TY - CONF TI - Solar radiation drives the interannual variations in C fluxes and balance in French Guiana’s tropical rainforest AU - Aguilos, M. AU - Herault, B. AU - Burban, B. AU - Wagner, F. AU - Damien, B. T2 - EGU Meeting C2 - 2017/// C3 - EGU Meeting CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/4/23/ UR - https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1840A/abstract ER - TY - CHAP TI - Animal Damage Control AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - 2018 Agricultural Chemicals Manual A2 - Watson, W. A2 - Whipker, B. A2 - Shew, B. A2 - Burrack, H.J. A2 - Yelverton, F. A2 - Vann, M. A2 - DePerno, C.S. A2 - Martin, M. A2 - Roberson, G.T. A2 - Melton, T.A. A2 - Burnette, J.W., Jr PY - 2017/// SP - 438-448 PB - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Urban black bear ecology: Movements, population ecology and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats AU - Gould, N.P. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Olfenbuttel, C. A3 - Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// M3 - Phase II: Interim progress report PB - Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission ER - TY - RPRT TI - Prescribed Burning: Spotfires and Escapes AU - Weir, John R. AU - Coffey, R.Seth AU - Russell, Morgan L. AU - Baldwin, Carol E. AU - Twidwell, Dirac AU - Cram, Doug AU - Bauman, Pete AU - Fawcett, Jennifer A3 - Oklahoma State University DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// M1 - NREM 2903 M3 - Oklahoma State University Extension Service PB - Oklahoma State University SN - NREM 2903 UR - http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-10793/NREM-2903web.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fox squirrel response to forest restoration treatments in longleaf pine AU - Boone, W.W. AU - McCleery, R.A. AU - Reichert, B.E. T2 - Journal of Mammalogy AB - Restoration of the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris; LLP) ecosystem and its associated fauna is a principal goal of many land-management agencies in the southeastern United States. Prescribed fire and herbicide application are 2 common methods of LLP restoration. We employed a multi-scale approach to investigate how occurrence of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) was influenced by fire frequency and herbicide application in LLP communities of northern Florida. We sampled 9-point, 4-ha grids of camera traps with 106 grids in fire treatments, 23 herbicide treatment grids, and 27 control grids. We evaluated a priori models for occurrence of fox squirrels at point, 4-ha patch, and home-range scales, and the influence of fire and herbicides on vegetation structure. Fox squirrel occurrence was positively associated with densities of turkey oak (Quercus laevis) at the patch scale, which were significantly less abundant in herbicide-treated areas. Fox squirrel occurrence was negatively correlated with fire interval and positively correlated with oak densities at a localized point scale. Additionally, fox squirrel point occurrences declined over time since the last fire. Fire produced habitat more favorable for fox squirrels than did herbicide treatments. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1093/jmammal/gyx110 VL - 98 IS - 6 SP - 1594-1603 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85039174217&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Meta-analysis constrained by data: Recommendations to improve relevance of nutrient management research AU - Eagle, A.J. AU - Christianson, L.E. AU - Cook, R.L. AU - Harmel, R.D. AU - Miguez, F.E. AU - Qian, S.S. AU - Ruiz Diaz, D.A. T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - Core Ideas Data and reporting deficiencies reduce the effectiveness of agri‐environmental meta‐analysis. Standardization and consistency across studies will enhance data synthesis and meta‐analysis. Reporting standard sets of data and meta‐data will extend the value of agricultural field research. Five research teams identified parallel obstacles when concurrently attempting to conduct meta‐analyses on the air and water quality impacts of on‐farm 4R nutrient management practices. Across projects, system complexity and the lack of relevant data from cultivated and grassland agriculture field trials impeded the application of standard meta‐analytical procedures. Because challenges were comparable across projects, the 4R Research Fund technical leadership tasked the researchers with recommending improvements in field research design, data collection, and reporting to enhance future agri‐environmental data syntheses and meta‐analyses. Here we outline statistical and analytical issues unique to meta‐analysis and data synthesis in agriculture, discuss critical data and reporting gaps in the existing literature, and provide specific recommendations for researchers, funders, and journals. Key obstacles developed when field studies did not include complete descriptive or response data (per treatment and experiment year), measurement uncertainty, estimation error in treatment effects, or simultaneously measured nutrient losses and crop yield. Others did not report crop nutrient uptake or their apparent recovery efficiencies. To alleviate such challenges for subsequent research, we make the following recommendations: (i) use common meta‐data protocols for consistent units and terminology; (ii) clearly define treatments and controls; (iii) provide complete, tabular, full‐factorial response data for each year and location; (iv) collect and report a minimum set of auxiliary data; and (v) establish requirements for data curation and repositories in funding and publication cycles. Implementing these in future nutrient management research will facilitate more robust meta‐analyses and other data synthesis efforts. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2017.04.0215 VL - 109 IS - 6 SP - 2441-2449 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85034043845&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Emerging Technologies, New Governance Arrangements, and the Time-Honored Challenges: Searching for Novelty in Anticipatory Governance AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Advancing Science for Policy through Interdisciplinary Research in Regulation C2 - 2017/11/17/ C3 - Advancing Science for Policy through Interdisciplinary Research in Regulation CY - University of California, Berkeley DA - 2017/11/17/ PY - 2017/11/17/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Influence of Structural Conditions and Cultural Inertia on Water Usage and Landscape Decision-Making in a California Metropolitan Area AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Jones, Andrew R. AU - Çağlar, Derya Özgöç AU - Delcore, Henry D. AU - Gupta, Kaberi Kar AB - Urban development and planning are increasingly centered on matters of sustainability, balancing economic development with ecosystem services and biotic structures within urban environments. In addition to these institutional and structural factors, the decision-making process within individual households must be understood to address rising concerns about water use. Therefore, individual characteristics and preferences that influence the use of water also warrant examination. In response to a survey of occupants of single-family residences in the Fresno Clovis Metropolitan Area of California, contextual interviews and focus group interviews with a homeowner sub-sample, we find evidence of an interplay of social-structural, institutional, and cultural factors involved in influencing individual water use behaviors and landscape decision making. The complexity of residential behaviors and decision-making poses some potential issues with regards to the interactions between individual households and institutional actors in matters of water usage and landscaping, as survey respondents indicate relatively little confidence in institutions and groups to make wise water policy decisions. We conclude that the promotion and implementation of sustainable water use practices will require not only environmental education for the citizenry, but also a tailoring of information for environmental educational initiatives that address the particularities of individual neighborhoods and communities. DA - 2017/7/31/ PY - 2017/7/31/ DO - 10.20944/preprints201707.0097.v1 VL - 7 UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201707.0097.v1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Emerging Technologies and Public Engagement AU - Delbourne, Jason T2 - US-China Agricultural Biotechnology Safety Administration Collaboration Workshop: Communication, Engagement, and Biotechnology. C2 - 2017/10/2/ CY - James B. Hunt Jr. Library, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC DA - 2017/10/2/ PY - 2017/10/2/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Strategies of engagement in synthetic biology AU - Delbourne, Jason T2 - Engineering Resilience Workshop. C2 - 2017/9/12/ CY - Heron Island, Australia DA - 2017/9/12/ PY - 2017/9/12/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Emerging biotechnologies and public engagement: Reflections on the NASEM report on gene drives AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2017/3/8/ PY - 2017/3/8/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Engineering: responsible innovation AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Genetic Engineering and Society Center C2 - 2017/2/27/ CY - Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ DA - 2017/2/27/ PY - 2017/2/27/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Incorporating public engagement in research and governance AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting C2 - 2017/2/17/ CY - Boston, MA DA - 2017/2/17/ PY - 2017/2/17/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - The Ring of Engagement AU - Delborne, J.A. T2 - Prometheus: The Science Policy Blog DA - 2017/3/3/ PY - 2017/3/3/ PB - Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Colorado at Boulder UR - http://ciresblogs.colorado.edu/prometheus/2017/03/03/the-ring-of-engagement/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Municipal Wastewater Application to Forests: Using Participatory Science to Understand Human Exposure and Risks to Chemical Contaminants of Concern AU - Hedgespeth, M.L. AU - McEachran, A.D. AU - Rashash, D. AU - Shea, D. AU - Strynar, M. AU - Delborne, J.A. AU - Nichols, E.G. T2 - Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, North America, 38th Annual Meeting C2 - 2017/11/12/ CY - Minneapolis, MN DA - 2017/11/12/ PY - 2017/11/12/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Citizen Science: How Ordinary People Are Changing the Face of Discovery AU - Cooper, C.B. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// SP - 294 PB - Gerald & Duckworth Co. ER - TY - SOUND TI - Science of Citizen Science AU - Cooper, C.B. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// M3 - Panel and workshop ER - TY - CONF TI - Keynote AU - Cooper, Caren T2 - Southeast Asian Citizen Science Conference C2 - 2017/3// CY - Singapore DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// ER - TY - SOUND TI - CRISPR and the Ethics of Editing Genes AU - Delbourne, Jason AU - Godwin, John DA - 2017/9/28/ PY - 2017/9/28/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Public engagement: Rationales, methods, and intended outcomes AU - Delbourne, Jason T2 - International Workshop Assessing the Security Implications of Genome Editing Technology C2 - 2017/10/13/ CY - Hanover, Germany DA - 2017/10/13/ PY - 2017/10/13/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Citizen Science: Everybody Counts AU - Cooper, Caren DA - 2017/4/20/ PY - 2017/4/20/ UR - https://youtu.be/G7cQHSqfSzI ER - TY - CONF TI - Keynote AU - Cooper, Caren T2 - National Environmental Monitoring Conference C2 - 2017/8// CY - Washington, DC DA - 2017/8// ER - TY - NEWS TI - Op-Ed: How tagging butterflies can help you tell what’s real and what’s fake T2 - Los Angeles Times PY - 2017/3/16/ UR - https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-cooper-citizen-science-20170316-story.html ER - TY - CONF TI - Keynote: Bridging the Gap AU - Cooper, Caren C2 - 2017/10// CY - NC Community Foundation, Raleigh, NC DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017/10// ER - TY - CONF TI - Keynote AU - Cooper, Caren T2 - XXIII Spanish Congress of Ornithology C2 - 2017/11// CY - Badajoz, Spain DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017/11// ER - TY - CONF TI - Preliminary Report on Field and Lab testing of Avanced Material Fire Shelters AU - Roise, J.P. T2 - NC Annual Cooperators Meeting C2 - 2017/9// CY - Clemmons, NC DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// ER - TY - CONF TI - Field Testing Advanced Material Fire Shelters AU - Roise, J.P. T2 - 7th International Fire Ecology and Management Congress C2 - 2017/11/28/ CY - Buena Vista Palace, Orlando Florida DA - 2017/11/28/ PY - 2017/11/28/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Advanced Material Fire Shelter Testing AU - Roise, J.P. T2 - 2017 Society of American Foresters National Convention C2 - 2017/10/15/ CY - Albuquerque, NM DA - 2017/10/15/ PY - 2017/10/15/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Citizen Science Terminology Matters: Exploring Key Terms AU - Eitzel, M V AU - Cappadonna, Jessica L AU - Santos-Lang, Chris AU - Duerr, Ruth Ellen AU - Virapongse, Arika AU - West, Sarah Elizabeth AU - Kyba, Christopher Conrad Maximillian AU - Bowser, Anne AU - Cooper, Caren Beth AU - Sforzi, Andrea AU - Metcalfe, Anya Nova AU - Harris, Edward S AU - Thiel, Martin AU - Haklay, Mordechai AU - Ponciano, Lesandro AU - Roche, Joseph AU - Ceccaroni, Luigi AU - Shilling, Fraser Mark AU - Dörler, Daniel AU - Heigl, Florian AU - Kiessling, Tim AU - Davis, Brittany Y AU - Jiang, Qijun T2 - Citizen Science: Theory and Practice AB -

Much can be at stake depending on the choice of words used to describe citizen science, because terminology impacts how knowledge is developed. Citizen science is a quickly evolving field that is mobilizing people’s involvement in information development, social action and justice, and large-scale information gathering. Currently, a wide variety of terms and expressions are being used to refer to the concept of ‘citizen science’ and its practitioners. Here, we explore these terms to help provide guidance for the future growth of this field. We do this by reviewing the theoretical, historical, geopolitical, and disciplinary context of citizen science terminology; discussing what citizen science is and reviewing related terms; and providing a collection of potential terms and definitions for ‘citizen science’ and people participating in citizen science projects. This collection of terms was generated primarily from the broad knowledge base and on-the-ground experience of the authors, by recognizing the potential issues associated with various terms. While our examples may not be systematic or exhaustive, they are intended to be suggestive and invitational of future consideration. In our collective experience with citizen science projects, no single term is appropriate for all contexts. In a given citizen science project, we suggest that terms should be chosen carefully and their usage explained; direct communication with participants about how terminology affects them and what they would prefer to be called also should occur. We further recommend that a more systematic study of terminology trends in citizen science be conducted.

Publisher's Note: There has been an amendment to the acknowledgements section of this article. DA - 2017/6/5/ PY - 2017/6/5/ DO - 10.5334/cstp.96 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 1 J2 - CSTP OP - SN - 2057-4991 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/cstp.96 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contrasting the Views and Actions of Data Collectors and Data Consumers in a Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring Project: Implications for Project Design and Management AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Larson, Lincoln R. AU - Krafte Holland, Kathleen AU - Gibson, Rebecca A. AU - Farnham, David J. AU - Hsueh, Diana Y. AU - Culligan, Patricia J. AU - McGillis, Wade R. T2 - Citizen Science: Theory and Practice AB - Data collection or generation is the primary way that the majority of volunteers advance the scientific goals of citizen science projects, but other activities such as data consumption also may influence learning, civic, and conservation outcomes. Project designers and managers balance goals for multiple outcomes and thus need to consider the influence of all project-related activities on outcomes. In a study of the kayak-based Citizen’s Water Quality Testing (CWQT) Program in New York City, we compared the characteristics, perceptions, and behaviors of those collecting and using CWQT data (data collectors) and those solely using the data (data consumers). Data collectors (n = 40) and consumers (n = 24) were similar in gender and political orientation, but collectors were younger, devoted more time to the project, and experienced far more face-to-face interactions related to the project. Data collectors and consumers had similar motivations for participation, except that collectors were more likely motivated by recognition for their efforts. Lack of free time was the largest barrier to participation for both types of participants, and a significantly greater barrier for consumers. Data collectors and consumers trusted volunteer-collected data more than government-collected data. Collectors and consumers both recognized multiple scientific, environmental, and social benefits associated with the project, and both were equally likely to use volunteer-collected data for a variety of purposes, such as informing decisions about conservation and recreation. Importantly, both groups were equally likely to undertake a suite of conservation behaviors. We synthesize and expand current conceptual frameworks of citizen science participation and outcomes, highlighting the need for further study to understand mechanisms and linkages between the varied activities of citizen science projects and broader social and ecological impacts. To achieve conservation goals, project managers should broaden the definition of participant to include those carrying out activities other than data collection (such as data use) and explicitly manage for potential benefits derived by consumers of citizen science. DA - 2017/12/28/ PY - 2017/12/28/ DO - 10.5334/cstp.82 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 8 J2 - CSTP OP - SN - 2057-4991 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/cstp.82 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of compensatory immigration on the genetic structure of coyotes AU - Kierepka, Elizabeth M. AU - Kilgo, John C. AU - Rhodes, Olin E., Jr T2 - The Journal of Wildlife Management AB - ABSTRACT Despite efforts to reduce their effects on livestock and native ungulates within the southeastern United States, coyotes ( Canis latrans ) can recover from control programs. It is unknown how coyotes compensate for high mortality following trapping, so there is great interest to identify methods that can provide insight into coyote response to intensive trapping. To investigate if population genetic tools can decipher how coyotes recover from intensive trapping, we combined an empirical test of how genetic differentiation, diversity, and familial structure changed following trapping on the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina, USA, with spatially explicit genetic simulations. The pre‐ and post‐trapping periods had similar genetic diversities and were not genetically differentiated as expected by either compensatory reproduction or immigration from a single genetic source. The post‐trapping coyote populations exhibited weaker signatures of philopatry with little evidence for increased dispersal distances of young coyotes, which suggests immigration caused a decrease in familial structure. Our simulations indicated that spatial autocorrelation coefficients and observed heterozygosities change as immigration increases, whereas population differentiation, allelic richness, and displacement distances do not. Collectively, our results suggest that coyotes recover from intensive trapping via reproduction and immigration, which likely makes preventing compensation difficult. Monitoring post‐trapping populations may offer more insight into maximizing the effectiveness of control efforts, and based on our simulations, population genetics can provide critical information about the amount of compensatory immigration following trapping. © 2017 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2017/7/28/ PY - 2017/7/28/ DO - 10.1002/jwmg.21320 VL - 81 IS - 8 SP - 1394-1407 J2 - Jour. Wild. Mgmt. LA - en OP - SN - 0022-541X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21320 DB - Crossref KW - Canis latrans KW - compensatory immigration KW - compensatory reproduction KW - coyote KW - South Carolina KW - spatial autocorrelation KW - trapping ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does the house sparrowPasser domesticusrepresent a global model species for egg rejection behavior? AU - Manna, Thomas AU - Cooper, Caren AU - Baylis, Shane AU - Shawkey, Matthew D. AU - Waterhouse, Geoffrey I. N. AU - Grim, Tomas AU - Hauber, Mark E. T2 - Journal of Avian Biology AB - Conspecific brood parasitism (CP) is a facultative breeding tactic whereby females lay their eggs in the nests of conspecifics. In some species, potential hosts have evolved the ability to identify and reject foreign eggs from their nest. Previous studies suggest that the ubiquitous house sparrow Passer domesticus in Spain and South Africa employs both CP and egg rejection, while a population in China does not. Given the species’ invasive range expansions, the house sparrow represents a potentially excellent global model system for parasitic egg rejection across variable ecological conditions. We examined the responses of house sparrows to experimental parasitism at three geographically distinct locations (in Israel, North America, and New Zealand) to provide a robust test of how general the findings of the previous studies are. In all three geographic regions egg rejection rates were negligible and not statistically different from background rates of disappearance of control eggs, suggesting that the house sparrow is not a suitable model species for egg rejection experiments on a global scale. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1111/jav.01193 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 346-352 J2 - J Avian Biol LA - en OP - SN - 0908-8857 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jav.01193 DB - Crossref ER - TY - SOUND TI - A Decade of Synthetic Biology AU - Delborne, J. DA - 2017/12/14/ PY - 2017/12/14/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Municipal Wastewater Application to Forests: Using Participatory Science to Understand Human Exposure and Risks to Chemical Contaminants of Concern AU - Hedgespeth, M.L. AU - McEachran, A.D. AU - Rashash, D. AU - Shea, D. AU - Strynar, M. AU - Delborne, J.A. AU - Nichols, E.G. T2 - Carolinas Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Regional Meeting C2 - 2017/5/17/ CY - Charleston, SC DA - 2017/5/17/ PY - 2017/5/17/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Gene Drives over the Horizon: A Model, for Anticipatory Governance AU - Backus, G.A. AU - Delborne, J.A. T2 - Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2017/8/31/ CY - Boston, MA DA - 2017/8/31/ PY - 2017/8/31/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Envisioning Responsible Innovation in Biotechnology for Conservation: Engagement, GM Chestnut Trees, and Gene Drive Mice AU - Delborne, J.A. T2 - Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2017/8/31/ CY - Boston, MA DA - 2017/8/31/ PY - 2017/8/31/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Performance Measures of the New Fire Shelter AU - Roise, J.P. T2 - Association of Fire Ecology C2 - 2017/// CY - Orlando FL DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/11/28/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of Two Fuel Sampling Techniques for Estimating Surface Fuel Loading in Longleaf Ecosystems AU - Quintanilla-Berjon, Veronica AU - Roise, J. AU - Catts, G. AU - Montero-Munoz, J. T2 - International Congress on Prescribed Fires C2 - 2017/// CY - Barcelona, Spain DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - PhenoCam Dataset v1. 0: Vegetation phenology from digital camera imagery, 2000–2015 AU - Richardson, A.D. AU - Hufkens, K. AU - Milliman, T. AU - Aubrecht, D.M. AU - Chen, M. AU - Gray, J.M. AU - Johnston, M.R. AU - Keenan, T.F. AU - Klosterman, S.T. AU - Kosmala, M. AU - Melaas, E.K. AU - Friedl, M.A. AU - Frolking, S. AU - Abraha, M. AU - Alber, M. AU - Apple, M. AU - Law, B.E. AU - Baldocchi, D. AU - Black, T.A. AU - Blanken, P AU - Browning, D. AU - Bret-Harte, S. AU - Brunsell, N. AU - Burns, S.P. AU - Cremonese, E. AU - Desai, A.R. AU - Eissenstat, D.M. AU - Euskirchen, S.E. AU - Flanagan, L.B. AU - Forsythe, B. AU - Gallagher, J. AU - Gu, L. AU - Hollinger, D.Y. AU - Jones, J.W. AU - King, J. AU - Langvall, O. AU - McCaughey, J.H. AU - McHale, P.J. AU - Meyer, G.A. AU - Mitchell, M.J. AU - Migliavacca, M. AU - Nesic, Z. AU - Noormets, A. AU - Novick, K. AU - Oishi, A.C. AU - O'Connell, J. AU - Oswald, W.W. AU - Perkins, T.D. AU - Phillips, R.P. AU - Schwartz, M.D. AU - Scott, R.L. AU - Sonnentag, O. AU - Thom, J.E. DA - 2017/12/27/ PY - 2017/12/27/ DO - 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1511 M3 - data set ER - TY - BOOK TI - American Oystercatcher AU - Denmon, P. AU - Heath, S.A. AU - Sanders, F.J. AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Jones, S.L. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 40 SP - 126 M3 - Special Publication 1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Using Remote Sensing and Synthetic Controls to Understand Deforestation Drivers and their Moderation by Forest Use in Kalimantan, Indonesia AU - Gray, Josh M. AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Amanatides, M.M. C2 - 2017/// C3 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting DA - 2017/// SP - GC52C-07 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Morphological comparison between island populations of the hog island boa constrictor AU - Sederquist, N. AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - INK: The Undergraduate Research Journal at NC State University DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// IS - Spring 2017 SP - 43–47 UR - https://undergradresearch.dasa.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2017/07/FINAL-INK-Journal-PDF-1.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Data offers insights into the lives of Asheville’s bears AU - Gould, N.P. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Olfenbuttel, C. T2 - Wildlife in North Carolina DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 81 IS - 3 SP - 34 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Public Preference for Pet-Rabies Prophylaxis: Opportunities and Information Dissemination AU - Palamar, Maria AU - Correa, Maria AU - Peterson, Nils AU - DePerno, Christopher T2 - Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease AB - Risky human behavior and high density of rabies vectors in urban environments combine to increase the risk of rabies. Pet vaccination, wildlife vector management, and public health education may be the most efficient ways to prevent urban rabies epidemics. Racial, ethnic, and socio-economic factors influence the use of low-cost rabies vaccination clinics, understanding rabies reporting requirements, and learning preferences. In collaboration with the City of Greensboro and Animal Control in Guilford County, NC, we conducted a survey of rabies prevention and transmission across socio-economic strata representing Latinos, African Americans, and Whites, and different income and education levels. Compliance with vaccination was low among Latinos; African Americans and Latinos were not aware of low-cost rabies vaccination clinics; and most respondents were willing to report rabid animals but did not know whom to call. White respondents preferred online information delivery, whereas Latinos and African Americans preferred postal mail. Communication targeting the public requires the consideration of different message decoding and interpretation based on the ethnicity, income, and educational level, and other barriers such as language. Differing message delivery methods may be required to achieve full dissemination. DA - 2017/9/13/ PY - 2017/9/13/ DO - 10.3390/tropicalmed2030046 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 46 J2 - TropicalMed LA - en OP - SN - 2414-6366 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed2030046 DB - Crossref KW - rabies KW - rabies prevention KW - public health outreach KW - race KW - ethnicity ER - TY - JOUR TI - American Oystercatcher AU - Denmon, P. AU - Heath, S.A. AU - Sanders, F.J. AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Jones, S.L. T2 - Waterbirds DA - 2017/2/1/ PY - 2017/2/1/ DO - 10.1675/063.040.sp113 VL - 40 IS - sp1 SN - 1524-4695 1938-5390 UR - https://bioone.org/journals/waterbirds/volume-40/issue-sp1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Water savings from reduced alfalfa cropping in California’s Upper San Joaquin Valley AU - Singh, Kunwar K. AU - Gray, Joshua C2 - 2017/// C3 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting DA - 2017/// SP - IN51F-0069 ER - TY - CONF TI - Impacts of Extreme Flooding on Hydrologic Connectivity and Water Quality in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Implications for Vulnerable Populations AU - Riveros-Iregui, Diego A. AU - Moser, Haley A. AU - Christenson, Elizabeth C. AU - Gray, Joshua AU - Hedgespeth, Melanie L. AU - Jass, Theodore Lawrence AU - Lowry, David Shane AU - Martin, Katherine AU - Nichols, Elizabeth G. AU - Stewart, Jill R. AU - Emanuel, R. E. C2 - 2017/// C3 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting DA - 2017/// PB - American Geophysical Union ER - TY - RPRT TI - Resilience of diversity-disease risk interactions following wildfire disturbance AU - Gaydos, Devon A. AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Rizzo, David M. A3 - Gen DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// M3 - Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. PB - Gen UR - https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/53990 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occupancy and abundance of Eleutherodactylus wightmanae and E. brittoni along elevational gradients in west-central Puerto Rico AU - Monroe, Kelen D. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Reich, Brian J. AU - Puente-Rolón, Alberto R. AU - Terando, Adam J. T2 - Caribbean Naturalist DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 40 SP - 1–18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Citizen science and biophilic cities: the great experiment AU - Costello, Robert AU - McShea, William J. AU - Forrester, Tavis D. AU - Parsons, Arielle Waldstein AU - Schuttler, Stephanie AU - Baker-Whatton, Megan C. AU - Kays, Roland T2 - Biophilic Cities DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 22–27 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Kinkajou: the tree top specialist AU - Brooks, Melody AU - Kays, Roland T2 - Biology and Conservation of Musteloids A2 - Macdonald, D. A2 - Newman, C. A2 - Harrington, L. A. PY - 2017/// SP - 493–501 PB - Oxford University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Northeastern coyotes cannot be a distinct species without isolation: a response to Way and Lynn AU - Kays, Roland AU - Monzón, Javier D. T2 - Canid Biology & Conservation DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 5–6 UR - http://www.canids.org/CBC/20/northeastern_coyote_not_a_species.pdf ER - TY - CHAP TI - Changing our environmental future: Student praxis through community inquiry AU - Typhina, E. T2 - Environmental Communication Pedagogy and Practice A2 - Milstein, T. A2 - Pileggi, M. A2 - Morgan, E. T3 - Routledge studies in environmental communication and media PY - 2017/// PB - Routledge SN - 9781138673090 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Natural Resource Policy AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - O'Laughlin, Jay AU - Peterson, Nils DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// SP - 505 PB - Waveland Press ER - TY - RPRT TI - Point-count bird censusing: long-term monitoring of bird abundance and diversity in central Arizona-Phoenix, ongoing since 2000 AU - Bateman, Heather AU - Childers, Dan AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Shochat, Eyal AU - Warren, Paige DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.6073/pasta/d6f29d5aba5b22c65b0656c86214958a ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing Sediment Trap Data with Erosion Models for Evaluation of Forest Haul Road Stream Crossing Approaches AU - Lang, AJ AU - Aust, WM AU - Bolding, MC AU - McGuire, KJ AU - Schilling, EB T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Abstract. Soil erosion and sediment delivery models have been developed to estimate the inherent complexities of soil erosion, but most models are not specifically modified for forest operation applications. Three erosion models, the Universal Soil Loss Equation for forestry (USLE-Forest), Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation Version 2 (RUSLE2), and Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), were compared to one year of trapped sediment data for 37 forest haul road stream crossings. We assessed model performance from five variations of the three erosion models: USLE-Roadway, USLE-Soil Survey, RUSLE2, WEPP-Default, and WEPP-Modified. Each road approach was categorized into one of four levels of erosion (very low, low, moderate, and high) based on trapped erosion rate data and erosion rates reported in recent peer-reviewed literature. Model performance metrics included: (1) summary statistics and nonparametric analysis, (2) linear relationships, (3) percent agreement within erosion categories and tolerable error ranges, and (4) contingency table metrics. Sediment trap data varied from negligible (<0.1) to hundreds of Mg ha-1 year-1. The soil erosion models evaluated could estimate erosion within 5 Mg ha-1 year-1 for most approaches having erosion rates less than 11.2 Mg ha-1 year-1, while models estimates varied widely for approaches that eroded at rates above 11.2 Mg ha-1 year-1. Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analyses revealed that only WEPP-Modified estimates were not significantly different from trapped sediment data (p ≥ 0.107). While WEPP-Modified ranked best for most model performance metrics, the time, effort, modeling expertise, and uncertainty associated with model results may discourage the use of WEPP as a forest management tool. WEPP is better suited for researchers and government agencies that have the capability to measure extensive parameter data. Additional sensitivity analysis is needed to expand default parameters for forest roads within the WEPP and USLE models. DA - 2017/4/18/ PY - 2017/4/18/ DO - 10.13031/trans.11859 VL - 60 IS - 2 SP - 393–408 SN - 2151-0032 2151-0040 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.11859 KW - Best management practices KW - Erosion KW - Haul roads KW - Soil erosion models KW - Stream crossing approaches ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forestry best management practices for erosion control in haul road ditches near stream crossings AU - Lang, A.J. AU - Aust, W.M. AU - Bolding, M.C. AU - McGuire, K.J. AU - Schilling, E.B. T2 - Journal of Soil and Water Conservation AB - Poorly designed and maintained forest road stream crossings can directly link erosion sources to streams. Forestry best management practices (BMPs) provide techniques that are useful for preventing sedimentation associated with ditch erosion. However, few studies have quantified ditch BMP sediment reductions. Thus, our primary objective was to evaluate erosion control effectiveness due to ditch BMPs and secondarily to quantify ditch BMP implementation costs. Sixty ditch segments near stream crossings were reconstructed, and five ditch BMP treatments were applied using a completely randomized design resulting in 11 to 13 replications per treatment. Ditch BMP treatments were (1) bare ditch (Bare), (2) grass seed with lime fertilizer (Seed), (3) grass seed with lime fertilizer and erosion control mat (Mat), (4) rock check dams (Dam), and (5) completely rocked (Rock). Silt fence sediment traps and sediment pins were measured over one year to determine treatment effectiveness. Trapped sediment deposits indicated that median erosion rates were greatest for Dam (6.14 Mg ha−1 y−1 [2.74 tn ac−1 yr−1]), followed by Bare (4.92 Mg ha−1 y−1 [2.19 tn ac−1 yr−1]), Rock (1.73 Mg ha−1 y−1 [0.77 tn ac−1 yr−1]), Seed (1.04 Mg ha−1 y−1 [0.46 tn ac−1 y−1]), and Mat (0.82 Mg ha−1 y−1 [0.37 tn ac−1 yr−1]). Results suggested that Mat treatments had significantly lower erosion rates than Bare and Dam, while Rock and Seed provided intermediate levels. Costs of BMP treatments were least expensive for Seed (US$6.10 approach−1), followed by Mat (US$21.33 approach−1), Dam (US$71.43 approach−1), and Rock (US$141.08 approach−1). Results suggest that erosion began to accelerate disproportionately when bare soil levels were between 30% and 50%; therefore, minimum soil cover of 50% is recommended for ditches. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.2489/jswc.72.6.607 VL - 72 IS - 6 SP - 607-618 J2 - Journal of Soil and Water Conservation LA - en OP - SN - 0022-4561 1941-3300 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2489/jswc.72.6.607 DB - Crossref KW - erosion control KW - forest roads KW - forestry best management practices (BMPs) KW - haul road ditches KW - soil erosion KW - stream crossings ER - TY - CHAP TI - Track Annotation: Determining the Environmental Context of Movement Through the Air AU - Obringer, Renee AU - Bohrer, Gil AU - Weinzierl, Rolf AU - Dodge, Somayeh AU - Deppe, Jill AU - Ward, Michael AU - Brandes, David AU - Kays, Roland AU - Flack, Andrea AU - Wikelski, Martin T2 - Aeroecology PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-319-68576-2_4 SP - 71-86 OP - PB - Springer International Publishing SN - 9783319685748 9783319685762 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68576-2_4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - RPRT TI - US Forest Sector Greenhouse Mitigation Potential and Implications for Nationally Determined Contributions AU - Van Winkle, Christina AU - Baker, Justin S. AU - Lapidus, Daniel AU - Ohrel, Sara AU - Steller, John AU - Latta, Gregory AU - Birur, Dileep A3 - RTI Press AB - Countries globally are committing to achieve future greenhouse gas emissions reductions to address our changing climate, as outlined in the Paris Agreement from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties. These commitments, called nationally determined contributions (NDCs), are based on projected anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions levels across all sectors of the economy, including land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) activities. Projecting LULUCF emissions is uniquely challenging, and the uncertainty of future LULUCF emissions could require additional mitigation efforts in the land use sectors to reduce the risk of NDC noncompliance. The objectives of this paper are to provide critical information on what forest sector mitigation activities are currently underway in the United States on private lands, review recent literature estimates of the mitigation potential from these activities (and associated economic costs), identify gaps in the literature where additional analytical work is needed, and provide recommendations for targeted mitigation strategies should US emissions approach or exceed targeted post-2020 NDC levels. DA - 2017/5/30/ PY - 2017/5/30/ DO - 10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0033.1705 PB - RTI Press UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0033.1705 DB - Crossref ER - TY - RPRT TI - Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential in the US Forest Sector AU - Baker, Justin S. AU - Sohngen, Brent L. AU - Ohrel, Sara AU - Fawcett, Allen A. A3 - RTI Press AB - This study conducted an economic analysis of future US forest mitigation potential using a detailed economic model of the global forestry sector. The scenario design included a wide range of possible future carbon price incentives and climate policy structures (unilateral and global mitigation). Results across all scenarios show US forest sector mitigation potential ranging from 54 to 292 MtCO2e between 2015 and 2030 (5 to 47 percent of the additional mitigation needed to achieve the 26 to 28 percent emissions reduction target). The results from this study suggest that the US forest sector can play an important role in global greenhouse gas mitigation efforts, including efforts to meet any potential future US mitigation targets. DA - 2017/8/31/ PY - 2017/8/31/ DO - 10.3768/rtipress.2017.pb.0011.1708 PB - RTI Press UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.pb.0011.1708 DB - Crossref ER - TY - RPRT TI - Trees at Work: Economic Accounting for Forest Ecosystem Services in the US South AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Moore, Susan E. AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. AU - McCarter, Kelley D. AU - Holmes, Thomas P. AU - Mercer, D. Evan A3 - U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017/11// M1 - SRS-226 M3 - General Technical Report PB - U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station SN - SRS-226 UR - https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs226.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - SciStarter 2.0 AU - Hoffman, Catherine AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Kennedy, Eric B. AU - Farooque, Mahmud AU - Cavalier, Darlene T2 - Analyzing the Role of Citizen Science in Modern Research AB - In this chapter, the authors focus on how SciStarter has developed a new digital infrastructure to support sustained engagement in citizen science, and research into the behaviors and motivations of participants. The new digital infrastructure of SciStarter includes integrated registration and contribution tracking tools to make it easier to participate in multiple projects, enhanced GIS information to promote locally relevant projects, an online personal dashboard to keep track of contributions, and the use of these tools (integrated registration, GIS, dashboard) by project owners and researchers to better understand and respond to the needs and interests of citizen-science participants. In this chapter, the authors explore how these new tools build pathways to participatory policymaking, expand access to informal STEM experiences, and lower barriers to citizen science. The chapter concludes with a design for a citizen-science future with increased access to tools, trackable participation, and integrated competencies. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.4018/978-1-5225-0962-2.ch003 SP - 50-61 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occupancy and Abundance of Eleutherodactylus Frogs in Coffee Plantations in Puerto Rico AU - Monroe, Kelen D. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Reich, Brian J. AU - Puente-Rolón, Alberto R. AU - Terando, Adam J. T2 - Herpetologica AB - Shaded coffee plantations are of conservation value for many taxa, particularly for resident avifauna in the face of extensive landscape changes. Yet, little is known about the value of coffee plantations for amphibians because there are scant demographic data to index their value among species with different habitat preferences. We estimated the probability of occupancy of three frog species: Eleutherodactylus wightmanae, a forest species; E. brittoni, a grassland species; and E. antillensis, an open habitat species. Occupancy was estimated in sun and shaded plantations, and in secondary forest, in the west-central mountains of Puerto Rico. We also estimated the probability that a survey station was occupied by no individuals, one, or >1 individual, as a proxy of abundance. The aforementioned parameters, and local colonization and extinction probability, were modeled as a function of weather conditions (temperature, humidity) and vegetation cover at the sampling station (5 m) and contextual (100 m) scales. Encounter histories were obtained with passive acoustic recorders between February and July in 2015. Consistent with known habitat preferences, the highest occupancies were associated with secondary forests for E. wightmanae and sun plantations for E. brittoni. Occupancy probability for E. antillensis was similar across habitat types, indicating no aversion to shaded–forested habitats. Shaded plantations harbored moderate levels of occupancy for all species, indicating their potential value for multispecies conservation. Local colonization rates increased with forest cover for E. wightmanae, and with open habitats for E. brittoni and E. antillensis. Open habitats harbored a higher abundance of E. brittoni and E antillensis, but lower values for E. wightmanae. Sun and shaded plantations could provide quality habitat for Eleutherodactylus spp. if managed for features that promote local colonization and abundance. DA - 2017/12/1/ PY - 2017/12/1/ DO - 10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00089 VL - 73 IS - 4 SP - 297 J2 - Herpetologica OP - SN - 0018-0831 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00089 DB - Crossref KW - Acoustic surveys KW - Caribbean KW - Colonization rates KW - Habitat selection KW - Land use change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Declining Occurrence and Low Colonization Probability in Freshwater Mussel Assemblages: A Dynamic Occurrence Modeling Approach AU - Pandolfo, Tamara J. AU - Kwak, Thomas J. AU - Cope, W. Gregory AU - Heise, Ryan J. AU - Nichols, Robert B. AU - Pacifici, Krishna T2 - Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation AB - Mussel monitoring data are abundant, but methods for analyzing long-term trends in these data are often uninformative or have low power to detect changes. We used a dynamic occurrence model, which accounted for imperfect species detection in surveys, to assess changes in species occurrence in a long-term data set (1986–2011) for the Tar River basin of North Carolina, USA. Occurrence of all species decreased steadily over the time period studied. Occurrence in 1986 ranged from 0.19 for Utterbackiaimbecillis to 0.60 for Fusconaia masoni. Occurrence in 2010–2011 ranged from 0.10 for Lampsilisradiata to 0.40 for F. masoni. The maximum difference between occurrence in 1986 and 2011 was a decline of 0.30 for Alasmidonta undulata. Mean persistence for all species was high (0.97, 95% CI = 0.95–0.99); however, mean colonization probability was very low (<0.01, 95% CI = <0.01–0.01). These results indicate that mussels persisted at sites already occupied but that they have not colonized sites where they had not occurred previously. Our findings highlight the importance of modeling approaches that incorporate imperfect detection in estimating species occurrence and revealing temporal trends to inform conservation planning. DA - 2017/3/1/ PY - 2017/3/1/ DO - 10.31931/fmbc.v20i1.2017.13-19 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 13 J2 - Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation OP - SN - 2472-2944 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.31931/fmbc.v20i1.2017.13-19 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Defense of an expanded historical range for the Mexican wolf: A comment on Heffelfinger et al. AU - Hendricks, Sarah A. AU - Koblmüller, Stephan AU - Harrigan, Ryan J. AU - Leonard, Jennifer A. AU - Schweizer, Rena M. AU - Vonholdt, Bridgett M. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Wayne, Robert K. T2 - The Journal of Wildlife Management AB - A recent review titled “Clarifying Historical Range to Aid Recovery of the Mexican Wolf” by Heffelfinger et al. ( ) reviews historical range delineation but misinterprets published studies and encourages the support of antiquated methods to determine appropriate range for this highly endangered subspecies. We respond to Heffelfinger et al. ( ) and argue against a simple typological model, which we maintain is not appropriate for informing conservation or reintroduction decisions, and argue for the use of genome‐wide data and species distribution models when determining historical range for this vagile wolf population. DA - 2017/9/20/ PY - 2017/9/20/ DO - 10.1002/jwmg.21336 VL - 81 IS - 8 SP - 1331-1333 J2 - Jour. Wild. Mgmt. LA - en OP - SN - 0022-541X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21336 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Visual analytics and remote sensing imagery to support community-based research for precision agriculture in emerging areas AU - Wachowiak, Mark P. AU - Walters, Daniel F. AU - Kovacs, John M. AU - Wachowiak-Smolíková, Renata AU - James, April L. T2 - Computers and Electronics in Agriculture AB - Agriculture in northern Ontario, Canada, has not yet reached the level of development of the southern regions of the province. In spite of the increasing desirability of the former region for agricultural expansion, northern agricultural producers – as well as other producers in “emerging” areas – have less access to information and decision support services relative to more established agricultural regions. At the same time, geographic information systems (GIS) are now being integrated into precision agriculture to assess field variability, to ensure optimal use of information, to maximize output, and to increase efficiency. To address this trend, a community-based research initiative based on an interactive web-based information visualization and GIS decision support system has been deployed with the aim of providing northern Ontario producers with access to the data they need to make the best possible decisions concerning their crops. This system employs citizen science and community-based participatory research to build a mutually beneficial partnership between agricultural producers, researchers, and other community stakeholders. DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017/12// DO - 10.1016/j.compag.2017.09.035 VL - 143 SP - 149-164 J2 - Computers and Electronics in Agriculture LA - en OP - SN - 0168-1699 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.09.035 DB - Crossref KW - Visual analytics KW - Remote sensing KW - Community-based participatory research KW - Precision agriculture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Visual analytics of high-frequency lake monitoring data AU - Wachowiak, Mark P. AU - James, April L. AU - Wachowiak-Smolíková, Renata AU - Walters, Dan F. AU - Chutko, Krystopher J. AU - Rusak, James A. T2 - International Journal of Data Science and Analytics DA - 2017/9/18/ PY - 2017/9/18/ DO - 10.1007/s41060-017-0072-z VL - 5 IS - 2-3 SP - 99-110 J2 - Int J Data Sci Anal LA - en OP - SN - 2364-415X 2364-4168 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41060-017-0072-z DB - Crossref KW - Environmental monitoring KW - Visual analytics KW - Data analytics KW - Web systems KW - Community-based participatory research KW - High-resolution data ER - TY - JOUR TI - Takayoshi Higuchi (1927–2017) AU - Chang, Hou-min AU - Sederoff, Ron AU - Chiang, Vincent AU - Umezawa, Toshiaki T2 - Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology DA - 2017/8/31/ PY - 2017/8/31/ DO - 10.1080/02773813.2017.1350792 VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 405-406 J2 - Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology LA - en OP - SN - 0277-3813 1532-2319 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2017.1350792 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stable isotopes reveal evaporation dynamics at the soil-plant-atmosphere interface of the critical zone AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Tetzlaff, Doerthe AU - Soulsby, Chris AB - Abstract. Understanding the influence of vegetation on water storage and flux in the upper soil is crucial in assessing the consequences of climate and land use change. We sampled the upper 20 cm of podzolic soils at 5 cm intervals in four sites differing in their vegetation (Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and heather (Calluna sp. and Erica Sp)) and aspect. The sites were located within the Bruntland Burn long-term experimental catchment in the Scottish Highlands; a low energy, wet environment. Sampling took place on 11 occasions between September 2015 and September 2016 to capture seasonal variability in isotope dynamics. The pore waters of soil samples were analysed for their isotopic composition (δ2H and δ18H) with the direct equilibration method. Our results show that the soil waters in the top soil are, despite the low potential evaporation rates in such northern latitudes, kinetically fractionated compared to the precipitation input throughout the year. This fractionation signal decreases within the upper 15 cm resulting in the top 5 cm being isotopically differentiated to the soil at 15–20 cm soil depth. There are significant differences in the fractionation signal between soils beneath heather and soils beneath Scots pine, with the latter being more pronounced. But again, this difference diminishes within the upper 15 cm of soil. The enrichment in heavy isotopes in the topsoil follows a seasonal hysteresis pattern, indicating a lag time between the fractionation signal in the soil and the increase/decrease of soil evaporation in spring/autumn. Based on the kinetic enrichment of the soil water isotopes, we estimated the soil evaporation losses to be about 5 and 10 % of the infiltrating water for soils beneath heather and Scots pine, respectively. The high sampling frequency in time (monthly) and depth (5 cm intervals) revealed high temporal and spatial variability of the isotopic composition of soil waters, which can be critical, when using stable isotopes as tracers to assess plant water uptake patterns within the critical zone or applying them to calibrate tracer-aided hydrological models either at the plot to the catchment scale. DA - 2017/2/21/ PY - 2017/2/21/ DO - 10.5194/hess-2017-87 VL - 2 UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2017-87 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest Resources in the Performance of Mexican Community Forest Enterprises in a Vertical Integration System AU - Regino Maldonado, Juan AU - Wen, Yali AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Regino Maldonado, Patricia T2 - International Journal of Sciences AB - The objective of the research was to analyze the relationship between the use and control of forest resources as measured by volume sold (m3/year), volume harvested (m3/ha), and timber production area under forest management (ha) and the performance as measured by profits ($/m3) of community forest enterprises in Mexico under a vertical integration system, from perspectives theory of the firm and new institutional economics. The study is based on an analysis of data from a sampling of 30 enterprises in 12 states in the country in 2011. The research hypothesis states that the use and control of forest resources is positively associated with the profits of the enterprises. The study used linear regression to test the hypothesis. The study concludes that for the sample, the volume harvested m3/ha, was associated positively and significantly with harvesting profits $/m3. Whereas, the timber production area (ha) and volume sold m3/year were associated positively, but not significantly with profits $/m3 of enterprises. At the group level, the volume harvested m3/ha was positively associated with harvesting profits ($/m3) of type III (timber growing and harvesting) enterprises, while volume sold (m3/year) was associated positively with harvesting profits ($/m3) of type IV (vertically integrated timber growing through sawmilling) enterprises. The statistical results were not significant. This suggests no definite conclusions can be made on the general and by size, use and control of forest resources regression results. However, the results are a first approach to understanding the performance of enterprises vertically integrated under a structure of communal government. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.18483/ijsci.1163 VL - 3 IS - 09 SP - 1-15 J2 - ijSciences LA - en OP - SN - 2305-3925 2410-4477 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijsci.1163 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spread of common native and invasive grasses and ruderal trees following anthropogenic disturbances in a tropical dry forest AU - Jaime, Xavier A. AU - Van Bloem, Skip J. AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - Nelson, Stacy A. C. T2 - Ecological Processes AB - A fundamental challenge to the integrity of tropical dry forest ecosystems is the invasion of non-native grass species. These grasses compete for resources and fuel anthropogenic wildfires. In 2012, a bulldozer from the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority cleared a 570-m trail from a state road into a mature dry forest section of Guánica Forest to control a wildfire. We monitored colonization by a non-native invasive grass (Megathyrsus maximus), a highly invasive tree (Leucaena leucocephala), and a native grass (Uniola virgata), as well as natural regeneration, along the bulldozer trail. We determined whether bulldozing facilitated colonization by these species into the forest and the extent of spread. Distance from propagule source and temporal variations strongly influenced colonization by our three focal species. Megathyrsus maximus invaded along the trail from source populations by the state road. The establishment of new colonies of M. maximus seedlings went as far as 570 m inside the forest (i.e., at the end of the bulldozer trail), but we found most new colonies within 270 m of the road. Leucaena leucocephala exhibited a similar spreading pattern. Before disturbance, Uniola virgata was distributed widely across the forest, but the highest densities were found in areas near the latter portion (> 401 m) of the bulldozer trail. Subsequently, the species formed new clumps along more than half of the trail (250 to 570 m), apparently colonizing from undisturbed patches nearby. Bulldozing facilitated the invasion of non-native vegetation. The projected community assemblage will be more fire-prone than before since M. maximus carries fire across the landscape better than U. virgata, emphasizing the capacity of invasive plant colonization to alter local ecological processes after only a single wildfire and bulldoze event. Our results provide a valuable baseline for short-term vegetation response to anthropogenic disturbances in tropical semi-deciduous dry forests. DA - 2017/10/20/ PY - 2017/10/20/ DO - 10.1186/s13717-017-0103-7 VL - 6 IS - 1 J2 - Ecol Process LA - en OP - SN - 2192-1709 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13717-017-0103-7 DB - Crossref KW - Tropical dry forest KW - Grass invasions KW - Bulldozing KW - Wildfire KW - Leucaena leucocephala KW - Megathyrsus (Panicum) maximus KW - Uniola virgata ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using regional scale flow-ecology modeling to identify catchments where fish assemblages are most vulnerable to changes in water availability AU - Hain, Ernie F. AU - Kennen, Jonathan G. AU - Caldwell, Peter V. AU - Nelson, Stacy A.C. AU - Sun, Ge AU - McNulty, Steven G. T2 - Freshwater Biology AB - Abstract Streamflow is essential for maintaining healthy aquatic ecosystems and for supporting human water supply needs. Changes in climate, land use and water use practices may alter water availability. Understanding the potential effect of these changes on aquatic ecosystems is critical for long‐term water management to maintain a balance between water for human consumption and ecosystem needs. Fish species data and streamflow estimates from a rainfall‐runoff and flow routing model were used to develop boosted regression tree models to predict the relationship between streamflow and fish species richness ( FSR ) under plausible scenarios of (1) water withdrawal, (2) climate change and (3) increases in impervious surfaces in the Piedmont ecoregion of North Carolina, U.S.A. Maximum monthly flow, the fraction of total flow originating from impervious surface runoff, coefficient of monthly streamflow variability, and the specific river basin accounted for 50% of the variability in FSR . This model was used to predict FSR values for all twelve‐digit Hydrological Unit Code catchments ( HUC ‐12s) in the North Carolina Piedmont under current flow conditions and under water withdrawal, climate change and impervious surface scenarios. Flow–ecology modeling results indicate that predicted FSR declined significantly with increased water withdrawals. However, the magnitude of decline varied geographically. A “hot‐spot” analysis was conducted based on predicted changes in FSR under each scenario to understand which HUC ‐12s were most likely to be affected by changes in water withdrawals, climate and impervious surfaces. Under the 20% withdrawal increase scenario, 413 of 886 (47%) HUC ‐12s in the study area were predicted to lose one or more species. HUC ‐12s in the Broad, Catawba, Yadkin and Cape Fear river basins were most susceptible to species loss. These findings may help decision making efforts by identifying catchments most vulnerable to changing water availability. Additionally, FSR ‐discharge modeling results can assist resource agencies, water managers and stakeholders in assessing the effect of water withdrawals in catchments to better support the protection and long‐term conservation of species. DA - 2017/11/15/ PY - 2017/11/15/ DO - 10.1111/fwb.13048 VL - 63 IS - 8 SP - 928-945 J2 - Freshw Biol LA - en OP - SN - 0046-5070 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13048 DB - Crossref KW - boosted regression trees KW - environmental water KW - fish species richness KW - flow-ecology models KW - water withdrawal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional patterns of postwildfire streamflow response in the Western United States: The importance of scale‐specific connectivity AU - Hallema, Dennis W. AU - Sun, Ge AU - Bladon, Kevin D. AU - Norman, Steven P. AU - Caldwell, Peter V. AU - Liu, Yongqiang AU - McNulty, Steven G. T2 - Hydrological Processes AB - Abstract Wildfires can impact streamflow by modifying net precipitation, infiltration, evapotranspiration, snowmelt, and hillslope run‐off pathways. Regional differences in fire trends and postwildfire streamflow responses across the conterminous United States have spurred concerns about the impact on streamflow in forests that serve as water resource areas. This is notably the case for the Western United States, where fire activity and burn severity have increased in conjunction with climate change and increased forest density due to human fire suppression. In this review, we discuss the effects of wildfire on hydrological processes with a special focus on regional differences in postwildfire streamflow responses in forests. Postwildfire peak flows and annual water yields are generally higher in regions with a Mediterranean or semi‐arid climate (Southern California and the Southwest) compared to the highlands (Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Northwest), where fire‐induced changes in hydraulic connectivity along the hillslope results in the delivery of more water, more rapidly to streams. No clear streamflow response patterns have been identified in the humid subtropical Southeastern United States, where most fires are prescribed fires with a low burn severity, and more research is needed in that region. Improved assessment of postwildfire streamflow relies on quantitative spatial knowledge of landscape variables such as prestorm soil moisture, burn severity and correlations with soil surface sealing, water repellency, and ash deposition. The latest studies furthermore emphasize that understanding the effects of hydrological processes on postwildfire dynamic hydraulic connectivity, notably at the hillslope and watershed scales, and the relationship between overlapping disturbances including those other than wildfire is necessary for the development of risk assessment tools. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1002/hyp.11208 VL - 31 IS - 14 SP - 2582-2598 J2 - Hydrological Processes LA - en OP - SN - 0885-6087 1099-1085 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11208 DB - Crossref KW - climate change KW - hydraulic connectivity KW - streamflow KW - watershed KW - wildfire KW - wildland-urban interface ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecohydrological processes and ecosystem services in the Anthropocene: a review AU - Sun, Ge AU - Hallema, Dennis AU - Asbjornsen, Heidi T2 - Ecological Processes AB - The framework for ecosystem services has been increasingly used in integrated watershed ecosystem management practices that involve scientists, engineers, managers, and policy makers. The objective of this review is to explore the intimate connections between ecohydrological processes and water-related ecosystem services in human-dominated ecosystems in the Anthropocene. We synthesize current literature to illustrate the importance of understanding the ecohydrological processes for accurately quantifying ecosystem services under different environmental and socioeconomic settings and scales. Our synthesis focuses on managed ecosystems that are dominated by humans and explores how ecological processes affect the tradeoffs and synergies of multiple ecosystem services. We identify research gaps in studying ecological processes mainly including energy, carbon, water, and nutrient balances to better assess and quantify ecosystem services that are critical for sustaining natural resources for future generations. To better assess ecosystem services, future ecohydrological studies need to better account for the scaling effects of natural and anthropogenic stressors exerted on evapotranspiration and other water supply and demand processes. Future studies should focus on the bidirectional interactions between hydrological functions and services and human actions to solve real world problems such as water shortages, ecological degradation, and climate change adaptation. DA - 2017/10/28/ PY - 2017/10/28/ DO - 10.1186/s13717-017-0104-6 VL - 6 IS - 1 J2 - Ecol Process LA - en OP - SN - 2192-1709 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13717-017-0104-6 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Free-ranging domestic cats (Felis catus) on public lands: estimating density, activity, and diet in the Florida Keys AU - Cove, Michael V. AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Simons, Theodore R. AU - Kays, Roland AU - O’Connell, Allan F. T2 - Biological Invasions DA - 2017/8/5/ PY - 2017/8/5/ DO - 10.1007/s10530-017-1534-x VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 333-344 J2 - Biol Invasions LA - en OP - SN - 1387-3547 1573-1464 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1534-x DB - Crossref KW - Felis catus KW - Free-ranging domestic cats KW - Predators KW - Spatial capture-recapture KW - Stable isotopes KW - Trap-neuter-release ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the impact of emerging forest disease on wildfire using Landsat and KOMPSAT-2 data AU - Chen, Gang AU - He, Yinan AU - De Santis, Angela AU - Li, Guosheng AU - Cobb, Richard AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment AB - Environmental disturbance regimes are more frequently being altered by historically novel events and disturbance interactions, which may trigger reorganizations of new ecosystem states and processes. Here we examine synergies between emerging forest disease and wildfire to determine whether disease outbreak changes environmental drivers of burn severity using sudden oak death and the basin complex fire in California as a case study of novel disturbance interaction. We mapped the spatial distribution of sudden oak death tree mortality using a new object-based filter with 1.0 m resolution KOMPSAT-2 images. We integrated these data with a physical simulation model of burn severity informed by post-fire Landsat data. Model performance varied across stages of disease establishment (early, middle and late) with stronger relationships occurring during later stages of disease progression. Multiscale statistical analysis of environmental drivers of burn severity in diseased compared to healthy forests showed that sudden oak death tree mortality altered relationships between burn severity and the biophysical environment. Specifically, compared to the healthy forests, those affected by disease exhibited higher landscape heterogeneity at smaller spatial scales (e.g., 25 and 50 m), which has been associated with decreased burn severity in the literature. Our results showed the opposite pattern. That is, a disease-affected landscape comprising less connected patches and higher patch shape complexity was more likely to experience greater burn severity. This suggests that disease-caused increases in surface fuels may have reduced the landscape's resistance to fire and in turn increased burn severity in forest patches neighboring disease-impacted forests. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1016/J.RSE.2017.04.005 VL - 195 SP - 218-229 J2 - Remote Sensing of Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0034-4257 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.RSE.2017.04.005 DB - Crossref KW - Forest disease KW - Burn severity KW - Object-based filter KW - Landsat KW - KOMPSAT-2 KW - Interacting disturbances ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bayesian methods to estimate urban growth potential AU - Smith, Jordan W. AU - Smart, Lindsey S. AU - Dorning, Monica A. AU - Dupéy, Lauren Nicole AU - Méley, Andréanne AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - Landscape and Urban Planning AB - Urban growth often influences the production of ecosystem services. The impacts of urbanization on landscapes can subsequently affect landowners’ perceptions, values and decisions regarding their land. Within land-use and land-change research, very few models of dynamic landscape-scale processes like urbanization incorporate empirically-grounded landowner decision-making processes. Very little attention has focused on the heterogeneous decision-making processes that aggregate to influence broader-scale patterns of urbanization. We examine the land-use tradeoffs faced by individual landowners in one of the United States’ most rapidly urbanizing regions − the urban area surrounding Charlotte, North Carolina. We focus on the land-use decisions of non-industrial private forest owners located across the region’s development gradient. A discrete choice experiment is used to determine the critical factors influencing individual forest owners’ intent to sell their undeveloped properties across a series of experimentally varied scenarios of urban growth. Data are analyzed using a hierarchical Bayesian approach. The estimates derived from the survey data are used to modify a spatially-explicit trend-based urban development potential model, derived from remotely-sensed imagery and observed changes in the region’s socioeconomic and infrastructural characteristics between 2000 and 2011. This modeling approach combines the theoretical underpinnings of behavioral economics with spatiotemporal data describing a region’s historical development patterns. By integrating empirical social preference data into spatially-explicit urban growth models, we begin to more realistically capture processes as well as patterns that drive the location, magnitude and rates of urban growth. DA - 2017/7// PY - 2017/7// DO - 10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2017.03.004 VL - 163 SP - 1-16 J2 - Landscape and Urban Planning LA - en OP - SN - 0169-2046 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2017.03.004 DB - Crossref KW - Stated choice methods KW - Urbanization KW - Land change KW - Bayesian model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploration of scaling effects on coarse resolution land surface phenology AU - Zhang, Xiaoyang AU - Wang, Jianmin AU - Gao, Feng AU - Liu, Yan AU - Schaaf, Crystal AU - Friedl, Mark AU - Yu, Yunyue AU - Jayavelu, Senthilnath AU - Gray, Joshua AU - Liu, Lingling AU - Yan, Dong AU - Henebry, Geoffrey M. T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment AB - Numerous land surface phenology (LSP) datasets have been produced from various coarse resolution satellite data and different detection algorithms from regional to global scales. In contrast to field-observed phenological events that are defined by clearly evident organismal changes with biophysical meaning, current approaches to detecting transitions in LSP only determine the timing of variations in remotely sensed observations of surface greenness. Since activities to bridge LSP and field observations are challenging and limited, our understanding of the biophysical characteristics of LSP transitions is poor. Therefore, we set out to explore the scaling effects on LSP transitions at the nominal start of growing season (SOS) by comparing detections from coarse resolution data with those from finer resolution imagery. Specifically, using a hybrid piecewise-logistic-model-based LSP detection algorithm, we detected SOS in the agricultural core of the United States—central Iowa—at two scales: first, at a finer scale (30 m) using reflectance generated by fusing MODIS data with Landsat 8 OLI data (OLI SOS) and, second, at a coarser resolution of 500 m using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) observations. The VIIRS SOS data were compared with OLI SOS that had been aggregated using a percentile approach at various degrees of heterogeneity. The results revealed the complexities of SOS detections and the scaling effects that are latent at the coarser resolution. Specifically, OLI SOS variation defined using standard deviation (SD) was as large as 40 days within a highly spatially heterogeneous VIIRS pixel; whereas, SD could be < 10 days for a more homogeneous set of pixels. Furthermore, the VIIRS SOS detections equaled the OLI SOS (with an absolute difference less than one day) in > 60% of OLI pixels within a homogeneous VIIRS pixel, but in < 20% of OLI pixels within a spatially heterogeneous VIIRS pixel. Moreover, the SOS detections in a coarser resolution pixel reflected the timing at which vegetation greenup onset occurred in 30% of area, despite variation in SOS heterogeneities. This result suggests that (1) the SOS detections at coarser resolution are controlled more by the earlier SOS pixels at the finer resolution rather than by the later SOS pixels, and (2) it should be possible to well simulate the coarser SOS value by selecting the timing at 30th percentile SOS at the finer resolution. Finally, it was demonstrated that in homogeneous areas the VIIRS SOS was comparable with OLI SOS with an overall difference of < 5 days. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1016/J.RSE.2017.01.001 VL - 190 SP - 318-330 J2 - Remote Sensing of Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0034-4257 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.RSE.2017.01.001 DB - Crossref KW - Land Surface Phonology KW - Scaling Effects KW - Spatial Heterogeneity KW - VIIRS KW - OLI ER - TY - JOUR TI - Harvesting contractor production and costs in forest plantations of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay AU - Mac Donagh, Patricio AU - Botta, Guido AU - Schlichter, Thomas AU - Cubbage, Frederick T2 - International Journal of Forest Engineering AB - Timber production from forest plantations has increased substantially in South America in the last few decades. The timber harvesting process is carried out mainly through logging contractors. This research developed production and cost 'functions for logging contractors working in Misiones and Corrientes (Argentina), Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and Uruguay. Data were obtained from surveys: 22 in Argentina, 35 in Brazil and 10 in Uruguay between 2008 and 2012. When considered as a share of the total production region, we sampled a weighted average of 21% of the firms, which means an annual production of 17.7 million cubic meters. Regressions of the variables species, operations, contractors and mechanization indicated that the logging costs per ton were higher in Uruguay, as were logging contract prices. The contract prices paid for thinning were significantly higher than those of clearcutting, but average logging costs did not differ significantly. A large amount of capital was needed to begin operations, but there was an inflection in the average cost curves at 50,000 tons/month, and average costs were asymptotic at 100,000 tons/month. Logging contractors working for pulp companies have significantly higher capital value and the largest payroll. The fully mechanized logging firms had the highest capital costs. The Cobb-Douglas function was best to estimate production and cost models. Last, the size of the logging firms in these three countries was larger than those reported for southeastern USA and for Scandinavia. However, average costs were not as low as reported in those countries. DA - 2017/8/10/ PY - 2017/8/10/ DO - 10.1080/14942119.2017.1360657 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 157-168 J2 - International Journal of Forest Engineering LA - en OP - SN - 1494-2119 1913-2220 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2017.1360657 DB - Crossref KW - Forest production KW - mechanization KW - competitiveness KW - South America KW - forest harvesting ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate-induced migration: using mental models to explore aggregate and individual decision-making AU - Whitley, Cameron Thomas AU - Rivers III, Louie AU - Mattes, Seven AU - Marquart-Pyatt, Sandra T. AU - Ligmann-Zielinska, Arika AU - Olabisi, Laura Schmitt AU - Du, Jing T2 - Journal of Risk Research AB - The US Dust Bowl of the 1930s (a prolong period of drought experienced in the United States accompanied by severe sand storms) is often described as an abnormal event. However, climate change is likely to increase the frequency and impact of similar occurrences. Because of this, a growing number of scholars have begun to examine multiple facets of climate-induced migration from various disciplinary traditions. Specifically, scholars have called for continued research into individual decision-making processes. Responding to this call, we construct a mental model from historical interviews of those who migrated to California during the US Dust Bowl. Our model provides insight into the migration process with a unique focus on individual decision-making processes of migrants. DA - 2017/1/31/ PY - 2017/1/31/ DO - 10.1080/13669877.2017.1281331 VL - 21 IS - 8 SP - 1019-1035 J2 - Journal of Risk Research LA - en OP - SN - 1366-9877 1466-4461 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2017.1281331 DB - Crossref KW - climate change KW - climate migration KW - drought KW - dust bowl KW - mental models ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mental models of food security in rural Mali AU - Rivers III, Louie AU - Sanga, Udita AU - Sidibe, Amadou AU - Wood, Alexa AU - Paudel, Rajiv AU - Marquart-Pyatt, Sandra T. AU - Ligmann-Zielinska, Arika AU - Olabisi, Laura Schmitt AU - Du, Eric Jing AU - Liverpool-Tasie, Saweda T2 - Environment Systems and Decisions DA - 2017/12/8/ PY - 2017/12/8/ DO - 10.1007/S10669-017-9669-Y VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 33-51 J2 - Environ Syst Decis LA - en OP - SN - 2194-5403 2194-5411 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10669-017-9669-Y DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using participatory modeling processes to identify sources of climate risk in West Africa AU - Schmitt Olabisi, Laura AU - Liverpool-Tasie, Saweda AU - Rivers, Louie AU - Ligmann-Zielinska, Arika AU - Du, Jing AU - Denny, Riva AU - Marquart-Pyatt, Sandra AU - Sidibé, Amadou T2 - Environment Systems and Decisions AB - Participatory modeling has been widely recognized in recent years as a powerful tool for dealing with risk and uncertainty. By incorporating multiple perspectives into the structure of a model, we hypothesize that sources of risk can be identified and analyzed more comprehensively compared to traditional ‘expert-driven’ models. However, one of the weaknesses of a participatory modeling process is that it is typically not feasible to involve more than a few dozen people in model creation, and valuable perspectives on sources of risk may therefore be absent. We sought to address this weakness by conducting parallel participatory modeling processes in three countries in West Africa with similar climates and smallholder agricultural systems, but widely differing political and cultural contexts. Stakeholders involved in the agricultural sector in Ghana, Mali, and Nigeria participated in either a scenario planning process or a causal loop diagramming process, in which they were asked about drivers of agricultural productivity and food security, and sources of risk, including climate risk, between the present and mid-century (2035–2050). Participants in all three workshops identified both direct and indirect sources of climate risk, as they interact with other critical drivers of agricultural systems change, such as water availability, political investment in agriculture, and land availability. We conclude that participatory systems methods are a valuable addition to the suite of methodologies for analyzing climate risk and that scientists and policy-makers would do well to consider dynamic interactions between drivers of risk when assessing the resilience of agricultural systems to climate change. DA - 2017/10/4/ PY - 2017/10/4/ DO - 10.1007/S10669-017-9653-6 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 23-32 J2 - Environ Syst Decis LA - en OP - SN - 2194-5403 2194-5411 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10669-017-9653-6 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Food security in Africa: a cross-scale, empirical investigation using structural equation modeling AU - Denny, Riva C. H. AU - Marquart-Pyatt, Sandra T. AU - Ligmann-Zielinska, Arika AU - Olabisi, Laura Schmitt AU - Rivers, Louie AU - Du, Jing AU - Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O. T2 - Environment Systems and Decisions DA - 2017/9/20/ PY - 2017/9/20/ DO - 10.1007/S10669-017-9652-7 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 6-22 J2 - Environ Syst Decis LA - en OP - SN - 2194-5403 2194-5411 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10669-017-9652-7 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions Among Fuel Management, Species Composition, Bark Beetles, and Climate Change and the Potential Effects on Forests of the Lake Tahoe Basin AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Kretchun, Alec M. AU - Loudermilk, E. Louise AU - Hurteau, Matthew D. AU - Weisberg, Peter J. AU - Skinner, Carl T2 - Ecosystems AB - Climate-driven increases in wildfires, drought conditions, and insect outbreaks are critical threats to forest carbon stores. In particular, bark beetles are important disturbance agents although their long-term interactions with future climate change are poorly understood. Droughts and the associated moisture deficit contribute to the onset of bark beetle outbreaks although outbreak extent and severity is dependent upon the density of host trees, wildfire, and forest management. Our objective was to estimate the effects of climate change and bark beetle outbreaks on ecosystem carbon dynamics over the next century in a western US forest. Specifically, we hypothesized that (a) bark beetle outbreaks under climate change would reduce net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) and increase uncertainty and (b) these effects could be ameliorated by fuels management. We also examined the specific tree species dynamics—competition and release—that determined NECB response to bark beetle outbreaks. Our study area was the Lake Tahoe Basin (LTB), CA and NV, USA, an area of diverse forest types encompassing steep elevation and climatic gradients and representative of mixed-conifer forests throughout the western United States. We simulated climate change, bark beetles, wildfire, and fuels management using a landscape-scale stochastic model of disturbance and succession. We simulated the period 2010–2100 using downscaled climate projections. Recurring droughts generated conditions conducive to large-scale outbreaks; the resulting large and sustained outbreaks significantly increased the probability of LTB forests becoming C sources over decadal time scales, with slower-than-anticipated landscape-scale recovery. Tree species composition was substantially altered with a reduction in functional redundancy and productivity. Results indicate heightened uncertainty due to the synergistic influences of climate change and interacting disturbances. Our results further indicate that current fuel management practices will not be effective at reducing landscape-scale outbreak mortality. Our results provide critical insights into the interaction of drivers (bark beetles, wildfire, fuel management) that increase the risk of C loss and shifting community composition if bark beetle outbreaks become more frequent. DA - 2017/8/7/ PY - 2017/8/7/ DO - 10.1007/S10021-017-0175-3 VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - 643-656 J2 - Ecosystems LA - en OP - SN - 1432-9840 1435-0629 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10021-017-0175-3 DB - Crossref KW - net ecosystem carbon balance KW - bark beetles KW - wildfire KW - fuels management KW - climate change KW - Lake Tahoe Basin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of on-road NO2 concentrations, NO2/NOX ratios, and related roadway gradients from near-road monitoring data AU - Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer AU - Chris Owen, R. AU - Graham, Stephen AU - Snyder, Michelle AU - McDow, Stephen AU - Oakes, Michelle AU - Kimbrough, Sue T2 - Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health AB - This paper describes a new regression modeling approach to estimate on-road nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) concentrations and near-road spatial gradients using data from a near-road monitoring network. Field data were collected in Las Vegas, NV at three monitors sited 20, 100, and 300 m from Interstate-15 between December, 2008 and January, 2010. Measurements of NO2 and NOX were integrated over 1-hour intervals and matched with meteorological data. Several mathematical transformations were tested for regressing pollutant concentrations against distance from the roadway. A logit-ln model was found to have the best fit (R2 = 94.7%) and also provided a physically realistic profile. The mathematical model used data from the near-road monitors to estimate on-road concentrations and the near-road gradient over which mobile source pollutants have concentrations elevated above background levels. Average and maximum on-road NO2 concentration estimates were 33 ppb and 105 ppb, respectively. Concentration gradients were steeper in the morning and late afternoon compared with overnight when stable conditions preclude mixing. Estimated on-road concentrations were also highest in the late afternoon. Median estimated on-road and gradient NO2 concentrations were lower during summer compared with winter, with a steeper gradient during the summer, when convective mixing occurs during a longer portion of the day On-road concentration estimates were higher for winds perpendicular to the road compared with parallel winds and for atmospheric stability with neutral-to-unstable atmospheric conditions. The concentration gradient with increasing distance from the road was estimated to be sharper for neutral-to-unstable conditions when compared with stable conditions and for parallel wind conditions compared with perpendicular winds. A regression of the NO2/NOX ratios yielded on-road ratios ranging from 0.25 to 0.35, substantially higher than the anticipated tail-pipe emissions ratios. The results from the ratios also showed that the diurnal cycle of the background NO2/NOX ratios were a driving factor in the on-road and downwind NO2/NOX ratios. DA - 2017/1/5/ PY - 2017/1/5/ DO - 10.1007/s11869-016-0455-7 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 611-625 J2 - Air Qual Atmos Health LA - en OP - SN - 1873-9318 1873-9326 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11869-016-0455-7 DB - Crossref KW - Near road KW - NO2 KW - Oxides of nitrogen KW - Nitrogen dioxide KW - Dispersion ER - TY - JOUR TI - NO to NO 2 conversion rate analysis and implications for dispersion model chemistry methods using Las Vegas, Nevada near-road field measurements AU - Kimbrough, Sue AU - Chris Owen, R. AU - Snyder, Michelle AU - Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer T2 - Atmospheric Environment AB - The nitrogen dioxide/oxides of nitrogen (NO2/NOX) ratio is an important surrogate for NO to NO2 chemistry in dispersion models when estimating NOX impacts in a near-road environment. Existing dispersion models use different techniques and assumptions to represent NO to NO2 conversion and do not fully characterize all of the important atmospheric chemical and mechanical processes. Thus, “real-world” ambient measurements must be analyzed to assess the behavior of NO2/NOX ratios near roadways. An examination of NO2/NOX ratio data from a field study conducted in Las Vegas, Nevada (NV), from mid-December, 2008 through mid-December, 2009 provides insights into the appropriateness of assumptions about the NO2/NOX ratio included in dispersion models. Data analysis indicates multiple factors affect the downwind NO2/NOX ratio. These include spatial gradient, background ozone (O3), source emissions of NO and NO2, and background NO2/NOX ratio. Analysis of the NO2/NOX ratio spatial gradient indicates that under high O3 conditions, the change in the ratio is fairly constant once a certain O3 threshold (≥30 ppb) is reached. However, under low O3 conditions (<30 ppb), there are differences between weekdays and weekends, most likely due to a decline in O3 concentrations during the weekday morning hours, reducing the O3 available to titrate the emitted NO, allowing lower NO2/NOX ratios. These results suggest that under high O3 conditions, NOX chemistry is driving the NO2/NOX ratios whereas under low O3 conditions, atmospheric mixing is the driving factor. DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.027 VL - 165 SP - 23-34 J2 - Atmospheric Environment LA - en OP - SN - 1352-2310 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.027 DB - Crossref KW - NO KW - NO2 KW - NOx KW - Near-source KW - Air pollution KW - Motor vehicle emissions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maternal Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide, Intake of Methyl Nutrients, and Congenital Heart Defects in Offspring AU - Stingone, Jeanette A. AU - Luben, Thomas J. AU - Carmichael, Suzan L. AU - Aylsworth, Arthur S. AU - Botto, Lorenzo D. AU - Correa, Adolfo AU - Gilboa, Suzanne M. AU - Langlois, Peter H. AU - Nembhard, Wendy N. AU - Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer AU - Shaw, Gary M. AU - Olshan, Andrew F. T2 - American Journal of Epidemiology AB - Nutrients that regulate methylation processes may modify susceptibility to the effects of air pollutants. Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (United States, 1997–2006) were used to estimate associations between maternal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dietary intake of methyl nutrients, and the odds of congenital heart defects in offspring. NO2 concentrations, a marker of traffic-related air pollution, averaged across postconception weeks 2–8, were assigned to 6,160 nondiabetic mothers of cases and controls using inverse distance-squared weighting of air monitors within 50 km of maternal residences. Intakes of choline, folate, methionine, and vitamins B6 and B12 were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Hierarchical regression models, which accounted for similarities across defects, were constructed, and relative excess risks due to interaction were calculated. Relative to women with the lowest NO2 exposure and high methionine intake, women with the highest NO2 exposure and lowest methionine intake had the greatest odds of offspring with a perimembranous ventricular septal defect (odds ratio = 3.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.74, 6.01; relative excess risk due to interaction = 2.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.39, 3.92). Considerable departure from additivity was not observed for other defects. These results provide modest evidence of interaction between nutrition and NO2 exposure during pregnancy. DA - 2017/8/2/ PY - 2017/8/2/ DO - 10.1093/aje/kwx139 VL - 186 IS - 6 SP - 719-729 LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9262 1476-6256 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx139 DB - Crossref KW - air pollution KW - birth defects KW - cardiovascular malformation KW - methionine KW - methyl donor KW - prenatal nutrition KW - ventricular septal defect ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interpreting multiscale domains of tree cover disturbance patterns in North America AU - Riitters, Kurt AU - Costanza, Jennifer K. AU - Buma, Brian T2 - Ecological Indicators AB - Spatial patterns at multiple observation scales provide a framework to improve understanding of pattern-related phenomena. However, the metrics that are most sensitive to local patterns are least likely to exhibit consistent scaling relations with increasing extent (observation scale). A conceptual framework based on multiscale domains (i.e., geographic locations exhibiting similar scaling relations) allows the use of sensitive pattern metrics, but more work is needed to understand the actual patterns represented by multiscale domains. The objective of this study was to improve the interpretation of scale-dependent patterns represented by multiscale domains. Using maps of tree cover disturbance covering North American forest biomes from 2000 to 2012, each 0.09-ha location was described by the proportion and contagion of disturbance in its neighborhood, for 10 neighborhood extents from 0.81 ha to 180 km2. A k-means analysis identified 13 disturbance profiles based on the similarity of disturbance proportion and contagion across neighborhood extent. A wall to wall map of multiscale domains was produced by assigning each location (disturbed and undisturbed) to its nearest disturbance profile in multiscale pattern space. The multiscale domains were interpreted as representing two aspects of local patterns – the proximity of a location to disturbance, and the interior-exterior relationship of a location relative to nearby disturbed areas. DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.05.022 VL - 80 SP - 147-152 J2 - Ecological Indicators LA - en OP - SN - 1470-160X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2017.05.022 DB - Crossref KW - Scale KW - Scale domains KW - Landscape pattern KW - Disturbance profile ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applicability of Benford's Law to Compliance Assessment of Self-Reported Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge Data AU - Beiglou, P.H.B. AU - Gibbs, C. AU - Rivers, L. AU - Adhikari, U. AU - Mitchell, J. T2 - Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management AB - The United States (U.S.) environmental regulatory system relies heavily on self-reports to assess compliance among regulated facilities. However, the regulatory agencies have expressed concerns regarding the potential for fraud in self-reports and suggested that the likelihood of detection in the federal and state enforcement processes is low. In this paper, we apply Benford’s Law to three years of self-reported discharge parameters from wastewater treatment plant facilities in one U.S. state. We conclude that Benford’s Law alone may not be a reliable method for detecting potential data mishandling for individual facility–parameter combinations, but may provide information about the types of parameters most likely to be fraudulently reported and types of facilities most likely to do so. From a regulatory perspective, this information may help to prioritise potential fraud risks in self reporting and better direct limited resources. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1142/S146433321750017X VL - 19 IS - 4 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85032199422&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Conservation criminology and the global trade in electronic waste: Applying a multi-disciplinary research framework AU - Gibbs, C. AU - McGarrell, E.F. AU - Axelrod, M. AU - Rivers, L. T2 - Transnational Environmental Crime AB - Contents: Introduction Part I Thinking about Transnational Environmental Crime: Transnational environmental crime: exploring (un)charted territory, Liselotte Bisschop Conceptualising and combating transnational environmental crime, Glen Wright The global transference of toxic harms, Diane Heckenberg Causes for speciesism: difference, distance and denial, Ragnhild Sollund Dire forecast: a theoretical model of the impact of climate change on crime, Robert Agnew Where might we be headed? Some of the possible consequences of climate change for the criminological research agenda, Stephen Farrall. Part II Conflicts, Victimisation and the Environment: Cross-national environmental injustice and human rights issues: a review of evidence in the developing world, Francis O. Adeola Environmental disputes and human rights violations: a role for criminologists, Richard D. Clark When social movements bypass the poor: asbestos pollution, international litigation and Griqua cultural identity, Linda Waldman Deforestation crimes and conflicts in the Amazon, Tim Boekhout van Solinge Toward defining the concept of environmental crime on the basis of sustainability, Ali Mohamed Al-Damkhi, Ali Mohamed Khuraibet, Sabah Ahmed Abdul-Wahab and Faten Abdul-Hameed Al-Attar. Part III Pollution and Waste: Green criminology and dirty collar crime, Vincenzo Ruggiero and Nigel South Is it all going to waste? Illegal transports of e-waste in a European trade hub, Liselot Bisschop International waste trafficking: preliminary explorations, Ana KlenovA!ek and Goradz MeA!ko Conservation criminology and the global trade in electronic waste: applying a multi-disciplinary research framework, Carole Gibbs, Edmund F. McGarrell, Mark Axelrod and Louie Rivers III Toxic atmospheres: air pollution, trade and the politics of regulation, Reece Walters. Part IV Biodiversity and Wildlife Crime: The a corporate colonisation of naturea (TM): bio-prospecting, bio-piracy and the development of green criminology, Nigel South Crime, bio-agriculture and the exploitation of hunger, Reece Walters The transnational illegal wildlife trade, Greg L. Warchol The international ban on ivory sales and its effect on elephant poaching in Africa, Andrew M. Lemieux and Ronald V. Clarke Preventing wildlife crimes: solutions that can overcome the a tragedy of the commonsa (TM), Stephen F. Pires and William D. Moreto. Part V Combating Transnational Environmental Crimes: Police, law enforcement and the environment, Kevin Tomkins Strengthening the weakest links: strategies for improving the enforcement of environmental laws globally, Anita Sundari Akella and James B. Cannon Usage of special investigation measures in detecting environmental crime: international and Macedonian perspective, Marina Malis Sazdovska Cross-border police cooperation in tackling environmental crime, Toine Spapens NGO engagement in environmental law enforcement: critical reflections, Rob White Name index. PY - 2017/// DO - 10.4324/9781315084589 SP - 297-320 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85061752331&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating behaviour into the pace-of-life continuum: Divergent levels of activity and information gathering in fast- and slow-living snakes AU - Gangloff, Eric J. AU - Chow, Melinda AU - Leos-Barajas, Vianey AU - Hynes, Stephanie AU - Hobbs, Brooke AU - Sparkman, Amanda M. T2 - Behavioural Processes AB - An animal’s life history, physiology, and behaviour can be shaped by selection in a manner that favours strong associations among these aspects of an integrated phenotype. Recent work combining animal personality and life-history theory proposes that animals with faster life-history strategies (i.e., fast growth, high annual reproductive rate, short lifespan) should exhibit higher general activity levels relative to those with slower life-history strategies, but empirical tests of within-species variation in these traits are lacking. In garter snakes from ecotypes which are known to differ in ecology, life-history strategy, and physiology, we tested for differences in tongue-flick rate as a measure of information gathering and movement patterns as a measure of general activity. Tongue flicks and movement were strongly positively correlated and both behaviours were repeatable across trials. Snakes from the fast-living ecotype were more active and showed evidence of habituation. The slow-living ecotype maintained low levels of activity throughout the trials. We propose that environmental factors, such as high predation, experienced by the fast-living ecotype select for both increased information-gathering and activity levels to facilitate efficient responses to repeated challenges. Thus, we offer evidence that behaviour is an important component of co-evolved suites of traits forming a general pace-of-life continuum in this system. DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.06.006 VL - 142 SP - 156-163 J2 - Behavioural Processes LA - en OP - SN - 0376-6357 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2017.06.006 DB - Crossref KW - Tongue flicks KW - Movement KW - Hidden Markov model KW - Predation KW - Habituation KW - Pace-of-life syndrome KW - Tharnnophis elegans ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multi-scale Modeling of Animal Movement and General Behavior Data Using Hidden Markov Models with Hierarchical Structures AU - Leos-Barajas, Vianey AU - Gangloff, Eric J. AU - Adam, Timo AU - Langrock, Roland AU - van Beest, Floris M. AU - Nabe-Nielsen, Jacob AU - Morales, Juan M. T2 - Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics AB - Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are commonly used to model animal movement data and infer aspects of animal behavior. An HMM assumes that each data point from a time series of observations stems from one of N possible states. The states are loosely connected to behavioral modes that manifest themselves at the temporal resolution at which observations are made. Due to advances in tag technology and tracking with digital video recordings, data can be collected at increasingly fine temporal resolutions. Yet, inferences at time scales cruder than those at which data are collected and, which correspond to larger-scale behavioral processes, are not yet answered via HMMs. We include additional hierarchical structures to the basic HMM framework, incorporating multiple Markov chains at various time scales. The hierarchically structured HMMs allow for behavioral inferences at multiple time scales and can also serve as a means to avoid coarsening data. Our proposed framework is one of the first that models animal behavior simultaneously at multiple time scales, opening new possibilities in the area of animal movement and behavior modeling. We illustrate the application of hierarchically structured HMMs in two real-data examples: (i) vertical movements of harbor porpoises observed in the field, and (ii) garter snake movement data collected as part of an experimental design. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online. DA - 2017/5/12/ PY - 2017/5/12/ DO - 10.1007/s13253-017-0282-9 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 232-248 J2 - JABES LA - en OP - SN - 1085-7117 1537-2693 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13253-017-0282-9 DB - Crossref KW - Animal behavior KW - Bio-logging KW - Experimental design KW - Latent process KW - State-switching model KW - Temporal resolution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring tensions and conflicts in invasive species management: The case of Asian carp AU - Kokotovich, Adam E. AU - Andow, David A. T2 - Environmental Science & Policy AB - There is a growing recognition that scientific and social conflict pervades invasive species management, but there is a need for empirical work that can help better understand these conflicts and how they can be addressed. We examined the tensions and conflicts facing invasive Asian carp management in Minnesota by conducting 16 in-depth interviews with state and federal agency officials, academics, and stakeholders. Interviewees discussed the tensions and conflicts they saw impacting management, their implications, and what could be done to address them. We found three key areas of conflict and tension in Asian carp management: 1) scientific uncertainty concerning the impacts of Asian carp and the efficacy and non-target effects of possible management actions; 2) social uncertainty concerning both the lack of societal agreement on how to respond to Asian carp and the need to avoid acting from apathy and/or fear; and 3) the desired approach to research and management – whether it is informed by “political need” or “biological reality”. Our study of these tensions and conflicts reveals their importance to Asian carp management and to invasive species management, more broadly. We conclude with a discussion of possible ways to address these areas of tension and conflict, including the potential of deliberative, participatory approaches to risk-related decision making and the need to productively engage with apathy and fear. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1016/j.envsci.2016.12.016 VL - 69 SP - 105-112 J2 - Environmental Science & Policy LA - en OP - SN - 1462-9011 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.12.016 DB - Crossref KW - Scientific uncertainty KW - Social uncertainty KW - Apathy/fear KW - Participation KW - Invasive species management KW - Asian carp ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond opportunity costs: who bears the implementation costs of reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation? AU - Luttrell, Cecilia AU - Sills, Erin AU - Aryani, Riza AU - Ekaputri, Andini Desita AU - Evinke, Maria Febe T2 - Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change AB - Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) in developing countries is based on the premise that conserving tropical forests is a cost-effective way to reduce carbon emissions and therefore can be fully funded by international actors with obligations or interests in reducing emissions. However, concerns have repeatedly been raised about whether stakeholders in REDD+ host countries will actually end up bearing the costs of REDD+. Most prior analyses of the costs of REDD+ have focused on the opportunity costs of foregone alternative uses of forest land. We draw on a pan-tropical study of 22 subnational REDD+ initiatives in five countries to explore patterns in implementation costs, including which types of organizations are involved and which are sharing the costs of implementing REDD+. We find that many organizations involved in the implementation of REDD+, particularly at the subnational level and in the public sector, are bearing implementation costs not covered by the budgets of the REDD+ initiatives. To sustain this level of cost-sharing, REDD+ must be designed to deliver local as well as global forest benefits. DA - 2017/1/20/ PY - 2017/1/20/ DO - 10.1007/s11027-016-9736-6 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 291-310 J2 - Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change LA - en OP - SN - 1381-2386 1573-1596 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-016-9736-6 DB - Crossref KW - Benefit sharing KW - Brazil KW - Cameroon KW - Costs of climate change mitigation KW - Costs of REDD KW - Indonesia KW - Opportunity costs of forest conservation KW - Peru KW - REDD KW - Subnational REDD KW - Tanzania KW - Tropical deforestation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating Smallholder Opportunity Costs of REDD+: A Pantropical Analysis from Households to Carbon and Back AU - Ickowitz, Amy AU - Sills, Erin AU - de Sassi, Claudio T2 - World Development AB - Compensating forest users for the opportunity costs of foregoing deforestation and degradation was one of the original distinguishing features of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation). In the early days of REDD+, such costs for tropical smallholders were believed to be quite low, but this has increasingly been questioned. A decade after the concept was proposed, direct payments to forest stakeholders remain rare, while concerns about safeguarding livelihoods are increasing. Households facing restrictions on forest-based activities will have to be compensated, yet evidence on actual costs to households, their distribution, and implications for efficiency and equity is limited. We estimate smallholder opportunity costs of REDD+ in 17 sites in six countries across the tropics. We use household data collected from multiple sites in multiple countries using a uniform methodology. We find that opportunity costs per tCO2 emissions from deforestation are less than the social costs of tCO2 emissions ($36) in 16 of the 17 sites; in only six of the sites, however, are opportunity costs lower than the 2015 voluntary market price for tCO2 ($3.30). While opportunity costs per tCO2 are of interest from an efficiency perspective, it is opportunity costs per household that are relevant for safeguarding local peoples’ income. We calculate opportunity costs per household and examine how these costs differ for households of different income groups within each site. We find that poorer households face lower opportunity costs from deforestation and forest degradation in all sites. In a system of direct conditional payments with no transactions costs to households, poorer households would earn the highest rents from a system of flat payments. Our findings highlight that heterogeneity and asymmetrical distribution of opportunity costs within and between communities bear important consequences on both equity and efficiency of REDD+ initiatives. DA - 2017/7// PY - 2017/7// DO - 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.022 VL - 95 SP - 15-26 J2 - World Development LA - en OP - SN - 0305-750X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.022 DB - Crossref KW - REDD KW - Deforestation KW - Degradation KW - Opportunity costs KW - Equity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the impacts of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification of natural forest management in the tropics: a rigorous approach to assessment of a complex conservation intervention AU - Romero, C. AU - Sills, E.O. AU - Guariguata, M.R. AU - Cerutti, P.O. AU - Lescuyer, G. AU - Putz, F.E. T2 - International Forestry Review AB - After more than 20 years and substantial investments of time and money, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification of tropical forest management is due for a stringent impact evaluation. For any social, ecological, and economic outcomes to be attributed to FSC certification, rival explanations need to be ruled out. We recognize that different types of knowledge about FSC impacts derived from information gathered through a range of methods can satisfy the evidence-needs of different stakeholders. But this paper describes a roadmap based on rigorous methods to assess whether FSC certification delivers on its expected outcomes and the underlying mechanisms through which changes can be attributable to FSC. To this end, background studies that provide contextual knowledge related to implementation of FSC certification are proposed to account for any positive self-selection biases and to capture the temporal dynamics of certification including changes in the sociopolitical and economic contexts that influence certification decisions. (Resume d'auteur) DA - 2017/12/1/ PY - 2017/12/1/ DO - 10.1505/146554817822295902 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 36-49 J2 - int. forest. rev. LA - en OP - SN - 1465-5489 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554817822295902 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hunting in Afghanistan: variation in motivations across species AU - Bashari, Mujtaba AU - Sills, Erin AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Cubbage, Frederick T2 - Oryx AB - Abstract Illegal hunting is a widespread problem, with motivations varying across regions. We investigated the patterns and reasons for hunting in Afghanistan, where it is generally illegal but pervasive in the wake of decades of civil war. To assess motivations for hunting, firstly we conducted a systematic review of the literature, extracting information from 32 studies that discuss the relative importance of various reasons for hunting in Afghanistan; we analysed findings from these studies using the meta-analytic method of vote-counting. Secondly, using face-to-face interviews or a web-based questionnaire, we surveyed key informants in Afghanistan about the motivations identified in the literature. We obtained responses from 57 people familiar with hunting, including government officials, vendors in wildlife markets, and hunters. Findings from the meta-analysis and the survey were broadly consistent, both identifying the market for fur and other by-products as one of the most important motivations for hunting. However, much of the published literature focuses on hunting of carnivores, and emphasizes retaliation as a motivation for hunting. Key informants were more likely to cite subsistence consumption and to suggest that providing education and livelihood alternatives would reduce hunting. Our results highlight the importance of a multi-pronged policy response that recognizes variation in motivations for hunting different species. DA - 2017/2/27/ PY - 2017/2/27/ DO - 10.1017/S0030605316001174 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - 526-536 J2 - Oryx LA - en OP - SN - 0030-6053 1365-3008 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605316001174 DB - Crossref KW - Afghanistan KW - human-wildlife conflict KW - hunting KW - meta-analysis KW - poaching KW - retaliation killing KW - subsistence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Converting Forests to Farms: The Economic Benefits of Clearing Forests in Agricultural Settlements in the Amazon AU - Mullan, Katrina AU - Sills, Erin AU - Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. AU - Caviglia-Harris, Jill T2 - Environmental and Resource Economics DA - 2017/6/12/ PY - 2017/6/12/ DO - 10.1007/s10640-017-0164-1 VL - 71 IS - 2 SP - 427-455 J2 - Environ Resource Econ LA - en OP - SN - 0924-6460 1573-1502 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-017-0164-1 DB - Crossref KW - Brazil KW - Deforestation KW - Welfare KW - Agrarian settlement KW - Dynamic panel ER - TY - JOUR TI - No influence of CO2 on stable isotope analyses of soil waters with off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Tetzlaff, Doerthe AU - Soulsby, Chris T2 - Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry AB - Rationale It was recently shown that the presence of CO 2 affects the stable isotope (δ 2 H and δ 18 O values) analysis of water vapor via Wavelength‐Scanned Cavity Ring‐Down Spectroscopy. Here, we test how much CO 2 is emitted from soil samples and if the CO 2 in the headspace influences the isotope analysis with the direct equilibration method by Off‐Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy (OA‐ICOS). Methods The headspace above different amounts of sparkling water was sampled, and its stable isotopic composition (δ 2 H and δ 18 O values) and CO 2 concentration were measured by direct equilibration and by gas chromatography, respectively. In addition, the headspace above soil samples was analyzed in the same way. Furthermore, the gravimetric water content and the loss on ignition were measured for the soil samples. Results The experiment with the sparkling water showed that CO 2 does not influence the stable isotope analysis by OA‐ICOS. CO 2 was emitted from the soil samples and correlated with the isotopic fractionation signal, but no causal relationship between the two was determined. Instead, the fractionation signal in pore water isotopes can be explained by soil evaporation and the CO 2 can be related to soil moisture and organic matter which both enhance microbial activity. Conclusions We found, despite the high CO 2 emissions from soil samples, no need for a post‐correction of the pore water stable isotope analysis results, since there is no relation between CO 2 concentrations and the stable isotope results of vapor samples obtained with OA‐ICOS. © 2016 The Authors. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. DA - 2017/3/15/ PY - 2017/3/15/ DO - 10.1002/rcm.7815 VL - 31 IS - 5 SP - 430-436 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85011665212&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaporation fractionation in a peatland drainage network affects stream water isotope composition AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Tetzlaff, Doerthe AU - Tunaley, Claire AU - Dick, Jonathan AU - Soulsby, Chris T2 - Water Resources Research AB - Abstract There is increasing interest in improving understanding of evaporation within a catchment for an enhanced representation of dominant processes in hydrological models. We used a dual‐isotope approach within a nested experimental design in a boreal catchment in the Scottish Highlands (Bruntland Burn) to quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of evaporation fractionation in a peatland drainage network and its effect on stream water isotopes. We conducted spatially distributed water sampling within the saturated peatland under different wetness conditions. We used the lc‐excess—which describes the offset of a water sample from the local meteoric water line in the dual‐isotope space—to understand the development of kinetic fractionation during runoff in a peatland network. The evaporation fractionation signal correlated positively with the potential evapotranspiration and negatively with the discharge. The variability of the isotopic enrichment within the peatland drainage network was higher with higher potential evapotranspiration and lower with higher discharge. We found an increased evaporation fractionation toward the center of the peatland, while groundwater seepage from minerogenic soils influenced the isotopic signal at the edge of the peatland. The evaporation signal was imprinted on the stream water, as the discharge from a peatland dominated subcatchment showed a more intense deviation from the local meteoric water line than the discharge from the Bruntland Burn. The findings underline that evaporation fractionation within peatland drainage networks affects the isotopic signal of headwater catchments, which questions the common assumption in hydrological modeling that the isotopic composition of stream waters did not undergo fractionation processes. DA - 2017/1/25/ PY - 2017/1/25/ DO - 10.1002/2016WR019258 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 851-866 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85011063373&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - catchment KW - wetlands KW - evapotranspiration KW - overland flow KW - stable isotope geochemistry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tracing Water Through the Critical Zone AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Weiler, Markus T2 - Eos AB - The authors of a recent paper in Reviews of Geophysics describe how isotope hydrology offers new insights into interactions at the interface between soil, vegetation, and the atmosphere. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1029/2018eo074313 VL - 98 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring and modeling stable isotopes of mobile and bulk soil water AU - Sprenger, M. AU - Tetzlaff, D. AU - Buttle, J. AU - Laudon, H. AU - Leistert, H. AU - Mitchell, C.P.J. AU - Snelgrove, J. AU - Weiler, M. AU - Soulsby, C. T2 - Vadose Zone Journal AB - Core Ideas Bulk soil water isotopes have an evaporation signal, but mobile water isotopes do not. These differences are time variant and linked to the volume and age of the mobile water. Two pore domains (fast and slow) improve simulations of soil water isotope dynamics. A new model accounts for isotopic exchange via water vapor between two pore domains. This exchange is relevant for proper simulation of the evaporation signal in bulk soil water. Recent findings from stable isotope studies have opened up new questions about differences in the isotopic composition (δ 2 H and δ 18 O) of mobile (MW) and bulk water (BW) in soils. We sampled the isotopic compositions of MW using suction lysimeters and BW with the direct‐equilibration method. The study was conducted at two landscape units in each of three catchments: the Bruntland Burn (Scotland), Dorset (Canada), and Krycklan (Sweden). We further used the numerical one‐dimensional flow model SWIS (Soil Water Isotope Simulator) to simulate the hydrometric and isotopic dynamics. The model included evaporation fractionation, allowed differentiation between a fast and a slow flow domain, and included isotopic exchange via water vapor. Our measurements showed that MW plots along the local meteoric water lines, whereas BW plots below, which is indicative of evaporation fractionation. We suggest that the relative volume of MW to BW is relevant for explaining these isotopic differences because MW volumes are usually relatively low during periods of high evaporation. Under this condition, differences between MW and plant water isotopes are not paradoxical but rather related to the water that cannot be sampled with suction lysimeters but is still available for plant water uptake. The simulations accounting for fast and slow flow supported the conceptualization of the two soil pore domains with isotopic exchange via vapor exchange because this model setup resulted in the best model performance. Overall, these findings are of high relevance for current understanding related to the source and isotopic composition of water taken up by plants. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.2136/vzj2017.08.0149 VL - 17 IS - 1 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85045392401&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of forest and shrub canopies on precipitation partitioning and isotopic signatures AU - Soulsby, Chris AU - Braun, Hannah AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Weiler, Markus AU - Tetzlaff, Doerthe T2 - Hydrological Processes AB - Abstract Over a 4‐month summer period, we monitored how forest ( Pinus sylvestris ) and heather moorland ( Calluna spp. and Erica spp.) vegetation canopies altered the volume and isotopic composition of net precipitation (NP) in a southern boreal landscape in northern Scotland. During that summer period, interception losses were relatively high and higher under forests compared to moorland (46% of gross rainfall [GR] compared with 35%, respectively). Throughfall (TF) volumes exhibited marked spatial variability in forests, depending upon local canopy density, but were more evenly distributed under heather moorland. In the forest stands, stemflow was a relatively small canopy flow path accounting for only 0.9–1.6% of NP and only substantial in larger events. Overall, the isotopic composition of NP was not markedly affected by canopy interactions; temporal variation of stable water isotopes in TF closely corresponded to that of GR with differences of TF‐GR being −0.52‰ for δ 2 H and −0.14‰ for δ 18 O for forests and 0.29‰ for δ 2 H and −0.04‰ for δ 18 O for heather moorland. These differences were close to, or within, analytical precision of isotope determination, though the greater differences under forest were statistically significant. Evidence for evaporative fractionation was generally restricted to low rainfall volumes in low intensity events, though at times, subtle effects of liquid–vapour moisture exchange and/or selective transmission though canopies were evident. Fractionation and other effects were more evident in stemflow but only marked in smaller events. The study confirmed earlier work that increased forest cover in the Scottish Highlands will likely cause an increase in interception and green water fluxes at the expenses of blue water fluxes to streams. However, the low‐energy, humid environment means that isotopic changes during such interactions will only have a minor overall effect on the isotopic composition of NP. DA - 2017/11/30/ PY - 2017/11/30/ DO - 10.1002/hyp.11351 VL - 31 IS - 24 SP - 4282-4296 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11351 KW - boreal forest KW - canopy KW - forest hydrology KW - interception KW - isotopes KW - throughfall ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil water stable isotopes reveal evaporation dynamics at the soil–plant–atmosphere interface of the critical zone AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Tetzlaff, Doerthe AU - Soulsby, Chris T2 - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences AB - Abstract. Understanding the influence of vegetation on water storage and flux in the upper soil is crucial in assessing the consequences of climate and land use change. We sampled the upper 20 cm of podzolic soils at 5 cm intervals in four sites differing in their vegetation (Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and heather (Calluna sp. and Erica Sp)) and aspect. The sites were located within the Bruntland Burn long-term experimental catchment in the Scottish Highlands, a low energy, wet environment. Sampling took place on 11 occasions between September 2015 and September 2016 to capture seasonal variability in isotope dynamics. The pore waters of soil samples were analyzed for their isotopic composition (δ2H and δ18O) with the direct-equilibration method. Our results show that the soil waters in the top soil are, despite the low potential evaporation rates in such northern latitudes, kinetically fractionated compared to the precipitation input throughout the year. This fractionation signal decreases within the upper 15 cm resulting in the top 5 cm being isotopically differentiated to the soil at 15–20 cm soil depth. There are significant differences in the fractionation signal between soils beneath heather and soils beneath Scots pine, with the latter being more pronounced. But again, this difference diminishes within the upper 15 cm of soil. The enrichment in heavy isotopes in the topsoil follows a seasonal hysteresis pattern, indicating a lag time between the fractionation signal in the soil and the increase/decrease of soil evaporation in spring/autumn. Based on the kinetic enrichment of the soil water isotopes, we estimated the soil evaporation losses to be about 5 and 10 % of the infiltrating water for soils beneath heather and Scots pine, respectively. The high sampling frequency in time (monthly) and depth (5 cm intervals) revealed high temporal and spatial variability of the isotopic composition of soil waters, which can be critical, when using stable isotopes as tracers to assess plant water uptake patterns within the critical zone or applying them to calibrate tracer-aided hydrological models either at the plot to the catchment scale. DA - 2017/7/27/ PY - 2017/7/27/ DO - 10.5194/hess-21-3839-2017 VL - 21 IS - 7 SP - 3839-3858 UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3839-2017 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Form and function in hillslope hydrology: in situ imaging and characterization of flow-relevant structures AU - Jackisch, Conrad AU - Angermann, Lisa AU - Allroggen, Niklas AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Blume, Theresa AU - Tronicke, Jens AU - Zehe, Erwin T2 - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences AB - Abstract. The study deals with the identification and characterization of rapid subsurface flow structures through pedo- and geo-physical measurements and irrigation experiments at the point, plot and hillslope scale. Our investigation of flow-relevant structures and hydrological responses refers to the general interplay of form and function, respectively. To obtain a holistic picture of the subsurface, a large set of different laboratory, exploratory and experimental methods was used at the different scales. For exploration these methods included drilled soil core profiles, in situ measurements of infiltration capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity, and laboratory analyses of soil water retention and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The irrigation experiments at the plot scale were monitored through a combination of dye tracer, salt tracer, soil moisture dynamics, and 3-D time-lapse ground penetrating radar (GPR) methods. At the hillslope scale the subsurface was explored by a 3-D GPR survey. A natural storm event and an irrigation experiment were monitored by a dense network of soil moisture observations and a cascade of 2-D time-lapse GPR trenches. We show that the shift between activated and non-activated state of the flow paths is needed to distinguish structures from overall heterogeneity. Pedo-physical analyses of point-scale samples are the basis for sub-scale structure inference. At the plot and hillslope scale 3-D and 2-D time-lapse GPR applications are successfully employed as non-invasive means to image subsurface response patterns and to identify flow-relevant paths. Tracer recovery and soil water responses from irrigation experiments deliver a consistent estimate of response velocities. The combined observation of form and function under active conditions provides the means to localize and characterize the structures (this study) and the hydrological processes (companion study Angermann et al., 2017, this issue). DA - 2017/7/21/ PY - 2017/7/21/ DO - 10.5194/hess-21-3749-2017 VL - 21 IS - 7 SP - 3749-3775 UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3749-2017 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Form and function in hillslope hydrology: characterization of subsurface flow based on response observations AU - Angermann, Lisa AU - Jackisch, Conrad AU - Allroggen, Niklas AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Zehe, Erwin AU - Tronicke, Jens AU - Weiler, Markus AU - Blume, Theresa T2 - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences AB - Abstract. The phrase form and function was established in architecture and biology and refers to the idea that form and functionality are closely correlated, influence each other, and co-evolve. We suggest transferring this idea to hydrological systems to separate and analyze their two main characteristics: their form, which is equivalent to the spatial structure and static properties, and their function, equivalent to internal responses and hydrological behavior. While this approach is not particularly new to hydrological field research, we want to employ this concept to explicitly pursue the question of what information is most advantageous to understand a hydrological system. We applied this concept to subsurface flow within a hillslope, with a methodological focus on function: we conducted observations during a natural storm event and followed this with a hillslope-scale irrigation experiment. The results are used to infer hydrological processes of the monitored system. Based on these findings, the explanatory power and conclusiveness of the data are discussed. The measurements included basic hydrological monitoring methods, like piezometers, soil moisture, and discharge measurements. These were accompanied by isotope sampling and a novel application of 2-D time-lapse GPR (ground-penetrating radar). The main finding regarding the processes in the hillslope was that preferential flow paths were established quickly, despite unsaturated conditions. These flow paths also caused a detectable signal in the catchment response following a natural rainfall event, showing that these processes are relevant also at the catchment scale. Thus, we conclude that response observations (dynamics and patterns, i.e., indicators of function) were well suited to describing processes at the observational scale. Especially the use of 2-D time-lapse GPR measurements, providing detailed subsurface response patterns, as well as the combination of stream-centered and hillslope-centered approaches, allowed us to link processes and put them in a larger context. Transfer to other scales beyond observational scale and generalizations, however, rely on the knowledge of structures (form) and remain speculative. The complementary approach with a methodological focus on form (i.e., structure exploration) is presented and discussed in the companion paper by Jackisch et al.(2017). DA - 2017/7/21/ PY - 2017/7/21/ DO - 10.5194/hess-21-3727-2017 VL - 21 IS - 7 SP - 3727-3748 UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3727-2017 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aquatic Invasive Species in the Great Lakes Region: An Overview AU - Escobar, Luis E. AU - Mallez, Sophie AU - McCartney, Michael AU - Lee, Christine AU - Zielinski, Daniel P. AU - Ghosal, Ratna AU - Bajer, Przemyslaw G. AU - Wagner, Carli AU - Nash, Becca AU - Tomamichel, Megan AU - Venturelli, Paul AU - Mathai, Prince P. AU - Kokotovich, Adam AU - Escobar-Dodero, Joaquin AU - Phelps, Nicholas B. D. T2 - Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture AB - Aquatic invasive species (AIS) are of concern in North America due to their devastating impacts on ecosystems and economies. The Great Lakes region is particularly vulnerable to AIS introduction and establishment with at least 184 nonindigenous species reported in this region from a large number of taxa including viruses, bacteria, diatoms, protozoa, arthropods, mollusks, fish, and plants. Representative species from these groups were explored, describing the features of their natural history and current efforts in prevention and control. Specifically, five AIS that are expected to spread to novel areas in the region are discussed: viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus and heterosporis (pathogens affecting fish), starry stonewort (an alga), zebra mussels (a bivalve), and carps (fishes). Novel strategies for AIS control include next-generation sequencing technologies, gene editing, mathematical modeling, risk assessment, microbiome studies for biological control, and human-dimension studies to address tensions related to AIS management. Currently, AIS research is evolving to adapt to known technologies and develop novel technologies to understand and prevent AIS spread. It was found that AIS control in this region requires a multidisciplinary approach focusing on the life history of the species (e.g., pheromones), adaptive management of anthropogenic structures (e.g., bubble curtains), and the integration of human dimensions to develop efficient management plans that integrate local citizens and management agencies. DA - 2017/9/26/ PY - 2017/9/26/ DO - 10.1080/23308249.2017.1363715 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 121-138 J2 - Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture LA - en OP - SN - 2330-8249 2330-8257 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2017.1363715 DB - Crossref KW - Aquatic invasive species KW - Great Lakes KW - starry stonewort KW - heterosporis KW - zebra mussels ER - TY - RPRT TI - Exploring the utility of combining Landsat8, Sentinel2 and Sentinel1 time series for the quantification of forest degradation for test sites across Indonesia AU - Brioch, M. AU - Wearne, J. AU - Tulbure, M.G. AU - Heimhuber, V. AU - Chandra, A. AU - Firmansyah, R. AU - Wijaya, A. AU - Weisse, M. AU - Stolle, F. A3 - World Resource Institute DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// PB - World Resource Institute ER - TY - DATA TI - Data from: Surface-water dynamics and land use influence landscape connectivity across a major dryland region AU - Bishop-Taylor, Robbi AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Broich, Mark DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.5061/dryad.qf83q ET - 1 PB - Dryad Digital Repository UR - https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.qf83q ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling multidecadal surface water inundation dynamics and key drivers on large river basin scale using multiple time series of Earth-observation and river flow data AU - Heimhuber, V. AU - Tulbure, M. G. AU - Broich, M. T2 - Water Resources Research AB - Abstract Periodically inundated floodplain areas are hot spots of biodiversity and provide a broad range of ecosystem services but have suffered alarming declines in recent history. Despite their importance, their long‐term surface water (SW) dynamics and hydroclimatic drivers remain poorly quantified on continental scales. In this study, we used a 26 year time series of Landsat‐derived SW maps in combination with river flow data from 68 gauges and spatial time series of rainfall, evapotranspiration and soil moisture to statistically model SW dynamics as a function of key drivers across Australia's Murray‐Darling Basin (∼1 million km 2 ). We fitted generalized additive models for 18,521 individual modeling units made up of 10 × 10 km grid cells, each split into floodplain, floodplain‐lake, and nonfloodplain area. Average goodness of fit of models was high across floodplains and floodplain‐lakes ( r 2 > 0.65), which were primarily driven by river flow, and was lower for nonfloodplain areas ( r 2 > 0.24), which were primarily driven by rainfall. Local climate conditions were more relevant for SW dynamics in the northern compared to the southern basin and had the highest influence in the least regulated and most extended floodplains. We further applied the models of two contrasting floodplain areas to predict SW extents of cloud‐affected time steps in the Landsat series during the large 2010 floods with high validated accuracy ( r 2 > 0.97). Our framework is applicable to other complex river basins across the world and enables a more detailed quantification of large floods and drivers of SW dynamics compared to existing methods. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1002/2016wr019858 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 1251-1269 J2 - Water Resour. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0043-1397 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019858 DB - Crossref KW - flood modeling KW - Landsat satellite KW - Murray-Darling Basin KW - floodplains KW - GAM ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface-water dynamics and land use influence landscape connectivity across a major dryland region AU - Bishop-Taylor, Robbi AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Broich, Mark T2 - Ecological Applications AB - Abstract Landscape connectivity is important for the long‐term persistence of species inhabiting dryland freshwater ecosystems, with spatiotemporal surface‐water dynamics (e.g., flooding) maintaining connectivity by both creating temporary habitats and providing transient opportunities for dispersal. Improving our understanding of how landscape connectivity varies with respect to surface‐water dynamics and land use is an important step to maintaining biodiversity in dynamic dryland environments. Using a newly available validated Landsat TM and ETM + surface‐water time series, we modelled landscape connectivity between dynamic surface‐water habitats within Australia's 1 million km 2 semiarid Murray Darling Basin across a 25‐yr period (1987–2011). We identified key habitats that serve as well‐connected “hubs,” or “stepping‐stones” that allow long‐distance movements through surface‐water habitat networks. We compared distributions of these habitats for short‐ and long‐distance dispersal species during dry, average, and wet seasons, and across land‐use types. The distribution of stepping‐stones and hubs varied both spatially and temporally, with temporal changes driven by drought and flooding dynamics. Conservation areas and natural environments contained higher than expected proportions of both stepping‐stones and hubs throughout the time series; however, highly modified agricultural landscapes increased in importance during wet seasons. Irrigated landscapes contained particularly high proportions of well‐connected hubs for long‐distance dispersers, but remained relatively disconnected for less vagile organisms. The habitats identified by our study may serve as ideal high‐priority targets for land‐use specific management aimed at maintaining or improving dispersal between surface‐water habitats, potentially providing benefits to biodiversity beyond the immediate site scale. Our results also highlight the importance of accounting for the influence of spatial and temporal surface‐water dynamics when studying landscape connectivity within highly variable dryland environments. DA - 2017/4/6/ PY - 2017/4/6/ DO - 10.1002/eap.1507 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 1124-1137 J2 - Ecol Appl LA - en OP - SN - 1051-0761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eap.1507 DB - Crossref KW - Australia KW - flooding KW - graph theory KW - land use KW - Landsat KW - landscape connectivity KW - Murray-Darling Basin KW - protected areas KW - surface-water dynamics KW - wetlands ER - TY - JOUR TI - A People’s History of Leisure Studies: Old Knowledge, New Knowledge and The Philadelphia Negro as a Foundational Text AU - Mowatt, Rasul A. AU - Floyd, Myron F. AU - Hylton, Kevin T2 - International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure AB - There is a great realization that a professor teaching an introductory or philosophical foundations course in the field of leisure studies comes to, if that professor may not be from the dominant culture of most Western societies. This realization is as stark as their numerical presence in their respective departments. Why are the philosophical foundations of the field devoid of the experiences, voices, and perspectives populations of colour, or even more broadly, the populations of the global majority? The objectives of this manuscript are: 1) to briefly categorize the research in the field on Race and ethnicity; 2) to outline the key canonical texts of the field; 3) to consider and reconceptualize a racially and ethnically inclusive foundation for the field utilizing W. E. B. Du Bois’ (1899) The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study as an example. Within the 520 pages of The Philadelphia Negro, the term leisure is mentioned 21 times. Recreation as a term is used 19 times; and, 4) to identify how the integration of The Philadelphia Negro could impact or realign the field’s history and master narratives and master concepts. What we are granted in leisure studies through the addition of The Philadelphia Negro as a foundational text is quite possibly the first sociological study, the first empirical study, the first large sample study, and the first mixed methods designed study. DA - 2017/12/11/ PY - 2017/12/11/ DO - 10.1007/s41978-017-0004-4 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 55-73 J2 - Int J Sociol Leis LA - en OP - SN - 2520-8683 2520-8691 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41978-017-0004-4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - RPRT TI - Zoning and land use regulation of forestry AU - King, B.A. AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Megalos, M.A. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service C6 - 43 DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// M1 - 43 M3 - Woodland Owner Note PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - 43 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lessons Learned for Military-Based Partnerships for Landscape-Scale Conservation: A Case Study of the North Carolina Sentinel Landscapes Partnership AU - Diaz, J. AU - Bardon, R. AU - Hazel, D. AU - Bruce, J. AU - Jayarante, K.S.U. T2 - Journal of Community Engagement and Scholarship DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 24–35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of Extension in Building Sustainable Partnerships with Multiple Stakeholders for Land Conservation AU - Diaz, J.M. AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Hazel, D. AU - Bruce, J. AU - Jayarante, K.S.U. T2 - Journal of Human Sciences and Extension DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 53–70 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors Influencing the Success of a Market Based Conservation Initiative to Promote Rural Land-use Compatibility AU - Diaz, John M. AU - Bardon, Robert E. AU - Hazel, Dennis AU - Bruce, Jackie AU - Jayaratne, K.S.U AU - Velez, Anne-Lise T2 - Environment and Ecology Research AB - Encroachment of incompatible land uses increasingly threatens military training across the country. In many states, military training grounds are part of the rural landscape resulting in significant interest from military leadership in the maintenance and enhancement of land uses that are compatible with training operations. In the southeast, a vast majority of the rural landscape is under private ownership increasing the needs for policies that address the interests of landowners and provide meaningful incentives for maintaining land-use compatibility. Market-based conservation strategies have the potential to provide an effective means for conserving large landscapes used for military training. This issue is particularly salient in North Carolina that has an extensive military training footprint. We conducted a case study to evaluate a cross-sector partnership in the state that collaboratively developed a Market-Based Conservation Initiative Pilot to promote land use compatibility by engaging private landowners in performance-based contracts. This study determined the factors that influenced pilot project outcomes and lessons learned when developing market-based strategies that integrate military interests. Data analysis identifies five key factors that are 1) military funding authority to establish agreements, 2) development of landowner trust and program credibility, 3) military understanding the purpose and associated risks of a pilot program, 4) military perception of rural landownership patterns, and 5) institutional mandates of the Navy. DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017/10// DO - 10.13189/eer.2017.050605 VL - 5 IS - 6 SP - 443-452 J2 - eer LA - en OP - SN - 2331-625X 2331-6268 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/eer.2017.050605 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fusiform Rust Hazard Mapping for Loblolly Pine in the Southeastern United States Using Progeny Test Data AU - Walker, Trevor D. AU - McKeand, Steven E. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.5849/jof-2017-070 VL - 116 IS - 2 SP - 117–122 KW - fusiform rust KW - loblolly pine KW - hazard map KW - progeny test KW - genetic gain ER - TY - CONF TI - USDA Forest Service Southern Region: It’s all about GRITS. Gene Conservation of Tree Species—Banking on the Future AU - Crane, B.S. AU - Potter, K.M. C2 - 2017/// DA - 2017/// VL - General Technical Report PNW-GTR-963 SP - 111–112 PB - Portland, Oregon: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type mediates understory plant invasions AU - Jo, Insu AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Domke, Grant M. AU - Fei, Songlin T2 - Ecology Letters AB - Forest mycorrhizal type mediates nutrient dynamics, which in turn can influence forest community structure and processes. Using forest inventory data, we explored how dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type affects understory plant invasions with consideration of forest structure and soil properties. We found that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) dominant forests, which are characterised by thin forest floors and low soil C : N ratio, were invaded to a greater extent by non-native invasive species than ectomycorrhizal (ECM) dominant forests. Understory native species cover and richness had no strong associations with AM tree dominance. We also found no difference in the mycorrhizal type composition of understory invaders between AM and ECM dominant forests. Our results indicate that dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type is closely linked with understory invasions. The increased invader abundance in AM dominant forests can further facilitate nutrient cycling, leading to the alteration of ecosystem structure and functions. DA - 2017/11/30/ PY - 2017/11/30/ DO - 10.1111/ele.12884 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 217-224 J2 - Ecol Lett LA - en OP - SN - 1461-023X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12884 DB - Crossref KW - Eastern USA KW - forest mycorrhizal type KW - nutrient cycling KW - plant-soil feedback KW - temperate forests KW - understory invasions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape correlates of forest plant invasions: A high-resolution analysis across the eastern United States AU - Riitters, Kurt AU - Potter, Kevin AU - Iannone, Basil V., III AU - Oswalt, Christopher AU - Fei, Songlin AU - Guo, Qinfeng T2 - Diversity and Distributions AB - Abstract Aim Invasive species occurrence is often related to the anthropogenic context of a given area. Quantifying the effects of roads is of particular interest as roads are a major vector for invasion. Our objective was to further quantify the effects of roads on forest plant invasion through a macroscale, high‐resolution investigation to assist effective invasion control and mitigation. Location Eastern United States. Methods Using invasive plant data from 23,039 forest inventory plots in 13 ecological provinces, we employed logistic regression to relate the odds of invasion to distance from a road, with adjustments for broadscale differences attributable to ecological provinces, and local scale differences in productivity, forest fragmentation and land use. Results The overall proportion ( P ) of invaded plots was 0.58 (0.65 for plots within 50 m of a road), and the highest odds ( P /1 − P ) of invasion were found in relatively more productive, fragmented forest in landscapes with more than 10% agriculture or developed land cover. Wald chi‐square statistics indicated the best predictor of the odds of invasion was ecological province, followed by land use, productivity, forest fragmentation and distance from a road. Depending on the province, the adjusted odds of invasion decreased by up to 23% (typically 4%–10%) per 100 m distance from a road. The adjusted probability of invasion approached zero in only three provinces, for the least productive, least fragmented forest that was at least 2,000 m from a road in landscapes with less than 10% agricultural or developed land cover. Main conclusions In the eastern United States, the existence of a nearby road is less important than the landscape context associated with the road. A purely road‐mediated effect has little practical meaning because anthropogenic activities and roads are pervasive and confounded. DA - 2017/11/23/ PY - 2017/11/23/ DO - 10.1111/ddi.12680 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 274-284 J2 - Divers Distrib LA - en OP - SN - 1366-9516 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12680 DB - Crossref KW - fragmentation KW - invasive species KW - land use KW - macroscale KW - road ecology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Children Experiencing the Outdoors AU - Carrier, Sarah J. AU - Stevenson, Kathryn T2 - Reforming Teaching and Teacher Education AB - This chapter will demonstrate how outdoor education can answer the call for science education reform while benefiting the whole child. It begins by outlining research on how outdoor experiences can provide science engagement benefits that last a lifetime. We then outline the specific science reforms that have been presented in the United States and globally to encourage lifelong science achievement. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-6300-917-1_3 SP - 67-88 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85032949132&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - Genetic Data Analysis for Plant and Animal Breeding AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Holland, James AU - Maltecca, Christian DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-319-55177-7 PB - Springer International Publishing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correspondence of Loblolly Pine Response for Fusiform Rust Disease from Local and Wide-Ranging Tests in the Southern United States AU - Spitzer, Jesse AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Whetten, Ross AU - Farjat, Alfredo AU - McKeand, Steve T2 - Forest Science DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.5849/fs-2016-093 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Animal Feces Contribute to Domestic Fecal Contamination: Evidence from E. coli Measured in Water, Hands, Food, Flies, and Soil in Bangladesh AU - Ercumen, Ayse AU - Pickering, Amy J. AU - Kwong, Laura H. AU - Arnold, Benjamin F. AU - Parvez, Sarker Masud AU - Alam, Mahfuja AU - Sen, Debashis AU - Islam, Sharmin AU - Kullmann, Craig AU - Chase, Claire AU - Ahmed, Rokeya AU - Unicomb, Leanne AU - Luby, Stephen P. AU - Colford, John M. T2 - Environmental Science & Technology AB - Fecal-oral pathogens are transmitted through complex, environmentally mediated pathways. Sanitation interventions that isolate human feces from the environment may reduce transmission but have shown limited impact on environmental contamination. We conducted a study in rural Bangladesh to (1) quantify domestic fecal contamination in settings with high on-site sanitation coverage; (2) determine how domestic animals affect fecal contamination; and (3) assess how each environmental pathway affects others. We collected water, hand rinse, food, soil, and fly samples from 608 households. We analyzed samples with IDEXX Quantitray for the most probable number (MPN) of E. coli. We detected E. coli in source water (25%), stored water (77%), child hands (43%), food (58%), flies (50%), ponds (97%), and soil (95%). Soil had >120 000 mean MPN E. coli per gram. In compounds with vs without animals, E. coli was higher by 0.54 log10 in soil, 0.40 log10 in stored water and 0.61 log10 in food (p < 0.05). E. coli in stored water and food increased with increasing E. coli in soil, ponds, source water and hands. We provide empirical evidence of fecal transmission in the domestic environment despite on-site sanitation. Animal feces contribute to fecal contamination, and fecal indicator bacteria do not strictly indicate human fecal contamination when animals are present. C2 - PMC5541329 DA - 2017/8/1/ PY - 2017/8/1/ DO - 10.1021/acs.est.7b01710 VL - 51 IS - 15 SP - 8725-8734 J2 - Environ Sci Technol SN - 0013-936X ST - Animal Feces Contribute to Domestic Fecal Contamination UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5541329/ DB - PubMed Central Y2 - 2019/1/25/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effectiveness of the Hydrogen Sulfide Test as a Water Quality Indicator for Diarrhea Risk in Rural Bangladesh AU - Islam, Mahfuza AU - Ercumen, Ayse AU - Naser, Abu Mohd AU - Unicomb, Leanne AU - Rahman, Mahbubur AU - Arnold, Benjamin F. AU - Colford, Jr., John M. AU - Luby, Stephen P. T2 - The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene AB - Microbiological water quality is usually assessed by the identification of Escherichia coli (E. coli), a fecal indicator. The hydrogen sulfide (H2S) test is an inexpensive, easy-to-use, and portable alternative field-based water quality test. Our study evaluated the H2S test’s effectiveness as a water quality indicator for diarrhea risk. Field workers collected stored drinking water samples for H2S analysis and detection of E. coli by membrane filtration and measured caregiver-reported diarrhea among children < 5 years in the same households 1 month later. We assessed the association between the H2S test (incubated for 24 hours and 48 hours) and diarrhea prevalence, with 2-day and 7-day symptom recall periods (N = 1,348). We determined the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value (PPV, NPV) of the H2S test compared with E. coli (N = 525). Controlling for potentially confounding covariates, H2S-positive water (at 24 or 48 hours) was not associated with 2-day diarrhea prevalence (24-hour prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63–1.69; 48-hour PR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.58–1.38) or 7-day diarrhea prevalence (24-hour PR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.76–1.78; 48-hour PR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.81–1.80). The sensitivity, PPV, and NPV of the H2S test was significantly higher when the H2S test was incubated for 48 versus 24 hours whereas specificity showed the opposite trend. H2S test sensitivity, PPV, and NPV increased with increasing E. coli levels, consistent with previous evidence that the H2S test is a useful water quality tool in high-contamination settings. However, our results suggest that the H2S test is not an effective indicator for waterborne diarrhea. C2 - PMC5805062 DA - 2017/12/6/ PY - 2017/12/6/ DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0387 VL - 97 IS - 6 SP - 1867-1871 J2 - Am J Trop Med Hyg SN - 0002-9637 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5805062/ DB - PubMed Central Y2 - 2019/1/25/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential sources of bias in the use of Escherichia coli to measure waterborne diarrhoea risk in low-income settings AU - Ercumen, Ayse AU - Arnold, Benjamin F. AU - Naser, Abu Mohd AU - Unicomb, Leanne AU - Colford, John M. AU - Luby, Stephen P. T2 - Tropical medicine & international health: TM & IH AB - Abstract Objectives Escherichia coli is the standard water quality indicator for diarrhoea risk. Yet, the association between E. coli and diarrhoea is inconsistent across studies without a systematic assessment of methodological differences behind this variation. Most studies measure water quality cross‐sectionally with diarrhoea, risking exposure misclassification and reverse causation. Studies use different recall windows for self‐reported diarrhoea; longer periods increase potential outcome misclassification through misrecall. Control of confounding is inconsistent across studies. Additionally, diarrhoea measured in unblinded intervention trials can present courtesy bias. We utilised measurements from a randomised trial of water interventions in Bangladesh to assess how these factors affect the E. coli –diarrhoea association. Methods We compared cross‐sectional versus prospective measurements of water quality and diarrhoea, 2‐versus 7‐day symptom recall periods, estimates with and without controlling for confounding and using measurements from control versus intervention arms of the trial. Results In the control arm, 2‐day diarrhoea prevalence, measured prospectively 1 month after water quality, significantly increased with log 10 E. coli ( PR = 1.50, 1.02–2.20). This association weakened when we used 7‐day recall ( PR = 1.18, 0.88–1.57), cross‐sectional measurements of E. coli and diarrhoea ( PR = 1.11, 0.79–1.56) or did not control for confounding ( PR = 1.20, 0.88–1.62). Including data from intervention arms led to less interpretable associations, potentially due to courtesy bias, effect modification and/or reverse causation. Conclusions By systematically addressing potential sources of bias, our analysis demonstrates a clear relationship between E. coli in drinking water and diarrhoea, suggesting that the continued use of E. coli as an indicator of waterborne diarrhoea risk is justified. DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.1111/tmi.12803 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 2-11 J2 - Trop. Med. Int. Health LA - eng SN - 1365-3156 DB - PubMed KW - E. coli KW - diarrhoea KW - waterborne disease KW - water quality KW - Bangladesh ER - TY - JOUR TI - Escherichia coli contamination of child complementary foods and association with domestic hygiene in rural Bangladesh AU - Parvez, Sarker Masud AU - Kwong, Laura AU - Rahman, Musarrat Jabeen AU - Ercumen, Ayse AU - Pickering, Amy J. AU - Ghosh, Probir K. AU - Rahman, Md Zahidur AU - Das, Kishor Kumar AU - Luby, Stephen P. AU - Unicomb, Leanne AU - al. T2 - Tropical medicine & international health: TM & IH AB - To determine the frequency and concentration of Escherichia coli in child complementary food and its association with domestic hygiene practices in rural Bangladesh.A total of 608 households with children <2 years were enrolled. We collected stored complementary food samples, performed spot checks on domestic hygiene and measured ambient temperature in the food storage area. Food samples were analysed using the IDEXX most probable number (MPN) method with Colilert-18 media to enumerate E. coli. We calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) to assess the relationship between E. coli and domestic hygiene practices using modified Poisson regression, adjusting for clustering and confounders.Fifty-eight percentage of stored complementary food was contaminated with E. coli, and high levels of contamination (≥100 MPN/dry g food) were found in 12% of samples. High levels of food contamination were more prevalent in compounds where the food was stored uncovered (APR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2-3.2), transferred from the storage pot to the serving dish using hands (APR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.3-3.2) or stored for >4 h (APR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5, 4.2), in compounds where water was unavailable in the food preparation area (APR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.6, 4.2), where ≥1 fly was captured in the food preparation area (APR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.0, 2.6), or where the ambient temperature was high (>25-40 °C) in the food storage area (APR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.5, 4.4).Interventions to keep stored food covered and ensure water availability in the food preparation area would be expected to reduce faecal contamination of complementary foods. DA - 2017/5// PY - 2017/5// DO - 10.1111/tmi.12849 VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 547-557 J2 - Trop. Med. Int. Health LA - eng SN - 1365-3156 DB - PubMed KW - Escherichia coli KW - complementary food KW - domestic hygiene KW - Bangladesh ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detecting and enumerating soil-transmitted helminth eggs in soil: New method development and results from field testing in Kenya and Bangladesh AU - Steinbaum, Lauren AU - Kwong, Laura H. AU - Ercumen, Ayse AU - Negash, Makeda S. AU - Lovely, Amira J. AU - Njenga, Sammy M. AU - Boehm, Alexandria B. AU - Pickering, Amy J. AU - Nelson, Kara L. T2 - PLoS neglected tropical diseases AB - Globally, about 1.5 billion people are infected with at least one species of soil-transmitted helminth (STH). Soil is a critical environmental reservoir of STH, yet there is no standard method for detecting STH eggs in soil. We developed a field method for enumerating STH eggs in soil and tested the method in Bangladesh and Kenya. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method for enumerating Ascaris eggs in biosolids was modified through a series of recovery efficiency experiments; we seeded soil samples with a known number of Ascaris suum eggs and assessed the effect of protocol modifications on egg recovery. We found the use of 1% 7X as a surfactant compared to 0.1% Tween 80 significantly improved recovery efficiency (two-sided t-test, t = 5.03, p = 0.007) while other protocol modifications—including different agitation and flotation methods—did not have a significant impact. Soil texture affected the egg recovery efficiency; sandy samples resulted in higher recovery compared to loamy samples processed using the same method (two-sided t-test, t = 2.56, p = 0.083). We documented a recovery efficiency of 73% for the final improved method using loamy soil in the lab. To field test the improved method, we processed soil samples from 100 households in Bangladesh and 100 households in Kenya from June to November 2015. The prevalence of any STH (Ascaris, Trichuris or hookworm) egg in soil was 78% in Bangladesh and 37% in Kenya. The median concentration of STH eggs in soil in positive samples was 0.59 eggs/g dry soil in Bangladesh and 0.15 eggs/g dry soil in Kenya. The prevalence of STH eggs in soil was significantly higher in Bangladesh than Kenya (chi-square, χ2 = 34.39, p < 0.001) as was the concentration (Mann-Whitney, z = 7.10, p < 0.001). This new method allows for detecting STH eggs in soil in low-resource settings and could be used for standardizing soil STH detection globally. C2 - PMC5393894 DA - 2017/4// PY - 2017/4// DO - 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005522 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - e0005522 J2 - PLoS Negl Trop Dis LA - eng SN - 1935-2735 ST - Detecting and enumerating soil-transmitted helminth eggs in soil DB - PubMed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can Sanitary Inspection Surveys Predict Risk of Microbiological Contamination of Groundwater Sources? Evidence from Shallow Tubewells in Rural Bangladesh AU - Ercumen, Ayse AU - Naser, Abu Mohd AU - Arnold, Benjamin F. AU - Unicomb, Leanne AU - Colford, John M. AU - Luby, Stephen P. T2 - The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene AB - Accurately assessing the microbiological safety of water sources is essential to reduce waterborne fecal exposures and track progress toward global targets of safe water access. Sanitary inspections are a recommended tool to assess water safety. We collected 1,684 water samples from 902 shallow tubewells in rural Bangladesh and conducted sanitary surveys to assess whether sanitary risk scores could predict water quality, as measured by Escherichia coli. We detected E. coli in 41% of tubewells, mostly at low concentrations. Based on sanitary scores, 31% of wells were low risk, 45% medium risk, and 25% high or very high risk. Older wells had higher risk scores. Escherichia coli levels were higher in wells where the platform was cracked or broken (Δlog10 = 0.09, 0.00–0.18) or undercut by erosion (Δlog10 = 0.13, 0.01–0.24). However, the positive predictive value of these risk factors for E. coli presence was low (< 50%). Latrine presence within 10 m was not associated with water quality during the wet season but was associated with less frequent E. coli detection during the dry season (relative risk = 0.72, 0.59–0.88). Sanitary scores were not associated with E. coli presence or concentration. These findings indicate that observed characteristics of a tubewell, as measured by sanitary inspections in their current form, do not sufficiently characterize microbiological water quality, as measured by E. coli. Assessments of local groundwater and geological conditions and improved water quality indicators may reveal more clear relationships. Our findings also suggest that the dominant contamination route for shallow groundwater sources is short-circuiting at the wellhead rather than subsurface transport. C2 - PMC5361528 DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0489 VL - 96 IS - 3 SP - 561-568 J2 - Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. LA - eng SN - 1476-1645 ST - Can Sanitary Inspection Surveys Predict Risk of Microbiological Contamination of Groundwater Sources? DB - PubMed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute Illness Among Surfers After Exposure to Seawater in Dry- and Wet-Weather Conditions AU - Arnold, B.F. AU - Schiff, K.C. AU - Ercumen, A. AU - Benjamin-Chung, J. AU - Steele, J.A. AU - Griffith, J.E. AU - Steinberg, S.J. AU - Smith, P. AU - McGee, C.D. AU - Wilson, R. AU - Nelsen, C. AU - Weisberg, S.B. AU - Colford, J.M., Jr. T2 - American Journal of Epidemiology, AB - Rainstorms increase levels of fecal indicator bacteria in urban coastal waters, but it is unknown whether exposure to seawater after rainstorms increases rates of acute illness. Our objective was to provide the first estimates of rates of acute illness after seawater exposure during both dry- and wet-weather periods and to determine the relationship between levels of indicator bacteria and illness among surfers, a population with a high potential for exposure after rain. We enrolled 654 surfers in San Diego, California, and followed them longitudinally during the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 winters (33,377 days of observation, 10,081 surf sessions). We measured daily surf activities and illness symptoms (gastrointestinal illness, sinus infections, ear infections, infected wounds). Compared with no exposure, exposure to seawater during dry weather increased incidence rates of all outcomes (e.g., for earache or infection, adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27, 2.71; for infected wounds, IRR = 3.04, 95% CI: 1.54, 5.98); exposure during wet weather further increased rates (e.g., for earache or infection, IRR = 3.28, 95% CI: 1.95, 5.51; for infected wounds, IRR = 4.96, 95% CI: 2.18, 11.29). Fecal indicator bacteria measured in seawater (Enterococcus species, fecal coliforms, total coliforms) were strongly associated with incident illness only during wet weather. Urban coastal seawater exposure increases the incidence rates of many acute illnesses among surfers, with higher incidence rates after rainstorms. DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017/10// DO - 10.1093/aje/kwx019 VL - 186 IS - 7 SP - 866-875 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx019 KW - diarrhea KW - Enterococcus KW - rain KW - seawater KW - waterborne diseases KW - wound infection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Processing and Applications of Remotely Sensed Data AU - Khorram, Siamak AU - Nelson, Stacy A. C. AU - Wiele, Cynthia F. AU - Cakir, Halil T2 - HANDBOOK OF SATELLITE APPLICATIONS,2ND EDITION DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-319-23386-4_92 SP - 1017-1046 KW - Digital image processing KW - Supervised classifiers KW - Unsupervised classifiers KW - Filtering KW - Accuracy assessment classification schemes KW - Geospatial modeling KW - Image validation KW - Image visualization KW - Post-processing KW - Satellite remote sensing geospatial modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fundamentals of Remote Sensing Imaging and Preliminary Analysis AU - Khorram, Siamak AU - Nelson, Stacy A. C. AU - Wiele, Cynthia F. AU - Cakir, Halil T2 - HANDBOOK OF SATELLITE APPLICATIONS,2ND EDITION DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-319-23386-4_46 SP - 981-1016 KW - Remote sensing data acquisition KW - Data fusion KW - Digital image processing KW - Digital image data integration KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Hyperspectral imaging KW - Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) KW - Multispectral imaging KW - Radio detection and ranging (RADAR) KW - Radiometric resolution KW - Satellite remote sensing KW - Spatial resolution KW - Spectral resolution KW - Temporal resolution KW - Geospatial data integration ER - TY - CHAP TI - Uncertainty Quantification and Propagation for Projections of Extremes in Monthly Area Burned Under Climate Change: A Case Study in the Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA AU - Terando, Adam J. AU - Reich, Brian AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Costanza, Jennifer AU - McKerrow, Alexa AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - NATURAL HAZARD UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT: MODELING AND DECISION SUPPORT AB - Human-caused climate change is predicted to affect the frequency of hazard-linked extremes. Unusually large wildfires are a type of extreme event that is constrained by climate and can be a hazard to society but also an important ecological disturbance. This chapter focuses on changes in the frequency of extreme monthly area burned by wildfires for the end of the 21st century for a wildfire-prone region in the southeast United States. Predicting changes in area burned is complicated by the large and varied uncertainties in how the climate will change and in the models used to predict those changes. The chapter characterizes and quantifies multiple sources of uncertainty and propagate the expanded prediction intervals of future area burned. It illustrates that while accounting for multiple sources of uncertainty in global change science problems is a difficult task, it will be necessary in order to properly assess the risk of increased exposure to these society-relevant events. PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1002/9781119028116.ch16 VL - 223 SP - 245-256 SN - 0 ER - TY - NEWS TI - Wood markets play a critical role in wildfire prevention T2 - Asheville Citizen Times, North Carolina PY - 2017/2/13/ ET - ET ER - TY - CONF TI - Integrating Experiments and MD Simulations to Determine Degradation of Poly-4-Hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) For Surgical Suture Applications AU - Vaid, R. AU - Pasquinelli, M.A. AU - King, M.W. C2 - 2017/11// C3 - Proceedings of the Technical Medical Textiles Conference CY - Stuggart, Germany DA - 2017/11// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rules of the road for insect gene drive research and testing AU - Adelman, Z. AU - Akbari, O. AU - Bauer, J. AU - Bier, E. AU - Bloss, C. AU - Carter, S.R. AU - Callender, C. AU - Denis, A.C. AU - Cowhey, P. AU - Dass, B. AU - Delborne, J. AU - Devereaux, M. AU - Ellsworth, P. AU - Friedman, R.M. AU - Gantz, V. AU - Gibson, C. AU - Hay, B.A. AU - Hoddle, M. AU - James, A.A. AU - James, S. AU - Jorgenson, L. AU - Kalichman, M. AU - Marshall, J. AU - McGinnis, W. AU - Newman, J. AU - Pearson, A. AU - Quemada, H. AU - Rudenko, L. AU - Shelton, A. AU - Vinetz, J.M. AU - Weisman, J. AU - Wong, B. AU - Wozniak, C. T2 - Nature Biotechnology DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1038/nbt.392620 VL - 35 IS - 8 SP - 716–718 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Prototype to Patient Treatment: Dialogue on Safety, Regulation, Privacy, Security, and Acceptability for Wearable Medical Devices AU - Foley, R.W. AU - Asare, P. AU - Delborne, J. AU - Lach, J. AU - Misra, V. A3 - University of Virginia DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.18130/V3804XJ4K M3 - Workshop report PB - University of Virginia UR - https://doi.org/10.18130/V3804XJ4K ER - TY - RPRT TI - Genetically Engineered Algae Public Engagement Strategies: A Stakeholder Workshop Report AU - Delborne, J. AU - Farooque, M. AU - Shapiro, J. A3 - ECAST: Expert and Citizen Assessment of Science and Technology DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// PB - ECAST: Expert and Citizen Assessment of Science and Technology UR - https://ecastnetwork.org/research/genetically-engineered-algae-public-engagement-strategies/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forest health monitoring: National status, trends and analysis, 2016 AU - Potter, K. M. AU - Conkling, B. L. A3 - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - SRS-222 PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CONF TI - Object segmentation in the deep neural network feature domain from highly cluttered natural scenes AU - Yousif, Hayder AU - He, Zhihai AU - Kays, Roland T2 - 2017 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) AB - Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) offer an effective hierarchical representation of images for various vision analysis tasks, including classification and detection. In this paper, we propose to study background modeling and object segmentation from highly cluttered natural scenes in the DCNN feature domain instead of traditional pixel domain. Specifically, we first design and train a DCNN for animal-human-background object classification, which is used to analyze the input image to generate multi-layer feature maps, representing the responses of different image regions to the animal-human-background classifier. From these feature maps, we construct the so-called deep objectness graph for accurate animal-human object segmentation with graph cut. The segmented object regions from each image in the sequence are then verified and fused in the temporal domain using background modeling. Recognizing that the DCNN is very computation-intensive, we explore a fast and efficient design of the DCNN which finds a good trade-off between complexity and the classification-segmentation performance. Our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods on the camera-trap dataset with highly cluttered natural scenes. C2 - 2017/9// C3 - 2017 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) DA - 2017/9// DO - 10.1109/icip.2017.8296852 SP - 3095–3099 PB - IEEE SN - 9781509021758 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.2017.8296852 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fertilizer legacies meet saltwater incursion: challenges and constraints for coastal plain wetland restoration AU - Ardón, Marcelo AU - Helton, Ashley M. AU - Scheuerell, Mark D. AU - Bernhardt, Emily S. T2 - Elem Sci Anth AB - Coastal wetland restoration is an important tool for climate change adaptation and excess nutrient runoff mitigation. However, the capacity of restored coastal wetlands to provide multiple ecosystem services is limited by stressors, such as excess nutrients from upstream agricultural fields, high nutrient legacies on-site, and rising salinities downstream. The effects of these stressors are exacerbated by an accelerating hydrologic cycle, expected to cause longer droughts punctuated by more severe storms. We used seven years of surface water and six years of soil solution water chemistry from a large (440 ha) restored wetland to examine how fertilizer legacy, changes in hydrology, and drought-induced salinization affect dissolved nutrient and carbon concentrations. To better understand the recovery trajectory of the restored wetland, we also sampled an active agricultural field and two mature forested wetlands. Our results show that nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in soil solution were 2–10 times higher in the restored wetland compared to two mature forested wetlands, presumably due to legacy fertilizer mobilized by reflooding. Despite elevated nutrient concentrations relative to reference wetlands, the restored wetland consistently attenuated N and P pulses delivered from an upstream farm. Even with continued loading, N and P concentrations in surface water throughout the restored wetland have decreased since the initial flooding. Our results suggest that high nutrient concentrations and export from wetlands restored on agricultural lands may be a severe but temporary problem. If field to wetland conversion is to become a more widespread method for ameliorating nutrient runoff and adapting coastal plain ecosystems to climate change, we should adopt new methods for minimizing the initial export phase of wetland restoration efforts. DA - 2017/7/31/ PY - 2017/7/31/ DO - 10.1525/elementa.236 VL - 5 IS - 0 SP - 41 OP - SN - 2325-1026 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/elementa.236 DB - Crossref KW - nitrogen KW - phosphorus KW - sea-level rise KW - wetlands KW - eutrophication KW - drought ER - TY - CHAP TI - A proteomic based quantitative analysis of the relationship between monolignol biosynthetic protein abundance and lignin content using transgenic Populus trichocarpa AU - Wang J.P., Tunlaya-Anukit S. AU - Shi R., Yeh T.F. AU - Chuang L., Isik F. AU - Yang C., Liu J. AU - Li, Q. AU - Loziuk P.L., Naik P.P. AU - Muddiman D.C., Ducoste J.J. AU - Williams C.M., Sederoff R.R. AU - V.L., Chiang T2 - Recent Advances in Polyphenol Research. Volume 5 A2 - Kumi Yoshida, Veronique Cheynier A2 - Quideau, Stephane AB - As part of a long-term project to develop a predictive model of lignin biosynthesis in the stem differentiating xylem of Populus trichocarpa, we explored the quantitative relationships of gene-specific monolignol pathway proteins and the amount of the lignin polymer. We determined the absolute abundance of monolignol pathway proteins in wild-type (Nisqually-1) and 80 transgenic trees, downregulated for the expression of genes in the monolignol pathway. Total lignin content for wild-type and transgenics ranged from 9.4 to 24.2%. Comparison of protein variation with lignin content showed that the proteins are produced in several-fold excess, suggesting that the monolignol pathway is highly homeostatic. Strong downregulation of xylem-specific PtrPAL2, 4, and 5 showed the most direct relationship with lignin content. These results are consistent with the Predictive Kinetic Metabolic Flux (PKMF) model of Wang et al., based on differential equations of mass action kinetics. Functional redundancy of multiple genes also moderates gene-specific effects. In addition, targeted production of specific proteins may affect the concentration of nontarget monolignol proteins, suggesting a yet-to-be-described level of coordinated control. PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1002/9781118883303.ch4 PB - Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley-Blackwell ER - TY - CONF TI - Fast human-animal detection from highly cluttered camera-trap images using joint background modeling and deep learning classification AU - Yousif, H. AU - Yuan, J. H. AU - Kays, Roland AU - He, Z. H. AB - In this paper, we couple effective dynamic background modeling with deep learning classification to develop a fast and accurate scheme for human-animal detection from highly cluttered camera-trap images using joint background modeling and deep learning classification. Specifically, first, we develop an effective background modeling and subtraction scheme to generate region proposals for the foreground objects. We then develop a cross-frame image patch verification to reduce the number of foreground object proposals. Finally, we perform complexity-accuracy analysis of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) to develop a fast deep learning classification scheme to classify these region proposals into three categories: human, animals, and background patches. The optimized DCNN is able to maintain high level of accuracy while reducing the computational complexity by 14 times. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing methods on the camera-trap dataset. C2 - 2017/// C3 - 2017 ieee international symposium on circuits and systems (iscas) DA - 2017/// DO - 10.1109/iscas.2017.8050762 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wildlife species preferences differ among children in continental and island locations AU - Shapiro, Hannah G. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Stevenson, Kathryn T. AU - Frew, Kristin N. AU - Langerhans, R. Brian T2 - Environmental Conservation AB - SUMMARY Efforts to prioritize wildlife for conservation benefit from an understanding of public preferences for particular species, yet no studies have integrated species preferences with key attributes of the conservation landscape such as whether species occur on islands (where invasive exotics are the primary extinction threat) or continents (where land use change is the primary extinction threat). In this paper, we compare wildlife species preferences among children from a continental location (North Carolina, USA, n = 433) and an island location (Andros Island, The Bahamas, n = 197). Children on the island preferred feral domesticated species and different types of taxa than mainland children, perhaps due to the strongly divergent species richness between the regions (e.g. island children showed greater preferences for invertebrates, lizards and aquatic species). Boys preferred fish, birds and lizards more than girls, whereas girls preferred mammals. The fact that island children showed strong preferences for invasive species suggests challenges for conservation efforts on islands, where controlling invasive exotic species is often of paramount importance, but can conflict with cultural preferences for these same species. DA - 2017/3/29/ PY - 2017/3/29/ DO - 10.1017/s0376892917000133 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 389-396 J2 - Envir. Conserv. LA - en OP - SN - 0376-8929 1469-4387 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892917000133 DB - Crossref KW - wildlife preferences KW - cross-cultural KW - human dimensions KW - children KW - environmental education KW - conservation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Watershed impacts of climate and land use changes depend on magnitude and land use context AU - Martin, Katherine L. AU - Hwang, Taehee AU - Vose, James M. AU - Coulston, John W. AU - Wear, David N. AU - Miles, Brian AU - Band, Lawrence E. T2 - Ecohydrology AB - Abstract Human population growth and urban development are affecting climate, land use, and the ecosystem services provided to society, including the supply of freshwater. We investigated the effects of land use and climate change on water resources in the Yadkin–Pee Dee River Basin of North Carolina, United States. Current and projected land uses were modeled at high resolution for three watersheds representing a forested to urban land use gradient by melding the National Land Cover Dataset with data from the U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis. Forecasts for 2051–2060 of regional land use and climate for scenarios of low (B2) and moderately high (A1B) rates of change, coupled with multiple global circulation models (MIROC, CSIRO, and Hadley), were used to inform a distributed ecohydrological model. Our results identified increases in water yields across the study watersheds, primarily due to forecasts of increased precipitation. Climate change was a more dominant factor for future water yield relative to land use change across all land uses (forested, urban, and mixed). When land use change was high (27% of forested land use was converted to urban development), it amplified the impacts of climate change on both the magnitude and timing of water yield. Our fine‐scale (30‐m) distributed combined modeling approach of land use and climate change identified changes in watershed hydrology at scales relevant for management, emphasizing the need for modeling efforts that integrate the effects of biophysical (climate) and social economic (land use) changes on the projection of future water resource scenarios. DA - 2017/7/17/ PY - 2017/7/17/ DO - 10.1002/eco.1870 VL - 10 IS - 7 SP - e1870 J2 - Ecohydrology LA - en OP - SN - 1936-0584 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.1870 DB - Crossref KW - climate change KW - ecosystem services KW - forest management KW - land use change KW - RHESSys KW - urbanization KW - water resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Landscape Characteristics to Predict Distribution of Temperate-Breeding Canada Geese AU - McAlister, Mark A. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Fuller, Joseph C. AU - Howell, Douglas L. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - Accurate estimates of species' distributions are needed to ensure that conservation-planning efforts are directed at appropriate areas. Since the early 1980s, temperate-breeding populations of Branta canadensis (Canada Goose) have increased, yet reliable estimates of the species' distribution are lacking in many regions. Our objective was to identify the landcover features that best predicted Canada Goose distribution. In April 2015, we surveyed 300 one-km2 plots across North Carolina and observed 449 Canada Geese. We quantified percent coverage of 7 continuous landcover variables at 5 different spatial extents for each of the 300 plots. We fit logistic regression models using presence and absence at the 300 plots as the dependent variable and percent-cover covariates as independent variables. The best model for predicting Canada Goose presence included percent pasture within the 9 km2 surrounding the survey plot and percent open water within the 1-km2 survey plot. The probability of Canada Goose presence increased with increasing percent open water and percent pasture, albeit at different spatial extents, which provided important cover and food resources, respectively. Our approach using remote-sensing data to accurately predict Canada Goose presence across a large spatial extent can be employed to determine distributions for other easily surveyed, widely distributed species. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1656/058.016.0201 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 127-139 SN - 1938-5412 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil Carbon Fractions from an Alluvial Soil Texture Gradient in North Carolina AU - Deiss, Leonardo AU - Franzluebbers, Alan J. AU - Amoozegar, Aziz AU - Hesterberg, Dean AU - Polizzotto, Matthew AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal AB - Core Ideas Total, mineral‐associated, and mineralizable C fractions varied along a soil texture gradient. Specific surface area and Fe oxyhydroxides were positively associated with clay concentration. Soil C fractions were positively associated with surface area and Fe oxides. Aluminum oxide was not related to clay concentration or specific surface area. Mineralizable C had the most complex relationship with clay concentration. Soil texture is known to affect soil organic C (SOC) concentration and microbial activity, but these relationships are not always straightforward. We characterized total, mineral‐associated, and mineralizable C fractions along a gradient of soil texture within a flood plain field in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina. Soil was collected from 0‐ to 5‐, 5‐ to 15‐, and 15‐ to 30‐cm depth intervals at 204 locations within a 7‐ha area. Samples were analyzed for soil particle size distribution, specific surface area (SSA), oxalate‐extractable Al and Fe to estimate short‐range‐ordered (i.e., poorly crystalline) oxyhydroxides, and soil C fractions. Overall, relationships among soil C fractions, textural classes, and depths were complex. Both SOC (0.4–13.9 g kg –1 soil) and mineral‐associated organic C (0–12 g kg –1 soil) increased as soil clay concentration increased (73–430 g kg –1 soil), but having two distinct slopes in each relationship with an inflection point of ∼150 g clay kg –1 soil at 0 to 5 and 5 to 15 cm and an inflection point of ∼250 g clay kg –1 soil at 15 to 30 cm. As clay concentration increased, SSA (12–76 m 2 g –1 soil) and oxalate‐extractable Fe (0.45–5.9 g kg –1 soil) also increased. A weaker relationship was observed between oxalate‐extractable Al (0.38–1.5 g kg –1 soil) and either SSA or mineral‐associated organic C. Mineralizable C increased with increasing clay concentration up until 143 ± 3, 152 ± 5, and 161 ± 11 g kg –1 (0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm, respectively), but decreased (0–5 and 5–15 cm) or stayed constant (15–30 cm) at higher clay concentrations. On the basis of untested observations, we surmise that binding of C to oxalate‐extractable Fe contributed to the accumulation of SOC and suppression of mineralizable C as the clay concentration increased. These results suggest that complex soil texture–physicochemical interactions underlie the inherent fertility of floodplain soils. DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2016.09.0304 VL - 81 IS - 5 SP - 1096-1106 J2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal LA - en OP - SN - 0361-5995 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2016.09.0304 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recycling, Certification, and International Trade of Paper and Paperboard: Demand in Germany and the United States AU - Korhonen, Jaana AU - Toppinen, Anne AU - Kuuluvainen, Jari AU - Prestemon, Jeffrey P. AU - Cubbage, Frederick T2 - Forest Science AB - On the basis of data from 2000 to 2010, we investigated the separate effects of the uptake of forest certification and the usage of recycled paper on imports of paper and paperboard into Germany and the United States. Using panel data methods and based on a conventional Armington trade model, we find that the effects of two main forest certification schemes—the Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)—differ between markets. In Germany, the PEFC was negatively related to imports. In the United States, imports were preferred from PEFC-dominated countries. The recycled paper utilization rate interacted negatively with imports, irrespective of import country. We also found that price and income elasticities of demand for both countries were within ranges found by other authors: the long-term relative price elasticity of total import demand ranged from –0.70 to –0.78 for Germany and from –0.78 to –0.89 for the United States. The elasticity of demand for economic activity was also smaller (between 0.74 and 0.87) for Germany than for the United States (between 0.87 and 0.97). DA - 2017/10/11/ PY - 2017/10/11/ DO - 10.5849/fs-2016-073r2 VL - 63 IS - 5 SP - 449-458 J2 - Forest Science LA - en OP - SN - 0015-749X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/FS-2016-073R2 DB - Crossref KW - paper and paperboard KW - forest certification KW - paper recycling KW - panel data KW - import demand KW - regulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Payments for carbon sequestration to alleviate development pressure in a rapidly urbanizing region AU - Smith, J. W. AU - Dorning, M. AU - Shoemaker, D. A. AU - Meley, A. AU - Dupey, L. N. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.5849/forsci.2016-084r1 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 270–282 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimal Seed Deployment Under Climate Change Using Spatial Models: Application to Loblolly Pine in the Southeastern US AU - Farjat, Alfredo AU - Reich, Brian J. AU - Guinness, Joseph AU - Whetten, Ross AU - McKeand, Steven AU - Isik, Fikret T2 - Journal of the American Statistical Association AB - Provenance tests are a common tool in forestry designed to identify superior genotypes for planting at specific locations. The trials are replicated experiments established with seed from parent trees collected from different regions and grown at several locations. In this work, a Bayesian spatial approach is developed for modeling the expected relative performance of seed sources using climate variables as predictors associated with the origin of seed source and the planting site. The proposed modeling technique accounts for the spatial dependence in the data and introduces a separable Matérn covariance structure that provides a flexible means to estimate effects associated with the origin and planting site locations. The statistical model was used to develop a quantitative tool for seed deployment aimed to identify the location of superior performing seed sources that could be suitable for a specific planting site under a given climate scenario. Cross-validation results indicate that the proposed spatial models provide superior predictive ability compared to multiple linear regression methods in unobserved locations. The general trend of performance predictions based on future climate scenarios suggests an optimal assisted migration of loblolly pine seed sources from southern and warmer regions to northern and colder areas in the southern USA. Supplementary materials for this article are available online. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1080/01621459.2017.1292179 VL - 112 IS - 519 SP - 909-920 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nanoscale considerations responsible for diverse macroscopic phase behavior in monosubstituted isobutyl-POSS/poly(ethylene oxide) blends AU - Caydamli, Yavuz AU - Yildirim, Erol AU - Shen, Jialong AU - Fang, Xiaomeng AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AU - Spontak, Richard J. AU - Tonelli, Alan E. T2 - SOFT MATTER AB - Nanocomposites prepared by incorporating functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) into polymer matrices afford a wide range of versatile hybrid materials for use in technologies ranging from cosmetics and pharmaceuticals to sensors and batteries. Here, we investigate the phase behavior of nanocomposites composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and monosubstituted isobutyl POSS (iPOSS) modified with different functional moieties. Microscopic analyses of blends containing these iPOSS variants reveal the existence of different macroscopic morphologies and surface topologies. In the presence of octa-iPOSS, a POSS-rich surface cell motif reminiscent of breath patterns develops, whereas addition of allyl-iPOSS promotes the formation of surface plates. While aminopropyl-iPOSS forms dispersed aggregates, maleamic acid-iPOSS disperses in PEO with little effect on PEO crystal morphology. We perform rotational isomeric state Monte Carlo simulations to discern the effect of monosubstitution on the interaction energy between iPOSS and PEO, and establish the molecular-level origin for these observed differences in phase behavior. DA - 2017/12/14/ PY - 2017/12/14/ DO - 10.1039/c7sm01788j VL - 13 IS - 46 SP - 8672-8677 SN - 1744-6848 UR - https://doi.org/10.1039/C7SM01788J ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrology and microtopography control carbon dynamics in wetlands: Implications in partitioning ecosystem respiration in a coastal plain forested wetland AU - Miao, Guofang AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Fuentes, Montserrat AU - Trettin, Carl C. AU - Sun, Ge AU - McNulty, Steve G. AU - King, John S. T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - Wetlands store a disproportionately large fraction of organic carbon relative to their areal coverage, and thus play an important role in global climate mitigation. As destabilization of these stores through land use or environmental change represents a significant climate feedback, it is important to understand the functional regulation of respiratory processes that catabolize them. In this study, we established an eddy covariance flux tower project in a coastal plain forested wetland in North Carolina, USA, and measured total ecosystem respiration (Re) over three years (2009–2011). We evaluated the magnitude and variability of three respiration components – belowground (Rs), coarse woody debris (RCWD), and aboveground plant (Ragp) respiration at the ecosystem scale, by accounting microtopographic variation for upscaling and constraining the mass balance with Re. Strong hydrologic control was detected for Rs and RCWD, whereas Ragp and Re were relatively insensitive to water table fluctuations. In a relatively dry year (2010), this forested wetland respired a total of about 2000 g CO2-C m-2 y-1 annually, 51% as Rs, 37% as Ragp, and 12% as RCWD. During non-flooded periods Rs contributed up to 57% of Re and during flooded periods Ragp contributed up to 69%. The contribution of Rs to Re increased by 2.4% for every cm of decrease in water level at intermediate water table level, and was nearly constant when flooded or when the water level more than 15 cm below ground. The contrasting sensitivity of different respiration components highlights the need for explicit consideration of this dynamic in ecosystem and Earth System Models. DA - 2017/12/15/ PY - 2017/12/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.08.022 VL - 247 SP - 343-355 SN - 1873-2240 KW - Forested wetland KW - Hydrology KW - Microtopography KW - Respiration KW - Eddy covariance flux KW - Chamber flux ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determining the size of a complete disturbance landscape: multi-scale, continental analysis of forest change AU - Buma, Brian AU - Costanza, Jennifer K AU - Riitters, Kurt T2 - Environmental Monitoring and Assessment DA - 2017/11/21/ PY - 2017/11/21/ DO - 10.1007/s10661-017-6364-x VL - 189 IS - 12 SP - J2 - Environ Monit Assess LA - en OP - SN - 0167-6369 1573-2959 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6364-x DB - Crossref KW - Disturbance KW - Scale KW - Extent KW - Ecoregion KW - Spatial statistics KW - Heterogeneity KW - Landscape variability KW - North America KW - Reserve design KW - Contagion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correspondence of Loblolly Pine Response for Fusiform Rust Disease from Local and Wide-Ranging Tests in the Southern United States AU - Spitzer, Jesse AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - Farjat, Alfredo E. AU - McKeand, Steven E. T2 - FOREST SCIENCE AB - Fusiform rust is the most economically important disease of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the southern United States. Estimates of family resistance to rust are critical for deployment decisions because 95% of loblolly pine plantations are established with individual families. If families show significant interactions with different pathogen inocula, then the performance of some families in different regions may not be predictable. This study compared rust breeding values of 56 loblolly families estimated from two independent sets of trials. We regressed the rust incidence breeding values of the families estimated from broadly based field tests on breeding values of the same families estimated from narrowly based tests. The model F test was highly significant (P < 0.0001), and breeding values based on local testing explained 75% of the variation in breeding values based on wide-range geographic testing, indicating that local rust breeding values are relatively reliable predictors of families' performance across a broad range of sites. Family rankings were highly consistent across test sites within broadly and narrowly based testing schemes as shown by type B genetic correlations (0.90 and 0.91). We conclude that field testing provides a reliable prediction of the operational value of loblolly families for deployment in regions with a high hazard for fusiform rust. Management and Policy Implications When choosing loblolly pine families to be planted on sites where resistance to fusiform rust is necessary, foresters and landowners can have confidence in the performance data coming from a range of field trials. Results show that local testing for rust resistance in relatively narrow geographic regions provides reasonably reliable rust disease resistance/susceptibility predictions and adequate predictive power for deployment decisions across a broad range of planting sites in the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions of the southeastern United States. DA - 2017/10/11/ PY - 2017/10/11/ DO - 10.5849/fs-2016-093r1 VL - 63 IS - 5 SP - 496-503 SN - 1938-3738 KW - tree improvement KW - loblolly KW - pine KW - fusiform KW - rust ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing Quantity, Allocation and Configuration Accuracy of Multiple Land Change Models AU - Pickard, Brian AU - Gray, Joshua AU - Meentemeyer, Ross T2 - LAND AB - The growing numbers of land change models makes it difficult to select a model at the beginning of an analysis, and is often arbitrary and at the researcher’s discretion. How to select a model at the beginning of an analysis, when multiple are suitable, represents a critical research gap currently understudied, where trade-offs of choosing one model over another are often unknown. Repeatable methods are needed to conduct cross-model comparisons to understand the trade-offs among models when the same calibration and validation data are used. Several methods to assess accuracy have been proposed that emphasize quantity and allocation, while overlooking the accuracy with which a model simulates the spatial configuration (e.g., size and shape) of map categories across landscapes. We compared the quantity, allocation, and configuration accuracy of four inductive pattern-based spatial allocation land change models (SLEUTH, GEOMOD, Land Change Modeler (LCM), and FUTURES). We simulated urban development with each model using identical input data from ten counties surrounding the growing region of Charlotte, North Carolina. Maintaining the same input data, such as land cover, drivers of change, and projected quantity of change, reduces differences in model inputs and allows for focus on trade-offs in different types of model accuracy. Results suggest that these four land change models produce representations of urban development with substantial variance, where some models may better simulate quantity and allocation at the trade-off of configuration accuracy, and vice versa. Trade-offs in accuracy exist with respect to the amount, spatial allocation, and landscape configuration of each model. This comparison exercise illustrates the range of accuracies for these models, and demonstrates the need to consider all three types of accuracy when assessing land change model’s projections. DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.3390/land6030052 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2073-445X KW - land change KW - modeling KW - accuracy KW - urbanization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Without inclusion, diversity initiatives may not be enough AU - Puritty, Chandler AU - Strickland, Lynette R. AU - Alia, Eanas AU - Blonder, Benjamin AU - Klein, Emily AU - Kohl, Michel T. AU - Mcgee, Earyn AU - Quintana, Maclovia AU - Ridley, Robyn E. AU - Tellman, Beth AU - Gerber, Leah R. T2 - SCIENCE AB - Focus on minority experiences in STEM, not just numbers DA - 2017/9/15/ PY - 2017/9/15/ DO - 10.1126/science.aai9054 VL - 357 IS - 6356 SP - 1101-1102 SN - 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Who Wants More Open Space? Study of Willingness to Be Taxed to Preserve Open Space in an Urban Environment AU - Wang, Chunhua AU - Thill, Jean-Claude AU - Meentemeyer, Ross T2 - SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND EVALUATIONS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE: ESSAYS IN HONOR OF YOSHIRO HIGANO AB - The presence of open space is often regarded as one of the considerations that enhance the quality of the living experience of populations in urban regions and cities and that enhance the long-term sustainability of urban environments. However, the provision of open space comes at a price. This chapter examines people’s willingness to support tax increases for the preservation of open space in a fast-growing urban area where pressure to marketize land to its highest and best use is high. In particular, we study how a respondent’s socioeconomic characteristics influence their willingness to pay in the city of Charlotte, United States. We use and analyze detailed survey data at the household level collected from a phone interview survey conducted in the Charlotte, North Carolina, area. The econometric models allow us to identify a systematic response bias which arises from protest zeros and respondents’ tendency to underreport their willingness. Results show that a respondent’s willingness is affected by the respondent’s gender, age, ethnicity, and level of educational attainment. An individual is more willing to support if the individual is younger, Caucasian, and has reached a higher level of education. Individual behaviors are aggregated to obtain the regional level of willingness. Finally, results reveal that respondents have a well-marked tendency to underreport their willingness to support and report protest zeros in the survey. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1007/978-981-10-0099-7_7 VL - 24 SP - 125-146 SN - 2199-5974 KW - Open space KW - Discrete choice KW - Willingness KW - Taxes KW - Response bias ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Influence of Structural Conditions and Cultural Inertia on Water Usage and Landscape Decision-Making in a California Metropolitan Area AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Jones, Andrew R. AU - Caglar, Derya Ozgoc AU - Delcore, Henry D. AU - Gupta, Kaberi Kar T2 - SUSTAINABILITY AB - Urban development and planning are increasingly centered on matters of sustainability, balancing economic development with ecosystem services and biological diversity within urban environments. In addition to these institutional and structural factors, the decision-making process within individual households must be understood to address rising concerns about water use. Therefore, individual characteristics and preferences that influence the use of water also warrant examination. In response to a survey of occupants of single-family residences in the Fresno Clovis Metropolitan Area of California, contextual interviews and focus group interviews with a homeowner sub-sample, we find evidence of an interplay of social—structural, institutional, and cultural factors involved in influencing individual water use behaviors and landscape decision-making. The complexity of residential behaviors and decision-making poses some potential issues with regards to the interactions between individual households and institutional actors in matters of water usage and landscaping, as residents surveyed indicate relatively little confidence in institutions and groups to make wise water policy decisions. We conclude that the promotion and implementation of sustainable water use practices will require not only environmental education for the citizenry, but also a tailoring of information for environmental educational initiatives that address the particularities of individual neighborhoods and communities. DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017/10// DO - 10.3390/su9101746 VL - 9 IS - 10 SP - SN - 2071-1050 UR - http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/10/1746 KW - urban sustainability KW - California KW - landscape decision-making KW - urban environment KW - water use behaviors KW - social-ecological systems ER - TY - JOUR TI - Private protected areas, ecotourism development and impacts on local people's well-being: a review from case studies in Southern Chile AU - Serenari, Christopher AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Wallace, Tim AU - Stowhas, Paulina T2 - JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AB - Private protected areas (PPAs) are expanding rapidly in less-industrialized nations. This paper explores cases in Los Ríos, Chile, to understand how local people living in and near three PPAs viewed impacts of tourism development on human well-being and local governance asking: (1) Why and how do governing PPA actors engage local people in conservation and ecotourism? (2) How do local people perceive the impacts of PPAs? (3) How do perceived impacts differ between PPA ownership types and contexts? We used an Opportunities, Security and Empowerment research framework derived from local definitions of well-being. Results suggest that governing PPA actors (PPA administrations and Chilean government officials) viewed local people as threats to forest conservation goals, embraced exclusion from reserve governance, but encouraged self-governance among local people through educational campaigns promoting environmental stewardship and ecotourism entrepreneurship. PPA administrations avoided emerging participatory democracy approaches to ensure local resistance did not threaten their authority. Despite asymmetrical power relations, PPA–community partnerships were viewed locally as both improving and damaging well-being. Our findings suggest that the social impacts and consequences of PPAs facilitating ecotourism development should be subjected to the same level of scrutiny that has been given to public protected areas. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1080/09669582.2016.1178755 VL - 25 IS - 12 SP - 1792-1810 SN - 1747-7646 KW - Chile KW - ecotourism KW - private protected area KW - sustainable development KW - well-being ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managed forest as habitat for gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) in agricultural landscapes of southeastern Brazil AU - Rodrigues, Thiago Ferreira AU - Kays, Roland AU - Parsons, Arielle AU - Versiani, Natalia Fraguas AU - Paolino, Roberta Montanheiro AU - Pasqualotto, Nielson AU - Krepschi, Victor Gasperotto AU - Chiarello, Adriano Garcia T2 - Journal of Mammalogy AB - Because of massive conversion of natural habitat into cropland, the future of many tropical mammals depends on understanding how agricultural landscapes influence biodiversity. We assessed the effects of natural and anthropogenic land covers and disturbances on occupancy of gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) in 3 agricultural landscapes in the Brazilian Cerrado where sugarcane or managed forest cover most (> 50%) of the landscape. We used camera-trap surveys to quantify the relationships between deer occurrence and land cover, unpaved roads, urban areas, waterways, and degrees of legal protection. We found a strong and positive effect of managed forests, indicating that this land cover is good habitat for the brocket deer in our region. Native forests and sugarcane had, surprisingly, weaker effects on deer occupancy. Furthermore, the effect of sugarcane varied according to the amount of remaining natural forest: when the amount of natural forest surrounding the camera point was scarce, sugarcane had a negative effect on deer occupancy, but the effect was positive when natural forest was abundant. Our results confirm the ecological flexibility of gray brocket deer, even in landscapes where sugarcane monocultures or Eucalyptus plantations predominate. We caution however that the responses of deer might be different in landscapes more severely depleted of natural vegetation (< 20% at the landscape level). We therefore suggest that future research assess the population status of this deer in more deforested landscapes, and also consider the temporal dynamics of managed forests and sugarcane, as the vegetation cover can change drastically. Devido à intensa conversão de habitats naturais em grandes extensões de plantios, o futuro de muitos mamíferos tropicais depende do entendimento de como paisagens agrícolas influenciam a biodiversidade. Avaliamos os efeitos de coberturas de terras naturais e antrópicas e distúrbios na ocupação do veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) em 3 paisagens agrícolas no Cerrado brasileiro, onde a cana-de-açúcar ou florestas plantadas cobrem a maior parte (> 50%) da paisagem. Utilizamos armadilhas-fotográficas para quantificar as relações entre a ocorrência dos veados e o tipo de cobertura da terra, estradas de terra, áreas urbanas, cursos d’água e grau de proteção legal. Encontramos um efeito forte e positivo de florestas plantadas, indicando que essa cobertura da terra é um bom habitat para o veado-catingueiro na nossa região. Florestas nativas e cana-de-açúcar tiveram, surpreendentemente, efeitos mais fracos na ocupação dessa espécie. Contudo, o efeito da cana-de-açúcar variou de acordo com a quantidade de remanescentes naturais: quando a quantidade de florestas naturais no entorno da armadilha-fotográfica era escassa, a cana-de-açúcar teve um efeito negativo na ocupação dos veados, mas o efeito foi positivo quando as florestas naturais eram abundantes. Nossos resultados confirmam a flexibilidade ecológica do veado-catingueiro, mesmo em paisagens onde predominam monoculturas de cana-de-açúcar ou florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus. Vale ressaltar, porém, que a resposta desta espécie pode ser diferente em paisagens mais severamente esgotadas de vegetação natural (< 20% na escala da paisagem). Portanto, sugerimos que em futuros trabalhos seja avaliado o status populacional dessa espécie em paisagens mais desmatadas considerando, também, a dinâmica temporal das florestas plantadas e da cana-de-açúcar, à medida que a cobertura da vegetação muda drasticamente. DA - 2017/8/28/ PY - 2017/8/28/ DO - 10.1093/jmammal/gyx099 VL - 98 IS - 5 SP - 1301-1309 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-2372 1545-1542 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyx099 DB - Crossref KW - camera trapping KW - Cerrado KW - herbivores KW - land use KW - occupancy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Individual Tree Detection from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Derived Canopy Height Model in an Open Canopy Mixed Conifer Forest AU - Mohan, Midhun AU - Silva, Carlos Alberto AU - Klauberg, Carine AU - Jat, Prahlad AU - Catts, Glenn AU - Cardil, Adrian AU - Hudak, Andrew Thomas AU - Dia, Mahendra T2 - FORESTS AB - Advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology and data processing capabilities have made it feasible to obtain high-resolution imagery and three dimensional (3D) data which can be used for forest monitoring and assessing tree attributes. This study evaluates the applicability of low consumer grade cameras attached to UAVs and structure-from-motion (SfM) algorithm for automatic individual tree detection (ITD) using a local-maxima based algorithm on UAV-derived Canopy Height Models (CHMs). This study was conducted in a private forest at Cache Creek located east of Jackson city, Wyoming. Based on the UAV-imagery, we allocated 30 field plots of 20 m × 20 m. For each plot, the number of trees was counted manually using the UAV-derived orthomosaic for reference. A total of 367 reference trees were counted as part of this study and the algorithm detected 312 trees resulting in an accuracy higher than 85% (F-score of 0.86). Overall, the algorithm missed 55 trees (omission errors), and falsely detected 46 trees (commission errors) resulting in a total count of 358 trees. We further determined the impact of fixed tree window sizes (FWS) and fixed smoothing window sizes (SWS) on the ITD accuracy, and detected an inverse relationship between tree density and FWS. From our results, it can be concluded that ITD can be performed with an acceptable accuracy (F > 0.80) from UAV-derived CHMs in an open canopy forest, and has the potential to supplement future research directed towards estimation of above ground biomass and stem volume from UAV-imagery. DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.3390/f8090340 VL - 8 IS - 9 SP - SN - 1999-4907 KW - structure from motion (SfM) KW - 3D point cloud KW - remote sensing KW - local maxima KW - fixed tree window size ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic diversity within populations of an arctic-alpine species declines with decreasing latitude across the Northern Hemisphere AU - Hirao, Akira S. AU - Watanabe, Mikio AU - Tsuyuzaki, Shiro AU - Shimono, Ayako AU - Li, Xuefeng AU - Masuzawa, Takehiro AU - Wada, Naoya T2 - JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY AB - Abstract Aim We identified and evaluated general latitudinal trends in genetic diversity within populations of a widespread arctic–alpine plant, Dryas octopetala , to examine the applicability to this species of the dominant hypothesis that intraspecific genetic diversity is highest in the tropics and declines towards the poles. Location The circumpolar Arctic and northern temperate alpine ranges, with a focus on high altitude mountains at the species lowest latitudinal margin in the Japanese archipelago. Methods Within‐population genetic diversity was assessed using genotypes determined at nine microsatellite loci ( n = 489), chloroplast DNA sequences ( atp B‐ rbc L and trn V‐ ndh C spacers, n = 181) and a nuclear gene sequence ( LEAFY , n = 173) of 18 populations, as well as a previously published amplified fragment length polymorphism dataset for 26 populations, across the distributional range of the species. The latitudinal pattern of intra‐population genetic diversity was modelled at hemispheric scale to discriminate linear latitudinal and quadratic central–marginal trends in genetic diversity. Population genetic structure was assessed by Bayesian clustering analyses. Results At hemispheric scale, we identified two interacting effects: a general latitudinal decline in genetic diversity towards the equator and a central–marginal effect, whereby genetic diversity decreases towards the margins of a species’ range. This decrease was more marked in low‐latitude marginal populations than in high‐latitude marginal populations. Populations at the lowest latitudes in the Japanese archipelago showed the lowest level of genetic diversity but exhibited distinctive genetic variation. Main conclusion The latitudinal decline in genetic diversity within populations of this arctic–alpine plant across its range was opposite to the commonly observed trend. A significant part of the equator‐ward latitudinal decline in genetic diversity in this arctic–alpine species may be attributable to a “sky island” effect, which played a greater role at low latitudes. DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017/12// DO - 10.1111/jbi.13085 VL - 44 IS - 12 SP - 2740-2751 SN - 1365-2699 KW - arctic-alpine species KW - Dryas octopetala L KW - genetic diversity KW - high-latitude marginal population KW - latitudinal gradient KW - low-latitude marginal population ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecological regime shift drives declining growth rates of sea turtles throughout the West Atlantic AU - Bjorndal, Karen A. AU - Bolten, Alan B. AU - Chaloupka, Milani AU - Saba, Vincent S. AU - Bellini, Claudio AU - Marcovaldi, Maria A. G. AU - Santos, Armando J. B. AU - Wurdig Bortolon, Luis Felipe AU - Meylan, Anne B. AU - Meylan, Peter A. AU - Gray, Jennifer AU - Hardy, Robert AU - Brost, Beth AU - Bresette, Michael AU - Gorham, Jonathan C. AU - Connett, Stephen AU - Crouchley, Barbara Van Sciver AU - Dawson, Mike AU - Hayes, Deborah AU - Diez, Carlos E. AU - Dam, Robert P. AU - Willis, Sue AU - Nava, Mabel AU - Hart, Kristen M. AU - Cherkiss, Michael S. AU - Crowder, Andrew G. AU - Pollock, Clayton AU - Hillis-Starr, Zandy AU - Munoz Teneria, Fernando A. AU - Herrera-Pavon, Roberto AU - Labrada-Martagon, Vanessa AU - Lorences, Armando AU - Negrete-Philippe, Ana AU - Lamont, Margaret M. AU - Foley, Allen M. AU - Bailey, Rhonda AU - Carthy, Raymond R. AU - Scarpino, Russell AU - McMichael, Erin AU - Provancha, Jane A. AU - Brooks, Annabelle AU - Jardim, Adriana AU - Lopez-Mendilaharsu, Milagros AU - Gonzalez-Paredes, Daniel AU - Estrades, Andres AU - Fallabrino, Alejandro AU - Martinez-Souza, Gustavo AU - Velez-Rubio, Gabriela M. AU - Boulon, Ralf H. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Wershoven, Robert AU - Guzman Hernandez, Vicente AU - Stringell, Thomas B. AU - Sanghera, Amdeep AU - Richardson, Peter B. AU - Broderick, Annette C. AU - Phillips, Quinton AU - Calosso, Marta AU - Claydon, John A. B. AU - Metz, Tasha L. AU - Gordon, Amanda L. AU - Landry, Andre M. AU - Shaver, Donna J. AU - Blumenthal, Janice AU - Collyer, Lucy AU - Godley, Brendan J. AU - McGowan, Andrew AU - Witt, Matthew J. AU - Campbell, Cathi L. AU - Lagueux, Cynthia J. AU - Bethel, Thomas L. AU - Kenyon, Lory T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Somatic growth is an integrated, individual‐based response to environmental conditions, especially in ectotherms. Growth dynamics of large, mobile animals are particularly useful as bio‐indicators of environmental change at regional scales. We assembled growth rate data from throughout the West Atlantic for green turtles, Chelonia mydas , which are long‐lived, highly migratory, primarily herbivorous mega‐consumers that may migrate over hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Our dataset, the largest ever compiled for sea turtles, has 9690 growth increments from 30 sites from Bermuda to Uruguay from 1973 to 2015. Using generalized additive mixed models, we evaluated covariates that could affect growth rates; body size, diet, and year have significant effects on growth. Growth increases in early years until 1999, then declines by 26% to 2015. The temporal (year) effect is of particular interest because two carnivorous species of sea turtles—hawksbills, Eretmochelys imbricata, and loggerheads, Caretta caretta —exhibited similar significant declines in growth rates starting in 1997 in the West Atlantic, based on previous studies. These synchronous declines in productivity among three sea turtle species across a trophic spectrum provide strong evidence that an ecological regime shift ( ERS ) in the Atlantic is driving growth dynamics. The ERS resulted from a synergy of the 1997/1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation ( ENSO )—the strongest on record—combined with an unprecedented warming rate over the last two to three decades. Further support is provided by the strong correlations between annualized mean growth rates of green turtles and both sea surface temperatures ( SST ) in the West Atlantic for years of declining growth rates ( r = −.94) and the Multivariate ENSO Index ( MEI ) for all years ( r = .74). Granger‐causality analysis also supports the latter finding. We discuss multiple stressors that could reinforce and prolong the effect of the ERS . This study demonstrates the importance of region‐wide collaborations. DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017/11// DO - 10.1111/gcb.13712 VL - 23 IS - 11 SP - 4556-4568 SN - 1365-2486 KW - Caretta caretta KW - Chelonia mydas KW - ecological regime shifts KW - Eretmochelys imbricata KW - multivariate ENSO index KW - sea surface temperature KW - seagrass KW - somatic growth rates ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamic Gene-Resource Landscape Management of Norway Spruce: Combining Utilization and Conservation AU - Lstiburek, Milan AU - El-Kassaby, Yousry A. AU - Skroppa, Tore AU - Hodge, Gary R. AU - Sonstebo, Jorn H. AU - Steffenrem, Arne T2 - FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - Traditional gene-resource management programs for forest trees are long-term endeavors requiring sustained organizational commitment covering extensive landscapes. While successful in maintaining adaptation, genetic diversity and capturing traditional growth attributes gains, these programs are dependent on rigid methods requiring elaborate mating schemes, thus making them slow in coping with climate change challenges. Here, we review the significance of Norway spruce in the boreal region and its current management practices. Next, we discuss opportunities offered by novel technologies and, with the use of computer simulations, we propose and evaluate a dynamic landscape gene-resource management in Norway. Our suggested long-term management approach capitalizes on: 1) existing afforestation activities, natural crosses, and DNA-based pedigree assembly to create structured pedigree for evaluation, thus traditional laborious control crosses are avoided and 2) landscape level genetic evaluation, rather than localized traditional progeny trials, allowing for screening of adapted individuals across multiple environmental gradients under changing climate. These advantages lead to greater genetic response to selection in adaptive traits without the traditional breeding and testing scheme, facilitating conservation of genetic resources within the breeding population of the most important forest tree species in Norway. The use of in situ selection from proven material exposed to realistic conditions over vast territories has not been conducted in forestry before. Our proposed approach is in contrast to worldwide current programs, where genetic evaluation is constrained by the range of environments where testing is conducted, which may be insufficient to capture the broad environmental variation necessary to tackle adaptation under changing climate. DA - 2017/10/18/ PY - 2017/10/18/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2017.01810 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1664-462X KW - gene diversity KW - in situ selection KW - climate change KW - adaptation KW - tree improvement KW - DNA markers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acoustic environments matter: Synergistic benefits to humans and ecological communities AU - Francis, Clinton D. AU - Newman, Peter AU - Taff, B. Derrick AU - White, Crow AU - Monz, Christopher A. AU - Levenhagen, Mitchell AU - Petrelli, Alissa R. AU - Abbott, Lauren C. AU - Newton, Jennifer AU - Burson, Shan AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Fristrup, Kurt M. AU - McClure, Christopher J. W. AU - Mennitt, Daniel AU - Giamellaro, Michael AU - Barber, Jesse R. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AB - Protected areas are critical locations worldwide for biodiversity preservation and offer important opportunities for increasingly urbanized humans to experience nature. However, biodiversity preservation and visitor access are often at odds and creative solutions are needed to safeguard protected area natural resources in the face of high visitor use. Managing human impacts to natural soundscapes could serve as a powerful tool for resolving these conflicting objectives. Here, we review emerging research that demonstrates that the acoustic environment is critical to wildlife and that sounds shape the quality of nature-based experiences for humans. Human-made noise is known to affect animal behavior, distributions and reproductive success, and the organization of ecological communities. Additionally, new research suggests that interactions with nature, including natural sounds, confer benefits to human welfare termed psychological ecosystem services. In areas influenced by noise, elevated human-made noise not only limits the variety and abundance of organisms accessible to outdoor recreationists, but also impairs their capacity to perceive the wildlife that remains. Thus soundscape changes can degrade, and potentially limit the benefits derived from experiences with nature via indirect and direct mechanisms. We discuss the effects of noise on wildlife and visitors through the concept of listening area and demonstrate how the perceptual worlds of both birds and humans are reduced by noise. Finally, we discuss how management of soundscapes in protected areas may be an innovative solution to safeguarding both and recommend several key questions and research directions to stimulate new research. DA - 2017/12/1/ PY - 2017/12/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.041 VL - 203 SP - 245-254 SN - 1095-8630 KW - Anthropogenic noise KW - Coupled dynamic KW - Listening area KW - Park paradox KW - Protected areas KW - Psychological ecosystem services KW - Soundscape KW - Wildlife ER - TY - JOUR TI - A spatial model for rare binary events AU - Morris, Samuel A. AU - Reich, Brian J. AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Lei, Yuancai T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017/12// DO - 10.1007/s10651-017-0385-z VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 485-504 SN - 1573-3009 KW - Ecology KW - Extreme value analysis KW - Generalized linear model KW - Max-stable process KW - Occupancy ER - TY - JOUR TI - TRACC: an open source software for processing sap flux data from thermal dissipation probes AU - Ward, Eric J. AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - King, John AU - Sun, Ge AU - McNulty, Steve AU - Noormets, Asko T2 - TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AB - TRACC is an open-source software for standardizing the cleaning, conversion, and calibration of sap flux density data from thermal dissipation probes, which addresses issues of nighttime transpiration and water storage. Thermal dissipation probes (TDPs) have become a widely used method of monitoring plant water use in recent years. The use of TDPs requires calibration to a theoretical zero-flow value (∆T 0); usually based upon the assumption that at least some nighttime measurements represent zero-flow conditions. Fully automating the processing of data from TDPs is made exceedingly difficult due to errors arising from many sources. However, it is desirable to minimize variation arising from different researchers’ processing data, and thus, a common platform for processing data, including editing raw data and determination of ∆T 0, is useful and increases the transparency and replicability of TDP-based research. Here, we present the TDP data processing software TRACC (Thermal dissipation Review Assessment Cleaning and Conversion) to serve this purpose. TRACC is an open-source software written in the language R, using graphical presentation of data and on screen prompts with yes/no or simple numerical responses. It allows the user to select several important options, such as calibration coefficients and the exclusion of nights when vapor pressure deficit does not approach zero. Although it is designed for users with no coding experience, the outputs of TRACC could be easily incorporated into more complex models or software. DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017/10// DO - 10.1007/s00468-017-1556-0 VL - 31 IS - 5 SP - 1737-1742 SN - 1432-2285 KW - Thermal dissipation probes KW - Sap flux KW - Ecohydrology KW - Open source software KW - Transpiration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil and Aggregate-Associated Carbon in a Young Loblolly Pine Plantation AU - Minick, Kevan J. AU - Leggett, Zakiya H. AU - Sucre, Eric B. AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Strahm, Brian D. T2 - Soil Science AB - In order to assess the carbon (C) footprint of forest-based bioenergy systems, it is necessary to quantify soil C storage. This study addressed effects of intercropping loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) for wood and bioenergy production on soil C storage in coastal North Carolina, USA. Spaces between rows of bedded pine were intercropped with switchgrass or contained native vegetative regrowth after site preparation. Two years after switchgrass establishment, soils were collected from beds and interbeds of each treatment, and C concentration and δ13C were measured in bulk soils and aggregate fractions. Soil C concentration, soil C density (Mg ha−1), and aggregate-associated C were lower in pine beds adjacent to switchgrass compared with pines adjacent to native regrowth. In the greater than 2,000-μm aggregate size class, 11% of C was derived from new pine inputs in beds of the pine-switchgrass treatment compared to the pine-native treatment. These results indicate that increased belowground C flow in pine beds adjacent to switchgrass may be driving breakdown soil C. In the pine-switchgrass intercropping treatment, a greater percentage of aggregates (by weight and C content) was found in the 2,000- to 250-μm size class of both beds and interbeds, suggesting that this aggregate size class is sensitive to management. This study provides a baseline analysis of C storage under different management scenarios in pine forests and for investigating long-term (10+ years) impacts. Although presence of switchgrass reduced soil C over the short term, bioenergy intercropping may still be pragmatic from an economical and land-use diversification view point. DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017/11// DO - 10.1097/ss.0000000000000215 VL - 182 IS - 7 SP - 1 J2 - Soil Science LA - en OP - SN - 0038-075X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ss.0000000000000215 DB - Crossref KW - Pinus taeda KW - Panicum virgatum KW - switchgrass KW - isotope KW - soil organic matter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regenerating white pine (Pinus strobus) in the south: Seedling position is more important than herbivory protection AU - Lashley, M. A. AU - Chitwood, M. C. AU - Nanney, J. S. AU - DePerno, Chris AU - Moorman, C. E. T2 - Castanea AB - Seedling survival and growth in eastern white pines (Pinus strobus L.) might be limited by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browsing. However, most studies have occurred in areas central to the white pine range, making other factors such as seedling microenvironment unimportant. If microenvironment becomes a concern near the edge of the white pine range, then factors such as seedling placement in relation to forest openings could be important, especially given that deer herbivory tends to be most intense near forest edges. We evaluated the relative importance of deer browse and seedling position in openings on seedling survival and growth in central North Carolina at the southern edge of the white pine range. Further, we determined if bud caps and caging improved survival and growth. Seedlings ≤ 10 m from the edge survived at a greater proportion than those > 10 m from the edge (83% and 73%, respectively). Initial height was the most important predictor of survival (R2 = 0.55; p < 0.01). When controlling for initial seedling height, the location of the seedling (p < 0.01) within the opening was the only significant predictor of survival, despite the increase of browse near the edges of openings on unprotected seedlings. Caging and bud caps decreased seedling browse by 80% but had no effect on subsequent seedling survival (p = 0.28). A smaller proportion of seedlings with bud caps survived—an effect exacerbated by being internal to the opening. Our data indicate seedling microenvironment is an important consideration at the periphery of the white pine range. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.2179/17-138 VL - 82 IS - 2 SP - 156–162 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Large-scale patterns of insect and disease activity in the conterminous United States, Alaska and Hawaii from the national insect and disease survey, 2015 AU - Potter, K.M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2016 PY - 2017/// PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Introduction AU - Potter, K.M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2016 PY - 2017/// PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bachman's Sparrows at the northern periphery of their range: home range size and microhabitat selection AU - Winiarski, Jason M. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Carpenter, John P. T2 - JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY AB - Populations of Bachman's Sparrows (Peucaea aestivalis) have declined range-wide since the late 1960s. Populations at the periphery of their range have exhibited some of the steepest declines, and these sparrows are now rare or extirpated over much of the northern extent of their historical range. To better understand the spatial ecology of Bachman's Sparrows in this region of decline, we examined microhabitat selection and determined the home range sizes of radio-tagged male Bachman's Sparrows (N = 37) in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina in 2014 and 2015. From April to July, we located males 1–2 times daily for 5–6 d per week. We measured vegetation structure in home ranges using 5-m-radius plots centered on a subset of 10 randomly selected telemetry locations as well as in available unused locations 50 m and in a random direction from each telemetry location. Mean size of home ranges (7.9 ha) was larger than estimates reported in most previous studies, with differences among studies possibly due, at least in part, to differences in the characteristics of habitats where studies were conducted. The home ranges of Bachman's Sparrows in our study had greater densities of woody and dead vegetation than unused areas. Although generally considered detrimental to the presence of Bachman's Sparrows, the presence of some woody vegetation in frequently burned (i.e., ≤ 3-yr return interval) longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) communities like those in our study may be important in providing song perches for males and cover from attacking predators. Bachman's Sparrows in our study showed clear selection for several vegetation characteristics linked to frequent fire. Management strategies that approximate historical fire regimes in longleaf pine ecosystems should continue to be promoted as essential tools for the conservation of Bachman's Sparrows. Las poblaciones de Peucaea aestivalis han disminuido a lo largo de su rango de distribución desde finales de 1960s. Las poblaciones en la periferia han mostrado las disminuciones más drásticas hasta el punto en que la especie es rara o ha sido extirpada de gran parte del límite norte de su rango histórico. Con el fin de comprender mejor la ecología espacial de Peucaea aestivalis en esta región, donde la especie ha disminuido su población, utilizando radio transmisores, examinamos la selección de micro hábitat y determinamos el tamaño del rango de hogar de machos de Peucaea aestivalis (N = 37) en las planicies costeras de Carolina del Norte en 2014 y 2015. Desde abril hasta julio, ubicamos los machos 1–2 veces al día y 5–6 veces por semana. De los puntos registrados usando telemetría, seleccionamos 10 al azar en los cuales ubicamos una parcela de 5-m de radio en la cual medimos la estructura de la vegetación. Posteriormente, medimos la estructura de la vegetación del hábitat disponible pero no usado por la especie mediante una parcela similar, ubicada a 50 metros en dirección aleatoria de la ubicación seleccionada para medir la vegetación en uso. El tamaño promedio del rango de hogar (7.9 ha) fue mayor al estimado reportado en la mayoría de estudios previos. Las diferencias entre los estudios se deben probablemente, al menos en parte, a las diferencias en las características de los hábitats donde se realizaron los estudios. Los rangos de hogar de Peucaea aestivalis en nuestro estudio tuvieron una mayor densidad de vegetación leñosa y vegetación muerta que áreas no usadas. A pesar de ser considerada como perjudicial para la presencia de Peucaea aestivalis, la presencia de vegetación leñosa en comunidades de Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) quemadas con una alta frecuencia (i.e., intervalos ≤ 3 años), como la observada en nuestro estudio, puede ser importante para proveer perchas de canto para los machos y protección del ataque por depredadores. Peucaea aestivalis en nuestro estudio mostro una clara selección por varias características de la vegetación asociadas con quemas frecuentes. Las estrategias de manejo que aproximen los regímenes históricos de fuegos en los ecosistemas dominados por Pinus palustris, deben continuar siendo promovidos como una herramienta esencial para la conservación de Peucaea aestivalis. DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.1111/jofo.12215 VL - 88 IS - 3 SP - 250-261 SN - 1557-9263 KW - kernel density estimators KW - longleaf pine KW - minimum convex polygon KW - radio-telemetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Should We Use the Float Test to Quantify Acorn Viability? AU - Morina, Daniel L. AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN AB - ABSTRACT The float test is the most widely used method to discriminate between viable and nonviable acorns. It provides an objective, simple, rapid, and inexpensive test to inform experiments and management strategies dependent on quantification of viable acorns. However, the accuracy of the float‐test method is understudied. To test the accuracy of the float‐test method, during autumn of 2013 we collected 300 acorns from white oak ( Quercus alba ), native to our study area within the city limits of Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, and sawtooth oak ( Q. acutissima ), not native to the study area. An untrained observer visually inspected acorns (visual test) to assign viability subjectively and then float‐tested the respective acorn. After conducting visual and float tests, we planted the acorns in a test plot protected from predation. In the test plots, 56% of white oak acorns and 60% of sawtooth acorns germinated. Both the float test and visual methods accurately predicted viability in both oak species. However, the visual test (white R 2 = 0.83, sawtooth R 2 = 0.85) explained more variation in observed germination than the float test explained (white R 2 = 0.65, sawtooth R 2 = 0.70). Our data indicate the float test, though objective, is less accurate than an untrained observer at predicting the viability of acorns. We tested the potential for the methods to be paired to further improve prediction accuracy and determined the float test provided no additional information to visual inspections. When dissecting or germinating acorns is not possible, our data indicate that visually inspecting acorns is better than float‐testing to determine viability. © 2017 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017/12// DO - 10.1002/wsb.826 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 776-779 SN - 1938-5463 KW - germination KW - mast KW - oaks KW - Quercus KW - regeneration KW - viability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reference scenarios for evaluating wood pellet production in the Southeastern United States AU - Parish, Esther S. AU - Dale, Virginia H. AU - Kline, Keith L. AU - Abt, Robert C. T2 - WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT AB - Wood pellet exports from the Southeastern United States ( SE US ) to Europe have been increasing in response to European Union member state policies to displace coal with renewable biomass for electricity generation. An understanding of the interactions among SE US forest markets, forest management, and forest ecosystem services is required to quantify the effects of pellet production compared to what would be expected under a reference case or ‘counterfactual scenario’ without pellet production. Inconsistent methods to define and justify the counterfactual scenario result in conflicting estimates and large uncertainties about the impacts of pellet production on SE US forests. Guidelines to support more consistent and transparent counterfactual scenarios are proposed. The guidelines include identifying major influences on current SE US forest conditions, developing potential futures that clearly document underlying assumptions and associated uncertainties, identifying the most likely alternative feedstock fates, and estimating the effects of no pellet demand on future forest conditions. The guidelines can help modelers to more accurately reflect the past and current forest dynamics and to consider the implications for SE US forest landscapes of future scenarios with and without pellet production. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e259. doi: 10.1002/wene.259 This article is categorized under: Bioenergy > Climate and Environment Energy and Climate > Climate and Environment Energy and Development > Climate and Environment DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1002/wene.259 VL - 6 IS - 6 SP - SN - 2041-840X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reciprocal cross-regulation of VND and SND multigene TF families for wood formation in Populus trichocarpa AU - Lin, Ying-Chung Jimmy AU - Chen, Hao AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Li, Wei AU - Wang, Jack P. AU - Shi, Rui AU - Tunlaya-Anukit, Sermsawat AU - Shuai, Peng AU - Wang, Zhifeng AU - Ma, Hongyan AU - Li, Huiyu AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis is the biological process that generates wood, an important renewable feedstock for materials and energy. NAC domain transcription factors, particularly Vascular-Related NAC-Domain (VND) and Secondary Wall-Associated NAC Domain (SND) proteins, are known to regulate SCW differentiation. The regulation of VND and SND is important to maintain homeostasis for plants to avoid abnormal growth and development. We previously identified a splice variant, PtrSND1-A2IR , derived from PtrSND1-A2 as a dominant-negative regulator, which suppresses the transactivation of all PtrSND1 family members. PtrSND1-A2IR also suppresses the self-activation of the PtrSND1 family members except for its cognate transcription factor, PtrSND1-A2, suggesting the existence of an unknown factor needed to regulate PtrSND1-A2 Here, a splice variant, PtrVND6-C1IR , derived from PtrVND6-C1 was discovered that suppresses the protein functions of all PtrVND6 family members. PtrVND6-C1IR also suppresses the expression of all PtrSND1 members, including PtrSND1-A2, demonstrating that PtrVND6-C1IR is the previously unidentified regulator of PtrSND1-A2 We also found that PtrVND6-C1IR cannot suppress the expression of its cognate transcription factor, PtrVND6-C1PtrVND6-C1 is suppressed by PtrSND1-A2IR Both PtrVND6-C1IR and PtrSND1-A2IR cannot suppress their cognate transcription factors but can suppress all members of the other family. The results indicate that the splice variants from the PtrVND6 and PtrSND1 family may exert reciprocal cross-regulation for complete transcriptional regulation of these two families in wood formation. This reciprocal cross-regulation between families suggests a general mechanism among NAC domain proteins and likely other transcription factors, where intron-retained splice variants provide an additional level of regulation. DA - 2017/11/7/ PY - 2017/11/7/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1714422114 VL - 114 IS - 45 SP - E9722-E9729 SN - 0027-8424 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/29078399 KW - reciprocal cross-regulation KW - NAC transcription factors KW - alternative splicing KW - wood formation KW - Populus trichocarpa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population isolation results in unexpectedly high differentiation in Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana), an imperiled southern Appalachian endemic conifer AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Campbell, Angelia Rose AU - Josserand, Sedley A. AU - Nelson, C. Dana AU - Jetton, Robert M. T2 - Tree Genetics & Genomes DA - 2017/9/18/ PY - 2017/9/18/ DO - 10.1007/s11295-017-1189-x VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - J2 - Tree Genetics & Genomes LA - en OP - SN - 1614-2942 1614-2950 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1189-x DB - Crossref KW - Disjunct populations KW - Gene conservation KW - Inbreeding KW - Microsatellite KW - Population isolation KW - Rare species ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling the impacts of wood pellet demand on forest dynamics in southeastern United States AU - Duden, Anna S. AU - Verweij, Pita A. AU - Junginger, H. Martin AU - Abt, Robert C. AU - Henderson, Jesse D. AU - Dale, Virginia H. AU - Kline, Keith L. AU - Karssenberg, Derek AU - Verstegen, Judith A. AU - Faaij, Andre P. C. AU - Hilst, Floor T2 - BIOFUELS BIOPRODUCTS & BIOREFINING-BIOFPR AB - Abstract The export of wood pellets from the southeastern United States (USA) has grown significantly in recent years, following rising demand from Europe. Increased wood pellet demand could lead to spatially variable changes in timberland management and area in the USA. This study presents an assessment of the impacts of increasing wood pellet demand (an additional 11.6 Mt by 2030) on land‐use dynamics, taking into account developments in other wood product markets as well as expected changes in other land uses. An economic model for the forest sector of the southeastern USA (SRTS) was linked to a land‐use change model (PLUC) to identify potential locations of land‐use change following scenarios of demand for pellets and other wood products. Projections show that in the absence of additional demand for wood pellets, natural timberland area is projected to decline by 450–15 000 km 2 by 2030, mainly through urbanization and pine plantation establishment. Under the high wood pellet demand scenario, more (2000–7500 km 2 ) natural timberland area is retained and more (8000–20 000 km 2 ) pine plantation is established. Shifts from natural timberland to pine plantation occur predominantly in the Atlantic coastal region. Future work will assess the impact of projected transitions in natural timberland and pine plantations on biodiversity and carbon storage. This modeling framework can be applied for multiple scenarios and land‐use projections to identify locations of timberland area changes for the whole southeastern USA, thereby informing the debate about potential impacts of wood pellet demand on land‐use dynamics and environmental services. © 2017 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1002/bbb.1803 VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 1007-1029 SN - 1932-1031 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85029431513&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - wood pellets KW - bioenergy KW - land-use change KW - spatial variation KW - modeling KW - southeastern USA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mobile communication AU - Ling, R. AU - Typhina, E. T2 - Dialogues on mobile communication DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// SP - 33-50 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Large-scale patterns of forest fire occurrence in the conterminous United States, Alaska, and Hawaii, 2015 AU - Potter, K. M. AU - Paschke, J. L. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2016 PY - 2017/// VL - 43- PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Frequent fires eliminate fleshy fruit production AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Frequent fire-return intervals (<3-yr) have been suggested to optimize the benefits of prescribed fire in many fire-dominated ecosystems. There are several potential ecological benefits to frequent fires, such as suppression of encroaching fire-intolerant plant species, increased reproductive allocations of native herbaceous plant species, and increased plant diversity at the stand level. However, recent literature has reported a decline in frugivorous wildlife species in frequently burned landscapes, raising concern for fire-regime effects on fruit production. Thus, an assessment of the effects fire frequency on fleshy fruit abundance is needed. In a replicated field experiment following 4 or more rotations of a 1-yr, 2-yr, and 3-yr fire-return interval, we measured fruit production each month of the growing season (i.e., May-September) in the critically threatened longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem – an ecosystem where frequent fire intervals commonly are recommended. Compared to the 3-yr fire-return interval, cumulative understory fruit production was 99% less following a 1-yr or 2-yr fire-return interval. In fact, all of the fruit detected in 1-yr and 2-yr treatments were detected in patches of vegetation unburned by the previous fire. Additionally, no fruits were detected on any transect in the midstory and overstory strata. These results suggest that applying fire on <3-yr fire-return intervals across large land areas could have negative effects on soft mast-dependent wildlife species. Moreover, without a mosaic in fire-spread, even a 3-yr fire return interval may eliminate midstory and overstory fleshy fruit production over time. We recommend fire managers incorporate multiple fire-return intervals and firing techniques to capture the ecological benefits of variability in frequency and spatial extents in fire. DA - 2017/12/1/ PY - 2017/12/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.034 VL - 405 SP - 9-12 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Fire-return interval KW - Frugivore KW - Longleaf pine KW - Prescribed fire KW - Pyrodiversity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does forest certification in developing countries have environmental benefits? Insights from Mexican corrective action requests AU - Blackman, A. AU - Raimondi, A. AU - Cubbage, Frederick T2 - International Forestry Review AB - Among other objectives, certification aims to improve environmental outcomes in developing country forests. Yet little is known about whether and how it actually generates such benefits. To shed light on these questions, an analysis was conducted of 1 162 corrective action requests (CARs) issued after third-party inspections of 35 forests in Mexico certified by the Forest Stewardship Council. CARs detail the changes in procedures and on-the-ground conditions that forest managers must make to obtain or retain certification. Based mainly on simple summary statistics, the findings are mixed. On one hand, most forest managers quickly complied with CARs and received fewer over time— results suggesting that certification generated environmental benefits. But most CARs addressed minor procedural issues and focused on social, economic and legal issues rather than on-the-ground environmental changes—results indicating the opposite. Follow-on research comparing the environmental performance of certified and similar uncertified forests would help resolve this uncertainty. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1505/146554817821865072 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 247–264 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do occupancy or detection rates from camera traps reflect deer density? AU - Parsons, Arielle Waldstein AU - Forrester, Tavis AU - McShea, William J AU - Baker-Whatton, Megan C AU - Millspaugh, Joshua J AU - Kays, Roland T2 - Journal of Mammalogy AB - Camera trapping is a powerful tool for studying mammal populations over large spatial scales. Density estimation using camera-trap data is a commonly desired outcome, but most approaches only work for species that can be individually recognized, and researchers studying most mammals are typically constrained to measures of site occupancy or detection rate. These 2 metrics are often used as measures of relative abundance and presumed to be related directly to animal density. To test this relationship, we estimated density, occupancy, and detection rate of male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) using camera-trap data collected from 1,199 cameras across 20 study sites. Detection rate and density exhibited stronger positive linear correlation (r2 = 0.80) than occupancy and density (r2 = 0.27). When hunted and unhunted paired areas were compared, detection rate and density showed the same trend between paired sites 62.5% of the time compared to 87.5% for occupancy and density. In particular, agreement between estimates was lowest for pairs of sites that had the largest differences in surrounding housing density. Although it is clear occupancy and detection rate contain some information about density, models suggested different ecological relationships associated with the metrics. Using occupancy or detection rate as proxies for density may be particularly problematic when comparing between areas where animals might to move or behave differently, such as urban–wild interfaces. In such cases, alternate methods of density approximation are recommended. DA - 2017/10/10/ PY - 2017/10/10/ DO - 10.1093/jmammal/gyx128 VL - 98 IS - 6 SP - 1547-1557 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-2372 1545-1542 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyx128 DB - Crossref KW - abundance index KW - camera trap KW - citizen science KW - density KW - detection rate KW - occupancy KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - protected area management KW - white-tailed deer ER - TY - CONF TI - Coordinating the IUCN Red List of North American tree species: A special session at the USFS gene conservation of tree species workshop AU - Westwood, M. AU - Frances, A. AU - Man, G. AU - Pivorunas, D. AU - Potter, K. M. C2 - 2017/// C3 - Gene conservation of tree species--banking on the future. Proceedings of a workshop. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-963 DA - 2017/// SP - 12--23 PB - Portland: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complex Phase Behavior and Network Characteristics of Midblock-Solvated Triblock Copolymers as Physically Cross-Linked Soft Materials AU - Woloszczuk, Sebastian AU - Tuhin, Mohammad O. AU - Gade, Soumya R. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AU - Banaszak, Michal AU - Spontak, Richard J. T2 - ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES AB - In the presence of a midblock-selective solvent, triblock copolymers not only self-organize but also form a molecular network. Thermoplastic elastomer gels constitute examples of such materials and serve as sealants and adhesives, as well as ballistic, microfluidic, and electroactive media. We perform Monte Carlo and dissipative particle dynamics simulations to investigate the phase behavior and network characteristics of these materials. Of particular interest is the existence of a truncated octahedral morphology that resembles the atomic arrangement of various inorganic species. Both simulation approaches quantify the midblock bridges responsible for network development and thus provide a detailed molecular picture of these composition-tunable soft materials. DA - 2017/11/22/ PY - 2017/11/22/ DO - 10.1021/acsami.7b14298 VL - 9 IS - 46 SP - 39940-39944 SN - 1944-8252 KW - thermoplastic elastomer KW - physical gel KW - block copolymer KW - self-assembly KW - TPEG ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biomass production and potential water stress increase with planting density in four highly productive clonal Eucalyptus genotypes AU - Hakamada, R. AU - Hubbard, R. M. AU - Ferraz, S. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Lemos, C. T2 - Southern Forests DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 79 IS - 3 SP - 251-257 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An inventory of continental U.S. terrestrial candidate ecological restoration areas based on landscape context AU - Wickham, James AU - Riitters, Kurt AU - Vogt, Peter AU - Costanza, Jennifer AU - Neale, Anne T2 - Restoration Ecology AB - Landscape context is an important factor in restoration ecology, but the use of landscape context for site prioritization has not been as fully developed. We used morphological image processing to identify candidate ecological restoration areas based on their proximity to existing natural vegetation. We identified 1,102,720 candidate ecological restoration areas across the continental United States. Candidate ecological restoration areas were concentrated in the Great Plains and eastern United States. We populated the database of candidate ecological restoration areas with 17 attributes related to site content and context, including factors such as soil fertility and roads (site content), and number and area of potentially conjoined vegetated regions (site context) to facilitate its use for site prioritization. We demonstrate the utility of the database in the state of North Carolina, U.S.A. for a restoration objective related to restoration of water quality (mandated by the U.S. Clean Water Act), wetlands, and forest. The database will be made publicly available on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's EnviroAtlas website (http://enviroatlas.epa.gov) for stakeholders interested in ecological restoration. DA - 2017/5/14/ PY - 2017/5/14/ DO - 10.1111/rec.12522 VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - 894-902 J2 - Restor Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 1061-2971 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.12522 DB - Crossref KW - biodiversity KW - ecosystem services KW - landscape ecology KW - Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis KW - NLCD ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Comparison of Field Methods to Estimate Canada Goose Abundance AU - McAlister, Mark A. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Fuller, Joseph C. AU - Howell, Douglas L. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. T2 - WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN AB - ABSTRACT We conducted a 2‐year study (2014–2015) in North Carolina, USA, to compare precision and efficiency between 2 methods used to estimate Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ) abundance. The first method (i.e., band‐return estimation) used hunter band‐returns and harvest estimates. The second (i.e., plot survey) used surveys of 1‐km 2 plots randomly located across potential goose habitat in the state. To quantify efficiency, we recorded all expenses and time dedicated to goose banding and plot surveys. In June 2014, we banded 2,102 adult geese at 44 sites. During the 2014–2015 hunting season, we received 173 direct band recoveries from birds banded as adults. We used the Lincoln–Peterson formula to calculate an abundance estimate of 148,839 (coeff. of variation = 7.9) and determined the band‐return method required US $72,858 and 2,317 person‐hours to complete. We surveyed 300 1‐km 2 plots across North Carolina in April 2015, and calculated an abundance estimate of 155,655 Canada geese (coeff. of variation = 308.9). We determined the plot‐survey method required US $80,767 and 2,857 person‐hours to complete. Although population estimates were similar, we recommend the band‐return technique to estimate Canada goose abundance because it provided a more precise estimate with similar overall costs and, if continued for multiple years, will allow calculation of additional population metrics including survival, recovery rates, and harvest distributions. © 2017 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017/12// DO - 10.1002/wsb.827 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 685-690 SN - 1938-5463 KW - abundance KW - band return KW - Branta canadensis KW - Canada goose KW - cost KW - Lincoln-Peterson estimator KW - North Carolina KW - plot survey ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effect of the Nepal Community Forestry Program on Equity in Benefit Sharing AU - Luintel, Harisharan AU - Bluffstone, Randall A. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Adhikari, Bhim T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT & DEVELOPMENT AB - We assessed the effectiveness of Nepalese Community Forestry Program (CFP) in increasing local perceptions of equity in benefit sharing. Our aim is to inform emerging forest policy that aims to mitigate climate change, promote biodiversity conservation, and address poverty and livelihood needs. We collected data from 1,300 households from nationally representative samples of 65 CFP communities and 65 non-CFP communities. By using a robust method of covariates matching, we demonstrate the unique and positive effect of the CFP on perception of equity in benefit sharing at national level and among poor, Dalits, indigenous and women-headed households and in the hills (except Terai). Our results suggest the need to continue the current benefit-sharing practices in CFP except in the Terai, where such practices need to be reviewed. However, caution should be taken in implementing emerging carbon-focused forestry so that it does not alter the CFP management sufficiently to conflict with equity goals and upend the generally positive effects on equity. DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.1177/1070496517707305 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 297-321 SN - 1552-5465 KW - benefit sharing KW - community forestry KW - equity KW - Nepal KW - social groups ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial resilience of forested landscapes under climate change and management AU - Lucash, Melissa S. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Gustafson, Eric J. AU - Sturtevant, Brian R. T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AB - Resilience, the ability to recover from disturbance, has risen to the forefront of scientific policy, but is difficult to quantify, particularly in large, forested landscapes subject to disturbances, management, and climate change. Our objective was to determine which spatial drivers will control landscape resilience over the next century, given a range of plausible climate projections across north-central Minnesota. Using a simulation modelling approach, we simulated wind disturbance in a 4.3 million ha forested landscape in north-central Minnesota for 100 years under historic climate and five climate change scenarios, combined with four management scenarios: business as usual (BAU), maximizing economic returns (‘EcoGoods’), maximizing carbon storage (‘EcoServices’), and climate change adaption (‘CCAdapt’). To estimate resilience, we examined sites where simulated windstorms removed >70% of the biomass and measured the difference in biomass and species composition after 50 years. Climate change lowered resilience, though there was wide variation among climate change scenarios. Resilience was explained more by spatial variation in soils than climate. We found that BAU, EcoGoods and EcoServices harvest scenarios were very similar; CCAdapt was the only scenario that demonstrated consistently higher resilience under climate change. Although we expected spatial patterns of resilience to follow ownership patterns, it was contingent upon whether lands were actively managed. Our results demonstrate that resilience may be lower under climate change and that the effects of climate change could overwhelm current management practices. Only a substantial shift in simulated forest practices was successful in promoting resilience. DA - 2017/5// PY - 2017/5// DO - 10.1007/s10980-017-0501-3 VL - 32 IS - 5 SP - 953-969 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Carbon cycle KW - Century KW - Climate change adaptation KW - Forest simulation model KW - Forest management KW - Wind disturbance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Setting an evolutionary trap: could the hider strategy be maladaptive for white-tailed deer? AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY AB - An evolutionary trap occurs when an organism makes a formerly adaptive decision that now results in a maladaptive outcome. Such traps can be induced by anthropogenic environmental changes, with nonnative species introductions being a leading cause. The recent establishment of coyotes (Canis latrans) into the southeastern USA has the potential to change white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population dynamics through direct predation and behavioral adaptation. We used movement rate and bedsite characteristics of radiocollared neonates to evaluate their antipredator strategies in the context of novel predation risk in a structurally homogeneous, fire-maintained ecosystem. Neonate bedsites had greater plant cover values compared with random sites (t = 30.136; p < 0.001), indicating bedsite selection was consistent with the hider strategy used to avoid predation. We determined selection gradients of coyote predation on neonate movement rate and plant cover and diversity at bedsites during the first 10 days of life. Interestingly, neonates that moved less and bedded in denser cover were more likely to be depredated by coyotes, meaning that greater neonate movement rate and bedsites located in less dense cover were favored by natural selection. These results are counter to expected antipredator strategies in white-tailed deer and exemplify how an adaptive response could be maladaptive in novel contexts. DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.1007/s10164-017-0514-z VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 251-257 SN - 1439-5444 KW - Coyote KW - Evolutionary trap KW - Hider strategy KW - Neonate KW - Predation KW - White-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rules of the road for insect gene drive research and testing AU - Adelman, Zach AU - Akbari, Omar AU - Bauer, John AU - Bier, Ethan AU - Bloss, Cinnamon AU - Carter, Sarah R AU - Callender, Craig AU - Denis, Adriana Costero-Saint AU - Cowhey, Peter AU - Dass, Brinda AU - Delborne, Jason AU - Devereaux, Mary AU - Ellsworth, Peter AU - Friedman, Robert M AU - Gantz, Valentino AU - Gibson, Clark AU - Hay, Bruce A AU - Hoddle, Mark AU - James, Anthony A AU - James, Stephanie AU - Jorgenson, Lyric AU - Kalichman, Michael AU - Marshall, John AU - McGinnis, William AU - Newman, Jack AU - Pearson, Alan AU - Quemada, Hector AU - Rudenko, Larisa AU - Shelton, Anthony AU - Vinetz, Joseph M AU - Weisman, Jennifer AU - Wong, Brenda AU - Wozniak, Chris T2 - Nature Biotechnology AB - Approximately two years ago, two of us (E.B. and V.G.) demonstrated the first experimental application of CRISPR–Cas9 to 'drive' a desired trait throughout a population of fruit flies. In November 2015, this same team at the University of California, San Diego, joined with A.A.J. and others at the University of California, Irvine, to develop a CRISPR-based gene drive for population modification of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi. A month later, a group in the United Kingdom applied a CRISPR-based gene drive to another malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.1038/nbt.3926 VL - 35 IS - 8 SP - 716-718 J2 - Nat Biotechnol LA - en OP - SN - 1087-0156 1546-1696 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3926 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rodent response to harvesting woody biomass for bioenergy production AU - Fritts, Sarah R. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Grodsky, Steven M. AU - Hazel, Dennis W. AU - Homyack, Jessica A. AU - Farrell, Christopher B. AU - Castleberry, Steven B. AU - Evans, Emily H. AU - Greene, Daniel U. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - ABSTRACT Harvest of low value trees and logging residues for bioenergy reduces downed wood post‐harvest with potential indirect negative effects on ground‐dwelling wildlife such as rodents. We assessed the influence of woody biomass harvests on rodent abundances using an operational‐scale, randomized complete block experimental design study in North Carolina (4 blocks) and Georgia, USA (4 blocks). Each block contained 6 treatments randomly applied to a clearcut harvest, that varied by volume of woody biomass retained, and that represented existing woody biomass harvest recommendations. We livetrapped rodents in 2011–2013, calculated the minimum number known alive for each captured species, and used the value as an index of abundance. We compared abundance of the 3 most commonly captured species (deer mice [ Peromyscus spp.], house mouse [ Mus musculus ], and hispid cotton rat [ Sigmodon hispidus ]) among treatments with generalized linear mixed effects models. We assessed relationships among species’ abundance and measurements of downed woody debris and vegetation in each treatment unit using linear regression. Although abundance varied among treatments in some cases, we did not detect consistent relationships between woody biomass retention treatments and abundance. Volume of downed woody debris in the treatment unit negatively influenced house mice but had varying influences on deer mice across years. Downed woody debris groundcover negatively affected deer mice in North Carolina in 2012. Litter groundcover negatively influenced deer mice and hispid cotton rats, whereas grass groundcover positively influenced the hispid cotton rat. The lack of consistent relationships between rodent abundance and volume of retained woody debris suggests that the rodent species captured in this study were not affected by current efficiencies of operational woody biomass harvests in southeastern United States loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ) plantations. However, focal species were habitat generalists and less common species may have greater sensitivity to biomass harvests. © 2017 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.1002/jwmg.21301 VL - 81 IS - 7 SP - 1170-1178 SN - 1937-2817 KW - clearcut KW - downed woody debris KW - loblolly pine KW - pine plantation KW - rodents KW - southeastern United States KW - woody biomass harvests ER - TY - JOUR TI - Restoring surface fire stabilizes forest carbon under extreme fire weather in the Sierra Nevada AU - Krofcheck, Daniel J. AU - Hurteau, Matthew D. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Loudermilk, E. Louise T2 - ECOSPHERE AB - Abstract Climate change in the western United States has increased the frequency of extreme fire weather events and is projected to increase the area burned by wildfire in the coming decades. This changing fire regime, coupled with increased high‐severity fire risk from a legacy of fire exclusion, could destabilize forest carbon (C), decrease net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and consequently reduce the ability of forests to regulate climate through C sequestration. While management options for minimizing the risk of high‐severity fire exist, little is known about the longer‐term carbon consequences of these actions in the context of continued extreme fire weather events. Our goal was to compare the impacts of extreme wildfire events on carbon stocks and fluxes in a watershed in the Sierra National Forest. We ran simulations to model wildfire under contemporary and extreme fire weather conditions, and test how three management scenarios (no‐management, thin‐only, thin and maintenance burning) influence fire severity, forest C stocks and fluxes, and wildfire C emissions. We found that the effects of treatment on wildfire under contemporary fire weather were minimal, and management conferred neither significant reduction in fire severity nor increases in C stocks. However, under extreme fire weather, the thin and maintenance burning scenario decreased mean fire severity by 25%, showed significantly greater C stability, and unlike the no‐management and thin‐only management options, the thin and maintenance burning scenario showed no decrease in NEE relative to the contemporary fire weather scenarios. Further, under extreme fire weather conditions, wildfire C emissions were lowest in the thin and maintenance burning scenario, (reduction of 13.7 Mg C/ha over the simulation period) even when taking into account the C costs associated with prescribed burning. Including prescribed burning in thinning operations may be critical to maintaining C stocks and reducing C emissions in the future where extreme fire weather events are more frequent. DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.1002/ecs2.1663 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2150-8925 KW - Abies magnifica KW - carbon sequestration KW - Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project KW - Dinkey Creek KW - fire emission KW - forest management KW - LANDIS-II KW - mixed-conifer KW - Pinus ponderosa KW - prescribed fire KW - wildfire ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproductive consequences of habitat fragmentation for a declining resident bird of the longleaf pine ecosystem AU - Winiarski, Jason M. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Carpenter, John P. AU - Hess, George R. T2 - Ecosphere AB - Abstract Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to bird population persistence. Yet, our understanding of the demographic factors behind the adverse effects of fragmentation remains limited for many species. We studied the breeding demographics of the Bachman's Sparrow ( Peucaea aestivalis ), a species of conservation concern that is associated with highly imperiled longleaf pine ecosystems in the southeastern United States. We quantified the effects of local‐ and landscape‐scale factors on different components of reproductive success (i.e., pairing success and probability of fledging offspring) for 96 male sparrows at eight sites in southeastern North Carolina. Pairing success of monitored sparrows was 69%, and 77% of paired males fledged ≥1 offspring. Habitat amount in the surrounding landscape, rather than local habitat quality, was the most influential predictor of pairing success for male Bachman's Sparrows. In contrast, we documented no predictors of successfully fledging offspring for paired males. We infer that reduced pairing success is limiting reproduction in isolated landscapes and may be a contributing factor for the low occupancy and declines of Bachman's Sparrow in our study region. Overall, our results suggest that managers can promote breeding opportunities for Bachman's Sparrows by prioritizing resources to patches near large, preexisting longleaf pine forest to ensure ≥20% habitat within the surrounding landscape. DA - 2017/7// PY - 2017/7// DO - 10.1002/ECS2.1898 VL - 8 IS - 7 SP - e01898 J2 - Ecosphere LA - en OP - SN - 2150-8925 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ECS2.1898 DB - Crossref KW - Bachman's Sparrow KW - dispersal KW - fire KW - fragmentation KW - habitat amount KW - landscape KW - longleaf pine KW - North Carolina KW - pairing success KW - reproductive success ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multi-temporal trajectories of landscape change explain forest biodiversity in urbanizing ecosystems AU - Davis, Amy J. S. AU - Thill, Jean-Claude AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.1007/s10980-017-0541-8 VL - 32 IS - 9 SP - 1789-1803 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Forest biodiversity KW - Land use change trajectories KW - Forest cover change KW - Multitemporal KW - Deforestation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest management scenarios in a changing climate: trade-offs between carbon, timber, and old forest AU - Creutzburg, Megan K. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Lucash, Melissa S. AU - LeDuc, Stephen D. AU - Johnson, Mark G. T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - Abstract Balancing economic, ecological, and social values has long been a challenge in the forests of the Pacific Northwest, where conflict over timber harvest and old‐growth habitat on public lands has been contentious for the past several decades. The Northwest Forest Plan, adopted two decades ago to guide management on federal lands, is currently being revised as the region searches for a balance between sustainable timber yields and habitat for sensitive species. In addition, climate change imposes a high degree of uncertainty on future forest productivity, sustainability of timber harvest, wildfire risk, and species habitat. We evaluated the long‐term, landscape‐scale trade‐offs among carbon (C) storage, timber yield, and old forest habitat given projected climate change and shifts in forest management policy across 2.1 million hectares of forests in the Oregon Coast Range. Projections highlight the divergence between private and public lands under business‐as‐usual forest management, where private industrial forests are heavily harvested and many public (especially federal) lands increase C and old forest over time but provide little timber. Three alternative management scenarios altering the amount and type of timber harvest show widely varying levels of ecosystem C and old‐forest habitat. On federal lands, ecological forestry practices also allowed a simultaneous increase in old forest and natural early‐seral habitat. The ecosystem C implications of shifts away from current practices were large, with current practices retaining up to 105 Tg more C than the alternative scenarios by the end of the century. Our results suggest climate change is likely to increase forest productivity by 30–41% and total ecosystem C storage by 11–15% over the next century as warmer winter temperatures allow greater forest productivity in cooler months. These gains in C storage are unlikely to be offset by wildfire under climate change, due to the legacy of management and effective fire suppression. Our scenarios of future conditions can inform policy makers, land managers, and the public about the potential effects of land management alternatives, climate change, and the trade‐offs that are inherent to management and policy in the region. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1002/eap.1460 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 503-518 SN - 1939-5582 KW - carbon KW - climate change KW - ecological forestry KW - forest ecology KW - LANDIS-II KW - landscape modeling KW - Northwest Forest Plan KW - Oregon Coast Range KW - retention harvest KW - wildfire ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emerging issues in urban ecology: implications for research, social justice, human health, and well-being AU - Jennings, Viniece AU - Floyd, Myron F. AU - Shanahan, Danielle AU - Coutts, Christopher AU - Sinykin, Alex T2 - Population and Environment DA - 2017/4/18/ PY - 2017/4/18/ DO - 10.1007/s11111-017-0276-0 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 69-86 J2 - Popul Environ LA - en OP - SN - 0199-0039 1573-7810 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-017-0276-0 DB - Crossref KW - Green space KW - Urban ecology KW - Public health KW - Nature KW - Well-being ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bending the carbon curve: fire management for carbon resilience under climate change AU - Loudermilk, E. L. AU - Scheller, R. M. AU - Weisberg, P. J. AU - Kretchun, Alec T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AB - Forest landscapes are increasingly managed for fire resilience, particularly in the western US which has recently experienced drought and widespread, high-severity wildfires. Fuel reduction treatments have been effective where fires coincide with treated areas. Fuel treatments also have the potential to reduce drought-mortality if tree density is uncharacteristically high, and to increase long-term carbon storage by reducing high-severity fire probability. Assess whether fuel treatments reduce fire intensity and spread and increase carbon storage under climate change. We used a simulation modeling approach that couples a landscape model of forest disturbance and succession with an ecosystem model of carbon dynamics (Century), to quantify the interacting effects of climate change, fuel treatments and wildfire for carbon storage potential in a mixed-conifer forest in the western USA. Our results suggest that fuel treatments have the potential to ‘bend the C curve’, maintaining carbon resilience despite climate change and climate-related changes to the fire regime. Simulated fuel treatments resulted in reduced fire spread and severity. There was partial compensation of C lost during fuel treatments with increased growth of residual stock due to greater available soil water, as well as a shift in species composition to more drought- and fire-tolerant Pinus jeffreyi at the expense of shade-tolerant, fire-susceptible Abies concolor. Forest resilience to global change can be achieved through management that reduces drought stress and supports the establishment and dominance of tree species that are more fire- and drought-resistant, however, achieving a net C gain from fuel treatments may take decades. DA - 2017/7// PY - 2017/7// DO - 10.1007/s10980-016-0447-x VL - 32 IS - 7 SP - 1461-1472 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Carbon KW - Wildfire KW - Climate change KW - Fuel treatments KW - Resilience KW - Lake Tahoe Basin KW - Simulation modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - An empirical, hierarchical typology of tree species assemblages for assessing forest dynamics under global change scenarios AU - Costanza, Jennifer K. AU - Coulston, John W. AU - Wear, David N. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - The composition of tree species occurring in a forest is important and can be affected by global change drivers such as climate change. To inform assessment and projection of global change impacts at broad extents, we used hierarchical cluster analysis and over 120,000 recent forest inventory plots to empirically define forest tree assemblages across the U.S., and identified the indicator and dominant species associated with each. Cluster typologies in two levels of a hierarchy of forest assemblages, with 29 and 147 groups respectively, were supported by diagnostic criteria. Groups in these two levels of the hierarchy were labeled based on the top indicator species in each, and ranged widely in size. For example, in the 29-cluster typology, the sugar maple-red maple assemblage contained the largest number of plots (30,068), while the butternut-sweet birch and sourwood-scarlet oak assemblages were both smallest (6 plots each). We provide a case-study demonstration of the utility of the typology for informing forest climate change impact assessment. For five assemblages in the 29-cluster typology, we used existing projections of changes in importance value (IV) for the dominant species under one low and one high climate change scenario to assess impacts to the assemblages. Results ranged widely for each scenario by the end of the century, with each showing an average decrease in IV for dominant species in some assemblages, including the balsam fir-quaking aspen assemblage, and an average increase for others, like the green ash-American elm assemblage. Future work should assess adaptive capacity of these forest assemblages and investigate local population- and community-level dynamics in places where dominant species may be impacted. This typology will be ideal for monitoring, assessing, and projecting changes to forest communities within the emerging framework of macrosystems ecology, which emphasizes hierarchies and broad extents. DA - 2017/9/6/ PY - 2017/9/6/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0184062 VL - 12 IS - 9 SP - e0184062 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184062 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adrenal-derived stress hormones modulate ozone-induced lung injury and inflammation AU - Henriquez, Andres AU - House, John AU - Miller, Desinia B. AU - Snow, Samantha J. AU - Fisher, Anna AU - Ren, Hongzu AU - Schladweiler, Mette C. AU - Ledbetter, Allen D. AU - Wright, Fred AU - Kodavanti, Urmila P. T2 - TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY AB - Ozone-induced systemic effects are modulated through activation of the neuro-hormonal stress response pathway. Adrenal demedullation (DEMED) or bilateral total adrenalectomy (ADREX) inhibits systemic and pulmonary effects of acute ozone exposure. To understand the influence of adrenal-derived stress hormones in mediating ozone-induced lung injury/inflammation, we assessed global gene expression (mRNA sequencing) and selected proteins in lung tissues from male Wistar-Kyoto rats that underwent DEMED, ADREX, or sham surgery (SHAM) prior to their exposure to air or ozone (1 ppm), 4 h/day for 1 or 2 days. Ozone exposure significantly changed the expression of over 2300 genes in lungs of SHAM rats, and these changes were markedly reduced in DEMED and ADREX rats. SHAM surgery but not DEMED or ADREX resulted in activation of multiple ozone-responsive pathways, including glucocorticoid, acute phase response, NRF2, and PI3K-AKT. Predicted targets from sequencing data showed a similarity between transcriptional changes induced by ozone and adrenergic and steroidal modulation of effects in SHAM but not ADREX rats. Ozone-induced increases in lung Il6 in SHAM rats coincided with neutrophilic inflammation, but were diminished in DEMED and ADREX rats. Although ozone exposure in SHAM rats did not significantly alter mRNA expression of Ifnγ and Il-4, the IL-4 protein and ratio of IL-4 to IFNγ (IL-4/IFNγ) proteins increased suggesting a tendency for a Th2 response. This did not occur in ADREX and DEMED rats. We demonstrate that ozone-induced lung injury and neutrophilic inflammation require the presence of circulating epinephrine and corticosterone, which transcriptionally regulates signaling mechanisms involved in this response. DA - 2017/8/15/ PY - 2017/8/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.taap.2017.06.009 VL - 329 SP - 249-258 SN - 1096-0333 KW - Ozone KW - Lung KW - Stress hormones KW - Adrenalectomy KW - RNAseq ER - TY - JOUR TI - A novel plant DNA extraction method using filter paper-based 96-well spin plate AU - Shi, Rui AU - Panthee, Dilip R. T2 - PLANTA DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.1007/s00425-017-2743-3 VL - 246 IS - 3 SP - 579-584 SN - 1432-2048 KW - Filter paper KW - DNA extraction KW - Inexpensive KW - Safe KW - High throughput KW - Solanum lycopersicum KW - Ph-3 gene ER - TY - JOUR TI - Worldwide translocation of teak-origin of landraces and present genetic base AU - Hansen, Ole K. AU - Changtragoon, Suchitra AU - Ponoy, Bundit AU - Lopez, Juan AU - Richard, John AU - Kjaer, Erik D. T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES AB - Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) is one of the major plantation timbers of the world. The species is native to India, Myanmar, Thailand and Laos in South East Asia but was translocated to several countries in Africa and Central and South America during the past century. Today, large areas of plantations are grown outside the species native range. It is speculated that genetic bottlenecks and founder effects combined with new selection pressures under new growing conditions have led to the formation of distinct landraces; this hypothesis is supported by results from international provenance tests. In the present study, we apply genetic markers to identify the likely origin of teak grown outside its native range and examine if the landraces show signs of reduced genetic diversity. We find large variation in the level of diversity among landraces, although not larger than that observed among native populations. We conclude that variation in the studied teak landraces probably reflects their areas of genetic origin rather than severe founder effects created during their introduction. The genetic data suggests that the studied landraces originated from either the semi-moist east coast of India, southern Myanmar or western Thailand. These results indicate that translocation of teak has mainly come from a certain part of the native distribution and that this did not include the widespread natural teak areas of southern, dry interior or western India or northern Myanmar. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.1007/s11295-017-1170-8 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1614-2950 KW - Teak KW - Landraces KW - Genetic diversity KW - Geographic origin KW - Assignment tests ER - TY - JOUR TI - Woody-plant ecosystems under climate change and air pollution-response consistencies across zonobiomes? AU - Matyssek, R. AU - Kozovits, A. R. AU - Wieser, G. AU - King, J. AU - Rennenberg, H. T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Forests store the largest terrestrial pools of carbon (C), helping to stabilize the global climate system, yet are threatened by climate change (CC) and associated air pollution (AP, highlighting ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)). We adopt the perspective that CC–AP drivers and physiological impacts are universal, resulting in consistent stress responses of forest ecosystems across zonobiomes. Evidence supporting this viewpoint is presented from the literature on ecosystem gross/net primary productivity and water cycling. Responses to CC–AP are compared across evergreen/deciduous foliage types, discussing implications of nutrition and resource turnover at tree and ecosystem scales. The availability of data is extremely uneven across zonobiomes, yet unifying patterns of ecosystem response are discernable. Ecosystem warming results in trade-offs between respiration and biomass production, affecting high elevation forests more than in the lowland tropics and low-elevation temperate zone. Resilience to drought is modulated by tree size and species richness. Elevated O3 tends to counteract stimulation by elevated carbon dioxide (CO2). Biotic stress and genomic structure ultimately determine ecosystem responsiveness. Aggrading early- rather than mature late-successional communities respond to CO2 enhancement, whereas O3 affects North American and Eurasian tree species consistently under free-air fumigation. Insect herbivory is exacerbated by CC–AP in biome-specific ways. Rhizosphere responses reflect similar stand-level nutritional dynamics across zonobiomes, but are modulated by differences in tree–soil nutrient cycling between deciduous and evergreen systems, and natural versus anthropogenic nitrogen (N) oversupply. The hypothesis of consistency of forest responses to interacting CC–AP is supported by currently available data, establishing the precedent for a global network of long-term coordinated research sites across zonobiomes to simultaneously advance both bottom-up (e.g., mechanistic) and top-down (systems-level) understanding. This global, synthetic approach is needed because high biological plasticity and physiographic variation across individual ecosystems currently limit development of predictive models of forest responses to CC–AP. Integrated research on C and nutrient cycling, O3–vegetation interactions and water relations must target mechanisms’ ecosystem responsiveness. Worldwide case studies must be subject to biostatistical exploration to elucidate overarching response patterns and synthesize the resulting empirical data through advanced modelling, in order to provide regionally coherent, yet globally integrated information in support of internationally coordinated decision-making and policy development. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1093/treephys/tpx009 VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 706-732 SN - 1758-4469 KW - biotic interactions KW - foliage types KW - forest ecosystem ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban park design plus love for nature: Interventions for visitor experiences and social networking AU - Typhina, Eli T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION RESEARCH AB - Affect or emotion for nature can prime environmentally friendly attitudes and behaviors, but for one’s love of nature to grow she must physically experience and communicate about nature with others. This study aimed to identify urban park designs that could increase affect for nature in park visitors by stimulating their desire to communicate about and experience nature. Participants included 33 visitors at four urban parks in a mid-sized US city who were interviewed on location. Social network theory (SNT) served as the methodological framework for interpreting why, how, and with whom visitors’ communicated their nature experiences, as well as the design elements that led to increased love for nature. Analysis of the interviews confirmed findings from similar studies, while contributing new insight to how visitors’ use mobile technology to communicate about nature and build bonds with their social network. The conclusion offers ways for scholars and practitioners to improve urban park design so as to increase visitors’ affect, communication about, and action for nature. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1080/13504622.2016.1214863 VL - 23 IS - 8 SP - 1169-1181 SN - 1469-5871 KW - Pro-environmental behavior KW - urban park design KW - social network theory KW - affect KW - communication ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nest-site selection and nest survival of Bachman's Sparrows in two longleaf pine communities AU - Winiarski, Jason M. AU - Fish, Alexander C. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Carpenter, John P. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Schillaci, Jessica M. T2 - CONDOR AB - Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystems of the southeastern United States have experienced high rates of habitat loss and fragmentation, coinciding with dramatic population declines of a variety of taxa that inhabit the system. The Bachman's Sparrow (Peucaea aestivalis), a species closely associated with fire-maintained longleaf pine communities, is listed as a species of conservation concern across its entire range. Bachman's Sparrow breeding biology may provide valuable insights into population declines and inform restoration and management of remnant longleaf pine forest, but the species' secretive nesting habits have received little attention. We located 132 Bachman's Sparrow nests in the Coastal Plain and Sandhills physiographic regions of North Carolina, USA, during 2014–2015, and modeled nest-site selection and nest survival as a function of vegetation characteristics, burn history, temporal factors, and landscape-level habitat amount. There were distinct differences in nest-site selection between regions, with Bachman's Sparrows in the Coastal Plain region selecting greater woody vegetation density and lower grass density at nest sites than at non-nest locations. In contrast, sparrows selected nest sites with intermediate grass density and higher tree basal area in the Sandhills region. Despite clear patterns of nest-site selection, we detected no predictors of nest survival in the Sandhills, and nest survival varied only with date in the Coastal Plain. Daily survival rates were similar between regions, and were consistent with published studies from the species' core range where declines are less severe. Overall, our results indicate that creating and maintaining community-specific vegetation characteristics through the application of frequent prescribed fire should increase the amount of nesting cover for Bachman's Sparrows. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.1650/condor-16-220.1 VL - 119 IS - 3 SP - 361-374 SN - 1938-5129 KW - Bachman's Sparrow KW - fire KW - landscape KW - longleaf pine KW - nest survival KW - nest-site selection KW - Peucaea aestivalis KW - physiographic region ER - TY - JOUR TI - Macro-scale assessment of demographic and environmental variation within genetically derived evolutionary lineages of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), an imperiled conifer of the eastern United States AU - Prasad, Anantha M. AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Biodiversity and Conservation DA - 2017/4/25/ PY - 2017/4/25/ DO - 10.1007/s10531-017-1354-4 VL - 26 IS - 9 SP - 2223-2249 J2 - Biodivers Conserv LA - en OP - SN - 0960-3115 1572-9710 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1354-4 DB - Crossref KW - Genetic variation KW - Environmental variation KW - Intraspecific variation KW - Genetic zones KW - Evolutionary lineages KW - Climate change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic predictions of breeding values in a cloned Eucalyptus globulus population in Chile AU - Duran, Ricardo AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Zapata-Valenzuela, Jaime AU - Balocchi, Claudio AU - Valenzuela, Sofia T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.1007/s11295-017-1158-4 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1614-2950 KW - E. globulus KW - Genomic selection KW - SNP KW - Predictive ability KW - Stemvolume KW - Wood density ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Flawed environmental justice analyses AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. AB - In December 2016, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued a draft environmental impact statement (DEIS) for the Atlantic Coast Pipeline, a natural gas pipeline proposed to run approximately 1000 km from West Virginia to end points in Virginia and North Carolina ([ 1 ][1]). The DA - 2017/7/21/ PY - 2017/7/21/ DO - 10.1126/science.aao2684 SP - 260-260 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2684 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The transcriptional landscape of seasonal coat colour moult in the snowshoe hare AU - Ferreira, Mafalda S. AU - Alves, Paulo C. AU - Callahan, Colin M. AU - Marques, Joao P. AU - Mills, L. Scott AU - Good, Jeffrey M. AU - Melo-Ferreira, Jose T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Seasonal coat colour change is an important adaptation to seasonally changing environments but the evolution of this and other circannual traits remains poorly understood. In this study, we use gene expression to understand seasonal coat colour moulting in wild snowshoe hares ( Lepus americanus ). We used hair colour to follow the progression of the moult, simultaneously sampling skin from three moulting stages in hares collected during the peak of the spring moult from white winter to brown summer pelage. Using RNA sequencing, we tested whether patterns of expression were consistent with predictions based on the established phases of the hair growth cycle. We found functionally consistent clustering across skin types, with 766 genes differentially expressed between moult stages. “White” pelage showed more differentially expressed genes that were upregulated relative to other skin types, involved in the transition between late telogen (quiescent stage) and the onset of anagen (proliferative stage). Skin samples from transitional “intermediate” and “brown” pelage were transcriptionally similar and resembled the regressive transition to catagen (regressive stage). We also detected differential expression of several key circadian clock and pigmentation genes, providing important means to dissect the bases of alternate seasonal colour morphs. Our results reveal that pelage colour is a useful biomarker for seasonal change but that there is a consistent lag between the main gene expression waves and change in visible coat colour. These experiments establish that developmental sampling from natural populations of nonmodel organisms can provide a crucial resource to dissect the genetic basis and evolution of complex seasonally changing traits. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.1111/mec.14177 VL - 26 IS - 16 SP - 4173-4185 SN - 1365-294X KW - climate change KW - gene expression KW - Lepus americanus KW - RNA sequencing KW - seasonal coat colour change ER - TY - JOUR TI - The steroid metabolome in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder during GnRH agonist-induced ovarian suppression: Effects of estradiol and progesterone addback AU - Nguyen, T. V. AU - Reuter, J. M. AU - Gaikwad, N. W. AU - Rotroff, D. M. AU - Kucera, H. R. AU - Motsinger-Reif, A. AU - Smith, C. P. AU - Nieman, L. K. AU - Rubinow, D. R. AU - Kaddurah-Daouk, R. AU - Schmidt, P. J. T2 - Translational Psychiatry DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The 2013 FLEX-US Airborne Campaign at the Parker Tract Loblolly Pine Plantation in North Carolina, USA AU - Middleton, Elizabeth M. AU - Rascher, Uwe AU - Corp, Lawrence A. AU - Huemmrich, K. Fred AU - Cook, Bruce D. AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Schickling, Anke AU - Pinto, Francisco AU - Alonso, Luis AU - Damm, Alexander AU - Guanter, Luis AU - Colombo, Roberto AU - Campbell, Petya K. E. AU - Landis, David R. AU - Zhang, Qingyuan AU - Rossini, Micol AU - Schuettemeyer, Dirk AU - Bianchi, Remo T2 - REMOTE SENSING AB - The first European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA collaboration in an airborne campaign to support ESA’s FLuorescence EXplorer (FLEX) mission was conducted in North Carolina, USA during September–October 2013 (FLEX-US 2013) at the Parker Tract Loblolly Pine (LP) Plantation (Plymouth, NC, USA). This campaign combined two unique airborne instrument packages to obtain simultaneous observations of solar-induced fluorescence (SIF), LiDAR-based canopy structural information, visible through shortwave infrared (VSWIR) reflectance spectra, and surface temperature, to advance vegetation studies of carbon cycle dynamics and ecosystem health. We obtained statistically significant results for fluorescence, canopy temperature, and tower fluxes from data collected at four times of day over two consecutive autumn days across an age class chronosequence. Both the red fluorescence (F685) and far-red fluorescence (F740) radiances had highest values at mid-day, but their fluorescence yields exhibited different diurnal responses across LP age classes. The diurnal trends for F685 varied with forest canopy temperature difference (canopy minus air), having a stronger daily amplitude change for young vs. old canopies. The Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) was positively correlated with this temperature variable over the diurnal cycle. Tower measurements from mature loblolly stand showed the red/far-red fluorescence ratio was linearly related to canopy light use efficiency (LUE) over the diurnal cycle, but performed even better for the combined morning/afternoon (without midday) observations. This study demonstrates the importance of diurnal observations for interpretation of fluorescence dynamics, the need for red fluorescence to understand canopy physiological processes, and the benefits of combining fluorescence, reflectance, and structure information to clarify canopy function versus structure characteristics for a coniferous forest. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.3390/rs9060612 VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - SN - 2072-4292 KW - chlorophyll fluorescence KW - diurnal responses KW - red SIF KW - far-red SIF KW - SIF ratio KW - Fratio KW - HyPlant KW - G-LiHT KW - GEP KW - LUE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Indicator-Driven Conservation Planning Across Terrestrial, Freshwater Aquatic, and Marine Ecosystems of the South Atlantic, USA AU - Pickens, Bradley A. AU - Mordecai, Rua S. AU - Drew, C. Ashton AU - Alexander-Vaughn, Louise B. AU - Keister, Amy S. AU - Morris, Hilary L. C. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract Systematic conservation planning, a widely used approach to identify priority lands and waters, uses efficient, defensible, and transparent methods aimed at conserving biodiversity and ecological systems. Limited financial resources and competing land uses can be major impediments to conservation; therefore, participation of diverse stakeholders in the planning process is advantageous to help address broad-scale threats and challenges of the 21st century. Although a broad extent is needed to identify core areas and corridors for fish and wildlife populations, a fine-scale resolution is needed to manage for multiple, interconnected ecosystems. Here, we developed a conservation plan using a systematic approach to promote landscape-level conservation within the extent of the South Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative. Our objective was to identify the highest-ranked 30% of lands and waters within the South Atlantic deemed necessary to conserve ecological and cultural integrity for the 10 primary ecosystems of the southeastern United States. These environments varied from terrestrial, freshwater aquatic, and marine. The planning process was driven by indicators of ecosystem integrity at a 4-ha resolution. We used the program Zonation and 28 indicators to optimize the identification of lands and waters to meet the stated objective. A novel part of our study was the prioritization of multiple ecosystems, and we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this approach. The evaluation of indicator representation within prioritizations was a useful method to show where improvements could be made; some indicators dictated hotspots, some had a limited extent and were well represented, and others had a limited effect. Overall, we demonstrate that a broad-scale (408,276 km2 of terrestrial and 411,239 km2 of marine environments) conservation plan can be realized at a fine-scale resolution, which will allow implementation of the regional plan at a local level relevant to decision making. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.3996/062016-jfwm-044 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 219-233 SN - 1944-687X KW - conservation planning KW - core areas KW - corridors KW - indicators KW - landscape conservation KW - prioritization KW - Zonation ER - TY - JOUR TI - In Vitro Tetraploid Induction from Leaf and Petiole Explants of Hybrid Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua x Liquidambar formosana) AU - Zhang, Yan AU - Wang, Zewei AU - Qi, Shuaizheng AU - Wang, Xiaoqi AU - Zhao, Jian AU - Zhang, Jinfeng AU - Li, Bailian AU - Zhang, Yadong AU - Liu, Xuezeng AU - Yuan, Wei T2 - FORESTS AB - Liquidambar is an important forestry species used to generate many commercial wood products, such as plywood. Inducing artificial polyploidy is an effective method to encourage genetic enhancements in forestry breeding. This report presents the first in vitro protocol for the induction of genus Liquidambar tetraploids based on the established in vitro regeneration system of hybrid sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua × Liquidambar formosana). The leaves and petioles from three genotypes were pre-cultured in woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 0.1 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ), 0.8 mg/L benzyladenine (BA), and 0.1 mg/L α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) for a variable number of days (4, 6 or 8 days), and exposed to varying concentrations of colchicine (120, 160, 200 mg/L) for 3, 4 or 5 days; the four factors were investigated using an orthogonal experimental design. Adventitious shoots were rooted in 1/2 WPM medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L indole butyric acid (IBA) and 0.1 mg/L NAA. The ploidy level was assessed using flow cytometry and chromosome counting. Four tetraploids and nine mixoploids were obtained from the leaves. Pre-treatment of the leaves for 8 days and exposure to 200 mg/L colchicine for 3 days led to the most efficient tetraploid induction. Producing 11 tetraploids and five mixoploids from petioles, the best tetraploid induction treatment for petioles was almost the same as that with the leaves, except that pre-culturing was required for only 6 days. In total, 15 tetraploids were obtained with these treatments. This study described a technique for the induction of tetraploid sweetgum from the leaves or petioles of parental material. Based on the success of polyploid breeding in other tree species, the production of hybrid sweetgum allotetraploids constitutes a promising strategy for the promotion of future forestry breeding. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.3390/f8080264 VL - 8 IS - 8 SP - SN - 1999-4907 KW - chromosome doubling KW - sweetgum KW - allotetraploid ER - TY - JOUR TI - How are streamflow responses to the El Nino Southern Oscillation affected by watershed characteristics? AU - Rice, Joshua S. AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. T2 - WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AB - Abstract Understanding the factors that influence how global climate phenomena, such as the El‐Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), affect streamflow behavior is an important area of research in the hydrologic sciences. While large‐scale patterns in ENSO‐streamflow relationships have been thoroughly studied, and are relatively well‐understood, information is scarce concerning factors that affect variation in ENSO responses from one watershed to another. To this end, we examined relationships between variability in ENSO activity and streamflow for 2731 watersheds across the conterminous U.S. from 1970 to 2014 using a novel approach to account for the intermediary role of precipitation. We applied an ensemble of regression techniques to describe relationships between variability in ENSO activity and streamflow as a function of watershed characteristics including: hydroclimate, topography, geomorphology, geographic location, land cover, soil characteristics, bedrock geology, and anthropogenic influences. We found that variability in watershed scale ENSO‐streamflow relationships was strongly related to factors including: precipitation timing and phase, forest cover, and interactions between watershed topography and geomorphology. These, and other influential factors, share in common the ability to affect the partitioning and movement of water within watersheds. Our results demonstrate that the conceptualization of watersheds as signal filters for hydroclimate inputs, commonly applied to short‐term rainfall‐runoff responses, also applies to long‐term hydrologic responses to sources of recurrent climate variability. These results also show that watershed processes, which are typically studied at relatively fine spatial scales, are also critical for understanding continental scale hydrologic responses to global climate. DA - 2017/5// PY - 2017/5// DO - 10.1002/2016wr020097 VL - 53 IS - 5 SP - 4393-4406 SN - 1944-7973 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016wr020097 KW - watershed KW - machine learning KW - ENSO KW - climate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Household Dynamics of Wildlife Value Orientations AU - Clark, Kalysha E. AU - Cupp, Katie AU - Phelps, Crystal L. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Stevenson, Kathryn T. AU - Serenari, Christopher T2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife AB - Wildlife value orientations (WVOs) shape attitudes and behavior toward wildlife. Although demographic correlates of WVOs are well established, these relationships are largely unknown among children and within family units. The only previous study addressing these topics used fathers’ perceptions as proxies for family member WVOs. We surveyed North Carolina households (n = 136) to test hypotheses regarding whether individuals can assess household WVOs and what variables shape WVOs within households. Fathers and mothers accurately assessed WVOs of their children. Membership in a household was the most important predictor of an individual’s WVOs (accounting for 37% [ρ = .37] of the variance predicted by the model). Younger age, being female, and lack of participation in hunting were associated with more protectionist WVOs. These results provide the first household level support for divergence between generations from utilitarian toward protectionist WVOs. Our results suggest that household unit may be a critical element to consider in WVO research. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.1080/10871209.2017.1345022 VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 483-491 J2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife LA - en OP - SN - 1087-1209 1533-158X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2017.1345022 DB - Crossref KW - Children KW - education KW - families KW - household KW - protectionist KW - utilitarian KW - wildlife value orientation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Examining forest governance in the United States through the Montreal Process Criteria and Indicators Framework AU - Mcginley, K. A. AU - Cubbage, Frederick T2 - International Forestry Review AB - SUMMARY This paper examines laws, policies, organizations and other governance elements and arrangements that influence forest conservation and sustainable resource management in the U.S. through a set of 10 Indicators associated with Criterion Seven of the Montreal Process Criteria and Indicators Framework. The applicability and utility of these indicators as a measure of forest governance at the national level is examined and associated quantitative and qualitative data are presented and discussed. In the U.S., a broad range of laws governs public lands, dictating management processes and practices. Federal and state laws protect wildlife and endangered species on all public and private lands, and foster a range of prescribed and voluntary forest practices to protect water, air, and other public goods and services on private lands. Federal and state laws also provide for technical and financial assistance, research, education, and planning on private forest lands. Market based mechanisms increasingly ar... DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1505/146554817821255123 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 192–208 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deep soil carbon after 44 years of tillage and fertilizer management in southern Illinois compared to forest and restored prairie soils AU - Walia, M. K. AU - Baer, S. G. AU - Krausz, R. AU - Cook, R. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AB - No-till (NT) management can reduce soil erosion and increase soil carbon (C) in agricultural systems, but there is less certainty regarding deeper soil and how long-term tillage and fertilization practices compare to other land-use systems. The objective of this study was to quantify tillage and fertilizer management effects after 44 years (20 years in continuous corn [Zea mays L.] and 24 years in corn–soybean [Glycine max L.] rotation) on bulk density and soil C concentrations and stocks to a 1 m (3.3 ft) depth in a somewhat poorly drained Bethalto silt loam near Belleville, Illinois, and compare to nearby forest and restored prairie soils. Four tillage (moldboard plow, chisel tillage [ChT], alternate tillage, and NT) and five fertilizer (no fertilization control, nitrogen [N]-only, N + N-phosphorus-potassium [NPK] starter, NPK + NPKstarter, and NPK broadcast) treatments showed bulk density was lower in NT than moldboard plow treatments in 0 to 15 (0 to 6 in) and 25 to 50 cm (10 to 20 in) depths. Complete NPK treatments generally resulted in higher C stocks than N-only and control treatments from 0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 in), but no differences were detected from 25 to 100 cm (10 to 39 in) or 0 to 100 cm (0 to 39 in) due to fertilizer. No-till management increased C stocks compared to tillage treatments for 0 to 15 cm (0 to 6 in) and was greater than the ChT treatment for 0 to 100 cm (0 to 39 in). No-till/NPK maintained greater cumulative soil C stocks to 1 m than either undisturbed forest soils or restored prairie soils. Additionally, NT/NPK had the maximum soil C increase over time of 0.36 Mg C ha−1 y−1 (0.16 tn C ac−1 yr−1) for the top 15 cm (6 in) over 44 years. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.2489/jswc.72.4.405 VL - 72 IS - 4 SP - 405-415 SN - 1941-3300 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85033214332&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - bulk density KW - carbon stocks KW - fertilizer KW - forest soils KW - prairie restored soils KW - tillage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing methods for assessing the effectiveness of subnational REDD plus initiatives AU - Bos, A. B. AU - Duchelle, A. E. AU - Angelsen, A. AU - Avitabile, V. AU - De Sy, V. AU - Herold, M. AU - Joseph, S. AU - Sassi, C. AU - Sills, E. O. AU - Sunderlin, W. D. AU - Wunder, S. T2 - Environmental Research Letters AB - The central role of forests in climate change mitigation, as recognized in the Paris agreement, makes it increasingly important to develop and test methods for monitoring and evaluating the carbon effectiveness of REDD+. Over the last decade, hundreds of subnational REDD+ initiatives have emerged, presenting an opportunity to pilot and compare different approaches to quantifying impacts on carbon emissions. This study (1) develops a Before-After-Control-Intervention (BACI) method to assess the effectiveness of these REDD+ initiatives; (2) compares the results at the meso (initiative) and micro (village) scales; and (3) compares BACI with the simpler Before-After (BA) results. Our study covers 23 subnational REDD+ initiatives in Brazil, Peru, Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia and Vietnam. As a proxy for deforestation, we use annual tree cover loss. We aggregate data into two periods (before and after the start of each initiative). Analysis using control areas ('control-intervention') suggests better REDD+ performance, although the effect is more pronounced at the micro than at the meso level. Yet, BACI requires more data than BA, and is subject to possible bias in the before period. Selection of proper control areas is vital, but at either scale is not straightforward. Low absolute deforestation numbers and peak years influence both our BA and BACI results. In principle, BACI is superior, with its potential to effectively control for confounding factors. We conclude that the more local the scale of performance assessment, the more relevant is the use of the BACI approach. For various reasons, we find overall minimal impact of REDD+ in reducing deforestation on the ground thus far. Incorporating results from micro and meso level monitoring into national reporting systems is important, since overall REDD+ impact depends on land use decisions on the ground. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/aa7032 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 074007 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. OP - SN - 1748-9326 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7032 DB - Crossref KW - deforestation KW - climate KW - forest change KW - land cover KW - monitoring KW - performance assessment KW - REDD ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are we working to save the species our children want to protect? Evaluating species attribute preferences among children AU - Frew, Kristin AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Stevenson, Kathryn T2 - ORYX AB - Abstract As conservation resources decline and numbers of threatened species increase, prioritizing species for conservation is increasingly important, and prioritizing based on attributes may be the most efficient approach. Despite the importance of biodiversity as a legacy to future generations, children's preferences for species attributes have never been considered. We surveyed 3rd and 5th grade students, typically 8–10 years old, in North Carolina, USA, to determine how children prioritize conservation of species based on attributes. We asked the students to rank five species attributes, allocate money to species with each attribute, and choose between each species attribute and endemism in terms of their importance for conservation. Children prioritized species that are important in nature and those whose numbers are declining over species with other attributes, whereas research suggests that adults prioritize endemic species over most other types. Our results suggest children prioritize biodiversity conservation differently from adults, and in ways that may be more conducive to biodiversity conservation in cases where endemism is not directly related to species endangerment, and we suggest the perspectives of children be considered more fully within biodiversity conservation. DA - 2017/7// PY - 2017/7// DO - 10.1017/s0030605315001477 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 455-463 SN - 1365-3008 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84984677425&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Children KW - conservation priorities KW - environmental education KW - species attributes KW - valuation ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Analysis of Non-State and State Approaches for Forest Certification in Mexico AU - García-Montiel, Emily AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Rojo-Alboreca, Alberto AU - Lujan-Álvarez, Concepción AU - Montiel-Antuna, Eusebio AU - Corral-Rivas, José T2 - Forests AB - Mexico has had a non-state forest certification system under the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) since it was initiated in 1993, and developed a new state-sponsored Mexican Forest Certification System (MFCS) that began in 2008. Several analyses have been made of FSC forest certification in Mexico, but none have summarized the new MFCS system or compared its standards with FSC. We compare the implementation of the non-state FSC market forest certification with the state-sponsored MFCS system in Mexico, and review literature on forest certification, focusing on all studies in Mexico. MFCS has had substantial enrollment of more than 902,802 ha by 2016, compared to 900,388 ha for the more-established FSC program. MFCS can be acceptable for stand-alone forest certification, and might be viewed as a stepwise path to FSC certification. The merits of both systems are analyzed in terms of standard content, likely sustainable forestry practices, access to markets, and community forestry enterprises. DA - 2017/8/10/ PY - 2017/8/10/ DO - 10.3390/f8080290 VL - 8 IS - 8 SP - 290 J2 - Forests LA - en OP - SN - 1999-4907 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f8080290 DB - Crossref KW - state and non-state forest certification systems KW - FSC KW - MFCS KW - NMX-143 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of LiDAR to define habitat thresholds for forest bird conservation AU - Garabedian, James E. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Kilgo, John C. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Quantifying species-habitat relationships provides guidance for establishment of recovery standards for endangered species, but research on forest bird habitat has been limited by availability of fine-grained forest structure data across broad extents. New tools for collection of data on forest bird response to fine-grained forest structure provide opportunities to evaluate habitat thresholds for forest birds. We used LiDAR-derived estimates of habitat attributes and resource selection to evaluate foraging habitat thresholds for recovery of the federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Leuconotopicus borealis; RCW) on the Savannah River Site, South Carolina. First, we generated utilization distributions to define habitat use and availability for 30 RCW groups surveyed over a >4-h period twice per month between April 2013 and March 2015. Next, we used piecewise regression to characterize RCW threshold responses to LiDAR-derived habitat attributes described in the United States Fish and Wildlife Service recovery plan for RCW. Finally, we used resource utilization functions to estimate selection of specific habitat thresholds and used the magnitude of selection to prioritize thresholds for conservation. We identified lower and upper thresholds for densities of pines ≥35.6 cm dbh (22, 65 trees/ha), basal area (BA) of pines ≥25.4 cm dbh (1.4, 2.2 m2/ha), hardwood canopy cover (6, 31%), and BA of hardwoods 7.6–22.9 cm dbh (0.4, 6.07 m2/ha); we identified three thresholds for density of pines 7.6–25.4 cm dbh (56, 341, and 401 trees/ha). Selection rankings prioritized foraging habitat with <6% hardwood canopy cover (β = 0.254, 95% CI = 0.172–0.336), < 1.2 m2/ha BA of hardwoods 7.6–22.9 cm dbh (β = 0.162, 95% CI = 0.050–0.275), ≥1.4 m2/ha BA of pines ≥25.4 cm dbh (β = 0.055, 95% CI = 0.022–0.087), and ≥22 pines ≥35.6 cm dbh/ha (β = 0.015, 95% CI = 0.013–0.042). We identified habitat thresholds corresponding to open canopy structure, moderate densities of large and medium pines, and sparse hardwood midstory trees. Selection ranks prioritized multiple thresholds below USFWS range-wide recovery thresholds, indicating site-specific management goals may be beneficial for RCW conservation. Fine-grained LiDAR-derived habitat data coupled with GPS-derived habitat use can guide forest bird conservation by identifying the full range of structural conditions associated with threshold responses. DA - 2017/9/1/ PY - 2017/9/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.05.024 VL - 399 SP - 24-36 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Forest structure KW - Habitat thresholds KW - LiDAR KW - Pine KW - Red-cockaded woodpecker KW - Resource selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Total vertical sediment flux and PM10 emissions from disturbed Chihuahuan Desert surfaces AU - Van Pelt, R. S. AU - Baddock, M. C. AU - Zobeck, T. M. AU - P. D'Odorico, AU - Ravi, S. AU - Bhattachan, A. T2 - GEODERMA AB - Desert surfaces are typically stable and represent some of the longest-lived landforms on Earth. For surfaces devoid of vegetation, the evolution of a desert pavement of gravel and small stones protects the surface from erosion by wind and water and vegetation further protects the surface in arid and semi-arid rangelands. The susceptibility of the land surface to wind erosion is enhanced by mechanical damage to the desert pavement or vegetation losses resulting from fire or grazing. Despite the relatively rich literature on the effects of grazing and fire on plant community composition, land degradation, and the productivity of arid landscapes, little is known about the effects of moderate grazing or fire on the erodibility of soils in desert grasslands and shrublands. Here we investigate the effects of simulated moderate grazing, simulated livestock trampling, and of fire on the resulting wind erodibility and dust emissions of the affected soil surfaces. We surveyed 24 plots of the same size, 6 m × 0.6 m, at a research site in the northern Chihuahuan Desert including 6 plots in a shrub-grass ecotone, 12 plots in an adjacent grassland, and 6 plots in an area that had been burned by a natural wildfire 6 months earlier but had no vegetation recovery due to the time of year and drought. To evaluate the various effects of disturbances on the susceptibility of the surface to wind erosion and dust entrainment, replicates of three plots underwent different treatments including clipping, trampling, fire, and tillage. We subsequently tested each of the treated plots with a portable field wind tunnel run at 12.6 m s− 1. We found that moderate grazing and fire did not result in great soil loss in desert grasslands but that shrublands were more seriously affected by grazing and fire. Total removal of vegetation and disturbance of the soil surface did result in greater than order of magnitude increases of vertical sediment flux and greater than three-fold increases of dust emissions. DA - 2017/5/1/ PY - 2017/5/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.031 VL - 293 SP - 19-25 SN - 1872-6259 KW - Wind erosion KW - Desert surfaces KW - Rangeland KW - Vegetation disturbance KW - Fire ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of urban growth on landscape-scale restoration for a fire-dependent songbird AU - Pickens, Bradley A. AU - Marcus, Jeffrey F. AU - Carpenter, John P. AU - Anderson, Scott AU - Taillie, Paul J. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AB - A landscape-scale perspective on restoration ecology has been advocated, but few studies have informed restoration with landscape metrics or addressed broad-scale threats. Threats such as urban growth may affect restoration effectiveness in a landscape context. Here, we studied longleaf pine savanna in the rapidly urbanizing southeastern United States where a habitat-specialist bird, Bachman's sparrow (Peucaea aestivalis), is closely associated with savanna vegetation structure and frequent fire. Our objectives were to construct a species distribution model for Bachman's sparrow, determine the relationship between fire and urbanization, quantify the urban growth effect (2010-2090), identify potential restoration areas, and determine the interaction between restoration potential and urban growth by 2050. Number of patches, patch size, and isolation metrics were used to evaluate scenarios. The species distribution model was 88% accurate and emphasized multiscale canopy cover characteristics, fire, and percent habitat. Fires were less common <600 m from urban areas, and this fire suppression effect exacerbated urban growth effects. For restoration scenarios, canopy cover reduction by 30% resulted in nearly double the amount of habitat compared to the prescribed fire scenario; canopy cover reduction resulted in larger patch sizes and less patch isolation compared to current conditions. The effect of urban growth on restoration scenarios was unequal. Seventy-four percent of restoration areas from the prescribed fire scenario overlapped with projected urban growth, whereas the canopy cover reduction scenario only overlapped by 9%. We emphasize the benefits of simultaneously considering the effects of urban growth and landscape-scale restoration potential to promote a landscape with greater patch sizes and less isolation. DA - 2017/4/15/ PY - 2017/4/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.005 VL - 191 SP - 105-115 SN - 1095-8630 KW - Bachman's sparrow KW - Pinus palustris KW - Restoration KW - Savanna KW - Species distribution model KW - Urbanization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying mammal biodiversity co-benefits in certified tropical forests AU - Sollmann, Rahel AU - Mohamed, Azlan AU - Niedballa, Jurgen AU - Bender, Johannes AU - Ambu, Laurentius AU - Lagan, Peter AU - Mannan, Sam AU - Ong, Robert C. AU - Langner, Andreas AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Wilting, Andreas T2 - DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS AB - Abstract Aim Financial incentives to manage forests sustainably, such as certification or carbon storage payments, are assumed to have co‐benefits for biodiversity conservation. This claim remains little studied for rain forest mammals, which are particularly threatened, but challenging to survey. Location Sabah, Malaysia, Borneo. Methods We used photographic data from three commercial forest reserves to show how community occupancy modelling can be used to quantify mammalian diversity conservation co‐benefits of forest certification. These reserves had different management histories, and one was certified by the Forest Stewardship Council. Results Many threatened species occupied larger areas in the certified reserve. Species richness, estimated per 200 × 200‐m grid cell throughout all reserves, was higher in the certified site, particularly for threatened species. The certified reserve held the highest aboveground biomass. Within reserves, aboveground biomass was not strongly correlated with patterns of mammal richness (Spearman's rho from 0.03 to 0.32); discrepancies were strongest along reserve borders. Main conclusions Our approach provides a flexible and standardized tool to assess biodiversity and identify winners of sustainable forestry. Inferring patterns of species richness from camera‐trapping carries potential for the objective designation of high conservation value forest. Correlating species richness with aboveground biomass further allows evaluating the biodiversity co‐benefits of carbon protection. These advantages make the present approach an ideal tool to overcome the difficulties to rigorously quantify biodiversity co‐benefits of forest certification and carbon storage payments. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1111/ddi.12530 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 317-328 SN - 1472-4642 KW - Borneo KW - carbon payment KW - community occupancy model KW - forest stewardship council KW - REDD KW - Southeast Asia KW - sustainable forestry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Productivity, Biomass Partitioning, and Energy Yield of Low-Input Short-Rotation American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) Grown on Marginal Land: Effects of Planting Density and Simulated Drought AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Ashley, Elissa AU - Fischer, Milan AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Boone, Jameson AU - Williamson, James C. AU - King, John S. T2 - BIOENERGY RESEARCH DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.1007/s12155-017-9852-5 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 903-914 SN - 1939-1242 KW - American sycamore KW - Bioenergy KW - Degraded land KW - Bioethanol KW - Productivity KW - Short-rotation woody crops ER - TY - JOUR TI - Macroarthropod response to time-since-fire in the longleaf pine ecosystem AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Sherrill, Brandon L. AU - Sorenson, Clyde AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Fire is an important disturbance worldwide, and literature supports the use of prescribed fire to restore and maintain fire-dependent ecosystems. However, fire could alter the abundance and persistence of some arthropods, in turn influencing vertebrate taxa that depend on those arthropods as a food source. We used replicated prescribed fire treatments to evaluate macroarthropod response to time-since-fire in the fire-maintained longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem. We sampled macroarthropod assemblages using vinyl gutter pitfall traps for 5 consecutive days in each month of the study (May-August 2014) in each replicate burn block. We identified macroarthropods to Order and dried and weighed the samples to determine biomass (g) of all taxa detected. We focused our analyses on 4 macroarthropod taxa important as food for wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Araneae, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Orthoptera. We used standard least squares regression to evaluate the effect of time-since-fire on total biomass of the 4 Orders (and we also evaluated those Orders independently). The analysis indicated that time-since-fire had no effect (p = 0.2616) on combined biomass of these 4 taxa. Analyzing the 4 Orders separately, biomass of Araneae (p = 0.0057) and Orthoptera (p = 0.0004) showed significant effects of time-since-fire, while Coleoptera (p = 0.9465) and Hymenoptera (p = 0.1175) did not. Parameter estimates (Araneae = 0.0084; SE = 0.0029; Orthoptera = 0.0137; SE = 0.0036) indicated that greater time-since-fire resulted in greater biomass for those 2 Orders. Overall, time-since-fire did not appear to have substantial effects on macroarthropod biomass. However, responses by Araneae and Orthoptera provided evidence that longer time-since-fire may result in greatest levels of biomass for some taxa. Our results indicate the use of frequent prescribed fire to restore and maintain longleaf forests is unlikely to pose risks to overall macroarthropod biomass, particularly if heterogeneity in fire frequency and spatial extent occurs on the landscape. DA - 2017/5/1/ PY - 2017/5/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.038 VL - 391 SP - 390-395 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Araneae KW - Fire-maintained KW - Invertebrate KW - Longleaf pine KW - Orthoptera KW - Prescribed fire ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating multiple data sources in species distribution modeling: a framework for data fusion AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Reich, Brian J. AU - Miller, David A. W. AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Stauffer, Glenn AU - Singh, Susheela AU - McKerrow, Alexa AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - ECOLOGY AB - Abstract The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in the use of species distribution models ( SDM s) to characterize patterns of species’ occurrence and abundance. Efforts to parameterize SDM s often create a tension between the quality and quantity of data available to fit models. Estimation methods that integrate both standardized and non‐standardized data types offer a potential solution to the tradeoff between data quality and quantity. Recently several authors have developed approaches for jointly modeling two sources of data (one of high quality and one of lesser quality). We extend their work by allowing for explicit spatial autocorrelation in occurrence and detection error using a Multivariate Conditional Autoregressive ( MVCAR ) model and develop three models that share information in a less direct manner resulting in more robust performance when the auxiliary data is of lesser quality. We describe these three new approaches (“Shared,” “Correlation,” “Covariates”) for combining data sources and show their use in a case study of the Brown‐headed Nuthatch in the Southeastern U.S. and through simulations. All three of the approaches which used the second data source improved out‐of‐sample predictions relative to a single data source (“Single”). When information in the second data source is of high quality, the Shared model performs the best, but the Correlation and Covariates model also perform well. When the information quality in the second data source is of lesser quality, the Correlation and Covariates model performed better suggesting they are robust alternatives when little is known about auxiliary data collected opportunistically or through citizen scientists. Methods that allow for both data types to be used will maximize the useful information available for estimating species distributions. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1002/ecy.1710 VL - 98 IS - 3 SP - 840-850 SN - 1939-9170 KW - Brown-headed nuthatch KW - data fusion KW - multivariate conditional autoregressive KW - species distribution modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Importance of demographic surveys and public lands for the conservation of eastern hellbenders Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis in southeast USA AU - Freake, Michael J. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Comparisons of recent and historic population demographic studies of eastern hellbenders Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis have identified significant population declines and extirpations associated with habitat degradation, poor water quality and disease, leading to nomination as a candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act. However, populations in the southern Appalachian region of the range have received less attention despite relatively high levels of watershed protection due to the establishment of federally protected National Forest and National Park public lands. These watersheds likely represent some of the best remaining available habitat, yet the lack of published studies make assessment of population stability and viability very difficult. Our objectives were to (1) conduct a capture-mark-recapture (CMR) demographic study and a point transect survey on the Hiwassee River in Tennessee which is designated a National Scenic River, and is largely contained within the Cherokee National Forest, (2) quantify the size structure of the population, (3) compare abundance, survival and recruitment with historic and contemporary hellbender populations across the range, (4) assess the importance of this population and the significance of National Forest and National Park lands in the context of hellbender population conservation in the southeastern United States. We detected all age classes present, with larval hellbenders comprising 21.5% of captures. Using a combination of static life table and CMR methods, we determined that survival rates during the first year were low (~10%), but were high (68-94%) for taggable sized hellbenders. Density of hellbenders at the study site was very high (84 taggable sized hellbenders per 100m of river) compared to recent demographic studies conducted in other regions of the range. We detected hellbenders over ~28 km of river, with a mean density of 23 taggable sized hellbenders per 100m of river, and a total population estimate of 6440 taggable hellbenders. National Forest and National Park lands are likely to continue to play a particularly important role in providing suitable habitat for hellbenders in the southern Appalachians. In fact, only six of 21 known hellbender locations in Tennessee appear to show consistent larval recruitment, all of which are located within or adjacent to National Forest or National Park land. DA - 2017/6/8/ PY - 2017/6/8/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0179153 VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - e0179153 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179153 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrologic Web-Mapping Application of Hofmann Forest with GIS Approach: Case Study AU - Boyina, Ramana Prasad V. AU - Catts, Glenn P. AU - Smith, Charlynne T. AU - Devine, Hugh A. T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING AB - In this study, a hydrologic web-mapping application for North Carolina State University’s Hofmann Forest is developed using geospatial information science (GIS) resources, measured point precipitation, and radar precipitation data obtained from the National Weather Service (NWS). The development of such a web application will enhance the visualization and manipulation techniques for hydrologic modeling. This paper’s main focus is on the various steps involved in the development of the web-mapping application and the hydrologic analysis. The two different interpolation methods, one a deterministic method, inverse distance weighting (IDW), and another, a probabilistic method, Kriging, are used to obtain NWS precipitation estimates at 14 forest rain gauge locations. The eventual goal of this project is to use the rain gauge data from the Hofmann Forest to calibrate the spatial pattern of daily radar estimates for use in research and forest operations; however, the accuracy of radar estimates has yet to reach that stage of capability. DA - 2017/5// PY - 2017/5// DO - 10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001285 VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - SN - 1943-5584 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global synthesis of the temperature sensitivity of leaf litter breakdown in streams and rivers AU - Shah, Jennifer J. Follstad AU - Kominoski, John S. AU - Ardon, Marcelo AU - Dodds, Walter K. AU - Gessner, Mark O. AU - Griffiths, Natalie A. AU - Hawkins, Charles P. AU - Johnson, Sherri L. AU - Lecerf, Antoine AU - Leroy, Carri J. AU - Manning, David W. P. AU - Rosemond, Amy D. AU - Sinsabaugh, Robert L. AU - Swan, Christopher M. AU - Webster, Jackson R. AU - Zeglin, Lydia H. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Streams and rivers are important conduits of terrestrially derived carbon (C) to atmospheric and marine reservoirs. Leaf litter breakdown rates are expected to increase as water temperatures rise in response to climate change. The magnitude of increase in breakdown rates is uncertain, given differences in litter quality and microbial and detritivore community responses to temperature, factors that can influence the apparent temperature sensitivity of breakdown and the relative proportion of C lost to the atmosphere vs. stored or transported downstream. Here, we synthesized 1025 records of litter breakdown in streams and rivers to quantify its temperature sensitivity, as measured by the activation energy ( E a , in eV ). Temperature sensitivity of litter breakdown varied among twelve plant genera for which E a could be calculated. Higher values of E a were correlated with lower‐quality litter, but these correlations were influenced by a single, N‐fixing genus ( Alnus ). E a values converged when genera were classified into three breakdown rate categories, potentially due to continual water availability in streams and rivers modulating the influence of leaf chemistry on breakdown. Across all data representing 85 plant genera, the E a was 0.34 ± 0.04 eV , or approximately half the value (0.65 eV ) predicted by metabolic theory. Our results indicate that average breakdown rates may increase by 5–21% with a 1–4 °C rise in water temperature, rather than a 10–45% increase expected, according to metabolic theory. Differential warming of tropical and temperate biomes could result in a similar proportional increase in breakdown rates, despite variation in E a values for these regions (0.75 ± 0.13 eV and 0.27 ± 0.05 eV, respectively). The relative proportions of gaseous C loss and organic matter transport downstream should not change with rising temperature given that E a values for breakdown mediated by microbes alone and microbes plus detritivores were similar at the global scale. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.1111/gcb.13609 VL - 23 IS - 8 SP - 3064-3075 SN - 1365-2486 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85013945742&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - activation energy KW - breakdown KW - carbon cycling KW - climate change KW - detritivore KW - leaf chemistry KW - metabolic theory KW - microbe KW - organic matter KW - temperature sensitivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest sector carbon analyses support land management planning and projects: assessing the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors AU - Dugan, Alexa J. AU - Birdsey, Richard AU - Healey, Sean P. AU - Pan, Yude AU - Zhang, Fangmin AU - Mo, Gang AU - Chen, Jing AU - Woodall, Christopher W. AU - Hernandez, Alexander J. AU - McCullough, Kevin AU - McCarter, James B. AU - Raymond, Crystal L. AU - Dante-Wood, Karen T2 - CLIMATIC CHANGE AB - Management of forest carbon stocks on public lands is critical to maintaining or enhancing carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. Acknowledging this, an array of federal regulations and policies have emerged that requires US National Forests to report baseline carbon stocks and changes due to disturbance and management and assess how management activities and forest plans affect carbon stocks. To address these requirements with the best-available science, we compiled empirical and remotely sensed data covering the National Forests (one fifth of the area of US forest land) and analyzed this information using a carbon modeling framework. We demonstrate how integration of various data and models provides a comprehensive evaluation of key drivers of observed carbon trends, for individual National Forests. The models in this framework complement each other with different strengths: the Carbon Calculation Tool uses inventory data to report baseline carbon stocks; the Forest Carbon Management Framework integrates inventory data, disturbance histories, and growth and yield trajectories to report relative effects of disturbances on carbon stocks; and the Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Model incorporates disturbance, climate, and atmospheric data to determine their relative impacts on forest carbon accumulation and loss. We report results for several National Forests across the USA and compare their carbon dynamics. Results show that recent disturbances are causing some forests to transition from carbon sinks to sources, particularly in the West. Meanwhile, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrogen deposition are consistently increasing carbon stocks, partially offsetting declines due to disturbances and aging. Climate variability introduces concomitant interannual variability in net carbon uptake or release. Targeting forest disturbance and post-disturbance regrowth is critical to management objectives that involve maintaining or enhancing future carbon sequestration. DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.1007/s10584-017-2038-5 VL - 144 IS - 2 SP - 207-220 SN - 1573-1480 KW - Forest carbon KW - Forest inventory KW - Ecosystem model KW - Climate change KW - National Forests ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field-Grown Transgenic Hybrid Poplar with Modified Lignin Biosynthesis to Improve Enzymatic Saccharification Efficiency AU - Xiang, Zhouyang AU - Sen, Suman Kumar AU - Min, Douyong AU - Savithri, Dhanalekshmi AU - Lu, Fachuang AU - Jameel, Hasan AU - Chiang, Vincent AU - Chang, Hou-min T2 - ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING AB - Hybrid poplars (Populus nigra L. × Populus maximowiczii A.) were genetically modified through antisense insertion of the 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) gene. Compositional changes in response to this genetic change were measured in the field after 2 and 3 years of growth. The stem samples were treated with either green liquor or dilute acid pretreatments, representing alkaline and acid pretreatments. The enzymatic saccharification of the untreated and pretreated transgenic poplars were evaluated. After transgenic species were transplanted into the environment, they showed reduced recalcitrance to chemicals (i.e., pretreatments) and enzymes despite their lignin content and S/V ratio being comparable to those of the wild types. Compared to the field-grown poplars, the sugar yield increased up to 103% for untreated transgenic samples and increased 22% for acid- and green liquor-pretreated transgenic samples. This shows that field-grown transgenic hybrid poplars with modified lignin biosynthesis have improved enzymatic saccharification efficiency (sugar recovery and yield). DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02740 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 2407-2414 SN - 2168-0485 KW - Transgenic KW - 4CL gene KW - Enzymatic saccharification KW - Hybrid poplar KW - Field-grown KW - Lignin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating relationships between hunting and biodiversity knowledge among children AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Chesonis, Tessa AU - Stevenson, Kathryn T. AU - Bondell, Howard D. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin AB - ABSTRACT We investigated how hunting participation and associated demographic variables relate to biodiversity knowledge among children. Past participation in hunting among elementary age children in North Carolina, USA, surveyed during 2014 was high (29%) and a positive predictor of student's ability to name native wildlife species after controlling for gender, ethnicity, and grade level. Minorities and girls had lower biodiversity knowledge scores and were less supportive of hunting. Our findings suggest children may view hunting differently than adults and that youth hunting programs, particularly those targeting very young children, may be fruitful ways to promote biodiversity knowledge. Such efforts, however, may be most valuable among minorities because Hispanic children had the lowest participation in hunting and Black children had both low participation rates and lowest biodiversity knowledge scores. © 2017 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2017/8/14/ PY - 2017/8/14/ DO - 10.1002/wsb.792 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - 530-536 J2 - Wildl. Soc. Bull. LA - en OP - SN - 1938-5463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/WSB.792 DB - Crossref KW - biodiversity KW - children KW - education KW - ethnicity KW - gender KW - hunting KW - knowledge ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of highway pollution on forest lichen community structure in western Wake County, North Carolina, USA AU - Perlmutter, G. B. AU - Blank, G. B. AU - Wentworth, T. R. AU - Lowman, M. D. AU - Neufeld, H. S. AU - Plata, E. R. T2 - Bryologist AB - We studied lichen communities along forest edge-to-interior gradients on opposite sides of a major highway and along a remote lakeshore in central North Carolina, U.S.A., to investigate highway pollution effects on this sensitive ecosystem component. At each site we sampled lichens on trees at 10 m intervals along each of five parallel transects established at the forest edge and at 25, 60, 100, and 150 m into the forest in the highway sites, with a similar layout along a nonlinear lakeshore in a similar forest type, from which transect distances from the forest edge were estimated using average tree distances from the nearest shoreline. Lichen communities were inventoried on tree trunks from the base up to 1.5 m height, then compared both among and within sites. Species richness was highest in the control site, and did not differ between the two highway sites. The highway sites were more similar to one another than either was to the control site, based on Bray-Curtis similarity indices. No associations were detected among sites and sampled lichen biotic components in terms of growth form, photobiont type or reproductive mode. In the highway sites, total transect species richness increased from the forest edge to 150 m distant. In the control site, species richness decreased from the forest edge to the most distant transect. Findings suggest a negative effect of highway pollution on species richness of lichen communities, but not on species composition by habit, photobiont type or reproductive mode. Despite the elevated NOx concentrations recorded along the highway, known nitrophilous species were largely absent, suggesting that other factors, including other pollutants, were affecting community structure near the highway. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1639/0007-2745-120.1.001 VL - 120 IS - 1 SP - 1-10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complex terrain influences ecosystem carbon responses to temperature and precipitation AU - Reyes, W. M. AU - Epstein, H. E. AU - Li, X. AU - McGlynn, B. L. AU - Riveros-Iregui, D. A. AU - Emanuel, R. E. T2 - GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES AB - Abstract Terrestrial ecosystem responses to temperature and precipitation have major implications for the global carbon cycle. Case studies demonstrate that complex terrain, which accounts for more than 50% of Earth's land surface, can affect ecological processes associated with land‐atmosphere carbon fluxes. However, no studies have addressed the role of complex terrain in mediating ecophysiological responses of land‐atmosphere carbon fluxes to climate variables. We synthesized data from AmeriFlux towers and found that for sites in complex terrain, responses of ecosystem CO 2 fluxes to temperature and precipitation are organized according to terrain slope and drainage area, variables associated with water and energy availability. Specifically, we found that for tower sites in complex terrain, mean topographic slope and drainage area surrounding the tower explained between 51% and 78% of site‐to‐site variation in the response of CO 2 fluxes to temperature and precipitation depending on the time scale. We found no such organization among sites in flat terrain, even though their flux responses exhibited similar ranges. These results challenge prevailing conceptual framework in terrestrial ecosystem modeling that assumes that CO 2 fluxes derive from vertical soil‐plant‐climate interactions. We conclude that the terrain in which ecosystems are situated can also have important influences on CO 2 responses to temperature and precipitation. This work has implications for about 14% of the total land area of the conterminous U.S. This area is considered topographically complex and contributes to approximately 15% of gross ecosystem carbon production in the conterminous U.S. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.1002/2017gb005658 VL - 31 IS - 8 SP - 1306-1317 SN - 1944-9224 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gb005658 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization and enzymatic hydrolysis of wood from transgenic Pinus taeda engineered with syringyl lignin or reduced lignin content AU - Edmunds, Charles W. AU - Peralta, Perry AU - Kelley, Stephen S. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. AU - Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna R. AU - Davis, Mark F. AU - Harman-Ware, Anne E. AU - Sykes, Robert W. AU - Gjersing, Erica AU - Cunningham, Michael W. AU - Rottmann, William AU - Miller, Zachary D. AU - Peszlen, Ilona T2 - CELLULOSE AB - Softwood is an abundant resource; however, currently its utilization for bioconversion to obtain platform sugars is limited. Pinus taeda trees which were genetically modified to either produce S lignin or to decrease lignin content were characterized with a suite of analytic techniques. Syringyl lignin was visualized in the secondary xylem of one genetic line with Mäule staining. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance identified the S lignin units were coupled into the lignin through β-O-4 linkages, and thioacidolysis measured approximately 13% S lignin content in the same sample. Reductions of the lignin of as much as 33% were observed in the transgenics. To better understand how these modifications affect bioconversion, their amenability to hot water and dilute acid pretreatments and enzymatic hydrolysis was evaluated. Lignin reductions resulted in 1.9–3.2-fold increases in glucose release compared to the control. However, no apparent benefit was observed by S lignin incorporation at the concentrations reported in this study. These results highlight the potential for softwood cell wall properties to be improved for bioenergy/biochemical applications. DA - 2017/4// PY - 2017/4// DO - 10.1007/s10570-017-1231-z VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 1901-1914 SN - 1572-882X KW - Softwood KW - Lignin modification KW - Lignocellulose KW - Pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectroscopy KW - Solid-state NMR ER - TY - JOUR TI - CARBON EMISSIONS DURING WILDLAND FIRE ON A NORTH AMERICAN TEMPERATE PEATLAND AU - Mickler, Robert A. AU - Welch, David P. AU - Bailey, Andrew D. T2 - FIRE ECOLOGY AB - Northern temperate zone (30° to 50° latitude) peatlands store a large proportion of the world’s terrestrial carbon (C) and are subject to high-intensity, stand-replacing wildfires characterized by flaming stage combustion of aboveground vegetation and long-duration smoldering stage combustion of organic soils. Coastal peatlands are a unique region in which long-duration wildfire soil combustion is responsible for the majority of total annual emissions from all wildfires in the North American coastal plain. We developed a new method and approach to estimate aboveground and belowground C emissions from a 2008 peatland wildfire by analyzing vegetation C losses from field surveys of biomass consumption from the fire and soil C losses derived from the Soil Survey Geographic Database, a digital elevation model derived from airborne optical remote-sensing technology and ground elevation surveys using a Global Navigation Satellite System receiver. The approach to estimate belowground C emissions employed pre-fire LI-DAR-derived elevation from ground return points coupled with post-fire survey-grade GPS elevation measurements from co-located ground return points. Aboveground C emission calculations were characterized for litter, shrub foliage and woody biomass, and tree foliage fractions in different vegetation classes, thereby providing detailed emissions sources. The estimate of wildland fire C emissions considered the contribution of hydrologic regime and land management to fire severity and peat burn depth. The peatland wildfire had a mean peat burn depth of 0.42 m and resulted in estimated belowground fire emissions of 9.16 Tg C and aboveground fire emissions of 0.31 Tg C, for total fire emissions of 9.47 Tg C (1 Tg = 1012 grams). The mean belowground C emissions were estimated at 544.43 t C ha−1, and the mean aboveground C emissions were 18.33 t C ha−1 (1 t = 106 grams). DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.4996/fireecology.1301034 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 34-57 SN - 1933-9747 KW - burn severity KW - carbon emissions KW - coastal plain KW - hydrologic regime KW - land management LIDAR KW - organic soils KW - temperate peatlands KW - wildfire ER - TY - JOUR TI - Building the evidence base for REDD plus : Study design and methods for evaluating the impacts of conservation interventions on local well-being AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Sassi, Claudio AU - Jagger, Pamela AU - Lawlor, Kathleen AU - Miteva, Daniela A. AU - Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. AU - Sunderlin, William D. T2 - GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS AB - Climate change mitigation in developing countries is increasingly expected to generate co-benefits that help meet sustainable development goals. This has been an expectation and a hotly contested issue in REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) since its inception. While the core purpose of REDD+ is to reduce carbon emissions, its legitimacy and success also depend on its impacts on local well-being. To effectively safeguard against negative impacts, we need to know whether and which well-being outcomes can be attributed to REDD+. Yet, distinguishing the effects of choosing particular areas for REDD+ from the effects of the interventions themselves remains a challenge. The Global Comparative Study (GCS) on REDD+ employed a quasi-experimental before-after-control-intervention (BACI) study design to address this challenge and evaluate the impacts of 16 REDD+ pilots across the tropics. We find that the GCS approach allows identification of control groups that represent the counterfactual, thereby permitting attribution of outcomes to REDD+. The GCS experience belies many of the common critiques of the BACI design, especially concerns about collecting baseline data on control groups. Our findings encourage and validate the early planning and up-front investments required to evaluate the local impacts of global climate change mitigation efforts with confidence. The stakes are high, both for the global environment and for local populations directly affected by those efforts. The standards for evidence should be concomitantly high. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.02.002 VL - 43 SP - 148-160 SN - 1872-9495 KW - Climate change mitigation KW - Conservation and development KW - Impact evaluation KW - REDD KW - Well-being ER - TY - JOUR TI - A model of tropical tree diameter growth and its application to identify fast-growing Native tree species AU - Scolforo, Henrique Ferraco AU - Soares Scolforo, Jose Roberto AU - Thiersch, Claudio Roberto AU - Thiersch, Monica Fabiana AU - McTague, John Paul AU - Burkhart, Harold AU - Ferraz Filho, Antonio Carlos AU - Mello, Jose Marcio AU - Roise, Joseph T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - The Atlantic forest biome in Brazil possesses many suitable tree species for cultivation and restoration purposes. This biome was the most rapidly and extensively exploited forest type in Brazil and it displays areas ill-suited for eucalyptus cultivation. Since tropical tree species usually do not form growth rings and long-term growth data are still not available in Brazil, this study addressed a new approach to diameter growth rate estimation. The approach was developed in order to alleviate the shortage of species-specific growth information for the Atlantic forest biome. The two reasons for developing the approach were: (1) the possibility of increased ecological and economic diversification of plantation forests beyond eucalyptus, and (2) the potential to identify suitable tree species for restoration programs in the biome. Either reason requires growth models with sound biological properties. The data used in this study came from 20 native forest fragments and included six tropical tree species. Forest inventory to assess forest growth was first conducted in 2003, while the re-measurement was conducted in 2008. A non-linear exponential model, containing an asymptote parameter as a function of stand density, was fit to estimate tree species diameter growth rate for each of the six tree species in the study. Additionally, based on the exponential model, a formulation of the time required for each tree species to reach a given diameter was developed. The fitted models exhibited high variability among the six tree species, but they performed well with respect to tree growth behavior. Since the model accounted for stand density, it was possible to predict how different stand densities would affect each tree species growth over time. Finally, the tree species Triplaris gardneriana Weddell, Inga vera Willd. and Xylopia brasiliensis Spreng are recommended as potentially fast-growing tree species in the Atlantic forest biome. These tree species exhibited good growth rates regardless the stand density simulated (1600/ha, 2000/ha, and 2400/ha) to reach a dbh of 10 cm (Xylopia brasiliensis Spreng - 16 years, 17 years, and 18 years; Triplaris gardneriana Weddell - 15 years, 17 years, and 21 years; Inga vera Willd. - 25 years, 25.5 years, and 26 years) and showed promising potential for both restoration and production programs. The developed approach reveals a unique diameter growth rate prediction method. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.06.048 VL - 400 SP - 578–586 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Atlantic forest biome KW - Stand density KW - Exponential model KW - Restoration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transgenically altered lignin biosynthesis affects photosynthesis and water relations of field-grown Populus trichocarpa AU - Marchin, Renee M. AU - Stout, Anna T. AU - Davis, Aletta A. AU - King, John S. T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - Concerns over energy security and environmental sustainability have stimulated interest in development of high-yield, low-lignin trees for bioenergy. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) has been targeted as a potential bioenergy species due to its high productivity, but it is unclear how transgenically altered lignin biosynthesis will affect plant function. We investigated the physiology of two transgenic P. trichocarpa genotypes grown in short rotation woody cropping systems at two sites in southeastern USA: (1) mesic mountain site and (2) warmer, drier Piedmont site. Our results suggest that lignin is fundamental for tree growth and survival in field environments. Lignin deficiency can decrease biochemical photosynthetic processes and interfere with the temperature-response of photosynthesis. Significantly, hydraulic conductivity of transgenic genotypes was 15–25% that of wildtype trees, resulting in decreased leaf-specific whole-plant hydraulic conductance. In the Piedmont, decreased hydraulic efficiency drastically reduced productivity of low-lignin genotypes by 50–70% relative to wildtype. Transgenic trees at the mountain site recovered stem lignin concentrations to levels observed in wildtype trees, but still had severely impaired hydraulic traits, highlighting the major consequences of genetic transformation on whole-plant function. Surprisingly, substantial loss of hydraulic conductivity had only minor effects on productivity at the mesic site and resulted in an alternative advantage for bioenergy systems – lower water consumption. In the hottest month (July), higher intrinsic water use efficiency resulted in total water savings of roughly 1 kg d−1 per transgenic tree without sacrificing productivity. Decreased hydraulic conductivity could therefore be a promising trait for selection of water-efficient genotypes in Populus. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.01.013 VL - 98 SP - 15-25 SN - 1873-2909 KW - Bioenergy KW - Physiology KW - Drought KW - Hydraulic conductance KW - Water use efficiency KW - Productivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - The American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) Working Group: 15 Years of Collaborative Focal Species Research and Management AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - Waterbirds AB - The American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) Working Group formed spontaneously in 2001 as coastal waterbird biologists recognized the potential for American Oystercatchers to serve as focal species for collaborative research and management. Accomplishments over the past 15 years include the establishment of rangewide surveys, color-banding protocols, mark-resight studies, a revision of the Birds of North America species account, and new mechanisms for sharing ideas and data. Collaborations among State, Federal, and private sector scientists, natural resource managers, and dedicated volunteers have provided insights into the biology and conservation of American Oystercatchers in the United States and abroad that would not have been possible without the relationships formed through the Working Group. These accomplishments illustrate how broad collaborative approaches and the engagement of the public are key elements of effective shorebird conservation programs. DA - 2017/2/1/ PY - 2017/2/1/ DO - 10.1675/063.040.sp102 VL - 40 IS - sp1 SP - 1 J2 - Waterbirds OP - SN - 1524-4695 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.040.sp102 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tangible geospatial modeling for collaborative solutions to invasive species management AU - Tonini, Francesco AU - Shoemaker, Douglas AU - Petrasova, Anna AU - Harmon, Brendan AU - Petras, Vaclav AU - Cobb, Richard C. AU - Mitasova, Helena AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE AB - Managing landscape-scale environmental problems, such as biological invasions, can be facilitated by integrating realistic geospatial models with user-friendly interfaces that stakeholders can use to make critical management decisions. However, gaps between scientific theory and application have typically limited opportunities for model-based knowledge to reach the stakeholders responsible for problem-solving. To address this challenge, we introduce Tangible Landscape, an open-source participatory modeling tool providing an interactive, shared arena for consensus-building and development of collaborative solutions for landscape-scale problems. Using Tangible Landscape, stakeholders gather around a geographically realistic 3D visualization and explore management scenarios with instant feedback; users direct model simulations with intuitive tangible gestures and compare alternative strategies with an output dashboard. We applied Tangible Landscape to the complex problem of managing the emerging infectious disease, sudden oak death, in California and explored its potential to generate co-learning and collaborative management strategies among actors representing stakeholders with competing management aims. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.02.020 VL - 92 SP - 176-188 SN - 1873-6726 KW - Stakeholder engagement KW - Participatory research KW - Geospatial modeling KW - Landscape epidemiology KW - Forest disease KW - Tangible user interface ER - TY - JOUR TI - Switchgrass growth and pine-switchgrass interactions in established intercropping systems AU - Tian, Shiying AU - Cacho, Julian F. AU - Youssef, Mohamed A. AU - Chescheir, George M. AU - Fischer, Milan AU - Nettles, Jami E. AU - King, John S. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY AB - Abstract Intercropping switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) with loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) has been proposed for producing bioenergy feedstock in the southeastern United States. This study investigated switchgrass growth and pine–switchgrass interactions at two established experimental fields (7‐year‐old Lenoir site and 5‐year‐old Carteret site) located on the coastal plain of eastern United States. Position effects (edge and center of switchgrass alley in intercropping plots) and treatment effects (intercropping vs. grass‐only) on aboveground switchgrass growth were evaluated. Interspecific interactions with respect to capturing resources (light, soil water, and nitrogen) were investigated by measuring photosynthetically active radiation ( PAR ) above grass canopy, soil moisture, and soil mineral nitrogen contents. Switchgrass growth was significantly ( P = 0.001) affected by treatments in Lenoir and by position ( P < 0.0001) in both study sites. Relative to the center, PAR above grass canopy at edge in both sites was about 48% less during the growing season. Soil water content during the growing season at the edge of grass alley was significantly ( P = 0.0001) lower by 23% than at the center in Lenoir, while no significant ( P = 0.42) difference was observed in Carteret, in spite of more grass growth at center at both sites. Soil mineral nitrogen content at the center of intercropping plots in Lenoir (no fertilization during 2015) was significantly ( P < 0.07) lower than at the edge during the peak of growing season (June, July, and August), but not during early and late parts of growing season (May, September, and November). Position effects on soil water and mineral nitrogen were less evident under conditions with higher external inputs (rainfall and fertilization) and lower plant uptake during nongrowing seasons. Results from this study contributed to a better understanding of above‐ and belowground pine–switchgrass interactions which is necessary to properly manage this new cultivation system for bioenergy production in the southeastern United States. DA - 2017/5// PY - 2017/5// DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12381 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 845-857 SN - 1757-1707 KW - agroforestry KW - competition KW - grass growth KW - interspecific interactions KW - loblolly pine KW - switchgrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil Ca alters processes contributing to C and N retention in the Oa/A horizon of a northern hardwood forest AU - Minick, Kevan J. AU - Fisk, Melany C. AU - Groffman, Peter M. T2 - BIOGEOCHEMISTRY DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1007/s10533-017-0307-z VL - 132 IS - 3 SP - 343-357 SN - 1573-515X KW - Acid deposition KW - Calcium KW - C-13 KW - Isotope KW - Carbon mineralization KW - Microbial activity KW - Nitrogen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shared use agreements and leisure time physical activity in North Carolina public schools AU - Carlton, Troy A. AU - Kanters, Michael A. AU - Bocarro, Jason N. AU - Floyd, Myron F. AU - Edwards, Michael B. AU - Suau, Luis J. T2 - PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AB - Although increasing community access to public schools through shared use agreements (SUAs) has been a recommended strategy for promoting physical activity (PA) among national, state and local organizations, empirical evidence examining the efficacy of SUAs is limited. This study examined the degree of usage and production of PA among schools with shared use, and how variation in PA output is related to characteristics of the school, type of activity, facility type, and when activity occurs. Data were collected in 20 schools across North Carolina using System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) and Structured Physical Activity Surveys (SPAS) to assess PA in school athletic facilities during out of school time. Findings indicated that although schools had a policy of shared or open use, most facilities were empty during non-school hours. Hierarchal linear regression models also showed that formal programming was positively associated with both use and PA levels. Given the abundance of empty facilities, community groups in need of space to facilitate structured PA programs should pursue avenues of sharing facilities with public schools. Furthermore, to increase the efficacy of shared use, structured physical activity programs may be needed. Future studies are encouraged to further explore the effects of the specific types of shared use programs on PA production as well other aspects of the built environment surrounding schools. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.037 VL - 95 SP - S10-S16 SN - 1096-0260 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85012237578&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Physical activity KW - SOPARC KW - Shared use agreements KW - Schools KW - Rural KW - Sport ER - TY - JOUR TI - Projected gains and losses of wildlife habitat from bioenergy-induced landscape change AU - Tarr, Nathan M. AU - Rubino, Matthew J. AU - Costanza, Jennifer K. AU - McKerrow, Alexa J. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Abt, Robert C. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY AB - Abstract Domestic and foreign renewable energy targets and financial incentives have increased demand for woody biomass and bioenergy in the southeastern United States. This demand is expected to be met through purpose‐grown agricultural bioenergy crops, short‐rotation tree plantations, thinning and harvest of planted and natural forests, and forest harvest residues. With results from a forest economics model, spatially explicit state‐and‐transition simulation models, and species–habitat models, we projected change in habitat amount for 16 wildlife species caused by meeting a renewable fuel target and expected demand for wood pellets in North Carolina, USA . We projected changes over 40 years under a baseline ‘business‐as‐usual’ scenario without bioenergy production and five scenarios with unique feedstock portfolios. Bioenergy demand had potential to influence trends in habitat availability for some species in our study area. We found variation in impacts among species, and no scenario was the ‘best’ or ‘worst’ across all species. Our models projected that shrub‐associated species would gain habitat under some scenarios because of increases in the amount of regenerating forests on the landscape, while species restricted to mature forests would lose habitat. Some forest species could also lose habitat from the conversion of forests on marginal soils to purpose‐grown feedstocks. The conversion of agricultural lands on marginal soils to purpose‐grown feedstocks increased habitat losses for one species with strong associations with pasture, which is being lost to urbanization in our study region. Our results indicate that landscape‐scale impacts on wildlife habitat will vary among species and depend upon the bioenergy feedstock portfolio. Therefore, decisions about bioenergy and wildlife will likely involve trade‐offs among wildlife species, and the choice of focal species is likely to affect the results of landscape‐scale assessments. We offer general principals to consider when crafting lists of focal species for bioenergy impact assessments at the landscape scale. DA - 2017/5// PY - 2017/5// DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12383 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 909-923 SN - 1757-1707 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84980042038&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - biodiversity KW - bioenergy target KW - biofuel KW - habitat KW - landscape change modeling KW - renewable energy KW - southeastern United States KW - wildlife KW - wood pellets ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmaceuticals in a temperate forest-water reuse system AU - McEachran, Andrew D. AU - Shea, Damian AU - Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie T2 - Science of The Total Environment AB - Forest-water reuse systems infiltrate municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters through forest soils to shallow aquifers that ultimately discharge to surface waters. Their ability to mitigate regulated nutrients, metals, and organic chemicals is well known, but the fate of non-regulated chemicals in these systems is largely unstudied. This study quantified 33 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in soils, groundwaters, and surface waters in a 2000-hectare forest that receives ~ 1200 mm/year of secondary-treated, municipal wastewater in addition to natural rainfall (~ 1300 mm/year). This forest-water reuse system does contribute PPCPs to soils, groundwater, and surface waters. PPCPs were more abundant in soils versus underlying groundwater by an order of magnitude (5–10 ng/g summed PPCPs in soil and 50–100 ng/L in groundwater) and the more hydrophobic chemicals were predominant in soil over water. PPCP concentrations in surface waters were greater at the onset of significant storm events and during low-rainfall periods when total summed PPCPs were > 80 ng/L, higher than the annual average. With few exceptions, the margins of exposure for PPCPs in groundwater and surface waters were several orders of magnitude above values indicative of human health risk. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.185 VL - 581-582 SP - 705-714 J2 - Science of The Total Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0048-9697 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.185 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing Native Predators: Evidence from a Partial Removal of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, USA AU - Stocking, J.J. AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Parsons, A.W. AU - O'Connell, A.F. T2 - Waterbirds AB - Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are important predators of ground-nesting species in coastal systems. They have been identified as a primary cause of nest failure for the American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) throughout its range. Concerns over the long-term effects of raccoon predation and increased nest success following a hurricane inspired a mark-resight study of the raccoon population on a barrier island off North Carolina, USA. Approximately half of the raccoons were experimentally removed in 2008. Nests (n = 700) were monitored on two adjacent barrier islands during 2004–2013. Daily nest survival estimates were highest for 2004 (0.974 ± 0.005) and lowest for 2007 and 2008 (0.925 ± 0.009 and 0.925 ± 0.010, respectively). The only model in our candidate set that received any support included island and time of season, along with a diminishing effect of the hurricane and a constant, 5-year effect of the raccoon removal. For both hurricane and raccoon removal, however, the support for island-specific effects was weak (β = -0.204 ± 0.116 and 0.146 ± 0.349, respectively). We conclude that either the raccoon reduction was inadequate, or factors other than predation cause more variation in nest success than previously recognized. A multi-faceted approach to management aimed at reducing nest losses to storm overwash, predation, and human disturbance is likely to yield the largest population level benefits. DA - 2017/2/1/ PY - 2017/2/1/ DO - 10.1675/063.040.sp103 VL - 40 IS - sp1 SP - 10-18 SN - 1524-4695 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.040.sp103 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) Population Growth by Targeting Nesting Season Vital Rates AU - Felton, Shilo K. AU - Hostetter, Nathan J. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - Waterbirds AB - In populations of long-lived species, adult survival typically has a relatively high influence on population growth. From a management perspective, however, adult survival can be difficult to increase in some instances, so other component rates must be considered to reverse population declines. In North Carolina, USA, management to conserve the American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) targets component vital rates related to fecundity, specifically nest and chick survival. The effectiveness of such a management approach in North Carolina was assessed by creating a three-stage female-based deterministic matrix model. Isoclines were produced from the matrix model to evaluate minimum nest and chick survival rates necessary to reverse population decline, assuming all other vital rates remained stable at mean values. Assuming accurate vital rates, breeding populations within North Carolina appear to be declining. To reverse this decline, combined nest and chick survival would need to increase from 0.14 to ≤ 0.27, a rate that appears to be attainable based on historical estimates. Results are heavily dependent on assumptions of other vital rates, most notably adult survival, revealing the need for accurate estimates of all vital rates to inform management actions. This approach provides valuable insights for evaluating conservation goals for species of concern. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1675/063.040.sp106 VL - 40 IS - sp1 SP - 44–54 SN - 1524-4695 1938-5390 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.040.sp106 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of Vegetation Type and Prescribed Fire on Peromyscus Abundance in a Longleaf Pine Ecosystem AU - Sasmal, Indrani AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Swingen, Morgan B. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. T2 - WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN AB - ABSTRACT Prescribed fire temporarily can alter food and cover resources for ground‐dwelling wildlife, potentially leading to changes in animal abundance. Small mammals are an important ecosystem component in many terrestrial communities and depend on ground‐level vegetation most commonly affected by prescribed fire. In this complex system of food and cover availability where easier access to food might compromise cover, and vice versa, it is imperative to study postfire habitat use by mice and other ground‐dwelling wildlife. We evaluated effects of time since burn and vegetation type on Peromyscus spp. abundance in a longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris ) ecosystem in Fort Bragg Military Installation, North Carolina, USA, during 2011 and 2012. We trapped in 5 vegetation types and captured 208 individual Peromyscus . Peromyscus abundance did not differ among 1, 2, and 3 years postburn upland pine vegetation types, although we noted a trend of decreasing abundance as time since burn increased; however, abundance was greater in the lowland hardwood vegetation type than in open areas (i.e., military drop zones). The lack of an effect of time since burn could be due to the short fire‐return interval at the study site, which limited the time for postburn shifts in the composition of the understory from herbaceous to woody plant species. Therefore, we suggest future research in the longleaf pine ecosystem incorporate a wider time frame to assess short‐ and long‐term effects of fire on small mammal populations. © 2017 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1002/wsb.740 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 49-54 SN - 1938-5463 KW - capture-recapture modeling KW - lowland hardwood KW - military installation KW - mouse KW - rodent KW - time since burn KW - vegetation composition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse gas emissions in an agroforestry system of the southeastern USA AU - Franzluebbers, Alan J. AU - Chappell, Janet C. AU - Shi, Wei AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. T2 - NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS DA - 2017/5// PY - 2017/5// DO - 10.1007/s10705-016-9809-7 VL - 108 IS - 1 SP - 85-100 SN - 1573-0867 KW - Agroforestry KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Nitrous KW - oxide KW - Pinus KW - Quercus KW - Soil texture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Explaining environmental health behaviors: evidence from rural India on the influence of discount rates AU - Atmadja, Stibniati S. AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. AU - Yang, Jui-Chen AU - Patil, Sumeet T2 - Environment and Development Economics AB - Abstract The authors examine whether high personal discount rates help explain why and which households in developing countries under-invest in seemingly low-cost options to avert environmental health threats, including bednets, clean cooking fuels, individual household latrines, water treatment and handwashing. First, the authors elicit personal discount rates by combining a simple randomized experiment with detailed surveys of over 10,000 rural households in Maharashtra, India. Personal discount rates are lower for women, for better-off households, and for households who can access formal credit. Secondly, they show that the discount rate is negatively related to a suite of behaviors that mitigate environmental health threats, from very low-cost steps like washing hands to more significant investments like household latrines, even after controlling for socio-economic status, access to credit, public infrastructure and services, and relevant beliefs. DA - 2017/3/7/ PY - 2017/3/7/ DO - 10.1017/s1355770x17000018 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 229-248 J2 - Envir. Dev. Econ. LA - en OP - SN - 1355-770X 1469-4395 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X17000018 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of different headspace concentrations of bornyl acetate on fecundity ofgreen peach aphid and balsam woolly adelgid AU - Bucholz, Ethan AU - Frampton, John AU - Jetton, Robert AU - Tilotta, David AU - Lucia, Lucian T2 - SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) (BWA) is an exotic pest introduced from Europe to North America in the early 1900s. Subsequent introductions and spread have enabled this pest to infest native Fraser fir stands in the Southern Appalachians and become a troublesome pest for the region’s Christmas tree industry. Means to study its fecundity and control it are consequently of high importance. Headspace solid phase micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to compare chemical differences in stem tissue between a resistant species, Veitch fir (Abies veitchii) and the susceptible Fraser fir (Abies fraseri). Comparisons demonstrated that bornyl acetate (BA), a terpenoid, was qualitatively more abundant in resistant Veitch fir than Fraser fir. Varying headspace concentrations of BA were tested to ascertain any biological impacts on egg eclosion of BWA, as well as fecundity of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) (GPA), an insect serving as a proxy. Varying concentrations of BA and a known number of adelgid eggs did not indicate any impact of concentration on egg eclosion success. However, defoliated Veitch fir branches in treatment jars produced a significant negative impact on BWA eclosion success. Implications of these findings are discussed. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1080/02827581.2016.1275769 VL - 32 IS - 5 SP - 397-405 SN - 1651-1891 KW - Invasive insects KW - chemical biology KW - Fraser fir KW - Veitch fir KW - Adelges piceae KW - Myzus persicae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Considerations on neonatal ungulate capture method: potential for bias in survival estimation and cause-specific mortality AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. T2 - Wildlife Biology AB - A recent study of Sitka black‐tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis demonstrated that opportunistic fawn capture yielded left‐truncated data and ultimately resulted in overestimating fawn survival and spurious ecological model inference compared to neonates captured via vaginal implant transmitters (VITs). Given the ecological and economic value of ungulates worldwide and the importance of neonate survival to understanding population dynamics, the potential biases in survival estimates and causes of mortality caused by left‐truncation must be transparent. Herein, we used a VIT‐based dataset from white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus to examine potential problems with left‐truncated data. We manipulated our original VIT‐based dataset by randomly assigning age‐at‐capture to create three hypothetical opportunistic samples. We used the Kaplan—Meier estimator to quantify fawn survival to 16 weeks of age for the original and hypothetical datasets. Additionally, we compared the relative importance of mortality causes between the datasets. Survival for the original, VIT‐based dataset was 0.121 (SE = 0.043), while hypothetical datasets yielded overestimates (ranging from 0.191 to 0.234). The hypothetical opportunistic samples overestimated coyote predation as a source of mortality, while underestimating starvation. Because management actions rely on accurate estimates of survival and causes of mortality, we recommend that neonatal survival studies consider biases caused by capture method. For robust estimates of survival, VIT‐based samples appear to provide better estimates of survival, as opportunistic samples are biased high. We encourage future work to elucidate the potential for neonate capture technique to affect cause‐specific mortality. DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.2981/wlb.00250 VL - 2017 IS - 1 SP - wlb.00250 J2 - Wildlife Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0909-6396 1903-220X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00250 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Breeding Songbird Use of Native Warm-Season and Non-Native Cool-Season Grass Forage Fields AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Klimstra, Ryan L. AU - Harper, Craig A. AU - Marcus, Jeffrey F. AU - Sorenson, Clyde E. T2 - WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN AB - ABSTRACT Converting fields of non‐native cool‐season grasses to native warm‐season grasses has been proposed as a strategy to enhance avian habitat and diversify forage production for livestock, but may yield poor‐quality food and cover for birds. We measured territory density and reproductive effort for grassland and shrubland birds in 7 native warm‐season grass forage fields (4 hayed and 3 grazed), 7 non‐native cool‐season grass forage fields (4 hayed and 3 grazed), and 3 native warm‐season grass–forb fields managed for wildlife (hereafter, wildlife fields) during May–August 2009 and 2010 in the western Piedmont of North Carolina, USA. Eastern meadowlark ( Sturnella magna ) territory density was ≥2 times greater in grazed, non‐native cool‐season grass fields than other field types, but grasshopper sparrow ( Ammodramus savannarum ) territory density did not differ among field types. Field sparrow ( Spizella pusilla ) territory density was ≥3 times greater in wildlife fields than in all other field types. Indigo bunting ( Passerina cyanea ) territory density was 5.6 and 14.6 times greater in wildlife fields than in grazed and hayed, non‐native cool‐season fields, respectively. Reproductive effort for grassland and shrubland birds did not differ among field types. Our data suggest dense stands of tall, native warm‐season grass are not a better alternative to non‐native cool‐season grass pastures for grassland songbirds, especially eastern meadowlark. Shrubland songbirds selected wildlife fields managed with less frequent disturbance than forage fields. Moderate grazing to maintain grass heights ≥25 cm may increase quality of non‐native cool‐season grass and native warm‐season grass forage fields for grassland birds. © 2017 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1002/wsb.726 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 42-48 SN - 1938-5463 KW - agriculture KW - early succession KW - eastern meadowlark KW - field sparrow KW - forage production KW - grasshopper sparrow KW - grazing KW - haying KW - indigo bunting ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioenergy production and forest landscape change in the southeastern United States AU - Costanza, Jennifer K. AU - Abt, Robert C. AU - McKerrow, Alexa J. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY AB - Abstract Production of woody biomass for bioenergy, whether wood pellets or liquid biofuels, has the potential to cause substantial landscape change and concomitant effects on forest ecosystems, but the landscape effects of alternative production scenarios have not been fully assessed. We simulated landscape change from 2010 to 2050 under five scenarios of woody biomass production for wood pellets and liquid biofuels in North Carolina, in the southeastern United States, a region that is a substantial producer of wood biomass for bioenergy and contains high biodiversity. Modeled scenarios varied biomass feedstocks, incorporating harvest of ‘conventional’ forests, which include naturally regenerating as well as planted forests that exist on the landscape even without bioenergy production, as well as purpose‐grown woody crops grown on marginal lands. Results reveal trade‐offs among scenarios in terms of overall forest area and the characteristics of the remaining forest in 2050. Meeting demand for biomass from conventional forests resulted in more total forest land compared with a baseline, business‐as‐usual scenario. However, the remaining forest was composed of more intensively managed forest and less of the bottomland hardwood and longleaf pine habitats that support biodiversity. Converting marginal forest to purpose‐grown crops reduced forest area, but the remaining forest contained more of the critical habitats for biodiversity. Conversion of marginal agricultural lands to purpose‐grown crops resulted in smaller differences from the baseline scenario in terms of forest area and the characteristics of remaining forest habitats. Each scenario affected the dominant type of land‐use change in some regions, especially in the coastal plain that harbors high levels of biodiversity. Our results demonstrate the complex landscape effects of alternative bioenergy scenarios, highlight that the regions most likely to be affected by bioenergy production are also critical for biodiversity, and point to the challenges associated with evaluating bioenergy sustainability. DA - 2017/5// PY - 2017/5// DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12386 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 924-939 SN - 1757-1707 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84997674150&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - biodiversity KW - bioenergy KW - biofuels KW - bottomland hardwood forests KW - forests KW - landscape change KW - longleaf pine KW - state-and-transition simulation models KW - timber supply model KW - wood pellets ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are camera surveys useful for assessing recruitment in white-tailed deer? AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Kilgo, John C. AU - Cherry, Michael J. AU - Conner, L. Mike AU - Vukovich, Mark AU - Ray, H. Scott AU - Ruth, Charles AU - Warren, Robert J. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. T2 - Wildlife Biology AB - Camera surveys commonly are used by managers and hunters to estimate white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus density and demographic rates. Though studies have documented biases and inaccuracies in the camera survey methodology, camera traps remain popular due to ease of use, cost‐effectiveness, and ability to survey large areas. Because recruitment is a key parameter in ungulate population dynamics, there is a growing need to test the effectiveness of camera surveys for assessing fawn recruitment. At Savannah River Site, South Carolina, we used six years of camera‐based recruitment estimates (i.e. fawn:doe ratio) to predict concurrently collected annual radiotag‐based survival estimates. The coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) was 0.445, indicating some support for the viability of cameras to reflect recruitment. We added two years of data from Fort Bragg Military Installation, North Carolina, which improved R 2 to 0.621 without accounting for site‐specific variability. Also, we evaluated the correlation between year‐to‐year changes in recruitment and survival using the Savannah River Site data; R 2 was 0.758, suggesting that camera‐based recruitment could be useful as an indicator of the trend in survival. Because so few researchers concurrently estimate survival and camera‐based recruitment, examining this relationship at larger spatial scales while controlling for numerous confounding variables remains difficult. Future research should test the validity of our results from other areas with varying deer and camera densities, as site (e.g. presence of feral pigs Sus scrofa ) and demographic (e.g. fawn age at time of camera survey) parameters may have a large influence on detectability. Until such biases are fully quantified, we urge researchers and managers to use caution when advocating the use of camera‐based recruitment estimates. DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.2981/wlb.00178 VL - 2017 IS - 1 SP - wlb.00178 J2 - Wildlife Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0909-6396 1903-220X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00178 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A critical analysis of species selection and high vs. low-input silviculture on establishment success and early productivity of model short-rotation wood-energy cropping systems AU - Fischer, M. AU - Kelley, A. M. AU - Ward, E. J. AU - Boone, J. D. AU - Ashley, E. M. AU - Domec, J. -C. AU - Williamson, J. C. AU - King, J. S. T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - Most research on bioenergy short rotation woody crops (SRWC) has been dedicated to the genera Populus and Salix. These species generally require relatively high-input culture, including intensive weed competition control, which increases costs and environmental externalities. Widespread native early successional species, characterized by high productivity and good coppicing ability, may be better adapted to local environmental stresses and therefore could offer alternative low-input bioenergy production systems. To test this concept, we established a three-year experiment comparing a widely-used hybrid poplar (Populus nigra × P. maximowiczii, clone ‘NM6’) to two native species, American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) grown under contrasting weed and pest control at a coastal plain site in eastern North Carolina, USA. Mean cumulative aboveground wood production was significantly greater in sycamore, with yields of 46.6 Mg ha−1 under high-inputs and 32.7 Mg ha−1 under low-input culture, which rivaled the high-input NM6 yield of 32.9 Mg ha−1. NM6 under low-input management provided noncompetitive yield of 6.2 Mg ha−1. Sycamore also showed superiority in survival, biomass increment, weed resistance, treatment convergence, and within-stand uniformity. All are important characteristics for a bioenergy feedstock crop species, leading to reliable establishment and efficient biomass production. Poor performance in all traits was found for tuliptree, with a maximum yield of 1.2 Mg ha−1, suggesting this native species is a poor choice for SRWC. We conclude that careful species selection beyond the conventionally used genera may enhance reliability and decrease negative environmental impacts of the bioenergy biomass production sector. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.01.027 VL - 98 SP - 214-227 SN - 1873-2909 KW - American sycamore KW - Bioenergy KW - Pest control KW - Poplar clone NM6 KW - Tuliptree KW - Weed control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Why the North American model of wildlife conservation is problematic for modern wildlife management AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Nelson, M. P. T2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 43-54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Timberland Investment Management Organizations: Business Strategies in Forest Plantations in Brazil AU - Kanieski da Silva, Bruno AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. AU - Estraviz, Luiz Carlos Rodriguez AU - Singleton, Christopher N. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2017/3/22/ PY - 2017/3/22/ DO - 10.5849/jof.2016-050 VL - 115 IS - 2 SP - 95-102 J2 - Journal of Forestry LA - en OP - SN - 0022-1201 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.2016-050 DB - Crossref KW - business strategies KW - international investments KW - forest asset investments KW - Brazilian forest sector ER - TY - JOUR TI - Standard Procedures and Methods for Economic Impact and Contribution Analysis in the Forest Products Sector AU - Henderson, James E. AU - Joshi, Omkar AU - Tanger, Shaun AU - Boby, Leslie AU - Hubbard, William AU - Pelkki, Matthew AU - Hughes, David W. AU - McConnell, T. Eric AU - Miller, Wayne AU - Nowak, Jarek AU - Becker, Charles AU - Adams, Tim AU - Altizer, Clay AU - Cantrell, Rick AU - Daystar, Jesse AU - Jackson, Ben AU - Jeuck, James AU - Mehmood, Sayeed AU - Tappe, Phil T2 - JOURNAL OF FORESTRY AB - Economic contributions from forestry and forest products help define the importance of this industry to a state or regional economy. IMPLAN input-output modeling software has proven helpful to conduct this analysis and is commonly used in the United States. However, input-output modeling and the results of economic impact or contribution analyses can vary substantially, depending on the modeling assumptions of the analyst, creating confusion among end users as comparisons are made among studies. Southern Regional Extension Forestry and the Southern Group of State Foresters invited forest and regional economists from the Southern Region to a summit in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 2015 to discuss concerns and issues with respect to collection, calculation, and delivery of information on the economic role of forestry and the forest products industry to the southern region. This article discusses major issues identified and recommendations suggested at the Little Rock Summit. Management and Policy Implications The recommendations from the Little Rock Summit participants have strong policy implications. Economic contribution analyses of the forestry and FPI (Figure 1) are used by economic development agencies and policymakers as they strive to support sustainable economic development in their region, particularly as it relates to workforce development and industrial recruitment and enhancement. Inconsistent model assumptions that provide different results might confuse and misguide policymakers as they often consider findings from the scientific community for policy decisions. Most inconsistencies created among economic impact or contribution analysis could be easily identified by stakeholders with more thorough and consistent reporting from the analyst(s). Inconsistent results also affect the credibility of these analyses. When results are inconsistent, decisionmakers can see the data as unreliable and choose other criteria to make the decision. Most of the results of input-output analysis are presented in concise fact sheets or brochures, and, thus, it is not possible to provide a detailed explanation of the methods used. In such cases, the Little Rock Summit consensus was to produce a detailed report that could be listed as a source or reference in the more abbreviated or concise reports. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.5849/jof.16-041 VL - 115 IS - 2 SP - 112-116 SN - 1938-3746 KW - multiplier effect KW - IMPLAN KW - input-output modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scaling-up camera traps: monitoring the planet's biodiversity with networks of remote sensors AU - Steenweg, Robin AU - Hebblewhite, Mark AU - Kays, Roland AU - Ahumada, Jorge AU - Fisher, Jason T. AU - Burton, Cole AU - Townsend, Susan E. AU - Carbone, Chris AU - Rowcliffe, J. Marcus AU - Whittington, Jesse AU - Brodie, Jedediah AU - Royle, J. Andrew AU - Switalski, Adam AU - Clevenger, Anthony P. AU - Heim, Nicole AU - Rich, Lindsey N. T2 - FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT AB - Countries committed to implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity's 2011–2020 strategic plan need effective tools to monitor global trends in biodiversity. Remote cameras are a rapidly growing technology that has great potential to transform global monitoring for terrestrial biodiversity and can be an important contributor to the call for measuring Essential Biodiversity Variables. Recent advances in camera technology and methods enable researchers to estimate changes in abundance and distribution for entire communities of animals and to identify global drivers of biodiversity trends. We suggest that interconnected networks of remote cameras will soon monitor biodiversity at a global scale, help answer pressing ecological questions, and guide conservation policy. This global network will require greater collaboration among remote‐camera studies and citizen scientists, including standardized metadata, shared protocols, and security measures to protect records about sensitive species. With modest investment in infrastructure, and continued innovation, synthesis, and collaboration, we envision a global network of remote cameras that not only provides real‐time biodiversity data but also serves to connect people with nature. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1002/fee.1448 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 26-34 SN - 1540-9309 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Riparian forest structure and stream geomorphic condition: Implications for flood resilience AU - Keeton, W. S. AU - Copeland, E. M. AU - Sullivan, S. M. P. AU - Watzin, Mary T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research AB - Managing riparian corridors for flood resilience requires understanding of linkages between vegetation condition and stream geomorphology. Stream assessment approaches increasingly use channel morphology as an indicator of stream condition, with only cursory examination of riparian vegetation. Our research (i) examines relationships between stream geomorphic condition, as assessed by Rapid Geomorphic Assessment (RGA) scores, and riparian forest structure, and (ii) investigates scale dependencies in the linkages between land cover and stream geomorphology. We sampled vegetation structure and composition and assessed geomorphic condition at 32 stream reaches within the Lake Champlain Basin, USA. RGA scores were modeled as a function of structural attributes using classification and regression trees. Landsat coverages were used to delineate land uses within five nested spatial scales. Generalized linear models (GLM) evaluated relationships between land cover and RGA scores. Standard deviation of basal area partitioned the greatest variability in RGA scores, but dead tree density and basal area (positively) and shrub density (negatively) were also significant predictors. RGA was related to forest and agricultural cover at the two finest scales. Riparian forest structure is highly dynamic in relation to stand development and disturbance history; simple forest cover information does not capture these differences or their influences on stream geomorphic condition. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-2016-0327 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 476–487 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of Turkish and Trojan fir to Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. cryptogea AU - Kohlway, W. H. AU - Whetten, R. W. AU - Benson, D. M. AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research AB - Phytophthora root rot, primarily caused by the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi, is a large problem for the Christmas tree industry in North Carolina. Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) has no known innate resistance to this pathogen while some exotic fir species, such as Trojan (Abies equi-trojani) and Turkish (Abies bornmuelleriana) fir display varying amounts of resistance. A Phytophthora-resistance screening trial was completed with 1600 seedlings from 12 Turkish and Trojan fir families and Fraser and momi fir (A. firma). Seedlings from each family or species were inoculated with each of eight Phytophthora isolates, six P. cinnamomi and two Phytophthora cryptogea, in an effort to describe variability in isolate aggressiveness. Mortality was assessed as percent shoot necrosis bi-weekly for 16 weeks. Overall, rankings of resistance in fir species confirmed previous single-isolate-based results; momi fir was the most resistant, followed by Turkish, Trojan, and Fraser fir. P. cinnamomi isolates were generally more aggressive than P. cryptogea isolates. The two P. cryptogea isolates resulted in 5.6% and 0.8% mortality on Turkish fir, and 10.9% and 6.7% mortality on Trojan fir, the first reported resistance screen of these host-pathogen combinations. Pearson’s correlation testing identified a high degree of correlation between most isolates and overall mean mortality. Turkish and Trojan fir families appear to possess resistance to Phytophthora species common in North Carolina. DA - 2017/2/9/ PY - 2017/2/9/ DO - 10.1080/02827581.2017.1280076 VL - 32 IS - 5 SP - 406-411 J2 - Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research LA - en OP - SN - 0282-7581 1651-1891 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2017.1280076 DB - Crossref KW - Abies KW - disease resistance KW - North Carolina KW - root rot ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increased diversity of Phytophthora species in Fraser fir Christmas tree plantations in the Southern Appalachians AU - Pettersson, M. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Ronnberg, J. AU - Shew, H. D. AU - Benson, D. M. AU - Kohlway, W. H. AU - Escanferla, M. E. AU - Cubeta, M. A. T2 - SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Phytophthora root rot (PRR) disease afflicts significant economic losses to the Fraser fir Christmas tree industry. In previous surveys conducted in 1972 and from 1997 to 1998 in North Carolina, the incidence of PRR was ∼9.5% with Phytophthora cinnamomi identified as the predominant causal species isolated from infected roots of Fraser fir. Due to increased use of out-of-state planting stock since 2000, we suspected increased diversity of Phytophthora species. During 2014, we surveyed Fraser fir Christmas tree plantations in the Southern Appalachians of North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia to determine the occurrence of pathogenic root-rotting species of Phytophthora. A weighted sampling strategy based on Christmas tree acreage was deployed to collect symptomatic Fraser fir roots from 103 commercial production fields in 14 counties. Six species of Phytophthora were isolated from infected roots sampled from 82 sites in 13 counties. Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. cryptogea and P. pini represented 70.3%, 23.1% and 1.1% of the 91 isolates. Phytophthora citrophthora, P. europaea and P. sansomeana accounted for the remaining 5.5% of the isolates and have not been identified in previously published Fraser fir surveys conducted in the region. The pathogenicity of P. citrophthora on Fraser fir was confirmed based on completion of Koch’s postulates. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1080/02827581.2016.1265144 VL - 32 IS - 5 SP - 412-420 SN - 1651-1891 KW - Abies fraseri KW - North Carolina KW - Phytophthora cinnamomi KW - root rot KW - survey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gibberellic acid promotes flower stem elongation in 'Renaissance Red' poinsettia AU - Bergmann, B. A. AU - Dole, J. M. AU - Fisher, P. AU - Njue, G. AU - McCall, I. T2 - Canadian Journal of Plant Science DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 14-16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating nest supplementation as a recovery strategy for the endangered rodents of the Florida Keys AU - Cove, Michael V. AU - Simons, Theodore R. AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Maurer, Andrew S. AU - Allan F. O'Connell, T2 - RESTORATION ECOLOGY AB - The Key Largo woodrat ( Neotoma floridana smalli ) and Key Largo cotton mouse ( Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola ) are federally endangered subspecies endemic to the tropical hardwood hammocks of Key Largo, Florida. Woodrats are considered generalists in habitat and diet, yet a steady decline in natural stick nests and capture rates over the past several decades suggests that they are limited by the availability of nesting habitat due to habitat loss and fragmentation. The more specialized Key Largo cotton mouse appears to rely on old growth hammock, a habitat type that is rare following past land clearing. In 2004, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service started building supplemental nest structures to restore habitat quality and connectivity for these endangered rodents, but nest use requires evaluation. We used camera traps and occupancy models to evaluate the factors influencing woodrat and cotton mouse use of the supplemental nests. We detected woodrats at 65 and cotton mice at 175 of 284 sampled nest structures, with co‐occurrence at 38 nests. Woodrat nest use followed a gradient from low nest use in the north to high nest use in the south, which might relate to the proximity of free‐ranging domestic cat ( Felis catus ) colonies in residential developments. Cotton mouse nest use, however, was related positively to mature hammock and related negatively to disturbed areas (e.g. scarified lands). The two species occurred independently of each other. Stick‐stacking behavior was observed at supplemental nests and, although it was correlated with detection of woodrats, it was not a strong predictor of their occurrence. We suggest that nest supplementation can be an important tool for species recovery as habitat quality continues to improve with succession. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1111/rec.12418 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 253-260 SN - 1526-100X KW - camera trap KW - cotton mouse KW - Neotoma KW - nest supplementation KW - occupancy KW - Peromyscus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Divergence of species responses to climate change AU - Fei, Songlin AU - Desprez, Johanna M. AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Jo, Insu AU - Knott, Jonathan A. AU - Oswalt, Christopher M. T2 - Science Advances AB - Climate change can have profound impacts on biodiversity and the sustainability of many ecosystems. Various studies have investigated the impacts of climate change, but large-scale, trait-specific impacts are less understood. We analyze abundance data over time for 86 tree species/groups across the eastern United States spanning the last three decades. We show that more tree species have experienced a westward shift (73%) than a poleward shift (62%) in their abundance, a trend that is stronger for saplings than adult trees. The observed shifts are primarily due to the changes of subpopulation abundances in the leading edges and are significantly associated with changes in moisture availability and successional processes. These spatial shifts are associated with species that have similar traits (drought tolerance, wood density, and seed weight) and evolutionary histories (most angiosperms shifted westward and most gymnosperms shifted poleward). Our results indicate that changes in moisture availability have stronger near-term impacts on vegetation dynamics than changes in temperature. The divergent responses to climate change by trait- and phylogenetic-specific groups could lead to changes in composition of forest ecosystems, putting the resilience and sustainability of various forest ecosystems in question. DA - 2017/5// PY - 2017/5// DO - 10.1126/sciadv.1603055 VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - e1603055 J2 - Sci. Adv. LA - en OP - SN - 2375-2548 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1603055 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coupling visitor and wildlife monitoring in protected areas using camera traps AU - Miller, Anna B. AU - Leung, Yu-Fai AU - Kays, Roland T2 - Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism AB - The global rise in nature-based recreation and tourism brings an increasing need for research on visitor activity in protected areas. Understanding the nature, distribution, and intensity of visitor activity can lead to better management of protected areas, potentially improving visitor experience while reducing impacts on the environment. Although passive infrared cameras (i.e., “camera traps”) are now a standard monitoring tool for wildlife researchers, they are less commonly applied by recreation social scientists for visitor monitoring in natural areas. Because study objectives differ between these two applications, protocols for camera placement also vary. In this study we optimized camera traps to quantify human trail-based activity while meeting established wildlife-oriented protocols. The method streamlines the data collection process, thus making visitor monitoring data more accessible. We first determined the wildlife-appropriate camera position optimal for capturing human trail use through a field test, in which we varied the speed of biker movement, camera angle, and distance to the trail. The optimized camera protocol was 1–2 m from the trail edge, oriented 20° to the direction of movement, where the target is moving slower than 8 kph. We then experimentally tested this optimized camera protocol in a field setting along an unpaved, multi-use trail typical of many outdoor recreation locations. Two pairs of cameras were set following the optimized protocol while two pairs were set with a randomized protocol as the control. Compared with field observations, optimized camera traps recorded 82% of pedestrians (p<0.05) and 75% of mountain bikers (p>0.05). There was also a difference in performance between camera models, with the best model recording 86% and 97% of pedestrians and bikers, respectively. We conclude that camera traps can accurately quantify human trail-based activity while being set to wildlife science standards, reducing the cost of collecting visitor use data and producing high-resolution human-wildlife interaction data. Motion-triggered camera traps can be used to efficiently collect data on humans and wildlife through a single data collection process. Camera traps should be calibrated with field-based observation and positioned according to the following guidelines: located where traffic moves slower than 8 kph, oriented at a shallow angle to the direction of movement, and placed at knee-height on trees within 1-2m of the trail edge. It should be noted that camera traps might under-sample quickly moving visitors such as bicyclists. This cost-effective method can provide long-term data useful for monitoring both human trail-based activity and wildlife presence. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1016/j.jort.2016.09.007 VL - 17 SP - 44-53 J2 - Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism LA - en OP - SN - 2213-0780 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2016.09.007 DB - Crossref KW - Monitoring KW - Camera trap KW - Protected area management KW - Recreation KW - Trail ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative water use in short-rotation Eucalyptus benthamii and Pinus taeda trees in the Southern United States AU - Maier, Chris A. AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Cook, Rachel I. AU - Hall, Kevin AU - McInnis, Daniel AU - Johnsen, Kurt H. AU - Johnson, John AU - Rubilar, Rafael A. AU - Vose, James M. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Short rotation Eucalyptus plantations offer great potential for increasing wood-fiber production in the southern United States. Eucalyptus plantations can be highly productive (>35 m3 ha−1 year−1), but they may use more water than intensively managed pine (primarily Pinus taeda L.) plantations. This has raised concern about how expansion of Eucalyptus plantations will affect water resources. We compared tree water use, stem growth, and WUE (kg wood per m3 water transpired) in adjacent nine-year-old Eucalyptus benthamii and P. taeda plantations with similar stand density and leaf area. Sap flux (Fd, g cm−2 s−1) was measured continuously over one year using thermal dissipation probes. Stem biomass, stem growth, tree water use (Et, L day−1), canopy transpiration per unit leaf area (El, mmol m−2 s−1), and canopy stomatal conductance (Gs, mmol m−2 s−1) were quantified. Eucalyptus had higher daily Fd (196.6 g cm−2 day−1) and mean daily Et (24.6 L day−1) than pine (105.8 g cm−2 day−1, 15.2 L day−1). Eucalyptus exhibited a seasonally bimodal pattern in daily Et that did not occur in pine. Monthly Et was 23–51% higher in Eucalyptus and differences between species were greatest in the spring and fall. Annual Et was 32% higher in Eucalyptus (9.13 m3 H2O year−1) than pine (5.79 m3 H2O year−1). Annual stem biomass increment was greater in Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus: 22.9; pine: 11.8 kg tree−1 year−1), and Eucalyptus had greater WUE (Eucalyptus: 2.86; pine 1.72 kg biomass m−3 H2O year−1). Pine exhibited a lower seasonal minimum and higher seasonal maximum leaf area index (LAI). At low LAI, there was no significant difference between species in El or Gs; however, at maximum LAI, pine El and Gs were 46 and 43%, respectively of rates observed in Eucalyptus. The species differed in Gs response to vapor pressure deficit (D). At a similar reference Gs (Gs,ref at D = 1 kPa), pine exhibited greater stomatal sensitivity to D. These results suggest that (1) Eucalyptus trees had higher sap flux and total water use than pine, (2) Eucalyptus had greater stem growth and WUE, and (3) species differences in water use were driven primarily by differences in El and Gs. DA - 2017/8/1/ PY - 2017/8/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.04.038 VL - 397 SP - 126-138 SN - 1872-7042 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85018772782&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Sap flow KW - Thermal dissipation probes KW - Transpiration KW - Canopy conductance KW - Water use efficiency KW - Loblolly pine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tissue and cell-type co-expression networks of transcription factors and wood component genes in Populus trichocarpa AU - Shi, Rui AU - Wang, Jack P. AU - Lin, Ying-Chung AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Chen, Hao AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANTA DA - 2017/5// PY - 2017/5// DO - 10.1007/s00425-016-2640-1 VL - 245 IS - 5 SP - 927-938 SN - 1432-2048 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85009291513&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Wood formation KW - Transcriptome KW - Fiber cells KW - Vessel elements KW - Cell wall biosynthesis KW - Co-expression network ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sexual segregation of forage patch use: Support for the social-factors and predation hypotheses AU - Biggerstaff, Michael T. AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES AB - Nearly all species of sexually dimorphic ungulates sexually segregate. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, including the social-factors hypothesis (SFH) and the predation hypothesis (PH). Interestingly, previous studies have accepted and rejected each hypothesis within and across species but few studies have simultaneously tested both hypotheses in the same population. In August 2011 and 2012 using 7680 photographs taken with camera traps in standardized forage patches, we tested two predictions of the SFH: 1) foraging efficiency of both sexes would decrease when foraging rate in mixed-sex groups relative to single-sex groups, and 2) activity patterns (i.e., the pattern of temporal use of forage patches on a diel scale) of the sexes would decrease in temporal overlap at the forage patch level (i.e., social segregation) compared to the overall temporal overlap of activity patterns of the population. Also, we tested two predictions of the +PH : 1) the relationship between feeding rates of each sex, and 2) temporal activity overlap would change with changing risk level of forage patches as a result of differing risk perception between sexes. In support of the SFH for temporal segregation, when in mixed-sex groups, mature males and all females decreased feeding rate 30% and 10%, respectively; further, the sexes had similar activity patterns overall (94-95% overlap), though temporal overlap was lower in individual forage patches (68-74% overlap). In multi-male mixed sex groups, at least one male exhibited aggressive posture toward females during all foraging bouts suggesting intersex aggression was the cause of the observed decrease in foraging rates. In support of the PH , the sexes adjusted feeding rate differently in response to changing risk level of a forage patch, encouraging spatial segregation; however, the PH was not supported for temporal segregation because temporal activity pattern overlap did not vary as a function of predation risk. Coupling our results with previous reports indicates that the SFH is supported for only temporal segregation of forage patch use, and the PH may only be supported for spatial segregation in forage patch use. Thus, both social factors and predation risk may interact to encourage sexual segregation. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.01.003 VL - 136 SP - 36-42 SN - 1872-8308 KW - Camera traps KW - Feeding efficiency KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - Overlap analysis KW - White-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prioritizing conservation seed banking locations for imperiled hemlock species using multi-attribute frontier mapping AU - Hastings, John M. AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - Megalos, Mark AU - Jetton, Robert M. T2 - New Forests DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1007/s11056-017-9575-7 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 301-316 J2 - New Forests LA - en OP - SN - 0169-4286 1573-5095 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-017-9575-7 DB - Crossref KW - Eastern hemlock KW - Carolina hemlock KW - Gene conservation KW - Genetic diversity KW - Multi-criteria evaluation KW - Climate change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Post-thinning density and fertilization affect Pinus taeda stand and individual tree growth AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Rubilar, Rafael A. AU - Cook, Rachel L. AU - Amateis, Ralph L. AU - Burkhart, Harold E. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - We installed a thinning and fertilization study at five sites in mid-rotation Pinus taeda L. stands in the southeastern United States to examine treatment effects on diameter growth, basal area production, and volume increment. The treatments were four levels of post-thinning stand density (247, 494, 741 and 1235 stems ha−1) and two levels of fertilization (none and 224 and 28 kg ha−1 of elemental nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively), applied in four replications at each site using either a randomized complete block (3 sites) or a split plot (2 sites) design. Six years after treatment, thinning significantly increased diameter and diameter increment as the residual density level decreased and increased stand basal area, stand basal area increment, stand volume and stand volume increment as residual density level increased at all sites. Fertilizer significantly increased diameter and stand basal area increments at two sites and stand volume increment at one site; these sites had low initial leaf area index, a metric commonly used to assess the potential for response to fertilization. Diameter increment increased as initial diameter class increased. Larger trees grew faster than smaller trees at all sites and for all treatments. Diameter growth decreased as initial stand basal area increased, and fertilization significantly increased diameter growth for a given level of initial stand basal area at sites where fertilization affected diameter growth. Stand volume increment increased as diameter increment increased for crop trees (largest 247 stems ha−1), whereas stand volume increment decreased as diameter increment increased for all trees. The stand-scale ‘cost’ for greater individual-tree diameter growth was a reduction in stand volume increment in the 247 stems ha−1 treatment; this reduction was 13 m3 ha−1 yr−1 across all sites compared with the 1235 stems ha−1 treatment, whereas the individual tree diameter growth ‘benefit’ was 0.9 cm yr−1 when comparing these same treatments. Trade-offs were quantified between individual tree size and stand growth across the thinning and fertilization levels imposed in this study, which will be useful in empirical and process-based modeling efforts for predicting thinning and fertilization responses of P. taeda. DA - 2017/7/15/ PY - 2017/7/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.04.030 VL - 396 SP - 207-216 SN - 1872-7042 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85018352159&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Nitrogen KW - Phosphorus KW - Increment KW - Loblolly pine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monitoring selective logging with Landsat satellite imagery reveals that protected forests in Western Siberia experience greater harvest than non-protected forests AU - Shchur, Alexander AU - Bragina, Eugenia AU - Sieber, Anika AU - Pidgeon, Anna M. AU - Radeloff, Volker C. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AB - SUMMARY When timber harvesting is an important source of local income and forest resources are declining, even forests that are designated as protected areas may become vulnerable. Therefore, regular monitoring of forest disturbance is necessary to enforce the protection of forest ecosystems. However, mapping forest disturbance with satellite imagery can be complicated if the majority of the harvesting is selective logging and not clearcuts. Our goal was to map both selective logging and clearcuts within and outside of protected areas in Western Siberia, a region with a highly developed timber industry. Combining summer and winter imagery allowed us to accurately estimate not only clearcuts, but also selective logging. Winter Landsat images substantially improved our classification and resulted in a highly accurate forest disturbance map (97.5% overall accuracy and 86% user accuracy for the rarest class, clearcuts). Selective logging and stripcuts were the dominant disturbance types, accounting for 96.3% of all forest disturbances, versus 3.7% for clearcuts. The total annual forest disturbance rate (i.e. disturbance rate for clearcuts, stripcuts and selective logging together) was 0.53%, but total forest disturbance within protected areas was greater than in non-protected forest (0.66% versus 0.50%, respectively), and so was the annual rate of selective logging (i.e. without clearcuts, 0.37% versus 0.25%, respectively). Our results highlight that monitoring only clearcuts without assessing selective logging might result in significant underestimation of forest disturbance. Also, when timber harvesting is important for the local economy and when protected areas have valuable timber resources that have already been depleted elsewhere, then additional protection may be necessary in order to maintain natural forests within protected areas. We suggest that this is the situation in our study area in Western Siberia right now and is likely the situation in many other parts of the globe as well. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1017/s0376892916000576 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 191-199 SN - 1469-4387 KW - forest disturbance KW - protected areas KW - selective logging KW - stripcuts KW - random forest KW - Western Siberia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incorporating rainfall data to better plan eucalyptus clones deployment in eastern Brazil AU - Scolforo, Henrique Ferraco AU - Soares Scolforo, Jose Roberto AU - Stape, Jose Luiz AU - McTague, John Paul AU - Burkhart, Harold AU - McCarter, James AU - Castro Neto, Fernando AU - Loos, Rodolfo Araujo AU - Sartorio, Robert Cardoso T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - The goals of this study were to identify and group three eucalyptus clones, each under coppice and clear-cut management regimes, into two or more groups based on similar growth rates; and fit a site index equation as a function of rainfall variables for each group to evaluate how different groups were impacted by climatic variation. The database came from the Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) and weather stations. The CFI was conducted between 1994 and 2012, with climatic data also being gathered for the same period. The study area was managed by clear-cut and coppice regimes, with 126 and 72 CFI plots, respectively. The relationship between clones, management regimes and stand age with annual dominant height growth was assessed by linear mixed effects modeling. Ridge regression was applied for fitting each group as a function of the rainfall variables. Finally, ordinary Kriging was applied for each of the rainfall variables in the study area. Then, site index equations were applied to the generated maps enabling the observation of their pattern throughout the study area as well as their evaluation under a pessimistic climatic scenario. Three groups were defined, since each clone exhibited similar growth behavior under either management regimes; however, the 3 clones differ among each other. A significant reduction in the annual dominant height growth over time was observed for all 3 clones. Ridge regressions afforded good accuracy and equations with sound biological behavior. Applying the fitted site index equations to the maps of precipitation and rainy days enabled the definition of the most appropriate clone to be planted throughout the area. Site quality as a function of rainfall variables could be an important tool to better enable silvicultural planning, since it provides estimates of the site index and also enables the incorporation of short-term climate change. DA - 2017/5/1/ PY - 2017/5/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.025 VL - 391 SP - 145-153 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Site index KW - Coppice KW - Clear-cut ER - TY - JOUR TI - Illegal fishing and hunting as resistance to neoliberal colonialism AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Essen, E. AU - Hansen, H. P. AU - Peterson, T. R. T2 - Crime Law and Social Change DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 401-413 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does education influence wildlife friendly landscaping preferences? AU - Rodriguez, Shari L. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Moorman, Christopher J. T2 - URBAN ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2017/4// PY - 2017/4// DO - 10.1007/s11252-016-0609-2 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 489-496 SN - 1573-1642 KW - Birds KW - Urban wildlife habitat KW - Landscaping preferences KW - Native plants KW - Social norms ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deer on the lookout: how hunting, hiking and coyotes affect white-tailed deer vigilance AU - Schuttler, S. G. AU - Parsons, A. W. AU - Forrester, T. D. AU - Baker, M. C. AU - McShea, W. J. AU - Costello, R. AU - Kays, R. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY AB - Abstract Predators affect prey directly by removing animals from the population and indirectly by modifying prey behavior. Humans have extirpated apex predators from many ecosystems, and the extent to which smaller predators, or humans themselves, can ecologically replace apex predators remains uncertain. White‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus in the Eastern United States were released from their two most important predators a century ago following the extirpation of cougars Puma concolor and wolves Canis lupus . We studied the extent to which perceived predation risk from humans and a newly arrived mesopredator, the coyote, Canis latrans affects deer behavior, predicting that deer will be most vigilant in areas hunted by humans which also have the highest levels of coyote activity. We quantified deer vigilance rates in 33 natural areas of which 15 allowed hunting, across six states by evaluating the head posture of 3470 deer photographed at unbaited camera traps. We documented wide variation in coyote activity (0–2.5 detections/day) and human activity (0–306 detections/day), but contrary to our predictions, did not find strong positive relationships between deer vigilance and either of these predators. Deer vigilance was lower in areas with high levels of human recreation, suggesting that deer become habituated to the presence of humans. Vigilance increased across the fall season in both hunted and non‐hunted populations, which suggests that increased vigilance may be associated more with mating behavior or environmental factors other than hunting. Our results show that variation in coyote and human activity does not significantly impact the vigilance behavior of white‐tailed deer year‐round, suggesting that deer rely on other risk‐avoidance behaviors or neither are functioning as apex predators in the region. DA - 2017/4// PY - 2017/4// DO - 10.1111/jzo.12416 VL - 301 IS - 4 SP - 320-327 SN - 1469-7998 KW - vigilance KW - white-tailed deer KW - apex predators KW - coyote KW - hunting KW - recreation KW - camera traps KW - predation risk ER - TY - JOUR TI - Creating advocates for mammal conservation through citizen science AU - Forrester, Tavis D. AU - Baker, Megan AU - Costello, Robert AU - Kays, Roland AU - Parsons, Arielle W. AU - McShea, William J. T2 - Biological Conservation AB - Citizen science initiatives have shown promise to provide informal education about nature and conservation and simultaneously gather scientific data at large scales. eMammal is a platform for citizen science projects that recruits volunteers to place camera traps that collect data in the form of wildlife photographs. Our project offered informal education on wildlife ecology and conservation to volunteers through training materials, feedback during the project, and a natural history blog. We tested whether our education efforts and volunteer activities affected their project specific skills, wildlife knowledge, conservation attitudes, and what kind of information they shared with their social network. Volunteers accurately (> 90%) identified 15 of 20 wildlife species captured in the photos and reduced the rejection rate of camera placements over time. Our surveys showed that volunteer's attitudes toward conservation were high before joining the project and did not change after participating. However, volunteer knowledge of wildlife was higher after working with eMammal. Volunteers also became advocates for mammal conservation by sharing their new knowledge. Roughly half of our volunteers reported actively discussing some type of information related to wildlife both before (50%) and after (54%) the project. However, after volunteering they were 84% more likely to discuss local mammals or local mammal conservation. The likelihood of discussing local mammals was positively influenced by the number of predator photos captured by volunteers, showing that the type of experience can influence how information is spread through a volunteer's social network. Citizen science can connect people to the natural world while simultaneously providing reliable data for conservation. DA - 2017/4// PY - 2017/4// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.06.025 VL - 208 SP - 98-105 J2 - Biological Conservation LA - en OP - SN - 0006-3207 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.06.025 DB - Crossref KW - Camera trap KW - Conservation attitudes KW - Informal education KW - Social network KW - Wildlife ER - TY - JOUR TI - Banking on the future: progress, challenges and opportunities for the genetic conservation of forest trees AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Jetton, Robert M. AU - Bower, Andrew AU - Jacobs, Douglass F. AU - Man, Gary AU - Hipkins, Valerie D. AU - Westwood, Murphy T2 - New Forests DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1007/s11056-017-9582-8 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 153-180 J2 - New Forests LA - en OP - SN - 0169-4286 1573-5095 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-017-9582-8 DB - Crossref KW - Ex situ conservation KW - Forest management KW - Genetic diversity KW - Global change KW - In situ conservation KW - Restoration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing effect of dominant land-cover types and pattern on urban forest biomass estimated using LiDAR metrics AU - Singh, K. K. AU - Bianchetti, R. A. AU - Chen, G. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - Urban Ecosystems DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1007/s11252-016-0591-8 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 265–275 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A United States national prioritization framework for tree species vulnerability to climate change AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Crane, Barbara S. AU - Hargrove, William W. T2 - New Forests DA - 2017/1/19/ PY - 2017/1/19/ DO - 10.1007/s11056-017-9569-5 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 275-300 J2 - New Forests LA - en OP - SN - 0169-4286 1573-5095 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-017-9569-5 DB - Crossref KW - Gene conservation KW - Forest health KW - Climate change KW - Vulnerability KW - Forest management KW - Project CAPTURE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation among Loblolly Pine Seed Sources across Diverse Environments in the Southeastern United States AU - Farjat, Alfredo E. AU - Chamblee, Aaron K. AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - McKeand, Steven E. T2 - Forest Science AB - Seven seed sources of first-generation plantation selections of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were evaluated for six traits in test sites across most of its native range east of the Mississippi River in the southeastern United States. The traits evaluated were survival, height, volume, straightness, stem forking, and incidence of fusiform rust disease (caused by Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme). At age 8 years, survival was high, with most seed sources having survival greater than 75% at all but two test sites. South Carolina Coastal and Georgia-Florida Coastal seed sources exhibited the fastest growth and most resistance to fusiform rust, whereas the Virginia seed source exhibited the slowest growth but had the best stem form. Test sites and seed source were significantly different for all traits. Seed source × site interactions (genotype × environment [G × E]) were also significant for all traits except stem forking. Low type B genetic correlation values (rB <0.67) for height, volume, and straightness suggest the presence of G × E interactions. The South Carolina Coastal and Virginia seed sources contributed disproportionally the most to G × E interactions for growth traits, but environmental contributions to G × E interactions were distributed relatively uniformly across most test sites. The results indicate that when seed sources are moved outside of their adaptive range, important G × E interactions should be expected and the difference among seed sources originating from a wide range of climates are expected to be more pronounced in older ages. DA - 2017/2/24/ PY - 2017/2/24/ DO - 10.5849/forsci.15-107 VL - 63 IS - 1 SP - 39-48 J2 - Forest Science LA - en OP - SN - 0015-749X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.15-107 DB - Crossref KW - Pinus taeda KW - seed source KW - provenance test KW - genotype x environment interaction KW - multienvironmental trial analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species pool, human population, and global versus regional invasion patterns AU - Guo, Qinfeng AU - Iannone, Basil V., III AU - Nunez-Mir, Gabriela C. AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Oswalt, Christopher M. AU - Fei, Songlin T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1007/s10980-016-0475-6 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 229-238 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Anthropocene KW - Area KW - Boundary effects KW - Comparison KW - Globalization KW - Homogenization KW - Human KW - "Island-mainland continuum" ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geostatistics applied to growth estimates in continuous forest inventories AU - Raimundo, M. R. AU - Scolforo, H. F. AU - Mello, J. M. AU - Scolforo, J. R. S. AU - McTague, J. P. AU - Reis, A. A. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.5849/forsci.2016-056 VL - 63 IS - 1 SP - 29-38 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental controls on seasonal ecosystem evapotranspiration/potential evapotranspiration ratio as determined by the global eddy flux measurements AU - Liu, Chunwei AU - Sun, Ge AU - McNulty, Steven G. AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Fang, Yuan T2 - HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES AB - Abstract. The evapotranspiration / potential evapotranspiration (AET / PET) ratio is traditionally termed as the crop coefficient (Kc) and has been generally used as ecosystem evaporative stress index. In the current hydrology literature, Kc has been widely used as a parameter to estimate crop water demand by water managers but has not been well examined for other types of ecosystems such as forests and other perennial vegetation. Understanding the seasonal dynamics of this variable for all ecosystems is important for projecting the ecohydrological responses to climate change and accurately quantifying water use at watershed to global scales. This study aimed at deriving monthly Kc for multiple vegetation cover types and understanding its environmental controls by analyzing the accumulated global eddy flux (FLUXNET) data. We examined monthly Kc data for seven vegetation covers, including open shrubland (OS), cropland (CRO), grassland (GRA), deciduous broad leaf forest (DBF), evergreen needle leaf forest (ENF), evergreen broad leaf forest (EBF), and mixed forest (MF), across 81 sites. We found that, except for evergreen forests (EBF and ENF), Kc values had large seasonal variation across all land covers. The spatial variability of Kc was well explained by latitude, suggesting site factors are a major control on Kc. Seasonally, Kc increased significantly with precipitation in the summer months, except in EBF. Moreover, leaf area index (LAI) significantly influenced monthly Kc in all land covers, except in EBF. During the peak growing season, forests had the highest Kc values, while croplands (CRO) had the lowest. We developed a series of multivariate linear monthly regression models for Kc by land cover type and season using LAI, site latitude, and monthly precipitation as independent variables. The Kc models are useful for understanding water stress in different ecosystems under climate change and variability as well as for estimating seasonal ET for large areas with mixed land covers. DA - 2017/1/18/ PY - 2017/1/18/ DO - 10.5194/hess-21-311-2017 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 311-322 SN - 1607-7938 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecological genomics of local adaptation in Cornus florida L. by genotyping by sequencing AU - Pais, Andrew L. AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - Xiang, Qiu-Yun T2 - ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Abstract Discovering local adaptation, its genetic underpinnings, and environmental drivers is important for conserving forest species. Ecological genomic approaches coupled with next‐generation sequencing are useful means to detect local adaptation and uncover its underlying genetic basis in nonmodel species. We report results from a study on flowering dogwood trees ( Cornus florida L .) using genotyping by sequencing ( GBS ). This species is ecologically important to eastern US forests but is severely threatened by fungal diseases. We analyzed subpopulations in divergent ecological habitats within North Carolina to uncover loci under local selection and associated with environmental–functional traits or disease infection. At this scale, we tested the effect of incorporating additional sequencing before scaling for a broader examination of the entire range. To test for biases of GBS , we sequenced two similarly sampled libraries independently from six populations of three ecological habitats. We obtained environmental–functional traits for each subpopulation to identify associations with genotypes via latent factor mixed modeling ( LFMM ) and gradient forests analysis. To test whether heterogeneity of abiotic pressures resulted in genetic differentiation indicative of local adaptation, we evaluated F st per locus while accounting for genetic differentiation between coastal subpopulations and Piedmont‐Mountain subpopulations. Of the 54 candidate loci with sufficient evidence of being under selection among both libraries, 28–39 were Arlequin–BayeScan F st outliers. For LFMM , 45 candidates were associated with climate (of 54), 30 were associated with soil properties, and four were associated with plant health. Reanalysis of combined libraries showed that 42 candidate loci still showed evidence of being under selection. We conclude environment‐driven selection on specific loci has resulted in local adaptation in response to potassium deficiencies, temperature, precipitation, and (to a marginal extent) disease. High allele turnover along ecological gradients further supports the adaptive significance of loci speculated to be under selection. DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.1002/ece3.2623 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 441-465 SN - 2045-7758 KW - Cornus florida KW - genotyping by sequencing KW - local adaptation KW - single nucleotide polymorphisms ER - TY - JOUR TI - An extractive removal step optimized for a high-throughput alpha-cellulose extraction method for delta C-13 and delta O-18 stable isotope ratio analysis in conifer tree rings AU - Lin, Wen AU - Noormets, Asko AU - King, John S. AU - Sun, Ge AU - McNulty, Steve AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O) of tree-ring α-cellulose are important tools in paleoclimatology, ecology, plant physiology and genetics. The Multiple Sample Isolation System for Solids (MSISS) was a major advance in the tree-ring α-cellulose extraction methods, offering greater throughput and reduced labor input compared to traditional alternatives. However, the usability of the method for resinous conifer species may be limited by the need to remove extractives from some conifer species in a separate pretreatment step. Here we test the necessity of pretreatment for α-cellulose extraction in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), and the efficiency of a modified acetone-based ambient-temperature step for the removal of extractives (i) in loblolly pine from five geographic locations representing its natural range in the southeastern USA, and (ii) on five other common coniferous species (black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.), Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa D.)) with contrasting extractive profiles. The differences of δ13C values between the new and traditional pretreatment methods were within the precision of the isotope ratio mass spectrometry method used (±0.2‰), and the differences between δ18O values were not statistically significant. Although some unanticipated results were observed in Fraser fir, the new ambient-temperature technique was deemed as effective as the more labor-consuming and toxic traditional pretreatment protocol. The proposed technique requires a separate acetone-inert multiport system similar to MSISS, and the execution of both pretreatment and main extraction steps allows for simultaneous treatment of up to several hundred microsamples from resinous softwood, while the need of additional labor input remains minimal. DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.1093/treephys/tpw084 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 142-150 SN - 1758-4469 KW - iWUE KW - pretreatment KW - resin removal KW - stable carbon isotope ratio KW - stable oxygen isotope ratio KW - water use efficiency ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Comparison of raster-based travel time surfaces against vector-based network calculations as applied in the study of rural food deserts AU - Mulrooney, T. AU - Beratan, K. AU - McGinn, C. AU - Branch, B. T2 - Applied Geography DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 78 SP - 12-21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - 'Biomass and nutrient mass of Acacia dealbata and Eucalyptus globulus bioenergy plantations AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Rubilar, Rafael A. AU - Maier, Chris A. AU - Acuna, Eduardo A. AU - Cook, Rachel L. T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - We quantified biomass and nutrient accumulation of Acacia dealbata Link and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. planted at stem densities of 5000 and 15000 ha−1 in a bioenergy plantation in Chile. We tested the hypotheses that species and stocking will not affect biomass or nutrient accumulation. Species and stocking did not affect biomass accumulation after five years; however, species and stocking did influence nutrient mass. A. dealbata had higher nitrogen mass than E. globulus for total (397 kg ha−1 more, i.e., 126% higher), foliage (188 kg ha−1, 218%), branch (55 kg ha−1, 95%), stem (120 kg ha−1, 86%), and root (34 kg ha−1, 109%) components, likely because A. dealbata fixes nitrogen. A. dealbata had lower calcium mass than E. globulus for branch (111 kg ha−1, 60%) and stem (69 kg ha−1, 39%) components. Root nitrogen and phosphorus masses and foliage, branch and root boron masses were significantly lower with a stocking density of 5000 ha−1. Low stocking produced the same amount of total biomass as high stocking for both species and would be less expensive to plant. A. dealbata had higher nitrogen mass and likely increased soil nitrogen. E. globulus had high calcium mass in the stem and branches; off-site losses could be mitigated with stem-only harvests and debarking of stems in the field. Given the rainfall patterns and water availability constraints in Chile, additional criteria including water use efficiency would be required to determine the best species for bioenergy plantations in Chile. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.12.025 VL - 97 SP - 162-171 SN - 1873-2909 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85008967232&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Nitrogen KW - Phosphorus KW - Potassium KW - Calcium KW - Magnesium KW - Boron ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pinus ponderosa : A checkered past obscured four species AU - Willyard, Ann AU - Gernandt, David S. AU - Potter, Kevin AU - Hipkins, Valerie AU - Marquardt, Paula AU - Mahalovich, Mary Frances AU - Langer, Stephen K. AU - Telewski, Frank W. AU - Cooper, Blake AU - Douglas, Connor AU - Finch, Kristen AU - Karemera, Hassani H. AU - Lefler, Julia AU - Lea, Payton AU - Wofford, Austin T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY AB - PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Molecular genetic evidence can help delineate taxa in species complexes that lack diagnostic morphological characters. Pinus ponderosa (Pinaceae; subsection Ponderosae ) is recognized as a problematic taxon: plastid phylogenies of exemplars were paraphyletic, and mitochondrial phylogeography suggested at least four subdivisions of P. ponderosa . These patterns have not been examined in the context of other Ponderosae species. We hypothesized that putative intraspecific subdivisions might each represent a separate taxon. METHODS: We genotyped six highly variable plastid simple sequence repeats in 1903 individuals from 88 populations of P. ponderosa and related Ponderosae ( P. arizonica , P. engelmannii , and P. jeffreyi ). We used multilocus haplotype networks and discriminant analysis of principal components to test clustering of individuals into genetically and geographically meaningful taxonomic units. KEY RESULTS: There are at least four distinct plastid clusters within P. ponderosa that roughly correspond to the geographic distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes. Some geographic regions have intermixed plastid lineages, and some mitochondrial and plastid boundaries do not coincide. Based on relative distances to other species of Ponderosae , these clusters diagnose four distinct taxa. CONCLUSIONS: Newly revealed geographic boundaries of four distinct taxa ( P. benthamiana , P. brachyptera , P. scopulorum , and a narrowed concept of P. ponderosa ) do not correspond completely with taxonomies. Further research is needed to understand their morphological and nuclear genetic makeup, but we suggest that resurrecting originally published species names would more appropriately reflect the taxonomy of this checkered classification than their current treatment as varieties of P. ponderosa . DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.3732/ajb.1600336 VL - 104 IS - 1 SP - 161-181 SN - 1537-2197 KW - Pinaceae KW - Pinus KW - plastid microsatellites KW - ponderosa pine KW - Ponderosae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elevated light levels reduce hemlock woolly adelgid infestation and improve carbon balance of infested eastern hemlock seedlings AU - Brantley, Steven T. AU - Mayfield, Albert E., III AU - Jetton, Robert M. AU - Miniat, Chelcy F. AU - Zietlow, David R. AU - Brown, Cindi L. AU - Rhea, James R. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - The rapid loss of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) due to infestation with hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae, HWA) has greatly altered structure and function of eastern forests. Numerous control strategies including local pesticide use and biocontrol with predator beetles have been implemented with considerable cost and varying success. Silviculture treatments that increase incident light on surviving hemlock trees to reduce infestation and ameliorate carbon starvation have been proposed as another possible conservation strategy, yet no controlled studies have evaluated the coupled plant-insect responses to increased light. We conducted a nursery experiment on artificially infested eastern hemlock seedlings under varying levels of ambient light, ranging from 0 to 90% shade. We measured HWA infestation (ovisac density), short- and long-term indicators of carbon balance (leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, net photosynthesis, total nonstructural carbohydrate content, and shoot growth), and nutrition (leaf N content). We hypothesized that higher light would result in reduced HWA densities, higher C assimilation rates, and improved tissue non-structural carbohydrate balance; and these effects would ameliorate the effects of infestation on C balance and lead to improved seedling growth. HWA density decreased with increasing light, and was highest in the 90% shade treatments. However, photosystem II efficiency and net assimilation were also lower under the higher light treatment. Despite tradeoffs between reduced infestation and reduced leaf function from higher light, and little variation in sugar content among treatments, both leaf and root starch content and seedling growth were higher under the higher light treatment. Increasing light levels improves long-term carbon balance for hemlock seedlings in the presence of HWA. Although hemlock typically occurs in deeply shaded forests, our results suggest that silvicultural treatments such as forest thinning that increase light exposure may reduce HWA abundance and lead to better tree C balance, and may be an effective component of large-scale conservation and restoration strategies. DA - 2017/2/1/ PY - 2017/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.11.028 VL - 385 SP - 150-160 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Adelges tsugae KW - Invasive species KW - Nonstructural carbohydrates KW - Shade KW - Tsuga canadensis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Continuous Corn and Corn-Soybean Profits over a 45-Year Tillage and Fertilizer Experiment AU - Trlica, Andrew AU - Walia, Maninder K. AU - Krausz, Ron AU - Secchi, Silvia AU - Cook, Rachel L. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Core Ideas Cumulative profit (1970–2014) in no‐till was similar to other tillage types with NPK. Relative profits were more sensitive to changes in machinery than herbicide cost. Return on fertilizer ranged from 56 to 251% for P and K and 69 to 434% for N. Studies comparing profitability of tillage systems often examine narrow historic windows or exclude annual price fluctuations. This study uses a continuous corn ( Zea mays L.) (CC; 1970–1990) and corn–soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (CS; 1991–2014) Tillage × Fertilizer study in somewhat poorly drained soils in southern Illinois to reconstruct partial annual budgets with historical prices for crops, fertilizers, lime, herbicides, fuel, labor, and machinery. Combinations of tillage (moldboard plow [MP], chisel tillage [ChT], alternate tillage [AT], and no‐till [NT]) and fertilizer (Control, N‐only, N+NPK starter, NPK+NPK starter, and NPK broadcast) treatments were evaluated. The CC profits were highest in NPK‐applied treatments followed by N‐only and Control. The MP treatments were similar to ChT and more profitable than NT, while AT fell between. In CS, NPK‐applied treatments were similar regardless of tillage. Combined costs for herbicide, machinery, labor, and diesel were higher in MP and ChT systems than AT and lowest in NT, but were a small percentage of total costs (26.6, 26.0, 21.5, and 18.2%, respectively). Nitrogen fertilizer offered a return on investment of 396% in CC and 133% in CS while P & K returned 78% in CC and 109% in CS. Sensitivity analysis in CS showed that NT would be less profitable than MP if herbicide costs increased 850%. A 300% machinery cost increase would have made MP less profitable than NT. These findings suggest that since 1991 CS under NT carried the same potential for profit as other tillage systems under full fertility management. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2016.06.0377 VL - 109 IS - 1 SP - 218-226 SN - 1435-0645 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85010375436&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions between white-tailed deer density and the composition of forest understories in the northern United States AU - Russell, Matthew B. AU - Woodall, Christopher W. AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Walters, Brian F. AU - Domke, Grant M. AU - Oswalt, Christopher M. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Forest understories across the northern United States (US) are a complex of tree seedlings, endemic forbs, herbs, shrubs, and introduced plant species within a forest structure defined by tree and forest floor attributes. The substantial increase in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman) populations over the past decades has resulted in heavy browse pressure in many of these forests. To gain an objective assessment of the role of deer in forested ecosystems, a region-wide forest inventory across the northern US was examined in concert with white-tailed deer density information compiled at broad scales. Results indicate that deer density may be an additional driver of tree seedling abundance when analyzed along with stand attributes such as aboveground biomass, relative density, and stand age. Tree seedling abundance generally decreased as deer density increased above 5.8 deer km2 for all forest type groups with the exception of oak-dominated forests. Findings indicate that introduced plant species, of which 393 were recorded in this study, increased in areas with higher deer density. The abundance of white-tailed deer is just as important as forest stand and site attributes in the development of forest understories. Given the complexity of forest and land use dynamics across the northern US, this study provides directions for future research as more data linking forest-dependent wildlife and forest dynamics at regional and national scales become available. DA - 2017/1/15/ PY - 2017/1/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.10.038 VL - 384 SP - 26-33 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Browsing KW - Forest Inventory and Analysis KW - Invasive plants KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - Tree regeneration KW - Understory vegetation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating Criminological and Decision Research Theory: Implications for Understanding and Addressing Crime in Marginalized Communities AU - Rivers, Louie, III AU - Gibbs, Carole AU - Paternoster, Raymond T2 - DEVIANT BEHAVIOR AB - Minority groups are significantly overrepresented in crime. Theories of racial differences in crime developed using two separate and distinct approaches that highlight either increased exposure to criminogenic factors at the individual level or greater risk of crime due to disadvantaged neighborhood conditions. Neighborhood theories describe how structural disadvantage disrupts neighborhood social processes and produces oppositional street cultures. In the article, we advance theorizing on race and crime by linking the neighborhood experience to individual-level decision making via new conceptualizations of culture. Rather than a “values as goals” view of culture, culture may include a “tool kit” of ways to solve problems and this cultural toolkit may, in turn, influence how an individual makes decisions. Specifically, culturally learned toolkits may increase flaws in the decision process (e.g., fast and intuitive rather than deliberate decision processes, the use of decision heuristics) to produce more crime, which would explain the association between race and crime. We integrate this conceptualization of culture and these flaws in the decision-making process into rational choice theory at the individual level and describe how they may be exacerbated in disadvantaged neighborhood contexts. Implications for understanding race and crime and directions for future research are discussed. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1080/01639625.2016.1196948 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 74-93 SN - 1521-0456 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84979049920&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uncertainties in mapping forest carbon in urban ecosystems AU - Chen, Gang AU - Ozelkan, Emre AU - Singh, Kunwar K. AU - Zhou, Jun AU - Brown, Marilyn R. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AB - Spatially explicit urban forest carbon estimation provides a baseline map for understanding the variation in forest vertical structure, informing sustainable forest management and urban planning. While high-resolution remote sensing has proven promising for carbon mapping in highly fragmented urban landscapes, data cost and availability are the major obstacle prohibiting accurate, consistent, and repeated measurement of forest carbon pools in cities. This study aims to evaluate the uncertainties of forest carbon estimation in response to the combined impacts of remote sensing data resolution and neighborhood spatial patterns in Charlotte, North Carolina. The remote sensing data for carbon mapping were resampled to a range of resolutions, i.e., LiDAR point cloud density - 5.8, 4.6, 2.3, and 1.2 pt s/m2, aerial optical NAIP (National Agricultural Imagery Program) imagery - 1, 5, 10, and 20 m. Urban spatial patterns were extracted to represent area, shape complexity, dispersion/interspersion, diversity, and connectivity of landscape patches across the residential neighborhoods with built-up densities from low, medium-low, medium-high, to high. Through statistical analyses, we found that changing remote sensing data resolution introduced noticeable uncertainties (variation) in forest carbon estimation at the neighborhood level. Higher uncertainties were caused by the change of LiDAR point density (causing 8.7-11.0% of variation) than changing NAIP image resolution (causing 6.2-8.6% of variation). For both LiDAR and NAIP, urban neighborhoods with a higher degree of anthropogenic disturbance unveiled a higher level of uncertainty in carbon mapping. However, LiDAR-based results were more likely to be affected by landscape patch connectivity, and the NAIP-based estimation was found to be significantly influenced by the complexity of patch shape. DA - 2017/2/1/ PY - 2017/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.062 VL - 187 SP - 229-238 SN - 1095-8630 KW - Urban forest KW - Carbon mapping KW - Uncertainty analysis KW - Remote sensing resolution KW - Neighborhood pattern ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of sulfur and hair growth on stable isotope diet estimates for grizzly bears AU - Mowat, Garth AU - Curtis, P. Jeff AU - Lafferty, Diana J. R. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Stable isotope ratios of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) guard hair collected from bears on the lower Stikine River, British Columbia (BC) were analyzed to: 1) test whether measuring δ34S values improved the precision of the salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) diet fraction estimate relative to δ15N as is conventionally done, 2) investigate whether measuring δ34S values improves the separation of diet contributions of moose (Alces alces), marmot (Marmota caligata), and mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) and, 3) examine the relationship between collection date and length of hair and stable isotope values. Variation in isotope signatures among hair samples from the same bear and year were not trivial. The addition of δ34S values to mixing models used to estimate diet fractions generated small improvement in the precision of salmon and terrestrial prey diet fractions. Although the δ34S value for salmon is precise and appears general among species and areas, sulfur ratios were strongly correlated with nitrogen ratios and therefore added little new information to the mixing model regarding the consumption of salmon. Mean δ34S values for the three terrestrial herbivores of interest were similar and imprecise, so these data also added little new information to the mixing model. The addition of sulfur data did confirm that at least some bears in this system ate marmots during summer and fall. We show that there are bears with short hair that assimilate >20% salmon in their diet and bears with longer hair that eat no salmon living within a few kilometers of one another in a coastal ecosystem. Grizzly bears are thought to re-grow hair between June and October however our analysis of sectioned hair suggested at least some hairs begin growing in July or August, not June and, that hair of wild bears may grow faster than observed in captive bears. Our hair samples may have been from the year of sampling or the previous year because samples were collected in summer when bears were growing new hair. The salmon diet fraction increased with later hair collection dates, as expected if samples were from the year of sampling because salmon began to arrive in mid-summer. Bears that ate salmon had shorter hair and δ15N and δ34S values declined with hair length, also suggesting some hair samples were grown the year of sampling. To be sure to capture an entire hair growth period, samples must be collected in late fall. Early spring samples are also likely to be from the previous year but the date when hair begins to grow appears to vary. Choosing the longest hair available should increase the chance the hair was grown during the previous year and, maximize the period for which diet is measured. DA - 2017/3/1/ PY - 2017/3/1/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0172194 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Partitioning controls on Amazon forest photosynthesis between environmental and biotic factors at hourly to interannual timescales AU - Wu, Jin AU - Guan, Kaiyu AU - Hayek, Matthew AU - Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia AU - Wiedemann, Kenia T. AU - Xu, Xiangtao AU - Wehr, Richard AU - Christoffersen, Bradley O. AU - Miao, Guofang AU - Silva, Rodrigo AU - Araujo, Alessandro C. AU - Oliviera, Raimundo C. AU - Camargo, Plinio B. AU - Monson, Russell K. AU - Huete, Alfredo R. . AU - Saleska, Scott R. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) in tropical forests varies both with the environment and with biotic changes in photosynthetic infrastructure, but our understanding of the relative effects of these factors across timescales is limited. Here, we used a statistical model to partition the variability of seven years of eddy covariance-derived GEP in a central Amazon evergreen forest into two main causes: variation in environmental drivers (solar radiation, diffuse light fraction, and vapor pressure deficit) that interact with model parameters that govern photosynthesis and biotic variation in canopy photosynthetic light-use efficiency associated with changes in the parameters themselves. Our fitted model was able to explain most of the variability in GEP at hourly (R2 = 0.77) to interannual (R2 = 0.80) timescales. At hourly timescales, we found that 75% of observed GEP variability could be attributed to environmental variability. When aggregating GEP to the longer timescales (daily, monthly, and yearly), however, environmental variation explained progressively less GEP variability: At monthly timescales, it explained only 3%, much less than biotic variation in canopy photosynthetic light-use efficiency, which accounted for 63%. These results challenge modeling approaches that assume GEP is primarily controlled by the environment at both short and long timescales. Our approach distinguishing biotic from environmental variability can help to resolve debates about environmental limitations to tropical forest photosynthesis. For example, we found that biotically regulated canopy photosynthetic light-use efficiency (associated with leaf phenology) increased with sunlight during dry seasons (consistent with light but not water limitation of canopy development) but that realized GEP was nonetheless lower relative to its potential efficiency during dry than wet seasons (consistent with water limitation of photosynthesis in given assemblages of leaves). This work highlights the importance of accounting for differential regulation of GEP at different timescales and of identifying the underlying feedbacks and adaptive mechanisms. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1111/gcb.13509 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 1240-1257 SN - 1365-2486 KW - environmental limitation KW - leaf demography KW - leaf quality KW - leaf quantity KW - light-use efficiency KW - phenology KW - physiology KW - temperature sensitivity on productivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Indigenous Perspectives on Private Protected Areas in Chile AU - Serenari, Christopher AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Wallace, Tim AU - Stowhas, Paulina T2 - NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL AB - It is no longer conventional nor desirable practice for protected area managers to disregard the needs and desires of indigenous people. Several frameworks attempting to identify the roots of indigenous-external conservation actor conflict have emerged in recent decades. The rise of private protected areas (PPAs), however, is yet to be fully represented in these frameworks. We conducted interviews with Mapuche leaders and community members at three PPA sites in Chile's Los Ríos region to explore how they perceived PPAs and their social impacts. Our analysis suggests Mapuche were not resisting constraints on resource rights and use created by Chile's property-rights system. Informants, particularly community leaders and elders, adopted a deliberate and cautious approach to relationship building with PPA administrations, perhaps because of a Mapuche history negotiating colonialism, corporate exploitation, political marginalization, environmental degradation, and capitalism. Our results suggest that to be inclusive of PPAs in Los Ríos, future conflict frameworks should attend less to the notion of controlling territories and people and more on how private property regimes inhibit park-people partnerships, what global and state mechanisms contribute to conflict at the local level, and how locals respond to PPA creation. DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.3375/043.037.0112 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 98-107 SN - 2162-4399 KW - conflict KW - framework KW - indigenous KW - Mapuche KW - private protected area ER - TY - JOUR TI - Importance of deep water uptake in tropical eucalypt forest AU - Christina, M. AU - Nouvellon, Y. AU - Laclau, J. P. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Bouillet, J. P. AU - Lambais, G. R. AU - Maire, G. T2 - Functional Ecology DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 509-519 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forecasts of urbanization scenarios reveal trade-offs between landscape change and ecosystem services AU - Pickard, Brian R. AU - Van Berkel, Derek AU - Petrasova, Anna AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AB - Expansion of urban settlements has caused observed declines in ecosystem services (ES) globally, further stressing the need for informed urban development and policies. Incorporating ES concepts into the decision making process has been shown to support resilient and functional ecosystems. Coupling land change and ES models allows for insights into the impacts and anticipated trade-offs of specific policy decisions. The spatial configuration of urbanization likely influences the delivery and production of ES. When considering multiple ES simultaneously, improving the production of one ecosystem service often results in the decrease in the provision of other ES, giving rise to trade-offs. We examine the impact of three urban growth scenarios on several ES to determine the degree to which spatial configuration of urbanization and the development of natural land cover impacts these services over 25 years. We couple land change and ES models to examine impacts to carbon sequestration, surface water-run off, nitrogen and phosphorus export, organic farming and camping site suitability, to determine trade-offs among the six ES associated with each spatial configuration for western North Carolina. Consequences of urban configurations are dramatic, with degraded ES across all scenarios and substantial variation depending on urban pattern, revealing trade-offs. Counter-intuitive trade-offs between carbon sequestration and lands available for organic farming and camping were observed, suggesting that no configurations result in mutual benefits for all ES. By understanding trade-offs associated with urban configurations, decision makers can identify ES critical to an area and promote configurations that enhance those. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1007/s10980-016-0465-8 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 617-634 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Ecosystem services KW - Trade-offs KW - Land change KW - Geospatial ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does hunting or hiking affect wildlife communities in protected areas? AU - Kays, Roland AU - Parsons, Arielle W. AU - Baker, Megan C. AU - Kalies, Elizabeth L. AU - Forrester, Tavis AU - Costello, Robert AU - Rota, Christopher T. AU - Millspaugh, Joshua J. AU - McShea, William J. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY AB - Summary Managed public wild areas have dual mandates to protect biodiversity and provide recreational opportunities for people. These goals could be at odds if recreation, ranging from hiking to legal hunting, disrupts wildlife enough to alter their space use or community structure. We evaluated the effect of managed hunting and recreation on 12 terrestrial wildlife species by employing a large citizen science camera trapping survey at 1947 sites stratified across different levels of human activities in 32 protected forests in the eastern USA . Habitat covariates, especially the amount of large continuous forest and local housing density, were more important than recreation for affecting the distribution of most species. The four most hunted species (white‐tailed deer, raccoons, eastern grey and fox squirrels) were commonly detected throughout the region, but relatively less so at hunted sites. Recreation was most important for affecting the distribution of coyotes, which used hunted areas more compared with unhunted control areas, and did not avoid areas used by hikers. Most species did not avoid human‐made trails, and many predators positively selected them. Bears and bobcats were more likely to avoid people in hunted areas than unhunted preserves, suggesting that they perceive the risk of humans differently depending on local hunting regulations. However, this effect was not found for the most heavily hunted species, suggesting that human hunters are not broadly creating ‘fear’ effects to the wildlife community as would be expected for apex predators. Synthesis and applications . Although we found that hiking and managed hunting have measureable effects on the distribution of some species, these were relatively minor in comparison with the importance of habitat covariates associated with land use and habitat fragmentation. These patterns of wildlife distribution suggest that the present practices for regulating recreation in the region are sustainable and in balance with the goal of protecting wildlife populations and may be facilitated by decades of animal habituation to humans. The citizen science monitoring approach we developed could offer a long‐term monitoring protocol for protected areas, which would help managers to detect where and when the balance between recreation and wildlife has tipped. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1111/1365-2664.12700 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 242-252 SN - 1365-2664 KW - camera trap KW - citizen science KW - hiking KW - hunting KW - mammals KW - park KW - protected area KW - protected forest KW - recreation KW - wildlife communities ER - TY - JOUR TI - Daily Landsat-scale evapotranspiration estimation over a forested landscape in North Carolina, USA, using multi-satellite data fusion AU - Yang, Yun AU - Anderson, Martha C. AU - Gao, Feng AU - Hain, Christopher R. AU - Semmens, Kathryn A. AU - Kustas, William P. AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Wynne, Randolph H. AU - Thomas, Valerie A. AU - Sun, Ge T2 - HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES AB - Abstract. As a primary flux in the global water cycle, evapotranspiration (ET) connects hydrologic and biological processes and is directly affected by water and land management, land use change and climate variability. Satellite remote sensing provides an effective means for diagnosing ET patterns over heterogeneous landscapes; however, limitations on the spatial and temporal resolution of satellite data, combined with the effects of cloud contamination, constrain the amount of detail that a single satellite can provide. In this study, we describe an application of a multi-sensor ET data fusion system over a mixed forested/agricultural landscape in North Carolina, USA, during the growing season of 2013. The fusion system ingests ET estimates from the Two-Source Energy Balance Model (TSEB) applied to thermal infrared remote sensing retrievals of land surface temperature from multiple satellite platforms: hourly geostationary satellite data at 4 km resolution, daily 1 km imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and biweekly Landsat thermal data sharpened to 30 m. These multiple ET data streams are combined using the Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM) to estimate daily ET at 30 m resolution to investigate seasonal water use behavior at the level of individual forest stands and land cover patches. A new method, also exploiting the STARFM algorithm, is used to fill gaps in the Landsat ET retrievals due to cloud cover and/or the scan-line corrector (SLC) failure on Landsat 7. The retrieved daily ET time series agree well with observations at two AmeriFlux eddy covariance flux tower sites in a managed pine plantation within the modeling domain: US-NC2 located in a mid-rotation (20-year-old) loblolly pine stand and US-NC3 located in a recently clear-cut and replanted field site. Root mean square errors (RMSEs) for NC2 and NC3 were 0.99 and 1.02 mm day−1, respectively, with mean absolute errors of approximately 29 % at the daily time step, 12 % at the monthly time step and 0.7 % over the full study period at the two flux tower sites. Analyses of water use patterns over the plantation indicate increasing seasonal ET with stand age for young to mid-rotation stands up to 20 years, but little dependence on age for older stands. An accounting of consumptive water use by major land cover classes representative of the modeling domain is presented, as well as relative partitioning of ET between evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) components obtained with the TSEB. The study provides new insights about the effects of management and land use change on water yield over forested landscapes. DA - 2017/2/17/ PY - 2017/2/17/ DO - 10.5194/hess-21-1017-2017 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 1017-1037 SN - 1607-7938 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advances in ecological genomics in forest trees and applications to genetic resources conservation and breeding AU - Holliday, Jason A. AU - Aitken, Sally N. AU - Cooke, Janice E. K. AU - Fady, Bruno AU - Gonzalez-Martinez, Santiago C. AU - Heuertz, Myriam AU - Jaramillo-Correa, Juan-Pablo AU - Lexer, Christian AU - Staton, Margaret AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - Plomion, Christophe T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Forest trees are an unparalleled group of organisms in their combined ecological, economic and societal importance. With widespread distributions, predominantly random mating systems and large population sizes, most tree species harbour extensive genetic variation both within and among populations. At the same time, demographic processes associated with Pleistocene climate oscillations and land-use change have affected contemporary range-wide diversity and may impinge on the potential for future adaptation. Understanding how these adaptive and neutral processes have shaped the genomes of trees species is therefore central to their management and conservation. As for many other taxa, the advent of high-throughput sequencing methods is expected to yield an understanding of the interplay between the genome and environment at a level of detail and depth not possible only a few years ago. An international conference entitled 'Genomics and Forest Tree Genetics' was held in May 2016, in Arcachon (France), and brought together forest geneticists with a wide range of research interests to disseminate recent efforts that leverage contemporary genomic tools to probe the population, quantitative and evolutionary genomics of trees. An important goal of the conference was to discuss how such data can be applied to both genome-enabled breeding and the conservation of forest genetic resources under land use and climate change. Here, we report discoveries presented at the meeting and discuss how the ecological genomic toolkit can be used to address both basic and applied questions in tree biology. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1111/mec.13963 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 706-717 SN - 1365-294X KW - adaptation KW - conservation genetics KW - forestry KW - genomics/proteomics KW - molecular evolution KW - phylogeography ER -