TY - CONF TI - What drives the interannual variations in C fluxes and balance in a tropical rainforest of French Guiana? AU - Aguilos, M. AU - Burban, B. AU - Bonal, D. T2 - 5th International Climate Change Adaptation Congress C2 - 2016/// C3 - 5th International Climate Change Adaptation Congress CY - Toronto, Canada DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/10/15/ ER - TY - CONF TI - French Tropical Forest fluxes: comparison of two eddy flux towers in French Guiana AU - Courtois, Elodie AU - Burban, Benoit AU - Aguilos, Maricar AU - Stahl, Clement AU - Berveiller, Daniel AU - Chave, Jérome AU - Bonal, Danien T2 - Assemblée Scientifique et Technique ICOS France C2 - 2016/// C3 - Assemblée Scientifique et Technique ICOS France DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/11/7/ ER - TY - CONF TI - What drives the interannual variations in carbon fluxes and balance in a tropical rainforest of French Guiana? AU - Aguilos, M. AU - Burban, B. AU - Herault, B. AU - Cazal, J. AU - Goret, J.I. AU - Bonal, D. T2 - American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting C2 - 2016/// C3 - American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting CY - Moscone Convention Center, San Francisco, California, USA DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/12/12/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Investigating Northern bobwhite population demographics and habitat selection in the longleaf-wiregrass ecosystem AU - Rosche, S.B. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// M3 - Biennial Report 2015-2016 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluation of priority game species use and propogation feasibility of high value Sandhills native wildlife species AU - Levan, B.M. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// M3 - Biennial Report 2015-2016 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Development of a wildlife habitat matrix to inform forest management at Fort Bragg AU - Bragina, E. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Mills, L.S. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// M3 - Biennial Report 2015-2016 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Breeding productive and density of Bachman’s sparrow (federal and state species of special concern) in different training regimes on Fort Bragg, North Carolina AU - Fish, A.C. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// M3 - Biennial Report 2015-2016 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Urban black bear ecology: Movements, population ecology and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats AU - Gould, N.P. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Olfenbuttel, C. A3 - Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// M3 - Interim progress report PB - Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission ER - TY - RPRT TI - Brucella suis: A re-emerging pathogen at the human, livestock, and wildlife interface AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. AU - Almond, G. AU - DePerno, C. AU - Gray, G. AU - Kedrowicz, A. AU - Stanek, D. AU - Woods, C. AU - Wright, A. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reducing burning impacts on native forage: I,plocations for terrestrial vertebrate nutrition and food availability AU - Chitwood, C.M. AU - Lashley, M.A. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// M3 - Biennial Report 2015-2016 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Burn regime matters: A review of the effects of prescribed fire on vertebrates in the longleaf pine ecosystem AU - Darracq, A.K. AU - Boone, W.W. AU - McCleery, R.A. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - A clear understanding of how management influences vertebrate biodiversity is critical for the conservation of rare ecosystems, such as the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem in the southeastern United States. We used scientific literature to assess how vertebrate use of the longleaf pine ecosystem (High or low) differed in response to high (1–3 years), moderate (>3–5 years), and low (>5 years) burn frequencies. For all species combined, we found that the number of high use (HU) species associated with moderately burned forests (n = 140) was 22% and 33% greater than in high (n = 115) and low burn (n = 105) frequency forests, respectively. This pattern was most clear for Aves and Reptilia. Specifically, the number of HU species associated with moderate burn frequencies (Aves – n = 69; Reptilia – n = 36) was 21% and 25% greater for Aves and 56 and 63% greater for Reptilia than high (Aves – n = 57; Reptilia – n = 23) and low burn frequencies (Aves – n = 55; Reptilia – n = 22), respectively. We found no difference in the number of HU species across burn frequencies for Amphibia or Mammalia. For species considered longleaf pine specialists, across all vertebrate taxa the number of HU species was associated with areas of high and moderate burn frequencies. We posit that moderate burn frequencies had the greatest number of HU species because of requirements for multiple habitat types, structural diversity, and habitat components that are reduced in, or not provided by, areas with high burn frequencies. If conservation of specific longleaf pine specialists that rely on habitat created by high fire frequencies (e.g. Red-cockaded woodpeckers) is the objective, we suggest managing with high burn frequencies at the local scale. Conversely, if management objectives include maximizing wildlife diversity, managers should use a more variable fire regime across the landscape, from annual to less frequent 5 year burn intervals, to maintain localized patches of oaks and increase the compositional and structural diversity within the system. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.039 VL - 378 SP - 214-221 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84979900770&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tillage and fertilizer effects on crop yield and soil properties over 45 years in Southern Illinois AU - Cook, R.L. AU - Trlica, A. T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - Reducing soil disturbance may limit erosion, but many still consider tillage essential for seedbed preparation, particularly on poorly drained soils. Our objective was to quantify tillage and fertilizer management effects after 45 yr {21 in continuous corn [ Zea mays L.] [CC] and 24 in corn–soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] [CS] rotation} on a somewhat poorly drained silt loam near Belleville, IL. Four tillage (moldboard plow [MP], chisel tillage [ChT], alternate tillage [AT], and no‐till [NT]) and five fertilizer (no fertilization, N‐only, N+NPK starter, NPK+NPK starter, and NPK broadcast) treatments were evaluated. With N, P, and K fertilizer, yields were similar for tilled and NT treatments, averaging 8.73 Mg ha −1 for CC and 11.93 Mg ha −1 and 3.70 Mg ha −1 for rotated corn and soybean. Below recommended soil‐test values resulted in NT yielding less than tilled treatments even though soil test P, K, and pH were similar. No‐till with N, P, and K increased soil organic matter (OM) to 27.6 g kg −1 (20.5 g kg −1 in all other treatments), with the greatest increase from 0‐ to 5‐cm. No‐till treatments showed stratification of P and K, but it had no effect on yield. No excessive pH stratification was observed. Overall, fertilizer management predominantly influenced crop yield and with complete NPK management non‐tilled yields were similar to tilled, even on flat, somewhat‐poorly drained soils. No‐till with NPK management therefore may allow farmers to maintain high yields while reducing soil and nutrient losses. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2015.0397 VL - 108 IS - 1 SP - 415-426 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84953727800&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Factors Influencing Productivity of Pine Biomass in the Southeastern United States AU - Whetten, Ross AU - Isik, Fikret AU - McKeand, Steve T2 - On biofuels in the Southeast PY - 2016/// PB - Auburn University ER - TY - SOUND TI - Community Engagement and Informed Consent, Policy and Regulatory Issues for Gene Drives in Insects AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2016/1/21/ PY - 2016/1/21/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Incorporating public engagement throughout phased testing [of gene drives] AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65th Annual Meeting C2 - 2016/11/17/ CY - Atlanta, GA DA - 2016/11/17/ PY - 2016/11/17/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Engagement as governance AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2016/11/16/ PY - 2016/11/16/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Governing emerging biotechnologies: Expertise, democracy, and public engagement AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Between Certainty and Experimentation, Department of Geography seminar series C2 - 2016/11/11/ CY - University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC DA - 2016/11/11/ PY - 2016/11/11/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Research, Advocacy, and Engagement: Exploring the Roles of Experts in Democracy AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2016/10/12/ PY - 2016/10/12/ M3 - Keynote ER - TY - SOUND TI - Gene drives on the horizon AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2016/9/28/ PY - 2016/9/28/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Mapping gene drive governance AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Conference on Advancing Science for Policy through Interdisciplinary Research on Regulation C2 - 2016/9/15/ CY - Berkeley’s Center for Science, Technology, Medicine and Society, University of California, Berkley, CA DA - 2016/9/15/ PY - 2016/9/15/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Perspectives from recent proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and its June 2016 report, Gene Drives on the Horizon AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Leadership Summit on Synthetic Biology Stakeholder and Community Engagement for Public Health, Conservation, and Food and Agriculture. Co-sponsored by the Wilson Center and the Keystone Policy Center C2 - 2016/7/12/ CY - Washington, D.C DA - 2016/7/12/ PY - 2016/7/12/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Biotechnology and Engaging the Public as Experts AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Biosafety Support Unit, Indian Ministry of Science and Technology C2 - 2016/3/9/ CY - New Delhi, India DA - 2016/3/9/ PY - 2016/3/9/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetically Engineered Algae Public Engagement Strategies: A Stakeholder Workshop AU - Delborne, Jason AU - Farooque, M. AU - Shapiro, J. T2 - Expert and Citizen Assessment of Science and Technology (ECAST), funded by the Environmental Protection Agency C2 - 2016/10/27/ CY - Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ DA - 2016/10/27/ PY - 2016/10/27/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Engaging Publics as Experts,” Effective Management of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes, AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Indo-U.S Science and Technology Forum C2 - 2016/3/8/ CY - New Delhi, India DA - 2016/3/8/ PY - 2016/3/8/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparative risk analysis for agricultural genetic pest management technologies AU - Elsensohn, J.E. AU - Brown, Z.S. AU - Delborne, J.A. AU - Burrack, H.J. T2 - Society for Risk Analysis Annual Meeting C2 - 2016/12/11/ CY - San Diego, CA DA - 2016/12/11/ PY - 2016/12/11/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - GMOs, public perception, and opportunities for public engagement AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2016/9/21/ PY - 2016/9/21/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Public attitudes, perceptions, and engagement in the field of genetic modification AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2016/8/22/ PY - 2016/8/22/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Genetic Engineering and Society AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2016/4/27/ PY - 2016/4/27/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Reflections from the National Academies of Sciences committee on non-human gene drives and responsible conduct AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2016/12/13/ PY - 2016/12/13/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Public engagement and emerging biotechnologies: Opportunities and challenges for response-able science AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2016/12/2/ PY - 2016/12/2/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Point count bird censusing-long term study in central Arizona-Phoenix: Study sites AU - Shochat, Eyal AU - Katti, Madhusudan V. AU - Warren, Paige S. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.6073/pasta/751122afc88cc16b7bbb1695c4d656e6 M3 - Dataset ER - TY - CONF TI - Teaching at diverse undergraduate institutions: Or, that job no one likely prepared you for AU - Katti, Madhusudan T2 - 101st ESA Annual Meeting C2 - 2016/// CY - Fort Lauderdale, Florida DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/8/7/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Novel Ecosystems in Cities: Adaptation to Urban Conditions AU - Dolan, Rebecca W. AU - McKinney, Michael AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Szlavecz, Katalin T2 - 101st ESA Annual Meeting C2 - 2016/// CY - Fort Lauderdale, Florida DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/8/7/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Animals adapting to the rhythms of city life: An evolutionary ecological perspective AU - Katti, Madhusudan T2 - 101st ESA Annual Meeting C2 - 2016/// CY - Fort Lauderdale, Florida DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/8/7/ ER - TY - CONF TI - The effects of changing water availability and landscaping practices on bird communities in a California urban landscape AU - Slonka, Stephanie AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Garcia, Pedro AU - Schleder, Bradley T2 - 101st ESA Annual Meeting C2 - 2016/// CY - Fort Lauderdale, Florida DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/8/7/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Scoop: Citizen science practitioners walk the walk with open science on the next #CitSciChat AU - Cooper, Caren T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2016/5/17/ PY - 2016/5/17/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170908082601/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2016/05/17/coops-scoop-citizen-science-practitioners-walk-the-walk-with-open-science-on-the-next-citscichat/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - How “Responsible” is citizen science? Discuss on the next #CitSciChat AU - Cooper, Caren AU - Serrano, Fermin AU - Göbel, Claudia T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2016/7/26/ PY - 2016/7/26/ PB - PLOS UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170907223028/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2016/07/26/how-responsible-is-citizen-science-discuss-on-the-next-citscichat/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Citizen Science: How Ordinary People Are Changing the Face of Discovery AU - Cooper, C.B. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// SP - 294 PB - The Overlook Press SN - 9781468308679 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Keynote AU - Cooper, C.B. DA - 2016/2// PY - 2016/2// ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Scoop: Genetic literacy and citizen science for reading DNA AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci DA - 2016/1/19/ PY - 2016/1/19/ UR - http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2016/01/19/coops-scoop-genetic-literacy-and-citizen-science-for-reading-dna/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Scientists should talk to the public, but also listen AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Scientific American DA - 2016/2/5/ PY - 2016/2/5/ UR - https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/scientists-should-talk-to-the-public-but-also-listen/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Scoop: Opening access with citizen science in a word AU - Cooper, Caren T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2016/2/23/ PY - 2016/2/23/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20180405154807/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2016/02/23/coops-scoop-opening-access-with-citizen-science-in-a-word/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Augmented reality in citizen science to connect with reality AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - SciStarter blog DA - 2016/8/1/ PY - 2016/8/1/ UR - https://blog.scistarter.org/2016/08/augmented-reality-citizen-science-connect-reality/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Scoop: Quality and quantity with citizen science AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2016/12/21/ PY - 2016/12/21/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170907203245/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2016/12/21/quality-and-quantity-with-citizen-science/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Why citizen science matters AU - Cooper, C.B. AU - Lewenstein, B.V. T2 - The Rightful Place of Science: Citizen Science A2 - Cavalier, D. A2 - Kennedy, E. PY - 2016/// PB - Consortium for Science, Policy & Outcomes, Arizona State University Press SN - 9780692694831 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Hydrology of wetland and related soils AU - Arndt, J.L. AU - Emanuel, R.E. AU - Richardson, J.L. T2 - Wetland Soils: Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes, and Classification: Second Edition PY - 2016/// SP - 39-104 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85051620926&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moving SWAT model calibration and uncertainty analysis to an enterprise Hadoop-based cloud AU - Zhang, Dejian AU - Chen, Xingwei AU - Yao, Huaxia AU - James, April T2 - Environmental Modelling & Software AB - With enhanced availability of high spatial resolution data, hydrologic models such as the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) are increasingly used to investigate effects of management activities and climate change on water availability and quality. The advantages come at a price of greater computational demand and run time. This becomes challenging to model calibration and uncertainty analysis as these routines involve a large number of model runs. For efficient modelling, a cloud-based Calibration and Uncertainty analysis Tool for SWAT (CUT-SWAT) was implemented using Hadoop, an open source cloud platform, and the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation method. Test results on an enterprise cloud showed that CUT-SWAT can significantly speedup the calibration and uncertainty analysis processes with a speedup of 21.7–26.6 depending on model complexity and provides a flexible and fault-tolerant model execution environment (it can gracefully and automatically handle partial failure), thus would be an ideal method to solve computational demand problems in hydrological modelling. DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016/10// DO - 10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.06.024 VL - 84 SP - 140-148 J2 - Environmental Modelling & Software LA - en OP - SN - 1364-8152 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.06.024 DB - Crossref KW - Auto calibration KW - CUT-SWAT KW - Cloud computing KW - Enterprise cloud KW - SWAT KW - Uncertainty analysis ER - TY - RPRT TI - Introduction to Fire Ecology AU - Roise, J.P. DA - 2016/8/17/ PY - 2016/8/17/ M3 - Instructional Video UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xjVXybavO0 ER - TY - CONF TI - Linking Science and Natural Resource Management through the JFSP Fire Science Exchange Network AU - Hix, David M. AU - McGowan-Stinski, Jack AU - Goebel, Charles AU - Roise, Joseph AU - Long, Alan AU - Edwards, Gloria AU - Cheng, Tony T2 - Society of American Foresters Convention C2 - 2016/// CY - Madison, WI DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/11/2/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - High gene flow in the American badger overrides habitat preferences and limits broadscale genetic structure AU - Kierepka, E. M. AU - Latch, E. K. T2 - Molecular Ecology AB - Habitat associations are a function of habitat preferences and dispersal capabilities, both of which can influence how species responded to Quaternary climatic changes and contemporary habitat heterogeneity. Predicting resultant genetic structure is not always straightforward, especially in species where high dispersal potential and habitat preferences yield opposing predictions. The American badger has high dispersal capabilities that predict widespread panmixia, but avoids closed-canopy forests and clay soils, which could restrict gene flow and create ecologically based population genetic structure. We used mitochondrial sequence and microsatellite data sets to characterize how these opposing forces contribute to genetic structure in badgers at a continent-wide scale. Our data revealed an overall lack of ecologically based population genetic structure, suggesting that high dispersal capabilities were sufficiently realized to overcome most habitat-based genetic structure. At a broadscale, badger gene flow is limited only by geographic distance (isolation by distance) and large water barriers (Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River). The absence of genetic structure in a species with strong avoidance of unsuitable habitats advances our understanding of when and how genetic structure emerges in widespread, highly mobile species. DA - 2016/11/28/ PY - 2016/11/28/ DO - 10.1111/mec.13915 VL - 25 IS - 24 SP - 6055-6076 J2 - Mol Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1083 1365-294X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.13915 DB - Crossref KW - dispersal capability KW - habitat preferences KW - isolation by distance KW - mesocarnivore KW - phylogeography KW - Taxidea taxus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating the influence of life-history characteristics on genetic structure: a comparison of small mammals inhabiting complex agricultural landscapes AU - Kierepka, Elizabeth M. AU - Anderson, Sara J. AU - Swihart, Robert K. AU - Rhodes, Olin E., Jr T2 - Ecology and Evolution AB - Conversion of formerly continuous native habitats into highly fragmented landscapes can lead to numerous negative demographic and genetic impacts on native taxa that ultimately reduce population viability. In response to concerns over biodiversity loss, numerous investigators have proposed that traits such as body size and ecological specialization influence the sensitivity of species to habitat fragmentation. In this study, we examined how differences in body size and ecological specialization of two rodents (eastern chipmunk; Tamias striatus and white-footed mouse; Peromyscus leucopus) impact their genetic connectivity within the highly fragmented landscape of the Upper Wabash River Basin (UWB), Indiana, and evaluated whether landscape configuration and complexity influenced patterns of genetic structure similarly between these two species. The more specialized chipmunk exhibited dramatically more genetic structure across the UWB than white-footed mice, with genetic differentiation being correlated with geographic distance, configuration of intervening habitats, and complexity of forested habitats within sampling sites. In contrast, the generalist white-footed mouse resembled a panmictic population across the UWB, and no landscape factors were found to influence gene flow. Despite the extensive previous work in abundance and occupancy within the UWB, no landscape factor that influenced occupancy or abundance was correlated with genetic differentiation in either species. The difference in predictors of occupancy, abundance, and gene flow suggests that species-specific responses to fragmentation are scale dependent. DA - 2016/8/18/ PY - 2016/8/18/ DO - 10.1002/ece3.2269 VL - 6 IS - 17 SP - 6376-6396 J2 - Ecol Evol LA - en OP - SN - 2045-7758 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2269 DB - Crossref KW - Comparative landscape genetics KW - ecological specialization KW - fragmentation KW - Upper Wabash Valley ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of robust microsatellite markers for wild pig fecal DNA AU - Kierepka, Elizabeth M. AU - Unger, Shem D. AU - Keiter, David A. AU - Beasley, James C. AU - Rhodes, Olin E., Jr AU - Cunningham, Fred L. AU - Piaggio, Antoinette J. T2 - The Journal of Wildlife Management AB - ABSTRACT Collection of fecal samples for use in a genetic capture‐mark‐recapture framework has become popular as a noninvasive method of monitoring wildlife populations. A major caveat to this process, however, is that fecal samples often yield low quality DNA that is prone to genotyping errors, potentially leading to biases in population parameter estimation. Therefore, considerable care is required to identify robust genetic markers, especially in hot or humid conditions that may accelerate DNA degradation. We identified microsatellite loci in wild pig ( Sus scrofa ) fecal samples that were robust and informative within warm, humid ecosystems. To examine how degradation affected genotyping success, we sampled pig feces across 5 days and calculated how the number of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) cycles required to reach the fluorescent threshold ( C t ) changed over time. We identified 17 microsatellite loci that had high polymorphism and amplification success and low genotyping error rates (0–0.050 per locus). In the degradation experiment, C t increased over the 5 days, but in the absence of rain, the majority of samples produced accurate genotypes after 5 days (2,211/2,550 genotypes). Based on the high amplification success and low error rates, even after 5 days of exposure to warm, humid conditions, these loci are useful for estimating population parameters in pig fecal samples. © 2016 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2016/6/10/ PY - 2016/6/10/ DO - 10.1002/jwmg.21102 VL - 80 IS - 6 SP - 1120-1128 J2 - Jour. Wild. Mgmt. LA - en OP - SN - 0022-541X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21102 DB - Crossref KW - degradation KW - feces KW - microsatellites KW - noninvasive KW - South Carolina KW - Sus scrofa KW - wild pigs ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Tragedy of the Unexamined Cat: Why K–12 and University Education Are Still in the Dark Ages and How Citizen Science Allows for a Renaissance AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Cavelier, Darlene AU - Urban, Julie T2 - Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education AB - At the end of the dark ages, anatomy was taught as though everything that could be known was known. Scholars learned about what had been discovered rather than how to make discoveries. This was true even though the body (and the rest of biology) was very poorly understood. The renaissance eventually brought a revolution in how scholars (and graduate students) were trained and worked. This revolution never occurred in K–12 or university education such that we now teach young students in much the way that scholars were taught in the dark ages, we teach them what is already known rather than the process of knowing. Citizen science offers a way to change K–12 and university education and, in doing so, complete the renaissance. Here we offer an example of such an approach and call for change in the way students are taught science, change that is more possible than it has ever been and is, nonetheless, five hundred years delayed. DA - 2016/3/1/ PY - 2016/3/1/ DO - 10.1128/jmbe.v17i1.1049 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 4-6 LA - en OP - SN - 1935-7877 1935-7885 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v17i1.1049 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Gene Drives on the Horizon AU - Collins, J.P. AU - Heitman, E. AU - Achee, N.L. AU - Chandler, V. AU - Delborne, J.A. AU - Gaut, B.S. AU - Higgs, S. AU - Kaebnick, G.E. AU - Kingiri, A. AU - Landis, W. AU - Riddiford, L. AU - Tait, J. AU - Taneyhill, L.A. AU - Travis, J. AU - Turner, P.E. AU - Winickoff, D.E. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.17226/23405 PB - National Academies Press SN - 9780309437875 9780309437905 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/23405 ER - TY - CONF TI - New kids on the block: Regulatory issues around emerging pests and emerging technologies AU - Elsensohn, Johanna AU - Brown, Z.S. AU - Delborne, J.A. AU - Burrack, H.J. T2 - 2016 International Congress of Entomology C2 - 2016/// CY - Orlando, FL DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/9/26/ DO - 10.1603/ice.2016.108380 PB - Entomological Society of America UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.108380 ER - TY - CONF TI - Diverse approaches for public engagement AU - Delborne, Jason A T2 - 2016 International Congress of Entomology C2 - 2016/// CY - Orlando, FL DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/9/26/ DO - 10.1603/ice.2016.92373 PB - Entomological Society of America UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.92373 ER - TY - CONF TI - Differential urban biotic filtering in three desert cities in the USA AU - Hensley, Chris AU - Katti, Madhusudan T2 - 101st ESA Annual Meeting C2 - 2016/8/11/ CY - Fort Lauderdale, FL DA - 2016/8/11/ PY - 2016/8/7/ PB - ESA ER - TY - RPRT TI - Inferring habitat quality and habitat selection using static site occupancy models AU - Patton, Philip T. AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Collazo, Jaime DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// M3 - ArXiv Preprint UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.05175 ER - TY - CONF TI - Relationships between wildland fire and watershed hydrology across the contiguous United States AU - Hallema, D.W. AU - Sun, G. AU - Caldwell, P.V. AU - Norman, S.P. AU - Cohen, E.C. AU - Liu, Y. AU - McNulty, S.G. T2 - Fifth Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds A2 - Stringer, C.E. A2 - Krauss, K.W. A2 - Latimer, J.S. C2 - 2016/// C3 - Headwaters to estuaries: advances in watershed science and management, March 2-5, 2015, North Charleston, South Carolina : proceedings of the fifth Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds CY - North Charleston, South Carolina DA - 2016/// PY - 2015/3/2/ SP - 103 PB - U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station SN - 9781411326163 UR - https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/50892 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling the sediment yield and the impact of vegetated filters using an event-based soil erosion model-a case study of a small Canadian watershed AU - Hould-Gosselin, Gabriel AU - Rousseau, Alain N. AU - Gumiere, Silvio J. AU - Hallema, Dennis W. AU - Ratté-Fortin, Claudie AU - Thériault, Georges AU - van Bochove, Eric T2 - Hydrological Processes AB - This paper presents the first application of the event-based MHYDAS-Erosion model to a small agricultural watershed under temperate climate conditions (Quebec, Canada). Simulation results based on observed and synthetic rainfall events revealed a bimodal behaviour of sediment yield. During high-intensity rainfall events, most of the sediments reaching the watershed outlet originate from cropland. Meanwhile, during low-intensity events, most of the sediments come from the drainage network. Furthermore, simulation results show that implementation of 5-m and 20-m wide vegetated filters throughout the watershed or at the edge of the most problematic fields (4% of the total fields) could reduce soil loss by 52% and 31%, respectively. The modeling framework could be used for the design and location of beneficial management practices such as grass strips and riparian zones Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2016/4/13/ PY - 2016/4/13/ DO - 10.1002/hyp.10817 VL - 30 IS - 16 SP - 2835-2850 J2 - Hydrol. Process. LA - en OP - SN - 0885-6087 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10817 DB - Crossref KW - hydrologic models KW - agriculture KW - soil erosion KW - case studies ER - TY - JOUR TI - Meta-analysis of natural resources conservation plan evaluations AU - Foster, M. AU - Peterson, M.N. AU - Cubbage, F. AU - McMahon, G. T2 - Journal of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 3 SP - 296–302 UR - http://www.seafwa.org/publications/journal/?id=402065 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In situ investigation of rapid subsurface flow: Identification of relevant spatial structures beyond heterogeneity AU - Jackisch, Conrad AU - Angermann, Lisa AU - Allroggen, Niklas AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Blume, Theresa AU - Weiler, Markus AU - Tronicke, Jens AU - Zehe, Erwin AB - Abstract. Rapid subsurface flow in structured soils facilitates fast vertical and lateral redistribution of event water. Despite their significance and omnipresence the related processes are challenging hydrological exploration, monitoring, modeling and theory. One reason for this is that flow processes at high velocities are difficult to observe in the subsurface. Another reason is that advective flow is channeled in distinct connected structures several orders of magnitude smaller than commonly resolved observation volumes. This is the second part of a companion paper with a focus on \\textit{in situ} experimental exploration of rapid subsurface flow. Complementary to the temporal dynamics, this study looks into the identification of spatially organized structures. We present a bottom-up approach with point-scale measurements, plot-scale multi-tracer experiments and a hillslope-scale irrigation experiment. Special emphasis is given to the employed 2D and 3D time-lapse ground penetrating radar monitoring under field conditions on forested, young soils on periglacial slope deposits. The study highlights the difficulty to draw conclusions beyond overall heterogeneity from point observations in a basically unknown and structured domain. We also spotlight the challenge to identify relevant structures based on a single quasi-static exploration. A coherent combination of different hydrological and geophysical methods to monitor the system under driven conditions was key to reduce ambiguity in the identification of hydrologically relevant structures and the overall process understanding. DA - 2016/5/17/ PY - 2016/5/17/ DO - 10.5194/hess-2016-190 VL - 5 UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-190 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In situ investigation of rapid subsurface flow: Temporal dynamics and catchment-scale implication AU - Angermann, Lisa AU - Jackisch, Conrad AU - Allroggen, Niklas AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Zehe, Erwin AU - Tronicke, Jens AU - Weiler, Markus AU - Blume, Theresa AB - Abstract. Preferential flow is omnipresent in natural systems. It links multiple scales from single pores to entire hillslopes and potentially influences the discharge dynamics of a catchment. However, there is still a lack of appropriate monitoring techniques and thus, process understanding. In this study, a promising combination of 2D time-lapse ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and soil moisture monitoring was used to observe preferential flow processes in highly structured soils during a hillslope-scale irrigation experiment. The 2D time-lapse GPR data were interpreted using structural similarity attributes, highlighting changes between individual time-lapse measurements. These changes are related to soil moisture variations in the subsurface. In combination with direct measurements of soil moisture, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the resulting patterns can give evidence about subsurface flow processes. The response dynamics at the hillslope were compared to the runoff response behavior of the headwater catchment. The experiment revealed a fast establishment of hillslope-scale connectivity despite unsaturated conditions, with high response velocities of up to 10−3 m s−1 or faster, and a high portion of mobile water. These processes substantially impact the overall catchment response behavior. While the presented approach is a good way to observe the temporal dynamics and general patterns, the spatial characteristics of small-scale preferential flow path could not be fully resolved. DA - 2016/5/10/ PY - 2016/5/10/ DO - 10.5194/hess-2016-189 VL - 5 UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-189 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A community effort to document wildlife: eMammal project expands the impact of citizen scientists AU - Kays, By Roland AU - Forrester, Tavis AU - Mcshea, William T2 - The Wildlife Professional DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016/11// SP - 38–41 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A hypothesis for the disagreement between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of North American Canis: an eletter response to Whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf AU - Kays, Roland T2 - Science Advances AB - Genome admixture in two endemic North American wolf species. DA - 2016/7// PY - 2016/7// DO - 10.1126/sciadv.1501714 VL - 2 IS - 7 SP - e1501714 SN - 2375-2548 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501714 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Candid Creatures : how camera traps reveal the mysteries of nature AU - Kays, Roland DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1353/book.72115 PB - Johns Hopkins University Press SN - 9781421418896 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book.72115 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival is not enough: The effects of microclimate on the growth and health of three common urban tree species in San Francisco, California AU - Martin, M.P. AU - Simmons, C. AU - Ashton, M.S. T2 - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening AB - Urban forest managers must balance social, economic, and ecological goals through tree species selection and planting location. Ornamental trees are often popular in tree planting programs for their aesthetic benefits, but studies find that they have lower survivability and growth compared to larger shade trees. To maximize ecosystem services within these aesthetic preferences, it is important to select species carefully based on their ability to grow in each particular climate. However, little locality-specific and species-specific data exist on urban trees in many regions. This study examines the growth, survival, and vigor of three common ornamental street trees in San Francisco’s three different microclimate zones after over 16 years since planting. While we found over 70% survival for all three species throughout the city, there were significant differences in health and vigor among microclimates for each species, likely due to differences in drought-tolerance. While Arbutus had the greatest proportion of healthy trees in the Fog Belt and Sun Belt zones, Prunus cerasifera had the greatest proportion in the Sun Belt, and Prunus serrulata had the greatest proportions in the Transition and the Sun Belt zones. This species-specific and climate-specific information will better equip urban foresters to target both planting and tree-care of these popular species appropriately to maximize the benefits provided by these street trees while still maintaining a diverse canopy. Finally, we argue that simple survival calculations can mask more complex differences in the health and ability of different urban tree species to provide ecosystem services. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.004 VL - 19 SP - 1-6 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84978240366&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Microclimate KW - Ornamental trees KW - Tree growth KW - Tree mortality KW - Urban ecosystem KW - Urban forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Admixture mapping identifies introgressed genomic regions in North American canids AU - vonHoldt, Bridgett M. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Pollinger, John P. AU - Wayne, Robert K. T2 - Molecular Ecology AB - Abstract Hybrid zones typically contain novel gene combinations that can be tested by natural selection in a unique genetic context. Parental haplotypes that increase fitness can introgress beyond the hybrid zone, into the range of parental species. We used the Affymetrix canine SNP genotyping array to identify genomic regions tagged by multiple ancestry informative markers that are more frequent in an admixed population than expected. We surveyed a hybrid zone formed in the last 100 years as coyotes expanded their range into eastern North America. Concomitant with expansion, coyotes hybridized with wolves and some populations became more wolflike, such that coyotes in the northeast have the largest body size of any coyote population. Using a set of 3102 ancestry informative markers, we identified 60 differentially introgressed regions in 44 canines across this admixture zone. These regions are characterized by an excess of exogenous ancestry and, in northeastern coyotes, are enriched for genes affecting body size and skeletal proportions. Further, introgressed wolf‐derived alleles have penetrated into Southern US coyote populations. Because no wolves currently exist in this area, these alleles are unlikely to have originated from recent hybridization. Instead, they probably originated from intraspecific gene flow or ancient admixture. We show that grey wolf and coyote admixture has far‐reaching effects and, in addition to phenotypically transforming admixed populations, allows for the differential movement of alleles from different parental species to be tested in new genomic backgrounds. DA - 2016/5/12/ PY - 2016/5/12/ DO - 10.1111/mec.13667 VL - 25 IS - 11 SP - 2443-2453 J2 - Mol Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1083 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.13667 DB - Crossref KW - admixture KW - ancestry KW - canids KW - introgression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wildlife speed cameras: measuring animal travel speed and day range using camera traps AU - Rowcliffe, J. Marcus AU - Jansen, Patrick A. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Kranstauber, Bart AU - Carbone, Chris T2 - Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation AB - Abstract Travel speed (average speed of travel while active) and day range (average speed over the daily activity cycle) are behavioural metrics that influence processes including energy use, foraging success, disease transmission and human‐wildlife interactions, and which can therefore be applied to a range of questions in ecology and conservation. These metrics are usually derived from telemetry or direct observations. Here, we describe and validate an entirely new alternative approach, using camera traps recording passing animals to measure movement paths at very fine scale. Dividing the length of a passage by its duration gives a speed observation, and average travel speed is estimated by fitting size‐biased probability distributions to a sample of speed observations. Day range is then estimated as the product of travel speed and activity level (proportion of time spent active), which can also be estimated from camera‐trap data. We field tested the procedure with data from a survey of terrestrial mammals on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Travel speeds and day ranges estimated for 12 species scaled positively with body mass, and were higher in faunivores than in herbivores, patterns that are consistent with those obtained using independent estimates derived from tracked individuals. Comparisons of our day range estimates with independent telemetry‐based estimates for three species also showed very similar values in absolute terms. We conclude that these methods are accurate and ready to use for estimating travel speed and day range in wildlife. Key advantages of the methods are that they are non‐invasive, and that measurements are made at very high resolution in time and space, yielding estimates that are comparable across species and studies. Combined with emerging techniques in computer vision, we anticipate that these methods will help to expand the range of species for which we can estimate movement rate in the wild. DA - 2016/4/27/ PY - 2016/4/27/ DO - 10.1002/rse2.17 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 84-94 J2 - Remote Sens Ecol Conserv LA - en OP - SN - 2056-3485 2056-3485 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rse2.17 DB - Crossref KW - Animal tracking KW - image analysis KW - length-biased distributions KW - movement ecology KW - travel distance KW - video capture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scaling-up camera traps: monitoring the planet's biodiversity with networks of remote sensors AU - Steenweg, Robin AU - Hebblewhite, Mark AU - Kays, Roland AU - Ahumada, Jorge AU - Fisher, Jason T AU - Burton, Cole AU - Townsend, Susan E AU - Carbone, Chris AU - Rowcliffe, J Marcus AU - Whittington, Jesse AU - Brodie, Jedediah AU - Royle, J Andrew AU - Switalski, Adam AU - Clevenger, Anthony P AU - Heim, Nicole AU - Rich, Lindsey N T2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment AB - Countries committed to implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity's 2011–2020 strategic plan need effective tools to monitor global trends in biodiversity. Remote cameras are a rapidly growing technology that has great potential to transform global monitoring for terrestrial biodiversity and can be an important contributor to the call for measuring Essential Biodiversity Variables. Recent advances in camera technology and methods enable researchers to estimate changes in abundance and distribution for entire communities of animals and to identify global drivers of biodiversity trends. We suggest that interconnected networks of remote cameras will soon monitor biodiversity at a global scale, help answer pressing ecological questions, and guide conservation policy. This global network will require greater collaboration among remote‐camera studies and citizen scientists, including standardized metadata, shared protocols, and security measures to protect records about sensitive species. With modest investment in infrastructure, and continued innovation, synthesis, and collaboration, we envision a global network of remote cameras that not only provides real‐time biodiversity data but also serves to connect people with nature. DA - 2016/12/20/ PY - 2016/12/20/ DO - 10.1002/fee.1448 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 26-34 J2 - Front Ecol Environ LA - en OP - SN - 1540-9295 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.1448 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Open Standard for Camera Trap Data AU - Forrester, Tavis AU - O'Brien, Tim AU - Fegraus, Eric AU - Jansen, Patrick AU - Palmer, Jonathan AU - Kays, Roland AU - Ahumada, Jorge AU - Stern, Beth AU - McShea, William T2 - Biodiversity Data Journal AB - Camera traps that capture photos of animals are a valuable tool for monitoring biodiversity. The use of camera traps is rapidly increasing and there is an urgent need for standardization to facilitate data management, reporting and data sharing. Here we offer the Camera Trap Metadata Standard as an open data standard for storing and sharing camera trap data, developed by experts from a variety of organizations. The standard captures information necessary to share data between projects and offers a foundation for collecting the more detailed data needed for advanced analysis. The data standard captures information about study design, the type of camera used, and the location and species names for all detections in a standardized way. This information is critical for accurately assessing results from individual camera trapping projects and for combining data from multiple studies for meta-analysis. This data standard is an important step in aligning camera trapping surveys with best practices in data-intensive science. Ecology is moving rapidly into the realm of big data, and central data repositories are becoming a critical tool and are emerging for camera trap data. This data standard will help researchers standardize data terms, align past data to new repositories, and provide a framework for utilizing data across repositories and research projects to advance animal ecology and conservation. DA - 2016/12/6/ PY - 2016/12/6/ DO - 10.3897/BDJ.4.e10197 VL - 4 SP - e10197 J2 - BDJ OP - SN - 1314-2828 1314-2836 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e10197 DB - Crossref KW - big data KW - biodiversity KW - camera trap KW - data repository KW - data schema ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does hunting or hiking affect wildlife communities in protected areas? AU - Kays, Roland AU - Parsons, Arielle W. AU - Baker, Megan C. AU - Kalies, Elizabeth L. AU - Forrester, Tavis AU - Costello, Robert AU - Rota, Christopher T. AU - Millspaugh, Joshua J. AU - McShea, William J. T2 - Journal of Applied Ecology AB - Summary Managed public wild areas have dual mandates to protect biodiversity and provide recreational opportunities for people. These goals could be at odds if recreation, ranging from hiking to legal hunting, disrupts wildlife enough to alter their space use or community structure. We evaluated the effect of managed hunting and recreation on 12 terrestrial wildlife species by employing a large citizen science camera trapping survey at 1947 sites stratified across different levels of human activities in 32 protected forests in the eastern USA . Habitat covariates, especially the amount of large continuous forest and local housing density, were more important than recreation for affecting the distribution of most species. The four most hunted species (white‐tailed deer, raccoons, eastern grey and fox squirrels) were commonly detected throughout the region, but relatively less so at hunted sites. Recreation was most important for affecting the distribution of coyotes, which used hunted areas more compared with unhunted control areas, and did not avoid areas used by hikers. Most species did not avoid human‐made trails, and many predators positively selected them. Bears and bobcats were more likely to avoid people in hunted areas than unhunted preserves, suggesting that they perceive the risk of humans differently depending on local hunting regulations. However, this effect was not found for the most heavily hunted species, suggesting that human hunters are not broadly creating ‘fear’ effects to the wildlife community as would be expected for apex predators. Synthesis and applications . Although we found that hiking and managed hunting have measureable effects on the distribution of some species, these were relatively minor in comparison with the importance of habitat covariates associated with land use and habitat fragmentation. These patterns of wildlife distribution suggest that the present practices for regulating recreation in the region are sustainable and in balance with the goal of protecting wildlife populations and may be facilitated by decades of animal habituation to humans. The citizen science monitoring approach we developed could offer a long‐term monitoring protocol for protected areas, which would help managers to detect where and when the balance between recreation and wildlife has tipped. DA - 2016/6/8/ PY - 2016/6/8/ DO - 10.1111/1365-2664.12700 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 242-252 J2 - J Appl Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8901 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12700 DB - Crossref KW - camera trap KW - citizen science KW - hiking KW - hunting KW - mammals KW - park KW - protected area KW - protected forest KW - recreation KW - wildlife communities ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of wildland fire impacts on watershed annual water yield: Analytical framework and case studies in the United States AU - Hallema, Dennis W. AU - Sun, Ge AU - Caldwell, Peter V. AU - Norman, Steven P. AU - Cohen, Erika C. AU - Liu, Yongqiang AU - Ward, Eric J. AU - McNulty, Steven G. T2 - Ecohydrology AB - Abstract More than 50% of water supplies in the conterminous United States originate on forestland or rangeland and are potentially under increasing stress as a result of larger and more severe wildfires. Little is known, however, about the long‐term impacts of fire on annual water yield and the role of climate variability within this context. We here propose a framework for evaluating wildland fire impacts on streamflow that combines double‐mass analysis with new methods (change point analysis, climate elasticity modeling, and process‐based modeling) to distinguish between multiyear fire and climate impacts. The framework captures a wide range of fire types, watersheds characteristics, and climate conditions using streamflow data, as opposed to other approaches requiring paired watersheds. The process is illustrated with three case studies. A watershed in Arizona experienced a +266% increase in annual water yield in the 5 years after a wildfire, where +219% was attributed to wildfire and +24% to precipitation trends. In contrast, a California watershed had a lower (−64%) post‐fire net water yield, comprised of enhanced flow (+38%) attributed to wildfire offset (−102%) by lower precipitation in the post‐fire period. Changes in streamflow within a watershed in South Carolina had no apparent link to periods of prescribed burning but matched a very wet winter and reports of storm damage. The presented framework is unique in its ability to detect and quantify fire or other disturbances, even if the date or nature of the disturbance event is uncertain, and regardless of precipitation trends. DA - 2016/11/29/ PY - 2016/11/29/ DO - 10.1002/eco.1794 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - e1794 J2 - Ecohydrol. LA - en OP - SN - 1936-0584 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.1794 DB - Crossref KW - change point analysis KW - climate change KW - climate elasticity KW - hydrologic disturbance KW - prescribed burning KW - United States KW - wildfire ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are we working to save the species our children want to protect? Evaluating species attribute preferences among children AU - Frew, Kristin AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Stevenson, Kathryn T2 - Oryx AB - Abstract As conservation resources decline and numbers of threatened species increase, prioritizing species for conservation is increasingly important, and prioritizing based on attributes may be the most efficient approach. Despite the importance of biodiversity as a legacy to future generations, children's preferences for species attributes have never been considered. We surveyed 3rd and 5th grade students, typically 8–10 years old, in North Carolina, USA, to determine how children prioritize conservation of species based on attributes. We asked the students to rank five species attributes, allocate money to species with each attribute, and choose between each species attribute and endemism in terms of their importance for conservation. Children prioritized species that are important in nature and those whose numbers are declining over species with other attributes, whereas research suggests that adults prioritize endemic species over most other types. Our results suggest children prioritize biodiversity conservation differently from adults, and in ways that may be more conducive to biodiversity conservation in cases where endemism is not directly related to species endangerment, and we suggest the perspectives of children be considered more fully within biodiversity conservation. DA - 2016/5/4/ PY - 2016/5/4/ DO - 10.1017/S0030605315001477 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 455-463 J2 - Oryx LA - en OP - SN - 0030-6053 1365-3008 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001477 DB - Crossref KW - Children KW - conservation priorities KW - environmental education KW - species attributes KW - valuation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does education influence wildlife friendly landscaping preferences? AU - Rodriguez, Shari L. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Moorman, Christopher J. T2 - Urban Ecosystems DA - 2016/11/18/ PY - 2016/11/18/ DO - 10.1007/S11252-016-0609-2 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 489-496 J2 - Urban Ecosyst LA - en OP - SN - 1083-8155 1573-1642 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11252-016-0609-2 DB - Crossref KW - Birds KW - Urban wildlife habitat KW - Landscaping preferences KW - Native plants KW - Social norms ER - TY - JOUR TI - Illegal fishing and hunting as resistance to neoliberal colonialism AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - von Essen, E. AU - Hansen, H. P. AU - Peterson, T. R. T2 - Crime, Law and Social Change DA - 2016/11/22/ PY - 2016/11/22/ DO - 10.1007/S10611-016-9664-0 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 401-413 J2 - Crime Law Soc Change LA - en OP - SN - 0925-4994 1573-0751 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10611-016-9664-0 DB - Crossref KW - Colonialism KW - Governmentality KW - Neoliberalism KW - Poaching KW - Wildlife ER - TY - CONF TI - Multisource Image Kalman Filtering for Rapid Phenological Monitoring and Forecasting AU - Gray, J.M. AU - Friedl, Mark A. AU - Singh, Kunwar K. C2 - 2016/// C3 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2016/// SP - B43B-0599 PB - American Geophysical Union ER - TY - CONF TI - Validation of VIIRS Land Surface Phenology using Field Observations, PhenoCam Imagery, and Landsat data. AU - Zhang, Xiaoyang AU - Jayavelu, Senthilnath AU - Wang, Jianmin AU - Henebry, Geoffrey M. AU - Gray, Josh M. AU - Friedl, Mark A. AU - Liu, Yan AU - Schaaf, Crystal AU - Shuai, An C2 - 2016/// C3 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2016/// SP - B33J-06 PB - American Geophysical Union ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term effects of wet and dry site harvesting on soil physical properties mitigated by mechanical site preparation in coastal plain loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations AU - Lang, A.J. AU - Cristan, R. AU - Aust, W.M. AU - Bolding, M.C. AU - Strahm, B.D. AU - Vance, E.D. AU - Roberts, E.T., Jr. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Wet site forest harvesting may damage soil physical properties, altering long-term site productivity. In 1993, a study was installed to evaluate effects of machine trafficking with site preparation during wet and dry harvest conditions on a poorly drained, wet pine flat in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, USA. Five soil disturbance classes (Minimum Traffic, Compacted, Shallow Ruts, Ruts, and Churned) were documented following harvest (prior to site preparation). Three site preparation treatments and two harvest conditions (Wet Mole-Plowed, Wet-Flat, Wet-Bedded, Dry-Flat, and Dry-Bedded) were operationally replicated three times. Soil physical properties and carbon were measured 17 years after stand re-establishment to document long-term changes associated with traffic disturbance and site preparation. Results show that all measured soil physical properties at surface and subsurface horizons (except macroporosity in surface horizons) were similar among site preparation treatments and soil disturbance classes. Previous research showed that Mole-Plowed treatment proved beneficial for tree growth parameters at stand age 16 years, which corresponded to macroporosity levels within soil surface horizons at stand age 17 years. Statistical analyses indicated greater (p = 0.04) macroporosity of surface horizons in the intensive Mole-Plowed treatment (14.7%, ±1.6%). Wet-Flat (9.1%, ±0.9%), Wet-Bedded (9.1%, ±0.8%), Dry-Bedded (9.5%, ±1.0%), and Dry-Flat (9.8%, ±1.0%) had significantly less macroporosity, but were not significantly different from each other. Macroporosity of surface horizons was also significantly different among soil disturbance classes (p = 0.08). However, macroporosity had not recovered to pre-harvest levels for any site preparation treatments except Mole-Plowed. Bulk density and total porosity recovered to near pre-harvest levels for all treatment combinations, but saturated hydraulic conductivity rates remained lower than pre-harvest values. Mole plowing with bedding improved microsite drainage, which likely reduced areas of locally high water tables and somewhat reduced areas with root restriction due to poor aeration. Based on tree productivity, treatment drainage appeared to be the most limiting growth factor for this site. Recovery of soil properties on non-bedded treatments indicate site amelioration through natural mechanisms which may include shrinking and swelling of clays, activities of soil macrobiota, and root dynamics. On these sites, natural processes ameliorated almost all post harvesting soil differences by age 17 (before the end of the rotation). The benefits of both minimizing soil disturbance and/or employing ameliorative site preparation treatments were largely restricted to early in the rotation where they could contribute to initial survival and early growth increases. As the cost of ameliorative site preparation is high, minimizing soil disturbance is recommended. DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.09.034 VL - 359 SP - 162-173 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1127 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.09.034 DB - Crossref KW - Harvest disturbances KW - Soil physical properties KW - Mechanical site preparation KW - Disturbance amelioration KW - Long-term effects ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil fungal and bacterial responses to conversion of open land to short-rotation woody biomass crops AU - Xue, Chao AU - Penton, Christopher Ryan AU - Zhang, Bangzhou AU - Zhao, Mengxin AU - Rothstein, David E. AU - Mladenoff, David J. AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Shen, Qirong AU - Tiedje, James M. T2 - GCB Bioenergy AB - Abstract Short‐rotation woody biomass crops ( SRWC s) have been proposed as an alternative feedstock for biofuel production in the northeastern US that leads to the conversion of current open land to woody plantations, potentially altering the soil microbial community structures and hence functions. We used pyrosequencing of 16S and 28S rRNA genes in soil to assess bacterial and fungal populations when ‘marginal’ grasslands were converted into willow ( Salix spp.) and hybrid poplar ( Populus spp.) plantations at two sites with similar soils and climate history in northern Michigan (Escanaba; ES ) and Wisconsin (Rhinelander; RH ). In only three growing seasons, the conversion significantly altered both the bacterial and fungal communities, which were most influenced by site and then vegetation. The fungal community showed greater change than the bacterial community in response to land conversion at both sites with substantial enrichment of putative pathogenic, ectomycorrhizal, and endophytic fungi associated with poplar and willow. Conversely, the bacterial community structures shifted, but to a lesser degree, with the new communities dissimilar at the two sites and most correlated with soil nutrient status. The bacterial phylum Nitrospirae increased after conversion and was negatively correlated to total soil nitrogen, but positively correlated to soil nitrate, and may be responsible for nitrate accumulation and the increased N 2 O emissions previously reported following conversion at these sites. The legacy effect of a much longer grassland history and a second dry summer at the ES site may have influenced the grassland (control) microbial community to remain stable while it varied at the RH site. DA - 2016/1/6/ PY - 2016/1/6/ DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12303 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 723-736 J2 - GCB Bioenergy LA - en OP - SN - 1757-1693 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12303 DB - Crossref KW - grassland KW - poplar KW - short-rotation woody biomass crop KW - soil bacterial community KW - soil fungal community KW - willow ER - TY - JOUR TI - Attitudes Towards Governance of Gene Editing AU - Kuzma, J. AU - Kokotovich, A. AU - Kuzhabekova, A. T2 - Asian Biotechnology and Development Review DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 69-92 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dissection of allelic interactions among Pto-miR257 and its targets and their effects on growth and wood properties in Populus AU - Chen, B AU - Du, Q AU - Chen, J AU - Yang, X AU - Tian, J AU - Li, B AU - Zhang, D T2 - Heredity AB - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have important roles in the regulation of genes; however, for trees few studies have explored the potential impact of the interactions between miRNAs and their target genes. Here, we performed transcript profiling and association genetics (single-SNP, haplotype-based and multi-SNP associations) to study the genetic regulatory relationship of Pto-miR257 and its 12 target genes in 435 individuals of a natural population of Populus tomentosa. Expression profiling of Pto-miR257 and its targets showed a negative relationship between their expression levels. Of the 61 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected in Pto-miR257, 6 in the pre-mature region strongly affected its secondary stability and 1 in the mature region could alter its target spectrum. Among the 1029 SNPs in the targets, 3 were located in target sites that could change the binding affinity of Pto-miR257. Single-SNP association analysis revealed that SNPs in Pto-miR257 and target genes associated with both growth and wood property traits, in agreement with haplotype-based identifications. Multi-SNP association found that 10 targets shared at least one common trait with Pto-miR257, with phenotypic variance from 0.5 to 8.5%, suggesting a possible internal genetic interaction between them. Epistasis analysis showed significant epistatic interactions among Pto-miR257 and its targets. Therefore, our study demonstrated Pto-miR257 and its 12 targets had roles in wood formation and revealed the genetic interaction network between the miRNA and its targets under additive, dominant and epistatic models. Thus, association genetics can be used to decipher the interactions between miRNAs and their target genes and to help understand the genetic architecture of complex traits. DA - 2016/4/27/ PY - 2016/4/27/ DO - 10.1038/HDY.2016.26 VL - 117 IS - 2 SP - 73-83 J2 - Heredity LA - en OP - SN - 0018-067X 1365-2540 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/HDY.2016.26 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association genetics in Populus reveals the interactions between Pto-miR160a and its target Pto-ARF16 AU - Tian, Jiaxing AU - Chen, Jinhui AU - Li, Bailian AU - Zhang, Deqiang T2 - Molecular Genetics and Genomics DA - 2016/1/5/ PY - 2016/1/5/ DO - 10.1007/S00438-015-1165-9 VL - 291 IS - 3 SP - 1069-1082 J2 - Mol Genet Genomics LA - en OP - SN - 1617-4615 1617-4623 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S00438-015-1165-9 DB - Crossref KW - Association genetics KW - Epistasis KW - Single nucleotide polymorphism KW - Interaction of miRNA-mRNA KW - Auxin response factor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental Science: the interdisciplinary STEM field AU - Geidel, Gwendelyn AU - Winner, William E. T2 - Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences DA - 2016/6// PY - 2016/6// DO - 10.1007/S13412-015-0339-4 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 336–343 SN - 2190-6483 2190-6491 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S13412-015-0339-4 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Involving Citizen Scientists in Biodiversity Observation AU - Chandler, Mark AU - See, Linda AU - Buesching, Christina D. AU - Cousins, Jenny A. AU - Gillies, Chris AU - Kays, Roland W. AU - Newman, Chris AU - Pereira, Henrique M. AU - Tiago, Patricia T2 - The GEO Handbook on Biodiversity Observation Networks AB - The involvement of non-professionals in scientific research and environmental monitoring, termed Citizen Science (CS), has now become a mainstream approach for collecting data on earth processes, ecosystems and biodiversity. This chapter examines how CS might contribute to ongoing efforts in biodiversity monitoring, enhancing observation and recording of key species and systems in a standardised manner, thereby supporting data relevant to the Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs), as well as reaching key constituencies who would benefit Biodiversity Observation Networks (BONs). The design of successful monitoring or observation networks that rely on citizen observers requires a careful balancing of the two primary user groups, namely data users and data contributors (i.e., citizen scientists). To this end, this chapter identifies examples of successful CS programs as well as considering practical issues such as the reliability of the data, participant recruitment and motivation, and the use of emerging technologies. PY - 2016/11/25/ DO - 10.1007/978-3-319-27288-7_9 SP - 211-237 OP - PB - Springer International Publishing SN - 9783319272863 9783319272887 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27288-7_9 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Enhancing Home Energy Efficiency Through Natural Hazard Risk Reduction: Linking Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in the Home AU - Galik, Christopher S. AU - Rupert, Douglas AU - Starkman, Kendall AU - Threadcraft, Joseph AU - Baker, Justin S. T2 - Innovations in Home Energy Use: A Sourcebook for Behavior Change AB - As a collection of essays that explore innovations to encourage reduction in homeowner energy use, this volume reflects a confluence of ideas and initiatives rather than a narrow look at what a single, particular line of academic literature suggests might be possible to shape homeowner behavior. PY - 2016/1/4/ DO - 10.3768/rtipress.2015.bk.0015.1512.6 SP - 111-140 OP - PB - RTI Press SN - 9781934831151 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2015.bk.0015.1512.6 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Rivers of Costa Rica AU - Pringle, Catherine M. AU - Anderson, Elizabeth P. AU - Ardón, Marcelo AU - Bixby, Rebecca J. AU - Connelly, Scott AU - Duff, John H. AU - Jackman, Alan P. AU - Paaby, Pia AU - Ramírez, Alonso AU - Small, Gaston E. AU - Snyder, Marcia N. AU - Ganong, Carissa N. AU - Triska, Frank J. T2 - Costa Rican Ecosystems A2 - Kappelle, M. PY - 2016/2/22/ DO - 10.7208/chicago/9780226121642.003.0018 SP - 621-655 PB - University of Chicago Press SN - 9780226278933 9780226121505 9780226121642 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226121642.003.0018 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Theory and Practice of Citizen Science: Launching a New Journal AU - Bonney, Rick AU - Cooper, Caren AU - Ballard, Heidi T2 - Citizen Science: Theory and Practice AB - The field of citizen science is growing with breathtaking speed. Thousands of citizen science projects are now under way around the world, engaging millions of individuals in the process of scientific discovery. In the US, citizen science has been featured at the White House and the federal government has launched a website to showcase federally funded citizen science projects (citizenscience. gov). The largest research and innovation funding program in the European Union, Horizon 2020, is investing heavily in citizen science to tackle societal problems. The Australian government has published a vision for citizen science DA - 2016/5// PY - 2016/5// DO - 10.5334/cstp.65 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new seasonal-deciduous spring phenology submodel in the Community Land Model 4.5: impacts on carbon and water cycling under future climate scenarios AU - Chen, Min AU - Melaas, Eli K. AU - Gray, Josh M. AU - Friedl, Mark A. AU - Richardson, Andrew D. T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract A spring phenology model that combines photoperiod with accumulated heating and chilling to predict spring leaf‐out dates is optimized using PhenoCam observations and coupled into the Community Land Model ( CLM ) 4.5. In head‐to‐head comparison (using satellite data from 2003 to 2013 for validation) for model grid cells over the Northern Hemisphere deciduous broadleaf forests (5.5 million km 2 ), we found that the revised model substantially outperformed the standard CLM seasonal‐deciduous spring phenology submodel at both coarse (0.9 × 1.25°) and fine (1 km) scales. The revised model also does a better job of representing recent (decadal) phenological trends observed globally by MODIS, as well as long‐term trends (1950–2014) in the PEP725 European phenology dataset. Moreover, forward model runs suggested a stronger advancement (up to 11 days) of spring leaf‐out by the end of the 21st century for the revised model. Trends toward earlier advancement are predicted for deciduous forests across the whole Northern Hemisphere boreal and temperate deciduous forest region for the revised model, whereas the standard model predicts earlier leaf‐out in colder regions, but later leaf‐out in warmer regions, and no trend globally. The earlier spring leaf‐out predicted by the revised model resulted in enhanced gross primary production (up to 0.6 Pg C yr −1 ) and evapotranspiration (up to 24 mm yr −1 ) when results were integrated across the study region. These results suggest that the standard seasonal‐deciduous submodel in CLM should be reconsidered, otherwise substantial errors in predictions of key land–atmosphere interactions and feedbacks may result. DA - 2016/5/14/ PY - 2016/5/14/ DO - 10.1111/gcb.13326 VL - 22 IS - 11 SP - 3675-3688 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en OP - SN - 1354-1013 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13326 DB - Crossref KW - carbon cycle KW - climate change KW - Community Land Model KW - ecosystem services KW - PhenoCam KW - phenology KW - water ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-distance dispersal of a subadult male cougar from South Dakota to Connecticut documented with DNA evidence AU - Hawley, Jason E. AU - Rego, Paul W. AU - Wydeven, Adrian P. AU - Schwartz, Michael K. AU - Viner, Tabitha C. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Pilgrim, Kristine L. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. T2 - Journal of Mammalogy AB - We report the long-distance dispersal of a subadult male cougar (Puma concolor) from South Dakota to Milford, Connecticut, where it was struck and killed by a vehicle. Genetic samples suggest this animal originated from the Black Hills of South Dakota while isotope analysis and physical inspection revealed no evidence that the animal had been held in captivity. We detected this dispersing individual at 5 locations along its route (Minnesota, 3 times in Wisconsin and New York) with DNA from fecal or hair samples, and with multiple photographs from citizen-run camera traps (3 in Wisconsin and 1 in Michigan). The > 2,450 km straight-line distance (Black Hills of South Dakota to Connecticut) traveled by the cougar is the longest dispersal documented for the species. We propose a likely route of > 2,700 km over 2 years based on topography and our confirmed records. We suggest that this excessive movement was motivated by the absence of female cougars along the route. The documentation of such a rare biological event not only shows the great dispersal potential for male cougars but also highlights our ability to detect these movements with verifiable voucher DNA and photographic records. Evidence collected for this one animal, and complete absence of verifiable data from most anecdotal reports of cougars in the east, further confirms the lack of a breeding population in the region. DA - 2016/5/17/ PY - 2016/5/17/ DO - 10.1093/jmammal/gyw088 VL - 97 IS - 5 SP - 1435-1440 J2 - JMAMMAL LA - en OP - SN - 0022-2372 1545-1542 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyw088 DB - Crossref KW - Black Hills KW - Connecticut KW - eastern cougar KW - long-distance dispersal KW - Minnesota KW - mountain lion KW - Puma concolor KW - South Dakota KW - Wisconsin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deer on the lookout: how hunting, hiking and coyotes affect white-tailed deer vigilance AU - Schuttler, S. G. AU - Parsons, A. W. AU - Forrester, T. D. AU - Baker, M. C. AU - McShea, W. J. AU - Costello, R. AU - Kays, R. T2 - Journal of Zoology AB - Abstract Predators affect prey directly by removing animals from the population and indirectly by modifying prey behavior. Humans have extirpated apex predators from many ecosystems, and the extent to which smaller predators, or humans themselves, can ecologically replace apex predators remains uncertain. White‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus in the Eastern United States were released from their two most important predators a century ago following the extirpation of cougars Puma concolor and wolves Canis lupus . We studied the extent to which perceived predation risk from humans and a newly arrived mesopredator, the coyote, Canis latrans affects deer behavior, predicting that deer will be most vigilant in areas hunted by humans which also have the highest levels of coyote activity. We quantified deer vigilance rates in 33 natural areas of which 15 allowed hunting, across six states by evaluating the head posture of 3470 deer photographed at unbaited camera traps. We documented wide variation in coyote activity (0–2.5 detections/day) and human activity (0–306 detections/day), but contrary to our predictions, did not find strong positive relationships between deer vigilance and either of these predators. Deer vigilance was lower in areas with high levels of human recreation, suggesting that deer become habituated to the presence of humans. Vigilance increased across the fall season in both hunted and non‐hunted populations, which suggests that increased vigilance may be associated more with mating behavior or environmental factors other than hunting. Our results show that variation in coyote and human activity does not significantly impact the vigilance behavior of white‐tailed deer year‐round, suggesting that deer rely on other risk‐avoidance behaviors or neither are functioning as apex predators in the region. DA - 2016/11/21/ PY - 2016/11/21/ DO - 10.1111/jzo.12416 VL - 301 IS - 4 SP - 320-327 J2 - J Zool LA - en OP - SN - 0952-8369 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12416 DB - Crossref KW - vigilance KW - white-tailed deer KW - apex predators KW - coyote KW - hunting KW - recreation KW - camera traps KW - predation risk ER - TY - JOUR TI - A two-species occupancy model accommodating simultaneous spatial and interspecific dependence AU - Rota, Christopher T. AU - Wikle, Christopher K. AU - Kays, Roland W. AU - Forrester, Tavis D. AU - McShea, William J. AU - Parsons, Arielle W. AU - Millspaugh, Joshua J. T2 - Ecology AB - Abstract Occupancy models are popular for estimating the probability a site is occupied by a species of interest when detection is imperfect. Occupancy models have been extended to account for interacting species and spatial dependence but cannot presently allow both factors to act simultaneously. We propose a two‐species occupancy model that accommodates both interspecific and spatial dependence. We use a point‐referenced multivariate hierarchical spatial model to account for both spatial and interspecific dependence. We model spatial random effects with predictive process models and use probit regression to improve efficiency of posterior sampling. We model occupancy probabilities of red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) and coyote ( Canis latrans ) with camera trap data collected from six mid‐Atlantic states in the eastern United States. We fit four models comprising a fully factorial combination of spatial and interspecific dependence to two‐thirds of camera trapping sites and validated models with the remaining data. Red fox and coyotes each exhibited spatial dependence at distances >0.8 and 0.4 km, respectively, and exhibited geographic variation in interspecific dependence. Consequently, predictions from the model assuming simultaneous spatial and interspecific dependence best matched test data observations. This application highlights the utility of simultaneously accounting for spatial and interspecific dependence. DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.1890/15-1193.1 VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 48-53 J2 - Ecology LA - en OP - SN - 0012-9658 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/15-1193.1 DB - Crossref KW - coyote (Canis latrans) KW - data augmentation KW - detection probability KW - eMammal KW - geostatistical model KW - hierarchical models KW - interacting species KW - point-referenced model KW - red fox (Vulpes vulpes) KW - spatial statistics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface storm flow prediction on hillslopes based on topography and hydrologic connectivity AU - Hallema, Dennis W. AU - Moussa, Roger AU - Sun, Ge AU - McNulty, Steven G. T2 - Ecological Processes AB - Hillslopes provide critical watershed ecosystem services such as soil erosion control and storm flow regulation through collecting, storing, and releasing rain water. During intense rainstorms, rainfall intensity and infiltration capacity on the hillslope control Hortonian runoff while the topographic attributes of the hillslope (e.g., slope, aspect, curvature) and the channel network define the structural hydraulic connectivity that determines how rapidly excess water is transferred. This paper discusses literature on the link between topographic attributes and hydrologic connectivity and demonstrates how this link can be used to define a parsimonious model for predicting surface runoff during high intensity rainfall. First, we provide a topographic characterization of the hillslope necessary to determine the structural hydrologic connectivity of surface flow based on existing literature. Subsequently, we demonstrate a hydrologic surface response model that routes the geomorphologic unit hydrograph (GIUH) through a spatial domain of representative elementary hillslopes reflecting the structural hydrologic connectivity. Topographic attributes impact flow and travel time distributions by affecting gravitational acceleration of overland flow and channel, solar irradiance, flow deceleration by vegetation, and flow divergence/convergence. We show with an example where we apply the GIUH-based model to hypothetical hillslopes that the spatial organization of the channel network is critical in the flow and travel time distribution, and that topographic attributes are key in obtaining simple yet accurate representations of hydrologic connectivity. Parsimonious GIUH models of surface runoff that use this hydrologic connectivity have the advantage of low data requirements, being scalable and applicable regardless of the spatial complexity of the hillslope, and have the potential to fundamentally improve flood forecasting tools used in the assessment of ecosystem services. DA - 2016/9/8/ PY - 2016/9/8/ DO - 10.1186/s13717-016-0057-1 VL - 5 IS - 1 J2 - Ecol Process LA - en OP - SN - 2192-1709 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13717-016-0057-1 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of the soil microbial community and soil nutrient bioavailability to biomass harvesting and reserve tree retention in northern Minnesota aspen-dominated forests AU - Lewandowski, Tera E. AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Mladenoff, David J. AU - D’Amato, Anthony W. AU - Palik, Brian J. T2 - Applied Soil Ecology AB - Intensive forest biomass harvesting, or the removal of harvesting slash (woody debris from tree branches and tops) for use as biofuel, has the potential to negatively affect the soil microbial community (SMC) due to loss of carbon and nutrient inputs from the slash, alteration of the soil microclimate, and increased nutrient leaching. These effects could result in lowered forest productivity and threaten the long-term sustainability of forest management. Retaining organic material post-harvest, including greater amounts of harvesting slash and live trees, within harvested areas may ameliorate some negative effects of biomass harvesting on soil processes. We evaluated the effects of biomass harvests with reserve tree and slash retention on the SMC and soil nutrient bioavailability (assessed using plant-root simulator probes) in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forests in northern Minnesota during the spring and summer, 1–3 years after harvest. Variable biomass removal levels tested include complete removal (whole tree harvest of boles and branches), complete slash retention (bole only harvest), and 20% slash retention (amount suggested by regional biomass harvesting guidelines). Compared to the unharvested control, biomass harvests had no effect on the multivariate SMC composition or microbial biomass, but did result in a 1–4% increase in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundance and reduced bacterial stress two and three years after harvest. Additionally, biomass harvesting increased NH4 bioavailability during year one, and reduced NO3 bioavailability during year two when compared to unharvested controls. Among the three biomass harvests with differing levels of slash removal there were few differences in overall SMC composition, microbial biomass, and soil nutrients; however, the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, gram positive and actinomycete bacteria were significantly higher in harvested treatments with more slash retained. These results are specific to single rotation biomass harvesting in aspen stands due to the unique relationships between plants and their associated SMCs, and may not be directly applicable to forest biomass harvesting of other commercial forest tree species, or multiple rotations. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.11.001 VL - 99 SP - 110-117 J2 - Applied Soil Ecology LA - en OP - SN - 0929-1393 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.11.001 DB - Crossref KW - Populus tremuloides KW - Reserve tree patches KW - Biomass harvest KW - Soil microbial community KW - Soil nutrient availability KW - Slash retention ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Limited Data to Model Lake Water Clarity from Remote Sensed Data in Lake Mattamuskeet, North Carolina AU - Ozen, Sibel AU - Nelson, Stacy A. C. AU - Khorra, Siamak AU - Moorman, Michelle AU - Cakir, Halil T2 - Journal of Earth Science Research DA - 2016/12/31/ PY - 2016/12/31/ DO - 10.18005/jesr0401005 VL - 12 SP - 43-54 J2 - JESR OP - SN - 2330-1740 2330-1759 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.18005/jesr0401005 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Processing and Applications of Remotely Sensed Data AU - Khorram, Siamak AU - Nelson, Stacy A. C. AU - van der Wiele, Cynthia F. AU - Cakir, Halil T2 - Handbook of Satellite Applications PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4614-6423-5_92-3 SP - 1-30 OP - PB - Springer New York SN - 9781461464235 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6423-5_92-3 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Fundamentals of Remote Sensing Imaging and Preliminary Analysis AU - Khorram, Siamak AU - Nelson, Stacy A. C. AU - van der Wiele, Cynthia F. AU - Cakir, Halil T2 - Handbook of Satellite Applications AB - Airborne and satellite digital image acquisition, preprocessing, and data reduction techniques as applied to remotely sensed data for the purpose of extracting useful Earth resources information are discussed in this chapter. The image processing and postprocessing tools are described in the next chapter. The concepts discussed in this chapter include: PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4614-6423-5_46-3 SP - 1-36 OP - PB - Springer New York SN - 9781461464235 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6423-5_46-3 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Principles of Applied Remote Sensing AU - Khorram, Siamak AU - van der Wiele, Cynthia F. AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - Nelson, Stacy A. C. AU - Potts, Matthew D. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-319-22560-9 OP - PB - Springer International Publishing SN - 9783319225593 9783319225609 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22560-9 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Restoring forest structure and process stabilizes forest carbon in wildfire-prone southwestern ponderosa pine forests AU - Hurteau, Matthew D. AU - Liang, Shuang AU - Martin, Katherine L. AU - North, Malcolm P. AU - Koch, George W. AU - Hungate, Bruce A. T2 - Ecological Applications AB - Abstract Changing climate and a legacy of fire‐exclusion have increased the probability of high‐severity wildfire, leading to an increased risk of forest carbon loss in ponderosa pine forests in the southwestern USA . Efforts to reduce high‐severity fire risk through forest thinning and prescribed burning require both the removal and emission of carbon from these forests, and any potential carbon benefits from treatment may depend on the occurrence of wildfire. We sought to determine how forest treatments alter the effects of stochastic wildfire events on the forest carbon balance. We modeled three treatments (control, thin‐only, and thin and burn) with and without the occurrence of wildfire. We evaluated how two different probabilities of wildfire occurrence, 1% and 2% per year, might alter the carbon balance of treatments. In the absence of wildfire, we found that thinning and burning treatments initially reduced total ecosystem carbon ( TEC ) and increased net ecosystem carbon balance ( NECB ). In the presence of wildfire, the thin and burn treatment TEC surpassed that of the control in year 40 at 2%/yr wildfire probability, and in year 51 at 1%/yr wildfire probability. NECB in the presence of wildfire showed a similar response to the no‐wildfire scenarios: both thin‐only and thin and burn treatments increased the C sink. Treatments increased TEC by reducing both mean wildfire severity and its variability. While the carbon balance of treatments may differ in more productive forest types, the carbon balance benefits from restoring forest structure and fire in southwestern ponderosa pine forests are clear. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1890/15-0337 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 382-391 J2 - Ecol Appl LA - en OP - SN - 1051-0761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/15-0337 DB - Crossref KW - climate change mitigation KW - forest carbon KW - forest restoration KW - LANDIS-II KW - ponderosa pine KW - wildfire ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating nest supplementation as a recovery strategy for the endangered rodents of the Florida Keys AU - Cove, Michael V. AU - Simons, Theodore R. AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Maurer, Andrew S. AU - O'Connell, Allan F. T2 - Restoration Ecology AB - The Key Largo woodrat ( Neotoma floridana smalli ) and Key Largo cotton mouse ( Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola ) are federally endangered subspecies endemic to the tropical hardwood hammocks of Key Largo, Florida. Woodrats are considered generalists in habitat and diet, yet a steady decline in natural stick nests and capture rates over the past several decades suggests that they are limited by the availability of nesting habitat due to habitat loss and fragmentation. The more specialized Key Largo cotton mouse appears to rely on old growth hammock, a habitat type that is rare following past land clearing. In 2004, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service started building supplemental nest structures to restore habitat quality and connectivity for these endangered rodents, but nest use requires evaluation. We used camera traps and occupancy models to evaluate the factors influencing woodrat and cotton mouse use of the supplemental nests. We detected woodrats at 65 and cotton mice at 175 of 284 sampled nest structures, with co‐occurrence at 38 nests. Woodrat nest use followed a gradient from low nest use in the north to high nest use in the south, which might relate to the proximity of free‐ranging domestic cat ( Felis catus ) colonies in residential developments. Cotton mouse nest use, however, was related positively to mature hammock and related negatively to disturbed areas (e.g. scarified lands). The two species occurred independently of each other. Stick‐stacking behavior was observed at supplemental nests and, although it was correlated with detection of woodrats, it was not a strong predictor of their occurrence. We suggest that nest supplementation can be an important tool for species recovery as habitat quality continues to improve with succession. DA - 2016/8/13/ PY - 2016/8/13/ DO - 10.1111/rec.12418 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 253-260 J2 - Restor Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 1061-2971 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.12418 DB - Crossref KW - camera trap KW - cotton mouse KW - Neotoma KW - nest supplementation KW - occupancy KW - Peromyscus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Why the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation is Problematic for Modern Wildlife Management AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Nelson, Michael Paul T2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife AB - The North American Model of Wildlife Conservation (NAM) is a slippery construct, used both to explain how North American wildlife conservation developed and as a prescriptive framework. We argue both applications of the NAM are problematic. The roots of wildlife conservation in North America are more complex than those associated with the NAM, and minimizing contributions from diverse sources makes building a diverse wildlife conservation community more difficult than it would otherwise be. The NAM is not inclusive enough of diversity among wildlife species or stakeholders. Principles labeled the bedrock foundation of the NAM exist in flux and at the whim of political systems. Belief that the NAM reflects a foundation of laws more stable than the milieu of governance structures shaping wildlife management can encourage complacency among wildlife conservation advocates. Wildlife management exists in systems too complex to be beneficially defined by a terse list of principles. DA - 2016/9/26/ PY - 2016/9/26/ DO - 10.1080/10871209.2016.1234009 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 43-54 J2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife LA - en OP - SN - 1087-1209 1533-158X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2016.1234009 DB - Crossref KW - History KW - management KW - models KW - politics KW - stakeholder KW - wildlife ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sympathy for the environment predicts green consumerism but not more important environmental behaviours related to domestic energy use AU - Chen, Xiaodong AU - De La Rosa, Jennifer AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Zhong, Ying AU - Lu, Chuntian T2 - Environmental Conservation AB - SUMMARY Household consumption is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. Some behaviours (for example energy use and vehicle use) may have far larger impacts than others (for example green consumerism of household products). Here, the driving forces of green consumerism and two domestic energy uses (electricity consumption and vehicle fuel use) are compared. This study found that environmental attitudes predicted green consumerism, but not electricity consumption or vehicle fuel use. Furthermore, green consumerism was correlated with income and individual level demographic factors, while energy consumption was primarily predicted by household size and structural constraints. Because household energy consumption has greater environmental impacts than green consumerism, policies that aim to improve pro-environmental attitudes may not be effective in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Policies should rather aim to change structural constraints influencing transportation and household energy decisions and improve the conspicuousness of household energy consumption. DA - 2016/1/13/ PY - 2016/1/13/ DO - 10.1017/S0376892915000351 VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 140-147 J2 - Envir. Conserv. LA - en OP - SN - 0376-8929 1469-4387 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892915000351 DB - Crossref KW - energy consumption KW - environmental behaviour KW - environmental impacts KW - green consumerism KW - pro-environmental attitude ER - TY - JOUR TI - Progress and gaps in understanding mechanisms of ash tree resistance to emerald ash borer, a model for wood-boring insects that kill angiosperms AU - Villari, C. AU - Herms, D.A. AU - Whitehill, J.G.A. AU - Cipollini, D. AU - Bonello, P. T2 - New Phytologist AB - We review the literature on host resistance of ash to emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis), an invasive species that causes widespread mortality of ash. Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica), which coevolved with EAB, is more resistant than evolutionarily naïve North American and European congeners. Manchurian ash was less preferred for adult feeding and oviposition than susceptible hosts, more resistant to larval feeding, had higher constitutive concentrations of bark lignans, coumarins, proline, tyramine and defensive proteins, and was characterized by faster oxidation of phenolics. Consistent with EAB being a secondary colonizer of coevolved hosts, drought stress decreased the resistance of Manchurian ash, but had no effect on constitutive bark phenolics, suggesting that they do not contribute to increased susceptibility in response to drought stress. The induced resistance of North American species to EAB in response to the exogenous application of methyl jasmonate was associated with increased bark concentrations of verbascoside, lignin and/or trypsin inhibitors, which decreased larval survival and/or growth in bioassays. This finding suggests that these inherently susceptible species possess latent defenses that are not induced naturally by larval colonization, perhaps because they fail to recognize larval cues or respond quickly enough. Finally, we propose future research directions that would address some critical knowledge gaps. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1111/nph.13604 VL - 209 IS - 1 SP - 63-79 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84949323614&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Agrilus planipennis KW - constitutive defense KW - emerald ash borer KW - Fraxinus KW - host defense mechanisms KW - induced defense KW - plant-insect interactions KW - wood-borers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Histology and cell wall biochemistry of stone cells in the physical defence of conifers against insects AU - Whitehill, J.G.A. AU - Henderson, H. AU - Schuetz, M. AU - Skyba, O. AU - Yuen, M.M.S. AU - King, J. AU - Samuels, A.L. AU - Mansfield, S.D. AU - Bohlmann, J. T2 - Plant Cell and Environment AB - Abstract Conifers possess an array of physical and chemical defences against stem‐boring insects. Stone cells provide a physical defence associated with resistance against bark beetles and weevils. In Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ), abundance of stone cells in the cortex of apical shoots is positively correlated with resistance to white pine weevil ( Pissodes strobi ). We identified histological, biochemical and molecular differences in the stone cell phenotype of weevil resistant (R) or susceptible (S) Sitka spruce genotypes. R trees displayed significantly higher quantities of cortical stone cells near the apical shoot node, the primary site for weevil feeding. Lignin, cellulose, xylan and mannan were the most abundant components of stone cell secondary walls, respectively. Lignin composition of stone cells isolated from R trees contained a higher percentage of G‐lignin compared with S trees. Transcript profiling revealed higher transcript abundance in the R genotype of coumarate 3‐hydroxylase, a key monolignol biosynthetic gene. Developing stone cells in current year apical shoots incorporated fluorescent‐tagged monolignol into the secondary cell wall, while mature stone cells of previous year apical shoots did not. Stone cell development is an ephemeral process, and fortification of shoot tips in R trees is an effective strategy against insect feeding. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1111/pce.12654 VL - 39 IS - 8 SP - 1646-1661 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84978160942&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - bark beetle KW - plant insect interaction KW - plant resistance KW - secondary cell wall KW - spruce KW - lignin KW - fluorescent-tagged coniferyl alcohol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Function of Sitka spruce stone cells as a physical defence against white pine weevil. AU - Whitehill, JG AU - Henderson, H AU - Strong, W AU - Jaquish, B AU - Bohlmann, J T2 - Plant, cell & environment AB - Stone cells are a physical defence of conifers against stem feeding insects such as weevils and bark beetles. In Sitka spruce, abundance of stone cells in the cortex of apical shoot tips is associated with resistance to white pine weevil. However, the mode of action by which stone cells interfere with growth and development of weevil larvae is unknown. We developed a bioassay system for testing potential effects of stone cells, which were isolated from resistant trees, on weevil larvae. Bioassays using artificial diet and controlled amounts of stone cells focused on physical defence. We evaluated the effects of stone cells on establishment of neonate larvae, mandible wear and changes in relative growth rates of third instar larvae. Establishment of neonates and relative growth rates of third instars were significantly reduced by stone cells. Stone cells appeared to be indigestible by weevil larvae. Our results suggest that stone cells affect weevil establishment and development by forming a physical feeding barrier against neonate larvae at the site of oviposition, and by reducing access to nutrients in the cortex of resistant trees, which contain an abundance of stone cells in place of a more nutrient rich tissue in susceptible trees. DA - 2016/9// PY - 2016/9// DO - 10.1111/pce.12810 VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - 2545-2556 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/27478980 KW - conifer defence KW - plant insect interaction KW - plant resistance KW - sclereid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multisite analysis of land surface phenology in North American temperate and boreal deciduous forests from Landsat AU - Melaas, Eli K. AU - Sulla-Menashe, Damien AU - Gray, Josh M. AU - Black, T. Andrew AU - Morin, Timothy H. AU - Richardson, Andrew D. AU - Friedl, Mark A. T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment AB - Forests play important roles in the Earth's climate system and global carbon cycle. Therefore, a critical need exists to improve our understanding of how the growing seasons of forests are changing, and by extension, how the composition and function of forests will respond to future climate change. Coarse spatial resolution satellite remote sensing has been widely used to monitor and map the phenology of terrestrial ecosystems at regional to global scales, and despite widespread agreement that the growing season of Northern Hemisphere forests is changing, the spatial resolution of these data sources imposes significant limitations on the character and quality of inferences that can be drawn from them. In particular, the spatial resolution afforded by instruments such as MODIS does not resolve ecologically important landscape-scale patterns in phenology. With this issue in mind, here we evaluate the ability of a newly developed Landsat phenology algorithm (LPA) to reconstruct a 32-year time series for the start and end of the growing season in North American temperate and boreal forests. We focus on 13 “sidelap” regions located between overlapping Landsat scenes that span a large geographic range of temperate and boreal forests, and evaluate the quality and character of LPA-derived start and end of growing season (SOS and EOS) dates using several independent data sources. On average, SOS and EOS dates were detected for about two-thirds of the 32 years included in our analysis, with the remaining one-third missing due to cloud cover. Moreover, there was generally better agreement between ground observations and LPA-derived estimates of SOS dates than for EOS across the 13 sites included in our study. Our results demonstrate that, despite the presence of time series gaps, LPA provides a robust basis for retrospective analysis of long-term changes in spring and autumn deciduous forest phenology over the last three decades. Finally, our results support the potential for monitoring land surface phenology at 30 m spatial resolution in near real-time by combining time series from multiple sensors such as the Landsat Operational Land Imager and the Sentinel 2 MultiSpectral Instrument. DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016/12// DO - 10.1016/J.RSE.2016.09.014 VL - 186 SP - 452-464 J2 - Remote Sensing of Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0034-4257 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.RSE.2016.09.014 DB - Crossref KW - Landsat KW - Phenology KW - PhenoCam KW - Eddy covariance KW - Temperate forests KW - Boreal forests ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant strain of Bacillus pumilus, CB01, isolated from the feces of an American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos AU - Nelson, R.L. AU - Castro, M.A. AU - Katti, M. AU - Eisen, J.A. AU - Van Laar, T.A. T2 - Genome Announcements AB - Avian species have the potential to serve as important reservoirs for the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. Here, we report the genome sequence of a drug-resistant strain of Bacillus pumilus, CB01, isolated from the feces of an American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1128/genomeA.00807-16 VL - 4 IS - 4 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85010289458&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessing climate-sensitive ecosystems in the southeastern United States AU - Costanza, Jennifer AU - Beck, Scott AU - Pyne, Milo AU - Terando, Adam AU - Rubino, Matthew J. AU - White, Rickie AU - Collazo, Jaime A3 - US Geological Survey AB - First posted August 11, 2016 For additional information, contact: Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd Raleigh, N.C. 27607 http://nc.water.usgs.gov/ Climate change impacts ecosystems in many ways, from effects on species to phenology to wildfire dynamics. Assessing the potential vulnerability of ecosystems to future changes in climate is an important first step in prioritizing and planning for conservation. Although assessments of climate change vulnerability commonly are done for species, fewer have been done for ecosystems. To aid regional conservation planning efforts, we assessed climate change vulnerability for ecosystems in the Southeastern United States and Caribbean.First, we solicited input from experts to create a list of candidate ecosystems for assessment. From that list, 12 ecosystems were selected for a vulnerability assessment that was based on a synthesis of available geographic information system (GIS) data and literature related to 3 components of vulnerability—sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity. This literature and data synthesis comprised “Phase I” of the assessment. Sensitivity is the degree to which the species or processes in the ecosystem are affected by climate. Exposure is the likely future change in important climate and sea level variables. Adaptive capacity is the degree to which ecosystems can adjust to changing conditions. Where available, GIS data relevant to each of these components were used. For example, we summarized observed and projected climate, protected areas existing in 2011, projected sea-level rise, and projected urbanization across each ecosystem’s distribution. These summaries were supplemented with information in the literature, and a short narrative assessment was compiled for each ecosystem. We also summarized all information into a qualitative vulnerability rating for each ecosystem.Next, for 2 of the 12 ecosystems (East Gulf Coastal Plain Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods and Nashville Basin Limestone Glade and Woodland), the NatureServe Habitat Climate Change Vulnerability Index (HCCVI) framework was used as an alternative approach for assessing vulnerability. Use of the HCCVI approach comprised “Phase II” of the assessment. This approach uses summaries of GIS data and models to develop a series of numeric indices for components of vulnerability. We incorporated many of the data sources used in Phase I, but added the results of several other data sources, including climate envelope modeling and vegetation dynamics modeling. The results of Phase II were high and low numeric vulnerability ratings for mid-century and the end of century for each ecosystem. The high and low ratings represented the potential range of vulnerability scores owing to uncertainties in future climate conditions and ecosystem effects.Of the 12 ecosystems assessed in the first approach, five were rated as having high vulnerability (Caribbean Coastal Mangrove, Caribbean Montane Wet Elfin Forest, East Gulf Coastal Plain Southern Loess Bluff Forest, Edwards Plateau Limestone Shrubland, and Nashville Basin Limestone Glade and Woodland). Six ecosystems had medium vulnerability, and one ecosystem had low vulnerability. For the two ecosystems assessed with both approaches, vulnerability ratings generally agreed. The assessment concluded by comparing the two approaches, identifying critical research needs, and making suggestions for future ecosystem vulnerability assessments in the Southeast and beyond. Research needs include reducing uncertainty in the degree of climate exposure likely in the future, as well as acquiring more information on how climate might affect biotic interactions and hydrologic processes. Ideally, a comprehensive vulnerability assessment would include both the narrative summaries that resulted from the synthesis in Phase I, as well as a numeric index that incorporates uncertainty as in Phase II. C6 - 2016–1073 DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.3133/ofr20161073 M1 - 2016–1073 M3 - Geological Survey Open-File Report PB - US Geological Survey SN - 2016–1073 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161073 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ecosystem vulnerability to climate change in the southeastern United States AU - Cartwright, Jennifer M. AU - Costanza, Jennifer A3 - US Geological Survey AB - First posted August 11, 2016 For additional information, contact: U.S. Department of the InteriorSoutheast Climate Science Center North Carolina State University 127 David Clark Labs Campus Box 7617 Raleigh, NC 27695 https://globalchange.ncsu.edu/secsc/ Two recent investigations of climate-change vulnerability for 19 terrestrial, aquatic, riparian, and coastal ecosystems of the southeastern United States have identified a number of important considerations, including potential for changes in hydrology, disturbance regimes, and interspecies interactions. Complementary approaches using geospatial analysis and literature synthesis integrated information on ecosystem biogeography and biodiversity, climate projections, vegetation dynamics, soil and water characteristics, anthropogenic threats, conservation status, sea-level rise, and coastal flooding impacts. Across a diverse set of ecosystems—ranging in size from dozens of square meters to thousands of square kilometers—quantitative and qualitative assessments identified types of climate-change exposure, evaluated sensitivity, and explored potential adaptive capacity. These analyses highlighted key gaps in scientific understanding and suggested priorities for future research. Together, these studies help create a foundation for ecosystem-level analysis of climate-change vulnerability to support effective biodiversity conservation in the southeastern United States. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.3133/fs20163052 PB - US Geological Survey UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163052 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Current and Future Opportunities for Forest Land Application Systems of Wastewater AU - Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie T2 - Phytoremediation PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-319-41811-7_9 SP - 153-173 OP - PB - Springer International Publishing SN - 9783319418100 9783319418117 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41811-7_9 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Uncertainty Quantification and Propagation for Projections of Extremes in Monthly Area Burned Under Climate Change AU - Terando, Adam J. AU - Reich, Brian AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Costanza, Jennifer AU - McKerrow, Alexa AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - Natural Hazard Uncertainty Assessment AB - Human-caused climate change is predicted to affect the frequency of hazard-linked extremes. Unusually large wildfires are a type of extreme event that is constrained by climate and can be a hazard to society but also an important ecological disturbance. This chapter focuses on changes in the frequency of extreme monthly area burned by wildfires for the end of the 21st century for a wildfire-prone region in the southeast United States. Predicting changes in area burned is complicated by the large and varied uncertainties in how the climate will change and in the models used to predict those changes. The chapter characterizes and quantifies multiple sources of uncertainty and propagate the expanded prediction intervals of future area burned. It illustrates that while accounting for multiple sources of uncertainty in global change science problems is a difficult task, it will be necessary in order to properly assess the risk of increased exposure to these society-relevant events. PY - 2016/11/19/ DO - 10.1002/9781119028116.ch16 SP - 245-256 OP - PB - John Wiley & Sons, Inc. SN - 9781119028116 9781119027867 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119028116.ch16 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Projected gains and losses of wildlife habitat from bioenergy-induced landscape change AU - Tarr, Nathan M. AU - Rubino, Matthew J. AU - Costanza, Jennifer K. AU - McKerrow, Alexa J. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Abt, Robert C. T2 - GCB Bioenergy AB - Abstract Domestic and foreign renewable energy targets and financial incentives have increased demand for woody biomass and bioenergy in the southeastern United States. This demand is expected to be met through purpose‐grown agricultural bioenergy crops, short‐rotation tree plantations, thinning and harvest of planted and natural forests, and forest harvest residues. With results from a forest economics model, spatially explicit state‐and‐transition simulation models, and species–habitat models, we projected change in habitat amount for 16 wildlife species caused by meeting a renewable fuel target and expected demand for wood pellets in North Carolina, USA . We projected changes over 40 years under a baseline ‘business‐as‐usual’ scenario without bioenergy production and five scenarios with unique feedstock portfolios. Bioenergy demand had potential to influence trends in habitat availability for some species in our study area. We found variation in impacts among species, and no scenario was the ‘best’ or ‘worst’ across all species. Our models projected that shrub‐associated species would gain habitat under some scenarios because of increases in the amount of regenerating forests on the landscape, while species restricted to mature forests would lose habitat. Some forest species could also lose habitat from the conversion of forests on marginal soils to purpose‐grown feedstocks. The conversion of agricultural lands on marginal soils to purpose‐grown feedstocks increased habitat losses for one species with strong associations with pasture, which is being lost to urbanization in our study region. Our results indicate that landscape‐scale impacts on wildlife habitat will vary among species and depend upon the bioenergy feedstock portfolio. Therefore, decisions about bioenergy and wildlife will likely involve trade‐offs among wildlife species, and the choice of focal species is likely to affect the results of landscape‐scale assessments. We offer general principals to consider when crafting lists of focal species for bioenergy impact assessments at the landscape scale. DA - 2016/8/1/ PY - 2016/8/1/ DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12383 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 909-923 J2 - GCB Bioenergy LA - en OP - SN - 1757-1693 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12383 DB - Crossref KW - biodiversity KW - bioenergy target KW - biofuel KW - habitat KW - landscape change modeling KW - renewable energy KW - southeastern United States KW - wildlife KW - wood pellets ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioenergy production and forest landscape change in the southeastern United States AU - Costanza, Jennifer K. AU - Abt, Robert C. AU - McKerrow, Alexa J. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - GCB Bioenergy AB - Abstract Production of woody biomass for bioenergy, whether wood pellets or liquid biofuels, has the potential to cause substantial landscape change and concomitant effects on forest ecosystems, but the landscape effects of alternative production scenarios have not been fully assessed. We simulated landscape change from 2010 to 2050 under five scenarios of woody biomass production for wood pellets and liquid biofuels in North Carolina, in the southeastern United States, a region that is a substantial producer of wood biomass for bioenergy and contains high biodiversity. Modeled scenarios varied biomass feedstocks, incorporating harvest of ‘conventional’ forests, which include naturally regenerating as well as planted forests that exist on the landscape even without bioenergy production, as well as purpose‐grown woody crops grown on marginal lands. Results reveal trade‐offs among scenarios in terms of overall forest area and the characteristics of the remaining forest in 2050. Meeting demand for biomass from conventional forests resulted in more total forest land compared with a baseline, business‐as‐usual scenario. However, the remaining forest was composed of more intensively managed forest and less of the bottomland hardwood and longleaf pine habitats that support biodiversity. Converting marginal forest to purpose‐grown crops reduced forest area, but the remaining forest contained more of the critical habitats for biodiversity. Conversion of marginal agricultural lands to purpose‐grown crops resulted in smaller differences from the baseline scenario in terms of forest area and the characteristics of remaining forest habitats. Each scenario affected the dominant type of land‐use change in some regions, especially in the coastal plain that harbors high levels of biodiversity. Our results demonstrate the complex landscape effects of alternative bioenergy scenarios, highlight that the regions most likely to be affected by bioenergy production are also critical for biodiversity, and point to the challenges associated with evaluating bioenergy sustainability. DA - 2016/8/1/ PY - 2016/8/1/ DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12386 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 924-939 J2 - GCB Bioenergy LA - en OP - SN - 1757-1693 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12386 DB - Crossref KW - biodiversity KW - bioenergy KW - biofuels KW - bottomland hardwood forests KW - forests KW - landscape change KW - longleaf pine KW - state-and-transition simulation models KW - timber supply model KW - wood pellets ER - TY - JOUR TI - Third thursday thing: A success story for reaching underserved clients AU - Andries, K.M. AU - Simon, M. AU - Rivers, L. T2 - Journal of Extension DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 54 IS - 4 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84984844764&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - RPRT TI - Who will bear the cost of REDD+? Evidence from subnational REDD+ initiatives AU - Luttrell, C. AU - Sills, E.O. AU - Aryani, R. AU - Ekaputri, A.D. AU - Evinke, M.F. A3 - Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) AB - REDD+ is based on the premise that actors with an interest in reducing emissions will pay for the costs of reducing deforestation. However, concerns have been raised about whether stakeholders in REDD+ host countries will end up bearing at least some of the costs. Drawing on a pan-tropical dataset covering 22 subnational REDD+ initiatives in five countries, we examine the degree to which these concerns about REDD+ are played out.We find that many institutions in REDD+ host countries, particularly subnational governments, are bearing implementation costs not covered by the budgets of subnational REDD+ initiatives.Opportunity costs are typically evaluated in terms of the value of production foregone, but can also be assessed in terms of the number of people affected. We show that expectations about which stakeholder groups will bear the greatest opportunity costs depend on whether the metric is total value or total number of people. The stakeholder groups with the greatest number of people affected are likely to be small-scale actors engaged in legally ambiguous land uses, which is a potential barrier to recognition and compensation of their costs.Our study clarifies the distribution of implementation and opportunity costs by characterizing the institutions and stakeholders that bear the costs of different types of subnational REDD+ initiatives. Thus, it complements common discourses in the benefit-sharing literature about which stakeholder groups have legitimate claims on revenues from REDD+ and should therefore be considered in the design of benefit-sharing systems. C6 - 204 DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.17528/cifor/006169 M1 - 204 M3 - CIFOR Working Paper PB - Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) SN - 204 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/006169 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sex-specific and individual preferences for hunting strategies in white sharks AU - Towner, Alison V. AU - Leos-Barajas, Vianey AU - Langrock, Roland AU - Schick, Robert S. AU - Smale, Malcolm J. AU - Kaschke, Tami AU - Jewell, Oliver J. D. AU - Papastamatiou, Yannis P. T2 - Functional Ecology AB - Summary Fine‐scale predator movements may be driven by many factors including sex, habitat and distribution of resources. There may also be individual preferences for certain movement strategies within a population which can be hard to quantify. Within top predators, movements are also going to be directly related to the mode of hunting, for example sit‐and‐wait or actively searching for prey. Although there is mounting evidence that different hunting modes can cause opposing trophic cascades, there has been little focus on the modes used by top predators, especially those in the marine environment. Adult white sharks ( Carcharhodon carcharias ) are well known to forage on marine mammal prey, particularly pinnipeds. Sharks primarily ambush pinnipeds on the surface, but there has been less focus on the strategies they use to encounter prey. We applied mixed hidden Markov models to acoustic tracking data of white sharks in a coastal aggregation area in order to quantify changing movement states (area‐restricted searching (ARS) vs. patrolling) and the factors that influenced them. Individuals were re‐tracked over multiple days throughout a month to see whether state‐switching dynamics varied or if individuals preferred certain movement strategies. Sharks were more likely to use ARS movements in the morning and during periods of chumming by ecotourism operators. Furthermore, the proportion of time individuals spent in the two different states and the state‐switching frequency, differed between the sexes and between individuals. Predation attempts/success on pinnipeds were observed for sharks in both ARS and patrolling movement states and within all random effects groupings. Therefore, white sharks can use both a ‘sit‐and‐wait’ (ARS) and ‘active searching’ (patrolling) movements to ambush pinniped prey on the surface. White sharks demonstrate individual preferences for fine‐scale movement patterns, which may be related to their use of different hunting modes. Marine top predators are generally assumed to use only one type of hunting mode, but we show that there may be a mix within populations. As such, individual variability should be considered when modelling behavioural effects of predators on prey species. DA - 2016/1/18/ PY - 2016/1/18/ DO - 10.1111/1365-2435.12613 VL - 30 IS - 8 SP - 1397-1407 J2 - Funct Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0269-8463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12613 DB - Crossref KW - acoustic telemetry KW - foraging mode KW - fine-scale movement KW - hidden Markov Model KW - predator-prey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of animal accelerometer data using hidden Markov models AU - Leos-Barajas, Vianey AU - Photopoulou, Theoni AU - Langrock, Roland AU - Patterson, Toby A. AU - Watanabe, Yuuki Y. AU - Murgatroyd, Megan AU - Papastamatiou, Yannis P. T2 - Methods in Ecology and Evolution AB - Summary Use of accelerometers is now widespread within animal biologging as they provide a means of measuring an animal's activity in a meaningful and quantitative way where direct observation is not possible. In sequential acceleration data, there is a natural dependence between observations of behaviour, a fact that has been largely ignored in most analyses. Analyses of acceleration data where serial dependence has been explicitly modelled have largely relied on hidden Markov models ( HMM s). Depending on the aim of an analysis, an HMM can be used for state prediction or to make inferences about drivers of behaviour. For state prediction, a supervised learning approach can be applied. That is, an HMM is trained to classify unlabelled acceleration data into a finite set of pre‐specified categories. An unsupervised learning approach can be used to infer new aspects of animal behaviour when biologically meaningful response variables are used, with the caveat that the states may not map to specific behaviours. We provide the details necessary to implement and assess an HMM in both the supervised and unsupervised learning context and discuss the data requirements of each case. We outline two applications to marine and aerial systems (shark and eagle) taking the unsupervised learning approach, which is more readily applicable to animal activity measured in the field. HMM s were used to infer the effects of temporal, atmospheric and tidal inputs on animal behaviour. Animal accelerometer data allow ecologists to identify important correlates and drivers of animal activity (and hence behaviour). The HMM framework is well suited to deal with the main features commonly observed in accelerometer data and can easily be extended to suit a wide range of types of animal activity data. The ability to combine direct observations of animal activity with statistical models, which account for the features of accelerometer data, offers a new way to quantify animal behaviour and energetic expenditure and to deepen our insights into individual behaviour as a constituent of populations and ecosystems. DA - 2016/10/24/ PY - 2016/10/24/ DO - 10.1111/2041-210x.12657 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 161-173 J2 - Methods Ecol Evol LA - en OP - SN - 2041-210X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12657 DB - Crossref KW - activity recognition KW - animal behaviour KW - latent states KW - serial correlation KW - time series ER - TY - CHAP TI - Bioeconomic Approaches to Sustainable Management of Natural Tropical Forests AU - Holmes, Thomas AU - Sills, Erin T2 - Tropical Forestry Handbook PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-642-54601-3_221 SP - 2897-2921 OP - PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg SN - 9783642546006 9783642546013 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54601-3_221 DB - Crossref KW - Ecosystem service benefits KW - Optimal control KW - Non-market values KW - Social welfare KW - Time preference KW - Tropical forest conservation ER - TY - CHAP TI - Identifying the Causes of Tropical Deforestation: Meta-analysis to Test and Develop Economic Theory AU - Atmadja, Stibniati AU - Sills, Erin T2 - Tropical Forestry Handbook PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-642-54601-3_252 SP - 2987-3018 OP - PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg SN - 9783642546006 9783642546013 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54601-3_252 DB - Crossref KW - Tropical deforestation KW - Meta-analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Travel times in the vadose zone: Variability in space and time AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Seeger, Stefan AU - Blume, Theresa AU - Weiler, Markus T2 - Water Resour. Res. AB - Abstract Water travel times reflect hydrological processes, yet we know little about how travel times in the unsaturated zone vary with time. Using the soil physical model HYDRUS‐1D, we derived time variable travel time distributions for 35 study sites within the Attert catchment in Luxembourg. While all sites experience similar climatic forcing, they differ with regard to soil types (16 Cambisols, 12 Arenosols, and 7 Stagnosols) and the vegetation cover (29 forest and 6 grassland). We estimated site specific water flow and transport parameters by fitting the model simulations to observed soil moisture time series and depth profiles of pore water stable isotopes. With the calibrated model, we tracked the water parcels introduced with each rainfall event over a period of several years. Our results show that the median travel time of water from the soil surface to depths down to 200 cm is mainly driven by the subsequent rainfall amounts. The median time until precipitation is taken up by roots is governed by the seasonality of evapotranspiration rates. The ratio between the amount of water that leaves the soil profile by on the one hand and evaporation and transpiration on the other hand also shows an annual cycle. This time variable response due to climatic forcing is furthermore visible in the multimodal nature of the site specific master transit time distribution representing the flow‐averaged probability density for rainwater to become recharge. The spatial variability of travel times is mainly driven by soil texture and structure, with significant longer travel times for the clayey Stagnosols than for the loamy to sandy Cambisols and Arenosols. DA - 2016/6// PY - 2016/6// DO - 10.1002/2015wr018077 VL - 6 IS - 8 SP - 5727-5754 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84980337504&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - vadose zone KW - modeling KW - soils KW - catchment KW - stable isotope geochemistry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Illuminating hydrological processes at the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interface with water stable isotopes AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Leistert, Hannes AU - Gimbel, Katharina AU - Weiler, Markus T2 - Rev. Geophys. AB - Abstract Water stable isotopes ( 18 O and 2 H) are widely used as ideal tracers to track water through the soil and to separate evaporation from transpiration. Due to the technical developments in the last two decades, soil water stable isotope data have become easier to collect. Thus, the application of isotope methods in soils is growing rapidly. Studies that make use of soil water stable isotopes often have a multidisciplinary character since an interplay of processes that take place in the vadose zone has to be considered. In this review, we provide an overview of the hydrological processes that alter the soil water stable isotopic composition and present studies utilizing pore water stable isotopes. The processes that are discussed include the water input as precipitation or throughfall, the output as evaporation, transpiration, or recharge, and specific flow and transport processes. Based on the review and supported by additional data and modeling results, we pose a different view on the recently proposed two water world hypothesis. As an alternative to two distinct pools of soil water, where one pool is enriched in heavy isotopes and used by the vegetation and the other pool does not undergo isotopic fractionation and becomes recharge, the water gets successively mixed with newly introduced rainwater during the percolation process. This way, water initially isotopically enriched in the topsoil loses the fractionation signal with increasing infiltration depth, leading to unfractionated isotopic signals in the groundwater. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1002/2015rg000515 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 674-704 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84988028235&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - vadose zone KW - stable isotope hydrology KW - catchment hydrology KW - soils hydrology KW - ecohydrology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Historical tracking of nitrate in contrasting vineyards using water isotopes and nitrate depth profiles AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Erhardt, Martin AU - Riedel, Monika AU - Weiler, Markus T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - The European Water Framework Directive (EWFD) aims to achieve a good chemical status for the groundwater bodies in Europe by the year 2015. Despite the effort to reduce the nitrate pollution from agriculture within the last two decades, there are still many groundwater aquifers that exceed nitrate concentrations above the EWFD threshold of 50 mg L⿿1. Viticulture is seen as a major contributor of nitrate leaching and sowing of a green cover was shown to have a positive effect on lowering the nitrate loads in the upper 90 cm of the soil. However, the consequences for nitrate leaching into the subsoil were not yet tested. We analyzed the nitrate concentrations and pore water stable isotope composition (δ 2H) to a depth of 380 cm in soil profiles under an old vineyard and a young vineyard with either soil tillage or permanent green cover in between the grapevines. The pore water δ 2H data was used to calibrate a soil physical model, which was then used to infer the age of the soil water at different depths. This way, we could relate elevated nitrate concentrations below an old vineyard to tillage processes that took place during the winter two years before the sampling. We further showed that the elevated nitrate concentration in the subsoil of a young vineyard can be related to the soil tillage prior to the planting of the new vineyard. If the soil was kept bare due to tillage, a nitrate concentration of 200 kg NO3⿿-N ha⿿1 was found in 290⿿380 cm depth 2.5 years after the set-up of the vineyard. The amount of nitrate leaching was considerably reduced due to a seeded green cover between the grapevines that took up a high share of the mineralized nitrate reducing a potential contamination of the groundwater. DA - 2016/4// PY - 2016/4// DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2016.02.014 VL - 222 SP - 185-192 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84958984676&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Soil hydrology KW - Isotope hydrology KW - Nitrate leaching KW - Groundwater protection KW - Viniculture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface water extent dynamics from three decades of seasonally continuous Landsat time series at subcontinental scale in a semi-arid region AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Broich, Mark AU - Stehman, Stephen V. AU - Kommareddy, Anil T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment AB - Seasonally continuous long-term information on surface water and flooding extent over subcontinental scales is critical for quantifying spatiotemporal changes in surface water dynamics. We used seasonally continuous Landsat TM/ETM + data and generic random forest-based models to synoptically map the extent and dynamics of surface water and flooding (1986–2011) over the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB). The MDB is a large semi-arid basin with competing demands for water that has recently experienced one of the most severe droughts in the southeast of Australia. We used a stratified random probability sampling design with 500 sample pixels each observed across time to assess the accuracy of the surface water maps. We further developed models to map flooded forest at a riparian site that experienced severe tree dieback. Water indices and bands 5 and 6 were among the top 10 explanatory variables most important for mapping surface water. Surface water extent per season per year showed high inter-annual and seasonal variability, with low extent and variability during the Millennium Drought (1999–2009). Accuracy assessment yielded an overall classification accuracy of 99.9% (± 0.02% standard error) with 87% (± 3%) and 96% (± 2%) producer's and user's accuracy of water, respectively. User's and producer's accuracies of water were higher for Landsat 7 than Landsat 5 data. Both producer's and user's accuracies of water were lower in wet years compared to dry years. The approach presented here can be further developed for global application and is relevant to areas with competing water demands. Quantifying the uncertainty of the accuracy assessment and providing an unbiased accuracy estimate are imperative steps when remotely sensed products are intended to be used for follow on applications. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.034 VL - 178 SP - 142-157 ER - TY - CONF TI - Multiscale forest health mapping: the potential of air- and space-borne sensors AU - Shendryk, I. AU - Broich, M. AU - Tulbure, M.G. AU - McGrath, A. AU - Keith, D. AU - Alexandrov, S.V. T2 - ForestSat 2016 C2 - 2016/// DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - RESPONSE OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION IN AUSTRALIA"S LARGEST RIVER BASIN TO INTER AND INTRA-ANNUAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND FLOODING AS QUANTIFIED WITH LANDSAT AND MODIS AU - Broich, M. AU - Tulbure, M. G. T2 - ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences AB - Abstract. Australia is a continent subject to high rainfall variability, which has major influences on runoff and vegetation dynamics. However, the resulting spatial-temporal pattern of flooding and its influence on riparian vegetation has not been quantified in a spatially explicit way. Here we focused on the floodplains of the entire Murray-Darling Basin (MDB), an area that covers over 1M km2, as a case study. The MDB is the country’s primary agricultural area with scarce water resources subject to competing demands and impacted by climate change and more recently by the Millennium Drought (1999–2009). Riparian vegetation in the MDB floodplain suffered extensive decline providing a dramatic degradation of riparian vegetation. We quantified the spatial-temporal impact of rainfall, temperature and flooding patters on vegetation dynamics at the subcontinental to local scales and across inter to intra-annual time scales based on three decades of Landsat (25k images), Bureau of Meteorology data and one decade of MODIS data. Vegetation response varied in space and time and with vegetation types, densities and location relative to areas frequently flooded. Vegetation degradation trends were observed over riparian forests and woodlands in areas where flooding regimes have changed to less frequent and smaller inundation extents. Conversely, herbaceous vegetation phenology followed primarily a ‘boom’ and ‘bust’ cycle, related to inter-annual rainfall variability. Spatial patters of vegetation degradation changed along the N-S rainfall gradient but flooding regimes and vegetation degradation patterns also varied at finer scale, highlighting the importance of a spatially explicit, internally consistent analysis and setting the stage for investigating further cross-scale relationships. Results are of interest for land and water management decisions. The approach developed here can be applied to other areas globally such as the Nile river basin and Okavango River delta in Africa or the Mekong River Basin in Southeast Asia. DA - 2016/6/23/ PY - 2016/6/23/ DO - 10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-577-2016 VL - XLI-B8 SP - 577-578 J2 - Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 2194-9034 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-577-2016 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - SPATIOTEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF SURFACE WATER EXTENT FROM THREE DECADES OF SEASONALLY CONTINUOUS LANDSAT TIME SERIES AT SUBCONTINENTAL SCALE AU - Tulbure, M. G. AU - Broich, M. AU - Stehman, Stephen V. T2 - ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences AB - Abstract. Surface water is a critical resource in semi-arid areas. The Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) of Australia, one of the largest semi-arid basins in the world is aiming to set a worldwide example of how to balance multiple interests (i.e. environment, agriculture and urban use), but has suffered significant water shrinkages during the Millennium Drought (1999-2009), followed by extensive flooding. Baseline information and systematic quantification of surface water (SW) extent and flooding dynamics in space and time are needed for managing SW resources across the basin but are currently lacking. To synoptically quantify changes in SW extent and flooding dynamics over MDB, we used seasonally continuous Landsat TM and ETM+ data (1986 – 2011) and generic machine learning algorithms. We further mapped flooded forest at a riparian forest site that experienced severe tree dieback due to changes in flooding regime. We used a stratified sampling design to assess the accuracy of the SW product across time. Accuracy assessment yielded an overall classification accuracy of 99.94%, with producer’s and user’s accuracy of SW of 85.4% and 97.3%, respectively. Overall accuracy was the same for Landsat 5 and 7 data but user’s and producer’s accuracy of water were higher for Landsat 7 than 5 data and stable over time. Our validated results document a rapid loss in SW bodies. The number, size, and total area of SW showed high seasonal variability with highest numbers in winter and lowest numbers in summer. SW extent per season per year showed high interannual and seasonal variability, with low seasonal variability during the Millennium Drought. Examples of current uses of the new dataset will be presented and include (1) assessing ecosystem response to flooding with implications for environmental water releases, one of the largest investment in environment in Australia; (2) quantifying drivers of SW dynamics (e.g. climate, human activity); (3) quantifying changes in SW dynamics and connectivity for water dependent organisms; (4) assessing the impact of flooding on riparian vegetation health. The approach developed here is globally applicable, relevant to areas with competing water demands (e.g. Okavango River delta, Mekong River Basin). Future work should incorporate Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 data for continued quantification of SW dynamics. DA - 2016/6/23/ PY - 2016/6/23/ DO - 10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-403-2016 VL - XLI-B8 SP - 403-404 J2 - Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 2194-9034 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-403-2016 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Big data opportunities and challenges for assessing multiple stressors across scales in aquatic ecosystems AU - Dafforn, K. A. AU - Johnston, E. L. AU - Ferguson, A. AU - Humphrey, C.L. AU - Monk, W. AU - Nichols, S. J. AU - Simpson, S. L. AU - Tulbure, M. G. AU - Baird, D. J. T2 - Marine and Freshwater Research AB - Aquatic ecosystems are under threat from multiple stressors, which vary in distribution and intensity across temporal and spatial scales. Monitoring and assessment of these ecosystems have historically focussed on collection of physical and chemical information and increasingly include associated observations on biological condition. However, ecosystem assessment is often lacking because the scale and quality of biological observations frequently fail to match those available from physical and chemical measurements. The advent of high-performance computing, coupled with new earth observation platforms, has accelerated the adoption of molecular and remote sensing tools in ecosystem assessment. To assess how emerging science and tools can be applied to study multiple stressors on a large (ecosystem) scale and to facilitate greater integration of approaches among different scientific disciplines, a workshop was held on 10–12 September 2014 at the Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences, Australia. Here we introduce a conceptual framework for assessing multiple stressors across ecosystems using emerging sources of big data and critique a range of available big-data types that could support models for multiple stressors. We define big data as any set or series of data, which is either so large or complex, it becomes difficult to analyse using traditional data analysis methods. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1071/mf15108 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 393 J2 - Mar. Freshwater Res. LA - en OP - SN - 1323-1650 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15108 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bottom-up delineation of individual trees from full-waveform airborne laser scans in a structurally complex eucalypt forest AU - Shendryk, Iurii AU - Broich, Mark AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Alexandrov, Sergey V. T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment AB - Full-waveform airborne laser scanning (ALS) is a powerful tool for characterizing and monitoring forest structure over large areas at the individual tree level. Most of the existing ALS-based algorithms for individual tree delineation from the point cloud are top-down, which are accurate for delineating cone-shaped conifers, but have lower delineation accuracies over more structurally complex broad-leaf forests. Therefore, in this study we developed a new bottom-up algorithm for detecting trunks and delineating individual trees with complex shapes, such as eucalypts. Experiments were conducted in the largest river red gum forest in the world, located in the south-east of Australia, that experienced severe dieback over the past six decades. For detection of individual tree trunks, we used a novel approach based on conditional Euclidean distance clustering that takes advantage of spacing between laser returns. Overall, the algorithm developed in our study was able to detect up to 67% of field-measured trees with diameter larger than or equal to 13 cm. By filtering ALS based on the intensity, return number and returned pulse width values, we were able to differentiate between woody and leaf tree components, thus improving the accuracy of tree trunk detections by 5% as compared to non-filtered ALS. The detected trunks were used to seed random walks on graph algorithm for tree crown delineation. The accuracy of tree crown delineation for different ALS point cloud densities was assessed in terms of tree height and crown width and resulted in up to 68% of field-measured trees being correctly delineated. The double increase in point density from ~ 12 points/m2 to ~ 24 points/m2 resulted in tree trunk detection increase of 11% (from 56% to 67%) and percentage of correctly delineated crowns increase of 13% (from 55% to 68%). Our results confirm an algorithm that can be used to accurately delineate individual trees with complex structures (e.g. eucalypts and other broadleaves) and highlight the importance of full-waveform ALS for individual tree delineation. DA - 2016/2// PY - 2016/2// DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2015.11.008 VL - 173 SP - 69-83 J2 - Remote Sensing of Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0034-4257 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.11.008 DB - Crossref KW - Airborne laser scanning KW - Trunk detection KW - Crown delineation KW - Euclidean distance clustering KW - Random walks segmentation KW - Australia KW - Floodplain KW - River red gum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface water extent dynamics from three decades of seasonally continuous Landsat time series at subcontinental scale in a semi-arid region AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Broich, Mark AU - Stehman, Stephen V. AU - Kommareddy, Anil T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment AB - Seasonally continuous long-term information on surface water and flooding extent over subcontinental scales is critical for quantifying spatiotemporal changes in surface water dynamics. We used seasonally continuous Landsat TM/ETM + data and generic random forest-based models to synoptically map the extent and dynamics of surface water and flooding (1986–2011) over the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB). The MDB is a large semi-arid basin with competing demands for water that has recently experienced one of the most severe droughts in the southeast of Australia. We used a stratified random probability sampling design with 500 sample pixels each observed across time to assess the accuracy of the surface water maps. We further developed models to map flooded forest at a riparian site that experienced severe tree dieback. Water indices and bands 5 and 6 were among the top 10 explanatory variables most important for mapping surface water. Surface water extent per season per year showed high inter-annual and seasonal variability, with low extent and variability during the Millennium Drought (1999–2009). Accuracy assessment yielded an overall classification accuracy of 99.9% (± 0.02% standard error) with 87% (± 3%) and 96% (± 2%) producer's and user's accuracy of water, respectively. User's and producer's accuracies of water were higher for Landsat 7 than Landsat 5 data. Both producer's and user's accuracies of water were lower in wet years compared to dry years. The approach presented here can be further developed for global application and is relevant to areas with competing water demands. Quantifying the uncertainty of the accuracy assessment and providing an unbiased accuracy estimate are imperative steps when remotely sensed products are intended to be used for follow on applications. DA - 2016/6// PY - 2016/6// DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.034 VL - 178 SP - 142-157 J2 - Remote Sensing of Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0034-4257 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.034 DB - Crossref KW - Landsat time series KW - Seasonally continuous KW - Surface water dynamics KW - Flooding dynamics KW - Accuracy assessment KW - Probability sampling design KW - Murray-Darling Basin KW - Australia KW - Competing water demands KW - Drought KW - Random forest KW - Long term trends KW - Water KW - River basin KW - Water management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping individual tree health using full-waveform airborne laser scans and imaging spectroscopy: A case study for a floodplain eucalypt forest AU - Shendryk, Iurii AU - Broich, Mark AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - McGrath, Andrew AU - Keith, David AU - Alexandrov, Sergey V. T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment AB - Declining forest health can affect crucial ecosystem functions, such as carbon storage in biomass and soils, the regulation of water regimes, the modulation of regional climate and conservation of biodiversity. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) and imaging spectroscopy (IS) are two potentially complementary remote sensing technologies capable of characterizing and monitoring regional forest health. However, the combined use of ALS and IS data to classify the health of individual trees has not yet been assessed. In this study we propose a new approach utilizing ALS and IS combined to characterize the health of individual trees. Firstly, we applied a recently developed bottom-up individual tree delineation algorithm across a structurally complex floodplain eucalypt forest that has experienced episodes of severe dieback over the past six decades. We further calculated ALS and IS indices for delineated tree crowns and used them as predictor variables in machine learning models. We trained and evaluated an object-oriented random forest classifier against field-measured tree crown dieback and transparency ratios, as indicators of eucalypt tree health and crown density, respectively. Our results showed that dieback levels of individual trees can be classified using ALS and IS with an overall accuracy of 81% and a kappa score of 0.66, while the classification of tree crown transparency levels had an overall accuracy of 70% and a kappa score of 0.5. Returned pulse width, intensity and density related ALS indices were the most important predictors in the tree health classification, as they accounted for > 40% of the variance in the data. At the forest level in terms of dieback, 81.5% of correctly delineated trees were classified as healthy, 12.3% as declining and 6.2% as dying or dead. Dieback occurred primarily in areas that were flooded < 5% of the time, as quantified by Landsat derived flooding frequency (1986–2011). Our results provide a novel application of ALS and IS to accurately classify the health of individual trees in a structurally complex eucalypt forest, enabling us to prioritize areas for forest health promotion and conservation of biodiversity. DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016/12// DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2016.10.014 VL - 187 SP - 202-217 J2 - Remote Sensing of Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0034-4257 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.10.014 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drought resistance across California ecosystems: evaluating changes in carbon dynamics using satellite imagery AU - Malone, Sparkle L. AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Pérez-Luque, Antonio J. AU - Assal, Timothy J. AU - Bremer, Leah L. AU - Drucker, Debora P. AU - Hillis, Vicken AU - Varela, Sara AU - Goulden, Michael L. T2 - Ecosphere AB - Abstract Drought is a global issue that is exacerbated by climate change and increasing anthropogenic water demands. The recent occurrence of drought in California provides an important opportunity to examine drought response across ecosystem classes (forests, shrublands, grasslands, and wetlands), which is essential to understand how climate influences ecosystem structure and function. We quantified ecosystem resistance to drought by comparing changes in satellite‐derived estimates of water‐use efficiency ( WUE = net primary productivity [ NPP ]/evapotranspiration [ ET ]) under normal (i.e., baseline) and drought conditions (Δ WUE = WUE 2014 − baseline WUE ). With this method, areas with increasing WUE under drought conditions are considered more resilient than systems with declining WUE . Baseline WUE varied across California (0.08 to 3.85 g C/mm H 2 O) and WUE generally increased under severe drought conditions in 2014. Strong correlations between Δ WUE , precipitation, and leaf area index ( LAI ) indicate that ecosystems with a lower average LAI (i.e., grasslands) also had greater C‐uptake rates when water was limiting and higher rates of carbon‐uptake efficiency ( CUE = NPP / LAI ) under drought conditions. We also found that systems with a baseline WUE ≤ 0.4 exhibited a decline in WUE under drought conditions, suggesting that a baseline WUE ≤ 0.4 might be indicative of low drought resistance. Drought severity, precipitation, and WUE were identified as important drivers of shifts in ecosystem classes over the study period. These findings have important implications for understanding climate change effects on primary productivity and C sequestration across ecosystems and how this may influence ecosystem resistance in the future. DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016/11// DO - 10.1002/ecs2.1561 VL - 7 IS - 11 SP - e01561 J2 - Ecosphere LA - en OP - SN - 2150-8925 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1561 DB - Crossref KW - carbon-uptake efficiency KW - drought effects KW - ecosystem resistance KW - ecosystem type conversions KW - primary productivity KW - water-use efficiency ER - TY - CHAP TI - DuSable Museum Case Study AU - Mowatt, R.A. AU - Ostermeyer, M.D. AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Diversity issues and the recreation profession: Organization perspectives A2 - Kivel, D. A2 - Schneider, I. PY - 2016/// PB - Venture Publishing ER - TY - CHAP TI - Taking critical stances on race and ethnicity in recreation and tourism AU - Mowatt, R.A. AU - Ostermeyer, M.D. AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Diversity issues and the recreation profession: Organization perspectives A2 - Kivel, D. A2 - Schneider, I. PY - 2016/// SP - 183–208 PB - Venture Publishing ER - TY - CHAP TI - Race, ethnicity and immigrant in leisure research: prospects and challenges AU - Stodolska, M. AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Leisure matters: The state and future of leisure studies A2 - Walker, G. A2 - Scott, D. A2 - Stodolska, M. PY - 2016/// PB - Venture Publishing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrology of Wetland and Related Soils AU - Arndt, James L. AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. AU - Richardson, Jimmie L. AU - Vepraskas, MJ AU - Craft, CB T2 - Wetland Soils: Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes, and Classification, 2nd Edition DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// SP - 39-104 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000381642700004&KeyUID=WOS:000381642700004 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing Potential Vulnerability and Response of Fish to Simulated Avian Predation after Exposure to Psychotropic Pharmaceuticals T2 - Toxics AB - Psychotropic pharmaceuticals present in the environment may impact organisms both directly and via interaction strengths with other organisms, including predators; therefore, this study examined the potential effects of pharmaceuticals on behavioral responses of fish to avian predators. Wild-caught juvenile perch (Perca fluviatilis) were assayed using a striking bird model after a seven-day exposure to psychotropic pharmaceuticals (the antidepressants fluoxetine or sertraline, or the β-blocker propranolol) under the hypotheses that exposure would increase vulnerability to avian predation via increasing the probability of predator encounter as well as degrading evasive behaviors upon encounter. None of the substances significantly affected swimming activity of the fish, nor did they increase vulnerability by affecting encounter probability or evasive endpoints compared to control treatments. Counter to our expectations, fish exposed to 100 μg/L fluoxetine (but no other concentrations or pharmaceuticals) were less likely to enter the open area of the arena, i.e., less likely to engage in risky behavior that could lead to predator encounters. Additionally, all fish exposed to environmentally relevant, low concentrations of sertraline (0.12 μg/L) and propranolol (0.1 μg/L) sought refuge after the simulated attack. Our unexpected results warrant further research as they have interesting implications on how these psychotropic pharmaceuticals may affect predator-prey interactions spanning the terrestrial-aquatic interface. DA - 2016/4// PY - 2016/4// DO - 10.3390/toxics4020009 UR - http://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/4/2/9 KW - sertraline KW - fluoxetine KW - propranolol KW - SSRI KW - beta-blocker KW - fish KW - bird KW - behavior KW - predation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential Measures for Linking Park and Trail Systems to Public Health AU - Schultz, Courtney L. AU - Layton, Robby AU - Edwards, Michael B. AU - Bacarro, Jason N. AU - Moore, Roger L. AU - Tepperberg, Stephanie AU - Bality, Attila AU - Floyd, Myron F. T2 - Journal of Park and Recreation Administration AB - Executive Summary: The connection between the outdoor environment and general well-being has been intuitively recognized for centuries. Recent research has built a body of knowledge supporting the role of parks and trails in public health regarding physical, mental, social and ecological health domains. However, different populations and communities use parks and trails in varying ways and to different degrees. Understanding these differences can play an important role in guiding systematic park and trail system planning for maximizing beneficial health outcomes. In light of this, a collaborative process involving the National Park Service (NPS) Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program (RTCA) and North Carolina State University (NCSU), with support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was used to identify potential health measures associated with public parks and trails that could be used for future surveillance, advocacy, and planning. This literature review is the initial step in the process of recommending measures that are both valid and feasible for practitioner and planning use. A systematic strategy was utilized to search for studies that incorporated measures of health or well-being related to parks and trail system planning. A total of 37 study measures were identified that focused on one of five health categories: physical, psychological, social, ecosystem services, and the built environment. Current practices for allocating parks and trails in the planning process are not based on empirical evidence and may or may not support the goals of public health and well-being that were a large part of the original impetus for providing public parks and trails. The health problems agencies are trying to address are not going away, and may be exacerbated by new ones as cities continue to grow and change. The intent of this study is to identify validated metrics, which link parks and trails to public health goals. The collection of park and trail data related to these public health outcomes could be used to inform policies, practices, guidelines, and other strategies for the allocation and management of parks and trails. Results from this research have four important implications for professionals and advocates in the fields of parks, recreation, trails, greenways, open space, and health: (1) to help make the case for public health goals related to park and trail system planning; (2) guide practitioners in their efforts to provide health-related recreation opportunities; (3) support community recreation and conservation projects; and (4) encourage more productive conversations among planners, advocates, managers, and researchers. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.18666/jpra-2016-v34-i1-7143 VL - 34 IS - 1 J2 - JPRA OP - English SN - 2160-6862 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2016-v34-i1-7143 DB - Crossref KW - Parks KW - trails KW - surveillance KW - metrics KW - park and trail system planning ER - TY - RPRT TI - Methodology for Determining Forest Sector Contributions to North Carolina’s Economy AU - McConnell, T.E. AU - Jeuck, J. AU - Bardon, R. AU - Hazel, D. AU - Altizer, C. AU - New, B. A3 - NC Cooperative Extension DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// M3 - Forestry Impacts Note PB - NC Cooperative Extension UR - http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/north-carolinas-forest-and-forest-products-industry-by-the-numbers/methodology-for-determining-forest-sector-contributions-to-north-carolinas-economy ER - TY - RPRT TI - North Carolina’s Forests and Forest Products Industry by the Numbers, 2013 AU - McConnell, T.E. AU - Jeuck, J. AU - Bardon, R. AU - Hazel, D. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// M1 - AG-817 M3 - Agricultural Publication PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University SN - AG-817 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Establishing a partnership for Sentinel Landscapes: The North Carolina Experience. A Dissemination Guide for other states AU - Diaz, J. AU - Addor, M. AU - Moore, S. AU - Bardon, R. AU - Hazel, D. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// M1 - AG-825 M3 - Agricultural Publication PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University SN - AG-825 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Key Sector Analysis of Western North Carolina Forest-Based Industries AU - Kays, L. AU - McConnell, T.E. AU - Bardon, R. AU - Hazel, D. A3 - U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// SP - 127-130 M1 - SRS-218 M3 - Technical Report PB - U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station SN - SRS-218 UR - http://sofew.cfr.msstate.edu/papers/2016_proceedings.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species pool, human population, and global versus regional invasion patterns AU - Guo, Qinfeng AU - Iannone III, Basil V. AU - Nunez-Mir, Gabriela C. AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Oswalt, Christopher M. AU - Fei, Songlin T2 - Landscape Ecology DA - 2016/12/24/ PY - 2016/12/24/ DO - 10.1007/s10980-016-0475-6 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 229-238 J2 - Landscape Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0921-2973 1572-9761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-016-0475-6 DB - Crossref KW - Anthropocene KW - Area KW - Boundary effects KW - Comparison KW - Globalization KW - Homogenization KW - Human KW - "Island-mainland continuum" ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pinus ponderosa : A checkered past obscured four species AU - Willyard, Ann AU - Gernandt, David S. AU - Potter, Kevin AU - Hipkins, Valerie AU - Marquardt, Paula AU - Mahalovich, Mary Frances AU - Langer, Stephen K. AU - Telewski, Frank W. AU - Cooper, Blake AU - Douglas, Connor AU - Finch, Kristen AU - Karemera, Hassani H. AU - Lefler, Julia AU - Lea, Payton AU - Wofford, Austin T2 - American Journal of Botany AB - PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Molecular genetic evidence can help delineate taxa in species complexes that lack diagnostic morphological characters. Pinus ponderosa (Pinaceae; subsection Ponderosae ) is recognized as a problematic taxon: plastid phylogenies of exemplars were paraphyletic, and mitochondrial phylogeography suggested at least four subdivisions of P. ponderosa . These patterns have not been examined in the context of other Ponderosae species. We hypothesized that putative intraspecific subdivisions might each represent a separate taxon. METHODS: We genotyped six highly variable plastid simple sequence repeats in 1903 individuals from 88 populations of P. ponderosa and related Ponderosae ( P. arizonica , P. engelmannii , and P. jeffreyi ). We used multilocus haplotype networks and discriminant analysis of principal components to test clustering of individuals into genetically and geographically meaningful taxonomic units. KEY RESULTS: There are at least four distinct plastid clusters within P. ponderosa that roughly correspond to the geographic distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes. Some geographic regions have intermixed plastid lineages, and some mitochondrial and plastid boundaries do not coincide. Based on relative distances to other species of Ponderosae , these clusters diagnose four distinct taxa. CONCLUSIONS: Newly revealed geographic boundaries of four distinct taxa ( P. benthamiana , P. brachyptera , P. scopulorum , and a narrowed concept of P. ponderosa ) do not correspond completely with taxonomies. Further research is needed to understand their morphological and nuclear genetic makeup, but we suggest that resurrecting originally published species names would more appropriately reflect the taxonomy of this checkered classification than their current treatment as varieties of P. ponderosa . DA - 2016/12/28/ PY - 2016/12/28/ DO - 10.3732/ajb.1600336 VL - 104 IS - 1 SP - 161-181 J2 - Am. J. Bot. LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9122 1537-2197 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1600336 DB - Crossref KW - Pinaceae KW - Pinus KW - plastid microsatellites KW - ponderosa pine KW - Ponderosae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trends over time in tree and seedling phylogenetic diversity indicate regional differences in forest biodiversity change T2 - Figshare DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3295340.v1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of personal beliefs, friends, and family in building climate change concern among adolescents AU - Stevenson, Kathryn T. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Bondell, Howard D. T2 - Environmental Education Research AB - Understanding adolescent climate change concern (CCC) may be a key strategy for building a citizenry that supports climate change action, as adolescents are likely less influenced by ideological polarization than adults. Prior research shows that climate education may build concern among adolescents, but other factors such as peer pressure may also be important. We investigated the relationships between CCC, acceptance of anthropogenic global warming (AGW), perceived level of acceptance among friends and family, and frequency of discussion of the issue among 426 middle school students in North Carolina, USA, and developed a novel instrument to measure each of these constructs. Acceptance of AGW had the strongest association with CCC. Frequency of discussion with friends and family was the second strongest predictor. Perceived level of acceptance among family and friends was the third strongest predictor. Model selection results suggest family had more influence than friends in this study. Girls perceived climate change as a higher risk than boys. In addition to building acceptance of AGW, leveraging discussions with peers and especially family may help build concern for climate change among future generations. DA - 2016/4/29/ PY - 2016/4/29/ DO - 10.1080/13504622.2016.1177712 VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - 832-845 J2 - Environmental Education Research LA - en OP - SN - 1350-4622 1469-5871 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1177712 DB - Crossref KW - Climate change KW - climate communication KW - climate literacy KW - climate change concern KW - climate education KW - climate conversations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Building of environmental literacy among middle school students: the role of in-school, out of school, and psychological factors AU - Stevenson, K. T2 - Environmental Education Research AB - "Building of environmental literacy among middle school students: the role of in-school, out of school, and psychological factors." Environmental Education Research, 22(3), pp. 448–449 DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1080/13504622.2015.1118749 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 448-449 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84949816943&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occurrence of Host-Associated Fecal Markers on Child Hands, Household Soil, and Drinking Water in Rural Bangladeshi Households AU - Boehm, Alexandria B. AU - Wang, Dan AU - Ercumen, Ayse AU - Shea, Meghan AU - Harris, Angela R. AU - Shanks, Orin C. AU - Kelty, Catherine AU - Ahmed, Alvee AU - Mahmud, Zahid Hayat AU - Arnold, Benjamin F. AU - Chase, Claire AU - Kullmann, Craig AU - Colford, John M. AU - Luby, Stephen P. AU - Pickering, Amy J. T2 - Environmental Science & Technology Letters AB - We evaluated whether provision and promotion of improved sanitation hardware (toilets and child feces management tools) reduced rotavirus and human fecal contamination of drinking water, child hands, and soil among rural Bangladeshi compounds enrolled in a cluster-randomized trial. We also measured host-associated genetic markers of ruminant and avian feces. We found evidence of widespread ruminant and avian fecal contamination in the compound environment; non-human fecal marker occurrence scaled with animal ownership. Strategies for controlling non-human fecal waste should be considered when designing interventions to reduce exposure to fecal contamination in low-income settings. Detection of a human-associated fecal marker and rotavirus was rare and unchanged by provision and promotion of improved sanitation to intervention compounds. The sanitation intervention reduced ruminant fecal contamination in drinking water and general (non-host specific) fecal contamination in soil but overall had limited effects on reducing fecal contamination in the household environment. DA - 2016/11/8/ PY - 2016/11/8/ DO - 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00382 VL - 3 IS - 11 SP - 393-398 J2 - Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00382 DB - ACS Publications Y2 - 2019/1/25/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hand- and Object-Mouthing of Rural Bangladeshi Children 3-18 Months Old AU - Kwong, Laura H. AU - Ercumen, Ayse AU - Pickering, Amy J. AU - Unicomb, Leanne AU - Davis, Jennifer AU - Luby, Stephen P. T2 - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health AB - Children are exposed to environmental contaminants by placing contaminated hands or objects in their mouths. We quantified hand- and object-mouthing frequencies of Bangladeshi children and determined if they differ from those of U.S. children to evaluate the appropriateness of applying U.S. exposure models in other socio-cultural contexts. We conducted a five-hour structured observation of the mouthing behaviors of 148 rural Bangladeshi children aged 3–18 months. We modeled mouthing frequencies using 2-parameter Weibull distributions to compare the modeled medians with those of U.S. children. In Bangladesh the median frequency of hand-mouthing was 37.3 contacts/h for children 3–6 months old, 34.4 contacts/h for children 6–12 months old, and 29.7 contacts/h for children 12–18 months old. The median frequency of object-mouthing was 23.1 contacts/h for children 3–6 months old, 29.6 contacts/h for children 6–12 months old, and 15.2 contacts/h for children 12–18 months old. At all ages both hand- and object-mouthing frequencies were higher than those of U.S. children. Mouthing frequencies were not associated with child location (indoor/outdoor). Using hand- and object-mouthing exposure models from U.S. and other high-income countries might not accurately estimate children’s exposure to environmental contaminants via mouthing in low- and middle-income countries. C2 - PMC4924020 DA - 2016/4/6/ PY - 2016/4/6/ DO - 10.3390/ijerph13060563 VL - 13 IS - 6 J2 - Int J Environ Res Public Health LA - eng SN - 1660-4601 DB - PubMed KW - non-dietary ingestion KW - child behavior KW - mouthing KW - exposure factors KW - rural KW - Bangladesh ER - TY - JOUR TI - Negative Control Outcomes: A Tool to Detect Bias in Randomized Trials AU - Arnold, Benjamin F. AU - Ercumen, Ayse T2 - JAMA AB - Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal C2 - PMC5428075 DA - 2016/12/27/ PY - 2016/12/27/ DO - 10.1001/jama.2016.17700 VL - 316 IS - 24 SP - 2597-2598 J2 - JAMA LA - eng SN - 1538-3598 ST - Negative Control Outcomes DB - PubMed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Brief Report: Negative Controls to Detect Selection Bias and Measurement Bias in Epidemiologic Studies AU - Arnold, Benjamin F. AU - Ercumen, Ayse AU - Benjamin-Chung, Jade AU - Colford, John M. T2 - Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) AB - Biomedical laboratory experiments routinely use negative controls to identify possible sources of bias, but epidemiologic studies have infrequently used this type of control in their design or measurement approach. Recently, epidemiologists proposed the routine use of negative controls in observational studies and defined the structure of negative controls to detect bias due to unmeasured confounding. We extend this previous study and define the structure of negative controls to detect selection bias and measurement bias in both observational studies and randomized trials. We illustrate the strengths and limitations of negative controls in this context using examples from the epidemiologic literature. Given their demonstrated utility and broad generalizability, the routine use of prespecified negative controls will strengthen the evidence from epidemiologic studies. C2 - PMC4969055 DA - 2016/9// PY - 2016/9// DO - 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000504 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - 637-641 J2 - Epidemiology LA - eng SN - 1531-5487 ST - Brief Report DB - PubMed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systems Approach to Climate, Water, and Diarrhea in Hubli-Dharwad, India AU - Mellor, Jonathan AU - Kumpel, Emily AU - Ercumen, Ayse AU - Zimmerman, Julie T2 - Environmental Science & Technology AB - Anthropogenic climate change will likely increase diarrhea rates for communities with inadequate water, sanitation, or hygiene facilities including those with intermittent water supplies. Current approaches to study these impacts typically focus on the effect of temperature on all-cause diarrhea while excluding precipitation and diarrhea etiology while not providing actionable adaptation strategies. We develop a partially mechanistic, systems approach to estimate future diarrhea prevalence and design adaptation strategies. The model incorporates downscaled global climate models, water quality data, quantitative microbial risk assessment, and pathogen prevalence in an agent-based modeling framework incorporating precipitation and diarrhea etiology. It is informed using water quality and diarrhea data from Hubli-Dharwad, India—a city with an intermittent piped water supply exhibiting seasonal water quality variability vulnerable to climate change. We predict all-cause diarrhea prevalence to increase by 4.9% (Range: 1.5–9.0%) by 2011–2030, 11.9% (Range: 7.1–18.2%) by 2046–2065, and 18.2% (Range: 9.1–26.2%) by 2080–2099. Rainfall is an important modifying factor. Rotavirus prevalence is estimated to decline by 10.5% with Cryptosporidium and E. coli prevalence increasing by 9.9% and 6.3%, respectively, by 2080–2099 in this setting. These results suggest that ceramic water filters would be recommended as a climate adaptation strategy over chlorination. This work highlights the vulnerability of intermittent water supplies to climate change and the urgent need for improvements. DA - 2016/12/6/ PY - 2016/12/6/ DO - 10.1021/acs.est.6b02092 VL - 50 IS - 23 SP - 13042-13051 J2 - Environ. Sci. Technol. SN - 0013-936X UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02092 DB - ACS Publications Y2 - 2019/1/25/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social stratification in fishing participation in the United States: A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective AU - Lee, K.J. AU - Scott, D. AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Edwards, M.B. T2 - Journal of Leisure Research DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.18666/JLR-2016-V48-I3-6544 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 245-263 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85032070642&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - A Proteomic-Based Quantitative Analysis of the Relationship Between Monolignol Biosynthetic Protein Abundance and Lignin Content Using TransgenicPopulus trichocarpa AU - Wang, Jack P. AU - Tunlaya-Anukit, Sermsawat AU - Shi, Rui AU - Yeh, Ting-Feng AU - Chuang, Ling AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Yang, Chenmin AU - Liu, Jie AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Loziuk, Philip L. AU - Naik, Punith P. AU - Muddiman, David C. AU - Ducoste, Joel J. AU - Williams, Cranos M. AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - Recent Advances in Polyphenol Research AB - As part of a long-term project to develop a predictive model of lignin biosynthesis in the stem differentiating xylem of Populus trichocarpa, we explored the quantitative relationships of gene-specific monolignol pathway proteins and the amount of the lignin polymer. We determined the absolute abundance of monolignol pathway proteins in wild-type (Nisqually-1) and 80 transgenic trees, downregulated for the expression of genes in the monolignol pathway. Total lignin content for wild-type and transgenics ranged from 9.4 to 24.2%. Comparison of protein variation with lignin content showed that the proteins are produced in several-fold excess, suggesting that the monolignol pathway is highly homeostatic. Strong downregulation of xylem-specific PtrPAL2, 4, and 5 showed the most direct relationship with lignin content. These results are consistent with the Predictive Kinetic Metabolic Flux (PKMF) model of Wang et al., based on differential equations of mass action kinetics. Functional redundancy of multiple genes also moderates gene-specific effects. In addition, targeted production of specific proteins may affect the concentration of nontarget monolignol proteins, suggesting a yet-to-be-described level of coordinated control. PY - 2016/12/27/ DO - 10.1002/9781118883303.ch4 VL - 5 SP - 89-107 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118883303.ch4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disentangling the effects of drought, salinity, and sulfate on baldcypress growth in a coastal plain restored wetland AU - Powell, A.S. AU - Jackson, L. AU - Ardón, M. T2 - Restoration Ecology AB - Because of their dominance in swamps of the southeastern United States, baldcypress ( Taxodium distichum ) trees are commonly used in wetland restoration. Though baldcypress are known to tolerate moderate flooding and salinity, their growth has been shown to decrease when they experience drought and high salinity. This study examined the effects of drought and elevated salinity on the growth of baldcypress seedlings and saplings. In a restored wetland in North Carolina, we examined the growth of 8‐year‐old baldcypress by measuring height and diameter at breast height ( DBH ) along salinity, nutrient, and flooding gradients. In a greenhouse, we placed 1‐year‐old baldcypress seedlings in either drought or saturated conditions and applied different water treatments: fresh water, sulfate, and artificial salt water (5 ppt [parts per thousand]). Over 26 weeks, we measured diameter at root collar, height, and biomass. In the field, chloride concentrations in soil solution had a negative effect on DBH and height (51 and 36% decrease, respectively); high water levels had a negative effect on height (47% decrease) and DBH (46% decrease). In the greenhouse, both drought and salinity decreased diameter growth (43 and 61% decline, respectively) and height (64 and 43% decline, respectively). Sulfate did not have a significant effect on diameter growth, but caused a 14% decrease in height. Our results suggest that both drought and salinity (even as low as 1 ppt) can lead to a 20–60% decline in baldcypress growth. Restoration practitioners should consider the negative consequences of both drought and increased salinity on baldcypress growth when planning for wetland restoration. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1111/rec.12349 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84961282442&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - diameter KW - greenhouse KW - height KW - North Carolina KW - saltwater intrusion ER - TY - CONF TI - Role of chemical structure on the alkaline hydrolysis of industrially-relevant copolyester model compounds AU - Yildirim, Erol AU - Abolins, Brendan AU - Detwiler, Andrew AU - Cleven, Curt AU - Freeman, Harold AU - El Shafei, Ahmed AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa T2 - AMER CHEMICAL SOC 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA C2 - 2016/// C3 - ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY DA - 2016/// VL - 252 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perspectives on the Use of Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Characterize Filler-Matrix Adhesion and Nanocomposite Mechanical Properties AU - Deshmukh, Sanket A AU - Hanson, Benjamin J AU - Jiang, Qian AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A T2 - Interface/Interphase in Polymer Nanocomposites DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// SP - 379-411 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Nano-biomaterials AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AU - Yingling, Yaroslava G. T2 - Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-9780-1_402 SP - 2260-2269 ER - TY - CONF TI - Flame retardants: New approaches to reduce exposure AU - Zane, Cody AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa AU - Vinueza, Nelson AU - Chen, Yufei AU - Hinks, David AU - Zhang, Nanshan AU - Yildirim, Erol AU - Tonelli, Alan T2 - AMER CHEMICAL SOC 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA C2 - 2016/// C3 - ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY DA - 2016/// VL - 252 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combined experimental and computational study of process-property relationships for bioabsorbable polymers AU - Chirag, Gajjar AU - Melissa, Pasquinelli AU - Martin, King T2 - Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. AB - Event Abstract Back to Event Combined experimental and computational study of process-property relationships for bioabsorbable polymers Chirag R. Gajjar1, Melissa A. Pasquinelli1 and Martin W. King1 1 North Carolina State University, College of Textiles, United States Introduction: Bioabsorbable polymers like poly(lactic acid) (PLA) are attractive biomaterials for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications due to their inherent property of in vivo resorption over time. However, the same useful property of hydrolytic degradation is a major concern from a manufacturer’s stand point. Studies have shown the influence of melt-processing parameters on the resorption behavior of these biomaterials[1]. For example, higher residual moisture causes rapid hydrolytic degradation during processing, and higher processing temperatures lead to de-polymerization, resulting in process induced monomers, which catalyze the degradation process. In addition, the extrusion rate can also affect the degradation profile. Thus, the goal of our study is to determine the optimum processing conditions for bioabsorbable polymers in order to achieve the desired properties of extruded fibers while preventing excess degradation during processing. We propose the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations along with the experimental approach to understand the thermal degradation of PLA under various processing conditions. Materials and Methods: NatureWorks PLA polymer (6100 HP) was used for the experimental melt-spinning process to form PLA multifilament yarns. As indicated in Table-1, the effects of extrusion temperature, residence time in the extruder (correlated with the throughput), and the shear stress (as a function of take-up speed) were studied. The subsequent yarn samples were tested for mechanical and thermal properties. For MD simulations, the ReaxFF force field[2] was used with LAMMPS software[3]. First the PLA polymer chains were created using Materials Studio[4]. Twenty polymer chains, each with 20 repeat units, were packed in an amorphous cell (65 Å x 65 Å x 65 Å) with a density of 1.25 g/cc. The system was then equilibrated in LAMMPS at 300 K and 1 atm for 1 nanosecond (ns) using the NPT (constant pressure and temperature) ensemble and periodic boundary conditions. The equilibrated system was then used to study the degradation of the polymer chains, specifically as a function of the rate of raising the temperature, and the duration of the exposure to high temperatures. Results and Discussions: Figure 1 contains the range of fiber tenacity, elongation values, and thermal characteristics measured for the as-spun yarns that were prepared with different processing parameters (Table-1). Due to different temperatures and take-up speeds, there was a difference in the orientation of the polymer chains and the crystalline content. The level of crystallinity also governs the tenacity, and a direct correlation was observed. MD simulation results in Figure 2 indicate that at slower rates for raising the temperature, the degradation starts at relatively lower temperatures, whereas with prolonged exposure at higher temperatures, the extent of degradation increases. Conclusions: PLA yarns with different mechanical properties can be formed by varying the processing parameters. MD simulations are an effective method to simulate the processing conditions and their effect on the degradation behavior of polymers. A better understanding of process-induced degradation will help to design resorbable biomaterials, such as scaffolds, with better control of their in vivo performance. References:[1] Oepen R. Clin Mater. 1992;10:21-28[2] van Duin A. J. Phys. Chem. 2001;105;9396-9409[3] S. Plimpton, J Comp Phys 1995; 117; 1-19[4] http://accelrys.com/products/materials-studio/ Keywords: modeling, polymer, Biodegradable material, biodegredation Conference: 10th World Biomaterials Congress, Montréal, Canada, 17 May - 22 May, 2016. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: Molecular dynamics simulations Citation: Gajjar CR, Pasquinelli MA and King MW (2016). Combined experimental and computational study of process-property relationships for bioabsorbable polymers. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. Conference Abstract: 10th World Biomaterials Congress. doi: 10.3389/conf.FBIOE.2016.01.02680 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 27 Mar 2016; Published Online: 30 Mar 2016. Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Chirag R Gajjar Melissa A Pasquinelli Martin W King Google Chirag R Gajjar Melissa A Pasquinelli Martin W King Google Scholar Chirag R Gajjar Melissa A Pasquinelli Martin W King PubMed Chirag R Gajjar Melissa A Pasquinelli Martin W King Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.3389/conf.fbioe.2016.01.02680 VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Macromol. Rapid Commun. 22/2016 AU - Tallury, Syamal S. AU - Pourdeyhimi, Behnam AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AU - Spontak, Richard J. T2 - Macromolecular Rapid Communications AB - Front Cover: Shape-memory polymer fibers (SMPFs) by physical design: By decoupling the molecular network and stimuli-responsive species into separate components, we have demonstrated novel, commercial-scale, shape-memory polymer constructs. The two components, a thermoplastic elastomer and a semi-crystalline thermoplastic, are physically integrated via bicomponent melt-spinning and rely on strong interfacial adhesion. The shape-memory properties of these SMPFs can be tuned by physical means. Further details can be found in the article by S. S. Tallury, B. Pourdeyhimi, M. A. Pasquinelli, and R. J. Spontak* on page 1837. DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016/11// DO - 10.1002/marc.201670085 VL - 37 IS - 22 SP - 1785-1785 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Suppression and Dissent in Science AU - Delborne, J.A. T2 - Handbook of Academic Integrity A2 - Bretag, T. PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1007/978-981-287-098-8_30 SP - 943–956 OP - PB - Springer Reference SN - 9789812870971 9789812870988 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-098-8_30 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Roadblocks to Responsible Innovation: Exploring technology assessment and adoption in U.S Public Highway Construction AU - Kimmel, S. AU - Toohey, N. AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Technology in Society AB - U.S. public highway construction industry professionals are responsible for assessing and adopting new technology that can improve the cost and quality of roadways. This paper investigates features of the technology assessment and adoption process in the U.S. public highway construction industry that both facilitate and hinder responsible innovation. Often technological innovations are incongruent with current specifications, i.e., regulatory construction standards, whereby specification reform serves as a precursor to implementation. We examine this aspect of technology assessment and adoption through a novel application of Kingdon's theory of policy agenda setting to a highly technical state bureaucratic institution using a case study on Intelligent Compaction. Specification reform relating to Intelligent Compaction is occurring in nearly a quarter of U.S. states. Analysis of interviews with industry professionals revealed that institutional incentives for supporting innovations were not the main drivers for adoption, and there exists a conservative culture that inhibits change. Individuals that go against this grain by championing change do so based on their personal character, ideological affiliations and a perceived sense of social obligation, which coincides with the principles set forth in the responsible research and innovation literature. These individuals, whom we identify as Kingdon's policy entrepreneurs, appear to present themselves in four roles in this industry: explorer, pioneer, gatekeeper, and leader. Our findings indicate that alignment of these roles creates an environment conducive to responsible technology assessment and adoption, and therefore greater societal benefit. Ultimately, we hope this study will benefit U.S. Highway Construction Industry regulatory environments by enhancing identification of specification processes, key roles, and personal/ethical ideologies that may be conducive to fostering a culture of responsible innovation. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1016/j.techsoc.2015.12.002 VL - 44 SP - 66–77 J2 - Technology in Society LA - en OP - SN - 0160-791X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2015.12.002 DB - Crossref KW - Technology assessment KW - Responsible research and innovation KW - Innovation adoption KW - Kingdon KW - Agenda setting KW - Policy reform KW - Highway construction KW - Policy entrepreneurs ER - TY - RPRT TI - Seeing the future impacts of climate change and forest management: a landscape visualization system for forest managers AU - Gustafson, E.G. AU - M.S. Lucash, J. Liem AU - H. Jenny, R.M. Scheller AU - K. Barrett, AU - Sturtevant, B.R. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - NRS-164 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Nitrogen From the Atmosphere AU - Butler, T. AU - Beachley, G. AU - Furiness, C. AU - Padgett, P. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 2016-1 SP - 16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring and managing resistance and resilience under climate change in northern Great Lake forests (USA) AU - Duveneck, Matthew J. AU - Scheller, Robert M. T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1007/s10980-015-0273-6 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 669-686 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Alternative forest management KW - Climate change KW - LANDIS-II KW - Michigan (USA) KW - Minnesota (USA) KW - Resistance KW - Resilience ER - TY - JOUR TI - How Landscape Ecology Informs Global Land-Change Science and Policy AU - Mayer, Audrey L. AU - Buma, Brian AU - Davis, Amelie AU - Gagne, Sara A. AU - Loudermilk, E. Louise AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A. AU - Wiersma, Yolanda F. AU - Franklin, Janet T2 - BIOSCIENCE AB - Landscape ecology is a discipline that explicitly considers the influence of time and space on the environmental patterns we observe and the processes that create them. Although many of the topics studied in landscape ecology have public policy implications, three are of particular concern: climate change; land use–land cover change (LULCC); and a particular type of LULCC, urbanization. These processes are interrelated, because LULCC is driven by both human activities (e.g., agricultural expansion and urban sprawl) and climate change (e.g., desertification). Climate change, in turn, will affect the way humans use landscapes. Interactions among these drivers of ecosystem change can have destabilizing and accelerating feedback, with consequences for human societies from local to global scales. These challenges require landscape ecologists to engage policymakers and practitioners in seeking long-term solutions, informed by an understanding of opportunities to mitigate the impacts of anthropogenic drivers on ecosystems and adapt to new ecological realities. DA - 2016/6// PY - 2016/6// DO - 10.1093/biosci/biw035 VL - 66 IS - 6 SP - 458-469 SN - 1525-3244 KW - climate change KW - land use KW - landscape ecology KW - policy KW - urbanization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon sequestration in managed temperate coniferous forests under climate change AU - Dymond, Caren C. AU - Beukema, Sarah AU - Nitschke, Craig R. AU - Coates, K. David AU - Scheller, Robert M. T2 - BIOGEOSCIENCES AB - Abstract. Management of temperate forests has the potential to increase carbon sinks and mitigate climate change. However, those opportunities may be confounded by negative climate change impacts. We therefore need a better understanding of climate change alterations to temperate forest carbon dynamics before developing mitigation strategies. The purpose of this project was to investigate the interactions of species composition, fire, management, and climate change in the Copper–Pine Creek valley, a temperate coniferous forest with a wide range of growing conditions. To do so, we used the LANDIS-II modelling framework including the new Forest Carbon Succession extension to simulate forest ecosystems under four different productivity scenarios, with and without climate change effects, until 2050. Significantly, the new extension allowed us to calculate the net sector productivity, a carbon accounting metric that integrates aboveground and belowground carbon dynamics, disturbances, and the eventual fate of forest products. The model output was validated against literature values. The results implied that the species optimum growing conditions relative to current and future conditions strongly influenced future carbon dynamics. Warmer growing conditions led to increased carbon sinks and storage in the colder and wetter ecoregions but not necessarily in the others. Climate change impacts varied among species and site conditions, and this indicates that both of these components need to be taken into account when considering climate change mitigation activities and adaptive management. The introduction of a new carbon indicator, net sector productivity, promises to be useful in assessing management effectiveness and mitigation activities. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.5194/bg-13-1933-2016 VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - 1933-1947 SN - 1726-4189 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioenergy harvest, climate change, and forest carbon in the Oregon Coast Range AU - Creutzburg, Megan K. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Lucash, Melissa S. AU - Evers, Louisa B. AU - Leduc, Stephen D. AU - Johnson, Mark G. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY AB - Abstract Forests provide important ecological, economic, and social services, and recent interest has emerged in the potential for using residue from timber harvest as a source of renewable woody bioenergy. The long‐term consequences of such intensive harvest are unclear, particularly as forests face novel climatic conditions over the next century. We used a simulation model to project the long‐term effects of management and climate change on above‐ and belowground forest carbon storage in a watershed in northwestern Oregon. The multi‐ownership watershed has a diverse range of current management practices, including little‐to‐no harvesting on federal lands, short‐rotation clear‐cutting on industrial land, and a mix of practices on private nonindustrial land. We simulated multiple management scenarios, varying the rate and intensity of harvest, combined with projections of climate change. Our simulations project a wide range of total ecosystem carbon storage with varying harvest rate, ranging from a 45% increase to a 16% decrease in carbon compared to current levels. Increasing the intensity of harvest for bioenergy caused a 2–3% decrease in ecosystem carbon relative to conventional harvest practices. Soil carbon was relatively insensitive to harvest rotation and intensity, and accumulated slowly regardless of harvest regime. Climate change reduced carbon accumulation in soil and detrital pools due to increasing heterotrophic respiration, and had small but variable effects on aboveground live carbon and total ecosystem carbon. Overall, we conclude that current levels of ecosystem carbon storage are maintained in part due to substantial portions of the landscape (federal and some private lands) remaining unharvested or lightly managed. Increasing the intensity of harvest for bioenergy on currently harvested land, however, led to a relatively small reduction in the ability of forests to store carbon. Climate change is unlikely to substantially alter carbon storage in these forests, absent shifts in disturbance regimes. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12255 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 357-370 SN - 1757-1707 KW - bioenergy KW - biomass energy KW - carbon KW - climate change KW - forest KW - LANDIS-II KW - landscape modeling KW - Oregon Coast Range KW - simulation modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immersive Tangible Geospatial Modeling AU - Tabrizian, Payam AU - Petrasova, Anna AU - Harmon, Brendan AU - Petras, Vaclav AU - Mitasova, Helena AU - Meentemeyer, Ross T2 - 24TH ACM SIGSPATIAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (ACM SIGSPATIAL GIS 2016) AB - Tangible Landscape is a tangible interface for geographic information systems (GIS). It interactively couples physical and digital models of a landscape so that users can intuitively explore, model, and analyze geospatial data in a collaborative environment. Conceptually Tangible Landscape lets users hold a GIS in their hands so that they can feel the shape of the topography, naturally sculpt new landforms, and interact with simulations like water flow. Since it only affords a bird's-eye view of the landscape, we coupled it with an immersive virtual environment so that users can virtually walk around the modeled landscape and visualize it at a human-scale. Now as users shape topography, draw trees, define viewpoints, or route a walkthrough, they can see the results on the projection-augmented model, rendered on a display, or rendered on a head-mounted display. In this paper we present the Tangible Landscape Immersive Extension, describe its physical setup and software architecture, and demonstrate its features with a case study. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1145/2996913.2996950 SP - KW - immersive virtual environments KW - augmented reality KW - tangible user interfaces KW - tangible interaction KW - landscape modeling KW - head mounted display KW - Oculus Rift ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate and bark beetle effects on forest productivity - linking dendroecology with forest landscape modeling AU - Kretchun, Alec M. AU - Loudermilk, E. Louise AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Hurteau, Matthew D. AU - Belmecheri, Soumaya T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - In forested systems throughout the world, climate influences tree growth and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP). The effects of extreme climate events (i.e., drought) on ANPP can be compounded by biotic factors (e.g., insect outbreaks). Understanding the contribution of each of these influences on growth requires information at multiple spatial scales and is essential for understanding regional forest response to changing climate. The mixed conifer forests of the Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada, provide an opportunity to analyze biotic and abiotic influences on ANPP. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of moisture stress (climatic water deficit, CWD) and bark beetles on basin-wide ANPP from 1987 to 2006, estimated through tree core increments and a landscape simulation model (LANDIS-II). Tree ring data revealed that ANPP increased throughout this period and had a nonlinear relationship to water demand. Simulation model results showed that despite increased complexity, simulations that include moderate moisture sensitivity and bark beetle outbreaks most closely approximated the field-derived ANPP∼CWD relationship. Although bark beetle outbreaks and episodic drought-induced mortality events are often correlated, decoupling them within a simulation model offers insight into assessing model performance, as well as examining how each contributes to total declines in productivity. DA - 2016/8// PY - 2016/8// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-2016-0103 VL - 46 IS - 8 SP - 1026-1034 SN - 1208-6037 KW - ANPP KW - net ecosystem production KW - increment cores KW - forest simulation model KW - LANDIS-II ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phosphorus retention in a lowland Neotropical stream following an eight-year enrichment experiment AU - Small, Gaston E. AU - Ardon, Marcelo AU - Duff', John H. AU - Jackman, Alan P. AU - Ramirez, Alonso AU - Triska, Frank J. AU - Pringle, Catherine M. T2 - FRESHWATER SCIENCE AB - Human alteration of the global P cycle has led to widespread P loading in freshwater ecosystems. Much research has been devoted to the capacity of wetlands and lakes to serve as long-term sinks for P inputs from the watershed, but we know much less about the potential of headwater streams to serve in this role. We assessed storage and retention of P in biotic and abiotic compartments after an 8-y experimental P addition to a 1st-order stream in a Neotropical wet forest. Sediment P extractions indicated that nearly all P storage was in the form of Fe- and Al-bound P (∼700 μg P/g dry sediment), similar to nearby naturally high-P streams. At the end of the enrichment, ∼25% of the total P added over the 8-y study was still present in sediments within 200 m of the injection site, consistent with water-column measurements showing sustained levels of high net P uptake throughout the experiment. Sediment P declined to baseline levels (∼100 μg P/g dry sediment) over 4 y after the enrichment ended. Leaf-litter P content increased nearly 2× over background levels during P enrichment and was associated with a 3× increase in microbial respiration rates, although these biotic responses were low compared to nearby naturally high-P streams. Biotic storage accounted for <0.03% of retention of the added P. Our results suggest that the high sorption capacity of these sediments dampened the biotic effects of P loading and altered the timing and quantity of P exported downstream. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1086/684491 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 1-11 SN - 2161-9565 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84960879090&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - phosphorus KW - sediments KW - sorption KW - storage KW - stream KW - tropical ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drought and saltwater incursion synergistically reduce dissolved organic carbon export from coastal freshwater wetlands AU - Ardon, Marcelo AU - Helton, Ashley M. AU - Bernhardt, Emily S. T2 - BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AB - The hydrologic transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) represents both a primary energetic loss from and a critical energetic link between ecosystems. Coastal freshwater wetlands serve as a primary source of DOC to estuaries; historically the magnitude and timing of DOC transfers has been driven by water movement. Extensive agricultural development throughout the coastal plain of the southeastern US has hydrologically connected much of the landscape via canals to facilitate drainage. The resulting large-scale loss of topographic relief and reduced mean elevation is interacting with increasingly frequent and severe droughts to facilitate the landward movement of seawater through the highly connected artificial drainage networks. The resulting changes in hydrologic regime and salinity are each expected to reduce DOC export from coastal freshwater wetlands, yet their individual and combined impacts are not well understood. Here we show that repeated saltwater incursion during late summer droughts substantially decreased DOC concentrations in surface water (from ~40 to ~18 mg/L) from a mature and a restored forested wetland in the coastal plain of North Carolina, USA. These declines in DOC concentration reduced annual export of DOC to the estuary by 70 % and dampened storm fluxes by 76 %. We used a long-term experiment with intact soil columns to measure the independent and combined effects of drought, salinity, and sulfate loading as potential drivers of the large changes in DOC concentration. We found that soil drying and salinization each reduced DOC similarly (20 % reduction by drought alone, 29 % by salinization) and their combined effect was additive (49 % reduction in salinization + drought treatments). Our results demonstrate that, well in advance of significant sea-level rise, drought and relatively low levels of saltwater incursion (<6 ppt) are already significantly altering the timing and magnitude of dissolved organic carbon flux between coastal forested wetlands and downstream estuaries. DA - 2016/2// PY - 2016/2// DO - 10.1007/s10533-016-0189-5 VL - 127 IS - 2-3 SP - 411-426 SN - 1573-515X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84959521459&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Climate change KW - Saltwater intrusion KW - DOC export KW - Drought KW - Forested wetlands KW - Storms KW - Sea-level rise ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest evapotranspiration: Measurement and modelling at multiple scales AU - Sun, G. AU - Domec, J. C. AU - Amatya, D. M. T2 - Forest Hydrology: Processes, Management and Assessment AB - This chapter focuses on the processes that control canopy and litter interception (I) and transpiration (T), and methods to quantify these two major components of ET. Further, the chapter suggests that a new generation of ecohydrological models that combine the effects of CO2 on ET processes and couple the physical and biological processes such as soil moisture redistribution, hydraulic distribution, photosynthesis, canopy conductance and tree growth is needed to fully understand the atmosphere-vegetation-soil processes mechanistically. Such models can provide better information to regional land-surface and climate models for quantifying the feedbacks of forest cover change to regional and global climate systems. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1079/9781780646602.0032 SP - 32-50 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disentangling the effects of drought and salinity on growth of bald cypress trees at different life stages AU - Powell, A. M. AU - Jackson, L. AU - Ardon, M. T2 - Restoration Ecology DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 24 SP - 548-557 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applications of forest hydrological science to watershed management in the 21st century AU - Vose, J. M. AU - Martin, Katherine AU - Barten, P. K. T2 - Forest Hydrology: Processes, Management and Assessment AB - This chapter examines the role of forest hydrological science in the development and application of watershed management in the 21st century. It provides a brief synthesis of anticipated biophysical and socioeconomic changes expected to occur over the coming decades and discuss critical watershed science needs and management responses to maintain watershed ecosystem services in the coming decades. The chapter builds on several recent discussions on the role of ecohydrology in addressing water resource challenges now and in the future. The examples focus on forest watersheds in the southern US forests, as the complex mixture of public and private forest land ownership creates substantial challenges for watershed management at larger spatial scales. Despite the focus on the southern USA, the general principles are applicable to forest watersheds across the globe. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1079/9781780646602.0240 SP - 240–253 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the proliferative capacity of canine retinal pigment epithelial cells harvested from different regions of the fundus AU - Mowat, F. M. AU - Hash, J. AU - Mzyk, P. AU - Harned, J. AU - Nagar, S. AU - McGahan, M. C. T2 - Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 57 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The increasing importance of atmospheric demand for ecosystem water and carbon fluxes AU - Novick, Kimberly A. AU - Ficklin, Darren L. AU - Stoy, Paul C. AU - Williams, Christopher A. AU - Bohrer, Gil AU - Oishi, A. Christopher AU - Papuga, Shirley A. AU - Blanken, Peter D. AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Sulman, Benjamin N. AU - Scott, Russell L. AU - Wang, Lixin AU - Phillips, Richard P. T2 - NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE AB - During periods of hydrologic stress, vegetation productivity is limited by soil moisture supply and atmospheric water demand. This study shows that atmospheric demand has a greater effect in many biomes, with implications for climate change impacts. Soil moisture supply and atmospheric demand for water independently limit—and profoundly affect—vegetation productivity and water use during periods of hydrologic stress1,2,3,4. Disentangling the impact of these two drivers on ecosystem carbon and water cycling is difficult because they are often correlated, and experimental tools for manipulating atmospheric demand in the field are lacking. Consequently, the role of atmospheric demand is often not adequately factored into experiments or represented in models5,6,7. Here we show that atmospheric demand limits surface conductance and evapotranspiration to a greater extent than soil moisture in many biomes, including mesic forests that are of particular importance to the terrestrial carbon sink8,9. Further, using projections from ten general circulation models, we show that climate change will increase the importance of atmospheric constraints to carbon and water fluxes in all ecosystems. Consequently, atmospheric demand will become increasingly important for vegetation function, accounting for >70% of growing season limitation to surface conductance in mesic temperate forests. Our results suggest that failure to consider the limiting role of atmospheric demand in experimental designs, simulation models and land management strategies will lead to incorrect projections of ecosystem responses to future climate conditions. DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016/11// DO - 10.1038/nclimate3114 VL - 6 IS - 11 SP - 1023-1027 SN - 1758-6798 ER - TY - CONF TI - Tangible landscape: cognitively grasping the flow of water AU - Harmon, B. A. AU - Petrasova, Anna AU - Petras, Vaclav AU - Mitasova, Helena AU - Meentemeyer, K. AB - Abstract. Complex spatial forms like topography can be challenging to understand, much less intentionally shape, given the heavy cognitive load of visualizing and manipulating 3D form. Spatiotemporal processes like the flow of water over a landscape are even more challenging to understand and intentionally direct as they are dependent upon their context and require the simulation of forces like gravity and momentum. This cognitive work can be offloaded onto computers through 3D geospatial modeling, analysis, and simulation. Interacting with computers, however, can also be challenging, often requiring training and highly abstract thinking. Tangible computing – an emerging paradigm of human-computer interaction in which data is physically manifested so that users can feel it and directly manipulate it – aims to offload this added cognitive work onto the body. We have designed Tangible Landscape, a tangible interface powered by an open source geographic information system (GRASS GIS), so that users can naturally shape topography and interact with simulated processes with their hands in order to make observations, generate and test hypotheses, and make inferences about scientific phenomena in a rapid, iterative process. Conceptually Tangible Landscape couples a malleable physical model with a digital model of a landscape through a continuous cycle of 3D scanning, geospatial modeling, and projection. We ran a flow modeling experiment to test whether tangible interfaces like this can effectively enhance spatial performance by offloading cognitive processes onto computers and our bodies. We used hydrological simulations and statistics to quantitatively assess spatial performance. We found that Tangible Landscape enhanced 3D spatial performance and helped users understand water flow. C2 - 2016/// C3 - International archives of the photogrammetry remote sensing and spatial DA - 2016/// DO - 10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b2-647-2016 VL - 41 SP - 647–653 M1 - B2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hurricane Disturbance Benefits Nesting American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) AU - Schulte, Shiloh A. AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - Waterbirds AB - Coastal ecosystems are under increasing pressure from human activity, introduced species, sea level rise, and storm activity. Hurricanes are a powerful destructive force, but can also renew coastal habitats. In 2003, Hurricane Isabel altered the barrier islands of North Carolina, flattening dunes and creating sand flats. American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) are large shorebirds that inhabit the coastal zone throughout the year. Alternative survival models were evaluated for 699 American Oystercatcher nests on North Core Banks and South Core Banks, North Carolina, USA, from 1999–2007. Nest survival on North Core Banks increased from 0.170 (SE = 0.002) to 0.772 (SE = 0.090) after the hurricane, with a carry-over effect lasting 2 years. A simple year effects model described nest survival on South Core Banks. Habitat had no effect on survival except when the overall rate of nest survival was at intermediate levels (0.300–0.600), when nests on open flats survived at a higher rate (0.600; SE = 0.112) than nests in dune habitat (0.243; SE = 0.094). Predator activity declined on North Core Banks after the hurricane and corresponded with an increase in nest survival. Periodic years with elevated nest survival may offset low annual productivity and contribute to the stability of American Oystercatcher populations. DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016/12// DO - 10.1675/063.039.0402 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 327-337 J2 - Waterbirds LA - en OP - SN - 1524-4695 1938-5390 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.039.0402 DB - Crossref KW - American Oystercatcher KW - climate change KW - demographics KW - fecundity KW - Haematopus palliatus KW - hurricane KW - nest predation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Demographic shifts around drinking water supply reservoirs in North Carolina, USA AU - Youth, Michael D. AU - Hess, George R. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - McHale, Melissa R. AU - Bigsby, Kevin M. T2 - LOCAL ENVIRONMENT AB - Infrastructure intended to serve the public good frequently has implications for environmental justice and social sustainability. Drinking water supplies for sub/urban areas in North Carolina, USA, have regularly been secured by constructing dams to impound reservoirs. We used high-resolution, publicly available US Census data to explore whether 66 such reservoirs in North Carolina have induced demographic shifts in the communities that find themselves adjacent to the newly created lakeshores. Our principal findings include: (1) The ratio of white people to non-white people was significantly higher in communities within 0.5 miles of reservoir shorelines than in more distant communities; (2) even as North Carolina overall became less white from 1990 to 2010, the ratio of white people to non-white people within the 0.5 miles of the shoreline increased relative to the overall ratio in the State; and (3) similar, but less distinct, shifts in per capita income occurred during the period. Our results are consistent with the proposition that reservoirs have induced demographic shifts in communities adjacent to newly created lakeshores similar to the shifts associated with environmental gentrification and amenity migration, and may now be associated with perpetuating those shifts. These findings raise concerns about environmental justice and social sustainability that should be considered when planning and building infrastructure that creates environmental amenities. Where reservoirs are being planned, social costs, including the costs of demographic shifts associated with environmental gentrification or amenity migration, and disproportionate regulatory burdens, should be mitigated through innovative policy if possible. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1080/13549839.2015.1035240 VL - 21 IS - 7 SP - 827-843 SN - 1469-6711 KW - amenity migration KW - dam KW - environmental justice KW - environmental gentrification KW - gentrification KW - North Carolina KW - reservoir KW - social sustainability ER - TY - CHAP TI - At the roadside: Forest resources AU - Stokes, B. AU - Rials, T.G. AU - Johnson, L.R. AU - Abt, K.L. AU - Nepal, P. AU - Skog, K.E. AU - Abt, R.C. AU - He, L. AU - English, B.C. T2 - 2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy, Volume 1: Economic Availability of Feedstock PY - 2016/// PB - Oak Ridge National Laboratory ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil CO2 Efflux and Root Productivity in a Switchgrass and Loblolly Pine Intercropping System AU - Shrestha, Paliza AU - Seiler, John R. AU - Strahm, Brian D. AU - Sucre, Eric B. AU - Leggett, Zakiya H. T2 - FORESTS AB - Switchgrass intercropped with loblolly pine plantations can provide valuable feedstock for bioenergy production while providing ancillary benefits like controlling competing vegetation and enhancing soil C. Better understanding of the impact of intercropping on pine and switchgrass productivity is required for evaluating the long-term sustainability of this agroforestry system, along with the impacts on soil C dynamics (soil CO2 efflux; RS). RS is the result of root respiration (RA) and heterotrophic respiration (RH), which are used to estimate net C ecosystem exchange. We measured RS in intercropped and monoculture stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). The root exclusion core technique was used to estimate RA and RH. The results showed pure switchgrass had significantly higher RS rates (July, August and September), root biomass and length relative to intercropped switchgrass, while there were no significant changes in RS and roots between intercropped and monoculture loblolly pine stands. A significant decrease in switchgrass root productivity in the intercropped stands versus monoculture stands could account for differences in the observed RS. The proportions of RS attributed to RA in the intercropped stand were 31% and 22% in the summer and fall respectively, indicating that the majority of the RS was heterotrophic-driven. Ancillary benefits provided by planting switchgrass between unutilized pine rows can be considered unless the goal is to increase switchgrass production. DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016/10// DO - 10.3390/f7100221 VL - 7 IS - 10 SP - SN - 1999-4907 KW - Panicum virgatum L. KW - Pinus taeda L. KW - soil respiration KW - intercropping KW - autotrophic respiration KW - heterotrophic respiration ER - TY - JOUR TI - OAK, FIRE, AND GLOBAL CHANGE IN THE EASTERN USA: WHAT MIGHT THE FUTURE HOLD? AU - Vose, James M. AU - Elliott, Katherine J. T2 - FIRE ECOLOGY AB - The pace of environmental and socioeconomic change over the past 100 years has been rapid. Changes in fire regimes, climate, and land use have shaped the structure and function of most forest ecosystems, including oak (Quercus spp. L.) forests in the eastern United States. New stressors such as air pollution and invasive species have contributed to and interacted with climate and fire to alter current forest conditions. While changing fire regimes have altered species composition of the current forest, oak regeneration is constrained by many factors that may affect future forests. Over the remainder of the twenty-first century, an accelerating pace of climate and socioeconomic changes will influence the future range of variation in Eastern oak forests. Some of these impacts will be direct, such as changes in tree growth rates, while other impacts will be indirect, such as new disturbance regimes. While it is likely that fire will be important in shaping oak forests in the twenty-first century, it is less clear exactly what that role will be. For example, it is uncertain whether our current scientific knowledge on the use of prescribed fire in oak forests will be applicable under novel climate and changing socioeconomic conditions. We propose that the combination of climate change, wildfire, and other disturbances will create stand conditions that favor oaks with or without management. However, management intervention (e.g., prescribed fire, thinning, or a combination) could reduce wildfire hazard, particularly in the wildland-urban interface, and create more desirable stand conditions that are resilient to future stressors such as changing precipitation patterns and warmer temperatures. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.4996/fireecology.1202160 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 160-179 SN - 1933-9747 KW - Acer KW - climate change KW - drought KW - prescribed fire KW - Quercus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Loblolly pine productivity and water relations in response to throughfall reduction and fertilizer application on a poorly drained site in Northern Florida AU - Wightman, M. G. AU - Martin, T. A. AU - Gonzalez-Benecke, C. A. AU - Jokela, E. J. AU - Cropper, W. P. AU - Ward, E. J. T2 - Forests DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 7 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - FIRE EFFECTS ON WILDLIFE IN THE CENTRAL HARDWOODS AND APPALACHIAN REGIONS, USA AU - Harper, Craig A. AU - Ford, W. Mark AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Stambaugh, Michael C. T2 - FIRE ECOLOGY AB - Fire is being prescribed and used increasingly to promote ecosystem restoration (e.g., oak woodlands and savannas) and to manage wildlife habitat in the Central Hardwoods and Appalachian regions, USA. However, questions persist as to how fire affects hardwood forest communities and associated wildlife, and how fire should be used to achieve management goals. We provide an up-to-date review of fire effects on various wildlife species and their habitat in the Central Hardwoods and Appalachians. Documented direct effects (i.e., mortality) on wildlife are rare. Indirect effects (i.e., changes in habitat quality) are influenced greatly by light availability, fire frequency, and fire intensity. Unless fire intensity is great enough to kill a portion of the overstory, burning in closed-canopy forests has provided little benefit for most wildlife species in the region because it doesn’t result in enough sunlight penetration to elicit understory response. Canopy reduction through silvicultural treatment has enabled managers to use fire more effectively. Fire intensity must be kept low in hardwoods to limit damage to many species of overstory trees. However, wounding or killing trees with fire benefits many wildlife species by allowing increased sunlight to stimulate understory response, snag and subsequent cavity creation, and additions of large coarse woody debris. In general, a fire-return interval of 2 yr to 7 yr benefits a wide variety of wildlife species by providing a diverse structure in the understory; increasing browse, forage, and soft mast; and creating snags and cavities. Historically, dormant-season fire was most prevalent in these regions, and it still is when most prescribed fire is implemented in hardwood systems as burn-days are relatively few in the growing season of May through August because of shading from leaf cover and high fuel moisture. Late growing-season burning increases the window for burning, and better control on woody composition is possible. Early growing-season fire may pose increased risk for some species, especially herpetofauna recently emerged from winter hibernacula (April) or forest songbirds that nest in the understory (May to June). However, negative population-level effects are unlikely unless the burned area is relatively large and early growing-season fire is used continually. We did not find evidence that fire is leading to population declines for any species, including Endangered Species Act (ESA)-listed species (e.g., Indiana bat [Myotis sodalis Mill. Allen] or northern long-eared bat [M. septentrionalis Trouess.]). Instead, data indicate that fire can enhance habitat for bats by increasing suitability of foraging and day-roost sites. Similarly, concern over burning and displacement of woodland salamanders (Plethodontidae), another taxa of heightened conservation concern, is alleviated when fire is prescribed along ecologically appropriate aspect and slope gradients and not forced into mesic, high site index environments where salamanders are most common. Because topography across the Central Hardwoods and Appalachians is diverse, we contend that applying fire on positions best suited for burning is an effective approach to increase regional landscape heterogeneity and biological diversity. Herein, we offer prescriptive concepts for burning for various wildlife species and guilds in the Central Hardwoods and Appalachians. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.4996/fireecology.1202127 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 127-159 SN - 1933-9747 KW - fire frequency KW - fire intensity KW - fire prescriptions KW - hardwoods KW - prescribed fire KW - season of burning KW - southern Appalachians KW - wildlife ER - TY - CONF TI - Exploring Strategies for LID Implementation in Marginalized Communities and Urbanizing Watersheds AU - Garcia-Cuerva, L. AU - Berglund, E.Z. AU - Rivers, Louie AB - Increasing urbanization augments impervious surface area which results in increased run off volumes and peak flows. Low impact development (LID) approaches present a decentralized alternative for sustainable urban stormwater and provide water conservation opportunities. They also provide a wide array of ecosystem services and foster community building by enhancing neighborhood aesthetics, increasing property value, and providing shared green spaces. While projects involving sustainability concepts and environmental design are favored in privileged communities, marginalized communities have historically been located in areas that suffer from environmental degradation. Underprivileged communities typically do not receive as many social and environmental services as advantaged communities. This research develops a participatory decision-making approach to address environmental justice for marginalized communities and explore LID strategies at the watershed scale for improving hydrological performance and mitigating flooding. Focus groups are designed and conducted to solicit input from community members, stakeholders, and community advocates about sustainable stormwater management alternatives. Input will be used to develop LID strategies that meet community goals, such as maximizing the provision of ecosystem services, providing water conservation opportunities, and fostering community building. A hydrologic/hydraulic stormwater modeling system will be developed using HEC-HMS and SWMM to simulate the stormwater impacts of rain water harvesting systems, green roofs, and bioretention cells. This approach will be implemented for a marginalized community within the Walnut Creek Watershed in Raleigh, North Carolina. On-going research will seek further feedback from the community about LID strategies that are developed using the hydrologic/hydraulic modeling system to assess preferences about LID decisions and tradeoffs among design goals. C2 - 2016/// C3 - World Environmental And Water Resources Congress 2016: Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater and Urban Watershed Symposium - Papers from Sessions of the Proceedings of the 2016 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress DA - 2016/// DO - 10.1061/9780784479889.005 SP - 41-50 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84976484562&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Continental-scale quantification of landscape values using social media data AU - Zanten, Boris T. AU - Van Berkel, Derek B. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Smith, Jordan W. AU - Tieskens, Koen F. AU - Verburg, Peter H. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Significance In many landscapes across the globe, we are witnessing an ongoing functional shift away from landscapes managed for extractive activities (e.g., agriculture, mining, forestry) and toward landscapes managed for recreation and leisure activities. Understanding the spatial configuration of this functional shift at regional and continental scales will be crucial for the development of effective landscape and rural development policies in coming decades. We present a rigorous comparison between three social media platforms’ suitability for mapping and quantifying landscape values. We also introduce a predictive model capable of quantifying landscape values at a continental scale. The utility of the model is illustrated through the identification of specific landscape features that best explain high densities of ascribed value (i.e., landscape value locations). DA - 2016/11/15/ PY - 2016/11/15/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1614158113 VL - 113 IS - 46 SP - 12974-12979 SN - 1091-6490 KW - cross-cultural analysis KW - volunteered geolocated content KW - outdoor recreation and leisure KW - cultural ecosystem services KW - European landscape ER - TY - JOUR TI - A remotely sensed pigment index reveals photosynthetic phenology in evergreen conifers AU - Gamon, John A. AU - Huemmrich, K. Fred AU - Wong, Christopher Y. S. AU - Ensminger, Ingo AU - Garrity, Steven AU - Hollinger, David Y. AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Penuelas, Josep T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Significance Evergreen photosynthetic activity has been difficult to determine from remote sensing, causing errors in terrestrial photosynthetic carbon uptake models. Using a reflectance chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI) sensitive to seasonally changing chlorophyll/carotenoid pigment ratios, we demonstrate a method of tracking photosynthetic phenology in evergreen conifers. The CCI reveals seasonally changing photosynthetic rates and detects the onset of the growing season in evergreen foliage. This method could improve our understanding of changing photosynthetic activity in a warming climate, and could improve assessment of the evergreen component of the terrestrial carbon budget, which has been elusive. DA - 2016/11/15/ PY - 2016/11/15/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1606162113 VL - 113 IS - 46 SP - 13087-13092 SN - 0027-8424 KW - carotenoid pigments KW - evergreen conifers KW - gross primary productivity KW - chlorophyll/carotenoid index KW - CCl ER - TY - JOUR TI - pFUTURES: A Parallel Framework for Cellular Automaton Based Urban Growth Models AU - Shashidharan, Ashwin AU - Berkel, Derek B. AU - Vatsavai, Ranga Raju AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SCIENCE, (GISCIENCE 2016) AB - Simulating structural changes in landscape is a routine task in computational geography. Owing to advances in sensing and data collection technologies, geospatial data is becoming available at finer spatial and temporal resolutions. However, in practice, these large datasets impede land simulation based studies over large geographic regions due to computational and I/O challenges. The memory overhead of sequential implementations and long execution times further limit the possibilities of simulating future urban scenarios. In this paper, we present a generic framework for co-ordinating I/O and computation for geospatial simulations in a distributed computing environment. We present three parallel approaches and demonstrate the performance and scalability benefits of our parallel implementation pFUTURES, an extension of the FUTURES open-source multi-level urban growth model. Our analysis shows that although a time synchronous parallel approach obtains the same results as a sequential model, an asynchronous parallel approach provides better scaling due to reduced disk I/O and communication overheads. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-319-45738-3_11 VL - 9927 SP - 163-177 SN - 1611-3349 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Validation of an efficient visual method for estimating leaf area index in clonal Eucalyptus plantations AU - Hakamada, Rodrigo AU - Neto, Carmeni Giunti AU - Lemos, Cristiane C. Z. AU - Silva, Sergio R. AU - Otto, Marina S. G. AU - Hall, Kevin B. AU - Stape, Jose L. T2 - SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE AB - Leaf area index (LAI) is a key ecophysiological parameter in forest stands because it characterises the interface between atmospheric processes and plant physiology. Several indirect methods for estimating LAI have been developed. However, these methods have limitations that can affect the estimates. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and applicability of a visual method for estimating LAI in clonal Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla plantations and to compare it with hemispherical photography, ceptometer and LAI-2000® estimates. Destructive sampling for direct determination of the actual LAI was performed in 22 plots at two geographical locations in Brazil. Actual LAI values were then used to develop a field guide with photographic images representing an LAI range of 1.0–5.0 m2 m−2 (leaf area/ground area). The visual LAI estimation guide was evaluated with 17 observers in the field. The average difference between actual LAI and visual LAI estimation was 12% and the absolute difference between the two methods was less than or equal to 0.5 m2 m−2 in 77% of plots. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were high between actual LAI and hemispherical photographs (0.8), visual estimation (0.93) and LAI-2000® (0.99) and low for the ceptometer (0.18). However, absolute values differed among methods, with the average difference between the actual and estimated LAI of [12]% for visual estimation, 28% for the LAI-2000®, 37% for the ceptometer and −43% for hemispherical photographs. The LAI-2000® and ceptometer overestimated LAI in all plots, whereas hemispherical photographs underestimated the values in all measurements, showing that these methods need calibration to be used. No differences were observed between actual LAI and visual estimates across stand ages of 2–8 years and LAI of 1.5–5.3 m2 m−2 (P > 0.05). The results show that visual estimation of LAI in Eucalyptus stands is a practical method that is unaffected by atmospheric characteristics and can be used on an operational scale. DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016/11// DO - 10.2989/20702620.2016.1201641 VL - 78 IS - 4 SP - 275-281 SN - 2070-2639 KW - indirect LAI measurement KW - planted forests KW - visual estimate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physical Microfabrication of Shape-Memory Polymer Systems via Bicomponent Fiber Spinning AU - Tallury, Syamal S. AU - Pourdeyhimi, Behnam AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AU - Spontak, Richard J. T2 - MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS AB - As emerging technologies continue to require diverse materials capable of exhibiting tunable stimuli-responsiveness, shape-memory materials are of considerable significance because they can change size and/or shape in controllable fashion upon environmental stimulation. Of particular interest, shape-memory polymers (SMPs) have secured a central role in the ongoing development of relatively lightweight and remotely deployable devices that can be further designed with specific surface properties. In the case of thermally-activated SMPs, two functional chemical species must be present to provide (i) an elastic network capable of restoring the SMP to a previous strain state and (ii) switching elements that either lock-in or release a temporary strain at a well-defined thermal transition. While these species are chemically combined into a single macromolecule in most commercially available SMPs, this work establishes that, even though they are physically separated across one or more polymer/polymer interfaces, their shape-memory properties are retained in melt-spun bicomponent fibers. In the present study, we investigate the effects of fiber composition and cross-sectional geometry on both conventional and cold-draw shape memory, and report surprisingly high levels of strain fixity and recovery that generally improve upon strain cycling. DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016/11// DO - 10.1002/marc.201600235 VL - 37 IS - 22 SP - 1837-1843 SN - 1521-3927 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84990927878&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - bicomponent fibers KW - cold-draw KW - core-shell fibers KW - shape-memory polymers KW - thermoplastic elastomers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Locational determinants for wood pellet plants: A review and case study of North and South America AU - Singh, D. AU - Cubbage, F. AU - Gonzalez, R. AU - Abt, R. T2 - BioResources DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 7928-7952 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Variation in Response to Herbicide and Fertilization Treatments for Growth and Form Traits in Loblolly Pine AU - Grans, Daniel AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Purnell, Robert C. AU - McKeand, Steven E. T2 - FOREST SCIENCE AB - The effects of imposed silvicultural treatments and genetics on growth and form traits were investigated in a 15-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trial in southwestern Georgia, USA. The trial consisted of four treatment combinations and 25 open-pollinated first- and second-generation families. Average individual-tree stem volume ranged from 185.2 dm3 in the combined fertilization and herbicide plots to 91.2 dm3 in the control plots. Variation among treatment combinations was significant for height, volume, sweep, and forking defect but was not significant for branch angle and fusiform rust disease incidence (caused by the fungus Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme). Family effects were significant for all traits across treatments. Individual-tree heritability values ranged from 0.10 (stem sweep) to 0.39 (branch angle). Corresponding family-mean heritability values had a range of 0.60 (stem sweep) to 0.90 (branch angle). Genetic correlations between growth (height and volume) and other traits (rust, branch angle, stem forking, and stem sweep) were low and not significant. The lack of important culture × genetics interactions in the study indicates a low risk of losing value due to suboptimal matching between genetic material and silvicultural prescriptions. DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016/12// DO - 10.5849/forsci.16-029 VL - 62 IS - 6 SP - 633-640 SN - 1938-3738 KW - tree improvement KW - silviculture KW - Pinus taeda KW - genotype x environment interaction KW - half-sib family ER - TY - JOUR TI - Breeding, Early-Successional Bird Response to Forest Harvests for Bioenergy AU - Grodsky, Steven M. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Fritts, Sarah R. AU - Castleberry, Steven B. AU - Wigley, T. Bently T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Forest regeneration following timber harvest is a principal source of habitat for early-successional birds and characterized by influxes of early-successional vegetation and residual downed woody material. Early-successional birds may use harvest residues for communication, cover, foraging, and nesting. Yet, increased market viability of woody biomass as bioenergy feedstock may intensify harvest residue removal. Our objectives were to: 1) evaluate effects of varying intensities of woody biomass harvest on the early-successional bird community; and (2) document early-successional bird use of harvest residues in regenerating stands. We spot-mapped birds from 15 April– 15 July, 2012–2014, in six woody biomass removal treatments within regenerating stands in North Carolina (n = 4) and Georgia (n = 4), USA. Treatments included clearcut harvest followed by: (1) traditional woody biomass harvest with no specific retention target; (2) 15% retention with harvest residues dispersed; (3) 15% retention with harvest residues clustered; (4) 30% retention with harvest residues dispersed; (5) 30% retention with harvest residues clustered; and (6) no woody biomass harvest (i.e., reference site). We tested for treatment-level effects on breeding bird species diversity and richness, early-successional focal species territory density (combined and individual species), counts of breeding birds detected near, in, or on branches of harvest piles/windrows, counts of breeding bird behaviors, and vegetation composition and structure. Pooled across three breeding seasons, we delineated 536 and 654 territories and detected 2,489 and 4,204 birds in the North Carolina and Georgia treatments, respectively. Woody biomass harvest had limited or short-lived effects on the early-successional, breeding bird community. The successional trajectory of vegetation structure, rather than availability of harvest residues, primarily drove avian use of regenerating stands. However, many breeding bird species used downed wood in addition to vegetation, indicating that harvest residues initially may provide food and cover resources for early-successional birds in regenerating stands prior to vegetation regrowth. DA - 2016/10/25/ PY - 2016/10/25/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0165070 VL - 11 IS - 10 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bayesian analysis of Jolly-Seber type models AU - Matechou, Eleni AU - Nicholls, Geoff K. AU - Morgan, Byron J. T. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Lyons, James E. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS AB - We propose the use of finite mixtures of continuous distributions in modelling the process by which new individuals, that arrive in groups, become part of a wildlife population. We demonstrate this approach using a data set of migrating semipalmated sandpipers (Calidris pussila) for which we extend existing stopover models to allow for individuals to have different behaviour in terms of their stopover duration at the site. We demonstrate the use of reversible jump MCMC methods to derive posterior distributions for the model parameters and the models, simultaneously. The algorithm moves between models with different numbers of arrival groups as well as between models with different numbers of behavioural groups. The approach is shown to provide new ecological insights about the stopover behaviour of semipalmated sandpipers but is generally applicable to any population in which animals arrive in groups and potentially exhibit heterogeneity in terms of one or more other processes. DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016/12// DO - 10.1007/s10651-016-0352-0 VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 531-547 SN - 1573-3009 KW - Capture-recapture-resight data sets KW - Integrated modelling KW - Mixture models KW - Reversible jump KW - Semipalmated sandpipers KW - Stopover data ER - TY - JOUR TI - What Is a "Community Perception" of REDD plus ? A Systematic Review of How Perceptions of REDD plus Have Been Elicited and Reported in the Literature AU - Atmadja, Stibniati S. AU - Sills, Erin O. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is expected to generate co-benefits and safeguard the interests of people who live in the forested regions where emissions are reduced. Participatory measurement, reporting and verification (PMRV) is one way to ensure that the interests of local people are represented in REDD+. In order to design and use PMRV systems to monitor co-benefits and safeguards, we need to obtain input on how local people perceive REDD+. In the literature, this is widely discussed as "community perceptions of REDD+." We systematically reviewed this literature to understand how these perceptions have been assessed, focusing specifically on how individual perceptions have been sampled and aggregated into "community perceptions." Using Google Scholar, we identified 19 publications that reported community perceptions of REDD+, including perceptions of its design, implementation, impacts, relationship with land tenure, and both interest and actual participation by local people. These perceptions were elicited through surveys of probability samples of the local population and interviews with purposively selected community representatives. Many authors did not provide sufficient information on their methods to interpret the reported community perceptions. For example, there was often insufficient detail on the selection of respondents or sampling methods. Authors also reported perceptions by unquantified magnitudes (e.g., "most people", "the majority") that were difficult to assess or compare across cases. Given this situation in the scholarly literature, we expect that there are even more severe problems in the voluminous gray literature on REDD+ not indexed by Google Scholar. We suggest that readers need to be cognizant of these issues and that publication outlets should establish guidelines for better reporting, requiring information on the reference population, sampling methods, and methods used to aggregate individual responses into "community perceptions." DA - 2016/11/1/ PY - 2016/11/1/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0155636 VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Valuation and production possibilities on a working forest using multi-objective programming, Woodstock, timber NPV, and carbon storage and sequestration AU - Roise, J. P. AU - Harnish, K. AU - Mohan, M. AU - Scolforo, H. AU - Chung, J. AU - Kanieski, B. AU - Catts, G. P. AU - McCarter, J. B. AU - Posse, J. AU - Shen, T. T2 - SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - This study analyzes the trade-off between net present value (NPV) of timber resources, and carbon sequestration and storage for a working forest, the Hofmann Forest in North Carolina, USA. Multi-objective optimization is used to determine the production possibility curves showing the relationship between NPV and carbon. We then perform a sensitivity analysis to explore alternative management strategies. For carbon yields we used aboveground pools: branches, leaves, tops and bole as estimated by the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) and LOBDSS using the California Carbon Market Protocols, including product carbon. Timber yields of sawtimber, chip-n-saw and pulpwood were estimated by LOBDSS for planted stands less than 49 years of age, and FVS was used for all natural stands and planted stands 49 years and over. Our results reveal that NPV opportunity costs associated with increasing carbon sequestration at Hofmann Forest are less than the current California carbon market price. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1080/02827581.2016.1220617 VL - 31 IS - 7 SP - 674-680 SN - 1651-1891 KW - Multi-objective KW - carbon KW - net present value KW - Woodstock KW - Hofmann Forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - US wildfire governance as social-ecological problem AU - Steelman, Toddi T2 - ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.5751/es-08681-210403 VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1708-3087 KW - environmental governance KW - institutions KW - policy KW - scale KW - social-ecological system KW - United States KW - wildfire ER - TY - JOUR TI - Paws without claws? Ecological effects of large carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes AU - Kuijper, D. P. J. AU - Sahlen, E. AU - Elmhagen, B. AU - Chamaille-Jammes, S. AU - Sand, H. AU - Lone, K. AU - Cromsigt, J. P. G. M. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Large carnivores are frequently presented as saviours of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning through their creation of trophic cascades, an idea largely based on studies coming primarily out of relatively natural landscapes. However, in large parts of the world, particularly in Europe, large carnivores live in and are returning to strongly human-modified ecosystems. At present, we lack a coherent framework to predict the effects of large carnivores in these anthropogenic landscapes. We review how human actions influence the ecological roles of large carnivores by affecting their density or behaviour or those of mesopredators or prey species. We argue that the potential for density-mediated trophic cascades in anthropogenic landscapes is limited to unproductive areas where even low carnivore numbers may impact prey densities or to the limited parts of the landscape where carnivores are allowed to reach ecologically functional densities. The potential for behaviourally mediated trophic cascades may be larger and more widespread, because even low carnivore densities affect prey behaviour. We conclude that predator–prey interactions in anthropogenic landscapes will be highly context-dependent and human actions will often attenuate the ecological effects of large carnivores. We highlight the knowledge gaps and outline a new research avenue to study the role of carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes. DA - 2016/10/26/ PY - 2016/10/26/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2016.1625 VL - 283 IS - 1841 SP - SN - 1471-2954 KW - human-dominated landscapes KW - behaviourally mediated effects KW - density-mediated effects KW - trophic cascades KW - recolonizing carnivores ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimizing resource distribution and crop productivity in hedgerow intercropping by manipulating tree arrangement AU - Ghezehei, Solomon B. AU - Annandale, John AU - Everson, Colin T2 - Agroforestry Systems AB - The potential of tree arrangement in optimizing radiation and soil water distribution and crop yield of hedgerow intercropping systems was investigated using a Jatropha curcas–Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu) system (Ukulinga, South Africa). Treatments (1110 t ha−1) of Jatropha-only (JO), single-row Jatropha and kikuyu (SR), and double-row Jatropha and kikuyu (DR) were used. Treatments had asymmetrical radiation distribution across tree–crop (T–C) interfaces and different radiation interception by trees (JO: 27 %, SR: 11 %, DR: 8 %). Soil water varied among treatments and was asymmetrically distributed showing no consistent trend towards trees. Evapotranspiration was higher (p < 0.05) in SR than DR (13–65 %) and JO (16–37 %) for most part of the season. Estimated fine tree roots distribution was symmetrical in DR but not JO and SR. Total roots in SR were concentrated in the top 0.2 m (91 %) and beneath tree row (30 %), and varied inconsistently with distance from trees. Grass yields increased farther from tree rows and were higher in SR (8.7 t ha−1 in 2006–2007; 4.3 t ha−1 in 2007–2008) than DR (by <9 %). Radiation use efficiency of kikuyu (0.14–0.44 g MJ−1) also increased with distance from trees but irradiance correlated with grass yields poorly (R2 < 0.32) despite high rainfall and no nutrient limitation. Considering total productivity and evapotranspiration, DR was better tree arrangement than SR. Water availability dictated T–C interactions and intercrop yield more than radiation. It was possible to optimize radiation and water distribution and intercrop growth by manipulating tree arrangement without changing density. DA - 2016/4/28/ PY - 2016/4/28/ DO - 10.1007/s10457-016-9951-x VL - 90 IS - 5 SP - 861-873 J2 - Agroforest Syst LA - en OP - SN - 0167-4366 1572-9680 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-9951-x DB - Crossref KW - Efficient agroforestry design KW - Growth KW - Radiation use efficiency KW - Silvopasture KW - Tree-crop interactions ER - TY - JOUR TI - How Study Design Influences the Ranking of Medicinal Plant Importance: A Case Study from Ghana, West Africa (vol 69, pg 306, 2015 ) AU - Dudney, Katherine AU - Warren, Sarah AU - Sills, Erin AU - Jacka, Jerry T2 - ECONOMIC BOTANY DA - 2016/6// PY - 2016/6// DO - 10.1007/s12231-016-9339-x VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 212-212 SN - 1874-9364 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gibberellic acid shows promise for promoting flower stem length in four field-grown cut flowers AU - Bergmann, B. A. AU - Dole, J. M. AU - McCall, I. T2 - HortTechnology DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 287-292 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors affecting wetland connectivity for wintering semipalmated sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) in the Caribbean AU - Parks, M. A. AU - Collazo, Jaime AU - Alvarez, K. R. R. T2 - Waterbirds AB - Wetland connectivity provides migratory shorebirds varying options to meet energy requirements to survive and complete their annual cycle. Multiple factors mediate movement and residency of spatially segregated wetlands. Information on these factors is lacking in the tropics, yet such information is invaluable for conservation design. The influence of seven biotic and abiotic factors on local movement and residency rates of Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) among three major wetlands in southwestern Puerto Rico in 2013–2014 was assessed using multi-state models. The model with highest support (AICc wi= 0.78) indicated that weekly residency rates increased seasonally, and were positively influenced by bird abundance and the interaction of prey density and rainfall. Movement rates were negatively influenced by inter-wetland distance, which varied annually, ranging from 0.01 ± 0.004 to 0.33 ± 0.08. Age class (adult, juvenile), extent of shoreline habitat (km), and body condition (estimated percent fat) did not influence residency rates (95% CIs overlapped Betas). Our findings indicated that coastal wetlands in southwestern Puerto Rico were connected, pointing at the joint value of salt flats and mangroves for overwintering Semipalmated Sandpipers. Connectivity between different types of wetlands likely widens resource diversity, which is essential for coping with unpredictable environments. Additional work is needed to generalize our understanding of inter-wetland dynamics and their potential benefits to inform shorebird conservation strategies in the Caribbean. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1675/063.039.0304 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 250–259 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors Affecting Occupancy and Abundance of American Alligators at the Northern Extent of Their Range AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Garner, Lindsey A. AU - Cobb, David T. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. T2 - JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY AB - Populations of American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) generally are considered more abundant at present than historically; however, little information exists to assess the population of alligators in North Carolina at the northern extent of the species' range. Investigation of the factors influencing the distribution and abundance of alligators in North Carolina could shed light on the species' response to rapid environmental change in the region. We conducted a two-phase study: 1) to assess the distribution of alligators in North Carolina using a site-occupancy design; and 2) to assess the patterns in abundance using a repeated sampling design for population estimation. Results showed that both occupancy and abundance decreased in more northern sites, in sites with higher salinity, and in sites that were generally more westward. Sites sampled later in June were more likely to be occupied than those sampled earlier in the month. Abundance also increased with greater shoreline vegetation complexity and varied between lakes, rivers, and estuaries. Compared with studies from 30 years prior, the population seems fairly stable in terms of abundance and distribution. Given the northern limits of the species and the negative association with salinity, continued monitoring is warranted to understand changes in distribution and abundance with respect to predicted rates of sea-level rise, salinization, and urbanization locally around coastal cities like Wilmington. DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016/12// DO - 10.1670/15-147 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 541-547 SN - 1937-2418 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wildfire and forest disease interaction lead to greater loss of soil nutrients and carbon AU - Cobb, Richard C. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Rizzo, David M. T2 - OECOLOGIA DA - 2016/9// PY - 2016/9// DO - 10.1007/s00442-016-3649-7 VL - 182 IS - 1 SP - 265-276 SN - 1432-1939 KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - Sudden oak death KW - Tanoak KW - Nitrogen KW - Invasive pathogens KW - Ecosystem disease impacts ER - TY - JOUR TI - What makes wildlife wild? How identity may shape the public trust versus wildlife privatization debate AU - Peterson, Markus J. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Peterson, Tarla Rai T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin AB - ABSTRACT Wildlife conservation policy discussions in the United States and Canada often revolve around historical accounts of the success of wildlife management grounded in the public trust doctrine. We suggest that the usefulness of these discussions is partially limited by failure to consider the importance of wildlife “identity” rooted in freedom (i.e., how humans socially construct the “wildness” dimension of wild animals). To demonstrate the interrelations between identity and freedom, we explain that the class of subjects people care most about—partners, children, and people in general—typically should not be privately owned (i.e., chattel) because freedom (as opposed to slavery) is generally accepted as central to human identity, and its abrogation therefore degrades human identity. The degree to which this ethical argument applies to privatization of wildlife depends upon the relationship between freedom and the identity of wildlife as perceived by society. Thus, we suggest policy decisions regarding privatization of wildlife will be more accurately deliberated if society and wildlife professionals more completely considered the degree to which freedom is essential to a wild species’ identity and the degree to which that identity is inviolable. © 2016 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2016/7/8/ PY - 2016/7/8/ DO - 10.1002/WSB.674 VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 428-435 J2 - Wildl. Soc. Bull. LA - en OP - SN - 1938-5463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/WSB.674 DB - Crossref KW - argumentation KW - ethics KW - freedom KW - hunting KW - identity KW - law KW - neoliberalism KW - public trust doctrine KW - slavery KW - wildlife commodification KW - wildlife privatization ER - TY - JOUR TI - The ecological impact of humans and dogs on wildlife in protected areas in eastern North America AU - Parsons, Arielle Waldstein AU - Bland, Christina AU - Forrester, Tavis AU - Baker-Whatton, Megan C. AU - Schuttler, Stephanie G. AU - McShea, William J. AU - Costello, Robert AU - Kays, Roland T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - The establishment of protected areas is a key strategy for preserving biodiversity. However, human use of protected areas can cause disturbance to wildlife, especially in areas that allow hunting and if humans are accompanied by dogs (Canis familiaris). We used citizen-science run camera traps to investigate how humans, dogs and coyotes (Canis latrans) used 33 protected areas and analyzed behavioral responses by three prey species: white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and northern raccoon (Procyon lotor). We obtained 52,863 detections of native wildlife, 162,418 detections of humans and 23,332 detections of dogs over 42,874 camera nights. Most dogs (99%) were on the trail, and 89% of off-trail dogs were accompanied by humans. Prey avoided dogs, humans and coyotes temporally, but did not avoid them spatially, or greatly increase vigilance. Our results indicate that humans are perceived as a greater risk than coyotes, and this increases when dogs accompany their owners. The concentration of dogs on the trail with their owners, and relatively minor behavioral impacts on prey, contrasts the strong negative ecological effects found in studies of free-ranging dogs. We found dog management to be effective: prohibiting dogs in protected areas reduced their use of an area by a factor of 10 and leash laws increased leashing rates by 21%. Although millions of dogs use natural areas in North America each year, regulations enacted by protected areas combined with responsible management of dog behavior greatly reduce the ecological impact of man's best friend. DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016/11// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.09.001 VL - 203 SP - 75-88 SN - 1873-2917 KW - Camera traps KW - Coyote KW - Hikers KW - Domestic dog KW - Protected areas KW - Risk-disturbance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing assumptions for conservation of migratory shorebirds and coastal managed wetlands AU - Lyons, James E. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Herring, Garth T2 - WETLANDS ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016/10// DO - 10.1007/s11273-015-9477-4 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - 507-520 SN - 1572-9834 KW - Benthic invertebrates KW - Bird migration KW - Food availability KW - Impoundment KW - Prey depletion KW - South Carolina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival and Cause-Specific Mortality of Coyotes on a Large Military Installation AU - Stevenson, Elizabeth R. AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. AU - Swingen, Morgan B. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - Canis latrans (Coyote) recently expanded into the southeastern United States, creating ecologically novel interactions with other species. However, relatively few studies have examined vital rates of southeastern Coyotes or estimated vital rates where individuals are protected from hunting and trapping. In 2011, we captured and attached GPS radiocollars to 31 Coyotes at Fort Bragg Military Installation, NC, where Coyote harvest was restricted. We used a 12-month period (February 2011–January 2012) and known-fate modeling in Program MARK to estimate annual survival. Model-selection results indicated the time-varying model (S[t]) was the most parsimonious model, and. annual survival was 0.80 (95% CI = 0.60–0.91). We documented 7 mortalities, including 2 from vehicles, 2 from offsite trapping, and 3 from unknown causes. Estimated Coyote survival rates at Fort Bragg were similar to most other estimates from the southeastern US. Anthropogenic causes of mortality were important even though hunting and trapping were restricted locally. DA - 2016/9// PY - 2016/9// DO - 10.1656/058.015.0307 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 459-466 SN - 1938-5412 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structural Characterization of Pine Kraft Lignin: BioChoice Lignin vs Indulin AT AU - Hu, Zhoujian AU - Du, Xueyu AU - Liu, Jie AU - Chang, Hou-min AU - Jameel, Hasan T2 - JOURNAL OF WOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY AB - BioChoice lignin (BCL) is a newly commercialized pine kraft lignin from Plymouth Mill of Domtar, which is precipitated from black liquor of bleachable-grade pulp. Indulin AT is a pine kraft lignin commercialized by Meadwestvaco for the past 60 years, which is precipitated from black liquor of linerboard-grade pulp. Thus, the two technical lignins are produced under quite different conditions in terms of alkali charge and pulping time/temperature. While the chemical structure of Indulin AT is well documented, that of BCL is totally unknown. In this study, chemical structures of BCL and Indulin AT are characterized using modern analytical techniques and compared with those of pine milled wood lignin (MWL) in order to elucidate the structural changes that occur during kraft pulping and the structural differences, if any, between BCL and Indulin AT. Both BCL and Indulin AT are structurally very different from the native lignin (MWL) in wood, indicating drastic structural modification during the kraft pulping process. Surprisingly, BCL and Indulin AT are structurally very similar, in spite of the fact that they are produced under different process conditions. However, there are subtle structural differences between BCL and Indulin AT. BCL has higher phenolic hydroxyl, catechol, enol ether, and stilbene contents, but lower methoxyl and β-O-4 contents. These differences are explained by the different pulping conditions under which the two technical lignins are produced. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1080/02773813.2016.1214732 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 432-446 SN - 1532-2319 KW - Kraft lignin KW - Indulin AT KW - BioChoice lignin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species traits and catchment-scale habitat factors influence the occurrence of freshwater mussel populations and assemblages AU - Pandolfo, Tamara J. AU - Kwak, Thomas J. AU - Cope, W. Gregory AU - Heise, Ryan J. AU - Nichols, Robert B. AU - Pacifici, Krishna T2 - Freshwater Biology AB - Summary Conservation of freshwater unionid mussels presents unique challenges due to their distinctive life cycle, cryptic occurrence and imperilled status. Relevant ecological information is urgently needed to guide their management and conservation. We adopted a modelling approach, which is a novel application to freshwater mussels to enhance inference on rare species, by borrowing data among species in a hierarchical framework to conduct the most comprehensive occurrence analysis for freshwater mussels to date. We incorporated imperfect detection to more accurately examine effects of biotic and abiotic factors at multiple scales on the occurrence of 14 mussel species and the entire assemblage of the Tar River Basin of North Carolina, U.S.A. The single assemblage estimate of detection probability for all species was 0.42 (95% CI, 0.36–0.47) with no species‐ or site‐specific detection effects identified. We empirically observed 15 mussel species in the basin but estimated total species richness at 21 (95% CI, 16–24) when accounting for imperfect detection. Mean occurrence probability among species ranged from 0.04 (95% CI, 0.01–0.16) for Alasmidonta undulata, an undescribed Lampsilis sp. , and Strophitus undulatus to 0.67 (95% CI, 0.42–0.86) for Elliptio icterina . Median occurrence probability among sites was <0.30 for all species with the exception of E. icterina . Site occurrence probability generally related to mussel conservation status, with reduced occurrence for endangered and threatened species. Catchment‐scale abiotic variables (stream power, agricultural land use) and species traits (brood time, host specificity, tribe) influenced the occurrence of mussel assemblages more than reach‐ or microhabitat‐scale features. Our findings reflect the complexity of mussel ecology and indicate that habitat restoration alone may not be adequate for mussel conservation. Catchment‐scale management can benefit an entire assemblage, but species‐specific strategies may be necessary for successful conservation. The hierarchical multispecies modelling approach revealed findings that could not be elucidated by other means, and the approach may be applied more broadly to other river basins and regions. Accurate measures of assemblage dynamics, such as occurrence and species richness, are required to create management plans for effective conservation. DA - 2016/8/5/ PY - 2016/8/5/ DO - 10.1111/fwb.12807 VL - 61 IS - 10 SP - 1671-1684 J2 - Freshw Biol LA - en OP - SN - 0046-5070 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12807 DB - Crossref KW - Bayesian hierarchical modelling KW - imperfect detection KW - rare species KW - species richness KW - unionid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting the offshore distribution and abundance of marine birds with a hierarchical community distance sampling model AU - Goyert, Holly F. AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Sollmann, Rahel AU - Veit, Richard R. AU - Gilbert, Andrew T. AU - Connelly, Emily E. AU - Williams, Kathryn A. T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - Abstract Proposed offshore wind energy development on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf has brought attention to the need for baseline studies of the distribution and abundance of marine birds. We compiled line transect data from 15 shipboard surveys (June 2012–April 2014), along with associated remotely sensed habitat data, in the lower Mid‐Atlantic Bight off the coast of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, USA . We implemented a recently developed hierarchical community distance sampling model to estimate the seasonal abundance of 40 observed marine bird species. Treating each season separately, we included six oceanographic parameters to estimate seabird abundance: three static (distance to shore, slope, sediment grain size) and three dynamic covariates (sea surface temperature [ SST ], salinity, primary productivity). We expected that avian bottom‐feeders would respond primarily to static covariates that characterize seafloor variability, and that surface‐feeders would respond more to dynamic covariates that quantify surface productivity. We compared the variation in species‐specific and community‐level responses to these habitat features, including for rare species, and we predicted species abundance across the study area. While several protected species used the study area in summer during their breeding season, estimated abundance and observed diversity were highest for nonbreeding species in winter. Distance to shore was the most common significant predictor of abundance, and thus useful in estimating the potential exposure of marine birds to offshore development. In many cases, our expectations based on feeding ecology were confirmed, such as in the first winter season, when bottom‐feeders associated significantly with the three static covariates (distance to shore, slope, and sediment grain size), and surface‐feeders associated significantly with two dynamic covariates ( SST , primary productivity). However, other cases revealed significant relationships between static covariates and surface‐feeders (e.g., distance to shore) and between dynamic covariates and bottom‐feeders (e.g., primary productivity during that same winter). More generally, we found wide interannual, seasonal, and interspecies variation in habitat relationships with abundance. These results show the importance of quantifying detection and determining the ecological drivers of a community's distribution and abundance, within and among species, for evaluating the potential exposure of marine birds to offshore development. DA - 2016/9// PY - 2016/9// DO - 10.1890/15-1955.1 VL - 26 IS - 6 SP - 1797-1815 SN - 1939-5582 KW - Bayesian KW - marine spatial planning KW - multi-species models KW - offshore wind energy development KW - seabird conservation KW - foraging ecology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of genomic prediction within and across generations in maritime pine AU - Bartholome, Jerome AU - Van Heerwaarden, Joost AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Boury, Christophe AU - Vidal, Marjorie AU - Plomion, Christophe AU - Bouffier, Laurent T2 - BMC GENOMICS AB - Genomic selection (GS) is a promising approach for decreasing breeding cycle length in forest trees. Assessment of progeny performance and of the prediction accuracy of GS models over generations is therefore a key issue.A reference population of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) with an estimated effective inbreeding population size (status number) of 25 was first selected with simulated data. This reference population (n = 818) covered three generations (G0, G1 and G2) and was genotyped with 4436 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. We evaluated the effects on prediction accuracy of both the relatedness between the calibration and validation sets and validation on the basis of progeny performance. Pedigree-based (best linear unbiased prediction, ABLUP) and marker-based (genomic BLUP and Bayesian LASSO) models were used to predict breeding values for three different traits: circumference, height and stem straightness. On average, the ABLUP model outperformed genomic prediction models, with a maximum difference in prediction accuracies of 0.12, depending on the trait and the validation method. A mean difference in prediction accuracy of 0.17 was found between validation methods differing in terms of relatedness. Including the progenitors in the calibration set reduced this difference in prediction accuracy to 0.03. When only genotypes from the G0 and G1 generations were used in the calibration set and genotypes from G2 were used in the validation set (progeny validation), prediction accuracies ranged from 0.70 to 0.85.This study suggests that the training of prediction models on parental populations can predict the genetic merit of the progeny with high accuracy: an encouraging result for the implementation of GS in the maritime pine breeding program. DA - 2016/8/11/ PY - 2016/8/11/ DO - 10.1186/s12864-016-2879-8 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1471-2164 KW - Genomic selection KW - Growth KW - Multiple generations KW - Pinus pinaster KW - Progeny validation KW - Relatedness KW - Stem straightness ER - TY - JOUR TI - How Climate Change Beliefs among US Teachers Do and Do Not Translate to Students AU - Stevenson, Kathryn T. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Bradshaw, Amy T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Research suggests climate change beliefs among science teachers mirror those of the general public, raising questions of whether teachers may be perpetuating polarization of public opinion through their classrooms. We began answering these questions with a survey of middle school science teachers (n = 24) and their students (n = 369) in North Carolina, USA. Similar to previous studies, we found that though nearly all (92.1%) of students had teachers who believe that global warming is happening, few (12%) are in classrooms with teachers who recognize that global warming is anthropogenic. We found that teacher beliefs that global warming is happening and student climate change knowledge were the strongest predictors of student belief that global warming is happening and human caused. Conversely, teacher beliefs about human causes of global warming had no relationship with student beliefs, suggesting that science teachers' low recognition of the causes of global warming is not necessarily problematic in terms of student outcomes. These findings may be explained by previous research suggesting adolescents interpret scientific information relatively independently of ideological constraints. Though teacher polarization may be problematic in its own right, it appears that as long as climate change information is presented in classrooms, students deduce anthropogenic causes. DA - 2016/9/7/ PY - 2016/9/7/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0161462 VL - 11 IS - 9 SP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84992366101&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forestry AU - Stewart, W. AU - Sharma, B. AU - York, R. AU - Diller, L. AU - Hamey, N. AU - Powell, R. AU - Swiers, R. T2 - Ecosystems of California DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// SP - 817-833 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coupling aquaculture with forest plantations for food, energy, and water resiliency AU - Shifflett, Shawn Dayson AU - Culbreth, Allison AU - Hazel, Dennis AU - Daniels, Harry AU - Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie T2 - Science of The Total Environment AB - Freshwater aquaculture and forest bioenergy markets are expanding globally in areas concurrently experiencing human population growth, urbanization and water shortages. Coupling these agroecosystems can improve food, energy, and water resiliency by enhancing ecosystem services through fertilization, water-reuse, carbon storage, and bioenergy via biomass production. This study evaluated how a model aquaculture-managed forest plantation could (1) provision fish and woody biomass; (2) regulate carbon, groundwater infiltration, and groundwater quality; and (3) support nutrient cycling over a two-year period. A 0.5-hectare hardwood bioenergy plantation was established with 12 Populus spp. genotypes adjacent to a 0.6-hectare freshwater aquaculture operation (hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis); pond waters were land-applied on the plantation for two years. The aquaculture operation produced ~3.5Mg of fish and trees yielded 5.9Mgha(-1)yr(-1) of oven-dry biomass, sequestered 2.9Mg carbon (C) ha(-1)yr(-1) and stored 0.028Mg nitrogen (N) ha(-1)yr(-1). Biomass productivity, carbon storage, and nitrogen storage differed significantly among the evaluated Populus genotypes. Land application of pond water increased groundwater infiltration by 60% relative to the previous year. The integrated system regulated chlorophyll a, total organic carbon, and nitrogen in groundwater at concentrations below regulatory limits. This study demonstrated that coupled agroecosystems could deliver productive yields of food and bioenergy as well as support water re-use while meeting water quality regulations. More research is needed to evaluated long-term sustainability and economic viability of this coupled system and other land management practices that seek to improve food, energy, and water resiliency. DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016/11// DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.161 VL - 571 SP - 1262-1270 J2 - Science of The Total Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0048-9697 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.161 DB - Crossref KW - Bioenergy KW - Integrated aquaculture-managed forest plantation KW - Water quality KW - Groundwater infiltration KW - Ecosystem services KW - Food energy water nexus ER - TY - JOUR TI - An evaluation of rapid methods for monitoring vegetation characteristics of wetland bird habitat AU - Tavernia, Brian G. AU - Lyons, James E. AU - Loges, Brian W. AU - Wilson, Andrew AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Runge, Michael C. T2 - WETLANDS ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016/10// DO - 10.1007/s11273-015-9476-5 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - 495-505 SN - 1572-9834 KW - Habitat management KW - Monitoring KW - Observer effects KW - Visual estimates KW - Wetland management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Winter bird use of harvest residues in clearcuts and the implications of forest bioenergy harvest in the southeastern United States AU - Grodsky, Steven M. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Fritts, Sarah R. AU - Hazel, Dennis W. AU - Homyack, Jessica A. AU - Castleberry, Steven B. AU - Wigley, T. Bently T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Increased market viability of harvest residues gleaned for forest bioenergy feedstocks may intensify downed wood removal, particularly in intensively managed forests of the Southeast. Downed wood provides food and cover for many wildlife species, including birds, yet we are aware of no study that has examined winter bird response to experimentally manipulated, operational-scale woody biomass harvests. Further, little research has investigated avian use of downed wood following timber harvests. As such, our objectives were to: (1) evaluate effects of varying intensities of woody biomass harvest on the winter bird community and (2) document spatial associations between winter bird species and available habitat structure, including downed wood, in regenerating stands. In January and February of 2012–2014, we surveyed birds using a modified version of spot-mapping in six woody biomass removal treatments in North Carolina, USA (n = 4 regenerating stands). Treatments included clearcut harvest followed by: (1) traditional woody biomass harvest with no biomass harvesting guidelines; (2) 15% retention with harvest residues dispersed; (3) 15% retention with harvest residues clustered; (4) 30% retention with harvest residues dispersed; (5) 30% retention with harvest residues clustered; and (6) no woody biomass harvest (i.e., reference). We tested for treatment-level effects on avian relative abundance (overall and individual species), species diversity and richness, and counts of winter birds detected near (∼1 m from pile), in, or on branches of downed wood piles and calculated proportional avian habitat use of harvest residues and vegetation in regenerating stands. In 69 visits over three winters, we observed 3352 birds in treatments. In 2013, counts of birds detected in piles were greater in the no biomass harvest and 30% clustered treatments than the no biomass harvesting guidelines treatment. In 2012 and 2013 combined, mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) had greater relative abundance in the no biomass harvest treatment compared to the 15% dispersed treatment and was more often detected within 1 m of downed wood piles than in vegetation. We counted more winter birds in and near adjacent forest edge than in treatment interiors each year. Overall, we detected minimal treatment effects on winter bird relative abundance and no effects on species diversity and richness. Relative abundance of winter birds increased over time as vegetative cover established in regenerating stands. Our results suggest woody biomass harvests in intensively managed pine forests had no effect on the winter bird community, but winter birds used harvest residues. Further, vegetation structure and composition, rather than availability of harvest residues, primarily influenced winter bird use of regenerating stands. DA - 2016/11/1/ PY - 2016/11/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.045 VL - 379 SP - 91-101 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Biomass harvesting guidelines KW - Clearcut KW - Downed wood KW - Forest bioenergy KW - Harvest residues KW - Winter birds ER - TY - JOUR TI - When Big Data are Too Much: Effects of LiDAR Returns and Point Density on Estimation of Forest Biomass AU - Singh, Kunwar K. AU - Chen, Gang AU - Vogler, John B. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING AB - Analysis of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data is becoming a mainstream approach to mapping forest biomass and carbon stocks across heterogeneous landscapes. However, large volumes of multireturn high point-density LiDAR data continue to pose challenges for large-area assessments. We are beginning to learn when and where point density can be reduced (or aggregated), but little is known regarding the degree to which multireturn data-at varying levels of point density-improve estimates of forest biomass. In this study, we examined the combined effects of LiDAR returns and data reduction on field-measured estimates of aboveground forest biomass in deciduous and mixed evergreen forests in an urbanized region of North Carolina, USA. We extracted structural metrics using first returns only, all returns, and rarely used laser pulse first returns from reduced point densities of LiDAR data. We statistically analyzed relationships between the field-measured biomass and LiDAR-derived variables for each return type and point-density combination. Overall, models using first return data performed only slightly better than models that utilized multiple returns. First-return models and multiple-return models at one percent point density resulted in 14% and 11% decrease in the amount of explained variation, respectively, compared to models with 100% point density. In addition, variance of modeled biomass across all point densities and return models was statistically similar to the field-measured biomass. Taken together, these results suggest that LiDAR first returns at reduced point density provide sufficient data for mapping urban forest biomass and may be an effective alternative to multireturn data. DA - 2016/7// PY - 2016/7// DO - 10.1109/jstars.2016.2522960 VL - 9 IS - 7 SP - 3210-3218 SN - 2151-1535 KW - Aboveground biomass KW - data reduction KW - large-area assessments KW - light detection and ranging (LiDAR) KW - multiple linear regression (MLR) KW - point density and returns KW - urban forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synthetic Design of Polyester Electrolytes Guided by Hydrophobicity Calculations AU - Yildirim, Erol AU - Dakshinamoorthy, Deivasagayam AU - Peretic, Matthew J. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AU - Mathers, Robert T. T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - Partition coefficients (LogP) help to quantify hydrophobicity, which can be used to guide the design of polymer electrolytes with targeted properties. Thus, this study combined synthetic experiments and molecular modeling to produce polyester electrolytes that solubilize lithium salts. These polyester electrolytes were derived from natural sources and polymerized with different ratios of polyols (diglycerol, glycerol, and diethylene glycol) and citric acid in the presence of lithium salts (LiTf and LiTFSI). The Fisher esterification produced homogeneous, cross-linked films with high optical transparency, whereas the lithium salts increased glass transition temperatures. The LogP values of monomers and the resulting polyesters were predicted using cheminformatics tools and indicate changing diglycerol to glycerol or diethylene glycol alters the hydrophobicity. Comparison of different molecular modeling methods with predicted LogP values demonstrate that LogP values are a reliable means of tailoring physical and chemical properties of these polymer electrolytes. Additionally, LogP values greatly benefit from being extremely less expensive from a computational standpoint as well as more convenient for calculating precursory quantitative information. DA - 2016/10/25/ PY - 2016/10/25/ DO - 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01452 VL - 49 IS - 20 SP - 7868-7876 SN - 1520-5835 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84994061022&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting multifarious behavioural divergence in the wild AU - Heinen-Kay, Justa L. AU - Schmidt, Danielle A. AU - Stafford, A. Tayt AU - Costa, Michael T. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Kern, Elizabeth M. A. AU - Langerhans, R. Brian T2 - ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AB - Many animals show complex behaviours that can have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Environmental variation can lead to divergent selection that consistently favours particular behaviours in different environments; but how predictably multiple aspects of animal behaviour diverge in response to different environmental conditions remains unclear. We tested whether populations evolving under different levels of predation risk show predictable and repeatable population-level behavioural differences in all five primary components of animal personality: aggression, sociability, boldness, activity and exploration. We formulated and tested a priori predictions of divergence for each behaviour using the adaptive radiation of Bahamas mosquitofish, Gambusia hubbsi (family Poeciliidae), inhabiting vertical water-filled caves (blue holes) where they have evolved for thousands of years in either the presence or absence of predatory fish. Mosquitofish behaviours differed consistently, and largely predictably, between predation regimes: low-predation mosquitofish showed reduced sociability and greater exploration of a novel environment compared to high-predation counterparts. However, some differences were sex dependent: only females showed greater boldness and only males displayed reduced aggressiveness in low-predation populations. Activity levels did not differ between predation regimes. All populations showed a behavioural syndrome characteristic of either proactive or reactive stress-coping styles with regard to exploration. Exploration behavioural syndromes were more similar among populations that evolved in similar predation regimes, regardless of genetic relatedness. Using laboratory-born, high-predation mosquitofish, we confirmed that exploratory behaviours have a genetic basis and show significant within-individual repeatability. Our results suggest that environmental variation, such as chronic predation risk, can lead to repeatable, and often predictable, changes in multifarious animal behaviours, and that various aspects of behaviour can diversify more or less independently of one another. Considering the ecological importance of these behaviours, the ability to forecast behavioural shifts in a rapidly changing world could serve as a valuable conservation tool. DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016/11// DO - 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.08.016 VL - 121 SP - 3-10 SN - 1095-8282 KW - activity KW - aggression KW - behavioural syndrome KW - boldness KW - exploration KW - personality KW - poeciliid fish KW - predation KW - sociability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Normalized burn ratios link fire severity with patterns of avian occurrence AU - Rose, Eli T. AU - Simons, Theodore R. AU - Klein, Rob AU - McKerrow, Alexa J. T2 - Landscape Ecology DA - 2016/1/25/ PY - 2016/1/25/ DO - 10.1007/s10980-015-0334-x VL - 31 IS - 7 SP - 1537-1550 J2 - Landscape Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0921-2973 1572-9761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0334-x DB - Crossref KW - Differenced normalized burn ratio KW - Species occurrence KW - Remote sensing KW - Fire severity KW - Habitat use KW - Birds KW - Spatial scale ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hierarchical multi-component nanofiber separators for lithium polysulfide capture in lithium-sulfur batteries: an experimental and molecular modeling study AU - Zhu, Jiadeng AU - Yildirim, Erol AU - Aly, Karim AU - Shen, Jialong AU - Chen, Chen AU - Lu, Yao AU - Jiang, Mengjin AU - Kim, David AU - Tonelli, Alan E. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AU - Bradford, Philip D. AU - Zhang, Xiangwu T2 - JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A AB - A multi-functional nanofiber membrane significantly improves the overall performance of Li–S batteries. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1039/c6ta04577d VL - 4 IS - 35 SP - 13572-13581 SN - 2050-7496 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84984804707&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hierarchical filters determine community assembly of urban species pools AU - Aronson, Myla F. J. AU - Nilon, Charles H. AU - Lepczyk, Christopher A. AU - Parker, Tommy S. AU - Warren, Paige S. AU - Cilliers, Sarel S. AU - Goddard, Mark A. AU - Hahs, Amy K. AU - Herzog, Cecilia AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - La Sorte, Frank A. AU - Williams, Nicholas S. G. AU - Zipperer, Wayne T2 - ECOLOGY AB - The majority of humanity now lives in cities or towns, with this proportion expected to continue increasing for the foreseeable future. As novel ecosystems, urban areas offer an ideal opportunity to examine multi-scalar processes involved in community assembly as well as the role of human activities in modulating environmental drivers of biodiversity. Although ecologists have made great strides in recent decades at documenting ecological relationships in urban areas, much remains unknown, and we still need to identify the major ecological factors, aside from habitat loss, behind the persistence or extinction of species and guilds of species in cities. Given this paucity of knowledge, there is an immediate need to facilitate collaborative, interdisciplinary research on the patterns and drivers of biodiversity in cities at multiple spatial scales. In this review, we introduce a new conceptual framework for understanding the filtering processes that mold diversity of urban floras and faunas. We hypothesize that the following hierarchical series of filters influence species distributions in cities: (1) regional climatic and biogeographical factors; (2) human facilitation; (3) urban form and development history; (4) socioeconomic and cultural factors; and (5) species interactions. In addition to these filters, life history and functional traits of species are important in determining community assembly and act at multiple spatial scales. Using these filters as a conceptual framework can help frame future research needed to elucidate processes of community assembly in urban areas. Understanding how humans influence community structure and processes will aid in the management, design, and planning of our cities to best support biodiversity. DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016/11// DO - 10.1002/ecy.1535 VL - 97 IS - 11 SP - 2952-2963 SN - 1939-9170 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84994553353&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - biodiversity KW - city KW - community assembly KW - filters KW - human-dominated landscapes KW - urban ecology KW - UrBioNet ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variations and miRNA-target interactions contribute to natural phenotypic variations in Populus AU - Chen, Jinhui AU - Xie, Jianbo AU - Chen, Beibei AU - Quan, Mingyang AU - Li, Ying AU - Li, Bailian AU - Zhang, Deqiang T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - Variation in regulatory factors, including microRNAs (miRNAs), contributes to variation in quantitative and complex traits. However, in plants, variants in miRNAs and their target genes that contribute to natural phenotypic variation, and the underlying regulatory networks, remain poorly characterized. We investigated the associations and interactions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNAs and their target genes with phenotypes in 435 individuals from a natural population of Populus. We used RNA-seq to identify 217 miRNAs differentially expressed in a tension wood system, and identified 1196 candidate target genes; degradome sequencing confirmed 60 of the target sites. In addition, 72 miRNA-target pairs showed significant co-expression. Gene ontology (GO) term analysis showed that most of the genes in the co-regulated pairs participate in biological regulation. Genome resequencing found 5383 common SNPs (frequency ≥ 0.05) in 139 miRNAs and 31 037 SNPs in 819 target genes. Single-SNP association analyses identified 232 significant associations between wood traits (P ≤ 0.05) and SNPs in 102 miRNAs and 1387 associations with 478 target genes. Among these, 102 miRNA-target pairs associated with the same traits. Multi-SNP associations found 102 epistatic pairs associated with traits. Furthermore, a reconstructed regulatory network contained 12 significantly co-expressed pairs, including eight miRNAs and nine targets associated with traits. Lastly, both expression and genetic association showed that miR156i, miR156j, miR396a and miR6445b were involved in the formation of tension wood. This study shows that variants in miRNAs and target genes contribute to natural phenotypic variation and annotated roles and interactions of miRNAs and their target genes by genetic association analysis. DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016/10// DO - 10.1111/nph.14040 VL - 212 IS - 1 SP - 150-160 SN - 1469-8137 KW - association genetics KW - epistatic interaction KW - microRNA (miRNA) KW - Populus KW - single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) KW - target gene ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate tolerances and trait choices shape continental patterns of urban tree biodiversity AU - Jenerette, G. D. AU - Clarke, L. W. AU - Avolio, M. L. AU - Pataki, D. E. AU - Gillespie, T. W. AU - Pincetl, S. AU - Nowak, D. J. AU - Hutyra, L. R. AU - McHale, M. AU - McFadden, J. P. AU - Alonzo, M. T2 - Global Ecology and Biogeography DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 25 IS - 11 SP - 1367-1376 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate Change Attitudes of Southern Forestry Professionals: Outreach Implications AU - Morris, Hilary L. C. AU - Megalos, Mark A. AU - Hubbard, William G. AU - Boby, Leslie A. T2 - JOURNAL OF FORESTRY AB - Greater climate variability may profoundly impact southern forests, requiring climate-resilient management strategies to sustain them into the future. Foresters design and implement these strategies, and their perspectives on climate change may influence their receptivity to outreach on climate science and adaptation. To effectively engage this audience, communicators such as Extension agents must understand their views. We surveyed southern forestry professionals to address that need, identifying opportunities and obstacles for education about climate-resilient forestry. Demographic characteristics, particularly political ideology, correlated highly with acceptance of climate change. We also found significant relationships between climate change attitudes, experiences, perceptions, and management responses. Foresters who accept climate change are more likely to observe it in the environment, feel concerned about its impacts on forestry, and agree that it will require different management strategies. We explored multiple outreach options and ultimately recommend connecting climate change to forestry by emphasizing forest health and productivity concerns. Management and Policy Implications The scientific literature generally recommends that foresters facilitate climate change adaptation by managing for (1) resistance to the forces of climate change, (2) resilience to climate change to absorb impacts without losing function, (3) responding to climatic transitions to minimize negative impacts, and (4) realigning altered forests to current climatic conditions through restoration (Vose et al. 2012). Specific management actions recommended to help southern forests adapt to climate change, such as thinning to reduce water stress, vary, depending on each site's unique management objectives, stand characteristics, and climate change impacts. This study is not designed to refine the climate-resilient management toolkit, but rather to enhance educators' understanding of foresters' climate change attitudes. The results indicate that demographic characteristics shape climate change attitudes in ways comparable to those for the general public. Further, foresters' climate change attitudes, personal observations, concerns about impacts to forestry, and management actions are closely intertwined. This observation suggests that outreach aimed to implement climate-resilient adaptive management strategies will require a nuanced approach to effectively reach all foresters. We conclude that communicators should avoid emphasizing climate change to doubting foresters and instead lead with potential impacts to forest health and productivity (such as drought and pests), continuing to outline and encourage appropriate management solutions. DA - 2016/9// PY - 2016/9// DO - 10.5849/jof.14-148 VL - 114 IS - 5 SP - 532-540 SN - 1938-3746 KW - climate change KW - outreach KW - education KW - resilience KW - adaptive management ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Agent-Based Model of Heterogeneous Forest Landowner Decisionmaking AU - Henderson, Jesse D. AU - Abt, Robert C. T2 - FOREST SCIENCE DA - 2016/8/30/ PY - 2016/8/30/ DO - 10.5849/forsci.15-018 VL - 62 IS - 4 SP - 364-376 SN - 1938-3738 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84983004007&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - forest economics KW - artificial market KW - natural resource management KW - optimal harvest KW - amenity value ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two Canine Papillomaviruses Associated With Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Two Related Basenji Dogs AU - Luff, J. AU - Rowland, P. AU - Mader, M. AU - Orr, C. AU - Yuan, H. T2 - VETERINARY PATHOLOGY AB - Papillomaviruses (PV) are associated with benign mucosal and cutaneous epithelial proliferations. In dogs, PV-associated pigmented plaques and papillomas can undergo malignant transformation, but this is rare, and most cases of canine squamous cell carcinoma do not arise from PV-induced precursor lesions. We describe herein the progression of pigmented plaques to invasive and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma associated with 2 canine papillomaviruses (CPV) in 2 related Basenji dogs. Immunohistochemistry for PV antigen revealed strong nuclear immunoreactivity within keratinocytes from pigmented plaques from both dogs, consistent with a productive viral infection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using degenerate primers for the L1 gene revealed PV DNA sequences from 2 different CPVs. In situ hybridization for CPV revealed strong hybridization signals within the pigmented plaques and neoplastic squamous epithelial cells from both dogs. We report here progression of PV-associated pigmented plaques to metastatic squamous cell carcinoma within 2 Basenji dogs associated with 2 different CPVs. DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016/11// DO - 10.1177/0300985816630795 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - 1160-1163 SN - 1544-2217 KW - canine KW - skin KW - papillomavirus KW - squamous cell carcinoma KW - in situ hybridization KW - PCR KW - immunohistochemistry ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of watershed characteristics on spatial patterns of trends in annual scale streamflow variability in the continental US AU - Rice, Joshua S. AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. AU - Vose, James M. T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AB - As human activity and climate variability alter the movement of water through the environment the need to better understand hydrologic cycle responses to these changes has grown. A reasonable starting point for gaining such insight is studying changes in streamflow given the importance of streamflow as a source of renewable freshwater. Using a wavelet assisted method we analyzed trends in the magnitude of annual scale streamflow variability from 967 watersheds in the continental U.S. (CONUS) over a 70 year period (1940–2009). Decreased annual variability was the dominant pattern at the CONUS scale. Ecoregion scale results agreed with the CONUS pattern with the exception of two ecoregions closely divided between increases and decreases and one where increases dominated. A comparison of trends in reference and non-reference watersheds indicated that trend magnitudes in non-reference watersheds were significantly larger than those in reference watersheds. Boosted regression tree (BRT) models were used to study the relationship between watershed characteristics and the magnitude of trends in streamflow. At the CONUS scale, the balance between precipitation and evaporative demand, and measures of geographic location were of high relative importance. Relationships between the magnitude of trends and watershed characteristics at the ecoregion scale exhibited differences from the CONUS results and substantial variability was observed among ecoregions. Additionally, the methodology used here has the potential to serve as a robust framework for top-down, data driven analyses of the relationships between changes in the hydrologic cycle and the spatial context within which those changes occur. DA - 2016/9// PY - 2016/9// DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.07.006 VL - 540 SP - 850-860 SN - 1879-2707 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000382269500066&KeyUID=WOS:000382269500066 KW - Streamflow KW - Trend analysis KW - Spatial analysis KW - Wavelet transform KW - Boosted regression trees ER - TY - CONF TI - Restoring ecosystem services on private farmlands: Lessons from economics AU - Iftekhar, M. S. AU - Polyakov, M. AU - Gibson, F. AB - Key lessons• Biological conservation attempts to preserve and maintain existing habitat, while ecological restoration attempts to reverse an environmental degradation process.• The higher cost per unit area (or per ecological outcome) to implement restoration projects, compared with conservation projects, could negatively influence their formation and acceptance.• Broad support for restoration projects can be difficult to achieve, due to people's loss aversion behaviour.• Uncertainty in expected biodiversity benefits can influence the acceptance and success of restoration projects.• Social value could influence the objectives of restoration projects; the more aligned the social and environmental objectives are, the higher the chances of acceptance.• Some of the biophysical and social benefits of restoration projects could be privately captured, which could increase acceptance of restoration projects. C2 - 2016/// C3 - Learning from Agri-Environment Schemes in Australia: Investing in Biodiversity and Other Ecosystem Services on Farms DA - 2016/// DO - 10.22459/lfaesa.05.2016.10 SP - 127-137 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative trait loci influencing forking defects in an outbred pedigree of loblolly pine AU - Xiong, Jin S. AU - McKeand, Steven E. AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Wegrzyn, Jill AU - Neale, David B. AU - Zeng, Zhao-Bang AU - da Costa e Silva, Luciano AU - Whetten, Ross W. T2 - BMC Genetics AB - The use of wood as an industrial raw material has led to development of plantation forestry, in which trees are planted, managed, and harvested as crops. The productivity of such plantations often exceeds that of less-intensively-managed forests, and land managers have the option of choosing specific planting stock to produce specific types of wood for industrial use. Stem forking, or division of the stem into two or more stems of roughly equal size, is a character trait important in determining the quality of the stem for production of solid wood products. This trait typically has very low individual-tree heritability, but can be more accurately assessed in clonally-replicated plantings where each genotype is represented by several individual trees. We report results from a quantitative trait mapping experiment in a clonally-replicated full-sibling family of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Quantitative trait loci influencing forking defects were identified in an outbred full-sibling family of loblolly pine, using single-nucleotide polymorphism markers. Genetic markers in this family segregated either in 1:2:1 (F2 intercross-like segregation) or 1:1 ratio (backcross-like segregation). An integrated linkage map combining markers with different segregation ratios was assembled for this full-sib family, and a total of 409 SNP markers were mapped on 12 linkage groups, covering 1622 cM. Two and three trait loci were identified for forking and ramicorn branch traits, respectively, using the interval mapping method. Three trait loci were detected for both traits using multiple-trait analysis. The detection of three loci for forking and ramicorn branching in a multiple-trait analysis could mean that there are genes with pleiotropic effects on both traits, or that separate genes affecting different traits are clustered together. The detection of genetic loci associated with variation in stem quality traits in this study supports the hypothesis that marker-assisted selection can be used to decrease the rate of stem defects in breeding populations of loblolly pine. DA - 2016/10/18/ PY - 2016/10/18/ DO - 10.1186/s12863-016-0446-6 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - J2 - BMC Genet LA - en OP - SN - 1471-2156 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12863-016-0446-6 DB - Crossref KW - QTL KW - Stem forking KW - Outbred KW - Pinus taeda KW - MAS KW - Tree breeding KW - Wood quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Precaution and governance of emerging technologies AU - Kaebnick, Gregory E. AU - Heitman, Elizabeth AU - Collins, James P. AU - Delborne, Jason A. AU - Landis, Wayne G. AU - Sawyer, Keegan AU - Taneyhill, Lisa A. AU - Winickoff, David E. T2 - Science AB - Precaution can be consistent with support of science DA - 2016/11/10/ PY - 2016/11/10/ DO - 10.1126/science.aah5125 VL - 354 IS - 6313 SP - 710-711 J2 - Science LA - en OP - SN - 0036-8075 1095-9203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5125 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential and limitations of local tree ring records in estimating a priori the growth performance of short-rotation coppice plantations AU - Trnka, Miroslav AU - Fischer, Milan AU - Bartosova, Lenka AU - Orsag, Matej AU - Kyncl, Tomas AU - Ceulemans, Reinhart AU - King, John AU - Buntgen, Ulf T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - As bioenergy plantations are a relatively new phenomenon, long-term experimental data on their productivity and tolerance to environmental stress that provides a robust framework for site selection and potential productivity assessment is still lacking. To address this need, we developed a method to correlate the productivity of bioenergy plantations with local climate using tree-ring chronologies. Tree-ring width from 37 Populus nigra (age > 115 y) and 368 poplar hybrid (Populus nigra × Populus maximowiczii) (9–12 y) individuals were collected and analyzed at demonstration sites in the Czech Republic. The growth of mature, naturally grown solitary native trees and young congeneric hybrids grown in high density (∼10,000 ha−1) showed statistically significant correlations (r = 0.71, p < 0.05). Further, we found significant (p < 0.05) and consistent growth responses to changes in key seasonal climatic parameters (e.g., mean air temperature, number of dry days or cumulative heat sum (degree-days) during the growing season) for both natives and their hybrids. The analysis of climate conditions and the tree-ring records revealed a gradual change of climatic conditions since the 1930s, positively affecting poplar growth and indicated that longer rather than shorter harvest cycles are preferable to ensure stable yields at our experimental site. DA - 2016/9// PY - 2016/9// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.05.026 VL - 92 SP - 12-19 SN - 1873-2909 KW - Dendroecology KW - Plantation site selection KW - Populus nigra KW - Poplar hybrid KW - Weather-growth relationship ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling dominant height growth of eucalyptus plantations with parameters conditioned to climatic variations AU - Scolforo, Henrique Ferraco AU - Castro Neto, Fernando AU - Soares Scolforo, Jose Roberto AU - Burkhart, Harold AU - McTague, John Paul AU - Raimundo, Marcel Regis AU - Loos, Rodolfo Araujo AU - Fonseca, Sebastiao AU - Sartorio, Robert Cardoso T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Dominant height growth equations, which given at some base age is defined as site index, is usually used to assess site quality. A flexible and accurate way to represent the potential productive capacity of forest stands of Eucalyptus spp. was developed. The generalized algebraic difference method was used, in which 15 dynamic equations were tested for modeling dominant height growth. The models were fitted to a data set derived from permanent plots located in the states of Bahia (BA) and Espirito Santo (ES), Brazil, with clonal eucalyptus plantations. The database was analyzed separately for the clear-cut and coppice regimes. The selection of the best-fitting model for each management regime was based on statistical fitting, predictive validation, and graphical analysis. After selection of the best model, one of its parameters were expanded with the addition of climatic variables that allowed for the creation of scenarios. The polymorphic modified Von Bertalanffy-Richards model with a single asymptote performed the best for the two management regimes. For clear-cut management, conditioning the slope parameter by the mean monthly precipitation obtained the best performance. For coppice management, the asymptote parameter conditioned by the mean monthly precipitation and its distribution throughout the year provided the best performance. The inclusion of the climate modifiers added flexibility for the models, which was represented by the interannual variations of precipitation. Expansions of the parameters did not mischaracterize the behavior of the modified Von Bertalanffy-Richards model for the management regimes studied. Climatic conditioning of the parameters of the slope and asymptote for the two management regimes led to accuracy gains in the estimates. Additionally, this enabled the generation of productivity scenarios based on the amount and distribution of the total precipitation for the areas under study. DA - 2016/11/15/ PY - 2016/11/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.09.001 VL - 380 SP - 182-195 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Precipitation KW - Clear-cut KW - Coppice KW - Brazil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring water fluxes in forests: the need for integrative platforms of analysis AU - Ward, Eric J. T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY DA - 2016/8// PY - 2016/8// DO - 10.1093/treephys/tpw065 VL - 36 IS - 8 SP - 929-931 SN - 1758-4469 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linkage and Association Mapping for Two Major Traits Used in the Maritime Pine Breeding Program: Height Growth and Stem Straightness AU - Bartholome, Jerome AU - Bink, Marco C. A. M. AU - Heerwaarden, Joost AU - Chancerel, Emilie AU - Boury, Christophe AU - Lesur, Isabelle AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Bouffier, Laurent AU - Plomion, Christophe T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Increasing our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits, through analyses of genotype-phenotype associations and of the genes/polymorphisms accounting for trait variation, is crucial, to improve the integration of molecular markers into forest tree breeding. In this study, two full-sib families and one breeding population of maritime pine were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for height growth and stem straightness, through linkage analysis (LA) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping approaches.The populations used for LA consisted of two unrelated three-generation full-sib families (n = 197 and n = 477). These populations were assessed for height growth or stem straightness and genotyped for 248 and 217 markers, respectively. The population used for LD mapping consisted of 661 founders of the first and second generations of the breeding program. This population was phenotyped for the same traits and genotyped for 2,498 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers corresponding to 1,652 gene loci. The gene-based reference genetic map of maritime pine was used to localize and compare the QTLs detected by the two approaches, for both traits. LA identified three QTLs for stem straightness and two QTLs for height growth. The LD study yielded seven significant associations (P ≤ 0.001): four for stem straightness and three for height growth. No colocalisation was found between QTLs identified by LA and SNPs detected by LD mapping for the same trait.This study provides the first comparison of LA and LD mapping approaches in maritime pine, highlighting the complementary nature of these two approaches for deciphering the genetic architecture of two mandatory traits of the breeding program. DA - 2016/11/2/ PY - 2016/11/2/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0165323 VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influences of Season and Cutting Week within a Propagation Cycle on Rooting of 'Stained Glass' Coleus Shoot Tip Cuttings Are Not Overcome by Rooting Compound Treatment AU - Crawford, Brigitte D. AU - Dole, John M. AU - Bergmann, Ben A. T2 - HORTTECHNOLOGY AB - Influence of season of the year, cutting week within a propagation cycle (number of weeks from which a stock plant has been harvested), stock plant age, and rooting compound on postpropagation cutting quality, and adventitious rooting was examined for ‘Stained Glass’ coleus ( Solenostemon scutellarioides ). Cuttings were of higher quality and produced more robust root systems when a propagation cycle started in summer vs. fall or spring even when cuttings were harvested from stock plants of the same age. Cutting week within a propagation cycle significantly influenced postpropagation cutting quality and rooting when cuttings were harvested over many weeks from the same stock plants and when cuttings were harvested for three propagation events using stock plants of different ages. When cuttings were harvested on the same days from stock plants of three distinct ages, cuttings harvested in the first week were larger with greater root weights but had more yellowed leaves and lower quality ratings compared with the two subsequent cutting weeks, but stock plant age had no effect on any observed parameter. Treatment with rooting compound did not overcome the significant influences of season and cutting week within a propagation cycle whether rooting was carried out in a greenhouse or growth chamber. Shoot and root fresh and dry weights were positively correlated with both daylength and midday instantaneous light of the stock plant environment. DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016/10// DO - 10.21273/horttech03464-16 VL - 26 IS - 5 SP - 620-627 SN - 1943-7714 KW - daylength KW - floriculture KW - greenhouse production KW - Plectranthus KW - Solenostemon scutellarioides KW - stock plants ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variability and heritability of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) AU - Čepl, Jaroslav AU - Holá, Dana AU - Stejskal, Jan AU - Korecký, Jiří AU - Kočová, Marie AU - Lhotáková, Zuzana AU - Tomášková, Ivana AU - Palovská, Markéta AU - Rothová, Olga AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - Kaňák, Jan AU - Albrechtová, Jana AU - Lstibůrek, Milan T2 - Tree Physiology AB - Current knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying the inheritance of photosynthetic activity in forest trees is generally limited, yet it is essential both for various practical forestry purposes and for better understanding of broader evolutionary mechanisms. In this study, we investigated genetic variation underlying selected chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) parameters in structured populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) grown on two sites under non-stress conditions. These parameters were derived from the OJIP part of the ChlF kinetics curve and characterize individual parts of primary photosynthetic processes associated, for example, with the exciton trapping by light-harvesting antennae, energy utilization in photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers (RCs) and its transfer further down the photosynthetic electron-transport chain. An additive relationship matrix was estimated based on pedigree reconstruction, utilizing a set of highly polymorphic single sequence repeat markers. Variance decomposition was conducted using the animal genetic evaluation mixed-linear model. The majority of ChlF parameters in the analyzed pine populations showed significant additive genetic variation. Statistically significant heritability estimates were obtained for most ChlF indices, with the exception of DI0/RC, φD0 and φP0 (Fv/Fm) parameters. Estimated heritabilities varied around the value of 0.15 with the maximal value of 0.23 in the ET0/RC parameter, which indicates electron-transport flux from QA to QB per PSII RC. No significant correlation was found between these indices and selected growth traits. Moreover, no genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was detected, i.e., no differences in genotypes’ performance between sites. The absence of significant G × E in our study is interesting, given the relatively low heritability found for the majority of parameters analyzed. Therefore, we infer that polygenic variability of these indices is selectively neutral. DA - 2016/4/28/ PY - 2016/4/28/ DO - 10.1093/treephys/tpw028 VL - 36 IS - 7 SP - 883-895 SN - 0829-318X 1758-4469 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpw028 KW - OJIP transient KW - pedigree reconstruction KW - photosynthesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changing disturbance regimes, ecological memory, and forest resilience AU - Johnstone, Jill F. AU - Allen, Craig D. AU - Franklin, Jerry F. AU - Frelich, Lee E. AU - Harvey, Brian J. AU - Higuera, Philip E. AU - Mack, Michelle C. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Metz, Margaret R. AU - Perry, George L. W. AU - Schoennagel, Tania AU - Turner, Monica G. T2 - FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT AB - Ecological memory is central to how ecosystems respond to disturbance and is maintained by two types of legacies – information and material. Species life‐history traits represent an adaptive response to disturbance and are an information legacy; in contrast, the abiotic and biotic structures (such as seeds or nutrients) produced by single disturbance events are material legacies. Disturbance characteristics that support or maintain these legacies enhance ecological resilience and maintain a “safe operating space” for ecosystem recovery. However, legacies can be lost or diminished as disturbance regimes and environmental conditions change, generating a “resilience debt” that manifests only after the system is disturbed. Strong effects of ecological memory on post‐disturbance dynamics imply that contingencies (effects that cannot be predicted with certainty) of individual disturbances, interactions among disturbances, and climate variability combine to affect ecosystem resilience. We illustrate these concepts and introduce a novel ecosystem resilience framework with examples of forest disturbances, primarily from North America. Identifying legacies that support resilience in a particular ecosystem can help scientists and resource managers anticipate when disturbances may trigger abrupt shifts in forest ecosystems, and when forests are likely to be resilient. DA - 2016/9// PY - 2016/9// DO - 10.1002/fee.1311 VL - 14 IS - 7 SP - 369-378 SN - 1540-9309 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Build habitats, not fences, for caribou AU - Proulx, Gilbert AU - Powell, Roger A. AB - In his News In Depth story “To save caribou, Alberta wants to fence them in” (22 July, p. [333][1]), W. Cornwall reported on a proposed 50-year-long project to create a predator-free, fenced, 100-square-kilometer landscape to farm caribou in the Little Smoky range. The program intends to kill DA - 2016/9/30/ PY - 2016/9/30/ DO - 10.1126/science.aai9328 SP - 1506-1507 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biophysical controls on canopy transpiration in a black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantation on the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China AU - Jiao, Lei AU - Lu, Nan AU - Sun, Ge AU - Ward, Eric J. AU - Fu, Bojie T2 - ECOHYDROLOGY AB - Abstract In the semi‐arid Loess Plateau of China, black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia ) was widely planted for soil conservation and afforestation purposes during the past three decades. Investigating biophysical controls on canopy transpiration ( E c ) of the plantations is essential to understanding the effects of afforestation on watershed hydrology and regional water resources. In addition to monitoring of micrometeorology and soil water content, sap flux densities ( F d ) of six representative trees in a 27‐year stand were continuously measured using thermal dissipation probes during the growing seasons in 2013 and 2014. E c was derived by multiplying stand total sapwood area ( A ST ) with F d . The daily mean E c in the growing season was 0.14 and 0.23 mm day −1 in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The responses of daily E c to R s and vapour pressure deficit were explained with an exponential threshold model. The variability of monthly E c was mainly explained by leaf area index (LAI) ( R 2 = 0.92). The inter‐annual variability of E c was influenced by LAI that fluctuated dramatically during 2013 and 2014. We found that the status of soil water content at the beginning of the growing season had large impacts on LAI and E c during the growing season. Contrary to common beliefs that the plantation uses a large amount of water, we found that the black locust plantation had rather low transpiration rates (5.3% of precipitation and 4.6% of ET 0 ). This study suggests that the black locust plantation has adapted to local soil water condition by reducing transpiration, and the major water loss from the plantation was not transpiration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2016/9// PY - 2016/9// DO - 10.1002/eco.1711 VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 1068-1081 SN - 1936-0592 KW - sap flow KW - thermal dissipation probes KW - soil water budget KW - leaf area index KW - ET0 KW - afforestation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biological invasion hotspots: a trait-based perspective reveals new sub-continental patterns AU - Iannone, Basil V., III AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Guo, Qinfeng AU - Liebhold, Andrew M. AU - Pijanowski, Bryan C. AU - Oswalt, Christopher M. AU - Fei, Songlin T2 - ECOGRAPHY AB - Invader traits (including plant growth form) may play an important, and perhaps overlooked, role in determining macroscale patterns of biological invasions and therefore warrant greater consideration in future investigations aimed at understanding these patterns. To assess this need, we used empirical data from a national‐level survey of forest in the contiguous 48 states of the USA to identify geographic hotspots of forest plant invasion for three distinct invasion characteristics: invasive species richness, trait richness (defined as the number of the five following plant growth forms represented by the invasive plants present at a given location: forbs, grasses, shrubs, trees, and vines), and species richness within each growth form. Three key findings emerged. 1) The hotspots identified encompassed from 9 to 23% of the total area of our study region, thereby revealing many forests to be not only invaded, but highly invaded. 2) Substantial spatial disagreement among hotspots of invasive species richness, invasive trait richness, and species richness of invasive plants within each growth form revealed many locations to be hotspots for invader traits, or for particular growth forms of invasive plants, rather than for invasive plants in general. 3) Despite eastern forests exhibiting higher levels of plant invasion than western forests, species richness for invasive forbs and grasses in the west were respectively greater than and equivalent to levels found in the east. Contrasting patterns between eastern and western forests in the number of invasive species detected for each growth form combined with the spatial disagreement found among hotspot types suggests trait‐based variability in invasion drivers. Our findings reveal invader traits to be an important contributor to macroscale invasion patterns. DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016/10// DO - 10.1111/ecog.01973 VL - 39 IS - 10 SP - 961-969 SN - 1600-0587 ER - TY - CONF TI - Accounting for private benefits in ecological restoration planning AU - Polyakov, M. AU - Pannell, D. AB - Key lessons• Selecting an effective ecological restoration project requires information about the levels of public and private net benefits that are likely to result from project implementation.• Environmental assets on private land in agricultural landscapes may provide benefits that are valued by the landholders.The value of these benefits could be reflected in property sale prices.• An extra hectare of native vegetation is valued more highly by the landholders of smaller properties and by the landholders of properties with smaller areas of native vegetation.• Accounting for the private benefits generated by native vegetation when planning and targeting ecological restoration results in substantially greater biodiversity outcomes. C2 - 2016/// C3 - Learning from Agri-Environment Schemes in Australia: Investing in Biodiversity and Other Ecosystem Services on Farms DA - 2016/// DO - 10.22459/lfaesa.05.2016.14 SP - 181-190 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A test of the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation hypothesis in angiosperm and conifer tree species AU - Johnson, Daniel M. AU - Wortemann, Remi AU - McCulloh, Katherine A. AU - Jordan-Meille, Lionel AU - Ward, Eric AU - Warren, Jeffrey M. AU - Palmroth, Sari AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Water transport from soils to the atmosphere is critical for plant growth and survival. However, we have a limited understanding about many portions of the whole-tree hydraulic pathway, because the vast majority of published information is on terminal branches. Our understanding of mature tree trunk hydraulic physiology, in particular, is limited. The hydraulic vulnerability segmentation hypothesis (HVSH) stipulates that distal portions of the plant (leaves, branches and roots) should be more vulnerable to embolism than trunks, which are nonredundant organs that require a massive carbon investment. In the current study, we compared vulnerability to loss of hydraulic function, leaf and xylem water potentials and the resulting hydraulic safety margins (in relation to the water potential causing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity) in leaves, branches, trunks and roots of four angiosperms and four conifer tree species. Across all species, our results supported strongly the HVSH as leaves and roots were less resistant to embolism than branches or trunks. However, branches were consistently more resistant to embolism than any other portion of the plant, including trunks. Also, calculated whole-tree vulnerability to hydraulic dysfunction was much greater than vulnerability in branches. This was due to hydraulic dysfunction in roots and leaves at less negative water potentials than those causing branch or trunk dysfunction. Leaves and roots had narrow or negative hydraulic safety margins, but trunks and branches maintained positive safety margins. By using branch-based hydraulic information as a proxy for entire plants, much research has potentially overestimated embolism resistance, and possibly drought tolerance, for many species. This study highlights the necessity to reconsider past conclusions made about plant resistance to drought based on branch xylem only. This study also highlights the necessity for more research of whole-plant hydraulic physiology to better understand strategies of plant drought tolerance and the critical control points within the hydraulic pathway. DA - 2016/8// PY - 2016/8// DO - 10.1093/treephys/tpw031 VL - 36 IS - 8 SP - 983-993 SN - 1758-4469 KW - cavitation KW - drought KW - embolism KW - transpiration KW - water relations ER - TY - JOUR TI - A multispecies occupancy model for two or more interacting species AU - Rota, Christopher T. AU - Ferreira, Marco A. R. AU - Kays, Roland W. AU - Forrester, Tavis D. AU - Kalies, Elizabeth L. AU - McShea, William J. AU - Parsons, Arielle W. AU - Millspaugh, Joshua J. T2 - Methods in Ecology and Evolution AB - Summary Species occurrence is influenced by environmental conditions and the presence of other species. Current approaches for multispecies occupancy modelling are practically limited to two interacting species and often require the assumption of asymmetric interactions. We propose a multispecies occupancy model that can accommodate two or more interacting species. We generalize the single‐species occupancy model to two or more interacting species by assuming the latent occupancy state is a multivariate Bernoulli random variable. We propose modelling the probability of each potential latent occupancy state with both a multinomial logit and a multinomial probit model and present details of a Gibbs sampler for the latter. As an example, we model co‐occurrence probabilities of bobcat ( Lynx rufus ), coyote ( Canis latrans ), grey fox ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus ) and red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) as a function of human disturbance variables throughout 6 Mid‐Atlantic states in the eastern United States. We found evidence for pairwise interactions among most species, and the probability of some pairs of species occupying the same site varied along environmental gradients; for example, occupancy probabilities of coyote and grey fox were independent at sites with little human disturbance, but these two species were more likely to occur together at sites with high human disturbance. Ecological communities are composed of multiple interacting species. Our proposed method improves our ability to draw inference from such communities by permitting modelling of detection/non‐detection data from an arbitrary number of species, without assuming asymmetric interactions. Additionally, our proposed method permits modelling the probability two or more species occur together as a function of environmental variables. These advancements represent an important improvement in our ability to draw community‐level inference from multiple interacting species that are subject to imperfect detection. DA - 2016/6/29/ PY - 2016/6/29/ DO - 10.1111/2041-210x.12587 VL - 7 IS - 10 SP - 1164-1173 J2 - Methods Ecol Evol LA - en OP - SN - 2041-210X 2041-210X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12587 DB - Crossref KW - community KW - competition KW - eMammal KW - interspecific interactions KW - multinomial logit KW - multinomial probit KW - multivariate Bernoulli KW - occupancymodelling KW - predation ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of human population size on the breeding bird diversity of urban regions AU - Gagne, Sara A. AU - Sherman, Peter J. AU - Singh, Kunwar K. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION DA - 2016/4// PY - 2016/4// DO - 10.1007/s10531-016-1080-3 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 653-671 SN - 1572-9710 KW - Avian diversity KW - Avian ecology KW - Multi-city comparison KW - Urban planning KW - Urban population growth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sympathy for the environment predicts green consumerism but not more important environmental behaviours related to domestic energy use AU - Chen, X. D. AU - Rosa, J. AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Zhong, Y. AU - Lu, C. T. T2 - Environmental Conservation DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 140-147 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainability guidelines and forest market response: an assessment of European Union pellet demand in the southeastern United States AU - Galik, Christopher S. AU - Abt, Robert C. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY AB - Abstract Woody biomass from the southeast United States is expected to play an important role in meeting European Union renewable energy targets. In crafting policies to guide bioenergy development and in guiding investment decisions to meet established policy goals, a firm understanding of the interaction between policy targets and forest biomass markets is necessary, as is the effect that this interaction will have on environmental and economic objectives. This analysis increases our understanding of these interactions by modeling the response of southern US forest markets to new pellet demand in the presence of sustainability sourcing or harvest criteria. We first assess the influence of EU recommended sustainability guidelines on the forest inventory available to supply EU markets, and then model changes in forest composition and extent in response to expected increases in pellet demand. Next, we assess how sustainability guidelines can influence the evolution of forest markets in the region, paying particular attention to changes in land use and forest carbon. Regardless of whether sustainability guidelines are applied, we find increased removals, an increase in forest area, and little change in forest inventory. We also find annual gains in forest carbon in most years of the analysis. The incremental effect of sustainability guideline application on forest carbon and pellet greenhouse gas ( GHG ) balance is difficult to discern, but results suggest that guidelines could be steering production away from sensitive forest types inherently less responsive to changing market conditions. Pellet GHG balance shows significant annual change and is attributable to the complexity of the underlying forest landscape. The manner by which GHG balance is tracked is thus a critical policy decision, reinforcing the importance and relevance of current efforts to develop approaches to accurately account for the GHG implications of biomass use both in the United States and European Union. DA - 2016/5// PY - 2016/5// DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12273 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 658-669 SN - 1757-1707 KW - biomass KW - forest carbon KW - pellet KW - renewable energy directive KW - subregional timber supply model KW - sustainability guidelines ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the carbon and water fluxes at the tree scale in Eucalyptus plantations using a metamodeling approach AU - Christina, M. AU - Nouvellon, Y. AU - Laclau, J. P. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Campoe, O. C. AU - Maire, G. T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 297-309 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reptile and amphibian response to oak regeneration treatments in productive southern Appalachian hardwood forest AU - Greenberg, Cathryn H. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Raybuck, Amy L. AU - Sundol, Chad AU - Keyser, Tara L. AU - Bush, Janis AU - Simon, Dean M. AU - Warburton, Gordon S. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Forest restoration efforts commonly employ silvicultural methods that alter light and competition to influence species composition. Changes to forest structure and microclimate may adversely affect some taxa (e.g., terrestrial salamanders), but positively affect others (e.g., early successional birds). Salamanders are cited as indicators of ecosystem health because of their sensitivity to forest floor microclimate. We used drift fences with pitfall and funnel traps in a replicated Before-After-Control-Impact design to experimentally assess herpetofaunal community response to initial application of three silvicultural methods proposed to promote oak regeneration: prescribed burning; midstory herbicide; and shelterwood harvests (initial treatment of the shelterwood-burn method) and controls, before and for five years post-treatment. Species richness of all herpetofauna, amphibians, reptiles, frogs, salamanders, or snakes was unaffected by any treatment, but lizard species richness increased in the shelterwood harvest. Capture rate of total salamanders decreased post-harvest in shelterwood units after a 2–3 year delay; Plethodon teyahalee decreased post-harvest in shelterwoods, but also in control units. In contrast, capture rate of total lizards and Plestiodon fasciatus increased in shelterwood stands within the first year post-harvest. Prescribed burn and midstory herbicide treatments did not affect any reptile or amphibian species. A marginally lower proportion of juvenile to adult P. teyahalee, and a higher proportion of juvenile P. fasciatus in shelterwood than control units suggested that heavy canopy removal and associated change in microclimate may differentially affect reproductive success among species. Our study illustrates the importance of longer-term studies to detect potential changes in herpetofaunal communities that may not be immediately apparent after disturbances, and highlights the importance of including multiple taxa for a balanced perspective when weighing impacts of forest management activities. DA - 2016/10/1/ PY - 2016/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.06.023 VL - 377 SP - 139-149 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Amphibian KW - Oak ecosystem restoration KW - Prescribed fire KW - Reptile KW - Salamander KW - Shelterwood harvest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maximum response of loblolly pine plantations to silvicultural management in the southern United States AU - Zhao, Dehai AU - Kane, Michael AU - Teskey, Robert AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Rubilar, Rafael T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Pine plantations in the southern US are among the most intensively managed forests in the world and their productivity has tripled over natural pine forests through application of intensive pine plantation establishment and management practices. As we are trying to increase carbon (C) sequestration through further enhancing pine plantation productivity by refinement of silvicultural regimes, whether a maximum productivity or the maximum potential C sequestration exists remains unclear. Our analysis of six long-term field trials indicated that a maximum productivity and a maximum response to silvicultural practices for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) exist across the species geographic range in the southern US. The maximum response was inversely proportional to the base site quality, and silvicultural treatments never increased productivity above that maximum. Further analysis of loblolly pine culture and density studies demonstrated that the effects of planting density and cultural treatment intensity on biomass production strongly interacted with site quality in that lower quality sites responded more to silvicultural intensity than higher quality sites. The results highlight that we can optimize silvicultural prescriptions for specific sites by changing silvicultural intensity depending on the site quality. DA - 2016/9/1/ PY - 2016/9/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.05.035 VL - 375 SP - 105-111 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Loblolly pine KW - Maximum response KW - Meta-analysis KW - Plantation productivity KW - Site quality KW - Site-specific silviculture ER - TY - CHAP TI - Large-scale patterns of insect and disease activity in the conterminous United States and Alaska from the National Insect and Disease Survey, 2014 AU - Potter, K. M. AU - Paschke, J. L. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2015 A2 - Potter, K.M. A2 - Conkling, B.L. PY - 2016/// SP - 21-40 PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Large-scale patterns of forest fire occurrence in the conterminous United States, Alaska, and Hawaii, 2014 AU - Potter, K. M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2015 A2 - Potter, K.M. A2 - Conkling, B.L. PY - 2016/// SP - 41-60 PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Introduction AU - Potter, K. M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2015 A2 - Potter, K.M. A2 - Conkling, B.L. PY - 2016/// SP - 5-17 PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Habitat use by adult red wolves, Canis rufus, in an agricultural landscape, North Carolina, USA AU - Karlin, M. AU - Vaclavik, T. AU - Chadwick, J. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - Mammal Study AB - We used a species distribution model to characterize habitat use by red wolves, Canis rufus, on the Albemarle Peninsula of North Carolina, USA. Using more than 4,000 VHF telemetry locations of 178 individual animals from 1999–2008, we quantified habitat use and modeled potential habitat suitability of red wolves. Areas of agriculture where secondary road density was high (up to 1 km/km2) and human population density was low (less than 1.67 individuals/km2) were most suitable. Our study supports the baseline knowledge of red wolf suitable habitat, and shows that red wolves will use habitats altered by humans and occupied by humans at low densities. This research represents the use of the most comprehensive red wolf VHF telemetry dataset for habitat suitability modeling to date, and the results should contribute to the growing knowledge of suitable red wolf habitat. This knowledge is critical to identifying future reintroduction sites and protecting the future of this species. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.3106/041.041.0206 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 87–95 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forest health monitoring: National status, trends and analysis, 2015 AU - Potter, K. M. AU - Conkling, B. L. A3 - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - SRS-213 SP - 199 PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early Clonal Survival and Growth of Poplars Grown on North Carolina Piedmont and Mountain Marginal Lands AU - Ghezehei, Solomon B. AU - Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie AU - Hazel, Dennis W. T2 - BioEnergy Research DA - 2016/6// PY - 2016/6// DO - 10.1007/s12155-015-9707-x VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 548-558 J2 - Bioenerg. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 1939-1234 1939-1242 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-015-9707-x DB - Crossref KW - Bioenergy feedstock KW - Blue Ridge Mountains KW - Marginal lands KW - Genomic groups KW - Piedmont KW - Site adaptability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond Impervious: Urban Land-Cover Pattern Variation and Implications for Watershed Management AU - Beck, Scott M. AU - McHale, Melissa R. AU - Hess, George R. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DA - 2016/7// PY - 2016/7// DO - 10.1007/s00267-016-0700-8 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 15-30 SN - 1432-1009 KW - Urban ecology KW - Water quality KW - GIS KW - Remote sensing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Age-specific Survival of Reintroduced Swift Fox in Badlands National Park and Surrounding Lands AU - Sasmal, Indrani AU - Klaver, Robert W. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. AU - Schroeder, Greg M. T2 - WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN AB - In 2003, a reintroduction program was initiated at Badlands National Park (BNP), South Dakota, USA, with swift foxes (Vulpes velox) translocated from Colorado and Wyoming, USA, as part of a restoration effort to recover declining swift fox populations throughout its historical range. Estimates of age-specific survival are necessary to evaluate the potential for population growth of reintroduced populations. We used 7 years (2003–2009) of capture–recapture data of 243 pups, 29 yearlings, and 69 adult swift foxes at BNP and the surrounding area to construct Cormack–Jolly–Seber model estimates of apparent survival within a capture–mark–recapture framework using Program MARK. The best model for estimating recapture probabilities included no differences among age classes, greater recapture probabilities during early years of the monitoring effort than later years, and variation among spring, winter, and summer. Our top ranked survival model indicated pup survival differed from that of yearlings and adults and varied by month and year. The apparent annual survival probability of pups (0.47, SE = 0.10) in our study area was greater than the apparent annual survival probability of yearlings and adults (0.27, SE = 0.08). Our results indicate low survival probabilities for a reintroduced population of swift foxes in the BNP and surrounding areas. Management of reintroduced populations and future reintroductions of swift foxes should consider the effects of relative low annual survival on population demography. © 2016 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2016/6// PY - 2016/6// DO - 10.1002/wsb.641 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 217-223 SN - 1938-5463 KW - apparent survival KW - capture-recapture KW - Cormack-Jolly-Seber KW - Program Mark KW - swift fox KW - Vulpes velox ER - TY - JOUR TI - Timing of translocation influences birth rate and population dynamics in a forest carnivore AU - Facka, Aaron N. AU - Lewis, Jeffrey C. AU - Happe, Patricia AU - Jenkins, Kurt AU - Callas, Richard AU - Powell, Roger A. T2 - ECOSPHERE AB - Abstract Timing can be critical for many life history events of organisms. Consequently, the timing of management activities may affect individuals and populations in numerous and unforeseen ways. Translocations of organisms are used to restore or expand populations but the timing of translocations is largely unexplored as a factor influencing population success. We hypothesized that the process of translocation negatively influences reproductive rates of individuals that are moved just before their birthing season and, therefore, the timing of releases could influence translocation success. Prior to reintroducing fishers ( Pekania pennanti ) into northern California and onto the Olympic Peninsula of Washington, we predicted that female fishers released in November and December (early) would have a higher probability of giving birth to kits the following March or April than females released in January, February, and March (late), just prior to or during the period of blastocyst implantation and gestation. Over four winters (2008–2011), we translocated 56 adult female fishers that could have given birth in the spring immediately after release. Denning rates, an index of birth rate, for females released early were 92% in California and 38% in Washington. In contrast, denning rates for females released late were 40% and 11%, in California and Washington, a net reduction in denning rate of 66% across both sites. To understand how releasing females nearer to parturition could influence population establishment and persistence, we used stochastic population simulations using three‐stage Lefkovitch matrices. These simulations showed that translocating female fishers early had long‐term positive influences on the mean population size and on quasi‐extinction thresholds compared to populations where females were released late. The results from both empirical data and simulations show that the timing of translocation, with respect to life history events, should be considered during planning of translocations and implemented before the capture, movement, and release of organisms for translocation. DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.1002/ecs2.1223 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2150-8925 KW - California KW - carnivore KW - delayed implantation KW - fisher KW - life history KW - Olympic Peninsula KW - Pekania pennanti KW - population extinction KW - reintroduction KW - reproduction KW - timing KW - translocation KW - Washington ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sub-Soiling and Genotype Selection Improves Populus Productivity Grown on a North Carolina Sandy Soil AU - Shifflett, Shawn AU - Hazel, Dennis AU - Guthrie Nichols, Elizabeth T2 - Forests AB - This study reports the stem volume of 10 Populus genotypes in a randomized split-plot design with different tillage treatments (disking versus sub-soiling) after two years of growth. Height, diameter at breast height (DBH), stem aboveground volume index, survival, Melampsora rust resistance, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content, and foliar nitrogen concentration (Foliar N) were measured to identify how tillage treatments might alter poplar growth. Stem volume index and LAI were positively correlated and differed significantly among tillage treatments, taxa, and genotypes. Melampsora rust resistance was also positively correlated with volume index, but significant differences were only detected among taxa and genotypes. Foliar N and chlorophyll did not correlate to stem volume for genotypes or tillage treatments. Overall, sub-soiling yielded 37% more estimated volume compared to disking. Within the sub-soiled treatments, four genotypes (140, 176, 185, and 356) had high survival (>80%) and produced substantial stem volume (>32 dm3·tree−1). These findings show that tillage practices do impact poplar stem volumes after two years and that sub-soiling improves productivity for poplar short rotation woody crops on loamy fine-sandy soils. DA - 2016/3/25/ PY - 2016/3/25/ DO - 10.3390/f7040074 VL - 7 IS - 12 SP - 74 J2 - Forests LA - en OP - SN - 1999-4907 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f7040074 DB - Crossref KW - disking KW - short rotation woody crops KW - tillage KW - site preparation KW - volume index KW - Melampsora rust ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen availability and mineralization in Pinus radiata stands fertilized mid-rotation at three contrasting sites AU - Ramirez, M. V. AU - Rubilar, R. A. AU - Montes, C. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Fox, T. R. AU - Allen, Howard T2 - Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition AB - Fertilization of Pinus radiata plantations mid-rotation after thinning can alter soil nitrogen availability. However, the magnitudes and durations of tree and stand growth responses are not well understood across different soils with specific site conditions. Two mid-rotation fertilization trials in Pinus radiata plantations with unexpected sustained growth responses for more than 6 years and volume gains of 25 m3ha-1 and 50 m3 ha-1 in sandy and granitic soil, respectively, and one trial with no response to fertilization were selected to study the monthly dynamics of nitrogen availability and net mineralization using in situ core incubations. After 2 years, the results showed that fertilization increased nitrogen mineralization and availability until 6 years in sandy soils and until 7 years in granitic soil following fertilization. This result explained the sustained stand growth response observed at these sites. When considering the magnitude of the response, large increases in mineralization rates and soil N availability were observed in the granitic soil relative to the sandy soil. Our results suggest that stands with available N-(NH4+ + NO3-) levels less than 2 kg ha-1 during spring and fall months or with N-(NO3-) levels lower than 0.2 kg ha-1 during any month may respond to N fertilization. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.4067/s0718-95162016005000009 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 118–136 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling when, where, and how to manage a forest epidemic, motivated by sudden oak death in California AU - Cunniffe, Nik J. AU - Cobb, Richard C. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Rizzo, David M. AU - Gilligan, Christopher A. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Sudden oak death, caused by Phytophthora ramorum, has killed millions of oak and tanoak in California since its first detection in 1995. Despite some localized small-scale management, there has been no large-scale attempt to slow the spread of the pathogen in California. Here we use a stochastic spatially explicit model parameterized using data on the spread of P. ramorum to investigate whether and how the epidemic can be controlled. We find that slowing the spread of P. ramorum is now not possible, and has been impossible for a number of years. However, despite extensive cryptic (i.e., presymptomatic) infection and frequent long-range transmission, effective exclusion of the pathogen from large parts of the state could, in principle, have been possible were it to have been started by 2002. This is the approximate date by which sufficient knowledge of P. ramorum epidemiology had accumulated for large-scale management to be realistic. The necessary expenditure would have been very large, but could have been greatly reduced by optimizing the radius within which infected sites are treated and careful selection of sites to treat. In particular, we find that a dynamic strategy treating sites on the epidemic wave front leads to optimal performance. We also find that "front loading" the budget, that is, treating very heavily at the start of the management program, would greatly improve control. Our work introduces a framework for quantifying the likelihood of success and risks of failure of management that can be applied to invading pests and pathogens threatening forests worldwide. DA - 2016/5/17/ PY - 2016/5/17/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1602153113 VL - 113 IS - 20 SP - 5640-5645 SN - 0027-8424 KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - constrained budget KW - landscape-scale stochastic epidemiological model KW - optimizing disease control KW - risk aversion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of Copolyester Composition on Adhesion to Soda-Lime Glass via Molecular Dynamics Simulations AU - Hanson, Ben AU - Hofmann, John AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES AB - Copolyesters are a subset of polymers that have the desirable properties of strength and clarity while retaining chemical resistance, and are thus potential candidates for enhancing the impact resistance of soda-lime glass. Adhesion between the polymer and the glass relates to the impact performance of the system, as well as the longevity of the bond between the polymer and the glass under various conditions. Modifying the types of diols and diacids present in the copolyester provides a method for fine-tuning the physical properties of the polymer. In this study, we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to examine the influence of the chemical composition of the polymers on adhesion of polymer film laminates to two soda-lime glass surfaces, one tin-rich and one oxygen-rich. By calculating properties such as adhesion energies and contact angles, these results provide insights into how the polymer–glass interaction is impacted by the polymer composition, temperature, and other factors such as the presence of free volume or pi stacking. These results can be used to optimize the adhesion of copolyester films to glass surfaces. DA - 2016/6/1/ PY - 2016/6/1/ DO - 10.1021/acsami.6b01851 VL - 8 IS - 21 SP - 13583-13589 SN - 1944-8244 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84973390706&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - adhesion KW - temperature effects KW - copolyester KW - soda-lime glass KW - molecular dynamics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrologic Impacts of Municipal Wastewater Irrigation to a Temperate Forest Watershed AU - Birch, Andrew L. AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. AU - James, April L. AU - Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie T2 - Journal of Environmental Quality AB - Land application of municipal wastewater to managed forests is an important treatment and water reuse technology used globally, but the hydrological processes of these systems are not well characterized for temperate areas with annual rainfall of 1200 mm or greater. This study evaluated the impact of municipal wastewater irrigation to the local water balance at a 3000‐ha land application facility where secondary‐treated wastewater is land applied to a mixed hardwood–pine forest over 900 ha. Stable isotopes of hydrogen ( 2 H) and oxygen ( 18 O), chloride concentrations, and specific conductance were used in combination with hydrometric measurements to estimate the wastewater composition in groundwater, surface water, and at the watershed outlet during dry and wet seasonal periods and during one large rainfall event. Wastewater and water bodies receiving irrigation were found to have significantly higher δ 2 H, δ 18 O, specific conductance, and chloride concentrations. Using these tracers, a two‐component, three‐end member geochemical mixing model estimated mean wastewater compositions in the surficial aquifer receiving irrigation from 47 to 73%. Surface water onsite was found to reflect the high wastewater composition in groundwater. Land‐applied wastewater contributed an estimated 24% of total streamflow, with the highest wastewater compositions in surface water observed during major storm events and at low‐flow conditions. Groundwater and surface water within the watershed were found to have proportionally higher wastewater compositions than expected based on the proportion of irrigation to rainfall received by these areas. Core Ideas Municipal wastewater irrigation to forested lands can substantially alter the local water cycle. An aquifer receiving spray irrigation was found to be largely composed of wastewater (47–73%). Influence of spray irrigation on receiving water bodies varies with respect to flow conditions. DA - 2016/7// PY - 2016/7// DO - 10.2134/jeq2015.11.0577 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 1303-1312 J2 - J. Environ. Qual. LA - en OP - SN - 0047-2425 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.11.0577 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydro-Climatological Influences on Long-Term Dissolved Organic Carbon in a Mountain Stream of the Southeastern United States AU - Singh, Nitin K. AU - Reyes, Wilmer M. AU - Bernhardt, Emily S. AU - Bhattacharya, Ruchi AU - Meyer, Judy L. AU - Knoepp, Jennifer D. AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - In the past decade, significant increases in surface water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have been reported for large aquatic ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere and have been attributed variously to global warming, altered hydrologic conditions, and atmospheric deposition, among other factors. We analyzed a 25-yr DOC record (1988-2012) available for a forested headwater stream in the United States and documented two distinct regimes of stream DOC trends. From 1988 to 2001, annual mean volume-weighted DOC concentration (DOC, mg L) and annual DOC flux (kg ha yr) declined by 34 and 56%, respectively. During 1997 to 2012, the decline in DOC and DOC flux increased by 141 and 165%, respectively. Declining DOC from 1988 to 2001 corresponded to a decline in growing season runoff, which has the potential to influence mobilization of DOC from uplands to streams. Increasing DOC from 1997 to 2012 corresponded to increased precipitation early in the growing season and to an increase in the number and intensity of short-duration fall storms capable of mobilizing long-accrued DOC from forest litter and soils. In contrast, total annual runoff declined throughout the period. Rising air temperature, atmospheric acid deposition, and nitrogen depositions did not offer any plausible explanation for the observed bidirectional annual trends of stream DOC. Our study highlights the critical role of long-term datasets and analyses for understanding the impacts of climate change on carbon and water cycles and associated functions of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2015.10.0537 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 1286-1295 SN - 1537-2537 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000378856400019&KeyUID=WOS:000378856400019 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest biogeochemistry in response to drought AU - Schlesinger, William H. AU - Dietze, Michael C. AU - Jackson, Robert B. AU - Phillips, Richard P. AU - Rhoades, Charles C. AU - Rustad, Lindsey E. AU - Vose, James M. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Trees alter their use and allocation of nutrients in response to drought, and changes in soil nutrient cycling and trace gas flux (N 2 O and CH 4 ) are observed when experimental drought is imposed on forests. In extreme droughts, trees are increasingly susceptible to attack by pests and pathogens, which can lead to major changes in nutrient flux to the soil. Extreme droughts often lead to more common and more intense forest fires, causing dramatic changes in the nutrient storage and loss from forest ecosystems. Changes in the future manifestation of drought will affect carbon uptake and storage in forests, leading to feedbacks to the Earth's climate system. We must improve the recognition of drought in nature, our ability to manage our forests in the face of drought, and the parameterization of drought in earth system models for improved predictions of carbon uptake and storage in the world's forests. DA - 2016/7// PY - 2016/7// DO - 10.1111/gcb.13105 VL - 22 IS - 7 SP - 2318-2328 SN - 1365-2486 KW - biogeochemistry KW - carbon cycle KW - fire KW - forest management KW - insect attack KW - soil biogeochemistry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accounting for residential propagule pressure improves prediction of urban plant invasion AU - Davis, Amy J. S. AU - Singh, Kunwar K. AU - Thill, Jean-Claude AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - ECOSPHERE AB - Abstract Plant invasions substantially impact the ecosystem services provided by forests in urbanizing regions. Knowing where invasion risk is greatest helps target early detection and eradication efforts, but developing an accurate predictive model of invasive species presence and spread on the basis of habitat suitability remains a challenge due to spatial variation in propagule pressure (the number of individuals released) which is likely conflated with suitability. In addition to neighborhood propagule pressure that originates with propagules dispersing from naturalized populations within invaded habitats, we expect residential propagule pressure arising from the widespread use of exotic plants in the yards of single‐family residences to be an important driver of invasions, and to notably improve the predictive accuracy of species distribution models ( SDM s). To this end, we collected presence/absence data for a widespread forest invader, Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) , from 400 stratified random plots located along an urban gradient across the Charlotte, North Carolina metropolitan area. We assessed the relative contribution of residential propagule pressure and neighborhood propagule pressure to improving the predictive performance of a probit SDM for Chinese privet that only contains environmental predictors. Our results indicate that, although the environment‐only model predicted the highest geographic area to be at risk of invasion by privet, it also had the highest rate of failure to accurately predict observed privet occurrences as indicated by the omission (incorrectly predicted absence) and commission (incorrectly predicted presence) error rates. Accounting for residential propagule pressure substantially improved model performance by reducing the omission error by nearly 50%, thereby improving upon the ability of the model to predict privet invasion in suboptimal habitat. Given that this increase in detection was accompanied by a decrease in the geographic area predicted at risk, we conclude that SDM s for invasive exotic shrubs and potentially for other synanthropic generalist plants may be highly inefficient when residential propagule pressure is not accounted for. Accounting for residential propagule pressure in models of invasive plants results in a more focused and accurate prediction of the area at risk, thus enabling decision makers to feasibly prioritize regional scale monitoring and control efforts. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1002/ecs2.1232 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2150-8925 KW - Chinese privet KW - force of invasion KW - generalist invader KW - habitat suitability model KW - human-mediated invasion pressure KW - invasive shrub KW - Ligustrum sinense KW - plant invasion KW - propagule pressure KW - species distribution model KW - urban forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - A hierarchical distance sampling model to estimate abundance and covariate associations of species and communities AU - Sollmann, Rahel AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Williams, Kathryn A. AU - Gilbert, Andrew T. AU - Veit, Richard R. T2 - METHODS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Summary Distance sampling is a common survey method in wildlife studies, because it allows accounting for imperfect detection. The framework has been extended to hierarchical distance sampling (HDS), which accommodates the modelling of abundance as a function of covariates, but rare and elusive species may not yield enough observations to fit such a model. We integrate HDS into a community modelling framework that accommodates multi‐species spatially replicated distance sampling data. The model allows species‐specific parameters, but these come from a common underlying distribution. This form of information sharing enables estimation of parameters for species with sparse data sets that would otherwise be discarded from analysis. We evaluate the performance of the model under varying community sizes with different species‐specific abundances through a simulation study. We further fit the model to a seabird data set obtained from shipboard distance sampling surveys off the East Coast of the USA. Comparing communities comprised of 5, 15 or 30 species, bias of all community‐level parameters and some species‐level parameters decreased with increasing community size, while precision increased. Most species‐level parameters were less biased for more abundant species. For larger communities, the community model increased precision in abundance estimates of rarely observed species when compared to single‐species models. For the seabird application, we found a strong negative association of community and species abundance with distance to shore. Water temperature and prey density had weak effects on seabird abundance. Patterns in overall abundance were consistent with known seabird ecology. The community distance sampling model can be expanded to account for imperfect availability, imperfect species identification or other missing individual covariates. The model allowed us to make inference about ecology of species communities, including rarely observed species, which is particularly important in conservation and management. The approach holds great potential to improve inference on species communities that can be surveyed with distance sampling. DA - 2016/5// PY - 2016/5// DO - 10.1111/2041-210x.12518 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 529-537 SN - 2041-2096 KW - Bayesian P-value KW - cluster size KW - hierarchical model KW - seabirds KW - sparse data KW - wildlife surveys ER - TY - JOUR TI - Watershed memory at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory: The effect of past precipitation and storage on hydrologic response AU - Nippgen, Fabian AU - McGlynn, Brian L. AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. AU - Vose, James M. T2 - WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AB - Abstract The rainfall‐runoff response of watersheds is affected by the legacy of past hydroclimatic conditions. We examined how variability in precipitation affected streamflow using 21 years of daily streamflow and precipitation data from five watersheds at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in southwestern North Carolina, USA. The gauged watersheds contained both coniferous and deciduous vegetation, dominant north and south aspects, and differing precipitation magnitudes. Lag‐correlations between precipitation and runoff ratios across a range of temporal resolutions indicated strong influence of past precipitation (i.e., watershed memory). At all time‐scales, runoff ratios strongly depended on the precipitation of previous time steps. At monthly time scales, the influence of past precipitation was detectable for up to 7 months. At seasonal time scales, the previous season had a greater effect on a season's runoff ratio than the same season's precipitation. At annual time scales, the previous year was equally important for a year's runoff ratio than the same year's precipitation. Estimated watershed storage through time and specifically the previous year's storage state was strongly correlated with the residuals of a regression between annual precipitation and annual runoff, partially explaining observed variability in annual runoff in watersheds with deep soils. This effect was less pronounced in the steepest watershed that also contained shallow soils. We suggest that the location of a watershed on a nonlinear watershed‐scale storage‐release curve can explain differences in runoff during growing and dormant season between watersheds with different annual evapotranspiration. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1002/2015wr018196 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - 1673-1695 SN - 1944-7973 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000374706300007&KeyUID=WOS:000374706300007 KW - watershed KW - water balance KW - storage KW - watershed memory KW - Coweeta KW - precipitation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variability in isotopic composition of base flow in two headwater streams of the southern Appalachians AU - Singh, Nitin K. AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. AU - McGlynn, Brian L. T2 - WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AB - Abstract We investigated the influence of hillslope scale topographic characteristics and the relative position of hillslopes along streams (i.e., internal catchment structure) on the isotopic composition of base flow in first‐order, forested headwater streams at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. The study focused on two adjacent forested catchments with different topographic characteristics. We used stable isotopes ( 18 O and 2 H) of water together with stream gauging and geospatial analysis to evaluate relationships between internal catchment structure and the spatiotemporal variability of base flow δ 18 O. Base flow δ 18 O was variable in space and time along streams, and the temporal variability of base flow δ 18 O declined with increasing drainage area. Base flow became enriched in 18 O moving along streams from channel heads to catchment outlets but the frequency of enrichment varied between catchments. The spatiotemporal variability in base flow δ 18 O was high adjacent to large hillslopes with short flow paths, and it was positively correlated with the relative arrangement of hillslopes within the catchment. These results point to influence of unique arrangement of hillslopes on the patterns of downstream enrichment. Spatial variability in base flow δ 18 O within the streams was relatively low during dry and wet conditions, but it was higher during the transition period between dry and wet conditions. These results suggest that the strength of topographic control on the isotopic composition of base flow can vary with catchment wetness. This study highlights that topographic control on base flow generation and isotopic composition is important even at fine spatial scales. DA - 2016/6// PY - 2016/6// DO - 10.1002/2015wr018463 VL - 52 IS - 6 SP - 4264-4279 SN - 1944-7973 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000380100200004&KeyUID=WOS:000380100200004 KW - runoff generation KW - forested catchments KW - stable isotopes of water KW - catchment structure KW - hillslope-scale topography ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Mating System of White-Tailed Deer Under Quality Deer Management AU - Turner, Melissa M. AU - Deperno, Christopher S. AU - Booth, Warren AU - Vargo, Edward L. AU - Conner, Mark C. AU - Lancia, Richard A. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Mating systems, which can reveal temporal and spatial plasticity within a given species, may influence inbreeding, effective population size, genetic diversity, reproductive fitness, and survival. Although observational research on white-tailed deer has indicated dominant males monopolize breeding opportunities, recent molecular studies suggest a more complex system. It is possible that population characteristics fostered under management strategies designed to balance the sex ratio and extend the male age structure, such as Quality Deer Management (QDM), influence the pre-breeding interactions that affect the distribution of mating success across age classes. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the white-tailed deer mating system under QDM through paternity analysis. Using 8 microsatellite loci and tissue samples harvested from hunter-killed deer at Chesapeake Farms in Chestertown, Maryland, we evaluated 731 deer. The ≥3.5 age class dominated mating at Chesapeake Farms, with 41% of paternity. However, together, the 1.5- and 2.5-year-old age classes accounted for more than half of paternity (59%). No evidence of polyandry was detected. Our results indicate the interaction between the sex ratio and age structure, fostered by strategies that balance the sex ratio and extend the male age structure, facilitate breeding by younger males. These results indicate management strategies that employ QDM practices with a goal of propagating the genes of dominant males may fall short, and the interplay among sex ratio, age structure, and dominance relationships may be the main influences of mating success. Managers should account for these findings when setting expectations for reproduction under restricted harvest. © 2016 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2016/7// PY - 2016/7// DO - 10.1002/jwmg.1067 VL - 80 IS - 5 SP - 935-940 SN - 1937-2817 KW - Chesapeake Farms KW - microsatellite profiling KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - paternity analysis KW - Quality Deer Management KW - white-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Streamflow response to increasing precipitation extremes altered by forest management AU - Kelly, Charlene N. AU - McGuire, Kevin J. AU - Miniat, Chelcy Ford AU - Vose, James M. T2 - GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS AB - Abstract Increases in extreme precipitation events of floods and droughts are expected to occur worldwide. The increase in extreme events will result in changes in streamflow that are expected to affect water availability for human consumption and aquatic ecosystem function. We present an analysis that may greatly improve current streamflow models by quantifying the impact of the interaction between forest management and precipitation. We use daily long‐term data from paired watersheds that have undergone forest harvest or species conversion. We find that interactive effects of climate change, represented by changes in observed precipitation trends, and forest management regime, significantly alter expected streamflow most often during extreme events, ranging from a decrease of 59% to an increase of 40% in streamflow, depending upon management. Our results suggest that vegetation might be managed to compensate for hydrologic responses due to climate change to help mitigate effects of extreme changes in precipitation. DA - 2016/4/28/ PY - 2016/4/28/ DO - 10.1002/2016gl068058 VL - 43 IS - 8 SP - 3727-3736 SN - 1944-8007 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moose (Alces alces) hunters subsidize the scavenger community in Alaska AU - Lafferty, Diana J. R. AU - Loman, Zachary G. AU - White, Kevin S. AU - Morzillo, Anita T. AU - Belant, Jerrold L. T2 - POLAR BIOLOGY DA - 2016/4// PY - 2016/4// DO - 10.1007/s00300-015-1819-4 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 639-647 SN - 1432-2056 KW - Canids KW - Corvids KW - Carrion KW - Moose KW - Scavengers KW - Subsidies ER - TY - JOUR TI - Meeting renewable energy and land use objectives through public-private biomass supply partnerships AU - Galik, Christopher S. AU - Abt, Robert C. AU - Latta, Gregory AU - Meley, Andreanne AU - Henderson, Jesse D. T2 - APPLIED ENERGY AB - Bioenergy is a significant source of renewable energy in the U.S. and internationally. We explore whether creation of localized bioenergy markets near existing military installations in the southeastern U.S. could simultaneously address military renewable energy generation objectives while reducing urban encroachment. We model the use of public–private partnerships to stimulate the creation of these markets, in which stable installation demand is paired with stable supply from surrounding landowners. We employ two economic models – the SubRegional Timber Supply (SRTS) model and the Forest and Agricultural Sector Model with Greenhouse Gases (FASOMGHG) – to assess how markets influence forest and agriculture land use, renewable energy production, and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation at the regional and national levels. When all selected installations increase bioenergy capacity simultaneously, we find increased preservation of forest land area, increased forest carbon storage in the region, and increased renewable energy generation at military installations. Nationally, however, carbon stocks are depleted as harvests increase, increasing GHG emissions even after accounting for potential displaced emissions from coal- or natural gas-fired generation. Increasing bioenergy generation on a single installation within the southeast has very different effects on forest area and composition, yielding greater standing timber volume and higher forest carbon stock. In addition to demonstrating the benefits of linking two partial equilibrium models of varying solution technique, sectoral scope, and resource detail, results suggest that a tailored policy approach may be more effective in meeting local encroachment reduction and renewable energy generation objectives while avoiding negative GHG mitigation consequences. DA - 2016/6/15/ PY - 2016/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.047 VL - 172 SP - 264-274 SN - 1872-9118 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84962157622&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Military installation KW - US Department of Defense KW - Forest carbon KW - Southeast U.S KW - Economic modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of the conservation education program in Serra Malagueta Natural Park, Cape Verde AU - Burnett, Edmund AU - Sills, Erin AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - DePerno, Christopher T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION RESEARCH AB - Environmental and conservation education programs are commonly offered in the rapidly expanding network of protected areas in developing countries. There have been few evaluations of these programs and their impacts on participants. At Serra Malagueta Natural Park in Cape Verde, we assessed changes in environmental knowledge, opinions, and behaviors among visiting school children and a comparison group that did not visit the park. Participation in the park’s conservation education program has a positive impact on environmental knowledge after the visit. The program may also contribute to student knowledge by influencing classroom teaching in anticipation of the park visit. DA - 2016/5// PY - 2016/5// DO - 10.1080/13504622.2015.1015497 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 538-550 SN - 1469-5871 KW - conservation education KW - Cape Verde KW - park visitation KW - impact evaluation KW - conservation knowledge ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating the benefit of captive breeding and reintroductions to endangered Sonoran pronghorn AU - Horne, Jon S. AU - Hervert, John J. AU - Woodruff, Susannah P. AU - Mills, L. Scott T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis), an endangered subspecies of American pronghorn, are of great conservation concern in the southwestern U. S. Following a dramatic population decline in 2002, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) began a captive breeding program that has subsequently been used to supplement the wild population. Additionally, in 2009 the USFWS proposed to establish another, self-sustaining population outside of their range at that time. We modeled Sonoran pronghorn population dynamics based on time-series of abundance and conducted a population viability analysis (PVA) to evaluate the benefit of these management actions. We found that rates of change in the Sonoran pronghorn population were closely tied to the amount of precipitation in the area but that viability was greatly enhanced by conservation actions including the maintenance of a captive population, as well as the establishment of two additional populations outside the current range. DA - 2016/4// PY - 2016/4// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.02.005 VL - 196 SP - 133-146 SN - 1873-2917 KW - Antilocapra americana sonoriensis KW - Arizona KW - Population viability analysis KW - Stochastic KW - Time series KW - Uncertainty analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do indirect bite count surveys accurately represent diet selection of white-tailed deer in a forested environment? AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Street, Garrett M. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - WILDLIFE RESEARCH AB - Context Diet selection is studied in herbivores using three predominant methods: (1) microhistological surveys (identification of plants cell walls remaining in gut contents or faecal excretions); (2) direct bite counts (of tame animals); and (3) indirect bite counts (identifying herbivory on damaged plant tissues). Microhistological surveys and direct bite counts are accurate and provide the potential advantage of linking diet selection to particular individuals. Also, they allow diet selection to be measured in systems with sympatric herbivores more easily than indirect bite counts. However, they require expertise in cell wall structure identification or access to tame animals, and generally require greater expense than indirect bite counts. Conversely, indirect bite counts have the advantages of relatively low cost and time commitment for gathering data and do not require animal observation, but may not be accurate. Aims We tested for similarity between diet-selection estimates calculated by indirect bite counts and microhistological surveys. Methods We performed concurrent indirect bite count and faecal microhistological surveys on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) at Fort Bragg Military Installation, NC. Key results The indirect bite count survey assignment of selection was 48% similar to assignments derived from the microhistological survey, based on Jaccard’s similarity index. Out of 23 plant species determined to be selected by indirect bite counts, 15 of those species were selected according to microhistological surveys. According to the microhistological survey, eight of the selected plants made up 51% of the overall diet, and seven of those eight were selected according to the indirect bite counts. Conclusions Our data indicate that indirect bite counts may provide a relatively accurate index of the deer-selected plants most important in the white-tailed deer diet, but may be less appropriate to determine selection of plants that infrequently occur in their diet, plants that are typically consumed in entirety, or plants where herbivory damage is poorly identified. Implications Indirect bite counts are a relatively inexpensive and time-efficient tool that may be useful to determine plant species most important to white-tailed deer within a forested landscape, particularly if additional research can improve on associated inaccuracies. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1071/wr15008 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 254-260 SN - 1448-5494 KW - Chesson Index KW - diet selection transect KW - herbivory KW - indirect bite count KW - microhistological survey KW - white-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do biomass harvesting guidelines influence herpetofauna following harvests of logging residues for renewable energy? AU - Fritts, Sarah AU - Moorman, Christopher AU - Grodsky, Steven AU - Hazel, Dennis AU - Homyack, Jessica AU - Farrell, Chris AU - Castleberry, Steven T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - Forests are a major supplier of renewable energy; however, gleaning logging residues for use as woody biomass feedstock could negatively alter habitat for species dependent on downed wood. Biomass Harvesting Guidelines (BHGs) recommend retaining a portion of woody biomass on the forest floor following harvest. Despite BHGs being developed to help ensure ecological sustainability, their contribution to biodiversity has not been evaluated experimentally at operational scales. We compared herpetofauanal evenness, diversity, and richness and abundance of Anaxyrus terrestris and Gastrophryne carolinensis among six treatments that varied in volume and spatial arrangement of woody biomass retained after clearcutting loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations in North Carolina, USA (n = 4), 2011-2014 and Georgia (n = 4), USA 2011-2013. Treatments were: (1) biomass harvest with no BHGs, (2) 15% retention with biomass clustered, (3) 15% retention with biomass dispersed, (4) 30% retention with biomass clustered, (5) 30% retention with biomass dispersed, and (6) no biomass harvest. We captured individuals with drift fence arrays and compared evenness, diversity, and richness metrics among treatments with repeated-measure, linear mixed-effects models. We determined predictors of A. terrestris and G. carolinensis abundances using a priori candidate N-mixture models with woody biomass volume, vegetation structure, and groundcover composition as covariates. We had 206 captures of 25 reptile species and 8710 captures of 17 amphibian species during 53690 trap nights. Herpetofauna diversity, evenness, and richness were similar among treatments. A. terrestris abundance was negatively related to volume of retained woody biomass in treatment units in North Carolina in 2013. G. carolinensis abundance was positively related with volume of retained woody debris in treatment units in Georgia in 2012. Other relationships between A. terrestris and G. carolinensis abundances and habitat metrics were weak or absent. The lack of consistent community or population responses suggests the addition of a woody biomass harvest to a clearcut in pine plantations does not impact herpetofauna use of Coastal Plain loblolly plantations in the southeastern United States. We recommend additional research to examine relationships between woody biomass harvesting and rarer species or amphibians with high desiccation risk, particularly in other regions and harvesting systems. DA - 2016/4// PY - 2016/4// DO - 10.1890/14-2078 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 926-939 SN - 1939-5582 KW - amphibian KW - biomass harvesting guidelines KW - clearcut KW - downed woody debris KW - Georgia KW - USA KW - herpetofauna KW - North Carolina KW - USA KW - pine plantation KW - renewable energy KW - toads KW - woody biomass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Describing a developing hybrid zone between red wolves and coyotes in eastern North Carolina, USA AU - Bohling, Justin H. AU - Dellinger, Justin AU - McVey, Justin M. AU - Cobb, David T. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Waits, Lisette P. T2 - EVOLUTIONARY APPLICATIONS AB - When hybridizing species come into contact, understanding the processes that regulate their interactions can help predict the future outcome of the system. This is especially relevant in conservation situations where human activities can influence hybridization dynamics. We investigated a developing hybrid zone between red wolves and coyotes in North Carolina, USA to elucidate patterns of hybridization in a system heavily managed for preservation of the red wolf genome. Using noninvasive genetic sampling of scat, we surveyed a 2880 km(2) region adjacent to the Red Wolf Experimental Population Area (RWEPA). We combined microsatellite genotypes collected from this survey with those from companion studies conducted both within and outside the RWEPA to describe the gradient of red wolf ancestry. A total of 311 individuals were genotyped at 17 loci and red wolf ancestry decreased along an east-west gradient across the RWEPA. No red wolves were found outside the RWEPA, yet half of individuals found within this area were coyotes. Hybrids composed only 4% of individuals within this landscape despite co-occurrence of the two species throughout the RWEPA. The low proportion of hybrids suggests that a combination of active management and natural isolating mechanisms may be limiting intermixing within this hybrid system. DA - 2016/7// PY - 2016/7// DO - 10.1111/eva.12388 VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 791-804 SN - 1752-4571 KW - conservation-reliant species KW - endangered species KW - genetic cline KW - genetic introgression KW - noninvasive genetic sampling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Change in Numbers of Resident and Migratory Shorebirds at the Cabo Rojo Salt Flats, Puerto Rico, USA (1985-2014) AU - Parks, Morgan A. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Colon, Jose A. AU - Alvarez, Katsi R. Ramos AU - Diaz, Oscar T2 - WATERBIRDS AB - North American migratory shorebirds have declined markedly since the 1980s, underscoring the importance of population surveys to conduct status and trend assessments. Shorebird surveys were conducted during three multi-year periods between 1985 and 2014 and used to assess changes in numbers and species composition at the Cabo Rojo Salt Flats, Puerto Rico, USA, a site of regional importance in the eastern Caribbean. Eight fewer species (total = 21) were recorded in 2013–2014 as compared to the 29 from 1985–1992; all eight species were Nearctic migrants. Small calidrids had the highest population counts; however, this suite of species and all others experienced a ≥ 70% decline. Combined counts from the salt flats and neighboring wetlands in 2013–2014 were lower than counts only from the Cabo Rojo Salt Flats in two previous multi-year survey periods, which indicated a real change in numbers not just a shift in wetland use. Invertebrate prey density was lower in 2013–2014 than in 1994. Body fat condition of Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla), an index of habitat quality, did not differ between 1985–1992 and 2013–2014. These findings do not exclude the possibility that other species might be affected by lower prey density, or that local declines in numbers reflect changes at hemispheric, not local, scales. The magnitude of change between local and hemispheric scales closely matched for some species. Continued monitoring at the salt flats is warranted to help gauge the status of shorebirds in Puerto Rico and discern the probable cause of declines. Monitoring other sites in the Caribbean is needed for stronger inferences about regional status and trends. DA - 2016/6// PY - 2016/6// DO - 10.1675/063.039.0213 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 209-214 SN - 1938-5390 KW - Cabo Rojo KW - Calidrids KW - Caribbean KW - population declines KW - salt flats KW - shorebirds KW - surveys ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biotic and abiotic impacts of Double-crested cormorant breeding colonies on forested islands in the southeastern United States AU - Lafferty, Diana J. R. AU - Hanson-Dorr, Katie C. AU - Prisock, Amanda M. AU - Dorr, Brian S. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) numbers have increased in North America, and concomitantly cormorants appear to be expanding their nesting range in the southeastern United States. Because colonial nesting waterbirds can impact water quality, soil chemistry and subsequent vegetation succession patterns, our goal was to assess the extent to which cormorant breeding colonies are influencing the biotic and abiotic attributes of forested islands in the southeastern United States. Our objectives were to (1) compare water quality characteristics in near-shore surface waters around forested islands with and without nesting cormorants during the peak-nesting/fledgling period and post-fledgling period, (2) measure soil chemistry parameters for forested islands with and without nesting cormorants, and (3) compare tree health metrics on forested islands with and without nesting cormorants. Our results indicate that cormorant colonies are not significant contributors to general coliforms or Escherichia coli levels in waters surrounding southern breeding colonies. Cormorants also do not appear to have significant direct effects on water chemistry. We did find that cormorant colonies are affecting soil chemistry. Soil from within the nesting colony was more acidic and had greater concentrations of phosphorous than soils on reference islands. In addition, we found evidence that cormorants are negatively affecting tree health within nesting colonies as evidenced by a greater number of trees of lower vigor class within the nesting colonies compared to reference sites. While cormorants do cause abiotic and biotic changes, these are part of the natural ecological processes that occur following waterbird colonization. Management to reduce unwanted impacts that nesting cormorants are having on forested island habitats should be considered within a framework that allows for natural ecological processes, including changes in soil chemistry and subsequent vegetation succession. DA - 2016/6/1/ PY - 2016/6/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.03.026 VL - 369 SP - 10-19 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Double-crested Cormorant KW - Forest health KW - Human-wildlife conflict KW - Soil chemistry KW - Waterbirds KW - Water quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment and simulation of global terrestrial latent heat flux by synthesis of CMIP5 climate models and surface eddy covariance observations AU - Yao, Yunjun AU - Liang, Shunlin AU - Li, Xianglan AU - Liu, Shaomin AU - Chen, Jiquan AU - Zhang, Xiaotong AU - Jia, Kun AU - Jiang, Bo AU - Xie, Xianhong AU - Munier, Simon AU - Liu, Meng AU - Yu, Jian AU - Lindroth, Anders AU - Varlagin, Andrej AU - Raschi, Antonio AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Pio, Casimiro AU - Wohlfahrt, Georg AU - Sun, Ge AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Montagnani, Leonardo AU - Lund, Magnus AU - Eddy, Moors AU - Blanken, Peter D. AU - Gruenwald, Thomas AU - Wolf, Sebastian AU - Magliulo, Vincenzo T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - The latent heat flux (LE) between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere is a major driver of the global hydrological cycle. In this study, we evaluated LE simulations by 45 general circulation models (GCMs) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) by a comparison with eddy covariance (EC) observations from 240 globally distributed sites from 2000 to 2009. In addition, we improved global terrestrial LE estimates for different land cover types by synthesis of seven best CMIP5 models and EC observations based on a Bayesian model averaging (BMA) method. The comparison results showed substantial differences in monthly LE among all GCMs. The model CESM1-CAM5 has the best performance with the highest predictive skill and a Taylor skill score (S) from 0.51–0.75 for different land cover types. The cross-validation results illustrate that the BMA method has improved the accuracy of the CMIP5 GCM’s LE simulation with a decrease in the averaged root-mean-square error (RMSE) by more than 3 W/m2 when compared to the simple model averaging (SMA) method and individual GCMs. We found an increasing trend in the BMA-based global terrestrial LE (slope of 0.018 W/m2 yr−1, p < 0.05) during the period 1970–2005. This variation may be attributed directly to the inter-annual variations in air temperature (Ta), surface incident solar radiation (Rs) and precipitation (P). However, our study highlights a large difference from previous studies in a continuous increasing trend after 1998, which may be caused by the combined effects of the variations of Rs, Ta, and P on LE for different models on these time scales. This study provides corrected-modeling evidence for an accelerated global water cycle with climate change. DA - 2016/6/15/ PY - 2016/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.03.016 VL - 223 SP - 151-167 SN - 1873-2240 KW - Global terrestrial LE KW - CMIP5 KW - GCMs KW - BMA KW - Taylor skill score ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive divergence despite strong genetic drift: genomic analysis of the evolutionary mechanisms causing genetic differentiation in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) AU - Funk, W. Chris AU - Lovich, Robert E. AU - Hohenlohe, Paul A. AU - Hofman, Courtney A. AU - Morrison, Scott A. AU - Sillett, T. Scott AU - Ghalambor, Cameron K. AU - Maldonado, Jesus E. AU - Rick, Torben C. AU - Day, Mitch D. AU - Polato, Nicholas R. AU - Fitzpatrick, Sarah W. AU - Coonan, Timothy J. AU - Crooks, Kevin R. AU - Dillon, Adam AU - Garcelon, David K. AU - King, Julie L. AU - Boser, Christina L. AU - Gould, Nicholas AU - Andelt, William F. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - The evolutionary mechanisms generating the tremendous biodiversity of islands have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. Genetic drift and divergent selection are predicted to be strong on islands and both could drive population divergence and speciation. Alternatively, strong genetic drift may preclude adaptation. We conducted a genomic analysis to test the roles of genetic drift and divergent selection in causing genetic differentiation among populations of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis). This species consists of six subspecies, each of which occupies a different California Channel Island. Analysis of 5293 SNP loci generated using Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD) sequencing found support for genetic drift as the dominant evolutionary mechanism driving population divergence among island fox populations. In particular, populations had exceptionally low genetic variation, small Ne (range = 2.1-89.7; median = 19.4), and significant genetic signatures of bottlenecks. Moreover, islands with the lowest genetic variation (and, by inference, the strongest historical genetic drift) were most genetically differentiated from mainland grey foxes, and vice versa, indicating genetic drift drives genome-wide divergence. Nonetheless, outlier tests identified 3.6-6.6% of loci as high FST outliers, suggesting that despite strong genetic drift, divergent selection contributes to population divergence. Patterns of similarity among populations based on high FST outliers mirrored patterns based on morphology, providing additional evidence that outliers reflect adaptive divergence. Extremely low genetic variation and small Ne in some island fox populations, particularly on San Nicolas Island, suggest that they may be vulnerable to fixation of deleterious alleles, decreased fitness and reduced adaptive potential. DA - 2016/5// PY - 2016/5// DO - 10.1111/mec.13605 VL - 25 IS - 10 SP - 2176-2194 SN - 1365-294X KW - conservation genomics KW - divergent selection KW - effective population size KW - genetic drift KW - population divergence ER - TY - JOUR TI - A fast exploration of very deep soil layers by Eucalyptus seedlings and clones in Brazil AU - Pinheiro, R. C. AU - Deus, J. C. AU - Nouvellon, Y. AU - Campoe, O. C. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Alo, L. L. AU - Guerrini, I. A. AU - Jourdan, C. AU - Laclau, J. P. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 366 SP - 143-152 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Comparison of Survey Techniques for Medium- to Large-sized Mammals in Forested Wetlands AU - Rockhill, Aimee P. AU - Sollman, Rahel AU - Powell, Roger A. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - Monitoring mammals is becoming increasingly important as state and federal agencies develop wildlife action plans addressing increased urbanization and climatechange impacts on plant and animal populations. We designed and implemented surveys applicable to forested wetlands to assess detection rates, estimate species richness, compare species distributions, and assess relative cost versus success among techniques. The survey techniques implemented included opportunistic observations, predator calling, spotlighting, scent stations, camera survey, and foothold trapping. Opportunistic observations produced the highest species-richness estimate (14), and were the least expensive ($0) because they were conducted while implementing other survey techniques. Trapping was the most expensive technique with a cost of $61 per animal detected but provided age structure and population estimates through mark—recapture analysis. Camera survey was relatively expensive with a cost of $1865 for the entire study period but recorded the most detections (n = 673), which resulted in a low per detection cost ($3). Opportunistic observations and camera surveys documented 2 species not detected by any other method. Our results indicate that, although camera survey was a cost-effective way to detect mammals, richness and distribution estimates could be improved by incorporating a variety of monitoring techniques specific to forested wetlands. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1656/058.015.0112 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 175-187 SN - 1938-5412 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban Vegetative Cover Fragmentation in the US Associations With Physical Activity and BMI AU - Tsai, Wei-Lun AU - Floyd, Myron F. AU - Leung, Yu-Fai AU - McHale, Melissa R. AU - Reich, Brian J. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AB - Introduction Urban vegetative cover provides a range of ecosystem services including contributions to human health and well-being. Urbanization exerts tremendous pressure on this natural resource, causing fragmentation and loss of urban greenspace. This study aimed to examine associations between vegetative cover fragmentation and physical activity and BMI at the county scale in the U.S. metropolitan statistical areas greater than 1 million in population. Methods National Land Cover Database 2006 and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2008 provided land cover and human health data, respectively. Analyses were performed in 2013 at the county scale where the health data were reported. Spearman rank correlation and stepwise and hierarchical regression models were applied to estimate relationships between land cover and health variables. Results After controlling for median household income and race, greater forest edge density (β=0.272, p<0.05) and larger size of herbaceous patches (β=0.261, p<0.01) were associated with a higher percentage of participation in physical activity within counties. More connections between forest and developed area (β=0.37, p<0.01) and greater edge density of shrubland (β=0.646, p<0.001) were positively associated with a higher percentage of normal BMI (<25) within counties. Conclusions Forest land cover and some degree of fragmentation are associated with population physical activity. Future studies should examine how built environments and varying land cover configurations influence physical activity and weight status. DA - 2016/4// PY - 2016/4// DO - 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.022 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 509-517 SN - 1873-2607 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84961144121&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil-plant-atmosphere conditions regulating convective cloud formation above southeastern US pine plantations AU - Manoli, Gabriele AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Novick, Kimberly AU - Oishi, Andrew Christopher AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Marani, Marco AU - Katul, Gabriel T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Loblolly pine trees ( Pinus taeda L.) occupy more than 20% of the forested area in the southern United States, represent more than 50% of the standing pine volume in this region, and remove from the atmosphere about 500 g C m per year through net ecosystem exchange. Hence, their significance as a major regional carbon sink can hardly be disputed. What is disputed is whether the proliferation of young plantations replacing old forest in the southern United States will alter key aspects of the hydrologic cycle, including convective rainfall, which is the focus of the present work. Ecosystem fluxes of sensible ( ) and latent heat (LE) and large‐scale, slowly evolving free atmospheric temperature and water vapor content are known to be first‐order controls on the formation of convective clouds in the atmospheric boundary layer. These controlling processes are here described by a zero‐order analytical model aimed at assessing how plantations of different ages may regulate the persistence and transition of the atmospheric system between cloudy and cloudless conditions. Using the analytical model together with field observations, the roles of ecosystem and LE on convective cloud formation are explored relative to the entrainment of heat and moisture from the free atmosphere. Our results demonstrate that cloudy–cloudless regimes at the land surface are regulated by a nonlinear relation between the Bowen ratio and root‐zone soil water content, suggesting that young/mature pines ecosystems have the ability to recirculate available water (through rainfall predisposition mechanisms). Such nonlinearity was not detected in a much older pine stand, suggesting a higher tolerance to drought but a limited control on boundary layer dynamics. These results enable the generation of hypotheses about the impacts on convective cloud formation driven by afforestation/deforestation and groundwater depletion projected to increase following increased human population in the southeastern United States. DA - 2016/6// PY - 2016/6// DO - 10.1111/gcb.13221 VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - 2238-2254 SN - 1365-2486 KW - convective clouds KW - forest ecosystem KW - land-cover change KW - soil-plant-atmosphere interactions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of individual, community, and landscape drivers on the dynamics of a wildland forest epidemic AU - Haas, S. E. AU - Cushman, J. H. AU - Dillon, W. W. AU - Rank, N. E. AU - Rizzo, D. M. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - Ecology AB - The challenges posed by observing host–pathogen–environment interactions across large geographic extents and over meaningful time scales limit our ability to understand and manage wildland epidemics. We conducted a landscape-scale, longitudinal study designed to analyze the dynamics of sudden oak death (an emerging forest disease caused by Phytophthora ramorum) across hierarchical levels of ecological interactions, from individual hosts up to the community and across the broader landscape. From 2004 to 2011, we annually assessed disease status of 732 coast live oak, 271 black oak, and 122 canyon live oak trees in 202 plots across a 275-km2 landscape in central California. The number of infected oak stems steadily increased during the eight-year study period. A survival analysis modeling framework was used to examine which level of ecological heterogeneity best predicted infection risk of susceptible oak species, considering variability at the level of individuals (species identity, stem size), the community (host density, inoculum load, and species richness), and the landscape (seasonal climate variability, habitat connectivity, and topographic gradients). After accounting for unobserved risk shared among oaks in the same plot, survival models incorporating heterogeneity across all three levels better predicted oak infection than did models focusing on only one level. We show that larger oak trees (especially coast live oak) were more susceptible, and that interannual variability in inoculum production by the highly infectious reservoir host, California bay laurel, more strongly influenced disease risk than simply the density of this important host. Concurrently, warmer and wetter rainy-season conditions in consecutive years intensified infection risk, presumably by creating a longer period of inoculum build-up and increased probability of pathogen spillover from bay laurel to oaks. Despite the presence of many alternate host species, we found evidence of pathogen dilution, where less competent hosts in species-rich communities reduce pathogen transmission and overall risk of oak infection. These results identify key parameters driving the dynamics of emerging infectious disease in California woodlands, while demonstrating how multiple levels of ecological heterogeneity jointly determine epidemic trajectories in wildland settings. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1890/15-0767 VL - 97 IS - 3 SP - 649–660 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do coyotes Canis latrans influence occupancy of prey in suburban forest fragments? AU - Jones, Brandon M. AU - Cove, Michael V. AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Jackson, Victoria L. T2 - CURRENT ZOOLOGY AB - With the extirpation of apex predators from many North American systems, coyotes Canis latrans have become the de facto top predator and are ubiquitous members of most ecosystems. Keystone predators aid in maintaining ecosystem function by regulating the mammal community through direct predation and instilling the landscape of fear, yet the value of coyotes regulating systems to this capacity is understudied and likely variable across environments. Since coyotes are common in the Midwestern United States, we utilized camera traps and occupancy analyses to assess their role in regulating the distribution of mammalian herbivores in a fragmented suburban ecosystem. Forest cover was a strong positive predictor of white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus detection, while coyote occurrence had a negative effect. Coyotes exerted a negative effect on squirrel (Sciurus spp.) and eastern cottontail rabbit Sylvilagus floridanus occurrence, while urban cover was a positive predictor for the prey species' occurrence. These results suggest all 3 species behaviorally avoid coyotes whereby deer seek denser forest cover and squirrels and cottontails mitigate risk by increasing use of urban areas. Although previous studies reveal limited influence of coyote on the rest of the carnivore guild in suburban systems, we suggest coyotes play an important role in regulating the herbivorous mammals and hence may provide similar ecological benefits in urban/suburban forest fragments through trophic cascades. Furthermore, since hunting may not be allowed in urban and suburban habitats, coyotes might also serve as the primary regulator of nuisance species occurring at high abundance such as white-tailed deer and squirrels. DA - 2016/2// PY - 2016/2// DO - 10.1093/cz/zov004 VL - 62 IS - 1 SP - 1-6 SN - 1674-5507 KW - camera traps KW - coyote KW - deer KW - rabbit KW - squirrel KW - urban wildlife ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Visual Survey and Mark-Recapture Population Estimates of a Benthic Fish in Hawaii AU - Hain, Ernie F. AU - Lamphere, Bradley A. AU - Blum, Michael J. AU - McIntyre, Peter B. AU - Nelson, Stacy A. C. AU - Gilliam, James F. T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Abstract Visual surveys are conducted to rapidly estimate population densities of stream fishes, often without calibration against more established or more widely used methods to determine precision and accuracy or to correct for potential biases. We compared population density estimates from a visual survey (VS) point quadrat method widely used in Hawaii with estimates from “in hand” individual and batch mark–recapture (BMR) methods. Visual survey sampling and individual mark–recapture (IMR) sampling were conducted in three watersheds that represent gradients of land use and prevalence of nonnative poeciliid fishes on the Island of Hawaii. Focusing on adult O‘opu Nākea Awaous stamineus , VSs were conducted prior to IMR events to allow direct comparisons of results independent of location and time. Density estimates of O‘opu Nākea from VS and IMR samplings were strongly correlated, although VS estimates were generally higher and underrepresented exceptionally large fish. Batch mark–recapture estimates of O‘opu Nākea densities were conducted for comparison with VSs at 13 sites across the archipelago. Estimates of VSs were not significantly different from BMR estimates. Estimates of VSs also exhibited less variance than did BMR estimates across sites. General linear models showed that the relationship between VS and IMR estimates varied significantly among watersheds but not seasons and that land use was associated with a greater mismatch between VS and BMR estimates of population density. These findings indicate that visual surveys using a point quadrat method are an efficient and accurate approach for estimating the abundance of small benthic fishes, such as O‘opu Nākea, in wadeable streams and that obtaining absolute densities or size distributions from VS methods would benefit from a calibration with IMR not BMR estimates. Received July 15, 2015; accepted February 23, 2016 Published online June 29, 2016 DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1080/00028487.2016.1159610 VL - 145 IS - 4 SP - 878-887 SN - 1548-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association genetics and transcriptome analysis reveal a gibberellin-responsive pathway involved in regulating photosynthesis AU - Xie, Jianbo AU - Tian, Jiaxing AU - Du, Qingzhang AU - Chen, Jinhui AU - Li, Ying AU - Yang, Xiaohui AU - Li, Bailian AU - Zhang, Deqiang T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Gibberellins (GAs) regulate a wide range of important processes in plant growth and development, including photosynthesis. However, the mechanism by which GAs regulate photosynthesis remains to be understood. Here, we used multi-gene association to investigate the effect of genes in the GA-responsive pathway, as constructed by RNA sequencing, on photosynthesis, growth, and wood property traits, in a population of 435 Populus tomentosa By analyzing changes in the transcriptome following GA treatment, we identified many key photosynthetic genes, in agreement with the observed increase in measurements of photosynthesis. Regulatory motif enrichment analysis revealed that 37 differentially expressed genes related to photosynthesis shared two essential GA-related cis-regulatory elements, the GA response element and the pyrimidine box. Thus, we constructed a GA-responsive pathway consisting of 47 genes involved in regulating photosynthesis, including GID1, RGA, GID2, MYBGa, and 37 photosynthetic differentially expressed genes. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based association analysis showed that 142 SNPs, representing 40 candidate genes in this pathway, were significantly associated with photosynthesis, growth, and wood property traits. Epistasis analysis uncovered interactions between 310 SNP-SNP pairs from 37 genes in this pathway, revealing possible genetic interactions. Moreover, a structural gene-gene matrix based on a time-course of transcript abundances provided a better understanding of the multi-gene pathway affecting photosynthesis. The results imply a functional role for these genes in mediating photosynthesis, growth, and wood properties, demonstrating the potential of combining transcriptome-based regulatory pathway construction and genetic association approaches to detect the complex genetic networks underlying quantitative traits. DA - 2016/5// PY - 2016/5// DO - 10.1093/jxb/erw151 VL - 67 IS - 11 SP - 3325-3338 SN - 1460-2431 KW - Association genetics KW - epistatic interactions KW - gibberellins KW - photosynthesis pathway KW - Populus tomentosa KW - transcriptome ER - TY - JOUR TI - Which species to conserve: evaluating children’s species-based conservation priorities AU - Shapiro, H. G. AU - Erickson, K. A. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Frew, K. N. AU - Stevenson, K. T. AU - Langerhans, R. B. T2 - Biodiversity and Conservation DA - 2016/2/20/ PY - 2016/2/20/ DO - 10.1007/s10531-016-1067-0 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 539-553 J2 - Biodivers Conserv LA - en OP - SN - 0960-3115 1572-9710 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10531-016-1067-0 DB - Crossref KW - Conservation prioritization KW - Endemism KW - Environmental education KW - Human dimensions KW - Threatened species KW - Values ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in needle and cone characteristics and seed germination ability of Abies bornmuelleriana and Abies equi-trojani populations from Turkey AU - Kurt, Y. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Landgren, C. AU - Chastagner, G. T2 - Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry AB - Turkish fir (Abies bornmuelleriana Mattf.) and Trojan fir (Abies equi-trojani (Aschers. Et Sint. Ex Boiss) Mattf.) are economically and ecologically important endemic species to Turkey. These species are also becoming increasingly popular in Europe and North America due to their suitable characteristics for use as Christmas trees coupled with their pest resistance. Provenance features, as well as needle and cone characteristics and seed germination ability, of three Turkish fir and two Trojan fir populations were studied. Provenance features (vigor score, crown score, and color) and mother tree characteristics (height class, diameter at breast height, and height) were very similar between species and among populations within species. Needles of Turkish fir were significantly (P < 0.05) longer and wider than those of Trojan fir. Turkish fir also had wider cones and a higher cone width/length ratio than Trojan fir. There were moderate, positive, and significant correlations between needle-cone characteristics and location variables (elevation, latitude, and longitude). Needle size tended to increase northwards, eastwards, and upwards along an altitudinal gradient. Cone width and the cone width/length ratio showed a weak trend of increasing northwards, while the cone width also showed a weak trend of increasing eastwards. Bract and cone length were not significantly correlated with any of the location variables. The overall mean cumulative germination percentage of Turkish fir seed (57%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of Trojan fir (36%). The natural genetic resources of both species should be conserved and managed sustainably to preserve the variation in their endemic locations because of their valuable benefits to Turkey and other countries. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.3906/tar-1502-101 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 169–176 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tissue extraction methods for metabolic profiling of a freshwater bivalve, Elliptio complanata (Lightfoot, 1786) AU - Hurley-Sanders, Jennifer L. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Nelson, Stacy A. C. AU - Showers, William AU - Mac Law, J. AU - Gracz, Hanna S. AU - Levine, Jay F. T2 - AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL BULLETIN AB - Much is still unknown about why freshwater mussels (Unionidae) are particularly sensitive to environmental change. A better understanding of freshwater mussel metabolism is needed, and the field of environmental metabolomics holds the promise to inform these questions. A number of protocols exist for the extraction of metabolites for identification from animal tissues. As a first step in the application of environmental metabolomics to the study of freshwater mussels, we compared extraction protocols using an inorganic oxidizing acid (perchloric acid), an organic nitrile (acetonitrile), and a salt/water solution (Ringer's solution) to establish an uncomplicated, robust, repeatable and inexpensive tissue extraction protocol for freshwater mussel tissue. Perchloric acid resulted in notable extraction of energy-related nucleotides (AMP/ADP/ATP), yet had the lowest peak count of the three extraction methods and showed poor repeatability. Acetonitrile and Ringer's solution yielded metabolite extraction results similar to each other with Ringer's solution having the greatest number of peaks particularly in the 3.0–4.5 ppm sugar/amino acid range. Ringer's solution is simple to use, safe and consistent and bears consideration when selecting an extraction protocol for 1H nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.4003/006.033.0209 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 185-194 SN - 2162-2698 KW - freshwater bivalve KW - metabolomics KW - NMR KW - nuclear magnetic resonance KW - Ringer's solution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resource selection by southeastern fox squirrels in a fire-maintained forest system AU - Prince, Annemarie AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. T2 - JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY AB - Abstract Fire is essential to maintain the open forest structure required by the southeastern fox squirrel ( Sciurus niger niger ). In recent decades, managers of the longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris ) ecosystem have transitioned from dormant-season to growing-season burns, which more effectively limit midstory hardwood encroachment. Similarly, aggressive hardwood removal programs have been employed to further reduce hardwood midstory. However, fox squirrels are dependent on oaks ( Quercus spp.) for food and cover; thus, it is unclear how growing-season burns and hardwood removal may affect habitat quality for fox squirrels. We used compositional analysis to investigate selection of home ranges within the study area by 48 radiocollared fox squirrels on the Fort Bragg Military Installation, North Carolina. We used resource utilization functions with growing-season fire history and other habitat covariates as explanatory variables to test whether growing-season fires influenced the selection of habitat components within home ranges. Lastly, using a sample of fox squirrel relocations and paired random points, we performed binomial logistic regression to test whether habitat selection by fox squirrels was influenced by the availability of oaks and longleaf pines and select forest stand structural characteristics. When establishing home ranges, fox squirrels selected southern yellow pine over other cover types. Within home ranges, fox squirrel use increased with decreasing distance to a riparian area but was not affected by the application of growing-season fires. At the population level, fox squirrels selected for greater densities of reproductively mature oak stems. Fox squirrels likely benefit from growing-season fires that maintain expansive upland pine stands but are negatively affected by homogeneous fire application and mechanical hardwood removal that reduce the occurrence of reproductively mature oaks across the landscape. Managers should strive to maintain oaks in riparian areas, fire shadows, and naturally occurring patches within pine stands when managing for fox squirrels. DA - 2016/4// PY - 2016/4// DO - 10.1093/jmammal/gyv210 VL - 97 IS - 2 SP - 631-638 SN - 1545-1542 KW - growing-season fire KW - hardwood KW - longleaf pine KW - oak KW - prescribed fire KW - Quercus KW - Sciurus niger ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phantoms of the forest: legacy risk effects of a regionally extinct large carnivore AU - Sahlén, Ellinor AU - Noell, Sonja AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Kindberg, Jonas AU - Spong, Göran AU - Cromsigt, Joris P.G.M. T2 - Ecology and Evolution AB - The increased abundance of large carnivores in Europe is a conservation success, but the impact on the behavior and population dynamics of prey species is generally unknown. In Europe, the recolonization of large carnivores often occurs in areas where humans have greatly modified the landscape through forestry or agriculture. Currently, we poorly understand the effects of recolonizing large carnivores on extant prey species in anthropogenic landscapes. Here, we investigated if ungulate prey species showed innate responses to the scent of a regionally exterminated but native large carnivore, and whether the responses were affected by human-induced habitat openness. We experimentally introduced brown bear Ursus arctos scent to artificial feeding sites and used camera traps to document the responses of three sympatric ungulate species. In addition to controls without scent, reindeer scent Rangifer tarandus was used as a noncarnivore, novel control scent. Fallow deer Dama dama strongly avoided areas with bear scent. In the presence of bear scent, all ungulate species generally used open sites more than closed sites, whereas the opposite was observed at sites with reindeer scent or without scent. The opening of forest habitat by human practices, such as forestry and agriculture, creates a larger gradient in habitat openness than available in relatively unaffected closed forest systems, which may create opportunities for prey to alter their habitat selection and reduce predation risk in human-modified systems that do not exist in more natural forest systems. Increased knowledge about antipredator responses in areas subjected to anthropogenic change is important because these responses may affect prey population dynamics, lower trophic levels, and attitudes toward large carnivores. These aspects may be of particular relevance in the light of the increasing wildlife populations across much of Europe. DA - 2016/1/15/ PY - 2016/1/15/ DO - 10.1002/ece3.1866 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 791-799 J2 - Ecol Evol LA - en OP - SN - 2045-7758 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1866 DB - Crossref KW - Anthropogenic change KW - antipredator response KW - brown bear KW - landscape of fear KW - predator-prey interactions KW - prey naivety KW - ungulates ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring root hydraulic parameters of container-grown herbaceous and woody plants using the hydraulic conductance flow meter AU - Judd, L. A. AU - Jackson, B. E. AU - Fonteno, W. C. AU - Domec, J. C. T2 - HortScience DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 192-196 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Host Phenology and Leaf Effects on Susceptibility of California Bay Laurel to Phytophthora ramorum AU - Johnston, Steven F. AU - Cohen, Michael F. AU - Torok, Tamas AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Rank, Nathan E. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Spread of the plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, causal agent of the forest disease sudden oak death, is driven by a few competent hosts that support spore production from foliar lesions. The relationship between traits of a principal foliar host, California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), and susceptibility to P. ramorum infection were investigated with multiple P. ramorum isolates and leaves collected from multiple trees in leaf-droplet assays. We examined whether susceptibility varies with season, leaf age, or inoculum position. Bay laurel susceptibility was highest during spring and summer and lowest in winter. Older leaves (>1 year) were more susceptible than younger ones (8 to 11 months). Susceptibility was greater at leaf tips and edges than the middle of the leaf. Leaf surfaces wiped with 70% ethanol were more susceptible to P. ramorum infection than untreated leaf surfaces. Our results indicate that seasonal changes in susceptibility of U. californica significantly influence P. ramorum infection levels. Thus, in addition to environmental variables such as temperature and moisture, variability in host plant susceptibility contributes to disease establishment of P. ramorum. DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.1094/phyto-01-15-0016-r VL - 106 IS - 1 SP - 47-55 SN - 1943-7684 ER - TY - JOUR TI - High fitness costs of climate change-induced camouflage mismatch AU - Zimova, Marketa AU - Mills, L. Scott AU - Nowak, J. Joshua T2 - ECOLOGY LETTERS AB - Anthropogenic climate change has created myriad stressors that threaten to cause local extinctions if wild populations fail to adapt to novel conditions. We studied individual and population-level fitness costs of a climate change-induced stressor: camouflage mismatch in seasonally colour molting species confronting decreasing snow cover duration. Based on field measurements of radiocollared snowshoe hares, we found strong selection on coat colour molt phenology, such that animals mismatched with the colour of their background experienced weekly survival decreases up to 7%. In the absence of adaptive response, we show that these mortality costs would result in strong population-level declines by the end of the century. However, natural selection acting on wide individual variation in molt phenology might enable evolutionary adaptation to camouflage mismatch. We conclude that evolutionary rescue will be critical for hares and other colour molting species to keep up with climate change. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1111/ele.12568 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 299-307 SN - 1461-0248 KW - Camouflage KW - climate change KW - evolutionary adaptation KW - evolutionary rescue KW - fitness KW - molt phenology KW - natural selection KW - phenological mismatch KW - snow cover KW - snowshoe hare ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic selection in maritime pine AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Bartholome, Jerome AU - Farjat, Alfredo AU - Chancerel, Emilie AU - Raffin, Annie AU - Sanchez, Leopoldo AU - Plomion, Christophe AU - Bouffier, Laurent T2 - PLANT SCIENCE AB - A two-generation maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) breeding population (n=661) was genotyped using 2500 SNP markers. The extent of linkage disequilibrium and utility of genomic selection for growth and stem straightness improvement were investigated. The overall intra-chromosomal linkage disequilibrium was r(2)=0.01. Linkage disequilibrium corrected for genomic relationships derived from markers was smaller (rV(2)=0.006). Genomic BLUP, Bayesian ridge regression and Bayesian LASSO regression statistical models were used to obtain genomic estimated breeding values. Two validation methods (random sampling 50% of the population and 10% of the progeny generation as validation sets) were used with 100 replications. The average predictive ability across statistical models and validation methods was about 0.49 for stem sweep, and 0.47 and 0.43 for total height and tree diameter, respectively. The sensitivity analysis suggested that prior densities (variance explained by markers) had little or no discernible effect on posterior means (residual variance) in Bayesian prediction models. Sampling from the progeny generation for model validation increased the predictive ability of markers for tree diameter and stem sweep but not for total height. The results are promising despite low linkage disequilibrium and low marker coverage of the genome (∼1.39 markers/cM). DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.08.006 VL - 242 SP - 108-119 SN - 0168-9452 KW - Linkage disequilibrium KW - Tree breeding KW - Genomic relationship KW - Bayesian regression KW - Pinus pinaster ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic architecture of growth traits in Populus revealed by integrated quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis and association studies AU - Du, Qingzhang AU - Gong, Chenrui AU - Wang, Qingshi AU - Zhou, Daling AU - Yang, Haijiao AU - Pan, Wei AU - Li, Bailian AU - Zhang, Deqiang T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - Deciphering the genetic architecture underlying polygenic traits in perennial species can inform molecular marker-assisted breeding. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing have enabled strategies that integrate linkage-linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping in Populus. We used an integrated method of quantitative trait locus (QTL) dissection with a high-resolution linkage map and multi-gene association mapping to decipher the nature of genetic architecture (additive, dominant, and epistatic effects) of potential QTLs for growth traits in a Populus linkage population (1200 progeny) and a natural population (435 individuals). Seventeen QTLs for tree height, diameter at breast height, and stem volume mapped to 11 linkage groups (logarithm of odds (LOD) ≥ 2.5), and explained 2.7-18.5% of the phenotypic variance. After comparative mapping and transcriptome analysis, 187 expressed genes (10 046 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) were selected from the segmental homology regions (SHRs) of 13 QTLs. Using multi-gene association models, we observed 202 significant SNPs in 63 promising genes from 10 QTLs (P ≤ 0.0001; FDR ≤ 0.10) that exhibited reproducible associations with additive/dominant effects, and further determined 11 top-ranked genes tightly linked to the QTLs. Epistasis analysis uncovered a uniquely interconnected gene-gene network for each trait. This study opens up opportunities to uncover the causal networks of interacting genes in plants using an integrated linkage-LD mapping approach. DA - 2016/2// PY - 2016/2// DO - 10.1111/nph.13695 VL - 209 IS - 3 SP - 1067-1082 SN - 1469-8137 KW - association genetics KW - epistatic networks KW - gene mapping KW - Populus reference genome KW - quantitative trait locus (QTL) dissection KW - transcriptome analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fraser fir somatic embryogenesis: high frequency initiation, maintenance, embryo development, germination and cryopreservation AU - Pullman, Gerald S. AU - Olson, Katie AU - Fischer, Taylor AU - Egertsdotter, Ulrika AU - Frampton, John AU - Bucalo, Kylie T2 - NEW FORESTS DA - 2016/5// PY - 2016/5// DO - 10.1007/s11056-016-9525-9 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 453-480 SN - 1573-5095 KW - Abies fraseri KW - Embryogenic tissue initiation KW - Conifer KW - Fraser fir KW - Somatic embryogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential Habitat Use or Intraguild Interactions: What Structures a Carnivore Community? AU - Gompper, Matthew E. AU - Lesmeister, Damon B. AU - Ray, Justina C. AU - Malcolm, Jay R. AU - Kays, Roland T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Differential habitat use and intraguild competition are both thought to be important drivers of animal population sizes and distributions. Habitat associations for individual species are well-established, and interactions between particular pairs of species have been highlighted in many focal studies. However, community-wide assessments of the relative strengths of these two factors have not been conducted. We built multi-scale habitat occupancy models for five carnivore taxa of New York’s Adirondack landscape and assessed the relative performance of these models against ones in which co-occurrences of potentially competing carnivore species were also incorporated. Distribution models based on habitat performed well for all species. Black bear (Ursus americanus) and fisher (Martes pennanti) distribution was similar in that occupancy of both species was negatively associated with paved roads. However, black bears were also associated with larger forest fragments and fishers with smaller forest fragments. No models with habitat features were more supported than the null habitat model for raccoons (Procyon lotor). Martens (Martes americana) were most associated with increased terrain ruggedness and elevation. Weasel (Mustela spp.) occupancy increased with the cover of deciduous forest. For most species dyads habitat-only models were more supported than those models with potential competitors incorporated. The exception to this finding was for the smallest carnivore taxa (marten and weasel) where habitat plus coyote abundance models typically performed better than habitat-only models. Assessing this carnivore community as whole, we conclude that differential habitat use is more important than species interactions in maintaining the distribution and structure of this carnivore guild. DA - 2016/1/5/ PY - 2016/1/5/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0146055 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - e0146055 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146055 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bottom-up GGM algorithm for constructing multilayered hierarchical gene regulatory networks that govern biological pathways or processes AU - Kumari, Sapna AU - Deng, Wenping AU - Gunasekara, Chathura AU - Chiang, Vincent AU - Chen, Huann-sheng AU - Ma, Hao AU - Davis, Xin AU - Wei, Hairong T2 - BMC BIOINFORMATICS AB - Multilayered hierarchical gene regulatory networks (ML-hGRNs) are very important for understanding genetics regulation of biological pathways. However, there are currently no computational algorithms available for directly building ML-hGRNs that regulate biological pathways. A bottom-up graphic Gaussian model (GGM) algorithm was developed for constructing ML-hGRN operating above a biological pathway using small- to medium-sized microarray or RNA-seq data sets. The algorithm first placed genes of a pathway at the bottom layer and began to construct a ML-hGRN by evaluating all combined triple genes: two pathway genes and one regulatory gene. The algorithm retained all triple genes where a regulatory gene significantly interfered two paired pathway genes. The regulatory genes with highest interference frequency were kept as the second layer and the number kept is based on an optimization function. Thereafter, the algorithm was used recursively to build a ML-hGRN in layer-by-layer fashion until the defined number of layers was obtained or terminated automatically. We validated the algorithm and demonstrated its high efficiency in constructing ML-hGRNs governing biological pathways. The algorithm is instrumental for biologists to learn the hierarchical regulators associated with a given biological pathway from even small-sized microarray or RNA-seq data sets. DA - 2016/3/18/ PY - 2016/3/18/ DO - 10.1186/s12859-016-0981-1 VL - 17 SP - SN - 1471-2105 KW - Multilayered gene regulatory network KW - Pathway KW - Microarray or RNA-seq data ER - TY - JOUR TI - Avian response to fire in pine–oak forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park following decades of fire suppression AU - Rose, Eli T. AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - The Condor AB - ABSTRACT Fire suppression in southern Appalachian pine–oak forests during the past century dramatically altered the bird community. Fire return intervals decreased, resulting in local extirpation or population declines of many bird species adapted to post-fire plant communities. Within Great Smoky Mountains National Park, declines have been strongest for birds inhabiting xeric pine–oak forests that depend on frequent fire. The buildup of fuels after decades of fire suppression led to changes in the 1996 Great Smoky Mountains Fire Management Plan. Although fire return intervals remain well below historic levels, management changes have helped increase the amount of fire within the park over the past 20 years, providing an opportunity to study patterns of fire severity, time since burn, and bird occurrence. We combined avian point counts in burned and unburned areas with remote sensing indices of fire severity to infer temporal changes in bird occurrence for up to 28 years following fire. Using hierarchical... DA - 2016/2// PY - 2016/2// DO - 10.1650/condor-15-85.1 VL - 118 IS - 1 SP - 179-193 J2 - The Condor LA - en OP - SN - 0010-5422 1938-5129 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-15-85.1 DB - Crossref KW - fire suppression KW - differenced normalized burn ratio KW - fire severity KW - pine-oak forest KW - time since fire ER - TY - JOUR TI - A cross-biome synthesis of soil respiration and its determinants under simulated precipitation changes AU - Liu, Lingli AU - Wang, Xin AU - Lajeunesse, Marc J. AU - Miao, Guofang AU - Piao, Shilong AU - Wan, Shiqiang AU - Wu, Yuxin AU - Wang, Zhenhua AU - Yang, Sen AU - Li, Ping AU - Deng, Meifeng T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Soil respiration ( R s ) is the second‐largest terrestrial carbon (C) flux. Although R s has been extensively studied across a broad range of biomes, there is surprisingly little consensus on how the spatiotemporal patterns of R s will be altered in a warming climate with changing precipitation regimes. Here, we present a global synthesis R s data from studies that have manipulated precipitation in the field by collating studies from 113 increased precipitation treatments, 91 decreased precipitation treatments, and 14 prolonged drought treatments. Our meta‐analysis indicated that when the increased precipitation treatments were normalized to 28% above the ambient level, the soil moisture, R s, and the temperature sensitivity ( Q 10 ) values increased by an average of 17%, 16%, and 6%, respectively, and the soil temperature decreased by −1.3%. The greatest increases in R s and Q 10 were observed in arid areas, and the stimulation rates decreased with increases in climate humidity. When the decreased precipitation treatments were normalized to 28% below the ambient level, the soil moisture and R s values decreased by an average of −14% and −17%, respectively, and the soil temperature and Q 10 values were not altered. The reductions in soil moisture tended to be greater in more humid areas. Prolonged drought without alterations in the amount of precipitation reduced the soil moisture and R s by −12% and −6%, respectively, but did not alter Q 10 . Overall, our synthesis suggests that soil moisture and R s tend to be more sensitive to increased precipitation in more arid areas and more responsive to decreased precipitation in more humid areas. The responses of R s and Q 10 were predominantly driven by precipitation‐induced changes in the soil moisture, whereas changes in the soil temperature had limited impacts. Finally, our synthesis of prolonged drought experiments also emphasizes the importance of the timing and frequency of precipitation events on ecosystem C cycles. Given these findings, we urge future studies to focus on manipulating the frequency, intensity, and seasonality of precipitation with an aim to improving our ability to predict and model feedback between R s and climate change. DA - 2016/4// PY - 2016/4// DO - 10.1111/gcb.13156 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 1394-1405 SN - 1365-2486 KW - apparent Q(10) KW - aridity index KW - drought KW - meta-analysis KW - precipitation regime KW - soil moisture KW - soil temperature KW - wet ER - TY - JOUR TI - 1-Methylcyclopropene Improves Ethylene Tolerance of Unrooted Herbaceous Cuttings but Delays Adventitious Root Development in Angelonia, Calibrachoa, Impatiens, Portulaca, Sutera, and Verbena Cultivars AU - Leatherwood, W. Roland AU - Dole, John M. AU - Bergmann, Ben A. AU - Faust, James E. T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Knowing which herbaceous taxa are ethylene sensitive and managing exposure of unrooted terminal stem cuttings to ethylene in those taxa are critical for maintaining high-quality propagules that root readily. Of 59 taxa surveyed, freshly harvested terminal cuttings of Begonia hybrid ‘Snowcap’, Lantana camara L. ‘Patriot Sunbeam’, and Portulaca oleracea L. ‘Fairytales Sleeping Beauty’ were sensitive to exogenous application of 1 μL·L −1 ethylene, as demonstrated by leaf abscission within 24 hours of treatment. Exposure to 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 700 μL·L −1 for 4 hours before ethylene treatment prevented ethylene injury in these species/cultivars. Exposing unrooted cuttings to 700 μL·L −1 1-MCP induced significant endogenous ethylene biosynthesis in terminal cuttings of the five taxa tested: Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch ‘Visions of Grandeur’, Impatiens hawkeri W. Bull ‘Sonic Red’, Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L’Hérit. ‘Mandarin’, Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey (pro sp.) [ inquinans × zonale ] ‘Rocky Mountain White’, and Petunia × hybrida Vilm. ‘Suncatcher Coral Prism’. Exogenous 1 μL·L −1 ethylene improved adventitious rooting in two cultivars: Begonia hybrid Anita Louise and Fuchsia triphylla L. Honeysuckle. Other trials showed that 1-MCP exposure reduced root number and length of P. × hortorum ‘Kardino’ and delayed adventitious rooting in all six cultivars tested: Angelonia angustifolia Benth. ‘Carita Lavender’, Calibrachoa × hybrida Llave & Lex. ‘Terra Cotta’, I. hawkeri ‘Sonic Red’, P . oleracea ‘Fairytales Sleeping Beauty’, Sutera cordata Kuntze ‘Abunda Blue Improved’, and Verbena × hybrida Groenl. & Ruempl. ‘Aztec Wild Rose’. Subsequent exposure to 1 μL·L −1 ethylene partially mitigated the negative effects on rooting from exposing cuttings to 1-MCP. DA - 2016/2// PY - 2016/2// DO - 10.21273/HORTSCI.51.2.164 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 164-170 SN - 2327-9834 KW - ethephon KW - postharvest KW - propagation KW - rooting KW - storage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Volunteer-run cameras as distributed sensors for macrosystem mammal research AU - McShea, William J. AU - Forrester, Tavis AU - Costello, Robert AU - He, Zhihai AU - Kays, Roland T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.1007/s10980-015-0262-9 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 55-66 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Camera traps KW - Cyberinfrastructure KW - Standard metadata KW - Citizen science KW - eMammal KW - Macrosystem ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physico-Chemical Responses of Fraser Fir Induced by Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) Infestation AU - Mester, Erin C. AU - Lucia, Lucian AU - Frampton, John AU - Hain, Fred P. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - The balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg) (Homoptera: Adelgidae), is a major pest in Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir, Christmas tree plantations in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Shortly after eclosion, A. piceae larvae insert their stylets into intercellular bark tissue to ensure a constant feeding source from cortical parenchyma cells (Balch 1952, Can. Dept. Agric. Publ. No. 867, 76 pp.). Thereafter, the developing adelgid is attached at that site for the remainder of its life (Balch and Carroll 1956, Can. Dept. Agric. Publ. No. 977, 7 pp.). Insects that use a piercing-sucking mode of feeding, such as adelgids, elicit a response similar to that of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens (Walling 2000, J. Plant Growth Regul. 19: 195–216; Bernards and Spohr 2008, Pp. 189–211, In Schaller, A. (ed.), Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory, Springer Science, Stuttgart, Germany). The synthesis of new compounds or structural barriers after herbivore-induced damage occurs, including the accumulation of proteins and secondary metabolites, are characteristics of induced defenses (Bernards and Spohr 2008). For example, the formation of cell wall modifications can be induced by wounding and herbivory (Ginzberg 2008, Pp. 131–146, In Schaller, A. (ed.), Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory, Springer Science, Stuttgart, Germany). Host resistance mechanisms include rapid accumulation of monoterpene and juvabione-related compounds, the production of secondary periderm (Mullick 1975, Can. J. Bot. 53: 2443–2457; Hain et al. 1991, Pp. 271–287, In Baranchikov, Y.N., Mattson, W.J., Hain, F.P., Payne, T.L. (eds.), Forest Insect Guilds: Patterns of DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.18474/jes15-24.1 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 94-97 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Adelges piceae KW - ion chromatography KW - Fraser fir KW - texture analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - PHARMACEUTICAL OCCURRENCE IN GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATERS IN FORESTS LAND-APPLIED WITH MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER AU - McEachran, Andrew D. AU - Shea, Damian AU - Bodnar, Wanda AU - Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY AB - The occurrence and fate of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the environment are of increasing public importance because of their ubiquitous nature and documented effects on wildlife, ecosystems, and potentially humans. One potential, yet undefined, source of entry of pharmaceuticals into the environment is via the land application of municipal wastewater onto permitted lands. The objective of the present study is to determine the extent to which pharmaceuticals are mitigated by or exported from managed tree plantations irrigated with municipal wastewater. A specific focus of the present study is the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in groundwater and surface water discharge. The study site is a municipality that land-applies secondary treated wastewater onto 930 hectares of a 2000-hectare managed hardwood and pine plantation. A suite of 33 pharmaceuticals and steroid hormones was targeted in the analysis, which consisted of monthly grab sampling of groundwater, surface water, and wastewater, followed by concentration and cleanup via solid phase extraction and separation, detection, and quantification via liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. More than one-half of all compounds detected in irrigated wastewater were not present in groundwater and subsequent surface water. However, antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, caffeine, and other prescription and over-the-counter drugs remained in groundwater and were transported into surface water at concentrations up to 10 ng/L. These results provide important documentation for pharmaceutical fate and transport in forest systems irrigated with municipal wastewater, a previously undocumented source of environmental entry. DA - 2016/4// PY - 2016/4// DO - 10.1002/etc.3216 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 898-905 SN - 1552-8618 KW - Pharmaceuticals KW - Wastewater KW - Groundwater KW - Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Macrosystems ecology: novel methods and new understanding of multi-scale patterns and processes AU - Fei, Songlin AU - Guo, Qinfeng AU - Potter, Kevin T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AB - As the global biomes are increasingly threatened by human activities, understanding of macroscale patterns and processes is pressingly needed for effective management and policy making. Macrosystems ecology, which studies multiscale ecological patterns and processes, has gained growing interest in the research community. However, as a relatively new field in ecology, research in macrosystems ecology is facing various challenges. In this special issue, we highlight the following two latest exciting developments in this thriving field: (1) novel tools and methods and (2) new understandings on macroscale patterns and processes. While we believe that the contributions featured in this issue provide promising advancements in macrosystems ecology, we also see multiple challenges for future research including (1) multidisciplinary approaches for long-term and multiscale studies and (2) scaling local patterns and processes to broader scales. DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.1007/s10980-015-0315-0 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 1-6 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Macrosystems ecology KW - Macroecology KW - Macroscale KW - Scaling KW - Heterogeneity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Local Ecological Knowledge and Fire Management: What Does the Public Understand? AU - Diaz, John M. AU - Steelman, Toddi AU - Nowell, Branda T2 - JOURNAL OF FORESTRY AB - As fire management agencies seek to implement more flexible fire management strategies, local understanding and support for these strategies become increasingly important. One issue associated with implementing more flexible fire management strategies is educating local populations about fire management and identifying what local populations know or do not know related to fire management. This study used survey data from three 2010 wildland fires to understand how ecological knowledge and education level affected fire management perception and understanding. Results indicated that increased accuracy in identifying ecological conditions was associated with higher proficiencies in the identification of fire management strategies used for wildfires. Education levels were not significantly related to public perception of fire management but were related to significant differences in accurately identifying ecological conditions. Results suggest that education may play a mediating role in understanding complex wildfire issues but is not associated with a better understanding of fire management. Management and Policy Implications: Multiple wildfire management strategies, beyond suppression only, will be needed to address the challenges of large wildfires if we want to create wildfire-resilient landscapes and communities. More flexible fire management means the ability to implement multiple strategies dependent on factors such as fire risk, fire behavior, and ecological conditions. Knowledge about ecological characteristics can provide a framework for interpreting and responding to feedback from the local environment to guide the direction of resource management. This research suggests that increasing knowledge about ecological characteristics may increase a community's understanding of the actual strategy used to manage wildfire response, which is an important step to provide more flexible fire management options for wildfire resilient communities. The policy implication from this research is that efforts to increase locals' understanding about ecological conditions could result in greater tolerance for and appreciation of different fire management strategies. Important activities that could increase knowledge of ecological conditions include collaborative planning, implementation, and adaptive management through the sharing of lessons learned via a range of engagement and communication media. These joint problem-solving activities provide land and fire managers the opportunity to work with residents to improve understanding of land uses, management goals, and strategies. DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.5849/jof.14-026 VL - 114 IS - 1 SP - 58-65 SN - 1938-3746 KW - large wildfires KW - ecological systems KW - community resilience KW - education KW - fire management ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-density SNP assay development for genetic analysis in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) AU - Plomion, C. AU - Bartholome, J. AU - Lesur, I. AU - Boury, C. AU - Rodriguez-Quilon, I. AU - Lagraulet, H. AU - Ehrenmann, F. AU - Bouffier, L. AU - Gion, J. M. AU - Grivet, D. AU - Miguel, M. AU - Maria, N. AU - Cervera, M. T. AU - Bagnoli, F. AU - Isik, F. AU - Vendramin, G. G. AU - Gonzalez-Martinez, S. C. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES AB - Maritime pine provides essential ecosystem services in the south-western Mediterranean basin, where it covers around 4 million ha. Its scattered distribution over a range of environmental conditions makes it an ideal forest tree species for studies of local adaptation and evolutionary responses to climatic change. Highly multiplexed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays are increasingly used to study genetic variation in living organisms and for practical applications in plant and animal breeding and genetic resource conservation. We developed a 9k Illumina Infinium SNP array and genotyped maritime pine trees from (i) a three-generation inbred (F2) pedigree, (ii) the French breeding population and (iii) natural populations from Portugal and the French Atlantic coast. A large proportion of the exploitable SNPs (2052/8410, i.e. 24.4%) segregated in the mapping population and could be mapped, providing the densest ever gene-based linkage map for this species. Based on 5016 SNPs, natural and breeding populations from the French gene pool exhibited similar level of genetic diversity. Population genetics and structure analyses based on 3981 SNP markers common to the Portuguese and French gene pools revealed high levels of differentiation, leading to the identification of a set of highly differentiated SNPs that could be used for seed provenance certification. Finally, we discuss how the validated SNPs could facilitate the identification of ecologically and economically relevant genes in this species, improving our understanding of the demography and selective forces shaping its natural genetic diversity, and providing support for new breeding strategies. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1111/1755-0998.12464 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 574-587 SN - 1755-0998 KW - linkage mapping KW - maritime pine KW - population genetics KW - single nucleotide polymorphism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence of biotic resistance to invasions in forests of the Eastern USA AU - Iannone, Basil V., III AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Hamil, Kelly-Ann Dixon AU - Huang, Whitney AU - Zhang, Hao AU - Guo, Qinfeng AU - Oswalt, Christopher M. AU - Woodall, Christopher W. AU - Fei, Songlin T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.1007/s10980-015-0280-7 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 85-99 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Big data KW - Biomass KW - FIA Program KW - Invasive plants KW - Macrosystems KW - Niche KW - Evolutionary diversity KW - Taxonomic diversity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating atmospheric CO2 effects on gross primary productivity and net ecosystem exchanges of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous United States using the AmeriFlux data and an artificial neural network approach AU - Liu, Shaoqing AU - Zhuang, Qianlai AU - He, Yujie AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Chen, Jiquan AU - Gu, Lianhong T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - Quantitative understanding of regional gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem exchanges (NEE) and their responses to environmental changes are critical to quantifying the feedbacks of ecosystems to the global climate system. Numerous studies have used the eddy flux data to upscale the eddy covariance derived carbon fluxes from stand scales to regional and global scales. However, few studies incorporated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations into those extrapolations. Here, we consider the effect of atmospheric CO2 using an artificial neural network (ANN) approach to upscale the AmeriFlux tower of NEE and the derived GPP to the conterminous United States. Two ANN models incorporating remote sensing variables at an 8-day time step were developed. One included CO2 as an explanatory variable and the other did not. The models were first trained, validated using eddy flux data, and then extrapolated to the region at a 0.05o × 0.05o (latitude × longitude) resolution from 2001 to 2006. We found that both models performed well in simulating site-level carbon fluxes. The spatially-averaged annual GPP with and without considering the atmospheric CO2 were 789 and 788 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively (for NEE, the values were −112 and −109 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively). Model predictions were comparable with previous published results and MODIS GPP products. However, the difference in GPP between the two models exhibited a great spatial and seasonal variability, with an annual difference of 200 g C m−2 yr−1. Further analysis suggested that air temperature played an important role in determining the atmospheric CO2 effects on carbon fluxes. In addition, the simulation that did not consider atmospheric CO2 failed to detect ecosystem responses to droughts in part of the US in 2006. The study suggests that the spatially and temporally varied atmospheric CO2 concentrations should be factored into carbon quantification when scaling eddy flux data to a region. DA - 2016/4/15/ PY - 2016/4/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.01.007 VL - 220 SP - 38-49 SN - 1873-2240 KW - Gross primary production KW - Net ecosystem change KW - Eddy flux tower KW - CO2 KW - Artificial neural network ER - TY - JOUR TI - Data, data everywhere: detecting spatial patterns in fine-scale ecological information collected across a continent AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - Oswalt, Christopher M. AU - Iannone, Basil V., III T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.1007/s10980-015-0295-0 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 67-84 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Big data KW - Ecological monitoring KW - Hotspots KW - Invasive plants KW - Mountain pine beetle KW - Wildfire ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate Change Implications for Tropical Islands: Interpolating and Interpreting Statistically Downscaled GCM Projections for Management and Planning* AU - Khalyani, Azad Henareh AU - Gould, William A. AU - Harmsen, Eric AU - Terando, Adam AU - Quinones, Maya AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY AB - Abstract The potential ecological and economic effects of climate change for tropical islands were studied using output from 12 statistically downscaled general circulation models (GCMs) taking Puerto Rico as a test case. Two model selection/model averaging strategies were used: the average of all available GCMs and the average of the models that are able to reproduce the observed large-scale dynamics that control precipitation over the Caribbean. Five island-wide and multidecadal averages of daily precipitation and temperature were estimated by way of a climatology-informed interpolation of the site-specific downscaled climate model output. Annual cooling degree-days (CDD) were calculated as a proxy index for air-conditioning energy demand, and two measures of annual no-rainfall days were used as drought indices. Holdridge life zone classification was used to map the possible ecological effects of climate change. Precipitation is predicted to decline in both model ensembles, but the decrease was more severe in the “regionally consistent” models. The precipitation declines cause gradual and linear increases in drought intensity and extremes. The warming from the 1960–90 period to the 2071–99 period was 4.6°–9°C depending on the global emission scenarios and location. This warming may cause increases in CDD, and consequently increasing energy demands. Life zones may shift from wetter to drier zones with the possibility of losing most, if not all, of the subtropical rain forests and extinction risks to rain forest specialists or obligates. DA - 2016/2// PY - 2016/2// DO - 10.1175/jamc-d-15-0182.1 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - 265-282 SN - 1558-8432 KW - Classification KW - Tropics KW - Ensembles KW - General circulation models KW - Interpolation schemes KW - Evapotranspiration ER - TY - JOUR TI - California forests show early indications of both range shifts and local persistence under climate change AU - Serra-Diaz, Josep M. AU - Franklin, Janet AU - Dillon, Whalen W. AU - Syphard, Alexandra D. AU - Davis, Frank W. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY AB - Abstract Aim Forest regeneration data provide an early signal of the persistence and migration of tree species, so we investigated whether species shifts due to climate change exhibit a common signal of response or whether changes vary by species. Location California Floristic Province, United States ; mediterranean biome. Methods We related Forest Inventory and Analysis ( FIA ) data from 2000−07 for 13 tree species to high‐resolution climate and geographical data. Using methods from invasion ecology, we derived indices of species‐specific regeneration overlap and central tendency change (range‐wide global indicators) based on kernel density estimation of presence and absence of regeneration. We then built regeneration surfaces to identify areas of occurrence of high regeneration (regeneration hotspots, local indicators) in both geographical and climate space for 13 common tree species. Results Differences between presence and absence of regeneration in forests varied in magnitude across species, with little evidence that tree regeneration is shifting to higher latitudes and elevations, the expected geographical fingerprint of climate change. We also identified potential topographic mediators of regeneration dynamics. Multiple regeneration hotspots were found for many species, suggesting the influence of non‐climatic factors on regeneration. Differences between the presence and absence of regeneration in geographic and climate spaces were not always congruent, suggesting that shifting climate space and range area are not entirely coupled. Main conclusions The distributions of regeneration in Californian forests show diverse signals, not always tracking the higher latitudinal–elevation fingerprint of climate change. Local regeneration hotspots are common in our analysis, suggesting spatially varying persistence of forest linked to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Our results emphasize that projections of tree range shifts in the context of climate change should consider the variation of regeneration drivers within species ranges, beyond the overall climate signal. DA - 2016/2// PY - 2016/2// DO - 10.1111/geb.12396 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 164-175 SN - 1466-8238 KW - California Floristic Province KW - climate change KW - early indicators KW - Forest Inventory and Analysis KW - forests KW - niche overlap KW - range dynamics KW - range shift KW - regeneration niche ER - TY - JOUR TI - Busting the Boom-Bust Pattern of Development in the Brazilian Amazon AU - Caviglia-Harris, Jill AU - Sills, Erin AU - Bell, Andrew AU - Harris, Daniel AU - Mullan, Katrina AU - Roberts, Dar T2 - WORLD DEVELOPMENT AB - Global ecosystem services are clearly threatened by deforestation associated with human occupation and economic development of the Brazilian Amazon. However, the prognosis for the socioeconomic wellbeing of inhabitants remains unclear. In an empirical regularity that has been termed the boom–bust pattern or the resource curse, the exploitation of natural resources is associated with short-run gains in welfare that dissipate over time. This “coupling hypothesis” asserts that deforestation and development are correlated such that deforestation leads to only short-term advances in economic welfare that are not sustained once natural forests (along with their mature timber and soil inputs) are exhausted. In contrast, the “decoupling hypothesis” asserts that deforestation and development need not be correlated over time. In this context, growth that is initially based on deforestation may be sustained and translated into prolonged welfare gains, even once the forest is exhausted. Using census and deforestation data from 1991, 2000 and 2010 for municipalities (i.e., counties) in the Amazon region we confirm that this boom–bust pattern appears in cross-sectional data. However, using panel data we show that socioeconomic welfare has become decoupled from environmental factors and is converging to rising national averages. Our findings contradict the conventional wisdom that the exploitation of tropical forests is required to promote Amazonian development. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.040 VL - 79 SP - 82-96 SN - 0305-750X KW - Boom-bust KW - convergence KW - deforestation KW - Amazon KW - Solow growth model KW - catch-up effect ER - TY - JOUR TI - A global evaluation of forest interior area dynamics using tree cover data from 2000 to 2012 AU - Riitters, Kurt AU - Wickham, James AU - Costanza, Jennifer K. AU - Vogt, Peter T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.1007/s10980-015-0270-9 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 137-148 SN - 1572-9761 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84952715467&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Spatial analysis KW - Forest fragmentation KW - Monitoring KW - Assessment ER - TY - JOUR TI - A cell wall-bound anionic peroxidase, PtrPO21, is involved in lignin polymerization in Populus trichocarpa AU - Lin, Chien-Yuan AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Tunlaya-Anukit, Sermsawat AU - Shi, Rui AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Wang, Jack P. AU - Liu, Jie AU - Loziuk, Philip AU - Edmunds, Charles W. AU - Miller, Zachary D. AU - Peszlen, Ilona AU - Muddiman, David C. AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES DA - 2016/4// PY - 2016/4// DO - 10.1007/s11295-016-0978-y VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - SN - 1614-2950 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84961237838&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Lignin polymerization KW - Populus trichocarpa KW - Lignin peroxidase KW - LC-MS/MS KW - Lignin systems biology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Visual Informatics Tools for Supporting Large-Scale Collaborative Wildlife Monitoring with Citizen Scientists AU - He, Zhihai AU - Kays, Roland AU - Zhang, Zhi AU - Ning, Guanghan AU - Huang, Chen AU - Han, Tony X. AU - Millspaugh, Josh AU - Forrester, Tavis AU - McShea, William T2 - IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine AB - Collaborative wildlife monitoring and tracking at large scales will help us understand the complex dynamics of wildlife systems, evaluate the impact of human actions and environmental changes on wildlife species, and answer many important ecological and evolutionary research questions. To support collaborative wildlife monitoring and research, we need to develop integrated camera-sensor networking systems, deploy them at large scales, and develop advanced computational and informatics tools to analyze and manage the massive wildlife monitoring data. In this paper, we will cover various aspects of the design of such systems, including (1) long-lived integrated camera-sensor system design, (2) image processing and computer vision algorithms for animal detection, segmentation, tracking, species classification, and biometric feature extraction, (3) cloud-based data management, (4) crowd-sourcing based image annotation with citizen scientists, and (5) applications to wildlife and ecological research. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1109/mcas.2015.2510200 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 73-86 J2 - IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag. OP - SN - 1531-636X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCAS.2015.2510200 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Validation of an agroecosystem process model (AGRO-BGC) on annual and perennial bioenergy feedstocks AU - Hunt, Natalie D. AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Nadelhoffer, Knute AU - Lajtha, Kate AU - Townsend, Kimberly AU - Brye, Kristofor R. T2 - ECOLOGICAL MODELLING AB - Corn (Zea mays L.) residues and perennial C4 grasses are two Midwest bioenergy feedstock candidates due to their compatibility with agricultural infrastructure and potential for ecosystem service delivery. We validated the ecosystem process model AGRO-BGC by comparing model estimates with empirical observations from corn and perennial C4 grass systems across Wisconsin and Illinois under no-tillage, nitrogen fertilized, and unfertilized management. Validation parameters included soil organic carbon (SOC), total soil nitrogen (N) to 1.2 m, aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP), and leaf area index (LAI). We parameterized AGRO-BGC to represent ecophysiological characteristics of corn and perennial prairie grasses, and constructed scenarios to represent corresponding edaphic, climate, and management conditions. Unfertilized annual model estimates had normalized mean average errors relative to field measurements of 0.3, 23, and 4 t ha−1 for ANPP, SOC, and N, respectively. Fertilized simulations erred from observations by 0.6, 29, 5 t ha−1 for ANPP, SOC, and N, respectively. We also estimated long-term implications of varying residue removal rates on SOC. Model estimates compared to field data tested the hypothesis that long-term increased residue removal decreases SOC. Field observations showed 0.17, 0.09, and a −0.17 t C ha−1 yr−1 change for control, harvest, and bare grass residue removal treatments, respectively. Simulated SOC loss was greatest for the most intensive residue removal scenarios (−0.48 and −0.68 t C ha−1 yr−1 for corn and grass, respectively), compared to no-harvest scenarios that increased SOC by 0.05 t C ha−1 yr−1 for both corn and grass. AGRO-BGC estimated a 0.07 t C ha−1 yr−1 loss under corn residue harvest, while estimating 0.09 t C ha−1 yr−1 loss for grass. Results suggest long-term increased corn and grass residue harvest (beyond grain) for biofuel feedstock will decrease SOC and soil productivity by approximately 15% in corn and 21% in grass systems over 47 years. DA - 2016/2/10/ PY - 2016/2/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.10.029 VL - 321 SP - 23-34 SN - 1872-7026 KW - Agroecosystem process model KW - AGRO-BGC KW - Soil organic carbon KW - Switchgrass KW - Corn stover KW - Bioenergy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tropical forest seeds in the household economy: effects of market participation among three sociocultural groups in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon AU - Urzedo, D. I. AU - Vidal, E. AU - Sills, E. O. AU - Pina-Rodrigues, F. C. M. AU - Junqueira, R. G. P. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AB - SUMMARY Government regulations have created new markets for non-timber forest products such as tropical forest seeds for ecological restoration and agroforestry in Brazil. This paper examines whether and how participation in the seed market has affected assets that will shape households’ ability to pursue new livelihood opportunities. These impacts may vary across different dimensions of capital and among sociocultural groups. Impacts were characterized through semi-structured interviews following the sustainable livelihoods approach; 40 producers in the Xingu Seed Network, from settler farmer, urban and indigenous groups, were interviewed. The groups differed in perceptions of impacts on their natural, social and human capital, which could be related to the sociocultural background and vulnerability context of each group. Communities that were already organized were most likely to strengthen their social capital through participation. Cash income earned from sale of seeds was correlated with household-reported gains in financial capital, but not correlated with changes in other dimensions of capital. Contrary to expectations, sociocultural groups less integrated with the market achieved better livelihood outcomes through participation in the seed market. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1017/s0376892915000247 VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 13-23 SN - 1469-4387 KW - Amazon KW - livelihood outcomes KW - non-timber forest products KW - seed network ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatio-temporal reconstruction of missing forest microclimate measurements AU - Tonini, Francesco AU - Dillon, Whalen W. AU - Money, Eric S. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - Scientists and land managers are increasingly monitoring forest microclimate environments to better understand ecosystem processes, such as carbon sequestration and the population dynamics of species. Obtaining reliable time-series measurements of microclimate conditions is often hindered by missing and erroneous values. In this study, we compare spatio-temporal techniques, space–time kriging (probabilistic) and empirical orthogonal functions (deterministic), for reconstructing hourly time series of near-surface air temperature recorded by a dense network of 200 forest understory sensors across a heterogeneous 349 km2 region in northern California. The reconstructed data were also aggregated to daily mean, minimum, and maximum in order to understand the sensitivity of model predictions to temporal scale of measurement. Empirical orthogonal functions performed best at both the hourly and daily time scale. We analyzed several scenarios to understand the effects that spatial coverage and patterns of missing data may have on model accuracy: (a) random reduction of the sample size/density by 25%, 50%, and 75% (spatial coverage); and (b) random removal of either 50% of the data, or three consecutive months of observations at randomly chosen stations (random and seasonal temporal missingness, respectively). Here, space–time kriging was less sensitive to scenarios of spatial coverage, but more sensitive to temporal missingness, with less marked differences between the two approaches when data were aggregated on a daily time scale. This research contextualizes trade-offs between techniques and provides practical guidelines, with free source code, for filling data gaps depending on the spatial density and coverage of measurements. DA - 2016/3/15/ PY - 2016/3/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.11.004 VL - 218 SP - 1-10 SN - 1873-2240 KW - Missing data KW - Spatio-temporal prediction KW - Microclimate sensors KW - Empirical orthogonal functions KW - Near-surface air temperature KW - California ER - TY - JOUR TI - Same time, same place: analyzing temporal and spatial trends in urban metabolism using proximate counties in the North Carolina Triangle AU - Metzger, Alexander E. AU - McHale, Melissa R. AU - Hess, George R. AU - Steelman, Toddi A. T2 - URBAN ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1007/s11252-015-0503-3 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 1-18 SN - 1573-1642 KW - Urban metabolism KW - Material flow analysis (MFA) KW - Industrial ecology KW - Resource consumption KW - Urban sustainability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional validation and improved parameterization of the 3-PG model for Pinus taeda stands AU - Gonzalez-Benecke, Carlos A. AU - Teskey, Robert O. AU - Martin, Timothy A. AU - Jokela, Eric J. AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Kane, Michael B. AU - Noormets, Asko T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - The forest simulation model, 3-PG, has the capability to estimate the effects of climate, site and management practices on many stand attributes using easily available data. The model, once calibrated, has been widely applied as a useful tool for estimating growth of forest species in many countries. Currently, there is an increasing interest in estimating biomass and assessing the potential impact of climate change on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), the most important commercial tree species in the southeastern U.S. This paper reports a new set of 3-PG parameter estimates for loblolly pine, and describe new methodologies to determine important estimates. Using data from the literature and long-term productivity studies, we parameterized 3-PG for loblolly pine stands, and developed new functions for estimating NPP allocation dynamics, biomass pools at variable starting ages, canopy cover dynamics, effects of frost on production, density-independent and density-dependent tree mortality and the fertility rating. The model was tested against data from replicated experimental measurement plots covering a wide range of stand characteristics, distributed across the southeastern U.S. and also beyond the natural range of the species, using stands in Uruguay, South America. We used the largest validation dataset for 3-PG, and the most geographically extensive within and beyond a species’ native range. Comparison of modeled to measured data showed robust agreement across the natural range in the U.S., as well as in South America, where the species is grown as an exotic. Across all tested sites, estimations of survival, basal area, height, quadratic mean diameter, bole volume and above-ground biomass agreed well with measured values, with R2 values ranging between 0.71 for bole volume, and 0.95 for survival. The levels of bias were small and generally less than 13%. LAI estimations performed well, predicting monthly values within the range of observed LAI. The results provided strong evidence that 3-PG could be applied over a wide geographical range using one set of parameters for loblolly pine. The model can also be applied to estimate the impact of climate change on stands growing across a wide range of ages and stand characteristics. DA - 2016/2/1/ PY - 2016/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.025 VL - 361 SP - 237-256 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Forest modeling KW - Physiological process-based model KW - Loblolly pine KW - Ecophysiology KW - Stand dynamics KW - Regional analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occupancy estimation for rare species using a spatially-adaptive sampling design AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Reich, Brian J. AU - Dorazio, Robert M. AU - Conroy, Michael J. T2 - METHODS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Summary Spatially clustered populations create unique challenges for conservation monitoring programmes. Advances in methodology typically are focused on either the design or the modelling stage of the study but do not involve integration of both. We integrate adaptive cluster sampling and spatial occupancy modelling by developing two models to handle the dependence induced by cluster sampling. We compare these models to scenarios using simple random sampling and traditional occupancy models via simulation and data collected on a rare plant species, Tamarix ramosissima , found in China. Our simulations show a marked improvement in confidence interval coverage for the new models combined with cluster sampling compared to simple random sampling and traditional occupancy models, with greatest improvement in the presence of low detection probability and spatial correlation in occupancy. Accounting for the design using the simple cluster random‐effects model reduces bias considerably, and full spatial modelling reduces bias further, especially for large n when the spatial covariance parameters can be estimated reliably. Both new models build on the strength of occupancy modelling and adaptive sampling and perform at least as well, and often better, than occupancy modelling alone. We believe our approach is unique and potentially useful for a variety of studies directed at patchily distributed, clustered or rare species exhibiting spatial variation. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1111/2041-210x.12499 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 285-293 SN - 2041-2096 KW - adaptive cluster sampling KW - informative sampling KW - probit regression KW - rare species KW - spatial regression KW - Tamarix ramosissima ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occupancy dynamics in human-modified landscapes in a tropical island: implications for conservation design AU - Irizarry, Julissa I. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Dinsmore, Stephen J. T2 - DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS AB - Abstract Aim Avian communities in human‐modified landscapes exhibit varying patterns of local colonization and extinction rates, determinants of species occurrence. Our objective was to model these processes to identify habitat features that might enable movements and account for occupancy patterns in habitat matrices between the Guanica and Susua forest reserves. This knowledge is central to conservation design, particularly in ever changing insular landscapes. Location South‐western Puerto Rico. Methods We used a multiseason occupancy modelling approach to quantify seasonal estimates of occupancy, and colonization and extinction rates of seven resident avian species surveyed over five seasons from January 2010 to June 2011. We modelled parameters by matrix type, expressions of survey station isolation, quality, amount of forest cover and context (embedded in forest patch). Results Seasonal occupancy remained stable throughout the study for all species, consistent with seasonally constant colonization and extinction probabilities. Occupancy was mediated by matrix type, higher in reserves and forested matrix than in the urban and agricultural matrices. This pattern is in accord with the forest affinities of all but an open‐habitat specialist. Puerto Rican Spindalis ( Spindalis portoricensis ) exhibited high occupancy in the urban matrix, highlighting the adaptability of some insular species to novel environments. Highest colonization rates occurred when perching structures were at ≤ 500 m. Survey stations with at least three fruiting tree species and 61% forest cover exhibited lowest seasonal extinction rates. Main conclusions Our work identified habitat features that influenced seasonal probabilities of colonization and extinction in a human‐modified landscape. Conservation design decisions are better informed with increased knowledge about interpatch distances to improve matrix permeability, and habitat features that increase persistence or continued use of habitat stepping stones. A focus on dynamic processes is valuable because conservation actions directly influence colonization and extinction rates, and thus, a quantitative means to gauge their benefit. DA - 2016/4// PY - 2016/4// DO - 10.1111/ddi.12415 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 410-421 SN - 1472-4642 KW - colonization KW - conservation design KW - extinction KW - habitat matrices KW - occupancy KW - Puerto Rico KW - resident birds KW - tropics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring Climate Niches of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson) Haplotypes in the Western United States: Implications for Evolutionary History and Conservation AU - Shinneman, Douglas J. AU - Means, Robert E. AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Hipkins, Valerie D. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson) occupies montane environments throughout western North America, where it is both an ecologically and economically important tree species. A recent study using mitochondrial DNA analysis demonstrated substantial genetic variation among ponderosa pine populations in the western U.S., identifying 10 haplotypes with unique evolutionary lineages that generally correspond spatially with distributions of the Pacific (P. p. var. ponderosa) and Rocky Mountain (P. p. var. scopulorum) varieties. To elucidate the role of climate in shaping the phylogeographic history of ponderosa pine, we used nonparametric multiplicative regression to develop predictive climate niche models for two varieties and 10 haplotypes and to hindcast potential distribution of the varieties during the last glacial maximum (LGM), ~22,000 yr BP. Our climate niche models performed well for the varieties, but haplotype models were constrained in some cases by small datasets and unmeasured microclimate influences. The models suggest strong relationships between genetic lineages and climate. Particularly evident was the role of seasonal precipitation balance in most models, with winter- and summer-dominated precipitation regimes strongly associated with P. p. vars. ponderosa and scopulorum, respectively. Indeed, where present-day climate niches overlap between the varieties, introgression of two haplotypes also occurs along a steep clinal divide in western Montana. Reconstructed climate niches for the LGM suggest potentially suitable climate existed for the Pacific variety in the California Floristic province, the Great Basin, and Arizona highlands, while suitable climate for the Rocky Mountain variety may have existed across the southwestern interior highlands. These findings underscore potentially unique phylogeographic origins of modern ponderosa pine evolutionary lineages, including potential adaptations to Pleistocene climates associated with discrete temporary glacial refugia. Our predictive climate niche models may inform strategies for further genetic research (e.g., sampling design) and conservation that promotes haplotype compatibility with projected changes in future climate. DA - 2016/3/17/ PY - 2016/3/17/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0151811 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - e0151811 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151811 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eucalyptus plantation effects on soil carbon after 20 years and three rotations in Brazil AU - Cook, Rachel L. AU - Binkley, Dan AU - Stape, Jose Luiz T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - How will shifting land use from row crops and pasture to intensively managed forests alter soil carbon storage? Demand and profitability has led to a dramatic increase in Eucalyptus production with a total planted area over 20 million hectares worldwide. The impacts of these short-rotation (6- to 8-year harvest cycle) Eucalyptus plantations on soil carbon appear to be variable, and the available case studies are typically too short term to support generalization. Spatial heterogeneity of soils across landscapes requires repeated sampling for reliable documentation of soil carbon changes over multiple rotations. We characterized soil carbon stocks and change over two decades in 306 operational Eucalyptus plantations across a 1200-km gradient. Across all sites, soil C (0–30 cm depth) in 2010 averaged 29 Mg ha−1 (± 0.70 Mg ha−1), tending to increase with increasing soil clay content, precipitation, and mean annual temperature. Average soil C from the original sampling to 2010 (ranging from 18 to 26 years or approximately 3 to 4 rotations) showed a slight decrease (−0.22 ± 0.05 Mg ha−1 yr−1, P < 0.0001). Tropical sites in Region 1 (Bahia state) showed no net change (−0.11 Mg ha−1 yr−1, P = 0.1874, whereas tropical and subtropical sites in Region 2 (Espirito Santo state) lost soil carbon stocks (−0.87 Mg ha−1 yr−1, P < 0.0001), and subtropical sites in Region 3 (São Paulo state) also remained the same (0.06 Mg ha−1 yr−1, P = 0.3969). Soil carbon change tended to increase with precipitation during the dry season, and had weaker associations with soil order and mean annual temperature. DA - 2016/1/1/ PY - 2016/1/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.09.035 VL - 359 SP - 92-98 SN - 1872-7042 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84943605697&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Eucalyptus KW - Plantation KW - Soil carbon KW - Brazil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drought limitations to leaf-level gas exchange: results from a model linking stomatal optimization and cohesion-tension theory AU - Novick, Kimberly A. AU - Miniat, Chelcy F. AU - Vose, James M. T2 - PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT AB - We merge concepts from stomatal optimization theory and cohesion-tension theory to examine the dynamics of three mechanisms that are potentially limiting to leaf-level gas exchange in trees during drought: (1) a 'demand limitation' driven by an assumption of optimal stomatal functioning; (2) 'hydraulic limitation' of water movement from the roots to the leaves; and (3) 'non-stomatal' limitations imposed by declining leaf water status within the leaf. Model results suggest that species-specific 'economics' of stomatal behaviour may play an important role in differentiating species along the continuum of isohydric to anisohydric behaviour; specifically, we show that non-stomatal and demand limitations may reduce stomatal conductance and increase leaf water potential, promoting wide safety margins characteristic of isohydric species. We used model results to develop a diagnostic framework to identify the most likely limiting mechanism to stomatal functioning during drought and showed that many of those features were commonly observed in field observations of tree water use dynamics. Direct comparisons of modelled and measured stomatal conductance further indicated that non-stomatal and demand limitations reproduced observed patterns of tree water use well for an isohydric species but that a hydraulic limitation likely applies in the case of an anisohydric species. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1111/pce.12657 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 583-596 SN - 1365-3040 KW - stomatal conductance KW - transpiration KW - isohydric KW - anisohydric KW - water use efficiency KW - capacitance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Achievable future conditions as a framework for guiding forest conservation and management AU - Golladay, S. W. AU - Martin, K. L. AU - Vose, J. M. AU - Wear, D. N. AU - Covich, A. P. AU - Hobbs, R. J. AU - Klepzig, K. D. AU - Likens, G. E. AU - Naiman, R. J. AU - Shearer, A. W. AU - al., T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - We contend that traditional approaches to forest conservation and management will be inadequate given the predicted scale of social-economic and biophysical changes in the 21st century. New approaches, focused on anticipating and guiding ecological responses to change, are urgently needed to ensure the full value of forest ecosystem services for future generations. These approaches acknowledge that change is inevitable and sometimes irreversible, and that maintenance of ecosystem services depends in part on novel ecosystems, i.e., species combinations with no analog in the past. We propose that ecological responses be evaluated at landscape or regional scales using risk-based approaches to incorporate uncertainty into forest management efforts with subsequent goals for management based on Achievable Future Conditions (AFC). AFCs defined at a landscape or regional scale incorporate advancements in ecosystem management, including adaptive approaches, resilience, and desired future conditions into the context of the Anthropocene. Inherently forward looking, ACFs encompass mitigation and adaptation options to respond to scenarios of projected future biophysical, social-economic, and policy conditions which distribute risk and provide diversity of response to uncertainty. The engagement of science-management-public partnerships is critical to our risk-based approach for defining AFCs. Robust monitoring programs of forest management actions are also crucial to address uncertainty regarding species distributions and ecosystem processes. Development of regional indicators of response will also be essential to evaluate outcomes of management strategies. Our conceptual framework provides a starting point to move toward AFCs for forest management, illustrated with examples from fire and water management in the Southeastern United States. Our model is adaptive, incorporating evaluation and modification as new information becomes available and as social–ecological dynamics change. It expands on established principles of ecosystem management and best management practices (BMPs) and incorporates scenarios of future conditions. It also highlights the potential limits of existing institutional structures for defining AFCs and achieving them. In an uncertain future of rapid change and abrupt, unforeseen transitions, adjustments in management approaches will be necessary and some actions will fail. However, it is increasingly evident that the greatest risk is posed by continuing to implement strategies inconsistent with current understanding of our novel future. DA - 2016/1/15/ PY - 2016/1/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.10.009 VL - 360 SP - 80-96 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Forest management KW - Conservation KW - Ecosystem services KW - Novel ecosystems KW - Achievable future conditions KW - Southeastern United States ER - TY - JOUR TI - A global analysis of parenchyma tissue fractions in secondary xylem of seed plants AU - Morris, Hugh AU - Plavcova, Lenka AU - Cvecko, Patrick AU - Fichtler, Esther AU - Gillingham, Mark A. F. AU - Martinez-Cabrera, Hugo I. AU - McGlinn, Daniel J. AU - Wheeler, Elisabeth AU - Zheng, Jingming AU - Zieminska, Kasia AU - Jansen, Steven T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - Summary Parenchyma is an important tissue in secondary xylem of seed plants, with functions ranging from storage to defence and with effects on the physical and mechanical properties of wood. Currently, we lack a large‐scale quantitative analysis of ray parenchyma ( RP ) and axial parenchyma ( AP ) tissue fractions. Here, we use data from the literature on AP and RP fractions to investigate the potential relationships of climate and growth form with total ray and axial parenchyma fractions ( RAP ). We found a 29‐fold variation in RAP fraction, which was more strongly related to temperature than with precipitation. Stem succulents had the highest RAP values (mean ± SD : 70.2 ± 22.0%), followed by lianas (50.1 ± 16.3%), angiosperm trees and shrubs (26.3 ± 12.4%), and conifers (7.6 ± 2.6%). Differences in RAP fraction between temperate and tropical angiosperm trees (21.1 ± 7.9% vs 36.2 ± 13.4%, respectively) are due to differences in the AP fraction, which is typically three times higher in tropical than in temperate trees, but not in RP fraction. Our results illustrate that both temperature and growth form are important drivers of RAP fractions. These findings should help pave the way to better understand the various functions of RAP in plants. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1111/nph.13737 VL - 209 IS - 4 SP - 1553-1565 SN - 1469-8137 KW - angiosperms KW - axial parenchyma KW - conifers KW - growth form KW - mean annualprecipitation KW - mean annual temperature KW - ray parenchyma KW - secondary xylem ER - TY - JOUR TI - Off-road vehicles affect nesting behaviour and reproductive success of American Oystercatchers Haematopus palliatus AU - Borneman, Tracy E. AU - Rose, Eli T. AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - Ibis AB - As human populations and associated development increase, interactions between humans and wildlife are occurring with greater frequency. The effects of these interactions, particularly on species whose populations are declining, are of great interest to ecologists, conservationists, land managers and natural resource policy‐makers. The American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus , a species of conservation concern in the USA , nests on coastal beaches subject to various forms of anthropogenic disturbance, including aircraft overflights, off‐road vehicles and pedestrians. This study assessed the effects of these human disturbances on the incubation behaviour and reproductive success of nesting American Oystercatchers at Cape Lookout National Seashore, on the Atlantic coast of the USA . We expanded on‐going monitoring of Oystercatchers at Cape Lookout National Seashore by supplementing periodic visual observations with continuous 24‐h video and audio recording at nests. Aircraft overflights were not associated with changes in Oystercatcher incubation behaviour, and we found no evidence that aircraft overflights influenced Oystercatcher reproductive success. However, Oystercatchers were on their nests significantly less often during off‐road vehicle and pedestrian events than they were during control periods before the events, and an increase in the number of off‐road vehicles passing a nest during incubation was consistently associated with significant reductions in daily nest survival (6% decrease in daily nest survival for a one‐vehicle increase in the average number of vehicles passing a nest each day; odds ratio = 0.94; 95% confidence interval ( CI ) 0.90, 0.98) and hatching success (12% decrease in hatching success for a one‐vehicle increase in the average number of vehicles passing a nest each day; odds ratio = 0.88; 95% CI 0.76, 0.97). Management of vehicles and pedestrians in areas of Oystercatcher breeding is important for the conservation of American Oystercatchers. DA - 2016/4// PY - 2016/4// DO - 10.1111/ibi.12358 VL - 158 IS - 2 SP - 261–278 SN - 0019-1019 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12358 KW - aircraft KW - audio KW - video recording KW - birds KW - human disturbance KW - nest success KW - pedestrians ER - TY - JOUR TI - Motivating Action through Fostering Climate Change Hope and Concern and Avoiding Despair among Adolescents AU - Stevenson, Kathryn AU - Peterson, Nils T2 - SUSTAINABILITY AB - Efforts to build climate change concern seem warranted to overcome apathy and promote action. However, research suggests that these efforts can backfire by breeding despair, denial and inaction. This may be especially true among younger audiences, as despair is highest among those who view climate challenges as out of their control, and children generally have lower perceived and actual control than adults in political and personal arenas. Though many studies have documented feelings of despair and sadness among younger audiences, few have explored how climate change hope may counteract despair and encourage productive responses to climate change concern. This study examined how climate change hope, despair, and concern predict pro-environmental behavior with a quantitative survey of a random sample of middle school students in North Carolina, USA (n = 1486). We did not find an interaction between climate change hope and concern or despair, but instead found climate change hope and concern independently and positively related to behavior and despair negatively related to behavior. These results suggest that climate change concern among K-12 audiences may be an important antecedent to behavior which does not dampen the positive impacts of hope. Further, rather than mitigating the negative effects of climate change despair, hope may be an independent predecessor to behavior. Students at Title I (a measure of low socioeconomic status) schools were less likely to engage in pro-environmental behaviors, suggesting climate literacy efforts should target schools with lower levels of socioeconomic status specifically. DA - 2016/1// PY - 2016/1// DO - 10.3390/su8010006 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2071-1050 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84956701449&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - climate literacy KW - concern KW - hope KW - climate action KW - pro-environmental behavior ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monthly land cover-specific evapotranspiration models derived from global eddy flux measurements and remote sensing data AU - Fang, Yuan AU - Sun, Ge AU - Caldwell, Peter AU - McNulty, Steven G. AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - King, John AU - Zhang, Zhiqiang AU - Zhang, Xudong AU - Lin, Guanghui AU - Zhou, Guangsheng AU - Xiao, Jingfeng AU - Chen, Jiquan T2 - ECOHYDROLOGY AB - Abstract Evapotranspiration (ET) is arguably the most uncertain ecohydrologic variable for quantifying watershed water budgets. Although numerous ET and hydrological models exist, accurately predicting the effects of global change on water use and availability remains challenging because of model deficiency and/or a lack of input parameters. The objective of this study was to create a new set of monthly ET models that can better quantify landscape‐level ET with readily available meteorological and biophysical information. We integrated eddy covariance flux measurements from over 200 sites, multiple year remote sensing products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and statistical modelling. Through examining the key biophysical controls on ET by land cover type (i.e. shrubland, cropland, deciduous forest, evergreen forest, mixed forest, grassland, and savannas), we created unique ET regression models for each land cover type using different combinations of biophysical independent factors. Leaf area index and net radiation explained most of the variability of observed ET for shrubland, cropland, grassland, savannas, and evergreen forest ecosystems. In contrast, potential ET (PET) as estimated by the temperature‐based Hamon method was most useful for estimating monthly ET for deciduous and mixed forests. The more data‐demanding PET method, FAO reference ET model, had similar power as the simpler Hamon PET method for estimating actual ET. We developed three sets of monthly ET models by land cover type for different practical applications with different data availability. Our models may be used to improve water balance estimates for large basins or regions with mixed land cover types. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2016/3// PY - 2016/3// DO - 10.1002/eco.1629 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 248-266 SN - 1936-0592 KW - eddy covariance flux KW - evapotranspiration KW - ecosystem modelling KW - ecohydrology KW - FLUXNET ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon Mitigation Impacts of Increased Softwood Lumber and Structural Panel Use for Nonresidential-Construction in the United States AU - Nepal, Prakash AU - Skog, Kenneth E. AU - McKeever, David B. AU - Bergman, Richard D. AU - Abt, Karen L. AU - Abt, Robert C. T2 - FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL AB - Abstract More wood use in the United States to construct low-rise nonresidential (NR) buildings would increase consumption and production of softwood (SW) lumber, engineered wood products, and structural and nonstructural wood panels. Using a consequential life-cycle analysis, we estimated the change in net CO2 emissions that would be caused by increased use of SW lumber and structural panels in NR construction. Carbon (C) storage and emissions were projected over 50 years for baseline and increased wood use scenarios using the US Forest Products Module operating within the Global Forest Products Model (USFPM/GFPM) and the Southern region timber supply model (SRTS). Increased wood use in NR construction (C content of 428 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent [tCO2e]) could provide an emissions reduction of 870 million tCO2e over 50 years or a net emissions reduction of 2.03 tCO2e/tCO2e of extra wood used in NR buildings over 50 years. The CO2 savings varied for products provided in the South, North, a... DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.13073/fpj-d-15-00019 VL - 66 IS - 1-2 SP - 77-87 SN - 0015-7473 ER -