simon, J.D. AU - al. T2 - PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Sudlow Site I of human serum albumin (HSA) is located in subdomain IIA of the protein and serves as a binding cavity for a variety of ligands. In this study, the binding of warfarin (W) is examined using computational techniques and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The structure of the docked warfarin anion (W − ) to Site I is similar to that revealed by X‐ray crystallography, with a calculated binding constant of 5.8 × 10 5 M −1 . ITC experiments (pH 7.13 and I = 0.1) carried out in three different buffers (MOPs, phosphate and Tris) reveal binding of W − is accompanied by uptake of 0.30 ± 0.02 protons from the solvent. This measurement suggests that the binding of W − is stabilized by an ion‐pair interaction between protonated H242 and the phenoxide group of W − . 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PETERSON Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2258, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorTARLA RAI PETERSON, TARLA RAI PETERSON Department of Communication, Program in Peace & Conflict Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0491, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author M. NILS PETERSON, M. NILS PETERSON Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University, 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1222, U.S.A., email [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorMARKUS J. PETERSON, MARKUS J. PETERSON Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2258, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorTARLA RAI PETERSON, TARLA RAI PETERSON Department of Communication, Program in Peace & Conflict Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0491, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: 27 March 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00409.xCitations: 8Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. 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A2 - Moran, Matt PY - 2006/// SP - 103-127 PB - Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest livelihoods and iron ore mines in Orissa, India AU - Sills, E. AU - Miller, J. AU - Saha, S. AU - Pattanayak, S. T2 - Sylvanet DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 19 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deforestation, malaria and poverty: a call for transdisciplinary research to support the design of cross-sectoral policies AU - Pattanayak, S. AU - Dickinson, K. AU - Corey, C. AU - Murray, B. AU - Sills, Erin AU - Kramer, R. T2 - Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy AB - Many of the world’s poorest people live in areas with high malaria rates and suffer the associated physical, economic, and social hardships. These same areas are often undergoing extensive forest conversion and degradation. While causality has generally not been established, the scientific literature makes it abundantly clear that the juxtaposition of deprivation, deforestation, and disease is not pure coincidence. We chart a course for using transdisciplinary research to develop more effective policies to control malaria, protect forests, and alleviate poverty. First describing the malaria problem, including its etiologic roots and its social toll, the paper then examines some shortcomings of contemporary societal responses. We discuss why understanding the role of deforestation in linking malaria to poverty is important and present the mixed empirical evidence on the malaria-deforestation-poverty link from macro- and microeconomic studies. The paper concludes with a proposal for strategically linking research and policy at the malariadeforestation- poverty nexus in a comprehensive decision-analysis framework that channels research to the most pressing policy needs, informs policy with the most conclusive research, and ensures stakeholders are effectively informed about their options. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1080/15487733.2006.11907984 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 45–56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing environmental impact statements for road projects in North Carolina AU - Carrasco, L. AU - Blank, G. AU - Sills, Erin T2 - Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal AB - We evaluate consistency and patterns among a 20-year sample of EISs for road projects in North Carolina, USA. Applying multivariate statistical methods, we find substantial variation in reporting of project and site characteristics, the EIS process itself, and types and definitions of impacts. We find a relationship between environmental impacts and bio-physical or geographic factors. The relationship between predicted environmental impacts and economic factors suggests more environmental impacts occur, or are identified, in high-income counties. Variables describing public involvement and completeness are associated mainly with the number of residential relocations required. Farmlands potentially impacted are reported inconsistently and are not reliable for comparison, so rural environmental impacts may be seriously underestimated. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.3152/147154606781765318 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 65–79 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abordagens analaticas na avaliacao de impactos reais de programas de conservacao AU - Sills, E. AU - Pattanayak, S. AU - Ferraro, P. AU - Alger, K. T2 - Megadiversidade DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 2 IS - 1-2 SP - 39-49 ER - TY - CONF TI - Predicting whole-stem wood properties in loblolly pine AU - Aspinwall, M. AU - Li, B. AU - McKeand, S. AU - Isik, F. AU - Gumpertz, M. C2 - 2006/// C3 - Information Exchange Group 40 Conference, Incorporating Genetic Advances into Forest Productivity Systems: Value for All Landowners. Exchange Group 40 Conference, Incorporating Genetic Advances into Forest Productivity Systems: Value for All Landowners. DA - 2006/// VL - 40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Integration of high resolution imagery in cost-effective assessment of land use practices influencing erosion and sediment yield AU - Hester, D. B. AU - Cakir, H. I. AU - Nelson, S. A. C. AU - Khorram, S. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 221 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Conducting sound ecological studies at the landscape scale: hypotheses, experiments and challenges AU - Silbernagel, J. AU - Chen, J. AU - Noormets, A. AU - Song, B. T2 - Ecology of Hierarchical Landscapes: From Theory to Application A2 - J. Chen, S. C. Saunders A2 - K. D. Brosofske, A2 - Crow, T. R. PY - 2006/// SP - 283-297 PB - Carbondale, IL: Nova Publishing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of population demographics and social pressures on white-tailed deer dispersal ecology AU - Shaw, Jonathan C. AU - Lancia, Richard A. AU - Conner, Mark C. AU - Rosenberry, Christopher S. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Dispersal of yearling male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can have profound effects on population demographics and can adversely affect population estimates and management objectives. The relationship among population demographics, social pressures, and dispersal ecology is not clear and warrants scientific evaluation. The age structure and sex ratio of the white-tailed deer population at Chesapeake Farms, Maryland, USA, changed after implementation of quality deer management (QDM). Following Rosenberry's (1997) pre-QDM study on white-tailed deer dispersal, we conducted a post-QDM study on white-tailed deer dispersal at Chesapeake Farms. The objectives of our study were 1) to compare pre- and post-QDM emigration, immigration, survival, and behaviors of yearling males, 2) to evaluate inbreeding avoidance and sexual competition hypotheses as mechanisms of dispersal through behavioral comparisons of dispersers and nondispersers, and 3) to evaluate the maternal aggression hypothesis by comparing dispersal rates of orphan and non-orphan yearling males determined by genetic maternity analysis. Emigration probability of yearling males 8–18 months of age pre-QDM was 0.70 ± 0.07, and post-QDM was 0.54 ± 0.10 (Z = 1.39, P = 0.165). Survival probability of yearling males 8–18 months of age increased from 0.44 ± 0.07 pre-QDM to 0.72 ± 0.08 post-QDM (Z = 2.82, P = 0.005), and we attributed this increase largely to increased survival of emigrant males post-QDM. Dispersers exhibited breeding competition with other yearling males more often than nondispersers in both pre- (t19 = 3.22, P = 0.005) and post-QDM (t13 = 3.54, P = 0.004) populations. Breeding behaviors of yearling males decreased from pre- to post-QDM (t34 = 2.00, P = 0.053). Antler points of nondisperser yearlings also decreased from pre- to post-QDM (t16 = 3.29, P = 0.005). DNA maternity analysis indicated that dispersal of orphans (4 of 7) and non-orphans (7 of 10) was similar (= 0.298, P = 0.585). Our results fail to support inbreeding avoidance and support sexual competition as a cause of autumn dispersal at Chesapeake Farms. Through QDM, an older male age structure may have suppressed breeding competition in yearling males and decreased dispersal rates, increasing site-specific management efficiency DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1293:EOPDAS]2.0.CO;2 VL - 70 IS - 5 SP - 1293-1301 SN - 1937-2817 KW - behavior KW - Chesapeake Farms KW - dispersal KW - dispersal mechanism KW - emigration KW - immigration KW - Maryland KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - quality deer management KW - social pressures KW - survival KW - white-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Control of Phytophthora root rot in field plantings of Fraser fir-with fosetyl-al and mefenoxam AU - Benson, D. M. AU - Sidebottom, J. R. AU - Moody, J. T2 - Plant Health Progress AB - Fungicides were evaluated for control of Phytophthora root rot for five growing seasons in two field plantings of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) affected by Phytophthora cinnamomi in western North Carolina. At the first site, which had a fairly well-drained soil, treatment programs with Aliette (5 lb/100 gal, three applications per year), Subdue Maxx (3.7 fl oz/1.15 gal/1000 ft 2 , two applications per year), and Subdue GR (5.75 lb/1000 ft 2 , two applications per year) maintained low rates of mortality (< 10%) for three growing seasons, whereas tree mortality in the untreated plots reached 13 and 37% by the second and third growing seasons, respectively. At the second site, which was in a flood plain, disease did not develop during the first 2.5 years, even in untreated control plots. However, mortality increased rapidly following several high-rainfall events, but none of the fungicides had any effect on disease development. Apparently, at least under conditions not overly conducive to the disease, the fungicide treatment programs can delay the onset of high mortality rates caused by P. cinnamomi in Fraser fir for up to three growing seasons. Accepted for publication 23 February 2006. Published 31 March 2006. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1094/php-2006-0331-01-rs SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association of the cad-n1 allele with increased stem growth and wood density in full-sib families of loblolly pine AU - Yu, Q. AU - Li, B. AU - Nelson, C. D. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Batista, V. B. AU - Mullin, T. J. T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1007/s11295-005-0032-y VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 98-108 SN - 1614-2950 KW - cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase KW - half-diallel mating KW - null mutation KW - heterozygotes KW - stem growth KW - wood density ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential gene expression in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) challenged with the fusiform rust fungus, Cronartium quercuum f.sp fusiforme AU - Myburg, Henrietta AU - Morse, Alison M. AU - Amerson, Henry V. AU - Kubisiak, Thomas L. AU - Huber, Dudley AU - Osborne, Jason A. AU - Garcia, Saul A. AU - Nelson, C. Dana AU - Davis, John M. AU - Covert, Sarah F. AU - Zyl, Leonel M. T2 - PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme is the pathogen that incites fusiform rust disease of southern pine species. To date, a number of host resistance genes have been mapped. Although genomic mapping studies have provided valuable information on the genetic basis of disease interactions in this pine-rust pathosystem, the interaction at the molecular level is poorly understood. To further our understanding of this interaction, we implemented a microarray study to examine the differential expression of genes in pathogen-challenged progeny of a full-sib loblolly pine family known to be segregating at a single dominant resistance gene (Fr1). Statistical analyses revealed shifts in gene expression that may reflect discrete stages of gall development. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/j.pmpp.2006.07.002 VL - 68 IS - 1-3 SP - 79-91 SN - 0885-5765 KW - Cronartium quercuum f.sp fusiforme KW - fusiform rust KW - gene-for-gene interactions KW - microarray analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recommendations for assessing the effectiveness of surrogate species approaches AU - Favreau, Jorie M. AU - Drew, C. Ashton AU - Hess, George R. AU - Rubino, Matthew J. AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - Eschelbach, Katherine A. T2 - BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1007/s10531-005-2631-1 VL - 15 IS - 12 SP - 3949-3969 SN - 1572-9710 KW - effectiveness KW - flagship species KW - focal species KW - indicator species KW - keystone species KW - surrogate species KW - umbrella species ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mitigating impacts to Michaux's sumac (Rhus michauxii Sarg.): a case study of transplanting an endangered shrub AU - Braham, Richard AU - Murray, Christopher AU - Boyer, Marjorie T2 - CASTANEA AB - As part of a mitigation plan, we transplanted a clone of the endangered Michaux's sumac (Rhus michauxii) from an imperiled site to two lightly-forested sites. Using hand trowels, we removed 96 above-ground shoots with adjacent roots and 120 m of connecting root material. We wanted to determine whether Michaux's sumac can be successfully transplanted both from above-ground shoots with roots and from roots-only, whether direct out-planting or recovery in a greenhouse prior to out-planting provided higher survivorship, and whether transplanting is viable for mitigation. Planting above-ground shoots with roots and roots-only gave similar first-year survivorship both in the forest and in the greenhouse. Allowing plants to recover in a greenhouse prior to out-planting gave higher survivorship after one year. After 7–8 years, the number of above-ground shoots at the two sites increased to 203 and 262, an increase of 37 and 219% respectively, indicating that transplanting is a viable option for mitigation. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.2179/0008-7475(2006)71[265:MITMSR]2.0.CO;2 VL - 71 IS - 4 SP - 265-271 SN - 0008-7475 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic transformation of Populus trichocarpa genotype Nisqually-1: A functional genomic tool for woody plants AU - Song, Jingyuan AU - Lu, Shanfa AU - Chen, Zenn-Zong AU - Lourenco, Rodrigo AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY AB - We report here the Agrobacterium -mediated genetic transformation of Nisqually-1, a Populus trichocarpa genotype whose genome was recently sequenced. Several systems were established. Internodal stem segments from vigorously growing greenhouse plants are the explants most amenable to transformation. For the most efficient system, approximately 40% of the stem segments infected with pBI121-containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 produced transgenic calli, as confirmed by β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining. The regeneration efficiency of independent transgenic plants was approximately 13%, as revealed by genomic Southern analysis. Some transgenic plants were produced in as little as 5 months after co-cultivation. This system may help to facilitate studies of gene functions in tree growth and development at a genome level. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1093/pcp/pcl018 VL - 47 IS - 11 SP - 1582-1589 SN - 1471-9053 KW - Agrobacterium tumefaciens KW - black cottonwood KW - functional genomics KW - genetic transformation KW - Nisqually-1 KW - Populus trichocarpa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest policy reformed: A United States perspective AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. AU - Newman, David H. T2 - FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS AB - It appears that United States federal forest policy in the last three decades has been relatively static, with only modest changes in laws being made by Congress, and most federal policy-making occurring through budgetary allocation decisions. However, more fundamental forest policy shifts have occurred in international forestry, in environmental nongovernment organizations (ENGOs), and in the private sector. In the 1990s, the executive branch and state and local governments have become more important; international agreements have had significant impacts at defining the policy agenda; and environmental nongovernment organizations (ENGOs) have become more powerful, both at influencing agency implementation and as land managers themselves. In addition, corporations have actively pursued proactive environmental agendas and voluntarily adopted forest practice guidelines that often exceed those that could have been achieved by government mandates. Government programs have renewed purchases of forest land or of conservation easements. However, state forestry and development interest groups, market pressures, and limited government budgets continue to limit regulatory expansion. The tension between commodity and preservation interests has not waned, and forest policy responses have become more dynamic, extending beyond the traditional views of strictly government policy-making. The breadth of the public policy responses has increased, and the introduction of important new private and corporate forest policies and programs has greatly changed the impact on private forest land management. DA - 2006/12/1/ PY - 2006/12/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.forpol.2005.07.008 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 261-273 SN - 1872-7050 KW - forest policy KW - policy processes KW - sustainable forest management KW - forest certification KW - environment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of human recreation on the incubation behavior of American Oystercatchers AU - McGowan, Conor P. AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY AB - Human recreational disturbance and its effects on wildlife demographics and behavior is an increasingly important area of research. We monitored the nesting success of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) in coastal North Carolina in 2002 and 2003. We also used video monitoring at nests to measure the response of incubating birds to human recreation. We counted the number of trips per hour made by adult birds to and from the nest, and we calculated the percent time that adults spent incubating. We asked whether human recreational activities (truck, all-terrain vehicle ;obATV;cb, and pedestrian traffic) were correlated with parental behavioral patterns. Eleven a priori models of nest survival and behavioral covariates were evaluated using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to see whether incubation behavior influenced nest survival. Factors associated with birds leaving their nests (n = 548) included ATV traffic (25%), truck traffic (17%), pedestrian traffic (4%), aggression with neighboring oystercatchers or paired birds exchanging incubation duties (26%), airplane traffic (1%) and unknown factors (29%). ATV traffic was positively associated with the rate of trips to and away from the nest (β1 = 0.749, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with percent time spent incubating (β1 = −0.037, P = 0.025). Other forms of human recreation apparently had little effect on incubation behaviors. Nest survival models incorporating the frequency of trips by adults to and from the nest, and the percentage of time adults spent incubating, were somewhat supported in the AIC analyses. A low frequency of trips to and from the nest and, counter to expectations, low percent time spent incubating were associated with higher daily nest survival rates. These data suggest that changes in incubation behavior might be one mechanism by which human recreation affects the reproductive success of American Oystercatchers. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1676/05-084.1 VL - 118 IS - 4 SP - 485-493 SN - 1938-5447 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A bioenergetics-based approach to explain largemouth bass size in tropical reservoirs AU - Neal, J. Wesley AU - Noble, Richard L. T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Abstract In tropical systems where largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides have been introduced, maximum age is reduced to the point where few fish live beyond 3 years and adult growth rates are very slow. Concurrently, tropical largemouth bass have an extended spawning period (up to 8 months) and individual fish spawn multiple times each year. In this study, we examined the relationship between latitude and maximum size (record angler‐caught fish) of largemouth bass from temperate to tropical environments and tested the hypothesis that the slow growth of adult largemouth bass is the result of excessive energy reallocation to reproduction. State and national record‐sized largemouth bass were plotted against latitude for the USA, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Japan, Portugal (European record), Mexico, and Puerto Rico. Largemouth bass maximum weight increased as latitude decreased from 46.8°N; peak maximum weight occurred at 27.9°N. Below 27.9°N, largemouth bass size records decreased as latitude decreased ( R 2 = 0.67, P < 0.0001). Bioenergetics models were used to model observed growth (in Puerto Rico) and predicted growth based on a 2% mean daily ration (MDR), and reproduction scenarios were used to explain the difference between observed and predicted growth. The predicted weight in Puerto Rico was 2.7 times higher than observed weight during a simulated 6‐month spawning season. This discrepancy could be accounted for by a range of spawning frequencies (events per season) and levels (percent body weight per spawn) for females (e.g., 10 spawns at 6% body weight per spawn). Similarly, a 15% decrease in MDR of nest‐guarding males due to reduced ability to feed accounted for the difference between predicted and observed growth. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1577/T05-258.1 VL - 135 IS - 6 SP - 1535-1545 SN - 1548-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What are the best loblolly pine genotypes worth to landowners? AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Abt, R. C. AU - Allen, H. L. AU - Li, B. L. AU - Catts, G. P. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 104 IS - 7 SP - 352-358 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatio-temporal availability of soft mast in clearcuts in the Southern Appalachians AU - Reynolds-Hogland, Melissa J. AU - Mitchell, Michael S. AU - Powell, Roger A. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Soft mast is an important resource for many wild populations in the Southern Appalachians, yet the way clear-cutting affects availability of soft mast though time is not fully understood. We tested a theoretical model of temporal availability of soft mast in clearcuts using empirical data on percent cover and berry production of Gaylussacia, Vaccinium, and Rubus spp. plants in 100 stands that were clearcut (0–122 years old) in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. We modeled the relationship between soft mast availability and stand age, evaluated the effects of topography and forest type on soft mast, developed statistical models for predicting the spatio-temporal distribution of soft mast, and tested the hypothesis that percent cover of berry plants and berry production provided similar information about soft mast availability. We found temporal dynamics explained berry production better than it predicted percent plant cover, whereas topographic variables influenced percent plant cover more than they influenced berry production. Berry production and percent plant cover were highest in ∼2–9-year-old stands. Percent plant cover was lowest in 10–69-year-old stands and intermediate in 70+-year-old stands. Three of our spatio-temporal models performed well during model testing and they were not biased by the training data, indicating the inferences about spatio-temporal availability of soft mast extended beyond our sample data. The methods we used to estimate the distribution of soft mast may be useful for modeling distributions of other resources. DA - 2006/12/15/ PY - 2006/12/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.035 VL - 237 IS - 1-3 SP - 103-114 SN - 1872-7042 KW - clearcuts KW - habitat KW - timber harvesting KW - wildlife ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving the rooting capacity of stem cuttings of Virginia pine by severe stumping of parent trees AU - Rosier, C. L. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Goldfarb, B. AU - Blazich, F. A. AU - Wise, F. C. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 172-181 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of two laccases of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) expressed in tobacco BY-2 cells AU - Sato, Yasushi AU - Whetten, Ross W. T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1007/s10265-006-0020-9 VL - 119 IS - 6 SP - 581-588 SN - 0918-9440 KW - bright yellow-2 (BY-2) KW - dilignols KW - heterologous expression KW - lignin synthesis KW - multicopper oxidase ER - TY - JOUR TI - A simple model for simulating tornado damage in forests AU - Holland, Andrew P. AU - Riordan, Allen J. AU - Franklin, E. C. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY AB - Abstract An analytical model is presented to describe patterns of downed trees produced by tornadic winds. The model uses a combined Rankine vortex of specified tangential and radial components to describe a simple tornado circulation. A total wind field is then computed by adding the forward motion of the vortex. The lateral and vertical forces on modeled tree stands are then computed and are compared with physical characteristics of Scots and loblolly pine. From this model, patterns of windfall are computed and are compared to reveal three basic damage patterns: cross-track symmetric, along-track asymmetric, and crisscross asymmetric. These patterns are shown to depend on forward speed, radial speed, and tree resistance. It is anticipated that this model will prove to be useful in assessing storm characteristics from damage patterns observed in forested areas. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1175/JAM2413.1 VL - 45 IS - 12 SP - 1597-1611 SN - 1558-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional scale land cover characterization using MODIS-NDVI 250 m multi-temporal imagery: A phenology-based approach AU - Knight, Joseph F. AU - Lunetta, Ross S. AU - Ediriwickrema, Jayantha AU - Khorrarn, Siamak T2 - GISCIENCE & REMOTE SENSING AB - Currently available land cover data sets for large geographic regions are produced on an intermittent basis and are often dated. Ideally, annually updated data would be available to support environmental status and trends assessments and ecosystem process modeling. This research examined the potential for vegetation phenology-based land cover classification over the 52,000 km2 Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system (APES) that could be performed annually. Traditional hyperspectral image classification techniques were applied using MODIS-NDVI 250 m 16-day composite data over calendar year 2001 to support the multi-temporal image analysis approach. A reference database was developed using archival aerial photography that provided detailed mixed pixel cover-type data for 31,322 sampling sites corresponding to MODIS 250 m pixels. Accuracy estimates for the classification indicated that the overall accuracy of the classification ranged from 73% for very heterogeneous pixels to 89% when only homogeneous pixels were examined. These accuracies are comparable to similar classifications using much higher spatial resolution data, which indicates that there is significant value added to relatively coarse resolution data though the addition of multi-temporal observations. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2747/1548-1603.43.1.1 VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 1-23 SN - 1943-7226 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lesser scaup winter foraging and nutrient reserve acquisition in east-central Florida AU - Herring, Garth AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) populations have been declining since the late 1970s. One of the explanations to account for this decline, the spring-condition hypothesis (SCH), is based on the premise that scaup are limited by their ability to acquire or maintain nutrient reserves during migration to the breeding grounds, leading to an impairment of their reproductive potential. Available evidence suggests that endogenous reserves required for reproduction are obtained at a later stage of migration or after arrival at the breeding grounds, not wintering sites. However, only one study has addressed body-condition levels on a southern wintering site in the last decade, with results limited to the wintering grounds on the Mississippi Flyway. We documented foraging behavior, nutrient levels, and body mass of lesser scaup in east-central Florida, USA, where 62% of the Atlantic Flyway population overwinters, during the winters of 2002 and 2003. Diurnal foraging did not increase seasonally. Nocturnal foraging increased seasonally by 76% or 43 minutes per night in females and by 478% or 1.9 hours per night in males. Measures of body condition did not change seasonally during 2002 for either sex. Between early and later winter in 2003 corrected body mass (CBM) and lipid reserves of male scaup increased 77 g and 39 g, respectively. Our results suggest that lesser scaup maintain or may slightly improve their physiological condition in east-central Florida during winter. Lower body mass and differences in nutrient levels in east-central Florida, compared to a wintering site in Louisiana, likely stem from geographic variation and lower thermal requirements associated with the warmer Florida environment. Lesser scaup depart Florida with sufficient reserves to initiate spring migration, but they maximize nutrient reserves used during reproduction elsewhere during migration or on the breeding grounds. These results suggest that maintaining the ecological integrity of this wintering ground is critical in minimizing winter mortality and preventing it from becoming an ancillary factor in current declines. Future research should address understanding survival rates during spring migration and at critical staging areas to provide new insight into the ramifications of scaup leaving wintering habitats such as MINWR with lower body condition than at other wintering sites in other flyways. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1682:LSWFAN]2.0.CO;2 VL - 70 IS - 6 SP - 1682-1689 SN - 1937-2817 KW - Aythya affinis KW - body condition KW - Florida KW - lesser scaup KW - nutrient reserves KW - spring condition hypothesis KW - winter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation of spring frost damage in 3-year-old Fraser fir Christmas tree plantations AU - Emerson, J. L. AU - Frampton, J. AU - McKeand, S. E. T2 - HortScience DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 41 IS - 7 SP - 1531-1536 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation and genotype by environment interactions of juvenile wood chemical properties in Pinus taeda L. AU - Sykes, Robert AU - Li, Bailian AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Kadla, John AU - Chang, H. -M. T2 - ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE AB - Genetic variation and genotype by environment interaction (G×E) were studied in several juvenile wood traits of 11 year-old loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.). Wafer thin (200 µm) samples from juvenile (ring 3) and transition (ring 8) wood of 12 mm increment cores were analyzed. Transition wood had higher α-cellulose content (46.1%), longer fiber (1.98 mm), and higher coarseness (0.34), but lower lignin (29.7%) than juvenile wood (cellulose 40.9%, fiber length 1.4 mm, coarseness 0.28 and lignin 30.3%). General combining ability variance for the traits explained 2% to 10% of the total variance, whereas the specific combining ability variance was negligible, except for α-cellulose content in transition wood (2%). Specific combining ability by site interaction variance explained from 5% (fiber length) to 37% (lignin) of the total variance. Weak individual-tree heritabilities were found for all the traits, except coarseness, which was moderately high in both juvenile (0.39) and transition wood (0.30). Full-sib and half-sib family heritabilities of traits ranged 0.29 to 0.72. Genetic correlations of wood quality traits with volume and stem straightness were weak, while favorable genetic correlations of lignin with cellulose, coarseness and fiber length were observed. Implications on forest tree improvement programs were discussed. heritability / genetic correlation / α-cellulose / coarseness / lignin DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1051/forest:2006073 VL - 63 IS - 8 SP - 897-904 SN - 1286-4560 KW - heritability KW - genetic correlation KW - alpha-cellulose KW - coarseness KW - lignin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Voluntary environmental programs in the United States - Whose interests are served? AU - Steelman, Toddi A. AU - Rivera, Jorge T2 - ORGANIZATION & ENVIRONMENT AB - The appeal of voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) lies in their promise to mutually serve government, industry, and environmental interests because they can reduce administrative burdens, provide flexibility to decide how to implement environmental improvements, and work toward superior environmental performance. In practice, however, one interest may be served to the exclusion of others, and this is a charge that often has been leveled at VEPs in the United States. If VEPs are used to serve some interests at the expense of others, they are likely to lose their value as alternative policy instruments. This article details a framework involving procedural, substantive, and practical tests to determine whether the common interest has been served. This assessment framework is applied to two different VEPs in the United States: the Forest Stewardship Council Certification and the Sustainable Slopes Program. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1177/1086026606296393 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 505-526 SN - 1552-7417 KW - voluntary environmental programs KW - common interest KW - alternative regulatory instruments KW - Forest Stewardship Council KW - Sustainable Slopes Program ER - TY - JOUR TI - Utilization of polar metabolite profiling in the comparison of juvenile wood and compression wood in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) AU - Yeh, Ting-Feng AU - Morris, Cameron R. AU - Goldfarb, Barry AU - Chang, Hou-Min AU - Kadla, John F. T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Juvenile wood (JW) of conifers is often associated with compression wood (CW), with which it is sometimes believed to be identical. To determine whether JW and CW can be distinguished metabolically, we compared gas chromatographic profiles of 25 polar metabolites from rooted cuttings of a single loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) clone raised in controlled environment chambers and subject to three treatments: (1) grown erect with minimal wind sway (control); (2) swayed by wind from oscillating fans; and (3) with 30-cm growth increments successively bent at an angle of 45° to the vertical. Profiles were compared by principal component analysis. Substantial increases in abundances of coniferin and p-glucocoumaryl alcohol separated immature JW-forming xylem tissues of the control trees from the CW-forming xylem of the bent and swayed trees. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1093/treephys/26.11.1497 VL - 26 IS - 11 SP - 1497-1503 SN - 0829-318X KW - gas chromatography KW - gravitropism KW - normal wood KW - principal component analysis (PCA) KW - wind KW - xylem tissue ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using multispectral satellite imagery to estimate leaf area and response to silvicultural treatments in loblolly pine stands AU - Flores, FJ AU - Allen, HL AU - Cheshire, HM AU - Davis, JM AU - Fuentes, M AU - Kelting, D T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - The relationship between leaf area index (LAI) of loblolly pine plantations and the broadband simple ratio (SR) vegetation index calculated from Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data was examined. An equation was derived to estimate LAI from readily available Landsat 7 ETM+ data. The equation developed to predict LAI with Landsat 7 ETM+ data was tested with ground LAI measurements taken in 12 plots. The root mean square error of prediction was 0.29, an error of approximately 14% in prediction. The ability of Landsat 7 ETM+ data to consistently estimate SR over time was tested using two scenes acquired on different dates during the winter (December to early March). Comparison between the two images on a pixel-by-pixel basis showed that approximately 96% of the pixels had a difference of <0.5 units of SR (approximately 0.3 units of LAI). When the comparison was made on a stand-by-stand basis (average stand SR), a maximum difference of 0.2 units of SR (approximately 0.12 units of LAI) was found. These results suggest that stand LAI of loblolly pine plantations can be accurately estimated from readily available remote sensing data and provide an opportunity to apply the findings from ecophysiological studies in field plots to forest management decisions at an operational scale. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.1139/X06-030 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 1587-1596 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The roles of nitrogen and phosphorus in increasing productivity of western hemlock and western redcedar plantations on northern Vancouver Island AU - Blevins, Leandra L. AU - Prescott, Cindy E. AU - Van Niejenhuis, Annette T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Early evidence from a suite of fertilization trials on northern Vancouver Island indicated that conifers growing on cedar-hemlock (CH) cutovers were severely deficient in nutrients, particularly N and P, and that fertilization might induce a sustained improvement in tree growth on these sites. Here we report the long-term (15-year) effects of two fertilization experiments which allowed us to distinguish the influences of N and P additions on productivity of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf. Sarge) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn.) regenerating on CH sites. Plots of each species were fertilized with N alone, P alone, or N and P combined. Nitrogen was added twice at rates of 0–400 kg/ha, P was added at 0 or 100 kg/ha, and subplots received a second fertilization 10 years after the first. Hemlock responded to the first application of N, and growth was greatest where both N and P were applied. Ten years after the first fertilization, hemlock volume in plots receiving the highest rate of N and P was 10-times that in untreated plots. The second N application increased hemlock growth only in plots that had received P. Fifteen years after the first fertilization, height response of dominant hemlocks was still increasing in plots fertilized with both N and P but was declining in plots fertilized with N alone. In contrast to hemlock, western redcedar stand volume more than doubled 15 years after N fertilization, but there was no additional effect of P fertilization. The long-term growth responses measured in these field experiments support earlier indications that P is an important limiting factor for productivity of conifers, particularly hemlock, on these sites. DA - 2006/10/1/ PY - 2006/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.06.029 VL - 234 IS - 1-3 SP - 116-122 SN - 1872-7042 KW - fertilization KW - productivity KW - nitrogen KW - phosphorus KW - Tsuga heterophylla KW - Thuja plicata ER - TY - JOUR TI - The response of ground beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae) to selection cutting in a South Carolina bottomland hardwood forest AU - Ulyshen, MD AU - Hanula, JL AU - Horn, S AU - Kilgo, JC AU - Moorman, CE T2 - BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION AB - We compared the response of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to the creation of canopy gaps of different size (0.13, 0.26, and 0.50 ha) and age (1 and 7 years) in a bottomland hardwood forest (South Carolina, USA). Samples were collected four times in 2001 by malaise and pitfall traps placed at the center and edge of each gap, and 50 m into the surrounding forest. Species richness was higher at the center of young gaps than in old gaps or in the forest, but there was no statistical difference in species richness between old gaps and the forests surrounding them. Carabid abundance followed the same trend, but only with the exclusion of Semiardistomis viridis (Say), a very abundant species that differed in its response to gap age compared to most other species. The carabid assemblage at the gap edge was very similar to that of the forest, and there appeared to be no distinct edge community. Species known to occur in open or disturbed habitats were more abundant at the center of young gaps than at any other location. Generalist species were relatively unaffected by the disturbance, but one species (Dicaelus dilatatus Say) was significantly less abundant at the centers of young gaps. Forest inhabiting species were less abundant at the centers of old gaps than in the forest, but not in the centers of young gaps. Comparison of community similarity at various trapping locations showed that communities at the centers of old and young gaps had the lowest similarity (46.5%). The community similarity between young gap centers and nearby forest (49.1%) and old gap centers and nearby forest (50.0%) was similarly low. These results show that while the abundance and richness of carabids in old gaps was similar to that of the surrounding forest, the species composition between the two sites differed greatly. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1007/s10531-004-6899-3 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 261-274 SN - 1572-9710 KW - canopy gaps KW - Carabidae KW - disturbance KW - edge effect KW - ground beetles KW - group selection harvesting ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of differential success of somatic embryogenesis on the outcome of clonal forestry programs. I. Initial comparison under multitrait selection AU - Lstiburek, Milan AU - Mullin, T. J. AU - El-Kassaby, Yousry A. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - A breeding program where clones or clone mixtures are deployed through somatic embryogenesis of superior genotypes produced from elite-parent crosses was evaluated by simulation. A recurrent-selection scheme for general combining ability was considered with a breeding population size of 100 individuals. The population was assortatively pair-crossed with offspring cloned in a progeny test to facilitate forward selection of the next generation. Apart from crosses for the population advancement, "elite" crosses were made among 10 top-ranking individuals in each generation. These crosses differed in their propensity to produce somatic embryos (defined as induction success rate); the impact of this variable propensity on genetic response for two traits in selected 10-clone deployment mixtures was evaluated. The two traits considered in this study can be regarded as "productivity" and "quality". The results revealed that variation in success of clonal propagation does not necessarily lead to a reduction in potential genetic gains from selected clonal mixtures. This can be explained by the relatively small variation that exists among elite crosses, as opposed to large within-family variation. This large within-family variation provides ample potential for selecting superior offspring genotypes, even though they may have not originated from crosses among the very best of the elite parents. This conclusion holds for a range of heritability, correlations between traits, and their relative economic importance. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.1139/X06-036 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 1376-1384 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The cellulose synthase gene superfamily and biochemical functions of xylem-specific cellulose synthase-like genes in Populus trichocarpa AU - Suzuki, Shiro AU - Li, Laigeng AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Wood from forest trees modified for more cellulose or hemicelluloses could be a major feedstock for fuel ethanol. Xylan and glucomannan are the two major hemicelluloses in wood of angiosperms. However, little is known about the genes and gene products involved in the synthesis of these wood polysaccharides. Using Populus trichocarpa as a model angiosperm tree, we report here a systematic analysis in various tissues of the absolute transcript copy numbers of cellulose synthase superfamily genes, the cellulose synthase (CesA) and the hemicellulose-related cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes. Candidate Csl genes were characterized for biochemical functions in Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells. Of the 48 identified members, 37 were found expressed in various tissues. Seven CesA genes are xylem specific, suggesting gene networks for the synthesis of wood cellulose. Four Csl genes are xylem specific, three of which belong to the CslA subfamily. The more xylem-specific CslA subfamily is represented by three types of members: PtCslA1, PtCslA3, and PtCslA5. They share high sequence homology, but their recombinant proteins produced by the S2 cells exhibited distinct substrate specificity. PtCslA5 had no catalytic activity with the substrates for xylan or glucomannan. PtCslA1 and PtCslA3 encoded mannan synthases, but PtCslA1 further encoded a glucomannan synthase for the synthesis of (1-->4)-beta-D-glucomannan. The expression of PtCslA1 is most highly xylem specific, suggesting a key role for it in the synthesis of wood glucomannan. The results may help guide further studies to learn about the regulation of cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis in wood. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1104/pp.106.086678 VL - 142 IS - 3 SP - 1233-1245 SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing the paradigms of exotic species invasion in urban riparian forests AU - Vidra, Rebecca L. AU - Shear, Theodore H. AU - Wentworth, Thomas R. T2 - NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL AB - Exotic species research has generated several paradigms about the effects of invasion on native ecosystems and the site characteristics that promote invasibility. We are interested in translating these theoretical paradigms into management recommendations. Using vegetation surveys of urban riparian forests in central North Carolina, we tested the competition and resource availability paradigms. We assessed the association between exotic and native species and identified potential resources that promote invasion. Exotic and native species richness was negatively correlated (r = −0.66, p = 0.0009), conforming to the predictions of the competition paradigm. In particular, native woody species were negatively associated with several exotic growth forms. Two of the most common exotic species, Hedera helix (English ivy) and Microstegium vimineum (Japanese stilt grass), did not co-occur with several native woody plants, suggesting that they may preclude the establishment and regeneration of native woody plant communities. Our results have less direct implications for the resource availability paradigm. There were no correlations between light availability (indexed by canopy cover) and either cover or richness of exotic species. However, exotic species richness was generally positively correlated to soil fertility. These results suggest that the competition and resource availability paradigms are useful for understanding the dynamics of urban riparian forests that are invaded by a suite of exotic species. Removal efforts should focus on two of the most common invasive plants, H. helix and M. vimineum, and native woody plants should be re-established. While soil fertility is difficult to manage at a site level, we urge managers to lobby for strict regulations on nutrient inputs from upstream and adjacent development. DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.3375/0885-8608(2006)26[339:TTPOES]2.0.CO;2 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 339-350 SN - 2162-4399 KW - competition KW - exotic species invasion KW - resource availability KW - restoration KW - soil fertility ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting Shine-Dalgarno sequence locations exposes genome annotation errors AU - Starmer, J. AU - Stomp, A. AU - Vouk, M. AU - Bitzer, D. T2 - PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AB - In prokaryotes, Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequences, nucleotides upstream from start codons on messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that are complementary to ribosomal RNA (rRNA), facilitate the initiation of protein synthesis. The location of SD sequences relative to start codons and the stability of the hybridization between the mRNA and the rRNA correlate with the rate of synthesis. Thus, accurate characterization of SD sequences enhances our understanding of how an organism's transcriptome relates to its cellular proteome. We implemented the Individual Nearest Neighbor Hydrogen Bond model for oligo-oligo hybridization and created a new metric, relative spacing (RS), to identify both the location and the hybridization potential of SD sequences by simulating the binding between mRNAs and single-stranded 16S rRNA 3' tails. In 18 prokaryote genomes, we identified 2,420 genes out of 58,550 where the strongest binding in the translation initiation region included the start codon, deviating from the expected location for the SD sequence of five to ten bases upstream. We designated these as RS+1 genes. Additional analysis uncovered an unusual bias of the start codon in that the majority of the RS+1 genes used GUG, not AUG. Furthermore, of the 624 RS+1 genes whose SD sequence was associated with a free energy release of less than -8.4 kcal/mol (strong RS+1 genes), 384 were within 12 nucleotides upstream of in-frame initiation codons. The most likely explanation for the unexpected location of the SD sequence for these 384 genes is mis-annotation of the start codon. In this way, the new RS metric provides an improved method for gene sequence annotation. The remaining strong RS+1 genes appear to have their SD sequences in an unexpected location that includes the start codon. Thus, our RS metric provides a new way to explore the role of rRNA-mRNA nucleotide hybridization in translation initiation. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020057 VL - 2 IS - 5 SP - 454-466 SN - 1553-7358 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape-scale prediction of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Homoptera : Adelgidae), infestation in the southern Appalachian Mountains AU - Koch, F. H. AU - Cheshire, H. M. AU - Devine, H. A. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - After causing substantial mortality in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Homoptera: Adelgidae), has recently invaded the southern Appalachian region. Although general estimates of regional spread exist, the landscape- level dynamics of A. tsugae invasion are poorly understoodNparticularly factors predicting where the pest is likely to Þrst infest a landscape. We examined Þrst-year infestation locations from Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Blue Ridge Parkway to identify possible factors. For 84 infested and 67 uninfested sites, we calculated values for a suite of variables using a geographic information system. After identifying signiÞcant variables, we applied four statistical techniquesN discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbor analysis, logistic regression, and decision treesNto derive classiÞcation functions separating the infested and uninfested groups. We used the resulting functions to generate maps of A. tsugae infestation risk in the Great Smoky Mountains. Three proximity variables (distance to the closest stream, trail, and road) appeared in all four classiÞcation functions, which performed well in terms of error rate. Discriminant analysis was the most accurate and efÞcient technique, but logistic regression best balanced accuracy, efÞciency, and ease of use. Our results suggest that roads, major trails, and riparian corridors provide connectivity enabling long-distance dispersal of A. tsugae, probably by humans or birds. The derived classiÞcation functions can yield A. tsugae infestation risk maps for elsewhere in the southern Appalachian region, allowing forest managers to better target control efforts. DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X(2006)35[1313:LPOHWA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 1313-1323 SN - 1938-2936 KW - hemlock woolly adelgid KW - southern Appalachians KW - dispersal KW - prediction KW - landscape connectivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) AU - Josserand, S. A. AU - Potter, K. M. AU - Johnson, G. AU - Bowen, J. A. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Nelson, C. D. T2 - Molecular Ecology Notes AB - Abstract We describe the isolation and characterization of 14 microsatellite loci from Fraser fir ( Abies fraseri ). These markers originated from cloned inserts enriched for DNA sequences containing tandem di‐ and tri‐nucleotide repeats. In total, 36 clones were selected, sequenced and evaluated. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for 14 of these sequences consistently produced simple PCR profiles and were found to be polymorphic among 13 Fraser fir samples. In addition, more than half of these loci were found to amplify a wide range of samples from several Abies taxa. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01138.x VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 65-68 J2 - Mol Ecol Notes LA - en OP - SN - 1471-8278 1471-8286 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01138.x DB - Crossref KW - conservation genetics KW - fir KW - microsatellite DNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Individual tree crown and stand development in Pinus taeda under different fertilization and irrigation regimes AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Fox, Thomas R. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - We examined individual tree foliage mass and branch demography for 13 years in a Pinus taeda L. stand growing on a nutrient poor, well drained sandy soil with a 2 × 2 factorial of fertilization and irrigation treatments replicated four times. Branch level foliage mass was estimated using equations derived from 2500 destructively sampled branches with branch basal diameter, crown location, age and treatment as independent variables. Branch diameter and crown location were measured for all live branches on 80 trees (20 in each treatment) each year for 13 years. Maximum dormant season individual tree foliage mass was 5.4 and 10.7 kg tree−1 in the control and fertilized and irrigated treatments, respectively. The maximum fertilized and irrigated individual tree foliage mass was achieved 3 years after treatment initiation when apparent light and space limitations prevented additional increase in individual tree foliage mass. Individual stem volume increment was linearly related to individual tree foliage mass and individual tree foliage mass was reduced by the presence of large nearby trees. Branch diameter and number were significantly increased by fertilization (52 branches tree−1, 11% increase, 19.8 mm branch−1, 14% increase). Branch longevity was significantly reduced by fertilization; branches survived 6.6 and 5.4 years for the non-fertilized and fertilized treatments, respectively. Branch size, number and longevity in the fertilized treatments would not be likely to reduce stem quality. In stands where nutrients and water were adequate and light and space limitations developed, individual tree foliage mass development could be increased with thinning. However, individual tree foliage mass development was limited much earlier in stand development than heretofore thought. Waiting to thin until stand conditions currently used to trigger thinning (to avoid density dependent mortality) would promote overall stand growth at the expense of crop tree growth. Individual tree foliage mass was correlated with branch development and branches in the lower crown half were more likely to die, had a lower carbon balance due to low light and high respiring tissue relative to photosynthesizing tissue. This combination of factors indicated that pruning may be a likely tool to manage crown development and insure that crop trees have a high value stem. The balance between individual stem growth and stand growth may need to be reevaluated in the context of currently used intensive silvicultural regimes. DA - 2006/10/1/ PY - 2006/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.074 VL - 234 IS - 1-3 SP - 10-23 SN - 1872-7042 KW - stem growth KW - thinning KW - pruning KW - fertilization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth and survival of Pinus taeda in response to surface and subsurface tillage in the southeastern United States AU - Carlson, Colleen A. AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Colbert, Steve R. AU - Kelting, Daniel L. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - A trial series investigating the impact of surface and subsurface tillage on the survival and growth of planted Pinus taeda L. was established between 1994 and 1998 with the goal of identifying site types responsive to tillage. The trial series consisted of 15 studies with multiple replicates of a 2 × 2 factorial with surface (offset disking or opposed bedding) and subsurface (winged subsoiling shank) tillage. Subsurface tillage significantly improved survival at four sites and surface tillage improved survival at one site. The positive response to the subsurface tillage was associated with the Piedmont sites where survival improved from 74 to 82%. Surface tillage significantly improved height, diameter and volume growth with the response being greatest on soils with siliceous mineralogy, which showed an improvement of 5.1 m3 ha−1 at 6 years. The improvement was less for soils with kaolinitic mineralogy (4.0 m3 ha−1) or those with mixed mineralogy (3.1 m3 ha−1). Initially Piedmont sites showed a positive response due to subsurface tillage. However, the response was short lived and had dissipated by year 6. Effects of tillage on stand uniformity were negligible. In general, responses to tillage were relatively small compared to those that can be obtained from other silvicultural practices such as vegetation control and fertilization. DA - 2006/10/1/ PY - 2006/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.07.002 VL - 234 IS - 1-3 SP - 209-217 SN - 0378-1127 KW - disking KW - ripping KW - subsoiling KW - loblolly pine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic models of host-pathogen gene interaction based on inoculation of loblolly pine seedlings with the fusiform rust fungus AU - Li, H AU - Amerson, H AU - Li, BL T2 - NEW FORESTS DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1007/s11056-005-6576-8 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 245-252 SN - 1573-5095 KW - artificial inoculation KW - avirulence genes KW - bulk segregant analysis KW - epistasis KW - Pinus taeda L KW - rust resistance genes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating detection probabilities from multiple-observer point counts AU - Alldredge, Mathew W. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - AUK AB - Point counts are commonly used to obtain indices of bird population abundance. We present an independent-observer point-count method, a generalization of the dependent-observer approach, based on closed-population capture- recapture methods. The approach can incorporate individual covariates, such as detection distance, to account for individual differences in detection probabilities associated with measurable sources of variation. We demonstrate a negative bias in two-observer estimates by comparing abundance estimates from two- and four- observer point counts. Models incorporating data from four independent observers were capable of accounting for this bias. Modeling individual bird differences in detection probabilities produced abundance estimates 15–21% higher than models that did not account for individual differences, in four out of five data sets analyzed. Although independent-observer methods are expensive and impractical for large- scale applications, we believe they can provide important insights into the sources and degree of perception bias (i.e., probability of detecting an individual, given that it is available for detection) in avian point-count estimates. Therefore, they may be useful in a two-stage sampling framework to calibrate larger surveys based on single-observer estimates. DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1172:EDPFMP]2.0.CO;2 VL - 123 IS - 4 SP - 1172-1182 SN - 1938-4254 KW - bird surveys KW - capture-recapture KW - detection probability KW - multiple observer KW - point counts ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elevated CO2 and O-3 alter soil nitrogen transformations beneath trembling aspen, paper birch, and sugar maple AU - Holmes, William E. AU - Zak, Donald R. AU - Pregitzer, Kurt S. AU - King, John S. T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1007/s10021-006-0163-5 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - 1354-1363 SN - 1435-0629 KW - Acer saccharum KW - Betula papyrifera KW - carbon dioxide KW - FACE KW - gross N immobilization KW - gross N mineralization KW - microbial biomass KW - nitrogen cycling KW - ozone KW - Populus tremuloides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Associations of breeding birds with fire-influenced and riparian-upland gradients in a longleaf pine ecosystem AU - Allen, Jennifer C. AU - Krieger, Sharlene M. AU - Walters, Jeffrey R. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - AUK AB - We determined the effects of fire history and a riparian-upland gradient on the breeding bird community at Fort Bragg Military Installation in North Carolina, one of the largest remnant areas of the endangered longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem. Study sites were classified into two treatments: fire-intense (areas experiencing growing-season burns) and fire-suppressed (areas lacking fires). Within each treatment, bird and vegetation data were recorded at point-count stations positioned at three distances from streamhead pocosins to characterize the riparian-upland habitat gradient: 0, 75, and ≥150 m. Total bird abundance and species richness varied significantly along the riparian-upland gradient, with pocosins contributing greatly to avian biodiversity. Our data revealed strong effects of fire history and riparian-upland gradient on bird species, which we described in terms of breeding-bird assemblages. Members of the open longleaf assemblage (e.g., Red- cockaded Woodpecker [Picoides borealis], Bachman's Sparrow [Aimophila aestivalis]) were most common in fire-intense areas and at upland locations. Members of the fire-suppressed assemblage (e.g., Wood Thrush [Hylocichla mustelina], Ovenbird [Seiurus aurocapilla]) were confined to pocosins in fire-intense areas, but became more abundant in fire-suppressed areas. Members of the pocosin assemblage (e.g., Eastern Towhee [Pipilo erythropthalamus], Common Yellowthroat [Geothlypis trichas]) were largely confined to pocosins and, in some cases, were most abundant in fire-intense pocosins. Fire suppression increased structural diversity of vegetation and promoted one breeding-bird assemblage (fire-suppressed), but at the expense of two others (open longleaf, pocosin). Continued management of Fort Bragg to promote longleaf pine restoration is essential for supporting conservation of the open-longleaf bird assemblage; in addition, it will benefit the pocosin assemblage. Asociaciones de Aves Reproductivas con Áreas Influenciadas por el Fuego y con Gradientes Ribereños-Tierras Altas en un Ecosistema de Pinus palustris DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1110:AOBBWF]2.0.CO;2 VL - 123 IS - 4 SP - 1110-1128 SN - 1938-4254 KW - breeding birds KW - fire KW - longleaf pine KW - Pinus palustris KW - riparian habitat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Additive genetic variation and the distribution of QTN effects among sites AU - Hu, Xin-Sheng AU - Li, Bailian T2 - JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY AB - Early quantitative genetic theories emphasize the distribution of gene effects at individual loci or the distribution of mutant effects in maintaining quantitative genetic variation, but infrequently stress the distribution of gene effects among loci. In this study, we analyse the effects of the distribution of quantitative trait nucleotides (QTN) effects among sites under artificial and stabilizing selection. Wright's formula is applied to describing the density distribution of allele frequencies of multiple diallelic QTN at the equilibrium of mutation-drift-selection. Our results demonstrate that the distribution of QTN effects among sites can affect additive genetic variation in terms of total additive variance, average gene diversity, per-class contribution of QTN effects and per-QTN contribution. When the distribution of QTN effects among sites is changed from L-shaped to bell-shaped or to be a flatter, both the total additive variance and the average gene diversity are changed. Per-class and per-QTN contributions exhibit different distribution patterns. The L-shaped distribution indicates the predominant role of the aggregative effects from the QTN of small finite effects. The bell-shaped or flatter distributions indicate the predominance of the QTN of intermediate and large effects. These predictions highlight the significance of the distribution of QTN effects among sites in interpreting the maintenance of quantitative genetic variation at the fine genome scale. DA - 2006/11/7/ PY - 2006/11/7/ DO - 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.06.009 VL - 243 IS - 1 SP - 76-85 SN - 0022-5193 KW - genetic variation KW - QTN KW - artificial selection KW - stabilizing selection KW - distribution of gene effects KW - L-shaped distribution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil and pine foliage nutrient responses 15 years after competing-vegetation control and their correlation with growth for 13 loblolly pine plantations in the southern United States AU - Miller, J. H. AU - Allen, Howard AU - Zutter, B. R. AU - Zedaker, S. M. AU - Newbold, R. A. T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research AB - Influences of competition-control treatments on long-term soil and foliar nutrition were examined using a regional data set (the Competition Omission Monitoring Project) that documents loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation development for 15 years after early intensive woody and (or) herbaceous control. Examined were trends for macro nutrients in soils sampled at years 0 and 15 and in pine foliage at years 2, 6, and 15 and their correlations with one another and with pine growth. Early control treatments resulted in distinct plantation successional patterns with contrasting herbaceous and woody components, all under pine-dominated canopies. There was an overall decrease in soil nutrient concentrations after 15 years of pine-plantation management, while C, N, and Ca decreased most after vegetation control. Early herbaceous treatments resulted in significantly less foliar N and K at year 15 as well. Foliar nutrient contents and fascicle mass at year 2 tended to be better correlated with year-15 pine volume than values at year 6 or year 15. Year-15 P concentrations had the strongest correlations between soil and foliar nutrient levels (r = 0.71–0.77). By year 15, intensive pine culture and vegetation control had placed demands on soil nutrient supplies to support enhanced growth that have not yet been replaced. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1139/X06-164 VL - 36 IS - 10 SP - 2412–2425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Satellite remote sensing of freshwater macrophytes and the influence of water clarity AU - Nelson, Stacy A.C. AU - Cheruvelil, Kendra Spence AU - Soranno, Patricia A. T2 - Aquatic Botany AB - In regions with thousands of lakes, large scale regional macrophyte surveys are rarely done due to logistical difficulties and high costs. We examined whether remote sensing can be used for regional monitoring of macrophytes in inland lakes using a field study of 13 lakes in Michigan, USA (nine model development lakes and four model testing lakes). Our objectives were: (1) to determine if different levels of macrophyte cover, different growth forms or specific species could be detected using the Landsat-5 TM sensor, and (2) to determine if we could improve predictions of macrophyte abundance and distribution in lakes by including sediment type or measures of water clarity (Secchi disk transparency, chlorophyll a, phytoplankton biovolume, or water color) in our models. Using binomial and multinomial logistic regression models, we found statistically significant relationships between most macrophyte measures and Landsat-5 TM values in the nine model development lakes (percent concordant values: 58–97%). Additionally, we found significant correlations between three lake characteristics and the TM values within lake pelagic zones, despite the inability of these variables to improve model predictions. However, model validation using four lakes was generally low, suggesting caution in applying these models to other lakes. Although the initial model development results suggest that remote sensing is a potentially promising tool for regionally assessing macrophytes, more research is necessary to refine the models in order for them to be applied to unsampled lakes. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1016/j.aquabot.2006.06.003 VL - 85 IS - 4 SP - 289-298 J2 - Aquatic Botany LA - en OP - SN - 0304-3770 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2006.06.003 DB - Crossref KW - remote sensing KW - Landsat TM KW - macrophyte cover KW - regional scale KW - eurasian watermilfoil KW - littoral zone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid analysis of transgenic trees using transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) AU - Yamada, T AU - Yeh, TF AU - Chang, HM AU - Li, LG AU - Kadla, JF AU - Chiang, VL T2 - HOLZFORSCHUNG AB - Abstract Genetic engineering of trees has generated a large amount of interest in the development of highly improved transgenic trees. To efficiently monitor and control the properties of the transgenic products, a rapid, mini-scale analytical method is required. Transmittance near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was chosen as a fast analysis tool for characterizing the chemical properties of the transgenic products. Pellets were prepared from 75 mg of wood meal and directly scanned using transmittance NIR spectroscopy. Very strong correlations were obtained between the NIR data and conventional wet-chemistry results for the lignin content, S/G ratio, cellulose and xylose content. The results indicate that transmittance NIR is a powerful tool for determining and screening the chemical properties of transgenic trees. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1515/HF.2006.005 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 24-28 SN - 1437-434X KW - cellulose KW - lignin KW - near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) KW - S/G ratio KW - transgenic tree KW - transmittance KW - xylose ER - TY - JOUR TI - Morphological and chemical variations between juvenile wood, mature wood, and compression wood of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) AU - Yeh, TF AU - Braun, JL AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Chang, HM AU - Kadla, JF T2 - HOLZFORSCHUNG AB - Abstract To better understand the within-tree variations between juvenile wood, mature wood, and compression wood, wood from a 35-year-old mature bent loblolly pine was separated into seven groups by different positions in the tree. Morphological and chemical structure analyses, including fiber quality, X-ray diffraction, sugar and lignin content analysis, as well as nitrobenzene oxidation, ozonation, and advanced NMR spectroscopy, were performed. Fiber properties were significantly different for tree-top juvenile normal wood and tree-bottom juvenile normal wood, juvenile normal and mature normal wood, juvenile compression and mature compression wood. However, differences in the chemical structure and composition were less significant within the specific tissues indicated above. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1515/HF.2006.001 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 1-8 SN - 1437-434X KW - cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) KW - compression wood KW - crystallilte dimension KW - fiber quality analysis (FQA) KW - juvenile wood KW - loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) KW - mature wood KW - microfibril angle KW - nitrobenzene oxidation KW - NMR spectroscopy KW - ozonation KW - sugar analysis KW - X-ray diffraction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Money for nothing? A call for empirical evaluation of biodiversity conservation investments AU - Ferraro, PJ AU - Pattanayak, SK T2 - PLOS BIOLOGY AB - The field of conservation policy must adopt state-of-the-art program evaluation methods to determine what works, and when, if we are to stem the global decline of biodiversity and improve the effectiveness of conservation investments. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040105 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 482-488 SN - 1545-7885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing the potential effectiveness of conservation planning approaches in central North Carolina, USA AU - Hess, GR AU - Koch, FH AU - Rubino, MJ AU - Eschelbach, KA AU - Drew, CA AU - Favreau, JM T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - We compared four approaches to conservation site selection to protect forest biodiversity in the Triangle Region of North Carolina, USA. Using biological inventory data and an inventory-based conservation plan as benchmarks, we evaluated the potential effectiveness of a focal species plan and three “simple” plans (large forested patches, close to wetlands and riparian areas, diverse forest types). Effectiveness was measured in three ways: the number of inventory elements captured at least once by the plan (representation), the total number of inventory elements captured (completeness), and the proportion of land in the inventory-based plan included (overlap). We further examined the potential effectiveness of the simple plans by calculating their overlap with land identified by the focal species approach. The simple and focal species plans did not differ markedly in terms of representation, but diverged when completeness and overlap were considered. Although representation rates for all four plans were relatively high, lower rates for completeness and overlap raise concerns about long-term viability. The simple plans did not identify the same lands as the focal species plan, and are thus unlikely to provide appropriate habitat for the focal species. Each approach we tested failed to capture some subset of species and communities, highlighting the importance of explicit conservation targets and consideration of ecological processes. Forced to act quickly and with little data, our findings suggest using initially a set of complementary simple plans, each focused on a different habitat type. This should be considered a stopgap measure, however, while more sophisticated plans are constructed, defining explicit conservation targets and considering ecological processes. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.003 VL - 128 IS - 3 SP - 358-368 SN - 1873-2917 KW - conservation planning KW - focal species KW - biological inventory data KW - reserve design KW - surrogate species KW - conservation targets ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioavailability of slowly cycling soil phosphorus: major restructuring of soil P fractions over four decades in an aggrading forest AU - Richter, Daniel D. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Li, Jianwei AU - Markewitz, Daniel AU - Raikes, Jane T2 - OECOLOGIA DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1007/s00442-006-0510-4 VL - 150 IS - 2 SP - 259-271 SN - 0029-8549 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Additive effects of vertebrate predators on insects in a Puerto Rican coffee plantation AU - Borkhataria, RR AU - Collazo, JA AU - Groom, MJ T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - A variety of studies have established the value of shaded coffee plantations as habitat for birds. While the value of birds as biological controls in coffee has received some attention, the interactions between birds and other predators of insects have not been tested. We used exclosures to examine the effects of vertebrate predators on the arthropods associated with coffee, in particular the coffee leafminer (Leucoptera coffeella) and the flatid planthopper Petrusa epilepsis, in a shaded coffee plantation in Puerto Rico. We used a 2 x 2 factorial design with four treatments: exclusion of birds, lizards, birds and lizards, and control (no exclusion). Abundance of insects > 5 mm increased when birds or both birds and lizards were removed. Birds and lizards had an additive effect for insects < 5 mm and for all insects combined. Coffee leafminers showed a weak response to removal of predators while planthopper abundance increased significantly in the absence of avian predators. Arthropod predators and parasitoids did not differ significantly between treatments. Our findings suggest that vertebrate insectivores have an additive effect on insects in coffee and may help control abundances of some coffee pests. Equally important, we present evidence suggesting that they do not interfere with other known natural enemies of coffee pests. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0696:AEOVPO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 696-703 SN - 1939-5582 KW - additive effects KW - biological control KW - birds KW - exclosures KW - insects KW - lizards KW - parasitoids KW - shade coffee ER - TY - JOUR TI - A tribute to Prof. Josef S. Gratzl: Scientist, teacher, friend, May 24, 1929-December 2, 2004 AU - Chang, HM AU - Kirkman, AG T2 - JOURNAL OF WOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1080/02773810600580248 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 1-4 SN - 0277-3813 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stand development and growth responses of 1-and 3-year-old natural upland hardwoods to silvicultural treatments AU - Schuler, Jamie L. AU - Robison, Daniel J. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Intense competition for growth resources between herbaceous and woody vegetation is considered a major constraint to the growth and development of newly regenerated forest stands. However, very few studies have explored silvicultural opportunities to manage these constraints. In this study, the effects of fertilization, density and vegetation control on rising 1- and 3-year-old upland mixed species NC Piedmont stands were monitored for 3 years following the imposition of treatments. Broadcast fertilization proved very beneficial in accelerating stem growth and promoting self-thinning at both sites. Weeding (non-arborescent vegetation) treatments without thinning had no effect on stem height. At both sites, substantial increases in tree size were noted for yellow-poplar and oaks when thinning and weeding treatments were combined. A significant fertilization effect on thinned plots was also noted for oaks. These results demonstrate that stem growth and stand development are constrained by the availability of site growth resources, and can be silviculturally managed to promote stand development. DA - 2006/8/15/ PY - 2006/8/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.063 VL - 232 IS - 1-3 SP - 124-134 SN - 0378-1127 KW - yellow-poplar KW - red oak KW - white oak KW - natural regeneration KW - weeding KW - fertilization KW - thinning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Root and stem partitioning of Pinus taeda AU - Albaugh, TJ AU - Allen, HL AU - Kress, LW T2 - TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1007/s00468-005-0024-4 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 176-185 SN - 0931-1890 KW - rooting depth KW - soil characteristics KW - tree diameter KW - site ER - TY - JOUR TI - New threats to forest health require quick and comprehensive research response AU - Hain, F. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 104 IS - 4 SP - 182-186 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monolignol biosynthesis and genetic engineering of lignin in trees, a review AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1007/s10311-006-0067-9 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 143-146 SN - 1610-3653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of water quality and associated contaminants on survival and growth of the endangered Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocholas) AU - Hewitt, Amanda H. AU - Cope, W. Gregory AU - Kwak, Thomas J. AU - Augspurger, Tom AU - Lazaro, Peter R. AU - Shea, Damian T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY AB - The Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocholas) is a recently described cyprinid species endemic to the Cape Fear River Basin of North Carolina, USA. Only five populations of the fish remain; thus, it is listed as endangered by the U.S. Government. Determining habitat requirements of the Cape Fear shiner, including water quality and physical habitat, is critical to the survival and future restoration of the species. To assess water quality in the best remaining and in the historical habitats, we conducted a 28-d in situ bioassay with captively propagated Cape Fear shiners. Fish were deployed at 10 sites in three rivers, with three cages per site and 20 fish per cage. Water and sediment samples were collected and analyzed for selected metals and organic contaminants. Passive sampling devices also were deployed at each site and analyzed for organic contaminants at test termination. Fish survival, growth (as measured by an increase in total length), and contaminant accumulation were measured on completion of the bioassay. Survival of caged fish averaged 76% (range, 53-100%) and varied significantly among sites and rivers. Caged fish accumulated quantities of cadmium, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other persistent contaminants over the test duration and grew significantly at only four sites. No apparent relations were observed between exposure to or accumulation of a specific contaminant and reduced growth or survival of fish among all the sites. However, a generalized hazard assessment showed that certain sites exhibited trends in cumulative contaminant presence with reduced fish survival and growth, thereby enabling the identification of the existing riverine habitat most suitable for reintroduction or population augmentation of this endangered fish. DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.1897/05-569r.1 VL - 25 IS - 9 SP - 2288-2298 SN - 0730-7268 KW - biomonitoring KW - in situ toxicity KW - endangered species KW - water quality KW - Cape Fear shiner ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest fertilization in Southern pine plantations AU - Fox, T. R. AU - Allen, H. L. AU - Albaugh, T. J. AU - Rubilar, R. AU - Carlson, C. A. T2 - Better Crops With Plant Food DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 90 IS - 2 SP - 12-15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancer trapping in woody plants: Isolation of the ET304 gene encoding a putative AT-hook motif transcription factor and characterization of the expression patterns conferred by its promoter in transgenic Populus and Arabidopsis AU - Filichkin, Sergei A. AU - Wu, Qian AU - Busov, Victor AU - Meilan, Richard AU - Lanz-Garcia, Carmen AU - Groover, Andrew AU - Goldfarb, Barry AU - Ma, Caiping AU - Dharmawardhana, Palitha AU - Brunner, Amy AU - Strauss, Steven H. T2 - PLANT SCIENCE AB - Enhancer trapping is a useful tool in isolation of novel genes and functional characterization of promoters directing tissue-specific expression in trees. Using an enhancer trap approach we isolated a novel gene ET304 from Populus (Populus: aspens and cottonwoods). Both ET304 enhancer trap line and putative ET304 promoter fused to a GUS reporter gene conferred strongly root-predominant expression patterns and directed expression to specific root tissue and cell types. GUS activity was detected in lateral root primordia, root apical meristem, elongation zone and cortex. ET304 promoter sequence contained a canonic auxin response element (AuxRE) located upstream of the enhancer trap insertion site. In a synchronized lateral root induction system ET304 promoter conferred an auxin-responsive expression in newly emerging lateral roots of both poplar and Arabidopsis. A detailed histochemical examination of poplar transgenics showed that ET304 promoter was highly active in actively growing lateral roots, their primordia and to a lesser extent—in secondary meristems of aerial organs rich in free endogenous auxin. These results were consistent with the expression profiling of ET304 mRNA in various tissues of mature poplar trees. The analysis of Populus genomic sequence suggested that ET304 represents a large family of putative transcription factors containing a conserved AT-hook motif and DNA binding domain. DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1016/j.plantsci.2006.03.011 VL - 171 IS - 2 SP - 206-216 SN - 0168-9452 KW - Populus KW - aspen KW - Arabidopsis KW - enhancer trap KW - AT-hook KW - lateral roots ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correspondence analysis for detecting land cover change AU - Cakir, Halil Ibrahim AU - Khorram, Siamak AU - Nelson, Stacy A.C. T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment AB - The correspondence analysis (CA) method was applied to two multitemporal Landsat images of Raleigh, North Carolina for land use land cover (LULC) change detection. After the spectral transformation of the individual date images into component space using CA, the first component (PC1) of the date 1 image was subtracted from the PC1 of the date 2 image to produce difference image highlighting change areas. Accuracy curves based on the cumulative Producer's and User's accuracies were then used to optimally locate threshold (cutoff) values in the high-end and low-end tails of the difference image's histogram. Results were then compared to the standardized and non-standardized Principal Component Analysis (PCA) differencing and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) differencing methods for change detection. Results showed that there was 6.8% increase in urban related cover types in Raleigh metropolitan area between 1993 and 1999. Also, maps based on the CA differencing method were found to be thematically more accurate than maps based on PCA component differencing methods. Overall accuracy of change map produced by the CA method for the Raleigh metropolitan area was 92.5% with overall Kappa value of 0.88. In general, CA was found to be a powerful multivariate analysis technique when applied to change detection. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2006.02.023 VL - 102 IS - 3-4 SP - 306-317 J2 - Remote Sensing of Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0034-4257 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.02.023 DB - Crossref KW - correspondence analysis KW - LULC change detection KW - principal component analysis KW - normalized difference vegetation index ER - TY - JOUR TI - Valuation in the environmental policy process AU - Ascher, W AU - Steelman, T T2 - POLICY SCIENCES AB - Expert valuation, a process used to determine how much stakeholders value eco-system aspects, places experts as intermediaries for public-preference input into the environmental policy process. While the rise and refinement of expert valuation might capture ecosystem values more comprehensively, two dilemmas are also worth of consideration: (1) will expert valuation and benefit cost analysis supplant democratic expression; and (2) will refinement of expert valuation still leave the ecosystem under valued? This article reorients the current problem from focusing on the need to refine methods to capture more ecosystem benefits to consider how valuation can contribute to a set of more democratic processes that allow the public to contribute to and consider a broader range of policy options. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1007/s11077-006-9011-x VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 73-90 SN - 0032-2687 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social stratification in recreational fishing participation: Research and policy implications AU - Floyd, Myron F. AU - Nicholas, Lorraine AU - Lee, Injae AU - Lee, Jin-Hyung AU - Scott, David T2 - LEISURE SCIENCES AB - Using the multiple stratification hierarchy perspective, this study examined the combined effects of age, race and ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status on recreational fishing. Sample data from 3,000 Texas residents were used to develop logistic regression models corresponding to three dependent variables for fishing participation. The dependent variables were measures of participation ever, in the past 5 years, and in the past 12 months. Gender, race/ethnicity, and age were the most consistent predictors across the three dependent variables. Gender and age exhibited a negative effect on fishing participation across the three models. Results for race/ethnicity were mixed. An analysis of predicted probabilities did not reveal strong evidence of a multiple stratification hierarchy in recreational fishing. The article concludes with implications associated with angler recruitment. Keywords: ageanglersethnicitygenderracesocioeconomic status Data collection for this study was supported by Texas Parks and Wildlife and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. Opinions expressed in the article represent the views of the authors only. We appreciate the helpful comments of the associate editor and anonymous reviewers on earlier versions of the manuscript. Notes ∗∗∗p < .001 ∗∗p < .05 DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1080/01490400600745860 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 351-368 SN - 0149-0400 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33749861604&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - age KW - anglers KW - ethnicity KW - gender KW - race KW - socioeconomic status ER - TY - JOUR TI - Race and ethnicity in leisure behavior: Where have we been and where do we need to go? AU - Shinew, KJ AU - Stodolska, M AU - Floyd, M AU - Hibbler, D AU - Allison, M AU - Johnson, C AU - Santos, C T2 - LEISURE SCIENCES AB - Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Note: These ideas were discussed at a symposium titled “Looking Beyond Traditional Models: Racial and Ethnic Issues in Leisure Research” that was sponsored by the Diversity Research Laboratory in the Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1080/01490400600745902 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 403-408 SN - 0149-0400 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33749825026&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the ecological compatibility of butterfly peacock cichlids and largemouth bass in Puerto Rico reservoirs AU - Neal, J. Wesley AU - Noble, Richard L. AU - Lilyestrom, Craig G. T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Abstract Introduction of peacock cichlids Cichla spp. into tropical and subtropical systems where they can successfully overwinter and reproduce has been a common practice in fisheries management. We evaluated the compatibility of nonnative butterfly peacock cichlids Cichla ocellaris and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in Puerto Rico reservoirs using (1) controlled juvenile interaction experiments, (2) examination of hatching periodicity and diet overlap of juveniles in a reservoir environment, and (3) comparison of adult catch data from 10 Puerto Rico reservoirs. In the juvenile interaction experiments, butterfly peacock cichlid juveniles in ponds with largemouth bass had slower growth in length ( P = 0.020) and weight ( P = 0.003) and lower survival ( P = 0.002) than in ponds with only butterfly peacock cichlids. In reservoirs, largemouth bass spawning typically occurred 2–3 months before butterfly peacock cichlid spawning, which resulted in substantial size differences between the juveniles of the two species. Butterfly peacock cichlids fed almost exclusively on threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense ; the largemouth bass diet included threadfin shad but was much more diverse. Correlation coefficients were negative for comparisons of adult largemouth bass and butterfly peacock cichlid catch rates in the reservoirs sampled. Pooled catch data from all reservoirs showed a significant inverse relationship in relative abundance ( P = 0.026). Catch rates from reservoirs with and without butterfly peacock cichlid populations indicated that largemouth bass densities were higher in single‐predator systems (mean = 85.1/h) than in dual‐predator systems (9.8/h). DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1577/T04-191.1 VL - 135 IS - 2 SP - 288-296 SN - 1548-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effectiveness of biodiversity indicators varies with extent, grain, and region AU - Hess, George R. AU - Bartel, Rebecca A. AU - Leidner, Allison K. AU - Rosenfeld, Kristen M. AU - Rubino, Matthew J. AU - Snider, Sunny B. AU - Ricketts, Taylor H. T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - Abstract The use of indicator taxa for conservation planning is common, despite inconsistent evidence regarding their effectiveness. These inconsistencies may be the result of differences among species and taxonomic groups studied, geographic location, or scale of analysis. The scale of analysis can be defined by grain and extent, which are often confounded. Grain is the size of each observational unit and extent is the size of the entire study area. Using species occurrence records compiled by NatureServe from survey data, range maps, and expert opinion, we examined correlations in species richness between each of seven taxa (amphibians, birds, butterflies, freshwater fish, mammals, freshwater mussels, and reptiles) and total richness of the remaining six taxa at varying grains and extents in two regions of the US (Mid-Atlantic and Pacific Northwest). We examined four different spatial units of interest: hexagon (∼649 km 2 ), subecoregion (3800–34,000 km 2 ), ecoregion (8300–79,000 km 2 ), and geographic region (315,000–426,000 km 2 ). We analyzed the correlations with varying extent of analysis (grain held constant at the hexagon) and varying grain (extent held constant at the region). The strength of correlation among taxa was context dependent, varying widely with grain, extent, region, and taxon. This suggests that (1) taxon, grain, extent, and study location explain, in part, inconsistent results of previous studies; (2) planning based on indicator relationships developed at other grains or extents should be undertaken cautiously; and (3) planning based on indicator relationships developed in other geographic locations is risky, even if planning occurs at an equivalent grain and extent. DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.037 VL - 132 IS - 4 SP - 448-457 SN - 1873-2917 KW - indicator taxa KW - scale KW - grain KW - extent KW - biodiversity hotspots ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early evaluation of intra- and inter-provenance hybrids of loblolly pine for planting in piedmont regions of the southern United States AU - Alizoti, P. G. AU - Li, B. L. AU - McKeand, S. E. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 52 IS - 5 SP - 557-567 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distinct roles of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase genes in Populus AU - Lu, Shanfa AU - Zhou, Yihua AU - Li, Laigeng AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY AB - Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) catalyzes the conversion of cinnamate into 4-hydroxy-cinnamate, a key reaction of the phenylpropanoid pathway which leads to the biosynthesis of several secondary metabolites. C4H genes exist as a multigene family in various plant species. In order to understand the roles of individual C4H members, four C4H cDNAs ( PtreC4H ) were isolated from Populus tremuloides and three C4H loci ( PtriC4H ) were identified in the P. trichocarpa genome. The ability of Populus C4H isoforms to convert trans -cinnamate into p -coumaric acid was verified by the examination of yeast recombinant PtreC4H proteins. Populus C4H genes were expressed in various tissues, including developing xylem, phloem and epidermis; however, the expression patterns of individual members were different from each other. Sequential analysis of C4H promoters showed that the differential expression of C4H genes was associated with cis -acting regulatory elements such as box L, box P and H box, suggesting that the divergent C4H isoforms played distinct roles in the production of secondary metabolites. The involvement of specific C4H isoforms in the biosynthesis of guaiacyl and syringyl monolignols is discussed. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.1093/pcp/pcj063 VL - 47 IS - 7 SP - 905-914 SN - 1471-9053 KW - cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) KW - lignin KW - phenylpropanoid KW - Populus tremuloides KW - Populus trichocarpa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Container type and volume influences adventitious rooting and subsequent field growth of stem cuttings of loblolly pine AU - LeBude, A. V. AU - Goldfarb, B. AU - Blazich, F. A. AU - Wright, J. A. AU - Cazell, B. AU - Wise, F. C. AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 123-131 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Avian reproduction and the conservation value of shaded coffee plantations AU - Gleffe, J. D. AU - Collazo, J. A. AU - Groom, M. J. AU - Miranda-Castro, L. T2 - Ornitologia Neotropical DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 271-282 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A genomic and molecular view of wood formation AU - Li, Laigeng AU - Lu, Shanfa AU - Chiang, Vincent T2 - CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES AB - Wood formation is a process derived from plant secondary growth. Different from primary growth, plant secondary growth is derived from cambium meristem cells in the vascular and cork cambia and leads to the girth increase of the plant trunk. In the secondary growth process, plants convert most of photosynthesized products into various biopolymers for use in the formation of woody tissues. This article summarizes the new developments of genomic and genetic characterization of wood formation in herbaceous model plant and tree plant systems. Genomic studies have categorized a collection of the genes for which expression is associated with secondary growth. During wood formation, the expression of many genes is regulated in a stage-specific manner. The function of many genes involved in wood biosyntheses and xylem differentiation has been characterized. Although great progress has been achieved in the molecular and genomic understanding of plant secondary growth in recent years, the profound genetic mechanisms underlying this plant development remain to be investigated. Completion of the first tree genome sequence (Populus genome) provides a valuable genomic resource for characterization of plant secondary growth. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1080/07352680600611519 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 215-233 SN - 1549-7836 KW - secondary growth KW - wood formation KW - xylem differentiation KW - lignin KW - cellulose KW - hemicellulose KW - cambium meristem KW - cell wall ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationships between avian richness and landscape structure at multiple scales using multiple landscapes AU - Mitchell, MS AU - Rutzmoser, SH AU - Wigley, TB AU - Loehle, C AU - Gerwin, JA AU - Keyser, PD AU - Lancia, RA AU - Perry, RW AU - Reynolds, CJ AU - Thill, RE AU - Weih, R AU - White, D AU - Wood, PB T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Little is known about factors that structure biodiversity on landscape scales, yet current land management protocols, such as forest certification programs, place an increasing emphasis on managing for sustainable biodiversity at landscape scales. We used a replicated landscape study to evaluate relationships between forest structure and avian diversity at both stand and landscape-levels. We used data on bird communities collected under comparable sampling protocols on four managed forests located across the Southeastern US to develop logistic regression models describing relationships between habitat factors and the distribution of overall richness and richness of selected guilds. Landscape models generated for eight of nine guilds showed a strong relationship between richness and both availability and configuration of landscape features. Diversity of topographic features and heterogeneity of forest structure were primary determinants of avian species richness. Forest heterogeneity, in both age and forest type, were strongly and positively associated with overall avian richness and richness for most guilds. Road density was associated positively but weakly with avian richness. Landscape variables dominated all models generated, but no consistent patterns in metrics or scale were evident. Model fit was strong for neotropical migrants and relatively weak for short-distance migrants and resident species. Our models provide a tool that will allow managers to evaluate and demonstrate quantitatively how management practices affect avian diversity on landscapes. DA - 2006/1/10/ PY - 2006/1/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.09.023 VL - 221 IS - 1-3 SP - 155-169 SN - 1872-7042 KW - avian communities KW - forest management KW - heterogeneity KW - landscape KW - richness KW - southeastern US ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fertilization effects on carbon pools in loblolly pine plantations on two upland sites AU - Leggett, ZH AU - Kelting, DL T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - A study was conducted in loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) plantations on sandy and clayey upland sites, with and without the addition of 250 kg ha −1 of diammonium phosphate (DAP) applied at planting, to estimate the effects of fertilization on ecosystem C storage. Soil C pools were inventoried before planting and in the 11th year of stand development. Tree inventory data were used to convert stand volume to accumulated biomass. During the 11 yr of stand development, total ecosystem C increased by 24.2 Mg ha −1 on average across sites, averaging 2.2 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 Fertilization increased accretion by 25.3 Mg ha −1 , or 2.3 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 , with the majority of increase (65%) occurring in biomass. The clayey site averaged 64% more total ecosystem C than the sandy site. With the exception of a 12 Mg ha −1 loss in mineral soil C for the 10‐ to 20‐cm depth in nonfertilized (control) plots on the sandy site, soil C in the surface 20 cm did not change during the 11 yr of stand development, suggesting that the mineral soil C is a minor sink in these aggrading pine plantations. The loss in mineral soil C observed in control plots on the sandy site may be explained by the macroporosity of this coarse‐textured sandy soil creating an environment conducive to oxidation and in turn optimal for respiration and C losses following site preparation, and a disadvantaged opportunity for C accumulation owing to higher soil temperatures. Fertilization may have improved the opportunity for C accumulation on the plots having been fertilized on the sandy site in early years by creating a cooler soil as a result of more rapid canopy closure and forest floor accumulation. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2003.0232 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - 279-286 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A low-temperature, black liquor gasifier model for use in WinGEMS AU - Lindstrom, M. AU - Naithani, V. AU - Kirkman, A. AU - Jameel, H. T2 - TAPPI Journal DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 20-24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial analysis of Aedes albopictus (Diptera : Culicidae) oviposition in suburban neighborhoods of a piedmont community in North Carolina AU - Richards, Stephanie L. AU - Apperson, Charles S. AU - Ghosh, Sujit K. AU - Cheshire, Heather M. AU - Zeichner, Brian C. T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Temporal and spatial distribution of egg-laying by Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) was investigated in suburban neighborhoods in Raleigh, NC, by using oviposition traps (ovitraps) at fixed sampling stations during the 2002 and 2003 mosquito seasons. Variations in the phenology of oviposition between the two mosquito seasons resulted from differences in the patterns and amounts of rainfall early in the season. Aerial images of each study neighborhood were digitized, and the proportions of specific types of land cover within buffer zones encompassing ovitraps were estimated. Retrospective analyses showed that in some neighborhoods, oviposition intensity was significantly associated with specific types of land cover. However, in general, it seemed that gravid Ae. albopictus searched throughout the landscape for water-filled containers in which to lay eggs. Peridomestic surveys were carried out concurrently with ovitrap collections to estimate production of Ae. albopictus pupae in discarded water-filled containers and the abundance of females in vegetation that made up the resting habitat. Results of linear regression analyses indicated that the mean standing crop of pupae (total and per container) per residence was not a significant predictor of mean egg densities in ovitraps. However, the mean standing crop of adult females was a significant but weak predictor variable, because the magnitude and sign of regression coefficients varied between neighborhoods. Linear spatial regression analyses revealed that oviposition intensity was not spatially dependent on pupal standing crop or the numbers of pupae-positive containers distributed peridomestically. However, a weak spatial dependence on the standing crop of adult females was found in some neighborhoods. Based on spherical variogram models, kriging was carried out to predict the spatial patterns of oviposition in suburban neighborhoods. Focal areas of high and low oviposition intensity were evident in most neighborhoods; however, the spatial patterns of oviposition changed between mosquito seasons. Kriging predictions were evaluated, using cross-validation, by systematically removing each data point from our data set and predicting the removed point by using the remaining points. The root mean square (standardized) error values of best fitting variogram models approximated 1, and plots of standardized PRESS residuals showed no distinct pattern for most neighborhoods, indicating that predictions of the spatial distribution of oviposition intensity were valid. Spherical variogram models are a satisfactory method for describing the spatial distribution of Ae. albopictus oviposition, and kriging can be a useful technique for predicting oviposition intensity at locations that have not been sampled. DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[976:SAOAAD]2.0.CO;2 VL - 43 IS - 5 SP - 976-989 SN - 0022-2585 KW - Aedes albopictus KW - oviposition KW - spatial analysis KW - kriging ER - TY - JOUR TI - Major gene detection for fusiform rust resistance using Bayesian complex segregation analysis in loblolly pine AU - Li, Hua AU - Ghosh, Sujit AU - Amerson, Henry AU - Li, Bailian T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS AB - The presence of major genes affecting rust resistance of loblolly pine was investigated in a progeny population that was generated with a half-diallel mating of six parents. A Bayesian complex segregation analysis was used to make inference about a mixed inheritance model (MIM) that included polygenic effects and a single major gene effect. Marginalizations were achieved by using Gibbs sampler. A parent block sampling by which genotypes of a parent and its offspring were sampled jointly was implemented to improve mixing. The MIM was compared with a pure polygenic model (PM) using Bayes factor. Results showed that the MIM was a better model to explain the inheritance of rust resistance than the pure PM in the diallel population. A large major gene variance component estimate (> 50% of total variance), indicated the existence of major genes for rust resistance in the studied loblolly pine population. Based on estimations of parental genotypes, it appears that there may be two or more major genes affecting disease phenotypes in this diallel population. DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.1007/s00122-006-0351-x VL - 113 IS - 5 SP - 921-929 SN - 0040-5752 ER - TY - JOUR TI - True versus perturbed forest inventory plot locations for modeling: a simulation study AU - Coulston, John W. AU - Riitters, Kurt H. AU - McRoberts, Ronald E. AU - Reams, Greg A. AU - Smith, William D. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis plot information is widely used for timber inventories, forest health assessments, and environmental risk analyses. With few exceptions, true plot locations are not revealed; the plot coordinates are manipulated to obscure the location of field plots and thereby preserve plot integrity. The influence of perturbed plot locations on the development and accuracy of statistical models is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the influence is related to the spatial structure of the data used in the models. For ordinary kriging we examined the difference in mean square error based on true and perturbed plot locations across a range of spatial autocorrelations. We also examined the difference in mean square error for regression models developed with true and perturbed plot locations across a range of spatial autocorrelations and spatial resolutions. Perturbing plot locations did not significantly influence the accuracy of kriging estimates, but in some situations linear regression model development and accuracy were significantly influenced. Unless the independent variable has high spatial autocorrelation, only coarse spatial resolution data should be used to develop linear regression models. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1139/X05-265 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 801-807 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying the coarse-root biomass of intensively managed loblolly pine plantations AU - Miller, AT AU - Allen, HL AU - Maier, CA T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Most of the carbon accumulation during a forest rotation is in plant biomass and the forest floor. Most of the belowground biomass in older loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forests is in coarse roots, and coarse roots persist longer after harvest than aboveground biomass and fine roots. The main objective was to assess the carbon accumulation in coarse roots of a loblolly pine plantation that was subjected to different levels of management intensity. Total belowground biomass ranged from 56.4 to 62.4 Mt·ha –1 and was not affected by treatment. Vegetation control and disking increased pine taproot biomass and decreased hardwood taproot biomass. Pines between tree coarse roots were unaffected by treatment, but hardwoods between tree coarse roots were significantly reduced by vegetation control. Necromass was substantially lower than between-tree biomass, indicating that decomposition of coarse-root biomass from the previous stand was rapid for between-tree coarse roots. Total aboveground biomass was increased by vegetation control, with the lowest production on the least intensively managed plots (180.2 Mt·ha –1 ) and the highest production on the most intensively managed plots (247.3 Mt·ha –1 ). Coarse-root biomass ranged from 19% to 24% of total biomass. Silvicultural practices increasing aboveground pine productivity did not increase total coarse-root biomass carbon because of the difference in root/shoot allocation between pine and hardwood species. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1139/X05-229 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 12-22 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of breeding bird and vegetation communities in primary and secondary forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park AU - Simons, TR AU - Shriner, SA AU - Farnsworth, GL T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - We compared breeding bird communities and vegetation characteristics at paired point locations in primary (undisturbed) and mature secondary forest (70–100 years old) sites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA to understand how sites logged prior to creation of the park compare to undisturbed sites following 70 years of protection from human disturbance. We found that bird and vegetation communities are currently similar, but retain some differences in species composition. Rank abundance curves for primary and secondary forest bird communities showed very similar patterns of species dominance. Species composition was also similar on the two sites which shared 24 of the 25 most frequently recorded species. Nonetheless, comparisons of density estimates derived from distance sampling showed three bird species were more abundant on primary forest sites and that one bird species was significantly more abundant on secondary forest sites. Notably, comparisons based on raw counts (unadjusted for potential differences in detectability) produced somewhat different results. Analyses of vegetation samples for the paired sites also showed relative similarity, but with some differences between primary and secondary forests. Primary forest sites had more large trees (trees greater than 50 cm diameter at breast height) and late successional species. Primary forest sites had a denser tall shrub layer while secondary forest sites had a denser canopy layer. Nonetheless, tree species richness, basal area of live trees and number of standing snags did not differ between primary and secondary forest sites. Results indicate that breeding bird communities on sites within the park that were logged commercially 70 years ago are currently quite similar to bird communities on sites with no history of human disturbance. Similarities between the bird communities on previously disturbed and undisturbed sites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park may exceed those on more fragmented landscapes because large patches of primary forest, adjacent to commercially logged sites, remained in the park when it was established in 1935. These patches of primary forest may have served as source areas for commercially logged sites. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.044 VL - 129 IS - 3 SP - 302-311 SN - 1873-2917 KW - primary forest KW - old-growth KW - secondary forest KW - second-growth KW - birds KW - Great Smoky Mountains National Park KW - southern appalachians KW - detection probability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of improved genotypes of loblolly pine across different soils, climates, and silvicultural inputs AU - McKeand, Steven E. AU - Jokela, Eric J. AU - Huber, Dudley A. AU - Byram, Thomas D. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Li, Bailian AU - Mullin, Timothy J. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Deployment of improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) genotypes across the southern United States is a standard silvicultural practice. Most planting is conducted using open-pollinated (OP) families from first- or second-generation seed orchards, and these OP families typically display remarkable rank stability for productivity and quality traits across a range of site characteristics, climates, and silvicultural systems. With only a few exceptions, families are generally stable in performance across all sites within a climatic zone. As tree improvement and nursery programs progress towards deployment of more intensively selected genotypes and less genetically diverse full-sib families or clones, there may be a greater likelihood that genotype by environment (G × E) interactions will become important, particularly as the level of silvicultural treatment intensity increases. We present evidence from numerous trials with full-sib families and clones demonstrating that G × E for growth and other traits is no more significant than for OP families. At present and for the foreseeable future, G × E does not appear to be a major concern for the majority of deployed genetic sources under most silvicultural systems. DA - 2006/5/15/ PY - 2006/5/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.016 VL - 227 IS - 1-2 SP - 178-184 SN - 1872-7042 KW - genetic gain KW - genotype by environment interaction KW - Pinus taeda L. KW - tree improvement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic analyses of wood chip mill expansion in north Carolina: Implications for nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) management AU - Snider, A. G. AU - Cubbage, F. W. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 102-108 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Productivity measurement with improved index numbers: Application to the sawmills and planing mills industry of the US: 1947-2000 AU - Ahn, S AU - Abt, RC T2 - FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS AB - The objective of this study is an empirical application of improved index numbers to the computation of total factor productivity growth (TFPG). We calculate our price, quantity, and TFPG index numbers employing chain-type Fisher index formula. Fisher index is consistent with a flexible aggregator function and has the property of self-duality. Self-duality warrants that direct Fisher quantity index which is based on actual observed quantity is the same as the indirect quantity index derived by deflating the values with Fisher price index. In practice, the self-duality is particularly desirable since the available forms of data are most likely values not actual quantity levels. Our application is to the sawmills and planing mills industry of the U.S. (1987 Standard Industry Classification 242) using national annual time series data covering periods of 1947–2000. The results show that TFPG has increased from 1.00 in 1948 to 1.43 in 2000, indicating a 43% increase of productivity growth in the industry during the past 50 years. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1016/j.forpol.2005.02.006 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 323-335 SN - 1389-9341 KW - total factor productivity (TFP) KW - productivity growth KW - index numbers KW - sawmills and planing mills industry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cretaceous woods from the Farafra Oasis, Egypt AU - El-Din, M. M. K. AU - Wheeler, E. A. AU - Bartlett, J. A. T2 - IAWA Journal AB - There are fewer than 200 angiosperm wood records for the whole of the Cretaceous; the majority are from North America, Europe, and Asia. This paper describes two petrified woods from the Late Cretaceous Hefhuf Formation, Farafra Oasis, Egypt, a locality near the Campanian equator. Affinities of these two wood types cannot be determined with certainty. One wood has characteristics seen in the Lauraceae, Moraceae, and Anacardiaceae; the other wood has exclusively uniseriate homocellular rays, scalariform perforation plates, rare axial parenchyma, and alternate-opposite intervessel pitting. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1163/22941932-90000143 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 137-143 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oak flat restoration on phosphate-mine spoils AU - Andrews, RL AU - Broome, SW T2 - RESTORATION ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Phosphate mining in Beaufort County, North Carolina, impacts a rare plant community type, oak flats (nonriverine wet hardwood forests [NRWHF]). Reclamation of land after mining utilizes three by‐products of mining and manufacturing: clay tailings containing dolomite, low‐pH phosphogypsum, and bucket‐wheel spoil from the surface 10 m. The open mine is backfilled with a blend of phosphogypsum and clay tailings, which may be left as the surface or capped with bucket‐wheel spoil. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using these by‐products as substrates for restoring NRWHF. A field study measured survival of 11 tree and four shrub species planted in replicated plots of blend or bucket‐wheel spoil. Survival at the end of the second growing season was 59% on the blend and 52% on the bucket‐wheel spoil. A greenhouse experiment compared growth of four species of NRWHF oaks on bucket‐wheel spoil, blend, local topsoil (sterilized and unsterilized), and a commercial potting mix. Germination rates of acorns of all four species planted in topsoil were almost double those in bucket‐wheel spoil and 1.5 times greater than those in the blend. Height and stem volume of trees were significantly greater when grown in topsoil than in bucket‐wheel spoil and blend. There was no difference in tree growth on bucket‐wheel spoil and blend. In field and greenhouse soil tests, the blend had cadmium levels over 100 times that of local topsoil and the bucket‐wheel spoil had levels 40 times greater. Leaf chemical analysis in the field and greenhouse found higher cadmium levels in plants grown on the blend than on the bucket‐wheel spoil. These results indicate that the use of topsoil from the advancing mine front may lead to successful restoration of NRWHF. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00123.x VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 210-219 SN - 1061-2971 KW - hardwood restoration KW - nonriverine wet hardwood forests KW - oak flats KW - phosphate mine reclamation KW - phosphate mine spoils KW - precipitation flats bottontland hardwood restoration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors influencing acadian flycatcher nesting success in an intensively managed forest landscape AU - Hazler, Kirsten R. AU - Amacher, Andrew J. AU - Lancia, Richard A. AU - Gerwin, John A. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - We examined factors affecting the nesting success of a migratory songbird, the Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), in loblolly pine plantations in the coastal plain of South Carolina, USA. From 1997–2000, we located and monitored 163 Acadian flycatcher nests in loblolly pine stands and corridors that were 18–27 years old. We used Mayfield logistic regression (Aebischer 1999, Hazler 2004) to model the effects of edge and stand-level vegetation structure on nest daily survival rate. There was no evidence of an effect of edge on nest survival, but nest survival was positively related to the height of the deciduous subcanopy and to the density of shrub cover. Although Acadian flycatchers are generally regarded as habitat specialists requiring mature hardwood forests, our data suggest that pine plantations can support breeding populations, provided that a substantial hardwood component is present. We believe that maintaining multiple vegetation strata and increasing the length of harvest rotations would improve the habitat value of pine plantations for Acadian flycatchers and presumably other species more typically associated with deciduous forests. Maintenance of a corridor network, as practiced by some industrial forest managers, is one means of providing more mature forest habitat, thereby fostering higher nesting success. Concern that these corridors might act as ecological traps seems to be unwarranted in our study area. Corridors thus appear to be a valuable management tool for promoting wildlife values within the context of an industrial forest landscape. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[532:FIAFNS]2.0.CO;2 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 532-538 SN - 1937-2817 KW - Acadian flycatcher KW - core area KW - corridors KW - ecological trap KW - edge effect KW - Empidonax virescens KW - nesting success KW - pine plantations KW - South Carolina KW - vegetation structure ER -