TY - JOUR TI - Dynamics of ecosystem carbon balance recovering from a clear-cutting in a cool-temperate forest AU - Aguilos, M. AU - Takagi, K. AU - Liang, N. AU - Ueyama, M. AU - Fukuzawa, K. AU - Nomura, M. AU - Kishida, O. AU - Fukazawa, T. AU - Takahashi, H. AU - Kotsuka, C. AU - Sakai, R. AU - Ito, K. AU - Watanabe, Y. AU - Fujinuma, Y. AU - Takahashi, Y. AU - Murayama, T. AU - Saigusa, N. AU - Sasa, K. T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology AB - A mixed forest in northern Japan, which had been a weak carbon sink (net ecosystem CO2 exchange [NEE] = −0.44 ± 0.5 Mg C ha−1 yr−1), was disturbed by clear-cutting in 2003 and was replaced with a hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii × L. kaempferi) plantation in the same year. To evaluate the impact of the clear-cutting on the ecosystem's carbon budget, we used 10.5 years (2001–2011) of eddy covariance measurements of CO2 fluxes and the biomass observation for each ecosystem component. BIOME-BGC model was applied to simulate the changes in the carbon fluxes and stocks caused by the clear-cutting. After clear-cutting in 2003, the ecosystem abruptly became a large carbon source. The total CO2 emission during the first 3 years after the disturbance (2003–2005) was 12.2 ± (0.9–1.5; possible min–max range of the error) Mg C ha−1, yet gradually decreased to 2.5 ± (1–2) Mg C ha−1 during the next 4 years. By 2010, the ecosystem had regained its status as a carbon sink (NEE = −0.49 ± 0.5 Mg C ha−1 yr−1). Total gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, and NEE during the 7 years after the clear-cutting (2003–2009) were 64.5 ± (2.6–7), 79.2 ± (2.6–7), and 14.7 ± (1.3–3.5) Mg C ha−1, respectively. From 2003 to 2009, the understory Sasa biomass increased by 16.3 ± 4.8 Mg C ha−1, whereas the newly planted larch only gained 1.00 ± 0.02 Mg C ha−1. The BIOME-BGC simulated observed carbon fluxes and stocks, although further modification on the parameter set may be needed according with the tree growth and corresponding suppression of Sasa growth. Ecosystem carbon budget evaluation and the model simulation suggested that the litter including harvest residues became a large carbon emitter (∼31.9 Mg C ha−1) during the same period. Based on the cumulative NEE during the period when the forest was a net carbon source, we estimate that the ecosystem will require another 8–34 years to fully recover all of the CO2 that was emitted after the clear-cutting, if off-site carbon storage in forest products is not considered. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.06.002 VL - 197 SP - 26-39 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903594244&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluation of priority game species use and propagation feasibility of high value Sandhills native wildlife plants AU - Levan, B. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M3 - Biennial Report 2013-2014 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Breeding productivity and density of Bachman’s sparrow (Federal and State species of special concern) in different training regimes on Fort Bragg, North Carolina AU - Fish, A. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M3 - Biennial Report 2013-2014 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - CHAP TI - Animal Damage Control AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - 2015 Agricultural Chemicals Manual A2 - Shew, B. A2 - Buhler, W.G. A2 - Burrack, H. A2 - Crozier, C. A2 - DePerno, C. A2 - Parker, M. A2 - Roberson, G. A2 - York, A. A2 - Davis, E. A2 - Melton, T. A2 - Burnette, J. PY - 2014/// SP - 402-412 PB - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Urban black bear ecology: Movements, population ecology and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats AU - Gould, N.P. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Olfenbuttel, C. A3 - Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife resources Commission DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M3 - Interim progress report PB - Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife resources Commission ER - TY - RPRT TI - The effects of growing-season prescribed fire on small mammals and ground-nesting birds at Fort Bragg, North Carolina AU - Kilburg, E. AU - Prince, A. AU - Moorman, C. AU - DePerno, C. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M3 - Biennial Report 2013-2014 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Influence of growing-season prescribed fire on white-tailed deer habitat use and forage availability at Fort Bragg, North Carolina AU - Lashley, M.A. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M3 - Biennial Report 2013-2014 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - The influence of coyotes on white-tailed deer recruitment at Fort Bragg, North Carolina AU - Chitwood, M.C. AU - Elfelt, M.B. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Moorman, C.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M3 - Biennial Report 2013-2014 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reducing burning impacts on native forage: implications for terrestrial vertebrate nutrition and food availability AU - Stevenson, B. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Moorman, C.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M3 - Biennial Report 2013-2014 PB - North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University ER - TY - SOUND TI - Natural Resources: Socio-Ecological Systems and Policy AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2014/8/12/ PY - 2014/8/12/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Science, Democracy, and Public Engagement AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Transgenics and Society Roundtable C2 - 2014/3/14/ CY - International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico DA - 2014/3/14/ PY - 2014/3/14/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Perspectives on Public Perceptions of Biotechnology AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Sixth Annual Biotechnology Symposium C2 - 2014/5/15/ CY - SUNY-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, ESF-Gateway Center, Syracuse, NY DA - 2014/5/15/ PY - 2014/5/15/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Transgenics & Society: Towards a Productive Dialogue AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Transgenics and Society Symposium C2 - 2014/7/23/ CY - International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico DA - 2014/7/23/ PY - 2014/7/23/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Does Anticipating Futures Shape Governance? How One NGO Hopes to Predict and Shape Global Regulatory and Commercial Futures in the Creation of Genetically Modified Trees AU - Robinson, M. AU - Delborne, J. AU - Rivers, L. T2 - Democratizing Technologies: Assessing the Roles of NGOs in Shaping Technological Futures C2 - 2014/11/13/ CY - Center for Nanotechnology in Society, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA DA - 2014/11/13/ PY - 2014/11/13/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Biofuels, Biodiversity, and Responsible Innovation: The Case of Genetically Engineered Trees AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2014/11/4/ PY - 2014/11/4/ ER - TY - CONF TI - ‘Next Generation’ Technologies: Expectations, Continuities, and Governance AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2014/8/23/ CY - Buenos Aires, Argentina DA - 2014/8/23/ PY - 2014/8/23/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Intersections of Genetics and Society AU - Delborne, Jason AU - Gould, Fred T2 - Professional Development Workshop for Graduate Students and Public Symposium C2 - 2014/9/19/ CY - Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC DA - 2014/9/19/ PY - 2014/9/19/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - What’s that hiding behind the poll? Perceiving public perceptions of biotechnology AU - Delborne, J. T2 - The Cultural Cognition Project at Yale Law School A2 - Kahan, D. DA - 2014/6/24/ PY - 2014/6/24/ UR - http://www.culturalcognition.net/blog/2014/6/24/whats-that-hiding-behind-the-poll-perceiving-public-percepti.html ER - TY - CONF TI - Grasping Synthetic Biology AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Workshop on Research Agendas in the Societal Aspects of Synthetic Biology C2 - 2014/11/4/ CY - Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ DA - 2014/11/4/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Anticipating Futures in Forest Biotechnology AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2014/10/14/ PY - 2014/10/14/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Anticipatory Translation: Genetically Modified Trees and Conceptualizations of Technological, Regulatory, and Cultural Futures AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2014/12/4/ PY - 2014/12/4/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Regulatory (Mouse) Traps: Social, Cultural and Ethical Issues in Classifying Genetically Engineered Organisms AU - Pitts, E.A. AU - Delborne, J.A. T2 - Second Annual Conference on the Governance of Emerging Technologies: Law, Policy, and Ethics C2 - 2014/5/28/ CY - Talking Stick Resort, Scottsdale, AZ DA - 2014/5/28/ PY - 2014/5/28/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Doubling Back on Risk Perception: Scientists, Genetically Modified Trees, and the Risks of Technological Rejection AU - Delborne, J. AU - Rivers, L. AU - Robinson, M. T2 - Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2014/8/23/ CY - Buenos Aires, Argentina DA - 2014/8/23/ PY - 2014/8/23/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Biodiversity Can Flourish on an Urban Planet AU - Katti, Madhusudan T2 - The Conversation DA - 2014/1/22/ PY - 2014/1/22/ UR - https://theconversation.com/biodiversity-can-flourish-on-an-urban-planet-18723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling Canada yew (Taxus canadensis Marsh.) distribution and abundance in the boreal forest of northeastern Ontario, Canada AU - Dech, Jeffery P. AU - Mayhew-Hammond, Shawn AU - James, April L. AU - Pokharel, Bharat T2 - Ecological Indicators AB - a b s t r a c t Canada yew (Taxus canadensis Marsh.) is a gymnosperm shrub that occurs in the understorey of conifer- ous and deciduous forests throughout the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Canada yew foliage contains high concentrations of paclitaxel and other taxanes, which have proven effective in treating many forms of cancer. A major challenge to the sustainable management of wild Canada yew harvest is the lack of a spatial inventory of the resource. The objective of this study was to develop a spatial model to predict the distribution and abundance of Canada yew populations in a forest landscape representative of the boreal forest region of Ontario, Canada. The study was conducted in the Romeo Mallete Forest (RMF) located on the southern edge of the boreal forest west of Timmins, Ontario. Abun- dance of Canada yew populations was assessed in 140 circular sample plots (5541 m 2 ), established at locations throughout the RMF. Canada yew abundance in each sample plot was estimated as the mean percent cover of three randomly located 100 m2 subplots. Predictor variables were extracted from the Forest Resources Inventory (FRI) of the RMF, and from layers derived from remote sensing data covering the study area. A combination of classification and regression trees with Random Forests analysis was used to develop a classification model for FRI polygons based on patterns of Canada yew abundance, and assess the performance of the model. The classification error rate on the presence/absence model was approximately 21%, and the root mean squared error on the best continuous cover model was 9.1%. In all analyses, the most important classification node was based on percent basal area of the shade-tolerant late successional species Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill), which suggests that patterns of Canada yew abundance are driven largely by time since disturbance. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.06.017 VL - 36 SP - 48-58 J2 - Ecological Indicators LA - en OP - SN - 1470-160X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.06.017 DB - Crossref KW - Canada yew KW - Spatial modeling KW - Regression tree KW - Random Forests KW - Disturbance KW - Boreal forest ER - TY - BLOG TI - Citizen science at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Discover Citizen Science Salon DA - 2014/12/16/ PY - 2014/12/16/ UR - https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/citizen-science-at-the-north-carolina-museum-of-natural-sciences ER - TY - BLOG TI - New Association Wants You! Calling All Supporters of Citizen Science AU - Cooper, C.B T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/3/10/ PY - 2014/3/10/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170909013707/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/03/10/new-citizen-science-association-wants-you/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - First-ever Bluebird Twins Highlight Citizen Science’s value in studying rare events AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/3/26/ PY - 2014/3/26/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170909074722/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/03/26/first-ever-bluebird-twins-highlight-citizen-sciences-value-studying-rare-events/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Expert Amateurs: local dive guides report sharks for citizen science AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/4/26/ PY - 2014/4/26/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170908163229/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/04/26/expert-amateurs-local-dive-guides-report-sharks-citizen-science/ ER - TY - MGZN TI - Expert Amateurs: local dive guides report sharks for citizen science AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Discover DA - 2014/5/9/ PY - 2014/5/9/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Fisherman, sailor, beachcomber, diver - the seas of research helpers AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/8/26/ PY - 2014/8/26/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170909082916/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/08/26/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-fishermen-sailor-beachcomber-diver-seas-research-helpers/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: A tide of citizen science history revisited AU - Cooper, C.B T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/8/28/ PY - 2014/8/28/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20160802222233/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/08/28/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-tide-citizen-science-history-revisited/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Birdwatchers have themselves that thank (and here is why you should thank them too) AU - Cooper, C.B T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/9/4/ PY - 2014/9/4/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170908040311/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/09/04/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-bird-watchers-thank/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: The key to unlocking collaborative conservation for birds AU - Cooper, C.B T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/9/12/ PY - 2014/9/12/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170908214311/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/09/12/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-key-unlocking-collaborative-conservation-birds/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: What Citizen Science Tells Us AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/5/16/ PY - 2014/5/16/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170908155650/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/05/16/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-citizen-science-told-us/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Weekly Roundup AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/5/23/ PY - 2014/5/23/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170908114708/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/05/23/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-weekly-roundup-2/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Shake it up with the fast pace of citizen science AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/5/31/ PY - 2014/5/31/ PB - PLOS UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170908163225/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/05/31/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-shake-fast-pace-citizen-science/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: What would Thoreau do? AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/6/13/ PY - 2014/6/13/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170907175909/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/06/13/coops-citizen-sci-scoopwhat-would-thoreau-do/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Roundup of recent discoveries AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/6/27/ PY - 2014/6/27/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170908065906/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/06/27/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-roundup-recent-discoveries/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Jefferson’s legacy cultivates a nation of amateurs AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/7/4/ PY - 2014/7/4/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20150906004521/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/07/04/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-jeffersons-legacy-cultivates-nation-amateurs/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Does citizen science get lost in translation? AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/7/11/ PY - 2014/7/11/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20150905194223/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/07/11/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-citizen-science-get-lost-translation/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Patients who were research subjects and the doctors who listened – the citizen science of HIV/AIDS research AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/7/20/ PY - 2014/7/20/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20150905213057/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/07/20/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-patients-research-subjects-doctors-listened-citizen-science-hivaids-research/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - The nine simultaneous lives of cats: cat tracker AU - Cooper, C.B T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2014/7/25/ PY - 2014/7/25/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170907231722/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/07/25/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-nine-simultaneous-lives-cats/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - A simple framework to estimate distributed soil temperature from discrete air temperature measurements in data-scarce regions AU - Liang, L.L. AU - Riveros-Iregui, D.A. AU - Emanuel, R.E. AU - McGlynn, B.L. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1002/2013JD020597. VL - 119 IS - 2 SP - 407-417 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85018786020&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - RPRT TI - 2014 Rx Fire at Summer Camp AU - Roise, J.P. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M3 - Instructional Video UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKiKqeaKDM8 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Sustainable Forest Ecosystems: The Theory of Forest-Human Interactions or Socio-Ecology AU - Roise, Joseph DA - 2014/5/28/ PY - 2014/5/28/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is there a weekend bias in clutch-initiation dates from citizen science? Implications for studies of avian breeding phenology AU - Cooper, Caren B. T2 - International Journal of Biometeorology DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1007/s00484-013-0742-z VL - 58 IS - 7 SP - 1415–1419 SN - 0020-7128 1432-1254 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-013-0742-z ER - TY - JOUR TI - The eBird enterprise: An integrated approach to development and application of citizen science AU - Sullivan, Brian L. AU - Aycrigg, Jocelyn L. AU - Barry, Jessie H. AU - Bonney, Rick E. AU - Bruns, Nicholas AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Damoulas, Theo AU - Dhondt, André A. AU - Dietterich, Tom AU - Farnsworth, Andrew AU - Fink, Daniel AU - Fitzpatrick, John W. AU - Fredericks, Thomas AU - Gerbracht, Jeff AU - Gomes, Carla AU - Hochachka, Wesley M. AU - Iliff, Marshall J. AU - Lagoze, Carl AU - La Sorte, Frank A. AU - Merrifield, Matthew AU - Morris, Will AU - Phillips, Tina B. AU - Reynolds, Mark AU - Rodewald, Amanda D. AU - Rosenberg, Kenneth V. AU - Trautmann, Nancy M. AU - Wiggins, Andrea AU - Winkler, David W. AU - Wong, Weng-Keen AU - Wood, Christopher L. AU - Yu, Jun AU - Kelling, Steve T2 - Biological Conservation AB - Citizen-science projects engage volunteers to gather or process data to address scientific questions. But citizen-science projects vary in their ability to contribute usefully for science, conservation, or public policy. eBird has evolved from a basic citizen-science project into a collective enterprise, taking a novel approach to citizen science by developing cooperative partnerships among experts in a wide range of fields: population and distributions, conservation biologists, quantitative ecologists, statisticians, computer scientists, GIS and informatics specialists, application developers, and data administrators. The goal is to increase data quantity through participant recruitment and engagement, but also to quantify and control for data quality issues such as observer variability, imperfect detection of species, and both spatial and temporal bias in data collection. Advances at the interface among ecology, statistics, and computer science allow us to create new species distribution models that provide accurate estimates across broad spatial and temporal scales with extremely detailed resolution. eBird data are openly available and used by a broad spectrum of students, teachers, scientists, NGOs, government agencies, land managers, and policy makers. Feedback from this broad data use community helps identify development priorities. As a result, eBird has become a major source of biodiversity data, increasing our knowledge of the dynamics of species distributions, and having a direct impact on the conservation of birds and their habitats. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.003 VL - 169 SP - 31-40 J2 - Biological Conservation LA - en OP - SN - 0006-3207 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.003 DB - Crossref KW - eBird KW - Citizen-science ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Invisible Prevalence of Citizen Science in Global Research: Migratory Birds and Climate Change AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Shirk, Jennifer AU - Zuckerberg, Benjamin T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Citizen science is a research practice that relies on public contributions of data. The strong recognition of its educational value combined with the need for novel methods to handle subsequent large and complex data sets raises the question: Is citizen science effective at science? A quantitative assessment of the contributions of citizen science for its core purpose--scientific research--is lacking. We examined the contribution of citizen science to a review paper by ornithologists in which they formulated ten central claims about the impact of climate change on avian migration. Citizen science was never explicitly mentioned in the review article. For each of the claims, these ornithologists scored their opinions about the amount of research effort invested in each claim and how strongly the claim was supported by evidence. This allowed us to also determine whether their trust in claims was, unwittingly or not, related to the degree to which the claims relied primarily on data generated by citizen scientists. We found that papers based on citizen science constituted between 24 and 77% of the references backing each claim, with no evidence of a mistrust of claims that relied heavily on citizen-science data. We reveal that many of these papers may not easily be recognized as drawing upon volunteer contributions, as the search terms "citizen science" and "volunteer" would have overlooked the majority of the studies that back the ten claims about birds and climate change. Our results suggest that the significance of citizen science to global research, an endeavor that is reliant on long-term information at large spatial scales, might be far greater than is readily perceived. To better understand and track the contributions of citizen science in the future, we urge researchers to use the keyword "citizen science" in papers that draw on efforts of non-professionals. DA - 2014/9/3/ PY - 2014/9/3/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0106508 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - e106508 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106508 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of partial statistics in individual-based landscape genetics AU - Kierepka, E. M. AU - Latch, E. K. T2 - Molecular Ecology Resources AB - Individual-based landscape genetic methods have become increasingly popular for quantifying fine-scale landscape influences on gene flow. One complication for individual-based methods is that gene flow and landscape variables are often correlated with geography. Partial statistics, particularly Mantel tests, are often employed to control for these inherent correlations by removing the effects of geography while simultaneously correlating measures of genetic differentiation and landscape variables of interest. Concerns about the reliability of Mantel tests prompted this study, in which we use simulated landscapes to evaluate the performance of partial Mantel tests and two ordination methods, distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) and redundancy analysis (RDA), for detecting isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by landscape resistance (IBR). Specifically, we described the effects of suitable habitat amount, fragmentation and resistance strength on metrics of accuracy (frequency of correct results, type I/II errors and strength of IBR according to underlying landscape and resistance strength) for each test using realistic individual-based gene flow simulations. Mantel tests were very effective for detecting IBD, but exhibited higher error rates when detecting IBR. Ordination methods were overall more accurate in detecting IBR, but had high type I errors compared to partial Mantel tests. Thus, no one test outperformed another completely. A combination of statistical tests, for example partial Mantel tests to detect IBD paired with appropriate ordination techniques for IBR detection, provides the best characterization of fine-scale landscape genetic structure. Realistic simulations of empirical data sets will further increase power to distinguish among putative mechanisms of differentiation. DA - 2014/9/30/ PY - 2014/9/30/ DO - 10.1111/1755-0998.12332 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 512-525 J2 - Mol Ecol Resour LA - en OP - SN - 1755-098X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12332 DB - Crossref KW - landscape genetics KW - Mantel test KW - ordination KW - partial statistics KW - redundancy analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elevational trends in life histories: revising the pace-of-life framework AU - Hille, Sabine M. AU - Cooper, Caren B. T2 - Biological Reviews AB - ABSTRACT Life‐history traits in birds, such as lifespan, age at maturity, and rate of reproduction, vary across environments and in combinations imposed by trade‐offs and limitations of physiological mechanisms. A plethora of studies have described the diversity of traits and hypothesized selection pressures shaping components of the survival–reproduction trade‐off. Life‐history variation appears to fall along a slow–fast continuum, with slow pace characterized by higher investment in survival over reproduction and fast pace characterized by higher investment in reproduction over survival. The Pace‐of‐Life Syndrome ( POLS ) is a framework to describe the slow–fast axis of variation in life‐history traits and physiological traits. The POLS corresponds to latitudinal gradients, with tropical birds exhibiting a slow pace of life. We examined four possible ways that the traits of high‐elevation birds might correspond to the POLS continuum: ( i ) rapid pace, ( ii ) tropical slow pace, ( iii ) novel elevational pace, or ( iv ) constrained pace. Recent studies reveal that birds breeding at high elevations in temperate zones exhibit a combination of traits creating a unique elevational pace of life with a central trade‐off similar to a slow pace but physiological trade‐offs more similar to a fast pace. A paucity of studies prevents consideration of the possibility of a constrained pace of life. We propose extending the POLS framework to include trait variation of elevational clines to help to investigate complexity in global geographic patterns. DA - 2014/3/28/ PY - 2014/3/28/ DO - 10.1111/brv.12106 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - 204-213 J2 - Biol Rev LA - en OP - SN - 1464-7931 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12106 DB - Crossref KW - life-history theory KW - altitude KW - clutch size KW - avian ER - TY - JOUR TI - Citizen Science: A Tool for Integrating Studies of Human and Natural Systems AU - Crain, Rhiannon AU - Cooper, Caren AU - Dickinson, Janis L. T2 - Annual Review of Environment and Resources AB - Citizen science has proliferated in the last decade, becoming a critical form of public engagement in science and an increasingly important research tool for the study of large-scale patterns in nature. Although citizen science is already interdisciplinary, it has untapped potential to build capacity for transformative research on coupled human and natural systems. New tools have begun to collect paired ecological and social data from the same individual; this allows for detailed examination of feedbacks at the level of individuals and potentially provides much-needed data for agent-based modeling. With the ongoing professionalization of citizen science, the field can benefit from integrating a coupled systems perspective, including a broadening of the social science perspectives considered. This can lead to new schema and platforms to increase support for large-scale research on coupled natural and human systems. DA - 2014/10/17/ PY - 2014/10/17/ DO - 10.1146/annurev-environ-030713-154609 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 641-665 J2 - Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. LA - en OP - SN - 1543-5938 1545-2050 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-030713-154609 DB - Crossref KW - public engagement in science KW - coupled systems KW - interdisciplinary research KW - socioecological systems KW - coupled human and natural systems KW - big data ER - TY - CONF TI - Detection of drainage failure in reconstructed cranberry soils using time series analysis AU - Hallema, D.W. AU - Périard, Y. AU - Lafond, J.A. AU - Gumiere, S.J. AU - Caron, J. T2 - 12th International Conference on Precision Agriculture A2 - Shaver, T.M. C2 - 2014/7/20/ C3 - Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Precision Agriculture CY - Sacramento, California DA - 2014/7/20/ PY - 2014/7/20/ SP - 15 PB - International Society of Precision Agriculture UR - https://www.ispag.org/proceedings/?action=download&item=1505 ER - TY - CONF TI - An adaptive control strategy for the West Africa Ebola outbreak AU - Meyer, Nicholas J. AU - Laber, Eric B. AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Reich, Brian J. AU - Drake, John C2 - 2014/// DA - 2014/// UR - http://daphnia.ecology.uga.edu/drakelab/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/meyer-et-al-geogia-tech-ebola-jan-22-2015.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival rates and home ranges of fox squirrels in the North Carolina Sandhills AU - Prince, A. AU - Moorman, C. AU - DePerno, C. T2 - The Upland Gazette DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 10 UR - http://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/UplandGazette/UG-Spring-2014.pdf ER - TY - MGZN TI - So, Coyotes Do Eat Deer - The Question is: Should We Panic? AU - Chitwood, M.C. AU - Lashley, M.A. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - The Upland Gazette DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ET - Fall 2014 VL - 19 SP - 4–5 M1 - 2 PB - North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission UR - https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/UplandGazette/UG-Fall-2014.pdf ER - TY - MGZN TI - Movements, population ecology, and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats within the Asheville watershed AU - Gould, N.P. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Olfenbuttel, C. T2 - International Bear News: Quarterly Newsletter of the International Association for Bear Research and Management (IBA) and the IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 23 SP - 22–23 M1 - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Methods to Estimate Understory Fruit Biomass AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Thompson, Jeffrey R. AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Fleshy fruit is consumed by many wildlife species and is a critical component of forest ecosystems. Because fruit production may change quickly during forest succession, frequent monitoring of fruit biomass may be needed to better understand shifts in wildlife habitat quality. Yet, designing a fruit sampling protocol that is executable on a frequent basis may be difficult, and knowledge of accuracy within monitoring protocols is lacking. We evaluated the accuracy and efficiency of 3 methods to estimate understory fruit biomass (Fruit Count, Stem Density, and Plant Coverage). The Fruit Count method requires visual counts of fruit to estimate fruit biomass. The Stem Density method uses counts of all stems of fruit producing species to estimate fruit biomass. The Plant Coverage method uses land coverage of fruit producing species to estimate fruit biomass. Using linear regression models under a censored-normal distribution, we determined the Fruit Count and Stem Density methods could accurately estimate fruit biomass; however, when comparing AIC values between models, the Fruit Count method was the superior method for estimating fruit biomass. After determining that Fruit Count was the superior method to accurately estimate fruit biomass, we conducted additional analyses to determine the sampling intensity (i.e., percentage of area) necessary to accurately estimate fruit biomass. The Fruit Count method accurately estimated fruit biomass at a 0.8% sampling intensity. In some cases, sampling 0.8% of an area may not be feasible. In these cases, we suggest sampling understory fruit production with the Fruit Count method at the greatest feasible sampling intensity, which could be valuable to assess annual fluctuations in fruit production. DA - 2014/5/12/ PY - 2014/5/12/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0096898 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - e96898 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096898 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A global assessment of the conservation status of the American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) AU - Clay, R.P. AU - Lesterhuis, A.J. AU - Schulte, S. AU - Brown, S. AU - Reynolds, D. AU - Simons, T.R. T2 - International Wader Studies DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 20 SP - 62–82 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Density estimation using camera trap surveys: the random encounter model AU - Rowcliffe, J.Marcus AU - Carbone, Chris AU - Kays, Roland AU - Kranstauber, Bart AU - Jansen, Patrick A. T2 - Camera Trapping: Wildlife Management and Research A2 - Meek, P. A2 - Fleming, P. PY - 2014/// SP - 317–323 PB - CSIRO Publishing ER - TY - CHAP TI - The economics of agroforestry AU - Mercer, D.Evan AU - Frey, Gregory E. AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. T2 - Handbook of Forest Resource Economics A2 - Kant, Shashi A2 - Alavalapati, Janaki PY - 2014/// SP - 188–209 PB - Earthscan Publishers ER - TY - CHAP TI - The economics of forest certification and corporate social responsibility AU - Toppinen, Anne AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Moore, Susan T2 - Handbook of Forest Resource Economics A2 - Kant, Shashi A2 - Alavalapati, Janaki PY - 2014/// SP - 444–458 PB - Earthscan Publishers ER - TY - CHAP TI - Application of Multidimensional Recruitment and Mentoring of Underrepresented Students AU - Nelson, S.A.C. AU - Johnson, A. T2 - Developmental Networks: Mentoring and Coaching at Work A2 - Dominguez, N. A2 - Gandert, Y. PY - 2014/// SP - 739-741 PB - University of New Mexico Mentoring Institute ER - TY - JOUR TI - How Wildlife Management Agencies and Hunting Organizations Frame Ethical Hunting in the United States AU - Peterson, M. Nils T2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife AB - Given that many wildlife management agencies consider hunting to be central to wildlife conservation, a growing body of research describes ethical hunting using characterization framing (created by outsiders). This article describes an identity frame (created by insiders) of ethical hunting in the United States, based on analysis of hunter education manuals and official statements of hunting nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Similar themes permeated texts from both sources (e.g., obeying law, fair chase). NGOs, however, placed significantly more emphasis on being skilled (15% vs. 6%) and being motivated by experiencing nature (10% vs. 2%), whereas government agencies placed significantly more emphasis on respecting landowners (28% vs. 15%). Agencies may frame ethical hunting as more socially interdependent and rule abiding because they perceive a need to prioritize government authority (law) and property owner interests. These findings highlight a need for identity frames focusing on how hunting impacts biodiversity and humane treatment of animals. DA - 2014/11/2/ PY - 2014/11/2/ DO - 10.1080/10871209.2014.928762 VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 523-531 J2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife LA - en OP - SN - 1087-1209 1533-158X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2014.928762 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Revisiting Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia): Twenty-seven Years of Fruit Collection and Flooding at an Oxbow Lake in Peruvian Amazonia,Revisitando camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia): Veinte y siete años de la recolección de frutos y la inundación en una cocha en la Amazonía peruana AU - Martin, M.P. AU - Peters, C.M. AU - Ashton, M.S. T2 - Economic Botany DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1007/s12231-014-9269-4 VL - 68 IS - 2 SP - 169-176 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84940341045&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Myrciaria dubia KW - camu-camu KW - Eugenia inundata KW - non-timber forest product KW - wild harvest KW - oxbow lake KW - ethnobotany ER - TY - JOUR TI - From refugia to rookeries: Phylogeography of Atlantic green turtles AU - Naro-Maciel, E. AU - Reid, B.N. AU - Alter, S.E. AU - Amato, G. AU - Bjorndal, K.A. AU - Bolten, A.B. AU - Martin, M. AU - Nairn, C.J. AU - Shamblin, B. AU - Pineda-Catalan, O. T2 - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology AB - Investigating species' distribution and abundance over time is central to evolutionary biology, and provides important context for conservation and management. With respect to population genetic structure in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas), certain processes such as female philopatry to natal rookeries are well understood, while others, such as male philopatry and historical changes in distribution and abundance, remain relatively understudied. Further, although inferences from mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellites have both been critical in identifying management units, comparisons of these units based on both markers are still rare. Here we analyzed novel data from fifteen microsatellite markers gathered at six green turtle rookeries in the western Atlantic as well as previously published mitochondrial sequences from 13 regional rookeries. We detected low, but significant, population structure at microsatellite loci, which coincides with previous delineations of local and regional management units as well as reports of male philopatry. However, we also detected a discord between nuclear and mitochondrial data, in which two tropical rookeries (Aves Island, Venezuela; and Matapica, Surinam) clustered with the Caribbean and Mediterranean based on microsatellite data, but displayed a mitochondrial lineage characteristic of the southern Atlantic and Africa. To investigate the possible causes of this discord, we used both classical and Bayesian methods to estimate historical migration rates and the timing and magnitude of changes in population size. We detected a strong barrier to dispersal between the northern and southern Atlantic, as well as an expansion in the southern mitochondrial lineage during the Wisconsin glacial period and a later expansion in the northern lineage following the Last Glacial Maximum. We propose that the Aves and Surinam rookeries were colonized by females from a southern glacial refugium, after which they experienced male-biased gene flow from the Caribbean. This study highlights the utility of incorporating data from multiple types of molecular markers in accurately identifying conservation units and in elucidating the complex historical and contemporary processes underlying population genetic structure in marine species. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/j.jembe.2014.08.020 VL - 461 SP - 306-316 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907495011&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Bayesian skyline plots KW - Chelonia mydas KW - Marine glacial refugia KW - Microsatellite KW - mtDNA KW - Population structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global timber investments and trends, 2005-2011 AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Mac Donagh, Patricio AU - Balmelli, Gustavo AU - Morales Olmos, Virginia AU - Bussoni, Adriana AU - Rubilar, Rafael AU - De La Torre, Rafael AU - Lord, Roger AU - Huang, Jin AU - Afonso Hoeflich, Vitor AU - Murara, Mauro AU - Kanieski, Bruno AU - Hall, Peter AU - Yao, Richard AU - Adams, Paul AU - Kotze, Heyns AU - Monges, Elizabeth AU - Hernández Pérez, Carmelo AU - Wikle, Jeff AU - Abt, Robert AU - Gonzalez, Ronalds AU - Carrero, Omar T2 - New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science AB - Prior research in 2005 and 2008 estimated planted forest investment returns for a set of countries and included some natural forest species in a few countries. This research has extended those analyses to a larger set of countries and focused on plantation species, for seven years. This research serves as a "benchmarking" exercise that helps identify comparative advantages among countries for timber investment returns, as well as other institutional, forestry, and policy factors that affect investments. Furthermore, it extends the analyses to examine the effects of land prices, environmental regulations, and increased productivity on timber investment returns, as well as comparing timber returns with traditional stock market returns. We estimated financial returns in 2005, 2008, and 2011 for a range of global timber plantation species and countries, using net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and Land Expectation Value (LEV)--or the Faustmann Formula--as criteria. Per the Faustmann approach, we excluded land costs initially, using a common real discount rate of 8% for all species in all countries to make equivalent comparisons. Returns for exotic plantations in almost all of South America--Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and Paraguay--were substantial, as well as in China. In 2011, returns for Eucalyptus species were generally greater than those for Pinus species in each country, with most having IRRs of 14% per year or more. The IRRs for Pinus species in South America were slightly less, ranging from 8% to 12%, except for Brazil, where they were 19% to 23%. Internal rates of return ranged from 5% to 12% for plantations of coniferous or deciduous species in China, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, Mexico, and the United States. Although lower than returns from South America, these would still be attractive to forest investors. Land costs and environmental regulations reduced plantation investment returns for all the countries studied, but the largest reductions were observed in South America. However, net returns these remained greater than for plantations in temperate forests. Trend analyses indicated that Brazil had the greatest increase in timber investment returns during the period examined; returns in other southern hemisphere countries remained fairly stable; and the US South had substantial decreases in returns. New Zealand, Australia, the United States, Chile, and Mexico had the best rankings regarding risk from political, commercial, or government actions and for the ease of doing business. Conversely, Venezuela, Colombia, and Argentina had high risk ratings, and Brazil and Venezuela were ranked as more difficult countries for ease of business. Recent government actions in several countries in South America, except Colombia, have discouraged foreign investments in agricultural land, which has adversely affected forestry as well. Timber-land investments fared well in comparison to USA equity or debt annual returns from 2000 to 2011. Past timber-land investors appear to making excellent returns now based on cheap land costs decades ago; new investments in most countries and plantation species will have smaller rates of return, but still compare favourably with traditional asset classes. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1186/1179-5395-44-s1-s7 VL - 44 IS - Suppl 1 SP - S7 J2 - New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science LA - en OP - SN - 1179-5395 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1179-5395-44-s1-s7 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon Tradeoffs of Restoration and Provision of Endangered Species Habitat in a Fire-Maintained Forest AU - Martin, Katherine L. AU - Hurteau, Matthew D. AU - Hungate, Bruce A. AU - Koch, George W. AU - North, Malcolm P. T2 - Ecosystems DA - 2014/10/16/ PY - 2014/10/16/ DO - 10.1007/s10021-014-9813-1 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 76-88 J2 - Ecosystems LA - en OP - SN - 1432-9840 1435-0629 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-014-9813-1 DB - Crossref KW - carbon sequestration KW - climate change KW - ecosystem services KW - endangered species KW - fire KW - longleaf pine KW - Pinus palustris KW - prescribed burning KW - red-cockaded woodpecker ER - TY - CONF TI - Standardizing PhenoCam Image Processing and Data Products AU - Milliman, Thomas E. AU - Richardson, Andrew D. AU - Klosterman, Stephen AU - Gray, J.M. AU - Hufkens, Koen AU - Aubrecht, Donald AU - Chen, Min AU - Friedl, Mark A. C2 - 2014/// C3 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2014/// SP - B41K–019 PB - American Geophysical Union ER - TY - CONF TI - Using Time Series of Landsat Data to Improve Understanding of Short-and Long-Term Changes to Vegetation Phenology in Response to Climate Change AU - Friedl, M.A. AU - Melaas, E.K. AU - Sulla-menashe, D.J. AU - Gray, J.M. C2 - 2014/// C3 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2014/// PB - American Geophysical Union ER - TY - CONF TI - Increased carbon uptake in the eastern US due to warming induced changes in phenology AU - Keenan, Trevor AU - Bohrer, Gil AU - Friedl, Mark AU - Gray, Josh AU - Hollinger, David AU - Munger, J.William AU - Schmid, Hans Peter AU - Toomey, Michael AU - Richardson, Andrew AU - Wing, Ian Sue AU - Yang, Bai T2 - European Geosciences Union, General Assembly T3 - Geophysical Research Abstracts C2 - 2014/// C3 - European Geosciences Union General Assembly Abstracts CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2014/// PY - 2013/4/7/ VL - 16 PB - European Geosciences Union ER - TY - JOUR TI - Visitor services staff perceptions of strategies to encourage diversity at two urban national parks AU - Santucci, D.C. AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Bocarro, J.N. AU - Henderson, K.A. T2 - Journal of Park and Recreation Administration DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 15–28 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Theoretical frameworks in leisure research on race and ethnicity AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Stodolska, M. T2 - Race, ethnicity, and leisure: Perspectives on research, theory, and practice A2 - Stodolska, M. A2 - Shinew, K.J. A2 - Floyd, M.F. A2 - Walker, G.J. PY - 2014/// SP - 9–19 PB - Human Kinetics ER - TY - CHAP TI - Leisure among African Americans AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Mowatt, R.A. T2 - Race, ethnicity, and leisure: Perspectives on research, theory, and practice A2 - Stodolska, M. A2 - Shinew, K.J. A2 - Floyd, M.F. A2 - Walker, G.J. PY - 2014/// SP - 53–74 PB - Human Kinetics ER - TY - CHAP TI - Discrimination in leisure contexts AU - Sharaievska, I. AU - Stodolska, M. AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Race, ethnicity, and leisure: Perspectives on research, theory, and practice A2 - Stodolska, M. A2 - Shinew, K.J. A2 - Floyd, M.F. A2 - Walker, G.J. PY - 2014/// SP - 177–189 PB - Human Kinetics ER - TY - CHAP TI - Conclusions and emerging issues AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Walker, G.J. AU - Stodolska, M. AU - Shinew, K.J. T2 - Race, ethnicity, and leisure: Perspectives on research, theory, and practice A2 - Stodolska, M. A2 - Shinew, K.J. A2 - Floyd, M.F. A2 - Walker, G.J. PY - 2014/// SP - 297–305 PB - Human Kinetics ER - TY - BOOK TI - Race, ethnicity, and leisure: Perspectives on research, theory, and practice AU - Stodolska, M. AU - Shinew, K.J. AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Walker, G.J. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// PB - Human Kinetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing Dog Waste: Campaign Insights From the Health Belief Model AU - Typhina, Eli AU - Yan, Changmin T2 - Applied Environmental Education & Communication AB - Aiming to help municipalities develop effective education and outreach campaigns to reduce stormwater pollutants, such as pet waste, this study applied the Health Belief Model (HBM) to identify perceptions of dog waste and corresponding collection behaviors from dog owners living in a small U.S. city. Results of 455 online survey responses strongly support the HBM, a well-established health communication theory, and provide evidence for helping municipalities develop dog waste reduction campaigns. These findings guide dog waste behavior change campaign strategies discussed at the end of the article, and point to HBM's potential application to other environmental issues. DA - 2014/4/3/ PY - 2014/4/3/ DO - 10.1080/1533015X.2014.944247 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 73-82 J2 - Applied Environmental Education & Communication LA - en OP - SN - 1533-015X 1533-0389 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2014.944247 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5′ UTR of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (PtUGDH) associate with wood properties in Populus tomentosa AU - Tian, Jiaxing AU - Du, Qingzhang AU - Li, Bailian AU - Zhang, Deqiang T2 - Tree Genetics & Genomes DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1007/S11295-013-0689-6 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 339–354 SN - 1614-2942 1614-2950 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11295-013-0689-6 KW - Single-nucleotide polymorphism KW - Linkage disequilibrium KW - Association studies KW - Wood properties KW - UDP-glucose dehydrogenase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survey of Canada goose feces for presence of Giardia AU - Ayers, C.R. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - Stibbs, H.H. AU - Faust, A.M. T2 - Human-Wildlife Interactions DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 245–250 UR - https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=hwi ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban bears in Asheville AU - Gould, N.P. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Olfenbuttel, C. T2 - NC Wildlifer DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 6–14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Venison...It’s what’s for dinner AU - Chitwood, M.C. AU - Lashley, M.A. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - NC Wildlifer DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 24–25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of landscape characteristics on retention of expandable radiocollars on young ungulates AU - Grovenburg, Troy W. AU - Klaver, Robert W. AU - Jacques, Christopher N. AU - Brinkman, Todd J. AU - Swanson, Christopher C. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Monteith, Kevin L. AU - Sievers, Jaret D. AU - Bleich, Vernon C. AU - Kie, John G. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin AB - ABSTRACT One tool used for wildlife management is the deployment of radiocollars to gain knowledge of animal populations. Understanding the influence of individual factors (e.g., species, collar characteristics) and landscape characteristics (e.g., forested cover, shrubs, and fencing) on retention of expandable radiocollars for ungulates is important for obtaining empirical data on factors influencing ecology of young‐of‐the‐year ungulates. During 2001–2009, we captured and radiocollared 198 white‐tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) fawns, 142 pronghorn ( Antilocapra americana ) fawns, and 73 mule deer ( O. hemionus ) fawns in South Dakota, Minnesota, and California, USA. We documented 72 (36.4%), 8 (5.6%), and 7 (9.6%) premature (<270 days post‐capture) collar losses among white‐tailed deer, pronghorn, and mule deer, respectively. Probability of a collar being retained for 270 days was 0.36 (SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.27–0.47), 0.91 (SE = 0.03, 95% CI = 0.82–0.96), and 0.87 (SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.73–0.94) for white‐tailed deer, pronghorn, and mule deer fawns, respectively. Agricultural fencing, which varied among study areas and thus species, seemed to influence collar retention; fencing density was 69% lower in areas where fawns retained collars ( = 1.00 km/km 2 , SE = 0.1, n = 75) compared with areas where fawns shed collars ( = 3.24 km/km 2 , SE = 0.1, n = 56) prior to 270 days. Researchers of fawns should consider that radiocollars can be shed prematurely when estimating desired sample size to yield a suitable strength of inference about some natural process of interest. © 2013 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1002/wsb.366 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 89–95 SN - 1938-5463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.366 KW - expandable radiocollar KW - fawn KW - fencing KW - habitat KW - landscape KW - retention KW - ungulate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nephrolithiasis in free-ranging North American river otter (lontra canadensis) in North Carolina, USA AU - Niemuth, Jennifer N. AU - Sanders, Charles W. AU - Mooney, Charles B. AU - Olfenbuttel, Colleen AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine AB - The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) serves as an indicator species for environmental monitoring, is prized as a valuable furbearer, and is a popular display animal in zoologic collections. Nephrolithiasis has been reported as a frequent problem in other free-ranging and captive otter species but is rarely reported in North American river otters. In this study, we compared the prevalence of nephrolithiasis diagnosed using routine gross pathologic examination techniques with the use of computed tomography (CT) of excised kidneys. We also evaluated whether otter nephroliths could be accurately classified by their CT densities, and we examined the renal tissue uric acid concentrations in free-ranging otters in North Carolina, USA. Kidneys were collected from carcasses of legally trapped, free-ranging animals. Nephroliths were observed in 16.2% of the individuals (n = 229). Associations were found between age and nephrolith status and between capture location and nephrolith status (P = 0.026 and < 0.001, respectively). Computed tomography Hounsfield unit density measurements were not useful in determining nephrolith chemical composition in this study. Renal tissue uric acid concentrations were similar across genders, age groups, and stone status. The chemical composition of the nephroliths was determined by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to be calcium phosphate in the carbonate form. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1638/2013-0135r2.1 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 110–117 SN - 1042-7260 1937-2825 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2013-0135r2.1 KW - Calcium phosphate KW - computed tomography KW - energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy KW - Lontra canadensis KW - nephrolith KW - North American river otter KW - uric acid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Collection, Handling and Analysis of Forages for Concentrate Selectors AU - Lashley, Marcus A AU - Chitwood, Michael Colter AU - Harper, Craig A AU - Moorman, Christopher E AU - DePerno, Christopher S T2 - Wildlife Biology in Practice AB - Forage collection practices must be consistent among studies for accurate and comparable results. Forage samples should be collected in the context of the feeding habits of the focal species to accurately represent available nutrition, but inconsistent handling and analysis of forages also could bias nutrient reports. Previously described methods of forage collection based on agricultural protocols are adequate for studying diets of intermediate browsers and grazers, but likely are inaccurate for application to concentrate selectors. More specifically, the agricultural protocols generally underestimate nutritional quality for concentrate selectors because leaf collections avoid the physiologically young plant parts that concentrate selectors seek. Furthermore, agricultural drying practices are designed for forage samples lower in water content than the young plant parts selected by concentrate selectors, which may create inaccuracies in subsequent nutrient assays. Also, laboratory methods and accuracy may affect nutrient reports in addition to collection and handling procedures. As a whole, improper collection, handling, or analysis of forages leads to improper conclusions and invalid comparisons across studies. Herein, we review protocols reported in empirical studies from agricultural and wildlife research and provide guidelines for standardizing collection, handling, and analyses of forages with the goal of providing a framework for researchers studying diets of concentrate selectors and related nutritional indices. These protocols will ensure valid conclusions are drawn and allow valid comparisons among related studies in future research. DA - 2014/5/13/ PY - 2014/5/13/ DO - 10.2461/wbp.2014.10.2 VL - 10 IS - 1 J2 - Wildl. Biol. Pract. LA - en OP - SN - 1646-2742 1646-1509 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2461/wbp.2014.10.2 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Breeding southern US and Mexican pines for increased value in a changing world AU - Hodge, Gary R. AU - Dvorak, William S. T2 - New Forests DA - 2014/4/5/ PY - 2014/4/5/ DO - 10.1007/S11056-014-9426-8 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 295-300 J2 - New Forests LA - en OP - SN - 0169-4286 1573-5095 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11056-014-9426-8 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biodiversity Can Flourish on an Urban Planet AU - Katti, Madhusudan T2 - The Conversation DA - 2014/1/22/ PY - 2014/1/22/ UR - https://theconversation.com/biodiversity-can-flourish-on-an-urban-planet-18723 ER - TY - CONF TI - Socioeconomic Drivers of Urban Forest Structure and Diversity in the Semi–Arid San Joaquin Valley of Central California AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Reid, Seth T. AU - Constable, John V.H. AU - Bushoven, John T. AU - Jones, Andrew Rhys AU - Gupta, Kaberi Kar T2 - 99th ESA Annual Convention 2014 C2 - 2014/8// DA - 2014/8// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are hydropower and irrigation development complements or substitutes? The example of the Nam Ngum River in the Mekong Basin AU - Lacombe, G. AU - Douangsavanh, S. AU - Baker, J. AU - Hoanh, C.T. AU - Bartlett, R. AU - Jeuland, M. AU - Phongpachith, C. T2 - Water International AB - Hydropower and irrigation developments to address rising demand for food and energy are modifying the water balance of the Mekong Basin. Infrastructure investment decisions are also frequently made from a sub-catchment perspective. This paper compares river flows with irrigation development stages in the Nam Ngum sub-basin where the potential for irrigation and hydropower expansion is largely untapped. It shows that full hydropower development in this basin allows irrigation water use to triple, even as it reduces competition with environmental flow requirements. The implications for the wider Mekong are, however, unclear, particularly given uncertainty over parallel transformations elsewhere in the basin. DA - 2014/7/29/ PY - 2014/7/29/ DO - 10.1080/02508060.2014.956205 VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 649-670 J2 - Water International LA - en OP - SN - 0250-8060 1941-1707 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.956205 DB - Crossref KW - water resources development KW - water balance KW - optimization/simulation model KW - Mekong ER - TY - JOUR TI - The costs of uncoordinated infrastructure management in multi-reservoir river basins AU - Jeuland, Marc AU - Baker, Justin AU - Bartlett, Ryan AU - Lacombe, Guillaume T2 - Environmental Research Letters AB - Though there are surprisingly few estimates of the economic benefits of coordinated infrastructure development and operations in international river basins, there is a widespread belief that improved cooperation is beneficial for managing water scarcity and variability. Hydro-economic optimization models are commonly-used for identifying efficient allocation of water across time and space, but such models typically assume full coordination. In the real world, investment and operational decisions for specific projects are often made without full consideration of potential downstream impacts. This paper describes a tractable methodology for evaluating the economic benefits of infrastructure coordination. We demonstrate its application over a range of water availability scenarios in a catchment of the Mekong located in Lao PDR, the Nam Ngum River Basin. Results from this basin suggest that coordination improves system net benefits from irrigation and hydropower by approximately 3–12% (or US$12-53 million/yr) assuming moderate levels of flood control, and that the magnitude of coordination benefits generally increases with the level of water availability and with inflow variability. Similar analyses would be useful for developing a systematic understanding of the factors that increase the costs of non-cooperation in river basin systems worldwide, and would likely help to improve targeting of efforts to stimulate complicated negotiations over water resources. DA - 2014/10/1/ PY - 2014/10/1/ DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105006 VL - 9 IS - 10 SP - 105006 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. OP - SN - 1748-9326 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105006 DB - Crossref KW - hydroeconomic models KW - water resources planning and management KW - cooperation KW - reservoir coordination KW - irrigation KW - hydropower KW - Mekong ER - TY - CHAP TI - REDD+ on the ground: The need for scientific evidence AU - Sunderlin, W.D. AU - Pratama, C.D. AU - Bos, A.B. AU - Avitabile, V. AU - Sills, E. AU - Sassi, C. AU - Joseph, S. AU - Agustavia, M. AU - Pribadi, U.A. AU - Anandadas, A. T2 - REDD+ on the ground: A case book of subnational initiatives across the globe A2 - Sills, E. PY - 2014/// PB - Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) ER - TY - CHAP TI - REDD+ in-depth costing AU - Marinho, E. AU - Greenberg, N. AU - Kweka, D.L. AU - Sills, E. T2 - REDD+ on the ground: A case book of subnational initiatives across the globe A2 - Sills, E. PY - 2014/// PB - Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) ER - TY - CHAP TI - REDD+ on the ground: Global insights from local contexts AU - de Sassi, C. AU - Sunderlin, W.D. AU - Sills, E.O. AU - Duchelle, A.E. AU - Ravikumar, A. AU - Luttrell, C. AU - Atmadja, S. T2 - REDD+ on the ground: A case book of subnational initiatives across the globe. A2 - Sills, Erin PY - 2014/// PB - Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) ER - TY - CHAP TI - Economics of the Evolution of the Amazon Frontier AU - Sills, E. T2 - Handbook of Forest Resource Economics A2 - Kant, S. A2 - Alavalapati, J. PY - 2014/// DO - 10.4324/9780203105290 PB - Routledge ER - TY - CHAP TI - Forestry AU - Sills, E. T2 - Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: An Encyclopedia A2 - Haab, Timothy C. A2 - Whitehead, John Claiborne A2 - Caviglia, Jill L. PY - 2014/// PB - Greenwood/Praeger ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping Asian Cropping Intensity With MODIS AU - Gray, Josh AU - Friedl, Mark AU - Frolking, Steve AU - Ramankutty, Navin AU - Nelson, Andrew AU - Gumma, Murali Krishna T2 - IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing AB - Agricultural systems are geographically extensive, have profound significance to society, and affect regional energy, climate, and water cycles. Since most suitable lands worldwide have been cultivated, there is a growing pressure to increase yields on existing agricultural lands. In tropical and subtropical regions, multicropping is widely used to increase food production, but regional-to-global information related to multicropping practices is poor. The high temporal resolution and moderate spatial resolution of the MODIS sensors provide an ideal source of information for characterizing cropping practices over large areas. Relative to studies that document agricultural extensification, however, systematic assessment of agricultural intensification via multicropping has received relatively little attention. The goal of this work was to help close this information gap by developing methods that use multitemporal remote sensing to map multicropping systems in Asia. Image time-series analysis is especially challenging in this part of the world because atmospheric conditions including clouds and aerosols lead to high frequencies of missing or low-quality observations, especially during the Asian Monsoon. The methodology that we developed builds upon the algorithm used to produce the MODIS Land Cover Dynamics product (MCD12Q2), but uses an improved methodology optimized for crops. We assessed our results at the aggregate scale using state, district, and provincial level inventory statistics reporting total cropped and harvested areas, and at the field scale using survey results for 191 field sites in Bangladesh. While the algorithm highlighted the dominant continental-scale patterns in agricultural practices throughout Asia, and produced reasonable estimates of state and provincial level total harvested areas, field-scale assessment revealed significant challenges in mapping high cropping intensity due to abundant missing data. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1109/jstars.2014.2344630 VL - 7 IS - 8 SP - 3373-3379 J2 - IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observations Remote Sensing OP - SN - 1939-1404 2151-1535 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2014.2344630 DB - Crossref KW - Agriculture KW - remote sensing KW - time series ER - TY - JOUR TI - A tale of two springs: using recent climate anomalies to characterize the sensitivity of temperate forest phenology to climate change AU - Friedl, Mark A AU - Gray, Josh M AU - Melaas, Eli K AU - Richardson, Andrew D AU - Hufkens, Koen AU - Keenan, Trevor F AU - Bailey, Amey AU - O’Keefe, John T2 - Environmental Research Letters AB - By the end of this century, mean annual temperatures in the Northeastern United States are expected to warm by 3–5 °C, which will have significant impacts on the structure and function of temperate forests in this region. To improve understanding of these impacts, we exploited two recent climate anomalies to explore how the springtime phenology of Northeastern temperate deciduous forests will respond to future climate warming. Specifically, springtime temperatures in 2010 and 2012 were the warmest on record in the Northeastern United States, with temperatures that were roughly equivalent to the lower end of warming scenarios that are projected for this region decades from now. Climate conditions in these two years therefore provide a unique empirical basis, that complements model-based studies, for improving understanding of how northeastern temperate forest phenology will change in the future. To perform our investigation, we analyzed near surface air temperatures from the United States Historical Climatology Network, time series of satellite-derived vegetation indices from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and in situ phenological observations. Our study region encompassed the northern third of the eastern temperate forest ecoregion, extending from Pennsylvania to Canada. Springtime temperatures in 2010 and 2012 were nearly 3 °C warmer than long-term average temperatures from 1971–2000 over the region, leading to median anomalies of more than 100 growing degree days. In response, satellite and ground observations show that leaf emergence occurred up to two weeks earlier than normal, but with significant sensitivity to the specific timing of thermal forcing. These results are important for two reasons. First, they provide an empirical demonstration of the sensitivity of springtime phenology in northeastern temperate forests to future climate change that supports and complements model-based predictions. Second, our results show that subtle differences in the character of thermal forcing can substantially alter the timing of leaf emergence and canopy development. By explicitly comparing and contrasting the timing of thermal forcing and leaf phenology in 2010 and 2012, we show that even though temperatures were warmer in 2012 than in 2010, the nature and timing of thermal forcing in 2010 lead to leaf emergence that was almost a week earlier than 2012. DA - 2014/5/1/ PY - 2014/5/1/ DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/9/5/054006 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 054006 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. OP - SN - 1748-9326 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/5/054006 DB - Crossref KW - climate change KW - temperate forests KW - phenology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping Crop Cycles in China Using MODIS-EVI Time Series AU - Li, Le AU - Friedl, Mark AU - Xin, Qinchuan AU - Gray, Josh AU - Pan, Yaozhong AU - Frolking, Steve T2 - Remote Sensing AB - As the Earth’s population continues to grow and demand for food increases, the need for improved and timely information related to the properties and dynamics of global agricultural systems is becoming increasingly important. Global land cover maps derived from satellite data provide indispensable information regarding the geographic distribution and areal extent of global croplands. However, land use information, such as cropping intensity (defined here as the number of cropping cycles per year), is not routinely available over large areas because mapping this information from remote sensing is challenging. In this study, we present a simple but efficient algorithm for automated mapping of cropping intensity based on data from NASA’s (NASA: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration) MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The proposed algorithm first applies an adaptive Savitzky-Golay filter to smooth Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) time series derived from MODIS surface reflectance data. It then uses an iterative moving-window methodology to identify cropping cycles from the smoothed EVI time series. Comparison of results from our algorithm with national survey data at both the provincial and prefectural level in China show that the algorithm provides estimates of gross sown area that agree well with inventory data. Accuracy assessment comparing visually interpreted time series with algorithm results for a random sample of agricultural areas in China indicates an overall accuracy of 91.0% for three classes defined based on the number of cycles observed in EVI time series. The algorithm therefore appears to provide a straightforward and efficient method for mapping cropping intensity from MODIS time series data. DA - 2014/3/20/ PY - 2014/3/20/ DO - 10.3390/rs6032473 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 2473-2493 J2 - Remote Sensing LA - en OP - SN - 2072-4292 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs6032473 DB - Crossref KW - phenology cycles KW - land cover KW - land use KW - planted area KW - gross sown area KW - cropping intensity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating remote sensing of deciduous forest phenology at multiple spatial scales using PhenoCam imagery AU - Klosterman, S. T. AU - Hufkens, K. AU - Gray, J. M. AU - Melaas, E. AU - Sonnentag, O. AU - Lavine, I. AU - Mitchell, L. AU - Norman, R. AU - Friedl, M. A. AU - Richardson, A. D. T2 - Biogeosciences AB - Abstract. Plant phenology regulates ecosystem services at local and global scales and is a sensitive indicator of global change. Estimates of phenophase transition dates, such as the start of spring or end of fall, can be derived from sensor-based time series, but must be interpreted in terms of biologically relevant events. We use the PhenoCam archive of digital repeat photography to implement a consistent protocol for visual assessment of canopy phenology at 13 temperate deciduous forest sites throughout eastern North America, and to perform digital image analysis for time-series-based estimation of phenophase transition dates. We then compare these results to remote sensing metrics of phenophase transition dates derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensors. We present a new type of curve fit that uses a generalized sigmoid function to estimate phenology dates, and we quantify the statistical uncertainty of phenophase transition dates estimated using this method. Results show that the generalized sigmoid provides estimates of dates with less statistical uncertainty than other curve-fitting methods. Additionally, we find that dates derived from analysis of high-frequency PhenoCam imagery have smaller uncertainties than satellite remote sensing metrics of phenology, and that dates derived from the remotely sensed enhanced vegetation index (EVI) have smaller uncertainty than those derived from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Near-surface time-series estimates for the start of spring are found to closely match estimates derived from visual assessment of leaf-out, as well as satellite remote-sensing-derived estimates of the start of spring. However late spring and fall phenology metrics exhibit larger differences between near-surface and remote scales. Differences in late spring phenology between near-surface and remote scales are found to correlate with a landscape metric of deciduous forest cover. These results quantify the effect of landscape heterogeneity when aggregating to the coarser spatial scales of remote sensing, and demonstrate the importance of accurate curve fitting and vegetation index selection when analyzing and interpreting phenology time series. DA - 2014/8/19/ PY - 2014/8/19/ DO - 10.5194/bg-11-4305-2014 VL - 11 IS - 16 SP - 4305-4320 J2 - Biogeosciences LA - en OP - SN - 1726-4189 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4305-2014 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficient Use of Information in Adaptive Management with an Application to Managing Recreation near Golden Eagle Nesting Sites AU - Fackler, Paul L. AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Martin, Julien AU - McIntyre, Carol T2 - PLoS ONE AB - It is generally the case that a significant degree of uncertainty exists concerning the behavior of ecological systems. Adaptive management has been developed to address such structural uncertainty, while recognizing that decisions must be made without full knowledge of how a system behaves. This paradigm attempts to use new information that develops during the course of management to learn how the system works. To date, however, adaptive management has used a very limited information set to characterize the learning that is possible. This paper uses an extension of the Partial Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) framework to expand the information set used to update belief in competing models. This feature can potentially increase the speed of learning through adaptive management, and lead to better management in the future. We apply this framework to a case study wherein interest lies in managing recreational restrictions around golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) nesting sites. The ultimate management objective is to maintain an abundant eagle population in Denali National Park while minimizing the regulatory burden on park visitors. In order to capture this objective, we developed a utility function that trades off expected breeding success with hiker access. Our work is relevant to the management of human activities in protected areas, but more generally demonstrates some of the benefits of POMDP in the context of adaptive management. DA - 2014/8/6/ PY - 2014/8/6/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0102434 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - e102434 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102434 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reducing fatigue damage for ships in transit through structured decision making AU - Nichols, J.M. AU - Fackler, P.L. AU - Pacifici, K. AU - Murphy, K.D. AU - Nichols, J.D. T2 - Marine Structures AB - Research in structural monitoring has focused primarily on drawing inference about the health of a structure from the structure’s response to ambient or applied excitation. Knowledge of the current state can then be used to predict structural integrity at a future time and, in principle, allows one to take action to improve safety, minimize ownership costs, and/or increase the operating envelope. While much time and effort has been devoted toward data collection and system identification, research to-date has largely avoided the question of how to choose an optimal maintenance plan. This work describes a structured decision making (SDM) process for taking available information (loading data, model output, etc.) and producing a plan of action for maintaining the structure. SDM allows the practitioner to specify his/her objectives and then solves for the decision that is optimal in the sense that it maximizes those objectives. To demonstrate, we consider the problem of a Naval vessel transiting a fixed distance in varying sea-state conditions. The physics of this problem are such that minimizing transit time increases the probability of fatigue failure in the structural supports. It is shown how SDM produces the optimal trip plan in the sense that it minimizes both transit time and probability of failure in the manner of our choosing (i.e., through a user-defined cost function). The example illustrates the benefit of SDM over heuristic approaches to maintaining the vessel. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1016/j.marstruc.2014.04.002 VL - 38 SP - 18-43 J2 - Marine Structures LA - en OP - SN - 0951-8339 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2014.04.002 DB - Crossref KW - Structured Decision Making KW - Fatigue damage KW - Structural reliability ER - TY - JOUR TI - How long is enough to detect terrestrial animals? Estimating the minimum trapping effort on camera traps AU - Si, Xingfeng AU - Kays, Roland AU - Ding, Ping T2 - PeerJ AB - Camera traps is an important wildlife inventory tool for estimating species diversity at a site. Knowing what minimum trapping effort is needed to detect target species is also important to designing efficient studies, considering both the number of camera locations, and survey length. Here, we take advantage of a two-year camera trapping dataset from a small (24-ha) study plot in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve, eastern China to estimate the minimum trapping effort actually needed to sample the wildlife community. We also evaluated the relative value of adding new camera sites or running cameras for a longer period at one site. The full dataset includes 1727 independent photographs captured during 13,824 camera days, documenting 10 resident terrestrial species of birds and mammals. Our rarefaction analysis shows that a minimum of 931 camera days would be needed to detect the resident species sufficiently in the plot, and c. 8700 camera days to detect all 10 resident species. In terms of detecting a diversity of species, the optimal sampling period for one camera site was c. 40, or long enough to record about 20 independent photographs. Our analysis of evaluating the increasing number of additional camera sites shows that rotating cameras to new sites would be more efficient for measuring species richness than leaving cameras at fewer sites for a longer period. DA - 2014/5/8/ PY - 2014/5/8/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.374 VL - 2 SP - e374 LA - en OP - SN - 2167-8359 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.374 DB - Crossref KW - Animal inventory KW - Species richness KW - Gutianshan KW - Wildlife monitoring KW - Species accumulation curves KW - Sampling effort KW - Camera day ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental drivers of variability in the movement ecology of turkey vultures ( Cathartes aura ) in North and South America AU - Dodge, Somayeh AU - Bohrer, Gil AU - Bildstein, Keith AU - Davidson, Sarah C. AU - Weinzierl, Rolf AU - Bechard, Marc J. AU - Barber, David AU - Kays, Roland AU - Brandes, David AU - Han, Jiawei AU - Wikelski, Martin T2 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences AB - Variation is key to the adaptability of species and their ability to survive changes to the Earth's climate and habitats. Plasticity in movement strategies allows a species to better track spatial dynamics of habitat quality. We describe the mechanisms that shape the movement of a long-distance migrant bird (turkey vulture, Cathartes aura ) across two continents using satellite tracking coupled with remote-sensing science. Using nearly 10 years of data from 24 satellite-tracked vultures in four distinct populations, we describe an enormous amount of variation in their movement patterns. We related vulture movement to environmental conditions and found important correlations explaining how far they need to move to find food (indexed by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and how fast they can move based on the prevalence of thermals and temperature. We conclude that the extensive variability in the movement ecology of turkey vultures, facilitated by their energetically efficient thermal soaring, suggests that this species is likely to do well across periods of modest climate change. The large scale and sample sizes needed for such analysis in a widespread migrant emphasizes the need for integrated and collaborative efforts to obtain tracking data and for policies, tools and open datasets to encourage such collaborations and data sharing. DA - 2014/5/26/ PY - 2014/5/26/ DO - 10.1098/rstb.2013.0195 VL - 369 IS - 1643 SP - 20130195 J2 - Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B LA - en OP - SN - 0962-8436 1471-2970 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0195 DB - Crossref KW - avian scavengers KW - vultures KW - movement ecology KW - migration KW - geographical variability KW - remote-sensing observations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mesopredator release facilitates range expansion in fisher AU - LaPoint, S. D. AU - Belant, J. L. AU - Kays, R. W. T2 - Animal Conservation AB - Abstract Some central and eastern populations of fisher P ekania [ M artes ] pennanti are expanding their ranges following historic range contractions, while many western populations have yet to do so. We investigated whether expanding fisher populations are benefiting from a mesopredator release following reductions in their carnivore predator communities. This hypothesis posits that local extinctions of the largest predators ‘release’ mesopredator populations from direct predation and competition, leading to an increase in their abundance, expansion of their range and potentially to shifts in their morphology and ecological niche. Our comparison of the conservation status and predator communities of fishers across four geographic regions of their range supports the mesopredator release hypothesis, especially in their eastern range. Our meta‐analysis of fisher diet also suggests that released fisher populations may benefit by complementing their diverse diets with more large‐bodied prey species, whereas those with more specialized diets (e.g. northwestern populations) or diverse diets with small amounts of large‐bodied prey (e.g. populations within C alifornia) have experienced little range expansion. Further, measurements of museum specimens suggest that individuals within released populations have evolved a larger body size since the time of their most contracted range, which may help them hunt larger prey species that are expected to be more available in the absence of larger carnivores. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that a reduced predator community is contributing to the geographic variation in modern fishers' range expansion. In addition to harvest restrictions, habitat protection and translocations, future conservation plans should consider the potential effects of the predator community, emphasizing the need to quantify fisher mortality sources and fisher–predator interactions. DA - 2014/6/4/ PY - 2014/6/4/ DO - 10.1111/acv.12138 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 50-61 J2 - Anim Conserv LA - en OP - SN - 1367-9430 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acv.12138 DB - Crossref KW - fisher KW - mesocarnivore KW - mesopredator release hypothesis KW - intraguild predation KW - predator communities KW - meta-analysis KW - range contraction KW - range expansion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Patterns of Mortality in a Wild Population of White-Footed Mice AU - Collins, Christopher R. AU - Kays, Roland W T2 - Northeastern Naturalist AB - Understanding causes of mortality in a population provides information about the selection pressures acting on individuals in that population. To obtain unbiased estimates of mortality, researchers must track individual animals until they die, retrieve dead animals, and make a forensic estimation to determine the cause. Given the limitations of traditional radio-tracking technology and the biases inherent in other methods of estimating mortality causes, little is known about causes of mortality in small mammals (<1 kg). Here we used an automated radio telemetry system to record activity patterns and detect mortality events in a wild population of Peromyscus leucopus (White-footed Mouse). Mice (n = 32) were fitted with small (1 g) radio-collars. Daily survival rate was 0.98 ± 0.01, which translates to a 50% chance of survival over a 29-day period. Although the species is well known as a vector for various diseases, we found only one death attributable to disease. Most mouse mortality (93%) was caused by predators, primarily Mustela spp. (weasels ). We found a significant relationship between Borrelia infection (the bacterium that causes Lyme disease in humans), and increased mortality (χ2 = 6.92, df = 1, P = 0.008); there was no detectable effect of sex on survival. Our results suggest that, to the extent that predation risk is dependent on heritable phenotypes, predation risk is the most important evolutionary force acting on mortality in the population we studied. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1656/045.021.0213 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 323-336 J2 - Northeastern Naturalist LA - en OP - SN - 1092-6194 1938-5307 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.021.0213 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Deep convolutional neural network based species recognition for wild animal monitoring AU - Chen, Guobin AU - Han, Tony X. AU - He, Zhihai AU - Kays, Roland AU - Forrester, Tavis T2 - 2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) AB - We proposed a novel deep convolutional neural network based species recognition algorithm for wild animal classification on very challenging camera-trap imagery data. The imagery data were captured with motion triggered camera trap and were segmented automatically using the state of the art graph-cut algorithm. The moving foreground is selected as the region of interests and is fed to the proposed species recognition algorithm. For the comparison purpose, we use the traditional bag of visual words model as the baseline species recognition algorithm. It is clear that the proposed deep convolutional neural network based species recognition achieves superior performance. To our best knowledge, this is the first attempt to the fully automatic computer vision based species recognition on the real camera-trap images. We also collected and annotated a standard camera-trap dataset of 20 species common in North America, which contains 14, 346 training images and 9, 530 testing images, and is available to public for evaluation and benchmark purpose. C2 - 2014/10// C3 - 2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) DA - 2014/10// DO - 10.1109/ICIP.2014.7025172 PB - IEEE SN - 9781479957514 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.2014.7025172 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forecasting long-term acorn production with and without oak decline using forest inventory data AU - Greenberg, C.H. AU - Keyser, C.E. AU - Rathbun, L.C. AU - Rose, A.K. AU - Fearer, T.M. AU - McNab, W.H. T2 - Forest Science AB - Acorns are important as wildlife food and for oak regeneration, but production is highly variable, posing a challenge to forest managers targeting acorn production levels. Forest managers need tools to predict acorn production capability tailored to individual landscapes and forest management scenarios, adjusting for oak mortality and stand development over time. We implemented published predictive models of average annual acorn production by five oak species common to the eastern United States in the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) and used forest inventory data to estimate long-term acorn production on the Bent Creek Experimental Forest watershed, with and without oak decline. Under a no-management scenario, simulations forecasted a 58% increase in average annual acorn production by 2062 without oak decline but a 17% decrease with oak decline. Forecasts were influenced by the initial abundance and basal area of different oak species on the landscape and stand dynamics over time. Simulations indicated that heavy oak mortality with regeneration failure could substantially affect acorn production over the long term by reducing the proportion of mature canopy oaks and relative abundance of oak species. FVS ACORN provides a powerful tool for long-term acorn production planning that can be tailored to individual landscapes and forest management scenarios to predict average annual number and mass of acorns. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.5849/forsci.12-106 VL - 60 IS - 2 SP - 222-230 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84897516484&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - acorn KW - Forest Vegetation Simulator KW - hard mast KW - oak decline KW - upland hardwood forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Framework for studying the hydrological impact of climate change in an alley cropping system AU - Hallema, Dennis W. AU - Rousseau, Alain N. AU - Gumiere, Silvio J. AU - Périard, Yann AU - Hiemstra, Paul H. AU - Bouttier, Léa AU - Fossey, Maxime AU - Paquette, Alain AU - Cogliastro, Alain AU - Olivier, Alain T2 - Journal of Hydrology AB - Summary Alley cropping is an agroforestry practice whereby crops are grown between hedgerows of trees planted at wide spacings. The local climate and the physiological adaptation mechanisms of the trees are key factors in the growth and survival of the trees and intercrops, because they directly affect the soil moisture distribution. In order to evaluate the long-term hydrological impact of climate change in an alley cropping system in eastern Canada, we developed a framework that combines local soil moisture data with local projections of climate change and a model of soil water movement, root uptake and evapotranspiration. Forty-five frequency domain reflectometers (FDR) along a transect perpendicular to the tree rows generated a two-year dataset that we used for the parameterization and evaluation of the model. An impact study with simulations based on local projections of three global and one regional climate simulation suggest that the soil becomes drier overall in the period between 2041 and 2070, while the number of critically wet periods with a length of one day increases slightly with respect to the reference period between 1967 and 1996. Hydrological simulations based on a fourth climate scenario however point toward wetter conditions. In all cases the changes are minor. Although our simulations indicate that the experimental alley cropping system will possibly suffer drier conditions in response to higher temperatures and increased evaporative demand, these conditions are not necessarily critical for vegetation during the snow-free season. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.065 VL - 517 SP - 547-556 J2 - Journal of Hydrology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-1694 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.065 DB - Crossref KW - Climate change KW - Alley cropping KW - Hydrological modeling KW - Frequency domain reflectometry KW - HYDRUS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping soil hydraulic conductivity and matric potential for water management of cranberry: Characterisation and spatial interpolation methods AU - Gumiere, Silvio J. AU - Lafond, Jonathan A. AU - Hallema, Dennis W. AU - Périard, Yann AU - Caron, Jean AU - Gallichand, Jacques T2 - Biosystems Engineering AB - Spatial interpolation methods are required for analysing the effects of soil hydraulic properties on irrigation management. This study was conducted to determine which interpolation methods are best suited to map these properties. During the summer of 2012 we mapped the spatial variability of soil physical properties, soil matric potential, water table depth and yield of two cranberry fields located near Quebec City, Canada. Three spatial interpolation methods, inverse distance weighting (IDW), thin plate splines (TPS) and kriging with external drift (KED), were compared by means of cross-validation. The best interpolation method for a given property was used to produce maps and perform HYDRUS 1D simulations for the purpose of irrigation management. Results show that even in highly constructed fields, such as for cranberries, spatial patterns of soil hydraulic properties exist. The TPS method was the best interpolation method based on the cross-validation analyses and generated maps. Spatial variability of crop yield showed a strong relationship with soil hydraulic properties and simulations suggest that irrigation can be reduced by 75% when accounting for the spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.09.002 VL - 128 SP - 29-40 J2 - Biosystems Engineering LA - en OP - SN - 1537-5110 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.09.002 DB - Crossref KW - Spatial interpolation methods KW - Spatial variability KW - Soil hydraulic properties KW - Irrigation and drainage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urbanization and its Impacts on Land Use, Biodiversity and Ecosystems in India AU - Nagendra, Harini AU - Sudhira, H.S. AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Tengö, Maria AU - Schewenius, Maria T2 - INTERdisciplina AB - India, a predominantly rural country, is going through a slow but constant and broad transition towards urbanization. The amount of cities and mega cities has increased from 5,161 to 7,935 in 2011. The united Nations predict that, by 2031, 15% of the urban population of the world, about 600 million people, will be living in Indian cities. This increase in urban population will cause repercussions in terms of environment, ecology and sustainability, which will manifest themselves in demands on urban services and governance of the urban ecosystem. In addition, urbanization generates significant tension in terms of land cover, native habitats, biodiversity, protected areas and services to the ecosystem that are basic for human wellbeing. In this paper we analyze some challenges and opportunities for urban development in India that include the participation of governments, private agencies, NGOs, and citizens from different social and economic strata. DA - 2014/12/11/ PY - 2014/12/11/ DO - 10.22201/ceiich.24485705e.2014.2.46532 VL - 2 IS - 2 J2 - inter OP - SN - 2448-5705 2395-969X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485705e.2014.2.46532 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - La urbanización y su impacto sobre el uso de la tierra, la biodiversidad y los ecosistemas en la India AU - Nagendra, Harini AU - Sudhira, H.S. AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Tengö, Maria AU - Schewenius, Maria T2 - INTERdisciplina AB - La India, país predominantemente rural, está atravesando por una transición lenta, pero constante y a gran escala hacia la urbanización. La cantidad de ciudades o mega ciudades ha aumentado de 5,161 a 7,935 (2011). La ONU pronostica que para el 2031 el 15 % de la población urbana del mundo, alrededor de 600 millones de personas estarán viviendo en ciudades de este país. Este incremento de la población urbana tendrá implicaciones en el medio ambiente, la ecología y la sustentabilidad, lo que repercutirá en los servicios y en la gobernanza del ecosistema urbano. Además, la urbanización genera una tensión significativa en términos de cubierta vegetal de la tierra, hábitats nativos, biodiversidad, áreas protegidas y los servicios al ecosistema que sirven de base para el bienestar humano. En este trabajo se analizan algunos retos y oportunidades al desarrollo urbano de la India que incluye la participación del gobierno, actores privados, ONG y de ciudadanos de diferentes estratos sociales y económicos. DA - 2014/12/11/ PY - 2014/12/11/ DO - 10.22201/ceiich.24485705e.2014.2.46531 VL - 2 IS - 2 J2 - inter OP - SN - 2448-5705 2395-969X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485705e.2014.2.46531 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Net carbon uptake has increased through warming-induced changes in temperate forest phenology AU - Keenan, Trevor F. AU - Gray, Josh AU - Friedl, Mark A. AU - Toomey, Michael AU - Bohrer, Gil AU - Hollinger, David Y. AU - Munger, J. William AU - O’Keefe, John AU - Schmid, Hans Peter AU - Wing, Ian Sue AU - Yang, Bai AU - Richardson, Andrew D. T2 - Nature Climate Change DA - 2014/6/1/ PY - 2014/6/1/ DO - 10.1038/NCLIMATE2253 VL - 4 IS - 7 SP - 598-604 J2 - Nature Clim Change LA - en OP - SN - 1758-678X 1758-6798 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2253 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct human influence on atmospheric CO2 seasonality from increased cropland productivity AU - Gray, Josh M. AU - Frolking, Steve AU - Kort, Eric A. AU - Ray, Deepak K. AU - Kucharik, Christopher J. AU - Ramankutty, Navin AU - Friedl, Mark A. T2 - Nature DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// DO - 10.1038/NATURE13957 VL - 515 IS - 7527 SP - 398-401 J2 - Nature LA - en OP - SN - 0028-0836 1476-4687 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NATURE13957 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change, fire management, and ecological services in the southwestern US AU - Hurteau, Matthew D. AU - Bradford, John B. AU - Fulé, Peter Z. AU - Taylor, Alan H. AU - Martin, Katherine L. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - The diverse forest types of the southwestern US are inseparable from fire. Across climate zones in California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico, fire suppression has left many forest types out of sync with their historic fire regimes. As a result, high fuel loads place them at risk of severe fire, particularly as fire activity increases due to climate change. A legacy of fire exclusion coupled with a warming climate has led to increasingly large and severe wildfires in many southwest forest types. Climate change projections include an extended fire season length due to earlier snowmelt and a general drying trend due to rising temperatures. This suggests the future will be warmer and drier regardless of changes in precipitation. Hotter, drier conditions are likely to increase forest flammability, at least initially. Changes in climate alone have the potential to alter the distribution of vegetation types within the region, and climate-driven shifts in vegetation distribution are likely to be accelerated when coupled with stand-replacing fire. Regardless of the rate of change, the interaction of climate and fire and their effects on Southwest ecosystems will alter the provisioning of ecosystem services, including carbon storage and biodiversity. Interactions between climate, fire, and vegetation growth provide a source of great uncertainty in projecting future fire activity in the region, as post-fire forest recovery is strongly influenced by climate and subsequent fire frequency. Severe fire can be mitigated with fuels management including prescribed fire, thinning, and wildfire management, but new strategies are needed to ensure the effectiveness of treatments across landscapes. We review the current understanding of the relationship between fire and climate in the Southwest, both historical and projected. We then discuss the potential implications of climate change for fire management and examine the potential effects of climate change and fire on ecosystem services. We conclude with an assessment of the role of fire management in an increasingly flammable Southwest. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.08.007 VL - 327 SP - 280-289 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1127 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.08.007 DB - Crossref KW - Biodiversity KW - Carbon KW - Emissions KW - Mitigation KW - Adaptation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water Balances of Two Piedmont Headwater Catchments: Implications for Regional Hydrologic Landscape Classification AU - Dreps, C. AU - James, A.L. AU - Sun, G. AU - Boggs, J. T2 - JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association AB - Abstract In the Piedmont of North Carolina, a traditionally water‐rich region, reservoirs that serve over 1 million people are under increasing pressure due to naturally occurring droughts and increasing land development. Innovative development approaches aim to maintain hydrologic conditions of the undisturbed landscape, but are based on insufficient target information. This study uses the hydrologic landscape concept to evaluate reference hydrology in small headwater catchments surrounding Falls Lake, a reservoir serving Raleigh and the greater Triangle area. Researchers collected one year of detailed data on water balance components, including precipitation, evapotranspiration, streamflow, and shallow subsurface storage from two headwater catchments representative of two hydrologic landscapes defined by differences in soils and topographic characteristics. The two catchments are similar in size and lie within the same physiographic region, and during the study period they showed similar water balances of 26‐30% Q , −4 to 5% Δ S , 59‐65% evapotranspiration, and 9‐10% G . However, the steeper, more elevated catchment exhibited perennial streamflow and nongrowing season runoff ratios ( Q / P ) of 33%, whereas the flat, low‐lying stream was drier during the growing season and exhibited Q / P ratios of 52% during the nongrowing season. A hydrologic landscape defined by topography and soil characteristics helps characterize local‐scale reference hydrology and may contribute to better land management decisions. DA - 2014/4/7/ PY - 2014/4/7/ DO - 10.1111/jawr.12173 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 1063-1079 J2 - J Am Water Resour Assoc LA - en OP - SN - 1093-474X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12173 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - SWAT-CS: Revision and testing of SWAT for Canadian Shield catchments AU - Fu, Congsheng AU - James, April L. AU - Yao, Huaxia T2 - Journal of Hydrology AB - Canadian Shield catchments are under increasing pressure from various types of development (e.g., mining and increased cottagers) and changing climate. Within the southern part of the Canadian Shield, catchments are generally characterized by shallow forested soils with high infiltration rates and low bedrock infiltration, generating little overland flow, and macropore and subsurface flow are important streamflow generation processes. Large numbers of wetlands and lakes are also key physiographic features, and snow-processes are critical to catchment modeling in this climate. We have revised the existing, publicly available SWAT (version 2009.10.1 Beta 3) to create SWAT-CS, a version representing hydrological processes dominating Canadian Shield catchments, where forest extends over Precambrian Shield bedrock. Prior to this study, very few studies applying SWAT to Canadian Shield catchments exist (we have found three). We tested SWAT-CS using the Harp Lake catchment dataset, an Ontario Ministry of Environment research station located in south-central Ontario. Simulations were evaluated against 30 years of observational data, including streamflow from six headwater sub-catchments (0.1–1.9 km2), outflow from Harp Lake (5.4 km2) and five years of weekly snow water equivalent (SWE). The best Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) results for daily streamflow calibration, daily streamflow validation, and SWE were 0.60, 0.65, and 0.87, respectively, for sub-catchment HP4 (with detailed land use and soil data). For this range of catchment scales, land cover and soil properties were found to be transferable across sub-catchments with similar physiographic features, namely streamflow from the remaining five sub-catchments could be modeled well using sub-catchment HP4 parameterization. The Harp Lake outflow was well modeled using the existing reservoir-based target release method, generating NSEs of 0.72 and 0.67 for calibration and verification periods respectively. With significant changes to the infiltration module (introducing macropore flow and reduced bedrock percolation), more than 90% of interflow was generated close to the soil–bedrock interface and the contribution of groundwater flow to total runoff was reduced to small amounts, consistent with hydrological process understanding in this terrain. These two changes also allowed for a positive linear relationship between NSE of SWE and Q, whereas prior to these changes there was a negative relationship. With these key revisions to the infiltration and bedrock percolations modules, it is concluded that SWAT-CS can reasonably capture key hydrological processes within Canadian Shield catchments. Further testing will examine water quality modeling and larger-scale applications. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.023 VL - 511 SP - 719-735 J2 - Journal of Hydrology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-1694 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.023 DB - Crossref KW - SWAT KW - Canadian Shield KW - Catchment hydrology KW - Interflow KW - Macroprore flow KW - Harp Lake ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved Protocol for Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation of Woody and Non-Woody Biomass AU - Min, Douyong AU - Xiang, Zhouyang AU - Liu, Jie AU - Jameel, Hasan AU - Chiang, Vincent AU - Jin, Yongcan AU - Chang, Hou-min T2 - Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology AB - The protocol of alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation was investigated to improve its ability to identify the different lignin structures for both woody and non-woody biomass. The survival factors of all six oxidation products—syringaldehde (Sr), vanillin (V), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (B) and their corresponding acids, syringic acid (Sa), vanillic acid (Va), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (Ba)—were studied at 170, 180, and 190°C for several residence times. Under similar conditions, various lignin model compounds—a softwood (loblolly pine), a hardwood (red maple), and a non-wood raw material (corn stover)—were oxidized. Molar yields of oxidation products were determined and the ratios of (Sr+Sa)/(V+Va), (Sr/V), and B/(V+Va) (B/V) were calculated. All oxidation products were relatively stable at 170 and 180°C but showed some degradation at 190°C, especially at long residence time. In all cases, p-hydroxybenzoic acid was barely detectable. While yields of oxidation products reach a maximum at 170°C for pine and maple, maximal yields of corn stover require 190°C. Consequently, we recommend that nitrobenzene oxidation be carried out at 170°C for 2.5 h for softwood and hardwood, but at 190°C and 4 h with correction for the survival factors for corn stover and other non-woody biomass. Alternatively, a protocol of oxidation at two temperatures is recommended for non-woody biomass. DA - 2014/9/25/ PY - 2014/9/25/ DO - 10.1080/02773813.2014.902965 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 52-61 J2 - Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology LA - en OP - SN - 0277-3813 1532-2319 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2014.902965 DB - Crossref KW - Nitrobenzene oxidation KW - survivival factors KW - lignin model compounds KW - Sr/V and B/V ratios ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reserves Accumulated in Non-Photosynthetic Organs during the Previous Growing Season Drive Plant Defenses and Growth in Aspen in the Subsequent Growing Season AU - Najar, A. AU - Landhäusser, S.M. AU - Whitehill, J.G.A. AU - Bonello, P. AU - Erbilgin, N. T2 - Journal of Chemical Ecology DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1007/s10886-013-0374-0 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 21-30 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84895073653&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Aspen KW - Constitutive and induced defenses KW - Non-structural carbohydrates KW - Nitrogen KW - Phenolic glycosides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of water availability on emerald ash borer larval performance and phloem phenolics of Manchurian and black ash AU - Chakraborty, S. AU - Whitehill, J.G.A. AU - Hill, A.L. AU - Opiyo, S.O. AU - Cipollini, D. AU - Herms, D.A. AU - Bonello, P. T2 - Plant, Cell and Environment AB - Abstract The invasive emerald ash borer ( EAB ) beetle is a significant threat to the survival of N orth A merican ash. In previous work, we identified putative biochemical and molecular markers of constitutive EAB resistance in M anchurian ash, an A sian species co‐evolved with EAB . Here, we employed high‐throughput high‐performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and mass spectrometry ( HPLC‐PDA ‐ MS) to characterize the induced response of soluble phloem phenolics to EAB attack in resistant M anchurian and susceptible black ash under conditions of either normal or low water availability, and the effects of water availability on larval performance. Total larval mass per tree was lower in M anchurian than in black ash. Low water increased larval numbers and mean larval mass overall, but more so in M anchurian ash. Low water did not affect levels of phenolics in either host species, but six phenolics decreased in response to EAB . In both ashes, pinoresinol A was induced by EAB , especially in M anchurian ash. Pinoresinol A and pinoresinol B were negatively correlated with each other in both species. The higher accumulation of pinoresinol A in M anchurian ash after attack may help explain the resistance of this species to EAB , but none of the responses measured here could explain increased larval performance in trees subjected to low water availability. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1111/pce.12215 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 1009-1021 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84896731705&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - pinoresinol KW - drought stress KW - Agrilus planipennis KW - secondary metabolites KW - quantitation KW - induced resistance KW - Fraxinus spp. KW - phenolics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decreased emergence of emerald ash borer from ash treated with methyl jasmonate is associated with induction of general defense traits and the toxic phenolic compound verbascoside. AU - Whitehill, JG AU - Rigsby, C AU - Cipollini, D AU - Herms, DA AU - Bonello, P T2 - Oecologia DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1007/s00442-014-3082-8 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 1047-1059 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/25231373 KW - Agrilus planipennis KW - Biological invasions KW - Fraxinus KW - Induced resistance KW - Plant-herbivore interactions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensitivity of blood lead-air lead slope factors to particle size distribution of ambient air lead AU - Meng, Q. AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Davis, J.A. AU - Cohen, J. AU - Svendsgaard, D. AU - Brown, J.S. AU - Tuttle, L. AU - Hubbard, H. AU - Rice, J. AU - Kirrane, E. AU - Vinikoor-Imler, L. AU - Kotchmar, D. AU - Hines, E. AU - Ross, M. T2 - Environmental Science and Technology DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 48 SP - 1263–1270 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A compromise programming model for developing the cost of including carbon pools and flux into forest management AU - Gharis, L. AU - Roise, Joseph AU - McCarter, J. C6 - 1 DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1007/s10479-013-1519-9 VL - 232 SP - 115–133 KW - Compromise programming KW - Forest management KW - Decision analysis model KW - Policy KW - Unit level analysis KW - Product substitution ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of organic matter manipulations on site productivity, soil nutrients, and soil carbon on a southern loblolly pine plantation AU - Mack, Jason AU - Hatten, Jeff AU - Sucre, Eric AU - Roberts, Scott AU - Leggett, Zakiya AU - Dewey, Janet T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Forest harvesting intrinsically removes organic matter and associated nutrients; these exports may impact soil productivity and soil carbon stores of managed forests. This study examined the effect of manipulating forest floor and harvest residue inputs on nutrient availability and carbon content in the context of intensive forest management. Treatments were applied 15 years prior to this study and included removal and addition of forest floor and harvest residues, and a reference. We examined stand volume, litterfall, root biomass and foliar N and P at year 14 or 15. Soil moisture and temperature (0–10 cm) and available N and P in the O and 0–20 cm depths were measured once per month during year 15. Soil carbon and nitrogen were measured on whole soils as well as two density fractions in the O-horizon, 0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm soil depths at year 15. In general, many of the initial responses found by an earlier study (age 10) have dissipated. Standing volume in the added treatment was 31% higher than the removed, but no significant difference was found between the removed and reference treatments. The added treatment resulted in higher concentrations of N in the light and heavy density fractions of the 0–20 cm depth, which led to higher mass of N in both of these fractions. The added treatment had the greatest whole soil heavy fraction N mass. There were no differences in available N in the O-horizon or 0–20 cm depth as tested using ion exchange membranes; however available P was significantly lower in the O-horizon of the removed treatment (37% lower than the reference). Bole volume was correlated with some measures of total and available N and P in the O and 0–20 cm soil horizons, suggesting that increases in growth found in the added treatment were a result of additional nutrients. There were no significant differences between C concentration or mass of the 0–20 cm or 20–40 cm soil depths between the treatments; however the added treatment had significantly more (51% more than the reference) carbon at the 40–60 cm soil depth. The added treatment had a significantly higher C:N relative to the reference in the 20–40 cm (21.0 and 14.5, respectively) and 40–60 cm (18.0 and 11.4, respectively) depths, suggesting that relatively fresh, undegraded organic matter had enriched this depth. This additional carbon sequestered at depth could contribute to a long-term soil carbon pool. The results of this study suggest that higher intensity use, such as forest floor removal and whole tree harvest, of these forests may not impact long term productivity at this site with typical soil nutrient status; however, more research is necessary to determine the mechanism(s) of this resilience. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1016/J.FORECO.2014.04.008 VL - 326 SP - 25-35 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1127 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.FORECO.2014.04.008 DB - Crossref KW - Soil carbon KW - Soil nutrients KW - Forest floor removal KW - Loblolly pine KW - Long-term soil productivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Switchgrass intercropping reduces soil inorganic nitrogen in a young loblolly pine plantation located in coastal North Carolina AU - Minick, Kevan J. AU - Strahm, Brian D. AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Sucre, Eric B. AU - Leggett, Zakiya H. AU - Zerpa, Jose L. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - As biofuel production continues to increase, so will demand for forests to provide sources of biomass feedstocks. Intensively managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations cover 15.8 million ha of the southeastern United States. Intercropping of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) within loblolly pine stands offers an opportunity to use interbed space to produce an herbaceous biomass feedstock. Furthermore, removal of post-harvest woody residues could act as another forest-based biomass feedstock. Understanding how managing forests for biofuel production influences soil nitrogen (N) cycling and availability is crucial given the critical role N plays in terrestrial ecosystem productivity. Therefore, our objective was to study effects of harvest residue removal and pine-switchgrass intercropping on soil extractable NH4+ and NO3-. We used a randomized complete block design, consisting of four blocks of seven plots (0.8 ha) established in the summer of 2008 on a recently harvested 34-year-old loblolly pine plantation in the Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA. Ion exchange membranes were deployed in the top 10 cm of mineral soil starting in June 2009 and replaced continuously every 4–6 weeks through December 2011. Presence of switchgrass significantly reduced soil extractable NH4+ and NO3-, amounting to a total reduction of 39% and 60%, respectively, over the course of the timeframe (30 months) of this study. There was evidence that intercropping of switchgrass increased extractable NO3- in the adjacent pine bed, although this result was only found in the final 6 months of the study. Presence or absence of harvest residues and/or interbed pines in the interbeds generally had no effect on soil inorganic N pools. These results indicate that switchgrass production effectively utilized inorganic N during a time when mineral N supply was greater than N demand by loblolly pines. Assessment of the long-term effects of switchgrass intercropping on soil nutrient cycling and availability and pine health and productivity will be essential to determine environmental and economic sustainability of intercropping. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1016/J.FORECO.2014.02.013 VL - 319 SP - 161-168 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1127 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.FORECO.2014.02.013 DB - Crossref KW - Pinus taeda KW - Panicum virgatum KW - Soil nitrogen KW - Biomass feedstock KW - Ion exchange membranes KW - Harvest residues ER - TY - JOUR TI - A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers AU - Aronson, M.F.J. AU - La Sorte, F.A. AU - Nilon, C.H. AU - Katti, M. AU - Goddard, M.A. AU - Lepczyk, C.A. AU - Warren, P.S. AU - Williams, N.S.G. AU - Cilliers, S. AU - Clarkson, B. AU - Dobbs, C. AU - Dolan, R. AU - Hedblom, M. AU - Klotz, S. AU - Kooijmans, J.L. AU - Kühn, I. AU - Macgregor-Fors, I. AU - Mcdonnell, M. AU - Mörtberg, U. AU - Py?ek, P. AU - Siebert, S. AU - Sushinsky, J. AU - Werner, P. AU - Winter, M. T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences AB - Urbanization contributes to the loss of the world's biodiversity and the homogenization of its biota. However, comparative studies of urban biodiversity leading to robust generalities of the status and drivers of biodiversity in cities at the global scale are lacking. Here, we compiled the largest global dataset to date of two diverse taxa in cities: birds (54 cities) and plants (110 cities). We found that the majority of urban bird and plant species are native in the world's cities. Few plants and birds are cosmopolitan, the most common being Columba livia and Poa annua . The density of bird and plant species (the number of species per km 2 ) has declined substantially: only 8% of native bird and 25% of native plant species are currently present compared with estimates of non-urban density of species. The current density of species in cities and the loss in density of species was best explained by anthropogenic features (landcover, city age) rather than by non-anthropogenic factors (geography, climate, topography). As urbanization continues to expand, efforts directed towards the conservation of intact vegetation within urban landscapes could support higher concentrations of both bird and plant species. Despite declines in the density of species, cities still retain endemic native species, thus providing opportunities for regional and global biodiversity conservation, restoration and education. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1098/rspb.2013.3330 VL - 281 IS - 1780 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84893711703&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - anthropogenic activities KW - global biodiversity KW - native species KW - density of species KW - urbanization ER - TY - BOOK TI - REDD+ on the ground: A case book of subnational initiatives across the globe A3 - Sills, E.O. A3 - Atmadja, S. A3 - de Sassi, C. A3 - Duchelle, A.E. A3 - Kweka, D. A3 - Resosudarmo, I.A.P. A3 - Sunderlin, W.D. AB - REDD+ is one of the leading near-term options for global climate change mitigation. More than 300 subnational REDD+ initiatives have been launched across the tropics, responding to both the call for demonstration activities in the Bali Action Plan and the market for voluntary carbon offset credits.
This book describes 23 initiatives in six different countries, including their:

Early expectations of significant funding for REDD+ encouraged proponent organizations to test a wide range of strategies to reduce emissions while also delivering co-benefits. Only some have chosen the strategy of direct payments conditional on actions to reduce deforestation or degradation, and only a very few have sold carbon credits, demonstrating how REDD+ on the ground is actually a mix of old and new strategies.
Faced with enormous challenges, proponents have developed a menu of ways to: secure financial support; clarify forest tenure; cooperate and act across scales; measure, report and verify emissions; and respond to the imperative of safeguarding local livelihoods.
While subnational initiatives have successfully piloted and generated lessons for REDD+, many now face the choice of either ending or transforming into something else, due to the political uncertainty and funding constraints stemming from the failure to reach a global climate change agreement. This book highlights both the critical importance of such an agreement and in its absence, the creative ways that subnational initiatives are operating on the ground.

Contents

Executive summary

Part 1. Introduction

1 REDD+ on the ground: The need for scientific evidence

Part 2. Case reports

BRAZIL

2 Acre's State System of Incentives for Environmental Services (SISA), Brazil
3 Bolsa Floresta, Brazil
4 Cotriguaçu Sempre Verde, Brazil: Conservation and sustainable management of natural resources
5 Jari/Amapá REDD+ Project, Brazil
6 Sustainable Landscapes Pilot Program in São Félix do Xingu, Brazil
7 Sustainable Settlements in the Amazon, Brazil

PERU

8 The REDD Project in Brazil Nut Concessions in Madre de Dios, Peru
9 Valuation of Environmental Services in the Managed Forests of Seven Indigenous Communities in Ucayali, Peru

CAMEROON

10 REDD+ around Mount Cameroon, southwest region of Cameroon
11 Community Payments for Ecosystem Services in the south and east regions of Cameroon

TANZANIA

12 Building REDD Readiness in the Masito Ugalla Ecosystem Pilot Area in Support of Tanzania’s National REDD Strategy
13 Piloting REDD in Zanzibar Through Community Forest Management, Tanzania
14 Making REDD Work for Communities and Forest Conservation in Tanzania
15 Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative: Combining REDD, PFM and FSC certification in southeastern Tanzania
16 Pilot project on Community-Based REDD Mechanisms for Sustainable Forest Management in Semiarid Areas: The Case of Ngitilis in the Shinyanga Region, Tanzania

INDONESIA

17 Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
18 Katingan Peatland Restoration and Conservation Project, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
19 Ketapang Community Carbon Pools, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
20 Rimba Raya Biodiversity Reserve Project, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
21 TNC's initiative within the Berau Forest Carbon Program, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
22 Ulu Masen REDD+ initiative, Aceh, Indonesia

VIETNAM

23 Cat Loc Landscape – Cat Tien National Park Pro-Poor REDD+ Project, Vietnam

Part 3. Synthesis

24 REDD+ on the ground: Global insights from local contexts DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.17528/cifor/005202 SP - 505 PB - Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/005202 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How global biodiversity hotspots may go unrecognized: lessons from the North American Coastal Plain AU - Noss, Reed F. AU - Platt, William J. AU - Sorrie, Bruce A. AU - Weakley, Alan S. AU - Means, D. Bruce AU - Costanza, Jennifer AU - Peet, Robert K. T2 - Diversity and Distributions AB - Abstract Biodiversity hotspots are conservation priorities. We identify the North American Coastal Plain ( NACP ) as a global hotspot based on the classic definition, a region with > 1500 endemic plant species and > 70% habitat loss. This region has been bypassed in prior designations due to misconceptions and myths about its ecology and history. These fallacies include: (1) young age of the NACP , climatic instability over time and submergence during high sea‐level stands; (2) climatic and environmental homogeneity; (3) closed forest as the climax vegetation; and (4) fire regimes that are mostly anthropogenic. We show that the NACP is older and more climatically stable than usually assumed, spatially heterogeneous and extremely rich in species and endemics for its range of latitude, especially within pine savannas and other mostly herbaceous and fire‐dependent communities. We suspect systematic biases and misconceptions, in addition to missing information, obscure the existence of similarly biologically significant regions world‐wide. Potential solutions to this problem include (1) increased field biological surveys and taxonomic determinations, especially within grassy biomes and regions with low soil fertility, which tend to have much overlooked biodiversity; (2) more research on the climatic refugium role of hotspots, given that regions of high endemism often coincide with regions with low velocity of climate change; (3) in low‐lying coastal regions, consideration of the heterogeneity in land area generated by historically fluctuating sea levels, which likely enhanced opportunities for evolution of endemic species; and (4) immediate actions to establish new protected areas and implement science‐based management to restore evolutionary environmental conditions in newly recognized hotspots. DA - 2014/11/12/ PY - 2014/11/12/ DO - 10.1111/ddi.12278 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 236-244 J2 - Diversity Distrib. LA - en OP - SN - 1366-9516 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12278 DB - Crossref KW - Biodiversity KW - conservation planning KW - endemism KW - hotspot KW - prioritization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contribution of particle-size-fractionated airborne lead to blood lead during the national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999-2008 AU - Meng, Q. AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Davis, J.A. AU - Cohen, J. AU - Svendsgaard, D. AU - Brown, J.S. AU - Tuttle, L. AU - Hubbard, H. AU - Rice, J. AU - Vinikoor-Imler, L. AU - Sacks, J.D. AU - Kirrane, E. AU - Kotchmar, D. AU - Hines, E. AU - Ross, M. T2 - Environmental Science and Technology AB - The objective of this work is to examine associations between blood lead (PbB) and air lead (PbA) in particulate matter measured at different size cuts by use of PbB concentrations from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and PbA concentrations from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for 1999-2008. Three size fractions of particle-bound PbA (TSP, PM10, and PM2.5) data with different averaging times (current and past 90-day average) were utilized. A multilevel linear mixed effect model was used to characterize the PbB-PbA relationship. At 0.15 μg/m(3), a unit decrease in PbA in PM10 was significantly associated with a decrease in PbB of 0.3-2.2 μg/dL across age groups and averaging times. For PbA in PM2.5 and TSP, slopes were generally positive but not significant. PbB levels were more sensitive to the change in PbA concentrations for children (1-5 and 6-11 years) and older adults (≥ 60 years) than teenagers (12-19 years) and adults (20-59 years). For the years following the phase-out of Pb in gasoline and a resulting upward shift in the PbA particle size distribution, PbA in PM10 was a statistically significant predictor of PbB. The results also suggest that age could affect the PbB-PbA association, with children having higher sensitivity than adults. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1021/es4039825 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 1263-1270 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84892696256&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of U.S. soil lead (Pb) studies from 1970 to 2012 AU - Datko-Williams, L. AU - Wilkie, A. AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. T2 - Science of the Total Environment AB - Although lead (Pb) emissions to the air have substantially decreased in the United States since the phase-out of leaded gasoline by 1995, amounts of lead in some soils remain elevated. Lead concentrations in residential and recreational soils are of concern because health effects have been associated with Pb exposure. Elevated soil Pb is especially harmful to young children due to their higher likelihood of soil ingestion. The purpose of this study is to create a comprehensive compilation of U.S. soil Pb data published from 1970 through 2012 as well as to analyze the collected data to reveal spatial and/or temporal soil Pb trends in the U.S. over the past 40 years. A total of 84 soil Pb studies across 62 U.S. cities were evaluated. Median soil Pb values from the studies were analyzed with respect to year of sampling, residential location type (e.g., urban, suburban), and population density. In aggregate, there was no statistically significant correlation between year and median soil Pb; however, within single cities, soil Pb generally declined over time. Our analysis shows that soil Pb quantities in city centers were generally highest and declined towards the suburbs and exurbs of the city. In addition, there was a statistically significant, positive relationship between median soil Pb and population density. In general, the trends examined here align with previously reported conclusions that soil Pb levels are higher in larger urban areas and Pb tends to remain in soil for long periods of time. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.089 VL - 468-469 SP - 854-863 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84884563732&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Soil lead KW - Pb storage KW - United States KW - Urbanized area KW - Population density ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Influence of Declining Air Lead Levels on Blood Lead–Air Lead Slope Factors in Children AU - Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer AU - Meng, Qingyu AU - Davis, Allen AU - Cohen, Jonathan AU - Lu, Shou-En AU - Svendsgaard, David AU - Brown, James S. AU - Tuttle, Lauren AU - Hubbard, Heidi AU - Rice, Joann AU - Kirrane, Ellen AU - Vinikoor-Imler, Lisa C. AU - Kotchmar, Dennis AU - Hines, Erin P. AU - Ross, Mary T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - It is difficult to discern the proportion of blood lead (PbB) attributable to ambient air lead (PbA), given the multitude of lead (Pb) sources and pathways of exposure. The PbB-PbA relationship has previously been evaluated across populations. This relationship was a central consideration in the 2008 review of the Pb national ambient air quality standards.The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationship between PbB and PbA concentrations among children nationwide for recent years and to compare the relationship with those obtained from other studies in the literature.We merged participant-level data for PbB from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988-1994) and NHANES 9908 (1999-2008) with PbA data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. We applied mixed-effects models, and we computed slope factor, d[PbB]/d[PbA] or the change in PbB per unit change in PbA, from the model results to assess the relationship between PbB and PbA.Comparing the NHANES regression results with those from the literature shows that slope factor increased with decreasing PbA among children 0-11 years of age.These findings suggest that a larger relative public health benefit may be derived among children from decreases in PbA at low PbA exposures. Simultaneous declines in Pb from other sources, changes in PbA sampling uncertainties over time largely related to changes in the size distribution of Pb-bearing particulate matter, and limitations regarding sampling size and exposure error may contribute to the variability in slope factor observed across peer-reviewed studies. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1289/ehp.1307072 VL - 122 IS - 7 SP - 754-760 J2 - Environmental Health Perspectives LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6765 1552-9924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307072 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Occupational and Environmental Health Impacts from Mining in Orissa, India AU - Sanglimsuwan, Karnjana AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. AU - Saha, Shubhayu AU - Singha, Ashok AU - Sahoo, Barendra T2 - Environment and Development Economics AB - Mining brings jobs and economic development, but also significant health impacts. This chapter provides empirical estimates of the environmental health impacts of mining in Orissa, India. People working in the mine are found to be more vulnerable to respiratory diseases, but less vulnerable to fever. People living near the mine, by contrast, are found to be more vulnerable to waterborne diseases and fever. The implication is that mining development needs to be supported by cost-benefit analysis, and accompanied by appropriate regulation. PY - 2014/4/17/ DO - 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677856.003.0015 SP - 310-331 OP - PB - Oxford University Press SN - 9780199677856 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677856.003.0015 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detecting and interpreting secondary forest on an old Amazonian frontier AU - Caviglia-Harris, Jill L. AU - Toomey, Michael AU - Harris, Daniel W. AU - Mullan, Katrina AU - Bell, Andrew Reid AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Roberts, Dar A. T2 - Journal of Land Use Science AB - Land uses that replace tropical forests are important determinants of terrestrial carbon storage and biodiversity. This includes secondary forest growth after deforestation, which has been integrated into the REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) concept as a means to enhance current forest carbon stocks. Incorporating secondary forest into climate change mitigation efforts requires both accurate measurements and a means to target interventions to achieve additionality. We demonstrate how remote sensing and household survey data can be combined to meet these requirements in ‘old frontiers’ of the Brazilian Amazon and introduce the idea that annual land-cover transitions − measured at the pixel level and over time − can serve as leading indicators of secondary forest regrowth. The patterns we observe are consistent with the suggested tension between equity and additionality in REDD+: the poorest households on the poorest quality lots already allow forest regeneration. Policy interventions to encourage regeneration are likely to have the greatest additional impact on higher quality lots owned by better capitalized households. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1080/1747423x.2014.940614 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 442-465 J2 - Journal of Land Use Science LA - en OP - SN - 1747-423X 1747-4248 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1747423x.2014.940614 DB - Crossref KW - secondary forest KW - tropical deforestation KW - Amazon KW - remote sensing data KW - survey data KW - Benford's law KW - reliability index ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tourism and recreation research along the natural-rural-urban gradient: Global trends and implications for China AU - Leung, Y.-F. AU - Barbieri, C. AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Tourism Tribune DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.3969/j.issn.1002-5006.2014.06.001 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - 3–5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conflicting Futures AU - Kokotovich, Adam AU - Kuzma, Jennifer T2 - Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society AB - Novel targeted genetic modification (TagMo) techniques for plants have the potential to increase the speed and ease of genetic modification and fall outside existing regulatory authority. We conducted 31 interviews with expert-stakeholders to explore the differing visions they have for the future of plant TagMo environmental regulation. To guide our analysis we review the tenets of anticipatory governance in light of future studies literature on emerging technology, focusing on how to contribute to reflexivity by making explicit the assumptions within envisioned futures. Our findings reveal that the environmental regulation futures articulated by expert-stakeholders could be classified into three categories—optimistic, pragmatic, and critical—based on their differing underlying assumptions concerning what constitutes environmental risk and the adequacy of existing U.S. genetically modified plant regulations. By gathering these diverse perspectives on the future and studying how they differ, we hope to further the anticipatory governance-informed engagement with regulation and foster a more productive discussion of plant TagMo regulation. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1177/0270467614565695 VL - 34 IS - 3-4 SP - 108-120 J2 - Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society LA - en OP - SN - 0270-4676 1552-4183 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0270467614565695 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping tree health using airborne full-waveform laser scans and hyperspectral imagery: a case study for floodplain eucalypt forest AU - Shendryk, I. AU - Tulbure, M. G. AU - Broich, M. T2 - AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 1 SP - 0081 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land surface phenological response to decadal climate variability across Australia using satellite remote sensing AU - Broich, M. AU - Huete, A. AU - Tulbure, M. G. AU - Ma, X. AU - Xin, Q. AU - Paget, M. AU - Restrepo-Coupe, N. AU - Davies, K. AU - Devadas, R. AU - Held, A. AU - al., T2 - Biogeosciences Discussions AB - Abstract. Land surface phenological cycles of vegetation greening and browning are influenced by variability in climatic forcing. Quantitative spatial information on phenological cycles and their variability is important for agricultural applications, wildfire fuel accumulation, land management, land surface modeling, and climate change studies. Most phenology studies have focused on temperature-driven Northern Hemisphere systems, where phenology shows annually recurring patterns. However, precipitation-driven non-annual phenology of arid and semi-arid systems (i.e., drylands) received much less attention, despite the fact that they cover more than 30% of the global land surface. Here, we focused on Australia, a continent with one of the most variable rainfall climates in the world and vast areas of dryland systems, where a detailed phenological investigation and a characterization of the relationship between phenology and climate variability are missing. To fill this knowledge gap, we developed an algorithm to characterize phenological cycles, and analyzed geographic and climate-driven variability in phenology from 2000 to 2013, which included extreme drought and wet years. We linked derived phenological metrics to rainfall and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). We conducted a continent-wide investigation and a more detailed investigation over the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), the primary agricultural area and largest river catchment of Australia. Results showed high inter- and intra-annual variability in phenological cycles across Australia. The peak of phenological cycles occurred not only during the austral summer, but also at any time of the year, and their timing varied by more than a month in the interior of the continent. The magnitude of the phenological cycle peak and the integrated greenness were most significantly correlated with monthly SOI within the preceding 12 months. Correlation patterns occurred primarily over northeastern Australia and within the MDB, predominantly over natural land cover and particularly in floodplain and wetland areas. Integrated greenness of the phenological cycles (surrogate of vegetation productivity) showed positive anomalies of more than 2 standard deviations over most of eastern Australia in 2009–2010, which coincided with the transition from the El Niño-induced decadal droughts to flooding caused by La Niña. DA - 2014/5/28/ PY - 2014/5/28/ DO - 10.5194/bg-11-5181-2014 VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 7685-7719 J2 - Biogeosciences Discuss. LA - en OP - SN - 1810-6285 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-7685-2014 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water networks across a global biodiversity hotspot—implications for conservation AU - Tulbure, Mirela G AU - Kininmonth, Stuart AU - Broich, Mark T2 - Environmental Research Letters AB - The concept of habitat networks represents an important tool for landscape conservation and management at regional scales. Previous studies simulated degradation of temporally fixed networks but few quantified the change in network connectivity from disintegration of key features that undergo naturally occurring spatiotemporal dynamics. This is particularly of concern for aquatic systems, which typically show high natural spatiotemporal variability. Here we focused on the Swan Coastal Plain, a bioregion that encompasses a global biodiversity hotspot in Australia with over 1500 water bodies of high biodiversity. Using graph theory, we conducted a temporal analysis of water body connectivity over 13 years of variable climate. We derived large networks of surface water bodies using Landsat data (1999–2011). We generated an ensemble of 278 potential networks at three dispersal distances approximating the maximum dispersal distance of different water dependent organisms. We assessed network connectivity through several network topology metrics and quantified the resilience of the network topology during wet and dry phases. We identified 'stepping stone' water bodies across time and compared our networks with theoretical network models with known properties. Results showed a highly dynamic seasonal pattern of variability in network topology metrics. A decline in connectivity over the 13 years was noted with potential negative consequences for species with limited dispersal capacity. The networks described here resemble theoretical scale-free models, also known as 'rich get richer' algorithm. The 'stepping stone' water bodies are located in the area around the Peel-Harvey Estuary, a Ramsar listed site, and some are located in a national park. Our results describe a powerful approach that can be implemented when assessing the connectivity for a particular organism with known dispersal distance. The approach of identifying the surface water bodies that act as 'stepping stone' over time may help prioritize surface water bodies that are essential for maintaining regional scale connectivity. DA - 2014/11/1/ PY - 2014/11/1/ DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/114012 VL - 9 IS - 11 SP - 114012 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. OP - SN - 1748-9326 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/114012 DB - Crossref KW - surface water dynamics KW - spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water networks KW - complex networks KW - graph theory KW - remote sensing KW - Landsat KW - conservation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecological implications of altered fish foraging after exposure to an antidepressant pharmaceutical AU - Hedgespeth, M.L. AU - Nilsson, P.A. AU - Berglund, O. T2 - Aquatic Toxicology AB - Pharmaceutical residues are increasingly detected in environmental and biological samples, some at levels known to adversely affect non-target organisms; however, less is known of how these organism-level effects relate to the ecology of aquatic systems. Foraging processes may be used as behavioral endpoints that link effects on individuals to the population and community levels, enabling risk assessment of environmental contaminants at larger ecological scales. In this study, we performed feeding trials using juvenile Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) exposed to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) sertraline to test the hypothesis that sertraline alters foraging ecology of the fish in terms of their functional response. We found an exposure-dependent decrease in feeding with increasing sertraline concentrations. Further experiments revealed that feeding rates decrease at both low and high prey densities, indicating effects on both attack rate and handling time, respectively. Because the functional response can shape consumer-resource dynamics, such effects may alter the stability of predator–prey systems and consequently, community structure. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.12.011 VL - 151 SP - 84-87 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84899485526&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Pharmaceutical KW - Sertraline KW - Fish KW - Functional response KW - Foraging ecology ER - TY - RPRT TI - Step by Step Process for Creating and Delivering Effective Webinars AU - Gharis, L. AU - Typhina, E. AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Gonzalez-Jeuck, G. A3 - University of Georgia DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M1 - SREF-TT-001 M3 - Southern Regional Extension Forestry Report PB - University of Georgia SN - SREF-TT-001 UR - https://sref.info/resources/publications/step-by-step-process-for-creating-and-delivering-effective-webinars/at_download/file ER - TY - RPRT TI - Wood Energy: Understanding the Forest Connection AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Hazel, D.W. A3 - Southeastern Partnership for Integrated Biomass Supply Systems DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M3 - Factsheet PB - Southeastern Partnership for Integrated Biomass Supply Systems UR - http://www.se-ibss.org/publications-and-patents/extension-and-outreach-publications/wood-energy-understanding-the-forest-connection ER - TY - RPRT TI - Linking Lands and Linking Missions to Advance Working Lands, Conservation and National Defense: NC Sentinel Landscapes AU - Gharis, L. AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Belk, D. AU - Diaz, J. AU - Hazel, D. AU - Ross, W.G., Jr. AU - Snelgrove, T. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// PB - North Carolina State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Survey Responses to Determine the Value-Added Features of a Webinar Portal System for Adoption by Natural Resource Professionals AU - Gharis, L. AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Hubbard, W. AU - Taylor, E. AU - Gonzalez-Jeuck, G. T2 - Journal of Extension DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 52 IS - 6 UR - http://www.joe.org/joe/2014december/rb4.php ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expanding the Reach of Extension Through Social Media AU - Gharis, Laurie W AU - Bardon, Robert E AU - Evans, Jennifer L AU - Hubbard, William G AU - Taylor, Eric T2 - Journal of Extension [On-line] DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - 3FEA3 UR - http://www.joe.org/joe/2014june/a3.php ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large-scale patterns of insect and disease activity in the conterminous United States and Alaska from the national insect and disease survey, 2011 T2 - Unpublished DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13140/2.1.3817.9522 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large-scale patterns of forest fire occurrence in the conterminous United States and Alaska, 2011 T2 - Unpublished DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13140/2.1.1720.8009 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Assessment of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) within Glacier National Park, Montana T2 - US Forest Service, National Genetics laboratory DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13140/rg.2.1.3084.4323 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Assessment of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) at Yosemite National Park, California T2 - US Forest Service, National Genetics laboratory DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13140/rg.2.1.3764.3680 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Assessment of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) at Sagauro National Park, Arizona T2 - US Forest Service, National Genetics laboratory DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13140/rg.2.1.1274.0003 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Assessment of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) at Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado T2 - US Forest Service, National Genetics Laboratory DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13140/rg.2.1.2584.7209 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Assessment of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) at Lava Beds National Monument, California T2 - US Forest Service, National Genetics laboratory DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13140/rg.2.1.1511.5680 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Assessment of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) at Lassen Volcanic National Park, California T2 - US Forest Service, National Genetics Laboratory DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13140/rg.2.1.4788.3683 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Assessment of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) Sites within the Proposed Wah Wah Mountains Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC), Millard County and Iron County, Utah T2 - US Forest Service, National Genetics Laboratory DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13140/rg.2.1.3895.4404 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Assessment of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa) Sites in the Big Hole River Region, Beaverhead County, Montana T2 - US Forest Service, National Genetics Laboratory DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13140/rg.2.1.2035.8568 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2012 DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13140/2.1.4866.5288 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Exploring Southern Appalachian Forests AU - Jeffries, S.B. AU - Wentworth, T.R. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// PB - University of North Carolina Press SE - 309 UR - https://www.uncpress.org/book/9781469618203/exploring-southern-appalachian-forests/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coliform Bacteria as Indicators of Diarrheal Risk in Household Drinking Water: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis AU - Gruber, Joshua S. AU - Ercumen, Ayse AU - Jr, John M. Colford T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Current guidelines recommend the use of Escherichia coli (EC) or thermotolerant ("fecal") coliforms (FC) as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water. Despite their broad use as measures of water quality, there remains limited evidence for an association between EC or FC and diarrheal illness: a previous review found no evidence for a link between diarrhea and these indicators in household drinking water.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to update the results of the previous review with newly available evidence, to explore differences between EC and FC indicators, and to assess the quality of available evidence.We searched major databases using broad terms for household water quality and diarrhea. We extracted study characteristics and relative risks (RR) from relevant studies. We pooled RRs using random effects models with inverse variance weighting, and used standard methods to evaluate heterogeneity and publication bias.We identified 20 relevant studies; 14 studies provided extractable results for meta-analysis. When combining all studies, we found no association between EC or FC and diarrhea (RR 1.26 [95% CI: 0.98, 1.63]). When analyzing EC and FC separately, we found evidence for an association between diarrhea and EC (RR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.37, 1.74]) but not FC (RR: 1.07 [95% CI: 0.79, 1.45]). Across all studies, we identified several elements of study design and reporting (e.g., timing of outcome and exposure measurement, accounting for correlated outcomes) that could be improved upon in future studies that evaluate the association between drinking water contamination and health.Our findings, based on a review of the published literature, suggest that these two coliform groups have different associations with diarrhea in household drinking water. Our results support the use of EC as a fecal indicator in household drinking water. DA - 2014/9/24/ PY - 2014/9/24/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0107429 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - e107429 J2 - PLOS ONE LA - en SN - 1932-6203 ST - Coliform Bacteria as Indicators of Diarrheal Risk in Household Drinking Water UR - https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0107429 DB - PLoS Journals Y2 - 2019/1/30/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water distribution system deficiencies and the risk of gastrointestinal illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis AU - Ercumen, A. AU - Gruber, J.S. AU - Colford, J.M. T2 - Environ Health Perspect AB - Water distribution systems are vulnerable to performance deficiencies that can cause (re)contamination of treated water and plausibly lead to increased risk of gastrointestinal illness (GII) in consumers.It is well established that large system disruptions in piped water networks can cause GII outbreaks. We hypothesized that routine network problems can also contribute to background levels of waterborne illness and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of distribution system deficiencies on endemic GII.We reviewed published studies that compared direct tap water consumption to consumption of tap water re-treated at the point of use (POU) and studies of specific system deficiencies such as breach of physical or hydraulic pipe integrity and lack of disinfectant residual.In settings with network malfunction, consumers of tap water versus POU-treated water had increased GII [incidence density ratio (IDR) = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.79]. The subset of nonblinded studies showed a significant association between GII and tap water versus POU-treated water consumption (IDR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.20), but there was no association based on studies that blinded participants to their POU water treatment status (IDR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.08). Among studies focusing on specific network deficiencies, GII was associated with temporary water outages (relative risk = 3.26; 95% CI: 1.48, 7.19) as well as chronic outages in intermittently operated distribution systems (odds ratio = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.26, 2.07).Tap water consumption is associated with GII in malfunctioning distribution networks. System deficiencies such as water outages also are associated with increased GII, suggesting a potential health risk for consumers served by piped water networks. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1289/ehp.1306912 VL - 122 IS - 7 SP - 651-660 LA - en UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306912 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shared use of school facilities with community organizations and afterschool physical activity program participation: A cost-benefit assessment AU - Kanters, M.A. AU - Bocarro, J.N. AU - Filardo, M. AU - Edwards, M.B. AU - Mckenzie, T.L. AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Journal of School Health AB - ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Partnerships between school districts and community‐based organizations to share school facilities during afterschool hours can be an effective strategy for increasing physical activity. However, the perceived cost of shared use has been noted as an important reason for restricting community access to schools. This study examined shared use of middle school facilities, the amount and type of afterschool physical activity programs provided at middle schools together with the costs of operating the facilities. METHODS Afterschool programs were assessed for frequency, duration, and type of structured physical activity programs provided and the number of boys and girls in each program. School operating costs were used to calculate a cost per student and cost per building square foot measure. Data were collected at all 30 middle schools in a large school district over 12 months in 2010‐2011. RESULTS Policies that permitted more use of school facilities for community‐sponsored programs increased participation in afterschool programs without a significant increase in operating expenses. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest partnerships between schools and other community agencies to share facilities and create new opportunities for afterschool physical activity programs are a promising health promotion strategy. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1111/josh.12148 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 302-309 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84897950461&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - school facility costs KW - school facilities KW - afterschool physical activity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Park Use Among Youth and Adults: Examination of Individual, Social, and Urban Form Factors AU - Baran, P.K. AU - Smith, W.R. AU - Moore, R.C. AU - Floyd, M.F. AU - Bocarro, J.N. AU - Cosco, N.G. AU - Danninger, T.M. T2 - Environment and Behavior AB - This article examines park use in relation to neighborhood social (safety and poverty) and urban form (pedestrian infrastructure and street network pattern) characteristics among youth and adult subpopulations defined by age and gender. We utilized System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) and Geographic Information Systems to objectively measure park use and park and neighborhood characteristics in 20 neighborhood parks. Heterogeneous negative binomial regression models indicated that the relationship between park use and types of activity settings, and park use and neighborhood attributes vary by age and gender. In general, the study found that park and activity setting size; activity settings such as playgrounds, basketball courts, pool and water features, shelters, and picnic areas; and availability of sidewalks and intersections in the park’s neighborhood were positively associated with park use, whereas crime, poverty, and racial heterogeneity of the surrounding neighborhood were negatively associated with park use. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1177/0013916512470134 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 768-800 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903973570&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - neighborhood park use KW - crime KW - urban form KW - street connectivity KW - pedestrian infrastructure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disparities in Built and Natural Features of Urban Parks: Comparisons by Neighborhood Level Race/Ethnicity and Income AU - Bruton, Candice M. AU - Floyd, Myron F. T2 - Journal of Urban Health AB - Known associations between the built environment and health outcomes have accelerated research examining racial/ethnic and income disparities in access to parks and other community features that support physical activity. Currently, it cannot be concluded that park characteristics are equal in quantity or condition across areas of disparate race/ethnicity and income composition. This study examined natural and built park characteristics across areas of different race/ethnicity and income composition to identify potential disparities. Twenty-one parks in Greensboro, NC (USA), located in minority or non-minority areas and in low or medium-high income areas were inventoried using a park audit tool and GIS. Parks were compared on number of activity areas, features, amenities, size, percent tree canopy, cleanliness, and condition. Independent sample t tests and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare means of outcome variables. Fisher's exact tests were applied for categorical variables. Fewer wooded areas and more trash cans were found in low-income and minority areas as compared to medium-high income and non-minority areas. Low-income areas were found to have more picnic areas than their counterparts. Sitting and resting features in non-minority areas were found to be cleaner than those in minority areas. Results showed some evidence of disparities in park characteristics. Findings can inform park policy and design as well as renovations and maintenance procedures, particularly in specific areas where existing disparities were identified. DA - 2014/7/31/ PY - 2014/7/31/ DO - 10.1007/s11524-014-9893-4 VL - 91 IS - 5 SP - 894-907 J2 - J Urban Health LA - en OP - SN - 1099-3460 1468-2869 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9893-4 DB - Crossref KW - Disparities KW - Park characteristics KW - Built environment ER - TY - JOUR TI - A multiple objective model for including carbon in forests, in wood products, and through product substitution AU - Gharis, L. AU - Roise, Joseph AU - McCarter T2 - Annals of Operations Research DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 1–19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Publisher's Note:“Communication: Molecular-level insights into asymmetric triblock copolymers: Network and phase development”[J. Chem. Phys. 141, 121103 (2014)] AU - Tallury, Syamal S AU - Mineart, Kenneth P AU - Woloszczuk, Sebastian AU - Williams, David N AU - Thompson, Russell B AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A AU - Banaszak, Michal AU - Spontak, Richard J T2 - The Journal of chemical physics DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 141 IS - 16 SP - 169901 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Predicting Surface Wetting AU - Chen, Jing AU - Fiber AU - University, North Carolina State AU - Raleigh AU - USA. AU - Hanson, Ben J. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - AIMS Materials Science AB - The investigation of wetting of a solid surface by a liquid provides important insights; the contact angle of a liquid droplet on a surface provides a quantitative measurement of this interaction and the degree of attraction or repulsion of that liquid type by the solid surface. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are a useful way to examine the behavior of liquids on solid surfaces on a nanometer scale. Thus, we surveyed the state of this field, beginning with the fundamentals of wetting calculations to an examination of the different MD methodologies used. We highlighted some of the advantages and disadvantages of the simulations, and look to the future of computer modeling to understand wetting and other liquid-solid interaction phenomena. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.3934/matersci.2014.1.121 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 121-131 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Predicting Surface Wetting AU - Chen, Jing AU - Fiber AU - University, North Carolina State AU - Raleigh AU - USA. AU - Hanson, Ben J. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - AIMS Materials Science AB - The investigation of wetting of a solid surface by a liquid provides important insights; the contact angle of a liquid droplet on a surface provides a quantitative measurement of this interaction and the degree of attraction or repulsion of that liquid type by the solid surface. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are a useful way to examine the behavior of liquids on solid surfaces on a nanometer scale. Thus, we surveyed the state of this field, beginning with the fundamentals of wetting calculations to an examination of the different MD methodologies used. We highlighted some of the advantages and disadvantages of the simulations, and look to the future of computer modeling to understand wetting and other liquid-solid interaction phenomena. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.3934/matersci.2014.2.121 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 121-131 KW - contact angle KW - molecular dynamics simulations KW - wetting ER - TY - JOUR TI - Communication: Molecular-level insights into asymmetric triblock copolymers: Network and phase development AU - Tallury, Syamal S AU - Mineart, Kenneth P AU - Woloszczuk, Sebastian AU - Williams, David N AU - Thompson, Russell B AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A AU - Banaszak, Michal AU - Spontak, Richard J DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular dynamics simulations of the adhesion of a thin annealed film of oleic acid onto crystalline cellulose AU - Quddus, Mir A. A. R. AU - Rojas, Orlando J. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - Biomacromolecules AB - Molecular dynamics simulations were used to characterize the wetting behavior of crystalline cellulose planes in contact with a thin oily film of oleic acid. Cellulose crystal planes with higher molecular protrusions and increased surface area produced stronger adhesion if compared to other crystal planes due to enhanced wetting and hydrogen bonding. The detailed characteristics of crystal plane features and the contribution of directional hydrogen bonding was investigated. Similarly, oleophilicity of the cellulose planes increased with the increase in surface roughness and number of directional hydrogen bonds. These results correlate with conclusions drawn from experimental studies such as adhesion of an ink vehicle on cellulose surface. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1021/bm500088c VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 1476-1483 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84898618457&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Redefining safety in commercial space: Understanding debates over the safety of private human spaceflight initiatives in the United States AU - Bouchey, M. AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Space Policy AB - Abstract In 2009 President Obama proposed a budget for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that canceled the Constellation program and included the development of commercial crew transportation systems into low Earth orbit. This significant move to shift human spaceflight into the private sector sparked political debate, but much of the discourse has focused on impacts to “safety.” Although no one disputes the importance of keeping astronauts safe, strategies for defining safety reveal contrasting visions for the space program and opposing values regarding the privatization of U.S. space exploration. In other words, the debate over commercial control has largely become encoded in arguments over safety. Specifically, proponents of using commercial options for transporting astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) argue that commercial vehicles would be safe for astronauts, while proponents of NASA control argue that commercial vehicles would be unsafe, or at least not as safe as NASA vehicles. The cost of the spaceflight program, the technical requirements for designing a vehicle, the track record of the launch vehicle, and the experience of the launch provider are all incorporated into what defines safety in human spaceflight. This paper analyzes these contested criteria through conceptual lenses provided by fields of science and technology policy (STP) and science, technology, and society (STS). We ultimately contend that these differences in definition result not merely from ambiguous understandings of safety, but from intentional and strategic choices guided by normative positions on the commercialization of human spaceflight. The debate over safety is better considered a proxy debate for the partisan preferences embedded within the dispute over public or private spaceflight. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/j.spacepol.2014.03.002 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 53–61 J2 - Space Policy LA - en OP - SN - 0265-9646 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2014.03.002 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - CORRESPONDENCE: Synthetic biology: Missing the point AU - Evans, S.W. AU - Jasanoff, S. AU - Calvert, J. AU - Delborne, J. AU - Doubleday, R. AU - Frow, E. AU - Funtowicz, S. AU - Green, B. AU - Guston, D.H. AU - Hurlburt, B. AU - Irwin, A. AU - Joly, P. AU - Kuzma, J. AU - Palmer, M. AU - Race, M. AU - Stilgoe, J. AU - Stirling, A. AU - Wilsdon, J. AU - Winickoff, D. AU - Wynne, B. AU - Zoloth, L. T2 - Nature DA - 2014/6/12/ PY - 2014/6/12/ DO - 10.1038/510218b VL - 510 IS - 7504 SP - 218 SN - 0028-0836 1476-4687 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/510218b ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicted Effects of Gypsy Moth Defoliation and Climate Change on Forest Carbon Dynamics in the New Jersey Pine Barrens AU - Kretchun, Alec M. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Lucash, Melissa S. AU - Clark, Kenneth L. AU - Hom, John AU - Van Tuyl, Steve T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Disturbance regimes within temperate forests can significantly impact carbon cycling. Additionally, projected climate change in combination with multiple, interacting disturbance effects may disrupt the capacity of forests to act as carbon sinks at large spatial and temporal scales. We used a spatially explicit forest succession and disturbance model, LANDIS-II, to model the effects of climate change, gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) defoliation, and wildfire on the C dynamics of the forests of the New Jersey Pine Barrens over the next century. Climate scenarios were simulated using current climate conditions (baseline), as well as a high emissions scenario (HadCM3 A2 emissions scenario). Our results suggest that long-term changes in C cycling will be driven more by climate change than by fire or gypsy moths over the next century. We also found that simulated disturbances will affect species composition more than tree growth or C sequestration rates at the landscape level. Projected changes in tree species biomass indicate a potential increase in oaks with climate change and gypsy moth defoliation over the course of the 100-year simulation, exacerbating current successional trends towards increased oak abundance. Our research suggests that defoliation under climate change may play a critical role in increasing the variability of tree growth rates and in determining landscape species composition over the next 100 years. DA - 2014/8/13/ PY - 2014/8/13/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0102531 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Minnesota forest ecosystem vulnerability assessment and synthesis AU - Handler, S. AU - M.J. Duveneck, L. Iverson AU - E. Peters, R.M. Scheller AU - K. Wythers, L. Brandt AU - P. Butler, M. Janowiak AU - P.D. Shannon, C. Swanston AU - R. Kolka, C. McQuiston AU - B. Palik, C. Turner AU - White, M. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - NRS-133 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Michigan forest ecosystem vulnerability assessment and synthesis AU - Handler, S. AU - M.J. Duveneck, L. Iverson AU - E. Peters, R.M. Scheller AU - K. Wythers, L. Brandt AU - P. Butler, M. Janowiak AU - P.D. Shannon, C. Swanston AU - A. Clark-Eagle, J.G. Cohen AU - R. Corner, AU - Reich, P.B. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - NRS-129 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional diversity of ground-layer plant communities in old-growth and managed northern hardwood forests AU - Sabatini, Francesco M. AU - Burton, Julia I. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Amatangelo, Kathryn L. AU - Mladenoff, David J. T2 - APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE AB - Abstract Questions Do ecological sorting processes and functional diversity of forest ground‐layer plant communities vary among mature (65–85‐yr‐old) even‐aged, managed uneven‐aged and old‐growth forest stands? How does functional diversity relate to environmental variables within stands? Location Northern temperate deciduous forests of Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA . Methods Ground‐layer species cover and light availability were measured at each of four old‐growth, even‐aged second‐growth, and managed uneven‐aged stands ( n = 12 stands total). We used mixed‐effect models and fourth‐corner analysis to assess relationships among forest structure, species traits and the three components of functional diversity (functional richness, evenness, divergence) based on 32 leaf, reproductive and whole plant traits from 111 species. Results We identified differences in leaf phenology and morphology, life form and dispersal among stand types at the community level. Ground‐layer plant communities of even‐aged and uneven‐aged stands were at opposite ends of a spectrum of strategies aimed at tolerating stressful vs competitive environments, respectively. In even‐aged stands, communities were characterized by species adapted to relatively dark and closed conditions (heavy‐seeded tree saplings, spring ephemerals). In contrast, managed uneven‐aged stands were characterized by species with potential for quick returns on investment of nutrients and dry mass in leaves (i.e. early summer species with high specific leaf area, low leaf dry matter content and high phosphorus concentration). Old‐growth stands had fewer trait associations than managed stands, and were characterized by ferns and species with either ballistic or wind‐assisted seed dispersal. Functional diversity metrics were related in complex ways to light, management and soil texture. Managed stands had higher functional richness and divergence than old‐growth stands, which, instead, showed higher functional evenness. Conclusions Even‐aged and managed stands support ground‐layer species with a distinct set of traits relative to those found in old‐growth forests. Although there is broad interest in uneven‐aged management as a means to restore the structures and functions of old‐growth forests, uneven‐aged management does not, at least initially, produce ground‐layer plant communities more similar to old‐growth forests than even‐aged management. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1111/avsc.12083 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 398-407 SN - 1654-109X KW - forest management KW - fourth-corner analysis KW - functional divergence KW - functional evenness KW - functional richness KW - life-history traits KW - mixed-effect models KW - spring ephemerals ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change effects on northern Great Lake (USA) forests: A case for preserving diversity AU - Duveneck, Matthew J. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - White, Mark A. AU - Handler, Stephen D. AU - Ravenscroft, Catherine T2 - ECOSPHERE AB - Under business as usual (BAU) management, stresses posed by climate change may exceed the ability of Great Lake forests to adapt. Temperature and precipitation projections in the Great Lakes region are expected to change forest tree species composition and productivity. It is unknown how a change in productivity and/or tree species diversity due to climate change will affect the relationship between diversity and productivity. We assessed how forests in two landscapes (i.e., northern lower Michigan and northeastern Minnesota, USA) would respond to climate change and explored the diversity‐productivity relationship under climate change. In addition, we explored how tree species diversity varied across landscapes by soil type, climate, and management. We used a spatially dynamic forest ecosystem model, LANDIS‐II, to simulate BAU forest management under three climate scenarios (current climate, low emissions, and high emissions) in each landscape. We found a positive relationship between diversity and productivity only under a high emissions future as productivity declined. Within landscapes, climate change simulations resulted in the highest diversity in the coolest climate regions and lowest diversity in the warmest climate region in Minnesota and Michigan, respectively. Simulated productivity declined in both landscapes under the high emissions climate scenario as species such as balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ) declined in abundance. In the Great Lakes region, a high emissions future may decrease forest productivity creating a more positive relationship between diversity and productivity. Maintaining a diversity of tree species may become increasingly important to maintain the adaptive capacity of forests. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1890/es13-00370.1 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2150-8925 KW - biodiversity KW - climate change KW - forest management KW - forest simulation model KW - LANDIS-II KW - Michigan, USA KW - Minnesota, USA ER - TY - JOUR TI - 4-D Statistical Surface Method for Visual Change Detection in Forest Ecosystem Simulation Time Series AU - Jenny, Helen AU - Liem, Johannes AU - Lucash, Melissa S. AU - Scheller, Robert M. T2 - IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING AB - Rising uncertainties associated with climate change compel forest management planning to include forest ecosystem simulations. The output of such models is often of high spatio-temporal complexity and difficult to interpret for the user. This contribution describes a novel visualization method called four-dimensional (4-D) statistical surfaces, which aims at improving the visual detection of change in time series. The method visualizes attribute values as surfaces, which are interpolated and animated over time; the interactive attribute surfaces are combined with color-coding and contour lines to support absolute and relative height judgment as well as faster perception and better location of change. A design study and prototypical implementation of the visualization method is described in this contribution. Time-series simulation results of LANDIS-II, a commonly used modeling tool in forest ecology, as well as a temporal vegetation index dataset (NDVI) are visualized using 4-D statistical surfaces. Usability challenges are addressed based on explorative interviews with a small group of users. The method is not limited to ecological model output; it can be used to create three-dimensional (3-D) temporal animations of arbitrary time-series datasets where parameters are supplied in regular raster format. DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// DO - 10.1109/jstars.2014.2324972 VL - 7 IS - 11 SP - 4505-4511 SN - 2151-1535 KW - Forestry KW - simulation software KW - time-series animation KW - visualization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of fire and climate change on long-term nitrogen availability and forest productivity in the New Jersey Pine Barrens AU - Lucash, Melissa S. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Kretchun, Alec M. AU - Clark, Kenneth L. AU - Hom, John T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Increased wildfires and temperatures due to climate change are expected to have profound effects on forest productivity and nitrogen (N) cycling. Forecasts about how wildfire and climate change will affect forests seldom consider N availability, which may limit forest response to climate change, particularly in fire-prone landscapes. The overall objective of this study was to examine how wildfire and climate change affect long-term mineral N availability in a fire-prone landscape. We employed a commonly used landscape simulation model (LANDIS-II) in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, a landscape characterized by frequent small fires and fire-resilient vegetation. We found that fire had little effect on mineral N, whereas climate change and fire together reduced mineral N by the end of the century. Though N initially limited forest productivity, mineral N was no longer limiting after 50 years. Our results suggest that mineral N is resilient to fire under our current climate but not under climate change. Also, predictions that do not consider N limitation may underestimate short-term but not long-term productivity responses to climate change. Together these results illustrate the importance of including N dynamics when simulating the effects of climate change on forest productivity, particularly in fire-prone regions such as the New Jersey Pine Barrens. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-2013-0383 VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - 404-412 SN - 1208-6037 KW - Century KW - forest simulation model KW - LANDIS-II KW - nitrogen cycle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of alternative forest management on biomass and species diversity in the face of climate change in the northern Great Lakes region (USA) AU - Duveneck, Matthew J. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - White, Mark A. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Northern Great Lakes forests represent an ecotone in the boreal–temperate transition zone and are expected to change dramatically with climate change. Managers are increasingly seeking adaptation strategies to manage these forests. We explored the efficacy of two alternative management scenarios compared with business-as-usual (BAU) management: expanding forest reserves meant to preserve forest identity and increase resistance, and modified silviculture meant to preserve forest function and increase adaptive capacity. Our study landscapes encompassed northeastern Minnesota and northern Lower Michigan, which are predicted to experience significant changes in a future climate and represent a gradient of latitude, forest type, and management. We used the LANDIS-II forest simulation model to simulate forest change under current climate, low emissions climate, and high emissions climate futures. Our results suggest that under a low emissions climate scenario, expanded reserves and modified silviculture strategies can be effective at increasing resistance by preserving forest composition, including legacy species (e.g., balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.)), and increasing adaptive capacity by maintaining or increasing aboveground biomass compared with BAU management. Under a high emissions climate scenario, the expanded reserve strategy was not effective at preserving legacy species; however, the modified silviculture strategy was effective at increasing aboveground biomass compared with BAU management. These results highlight alternative management options and limitations in the face of climate change. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-2013-0391 VL - 44 IS - 7 SP - 700-710 SN - 1208-6037 KW - adaptation KW - alternative silviculture KW - climate change KW - expanded reserves KW - forest management KW - forest simulation model KW - LANDIS-II KW - Michigan (USA) KW - Minnesota (USA) KW - resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effectiveness of fuel treatments for mitigating wildfire risk and sequestering forest carbon: A case study in the Lake Tahoe Basin AU - Loudermilk, E. Louise AU - Stanton, Alison AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Dilts, Thomas E. AU - Weisberg, Peter J. AU - Skinner, Carl AU - Yang, Jian T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Fuel-reduction treatments are used extensively to reduce wildfire risk and restore forest diversity and function. In the near future, increasing regulation of carbon (C) emissions may force forest managers to balance the use of fuel treatments for reducing wildfire risk against an alternative goal of C sequestration. The objective of this study was to evaluate how long-term fuel treatments mitigate wildfires and affect forest C. For the Lake Tahoe Basin in the central Sierra Nevada, USA, fuel treatment efficiency was explored with a landscape-scale simulation model, LANDIS-II, using five fuel treatment scenarios and two (contemporary and potential future) fire regimes. Treatment scenarios included applying a combination of light (hand) and moderate (mechanical) forest thinning continuously through time and transitioning from these prescriptions to a more mid-seral thinning prescription, both on a 15 and 30 year rotation interval. In the last scenario, fuel treatments were isolated to around the lake shore (nearby urban settlement) to simulate a low investment alternative were future resources may be limited. Results indicated that the forest will remain a C sink regardless of treatment or fire regime simulated, due to the landscape legacy of historic logging. Achievement of a net C gain required decades with intensive treatment and depended on wildfire activity: Fuel treatments were more effective in a more active fire environment, where the interface between wildfires and treatment areas increased and caused net C gain earlier than as compared to our scenarios with less wildfire activity. Fuel treatments were most effective when continuously applied and strategically placed in high ignition areas. Treatment type and re-application interval were less influential at the landscape scale, but had notable effects on species dynamics within management units. Treatments created more diverse forest conditions by shifting dominance patterns to a more mixed conifer system, with a higher proportion of fire-tolerant species. We demonstrated that a small amount of wildfire on the landscape resulted in significant changes in the C pool, and that strategically placed fuel treatments substantially reduced wildfire risk, increased fire resiliency of the forest, and is beneficial for long-term C management. Implications for landscape management included consideration for prioritization of treatment areas and creating ideal re-entry schedules that meet logistic, safety, and conservation goals. In forests with a concentrated wildland urban interface, fuel treatments may be vital for ensuring human welfare and enhancing forest integrity in a fire-prone future. DA - 2014/7/1/ PY - 2014/7/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.03.011 VL - 323 SP - 114-125 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Fuel treatments KW - Wildfire KW - Carbon management KW - Effectiveness KW - LANDIS-II KW - Mixed-conifer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change and fire management in the mid-Atlantic region AU - Clark, Kenneth L. AU - Skowronski, Nicholas AU - Renninger, Heidi AU - Scheller, Robert T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - In this review, we summarize the potential impacts of climate change on wildfire activity in the midAtlantic region, and then consider how the beneficial uses of prescribed fire could conflict with mitigation needs for climate change, focusing on patters of carbon (C) sequestration by forests in the region. We use a synthesis of field studies, eddy flux tower measurements, and simulation studies to evaluate how the use of prescribed fire affects short- and long-term forest C dynamics. Climate change may create weather conditions more conducive to wildfire activity, but successional changes in forest composition, altered gap dynamics, reduced understory and forest floor fuels, and fire suppression will likely continue to limit wildfire occurrence and severity throughout the region. Prescribed burning is the only major viable option that land managers have for reducing hazardous fuels in a cost-effective manner, or ensuring the regeneration and maintenance of fire-dependent species. Field measurements and model simulations indicate that consumption of fine fuels on the forest floor and understory vegetation during most prescribed burns is equivalent to <1–3 years of sequestered C, and depends on pre-burn fuel loading and burn intensity. Overstory tree mortality is typically low, and stands have somewhat reduced daytime C uptake during the next growing season following burns, but may also have reduced rates of ecosystem respiration. On an annual basis, net ecosystem productivity is negative the first year when consumption losses are included, but then positive in following years, and stands can reach C neutrality within <2–3 years. Field data and model simulations suggest that increases in prescribed burning in fire-prone areas would have little appreciable effect on long-term forest C dynamics in some fire-prone forest types. Large-scale conversion to young pine plantations for fiber and biofuels will potentially increase the risk of wildfires, as had occurred previously in the late-19th and early-20th centuries in the region. Published by Elsevier B.V. DA - 2014/9/1/ PY - 2014/9/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.09.049 VL - 327 SP - 306-315 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Forest composition KW - Wildfire KW - Prescribed burns KW - Carbon sequestration KW - Mitigation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wood energy use: Issues and current state of knowledge AU - Nepal, P. AU - Skog, K.E. T2 - Wood energy in developed economies: Resource management, economics and policy DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 223-252 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Establishment phase greenhouse gas emissions in short rotation woody biomass plantations in the Northern Lake States, USA AU - Palmer, Mann M. AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Rothstein, David E. AU - Mladenoff, David J. T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - Uncertainty exists over the magnitude of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with open land conversion to short-rotation woody biomass crops (SRWC) for bioenergy in the Northern U.S. Lake States. GHG debts incurred at the plantation establishment phase may delay the climate mitigation benefits of SRWC production. To better understand GHG debts associated with converting open lands to SRWC, we established research plantations with willow (Salix spp.), hybrid-poplar (Populus spp.), and control plots in spring 2010 at two sites in northern Michigan (ES) and Wisconsin (RH). These sites had similar climates, but differed in time since last cultivation: 5 vs. 42 years. To address the short-term effects of plantation establishment, we compared two-year biomass production and GHG emissions. We hypothesized that the long-idle ES site, with higher initial soil C and N stocks, would have higher GHG emissions following conversion compared to the recently-idle RH site, but that this would be balanced in part by greater SRWC productivity at the ES site. As hypothesized, grassland conversion resulted in two-year net GHG emissions due to land conversion of 43.21 and 33.02 Mg-CO2eq ha−1 for poplar and willow at ES that was far greater than the 4.81 and −1.54 Mg-CO2eq ha−1 for poplar and willow at RH. Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not observe greater SRWC productivity at ES, which will take longer than RH to reach C neutrality and begin mitigating GHG emissions. Our results show that site-specific soil and management factors determine the magnitude of GHG emissions. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.01.021 VL - 62 SP - 26-36 SN - 1873-2909 KW - SRWC KW - Populus KW - Salix KW - Greenhouse gas balance KW - Bioenergy KW - Land use change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diversity and productivity in northern temperate deciduous forest understories: experimentally testing predictions of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis AU - Burton, J.I. AU - D.J. Mladenoff, Forrester AU - J.A. AU - Clayton, M.K. T2 - Journal of Ecology DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 102 SP - 1634-1648 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disturbance and diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi: effects of canopy gaps and downed woody debris AU - Brazee, Nicholas J. AU - Lindner, Daniel L. AU - Anthony W. D'Amato, AU - Fraver, Shawn AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Mladenoff, David J. T2 - BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1007/s10531-014-0710-x VL - 23 IS - 9 SP - 2155-2172 SN - 1572-9710 KW - Biodiversity KW - Decay fungi KW - Gap-phase KW - Northern hardwoods KW - Sugar maple KW - Restoration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conversion of open lands to short-rotation woody biomass crops: site variability affects nitrogen cycling and N2O fluxes in the US Northern Lake States AU - Palmer, Marin M. AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Rothstein, David E. AU - Mladenoff, David J. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY AB - Abstract Short‐rotation woody biomass crops ( SRWC ) have been proposed as a major feedstock source for bioenergy generation in the Northeastern US. To quantify the environmental effects and greenhouse gas ( GHG ) balance of crops including SRWC , investigators need spatially explicit data which encompass entire plantation cycles. A knowledge gap exists for the establishment period which makes current GHG calculations incomplete. In this study, we investigated the effects of converting pasture and hayfields to willow ( Salix spp.) and hybrid‐poplar ( Populus spp.) SRWC plantations on soil nitrogen (N) cycling, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions, and nitrate ( NO 3 − ) leaching at six sites of varying soil and climate conditions across northern Michigan and Wisconsin, following these plantations from pre conversion through their first 2 years. All six sites responded to establishment with increased N 2 O emissions, available inorganic N, and, where it was measured, NO 3 − leaching; however, the magnitude of these impacts varied dramatically among sites. Soil NO 3 − levels varied threefold among sites, with peak extractable NO 3 − concentrations ranging from 15 to 49 g N kg −1 soil. Leaching losses were significant and persisted through the second year, with 44–112 kg N ha −1 leached in SRWC plots. N 2 O emissions in the first growing season varied 30‐fold among sites, from 0.5 to 17.0 Mg‐ CO 2 eq ha −1 (carbon dioxide equivalents). N 2 O emissions over 2 years resulted in N 2 O emissions due to plantation establishment that ranged from 0.60 to 22.14 Mg‐ CO 2 eq ha −1 above baseline control levels across sites. The large N losses we document herein demonstrate the importance of including direct effects of land conversion in life‐cycle analysis ( LCA ) studies of SRWC GHG balance. Our results also demonstrate the need for better estimation of spatial variability of N cycling processes to quantify the full environmental impacts of SRWC plantations. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12069 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 450-464 SN - 1757-1707 KW - bioenergy KW - GHG KW - land use conversion KW - leaching KW - nitrogen KW - plantation establishment KW - Populus spp. KW - Salix spp. KW - SRWC ER - TY - CONF TI - Pharmaceuticals in the environment: Review of current disposal practices for medications and the influence of public perception on environmental risks. AU - Wilcox, E. AU - Guthrie Nichols, E. C2 - 2014/// C3 - NC AWWA-WEA Annual Conference DA - 2014/// ER - TY - BOOK TI - Exploring Southern Appalachian forests: An ecological guide to 30 great hikes in the Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia A3 - Jeffries, S. B. A3 - Wentworth, T. R. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// PB - Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multimodel simulations of forest harvesting effects on long-term productivity and CN cycling in aspen forests AU - Wang, Fugui AU - Mladenoff, David J. AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Blanco, Juan A. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Peckham, Scott D. AU - Keough, Cindy AU - Lucash, Melissa S. AU - Gower, Stith T. T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - The effects of forest management on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics vary by harvest type and species. We simulated long-term effects of bole-only harvesting of aspen (Populus tremuloides) on stand productivity and interaction of CN cycles with a multiple model approach. Five models, Biome-BGC, CENTURY, FORECAST, LANDIS-II with Century-based soil dynamics, and PnET-CN, were run for 350 yr with seven harvesting events on nutrient-poor, sandy soils representing northwestern Wisconsin, United States. Twenty CN state and flux variables were summarized from the models' outputs and statistically analyzed using ordination and variance analysis methods. The multiple models' averages suggest that bole-only harvest would not significantly affect long-term site productivity of aspen, though declines in soil organic matter and soil N were significant. Along with direct N removal by harvesting, extensive leaching after harvesting before canopy closure was another major cause of N depletion. These five models were notably different in output values of the 20 variables examined, although there were some similarities for certain variables. PnET-CN produced unique results for every variable, and CENTURY showed fewer outliers and similar temporal patterns to the mean of all models. In general, we demonstrated that when there are no site-specific data for fine-scale calibration and evaluation of a single model, the multiple model approach may be a more robust approach for long-term simulations. In addition, multimodeling may also improve the calibration and evaluation of an individual model. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1890/12-0888.1 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - 1374-1389 SN - 1939-5582 KW - aspen forest ecosystem KW - biogeochemical cycles KW - bole-only harvest KW - multiple model simulation KW - nitrogen depletion KW - soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics KW - Wisconsin, USA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling genetic effects on growth of diverse provenances and families of loblolly pine across optimum and deficient nutrient regimes AU - Smith, Ben C. AU - Bullock, Bronson P. AU - Isik, Fikret AU - McKeand, Steven E. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Optimal deployment of improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) planting stock in the southeastern United States requires knowing how diverse seed sources and families perform over time across the wide range of sites used for plantations. This study tests if the relative growth performance of provenances and families is the same at the individual-tree and stand levels for family block plantings and determines what type of adjustment may be required to account for genetic differences when modeling growth and yield. Ten open-pollinated families from two very different provenances, Atlantic Coastal Plain and “Lost Pines” Texas, were grown in single-family block plots to test for growth differences between provenances and among families under severely deficient and optimal nutrition regimes on a nutrient-deficient, dry site. The three-parameter Chapman–Richards function was fit to plot means over time by provenance, family, and nutrition treatments. Models with provenance- or family-specific parameters of the Chapman–Richards function were tested for significant improvement over global parameters. At age 14 years, family, provenance, and nutrition treatments all significantly affected individual-tree growth traits of height, diameter, and volume. Significant nutrition by provenance interactions were found for stand-level traits of basal area per hectare and volume per hectare. Family differences were also significant for these traits. Provenance- or family-specific asymptotic parameters accounted for differences in growth over time. Several traits required the use of local asymptotic and rate parameters in the fertilized treatment only. For modeling growth, a multiplier would be sufficient to account for genetic effects on the majority of traits. DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-2013-0379 VL - 44 IS - 11 SP - 1453-1461 SN - 1208-6037 KW - loblolly pine KW - Chapman-Richards function KW - genotype x environment interaction KW - growth and yield KW - fertilization ER - TY - CHAP TI - Let's play two: Optimism makes all things possible AU - Nielsen, L. A. AU - Stokes, G. L. T2 - Future of Fisheries: Perspectives for Emerging Professionals PY - 2014/// SP - 135-140 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecosystem nutrient retention after fertilization of Pinus taeda AU - Albaugh, T. J. AU - Kiser, L. C. AU - Fox, T. R. AU - Allen, H. L. AU - Rubilar, R. A. AU - Stape, J. L. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 60 IS - 6 SP - 1131-1139 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Changing the game: Multidimensional mentoring and partnerships in the recruitment of underrepresented students in fisheries AU - Nelson, S. A. C. AU - Hain, E. F. AU - Hartis, B. M. AU - Johnson, A. T2 - Future of Fisheries: Perspectives for Emerging Professionals PY - 2014/// SP - 193-200 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Afterschool shared use of public school facilities for physical activity in North Carolina AU - Kanters, Michael A. AU - Bocarro, Jason N. AU - Moore, Renee AU - Floyd, Myron F. AU - Carlton, Troy A. T2 - Preventive Medicine AB - To determine the status and common characteristics of shared use in public schools in North Carolina.All public school principals (N=2,359) in North Carolina were invited to participate in an online survey (February - May, 2013) designed to provide baseline information about the extent and nature of shared use of school facilities.Responses (n=1182, 50.1%) indicated that most schools share their facilities (88.9%). Formal agreements were more common when schools shared gyms and outdoor athletic fields. Informal agreements were most common with playgrounds and track facilities. Schools with more low income or Black students were less likely to share facilities. For schools that did not share use of their facilities the most frequent reason was no outside groups had ever asked.Schools may be more accommodating to shared use partnerships. Community organizations seeking to use indoor school facilities or athletic fields should be prepared to complete a formal written agreement. Preconceived notions that schools are unwilling to share their facilities may be preventing community organizations from initiating shared use inquiries. Schools located in the middle tier of economic distress and schools with a greater concentration of Black students were less likely to share their facilities. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.003 VL - 69 IS - S SP - S44-S48 J2 - Preventive Medicine LA - en OP - SN - 0091-7435 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.003 DB - Crossref KW - Shared use KW - Joint use KW - Public schools KW - After school KW - Physical activity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Utilization and transfer of forest genetic resources: A global review AU - Koskela, Jarkko AU - Vinceti, Barbara AU - Dvorak, William AU - Bush, David AU - Dawson, Ian K. AU - Loo, Judy AU - Kjaer, Erik Dahl AU - Navarro, Carlos AU - Padolina, Cenon AU - Bordacs, Sandor AU - Jamnadass, Ramni AU - Graudal, Lars AU - Ramamonjisoa, Lolona T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Over the last 200 years, genetic resources of forest trees have been increasingly transferred, within and outside of species’ native distribution ranges, for forestry and for research and development (R&D). Transferred germplasm has been deployed to grow trees for numerous purposes, ranging from the production of wood and non-wood products to the provision of ecosystem services such as the restoration of forests for biodiversity conservation. The oldest form of R&D, provenance trials, revealed early on that seed origin has a major influence on the performance of planted trees. International provenance trials have been essential for selecting seed sources for reforestation and for improving tree germplasm through breeding. Many tree breeding programmes were initiated in the 1950s, but as one round of testing and selection typically takes decades, the most advanced of them are only in their third cycle. Recent advances in forest genomics have increased the understanding of the genetic basis of different traits, but it is unlikely that molecular marker-assisted approaches will quickly replace traditional tree breeding methods. Furthermore, provenance trials and progeny tests are still needed to complement new research approaches. Currently, seed of boreal and temperate trees for reforestation purposes are largely obtained from improved sources. The situation is similar for fast growing tropical and subtropical trees grown in plantations, but in the case of tropical hardwoods and many agroforestry trees, only limited tested or improved seed sources are available. Transfers of tree germplasm involve some risks of spreading pests and diseases, of introducing invasive tree species and of polluting the genetic make-up of already present tree populations. Many of these risks have been underestimated in the past, but they are now better understood and managed. Relatively few tree species used for forestry have become invasive, and the risk of spreading pests and diseases while transferring seed is considerably lower than when moving live plants. The implementation of the Nagoya Protocol on access to genetic resources and benefit sharing (ABS) may significantly change current transfer practices in the forestry sector by increasing transaction costs and the time needed to lawfully obtain forest genetic resources for R&D purposes. Many countries are likely to struggle to establish a well-functioning ABS regulatory system, slowing down the process of obtaining the necessary documentation for exchange. This is unfortunate, as climate change, outbreaks of pests and diseases, and continual pressure to support productivity, increase the need for transferring tree germplasm and accelerating R&D. DA - 2014/12/1/ PY - 2014/12/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.017 VL - 333 SP - 22-34 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Reproductive material KW - Plantations KW - Introduced species KW - Access and benefit sharing KW - Nagoya Protocol ER - TY - JOUR TI - The response of root and microbial respiration to the experimental warming of a boreal black spruce forest AU - Vogel, Jason G. AU - Bronson, Dustin AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Schuur, Edward A. G. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - We investigated the effects of a 5 °C soil + air experimental heating on root and microbial respiration in a boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) forest in northern Manitoba, Canada, that was warmed between 2004 and 2007. In 2007, the 14 C/ 12 C signatures of soil CO 2 efflux and root and soil microbial respiration were used in a two-pool mixing model to estimate their proportional contributions to soil CO 2 efflux and to examine how each changed in response to the warming treatments. In laboratory incubations, we examined whether warming had altered microbial respiration rates or microbial temperature sensitivity. The 14 C/ 12 C signature of soil CO 2 efflux and microbial respiration in the heating treatments were both significantly (p < 0.05) enriched relative to the control treatment, suggesting that C deposited nearer the atmospheric bomb peak in 1963 contributed more to microbial respiration in heated than control treatments. Soil CO 2 efflux was significantly greater in the heated than control treatments, suggesting the acclimation to temperature of either root or microbial respiration was not occurring in 2007. Microbial respiration in laboratory incubations was similar in heated and control soils. This study shows that microbial respiration rates still responded to temperature even after 4 years of warming, highlighting that ecosystem warming can cause a prolonged release of soil organic matter from these soils. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-2014-0056 VL - 44 IS - 8 SP - 986-993 SN - 1208-6037 KW - boreal KW - soil carbon KW - root respiration KW - warming KW - black spruce ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of tree regeneration to experimental gap creation and deer herbivory in north temperate forests AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Lorimer, Craig G. AU - Dyer, Jacob H. AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Mladenoff, David J. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Structural heterogeneity has become a goal of contemporary forest management, yet the effect of incorporating variable sized canopy openings characteristic of older forests on ecosystem services is still largely unknown. Single-tree selection silviculture reduces tree species diversity, and group-selection harvests often produce inconsistent results in maintaining the proportion of species with low or intermediate shade tolerance. It is unclear how much variability is related to inherent growth rate differences among shade tolerance classes, asymmetric competition, sprouting behavior, herbivory, and other factors. We conducted an experiment to control several of these factors. The northern hardwood study area in north-central Wisconsin included 15 replicates of each of 3 sizes of experimental gaps (50 m2, 200 m2, and 380 m2). Ten main plots (80 × 80 m2) were fenced to exclude deer. Vertical height growth of saplings and stump sprouts was monitored for two years pre-treatment and four years post-treatment. Overstory gaps significantly increased height growth rates, but there was no significant difference between rates of the very shade-tolerant Acer saccharum and several midtolerant species in any gap size. Saplings dominated the regeneration layer in small gaps. Stump sprouts were more abundant and grew faster than saplings in large gaps, but after 4 years, A. saccharum advance regeneration still predominated in the upper height classes. Deer had limited effects on sapling development or species composition because tall advance regeneration was beyond their reach, but they severely affected the sprout layer. In unfenced plots, the unpalatable Ostrya viriginiana had the tallest sprouts. Overall, midtolerant species made up about 16% of the gap regeneration layer and appear to be increasing their proportion over time. Height growth rates of many saplings and sprouts exceeded 50 cm per year, suggesting that successful gap capture would be likely for both shade-tolerance groups under current environmental conditions. The non-significant difference in growth rates between shade-tolerant and midtolerant species across the light gradient could change as more time elapses since gap creation. However, our findings after four years are consistent with other studies in suggesting that there may be no consistent trends in the relative growth responses of shade-tolerant and midtolerant tree species to increased light and gap size. DA - 2014/10/1/ PY - 2014/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.025 VL - 329 SP - 137-147 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Acer saccharum KW - Canopy gaps KW - Height growth KW - Northern hardwoods KW - Shade tolerance KW - Stump sprouts ER - TY - JOUR TI - Local and general above-stump biomass functions for loblolly pine and slash pine trees AU - Gonzalez-Benecke, Carlos A. AU - Gezan, Salvador A. AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Burkhart, Harold E. AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Jokela, Eric J. AU - Maier, Chris A. AU - Martin, Timothy A. AU - Rubilar, Rafael A. AU - Samuelson, Lisa J. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - There is an increasing interest in estimating biomass for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii), two of the most ecologically and commercially important tree species in North America. The majority of the available individual-tree allometric models are local, relying on stem diameter outside bark at breast height (dbh) and, in some cases, total tree height (H): only a few include stand age or other covariates. Using a large dataset collected from five forestry research institutions in the southeastern U.S., consisting of biomass measurements from 744 loblolly pine and 259 slash pine trees, we developed a set of individual-tree equations to predict total tree above-stump biomass, stem biomass outside bark, live branch biomass and live foliage biomass, as well as functions to determine stem bark fraction in order to calculate stem wood biomass inside bark and stem bark biomass from stem biomass outside bark determinations. Local and general models are presented for each tree attribute. Local models included dbh or dbh and H as predicting variables. General models included stand-level variables such as age, quadratic mean diameter, basal area and stand density. This paper reports the first set of local and general allometric equations reported for loblolly and slash pine trees. The models can be applied to trees growing over a large geographical area and across a wide range of ages and stand characteristics. These sets of equations provide a valuable alternative to available models and are intended as a tool to support present and future management decisions for the species, allowing for a variety of ecological, silvicultural and economic applications, as regional assessments of stand biomass or estimating ecosystem C balance. DA - 2014/12/15/ PY - 2014/12/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.09.002 VL - 334 SP - 254-276 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Pinus taeda KW - Pinus elliottii KW - Above ground allometry KW - Carbon stock modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insights for contemporary hunting from ancient hellenic culture AU - Sokos, Christos K. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Birtsas, Periklis K. AU - Hasanagas, Nikolas D. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin AB - ABSTRACT Urbanization and other threats to hunting culture have inspired growth in research that addresses the role of hunting in western society today. This literature addresses the juxtaposition of non‐subsistence hunting and modern western models of wildlife management associated with either the public trust doctrine or market economics. Insights for understanding this juxtaposition can be drawn from the historical efforts to frame hunting as a symbolic, versus subsistence, activity in ancient Hellenic (Greek) culture. For the ancient Hellenes, hunting offered the opportunity to acquire edification, test skills, and to enjoy a feeling of freedom, and did so for all citizens, even for women. Edification meant more than knowledge about hunting to the ancient Hellenes. It referred to respect for the purity of nature and a hunting ethic, and strict adherence to hunting norms. Testing skills dictated fair chase, where tools and techniques used should not eliminate the need for physical and mental dexterity. Feeling of freedom meant that hunters became useful for themselves and for society through skills acquired by hunting; a modern society might define this as self‐sufficiency or independence, which contributes to a greater societal good. These symbolic dimensions of hunting developed in ancient Hellas could provide guidelines for the social identity that hunters hope to develop in our modern world by improving hunting education, promotion, and management. © 2014 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2014/6/25/ PY - 2014/6/25/ DO - 10.1002/WSB.443 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 451-457 J2 - Wildl. Soc. Bull. LA - en OP - SN - 1938-5463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/WSB.443 DB - Crossref KW - education KW - ethics KW - Greece KW - history KW - human dimensions KW - modernity KW - philosophy KW - Xenophon ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incorporating Physical Activity Measures Into Environmental Monitoring of National Parks: An Example From Yosemite AU - Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey AU - Leung, Yu-Fai AU - Floyd, Myron F. T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH AB - To address increasing prevalence of obesity and associated chronic disease, recent national initiatives have called upon federal agencies to promote healthy lifestyles and provide opportunities for physical activity. In response, the U.S. National Park Service has developed strategies promoting health through physical activity in addition to its well-established biodiversity and landscape conservation mission. Incorporating physical activity measures with routine environmental monitoring would help identify areas where parks can promote active pursuits with minimal environmental impact. This study provides one example of how protocols developed for visitor and environmental monitoring can generate data to evaluate physical activity.Researchers implemented an observational study in high-use meadows of Yosemite National Park during the summer of 2011. Variables measured include the spatial location of visitors and activity type. Metabolic equivalents (METs) were assigned to activity categories and analyzed for average energy expenditure.Mean METs values indicated sedentary to light physical activity across the meadows, with greater means in areas with boardwalks or paved pathways.Data leveraged in this study provide park managers an example of adapting existing monitoring programs to incorporate indicators relevant to physical activity evaluation and how physical activity may impact resource conditions in national parks. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1123/jpah.2012-0361 VL - 11 IS - 7 SP - 1284-1290 SN - 1543-5474 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84920622592&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - active living KW - behavior mapping KW - energy expenditure KW - park management KW - monitoring protocols ER - TY - CONF TI - Global timber investments and trends, 2005-2011 AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Abt, Robert C2 - 2014/// C3 - Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Planted Forests DA - 2014/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new O-methyltransferase for monolignol synthesis in Carthamus tinctorius AU - Nakatsubo, Tomoyuki AU - Ragamustari, Safendrri Komara AU - Hattori, Takefumi AU - Ono, Eiichiro AU - Yamamura, Masaomi AU - Li, Laigeng AU - Chiang, Vincent L. AU - Umezawa, Toshiaki T2 - Plant Biotechnology AB - A novel type of O-methyltransferase (OMT) cDNA was isolated from maturing seeds of Carthamus tinctorius (safflower). The deduced sequence of the OMT protein showed moderate sequence identity (52%) with C. tinctorius 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde O-methyltransferase 1 (CAldOMT1). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the novel OMT did not belong to the typical CAldOMT [=caffeic acid OMT (CAOMT)] cluster. The recombinant protein of the OMT catalyzed 3- (or 5-) O-methylation of hydroxycinnamaldehydes and hydroxycinnamyl alcohols, while it showed only weak or moderate activity toward hydroxycinnamates and hydroxycinnamoyl coenzyme A esters. Therefore, this OMT was designated as C. tinctorius 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde/5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol OMT (CtAAOMT). The time profile of CtAAOMT gene expression in C. tinctorius matched the patterns of lignin accumulation. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that along with CtCAldOMT1, CtAAOMT is involved in biosynthesis of syringyl lignin. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.14.0903a VL - 31 IS - 5 SP - 545-553 SN - 1342-4580 KW - O-Methyltransferase KW - Carthamus tinctorius KW - lignin KW - monolignol KW - flavonoid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using novel spatial mark-resight techniques to monitor resident Canada geese in a suburban environment AU - Rutledge, M. Elizabeth AU - Sollmann, Rahel AU - Washburn, Brian E. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - WILDLIFE RESEARCH AB - Context Over the past two decades, an increase in the number of resident (non-migratory) Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in the United States has heightened the awareness of human–goose interactions. Aims Accordingly, baseline demographic estimates for goose populations are needed to help better understand the ecology of Canada geese in suburban areas. Methods As a basis for monitoring efforts, we estimated densities of adult resident Canada geese in a suburban environment by using a novel spatial mark–resight method. We resighted 763 neck- and leg-banded resident Canada geese two to three times per week in and around Greensboro, North Carolina, over an 18-month period (June 2008 – December 2009). We estimated the density, detection probabilities, proportion of male geese in the population, and the movements and home-range radii of the geese by season ((post-molt I 2008 (16 July – 31 October), post-molt II 2008/2009 (1 November – 31 January), breeding and nesting 2009 (1 February – 31 May), and post-molt I 2009). Additionally, we used estimates of the number of marked individuals to quantify apparent monthly survival. Key results Goose densities varied by season, ranging from 11.10 individuals per km2 (s.e. = 0.23) in breeding/nesting to 16.02 individuals per km2 (s.e. = 0.34) in post-molt II. The 95% bivariate normal home-range radii ranged from 2.60 to 3.86 km for males and from 1.90 to 3.15 km for females and female home ranges were smaller than those of male geese during the breeding/nesting and post-molt II seasons. Apparent monthly survival across the study was high, ranging from 0.972 (s.e. = 0.005) to 0.995 (s.e. = 0.002). Conclusions By using spatial mark–resight models, we determined that Canada goose density estimates varied seasonally. Nevertheless, the seasonal changes in density are reflective of the seasonal changes in behaviour and physiological requirements of geese. Implications Although defining the state–space of spatial mark–resight models requires careful consideration, the technique represents a promising new tool to estimate and monitor the density of free-ranging wildlife. Spatial mark–resight methods provide managers with statistically robust population estimates and allow insight into animal space use without the need to employ more costly methods (e.g. telemetry). Also, when repeated across seasons or other biologically important time periods, spatial mark–resight modelling techniques allow for inference about apparent survival. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1071/wr14069 VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 447-453 SN - 1448-5494 KW - Branta canadensis KW - density estimation KW - goose movements KW - home range KW - survival KW - urbanisation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Re-Evaluating Neonatal-Age Models for Ungulates: Does Model Choice Affect Survival Estimates? AU - Grovenburg, Troy W. AU - Monteith, Kevin L. AU - Jacques, Christopher N. AU - Klaver, Robert W. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Brinkman, Todd J. AU - Monteith, Kyle B. AU - Gilbert, Sophie L. AU - Smith, Joshua B. AU - Bleich, Vernon C. AU - Swanson, Christopher C. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - New-hoof growth is regarded as the most reliable metric for predicting age of newborn ungulates, but variation in estimated age among hoof-growth equations that have been developed may affect estimates of survival in staggered-entry models. We used known-age newborns to evaluate variation in age estimates among existing hoof-growth equations and to determine the consequences of that variation on survival estimates. During 2001–2009, we captured and radiocollared 174 newborn (≤24-hrs old) ungulates: 76 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Minnesota and South Dakota, 61 mule deer (O. hemionus) in California, and 37 pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in South Dakota. Estimated age of known-age newborns differed among hoof-growth models and varied by >15 days for white-tailed deer, >20 days for mule deer, and >10 days for pronghorn. Accuracy (i.e., the proportion of neonates assigned to the correct age) in aging newborns using published equations ranged from 0.0% to 39.4% in white-tailed deer, 0.0% to 3.3% in mule deer, and was 0.0% for pronghorns. Results of survival modeling indicated that variability in estimates of age-at-capture affected short-term estimates of survival (i.e., 30 days) for white-tailed deer and mule deer, and survival estimates over a longer time frame (i.e., 120 days) for mule deer. Conversely, survival estimates for pronghorn were not affected by estimates of age. Our analyses indicate that modeling survival in daily intervals is too fine a temporal scale when age-at-capture is unknown given the potential inaccuracies among equations used to estimate age of neonates. Instead, weekly survival intervals are more appropriate because most models accurately predicted ages within 1 week of the known age. Variation among results of neonatal-age models on short- and long-term estimates of survival for known-age young emphasizes the importance of selecting an appropriate hoof-growth equation and appropriately defining intervals (i.e., weekly versus daily) for estimating survival. DA - 2014/9/29/ PY - 2014/9/29/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0108797 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - e108797 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108797 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying levels of animal activity using camera trap data AU - Rowcliffe, J. Marcus AU - Kays, Roland AU - Kranstauber, Bart AU - Carbone, Chris AU - Jansen, Patrick A. T2 - Methods in Ecology and Evolution AB - Summary Activity level (the proportion of time that animals spend active) is a behavioural and ecological metric that can provide an indicator of energetics, foraging effort and exposure to risk. However, activity level is poorly known for free‐living animals because it is difficult to quantify activity in the field in a consistent, cost‐effective and non‐invasive way. This article presents a new method to estimate activity level with time‐of‐detection data from camera traps (or more generally any remote sensors), fitting a flexible circular distribution to these data to describe the underlying activity schedule, and calculating overall proportion of time active from this. Using simulations and a case study for a range of small‐ to medium‐sized mammal species, we find that activity level can reliably be estimated using the new method. The method depends on the key assumption that all individuals in the sampled population are active at the peak of the daily activity cycle. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence suggesting that this assumption is likely to be met for many species, but may be less likely met in large predators, or in high‐latitude winters. Further research is needed to establish stronger evidence on the validity of this assumption in specific cases; however, the approach has the potential to provide an effective, non‐invasive alternative to existing methods for quantifying population activity levels. DA - 2014/10/7/ PY - 2014/10/7/ DO - 10.1111/2041-210x.12278 VL - 5 IS - 11 SP - 1170-1179 J2 - Methods Ecol Evol LA - en OP - SN - 2041-210X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12278 DB - Crossref KW - activity level KW - activity time KW - circular kernel KW - proportion active KW - remote sensors KW - Von Mises distribution KW - weighted kernel ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant biotechnology for lignocellulosic biofuel production AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Song, Jian AU - Peng, Shaobing AU - Wang, Jack P. AU - Qu, Guan-Zheng AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL AB - Summary Lignocelluloses from plant cell walls are attractive resources for sustainable biofuel production. However, conversion of lignocellulose to biofuel is more expensive than other current technologies, due to the costs of chemical pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis for cell wall deconstruction. Recalcitrance of cell walls to deconstruction has been reduced in many plant species by modifying plant cell walls through biotechnology. These results have been achieved by reducing lignin content and altering its composition and structure. Reduction of recalcitrance has also been achieved by manipulating hemicellulose biosynthesis and by overexpression of bacterial enzymes in plants to disrupt linkages in the lignin–carbohydrate complexes. These modified plants often have improved saccharification yield and higher ethanol production. Cell wall‐degrading ( CWD ) enzymes from bacteria and fungi have been expressed at high levels in plants to increase the efficiency of saccharification compared with exogenous addition of cellulolytic enzymes. In planta expression of heat‐stable CWD enzymes from bacterial thermophiles has made autohydrolysis possible. Transgenic plants can be engineered to reduce recalcitrance without any yield penalty, indicating that successful cell wall modification can be achieved without impacting cell wall integrity or plant development. A more complete understanding of cell wall formation and structure should greatly improve lignocellulosic feedstocks and reduce the cost of biofuel production. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1111/pbi.12273 VL - 12 IS - 9 SP - 1174-1192 SN - 1467-7652 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911961843&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - biofuel KW - biotechnology KW - cell wall KW - lignocellulose ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phenolic Compounds and Expression of 4CL Genes in Silver Birch Clones and Pt4CL1a Lines AU - Sutela, Suvi AU - Hahl, Terhi AU - Tiimonen, Heidi AU - Aronen, Tuija AU - Ylioja, Tiina AU - Laakso, Tapio AU - Saranpaa, Pekka AU - Chiang, Vincent AU - Julkunen-Tiitto, Riitta AU - Haggman, Hely T2 - PLOS ONE AB - A small multigene family encodes 4-coumarate:CoA ligases (4CLs) catalyzing the CoA ligation of hydroxycinnamic acids, a branch point step directing metabolites to a flavonoid or monolignol pathway. In the present study, we examined the effect of antisense Populus tremuloides 4CL (Pt4CL1) to the lignin and soluble phenolic compound composition of silver birch (Betula pendula) Pt4CL1a lines in comparison with non-transgenic silver birch clones. The endogenous expression of silver birch 4CL genes was recorded in the stems and leaves and also in leaves that were mechanically injured. In one of the transgenic Pt4CL1a lines, the ratio of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) lignin units was increased. Moreover, the transcript levels of putative silver birch 4CL gene (Bp4CL1) were reduced and contents of cinnamic acid derivatives altered. In the other two Pt4CL1a lines changes were detected in the level of individual phenolic compounds. However, considerable variation was found in the transcript levels of silver birch 4CLs as well as in the concentration of phenolic compounds among the transgenic lines and non-transgenic clones. Wounding induced the expression of Bp4CL1 and Bp4CL2 in leaves in all clones and transgenic lines, whereas the transcript levels of Bp4CL3 and Bp4CL4 remained unchanged. Moreover, minor changes were detected in the concentrations of phenolic compounds caused by wounding. As an overall trend the wounding decreased the flavonoid content in silver birches and increased the content of soluble condensed tannins. The results indicate that by reducing the Bp4CL1 transcript levels lignin composition could be modified. However, the alterations found among the Pt4CL1a lines and the non-transgenic clones were within the natural variation of silver birches, as shown in the present study by the clonal differences in the transcripts levels of 4CL genes, soluble phenolic compounds and condensed tannins. DA - 2014/12/11/ PY - 2014/12/11/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0114434 VL - 9 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Have We Managed to Integrate Conservation and Development? ICDP Impacts in the Brazilian Amazon AU - Bauch, Simone C. AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. T2 - WORLD DEVELOPMENT AB - Integrating conservation and development is central to the mission of many protected areas in the tropics, yet there is limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of alternative strategies for ICDPs (Integrated Conservation and Development Projects). We evaluate an enterprise-based conservation strategy in a high-profile and well-funded ICDP in the Tapajós National Forest of Brazil. Using survey data from participating and non-participating households collected pre and post intervention, we find positive impacts on household income, but almost no discernible impacts on household assets, livelihood portfolios, or forest conservation. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.009 VL - 64 SP - S135-S148 SN - 0305-750X KW - Impact evaluation KW - Integrated conservation and development projects KW - Amazon KW - Brazil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest fire danger: Application of Monte Alegre Formula and assessment of the historic for Piracicaba, SP AU - Alvares, C. A. AU - Cegatta, I. R. AU - Vieira, L. A. A. AU - Pavani, R. F. AU - Mattos, E. M. AU - Sentelhas, P. C. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Soares, R. V. T2 - Scientia Forestalis DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 42 IS - 104 SP - 521-532 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dissipative particle dynamics of triblock copolymer melts: A midblock conformational study at moderate segregation AU - Tallury, Syamal S. AU - Spontak, Richard J. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS AB - As thermoplastic elastomers, triblock copolymers constitute an immensely important class of shape-memory soft materials due to their unique ability to form molecular networks stabilized by physical, rather than chemical, cross-links. The extent to which such networks develop in triblock and higher-order multiblock copolymers is sensitive to the formation of midblock bridges, which serve to connect neighboring microdomains. In addition to bridges, copolymer molecules can likewise form loops and dangling ends upon microphase separation or they can remain unsegregated. While prior theoretical and simulation studies have elucidated the midblock bridging fraction in triblock copolymer melts, most have only considered strongly segregated systems wherein dangling ends and unsegregated chains become relatively insignificant. In this study, simulations based on dissipative particle dynamics are performed to examine the self-assembly and networkability of moderately segregated triblock copolymers. Utilizing a density-based cluster-recognition algorithm, we demonstrate how the simulations can be analyzed to extract information about microdomain formation and permit explicit quantitation of the midblock bridging, looping, dangling, and unsegregated fractions for linear triblock copolymers varying in chain length, molecular composition, and segregation level. We show that midblock conformations can be sensitive to variations in chain length, molecular composition, and bead repulsion, and that a systematic investigation can be used to identify the onset of strong segregation where the presence of dangling and unsegregated fractions are minimal. In addition, because this clustering approach is robust, it can be used with any particle-based simulation method to quantify network formation of different morphologies for a wide range of triblock and higher-order multiblock copolymer systems. DA - 2014/12/28/ PY - 2014/12/28/ DO - 10.1063/1.4904388 VL - 141 IS - 24 SP - SN - 1089-7690 UR - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4904388 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A spatial capture-recapture model for territorial species AU - Reich, B. J. AU - Gardner, B. T2 - Environmetrics AB - Advances in field techniques have lead to an increase in spatially referenced capture–recapture data to estimate a species' population size as well as other demographic parameters and patterns of space usage. Statistical models for these data have assumed that the number of individuals in the population and their spatial locations follow a homogeneous Poisson point process model, which implies that the individuals are uniformly and independently distributed over the spatial domain of interest. In many applications, there is reason to question independence, for example, when species display territorial behavior. In this paper, we propose a new statistical model, which allows for dependence between locations to account for avoidance or territorial behavior. We show via a simulation study that accounting for this can improve population size estimates. The method is illustrated using a case study of small mammal trapping data to estimate avoidance and population density of adult female field voles (Microtus agrestis) in Northern England. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1002/env.2317 VL - 25 IS - 8 SP - 630-637 ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING LAND COVER ON STREAMFLOW SIMULATION IN PUERTO RICO AU - Van Beusekom, Ashley E. AU - Hay, Lauren E. AU - Viger, Roland J. AU - Gould, William A. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Khalyani, Azad Henareh T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract This study quantitatively explores whether land cover changes have a substantive impact on simulated streamflow within the tropical island setting of P uerto R ico. The Precipitation Runoff Modeling System ( PRMS ) was used to compare streamflow simulations based on five static parameterizations of land cover with those based on dynamically varying parameters derived from four land cover scenes for the period 1953‐2012. The PRMS simulations based on static land cover illustrated consistent differences in simulated streamflow across the island. It was determined that the scale of the analysis makes a difference: large regions with localized areas that have undergone dramatic land cover change may show negligible difference in total streamflow, but streamflow simulations using dynamic land cover parameters for a highly altered subwatershed clearly demonstrate the effects of changing land cover on simulated streamflow. Incorporating dynamic parameterization in these highly altered watersheds can reduce the predictive uncertainty in simulations of streamflow using PRMS . Hydrologic models that do not consider the projected changes in land cover may be inadequate for water resource management planning for future conditions. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1111/jawr.12227 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 1575-1593 SN - 1752-1688 KW - land use KW - land cover change KW - urbanization KW - surface water hydrology KW - Precipitation Runoff Modeling System KW - geospatial analysis KW - Caribbean ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil Ecosystem Services in Loblolly Pine Plantations 15 Years after Harvest, Compaction, and Vegetation Control AU - Scott, D. Andrew AU - Eaton, Robert J. AU - Foote, Julie A. AU - Vierra, Benjamin AU - Boutton, Thomas W. AU - Blank, Gary B. AU - Johnsen, Kurt T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Site productivity has long been identified as the primary ecosystem service to be sustained in timberlands. However, soil C sequestration and ecosystem biodiversity have emerged as critical services provided by managed forest soils that must also be sustained. These ecosystem services were assessed in response to gradients of organic matter removal, soil compaction, and noncrop vegetation control on the thirteen 15‐yr‐old sites of the international Long‐Term Soil Productivity (LTSP) study located in North Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains of the southern United States. Whole‐tree harvesting without removing the forest floor reduced tree volume at one site while removing the forest floor to achieve maximum nutrient removals reduced stand volume by 7% overall. Conversely, soil compaction increased pine volume production by 10% overall. Vegetation control increased pine stand volume production by 46% overall. Mineral soil C storage in the surface 0.3 m was similar overall regardless of treatment. Soil compaction and organic matter removal did not alter overall woody species richness or Shannon's Index of diversity. Overall, these results suggest that biomass harvesting and intensive organic matter removal from southern pine stands has limited and site‐specific effects on three soil ecosystem services: timber volume production, mineral soil C storage, and woody plant diversity. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2014.02.0086 VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - 2032-2040 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Separating mortality and emigration: modelling space use, dispersal and survival with robust-design spatial capture-recapture data AU - Ergon, Torbjorn AU - Gardner, Beth T2 - METHODS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Summary Capture–recapture ( CR ) techniques are commonly used to gain information about population dynamics, demography and life‐history traits of populations. However, traditional CR models cannot separate mortality from emigration. Recently developed spatial–capture–recapture ( SCR ) models explicitly incorporate spatial information into traditional CR models, thus allowing for individuals' movements to be modelled explicitly. In this paper, we extend SCR models using robust‐design data to allow for both processes in which individuals can disappear from the population, mortality and dispersal, to be estimated separately. We formulate a general robust‐design spatial capture–recapture ( RD ‐ SCR ) model, explore the properties of the model in a simulation study and compare the results to a C ormack– J olly– S eber model and a non‐spatial robust‐design model with temporary emigration. In the case study, we fit several versions of the general model to data on field voles ( M icrotus agrestis ) and compare the results with those from the non‐spatial models fitted to the same data. We also evaluate assumptions of the fitted models with a series of simulation‐based posterior predictive goodness‐of‐fit checks that are applicable to the SCR models in general and the RD ‐ SCR model in particular. The simulation results show that the model preforms well under a wide range of dispersal distances. Our model outperforms the traditional CR models in terms of both accuracy and precision for survival. The case study showed that adult females have an c . 3·5 times higher mortality rate than adult males. Males have larger home ranges and disperse longer distances than females, but both males and females mostly move their activity centres within their previous home range between trapping sessions at 3‐week intervals. Our RD ‐ SCR model has several advantages compared to other approaches to estimate ‘true’ survival instead of only ‘apparent’ survival. Additionally, the model extracts information about space use and dispersal distributions that are relevant for behavioural studies as well as studies of life‐history variation, population dynamics and management. The model can be widely applied due to the flexible framework, and other variations of the model could easily be implemented. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1111/2041-210x.12133 VL - 5 IS - 12 SP - 1327-1336 SN - 2041-2096 KW - arvicoline (Arvicolinae) rodents KW - Bayesian analysis KW - competing risks KW - dispersal ecology KW - hierarchical modelling KW - individual random effects KW - life-history evolution KW - OpenBUGS KW - WinBUGS KW - JAGS KW - posterior predictive checks KW - spacing behaviour ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying the effects of harvesting on carbon fluxes and stocks in northern temperate forests AU - Wang, W. AU - Xiao, J. AU - Ollinger, S. V. AU - Desai, A. R. AU - Chen, J. AU - Noormets, A. T2 - BIOGEOSCIENCES AB - Abstract. Harvest disturbance has substantial impacts on forest carbon (C) fluxes and stocks. The quantification of these effects is essential for the better understanding of forest C dynamics and informing forest management in the context of global change. We used a process-based forest ecosystem model, PnET-CN, to evaluate how, and by what mechanisms, clear-cuts alter ecosystem C fluxes, aboveground C stocks (AGC), and leaf area index (LAI) in northern temperate forests. We compared C fluxes and stocks predicted by the model and observed at two chronosequences of eddy covariance flux sites for deciduous broadleaf forests (DBF) and evergreen needleleaf forests (ENF) in the Upper Midwest region of northern Wisconsin and Michigan, USA. The average normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and the Willmott index of agreement (d) for carbon fluxes, LAI, and AGC in the two chronosequences were 20% and 0.90, respectively. Simulated gross primary productivity (GPP) increased with stand age, reaching a maximum (1200–1500 g C m−2 yr−1) at 11–30 years of age, and leveled off thereafter (900–1000 g C m−2 yr−1). Simulated ecosystem respiration (ER) for both plant functional types (PFTs) was initially as high as 700–1000 g C m−2 yr−1 in the first or second year after harvesting, decreased with age (400–800 g C m−2 yr−1) before canopy closure at 10–25 years of age, and increased to 800–900 g C m−2 yr−1 with stand development after canopy recovery. Simulated net ecosystem productivity (NEP) for both PFTs was initially negative, with net C losses of 400–700 g C m−2 yr−1 for 6–17 years after clear-cuts, reaching peak values of 400–600 g C m−2 yr−1 at 14–29 years of age, and eventually stabilizing in mature forests (> 60 years old), with a weak C sink (100–200 g C m−2 yr−1). The decline of NEP with age was caused by the relative flattening of GPP and gradual increase of ER. ENF recovered more slowly from a net C source to a net sink, and lost more C than DBF. This suggests that in general ENF may be slower to recover to full C assimilation capacity after stand-replacing harvests, arising from the slower development of photosynthesis with stand age. Our model results indicated that increased harvesting intensity would delay the recovery of NEP after clear-cuts, but this had little effect on C dynamics during late succession. Future modeling studies of disturbance effects will benefit from the incorporation of forest population dynamics (e.g., regeneration and mortality) and relationships between age-related model parameters and state variables (e.g., LAI) into the model. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.5194/bg-11-6667-2014 VL - 11 IS - 23 SP - 6667-6682 SN - 1726-4189 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term variability in the water budget and its controls in an oak-dominated temperate forest AU - Xie, Jing AU - Sun, Ge AU - Chu, Hou-Sen AU - Liu, Junguo AU - McNulty, Steven G. AU - Noormets, Asko AU - John, Ranjeet AU - Ouyang, Zutao AU - Zha, Tianshan AU - Li, Haitao AU - Guan, Wenbin AU - Chen, Jiquan T2 - HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES AB - Water availability is one of the key environmental factors that control ecosystem functions in temperate forests. Changing climate is likely to alter the ecohydrology and other ecosystem processes, which affect forest structures and functions. We constructed a multi-year water budget (2004–2010) and quantified environmental controls on an evapotranspiration (ET) in a 70-year-old mixed-oak woodland forest in northwest Ohio, USA. ET was measured using the eddy-covariance technique along with precipitation (P), soil volumetric water content (VWC), and shallow groundwater table fluctuation. Three biophysical models were constructed and validated to calculate potential ET (PET) for developing predictive monthly ET models. We found that the annual variability in ET was relatively stable and ranged from 578 mm in 2009 to 670 mm in 2010. In contrast, ET/P was more variable and ranged from 0.60 in 2006 to 0.96 in 2010. Mean annual ET/PET_FAO was 0.64, whereas the mean annual PET_FAO/P was 1.15. Annual ET/PET_FAO was relatively stable and ranged from 0.60 in 2005 to 0.72 in 2004. Soil water storage and shallow groundwater recharge during the non-growing season were essential in supplying ET during the growing season when ET exceeded P. Spring leaf area index (LAI), summer photosynthetically active radiation, and autumn and winter air temperatures (Ta) were the most significant controls of monthly ET. Moreover, LAI regulated ET during the whole growing season and higher temperatures increased ET even during dry periods. Our empirical modelling showed that the interaction of LAI and PET explained >90% of the variability in measured ET. Altogether, we found that increases in Ta and shifts in P distribution are likely to impact forest hydrology by altering shallow groundwater fluctuations, soil water storage, and ET and, consequently, alter the ecosystem functions of temperate forests. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2014/12/15/ PY - 2014/12/15/ DO - 10.1002/hyp.10079 VL - 28 IS - 25 SP - 6054-6066 SN - 1099-1085 KW - evapotranspiration KW - water budget KW - interannual and seasonal variability KW - climatic warming KW - eddy-covariance KW - temperate deciduous forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental Controls of Reproduction and Early Growth of Lindera melissifolia (Lauraceae) AU - Unks, Ryan R. AU - Shear, Theodore H. AU - Krings, Alexander AU - Braham, Richard R. T2 - CASTANEA AB - Lindera melissifolia is a federally endangered endemic shrub of the southeastern United States. Numerous populations are gender-biased. The goal of this study was to determine environmental conditions most appropriate for establishment and growth of seedlings and adult females. Seedlings were grown under varied moisture and light to compare growth rates and morphological ratios. Seedlings were clipped to simulate two levels of disturbance, and their shoot sprouting ability was assessed. Densities of adult flowering stems, co-occurring species, and solar transmittance were analyzed within two North Carolina populations. The lowest levels of light resulted in decreased growth, but light and moisture did not interact to affect seedling growth rate significantly. Morphological ratios and growth responses followed patterns expected for plants exhibiting plasticity in response to varied light levels, but not to moisture. Clipping immature plants below root collars decreased survivorship to 31%. Growth rates of new shoots when clipped below and above the root collar were 40% and 58% percent lower, respectively (p < 0.001). Percent cover of Lindera melissifolia explained 52% of the variation in the number of male flowering stems per plot and 14% of the variation in female stems per plot. No relation of stem density to percent transmittance was found. Indicator species analysis revealed association of males with facultative wetland species and a weak association of females with wetland obligates, but overall difference in vegetation composition between plots with or without females present was slight (MRPP: A = 0.02, p = 0.016). We concluded hydrology should be a primary concern for future studies. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.2179/14-034 VL - 79 IS - 4 SP - 266-277 SN - 1938-4386 KW - Carolina Bays KW - indicator species KW - Lindera melissifolia KW - male-bias ER - TY - JOUR TI - Visualising the environmental preferences of Pinus tecunumanii populations AU - Brawner, J. T. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Meder, R. AU - Dvorak, W. S. T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES AB - A network of 92 pedigreed ex situ conservation plantings of Pinus tecunumanii, established as replicated progeny within provenance trials, is used to present a principal components-based analysis that illustrates the climatic preferences of 23 populations from the species’ native range. This meta-analysis quantifies changes in the relative productivity, assessed as individual-tree volume, of populations across climatic gradients and associates the preference of a population with increased volume production along the climatic gradient. Clustering and ordination on the matrix containing estimates of change in productivity for each population summarise differentials in productivity associated with climatic gradients. The preference of populations along principal components therefore reflects the adaptive profiles of populations, which may be used with breeding-value estimates from routine genetic evaluations to assist with the development of deployment populations targeting different environments. As well, the approach may be used to test whether the preference of a population, estimated as population loadings for growth differentials, is affected by the climate in the native range of the population. This relationship may be interpreted as an estimate of how much local climate shapes the adaptive profiles of populations. The amount and seasonality of precipitation most clearly differentiate the adaptive profiles of populations, with less variation in the population responses explained by temperature differentiation. As expected from type-B correlation estimates, most populations exhibited small changes in relative productivity across climatic gradients. However, patterns of similarities in adaptive profiles among populations were evident using spatial orientation to display population responses to the climatic variables experienced in the provenance trials. Clustering and ordination of population responses derived from empirical data served to identify populations that responded positively or negatively to climatic variables; this information may help guide conservation genetics efforts, direct the deployment of germplasm, or identify seed sources that are sensitive to changes in climatic variables. Linking response patterns to the climatic data from the native range of each population indicated little effect of local climate shaping adaptive profiles. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1007/s11295-014-0747-8 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 1123-1133 SN - 1614-2950 KW - Genotype by environment interaction KW - Provenance KW - Response profiles KW - Climatic adaptation KW - Genetic conservation KW - Forest genetic resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Southern Megalopolis: Using the Past to Predict the Future of Urban Sprawl in the Southeast U.S AU - Terando, Adam J. AU - Costanza, Jennifer AU - Belyea, Curtis AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - McKerrow, Alexa AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - The future health of ecosystems is arguably as dependent on urban sprawl as it is on human-caused climatic warming. Urban sprawl strongly impacts the urban ecosystems it creates and the natural and agro-ecosystems that it displaces and fragments. Here, we project urban sprawl changes for the next 50 years for the fast-growing Southeast U.S. Previous studies have focused on modeling population density, but the urban extent is arguably as important as population density per se in terms of its ecological and conservation impacts. We develop simulations using the SLEUTH urban growth model that complement population-driven models but focus on spatial pattern and extent. To better capture the reach of low-density suburban development, we extend the capabilities of SLEUTH by incorporating street-network information. Our simulations point to a future in which the extent of urbanization in the Southeast is projected to increase by 101% to 192%. Our results highlight areas where ecosystem fragmentation is likely, and serve as a benchmark to explore the challenging tradeoffs between ecosystem health, economic growth and cultural desires. DA - 2014/7/23/ PY - 2014/7/23/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0102261 VL - 9 IS - 7 SP - e102261 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102261 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serum Leptin as an Indicator of Fat Levels in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Southeastern USA AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Phillips, Shannon P. AU - Whisnant, Scott AU - Tyndall, James AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Leptin is a hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake, appetite, and metabolism. In some mammals, leptin has been shown to circulate at levels proportional to body fat, which could make it useful for nonlethal evaluation of body condition. Leptin's usefulness for estimating fat levels (i.e., body condition) of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is unknown. We quantified serum leptin concentrations in a sample of free-ranging, female deer collected in July 2008 and March 2009 from coastal North Carolina, USA. We compared leptin concentrations with kidney fat index, femur marrow fat index, and kidney fat mass. Additionally, we assessed differences in leptin concentrations between the two seasons, lactating and nonlactating females, and gestating and nongestating females. Leptin concentrations were similar between seasons but were lower in lactating and gestating females. We did not detect significant relationships between leptin and the body fat metrics, indicating that leptin may have limited value for estimating fat reserves in white-tailed deer. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.7589/2013-08-223 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 887-890 SN - 1943-3700 KW - Body fat KW - fat index KW - leptin KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - white-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytoremediation of a Petroleum-Hydrocarbon Contaminated Shallow Aquifer in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, USA AU - Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie AU - Cook, Rachel L. AU - Landmeyer, James E. AU - Atkinson, Brad AU - Malone, Donald R. AU - Shaw, George AU - Woods, Leilani T2 - Remediation Journal AB - A former bulk fuel terminal in North Carolina is a groundwater phytoremediation demonstration site where 3,250 hybrid poplars, willows, and pine trees were planted from 2006 to 2008 over approximately 579,000 L of residual gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Since 2011, the groundwater altitude is lower in the area with trees than outside the planted area. Soil‐gas analyses showed a 95 percent mass loss for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and a 99 percent mass loss for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). BTEX and methyl tert‐butyl ether concentrations have decreased in groundwater. Interpolations of free‐phase, fuel product gauging data show reduced thicknesses across the site and pooling of fuel product where poplar biomass is greatest. Isolated clusters of tree mortalities have persisted in areas with high TPH and BTEX mass. Toxicity assays showed impaired water use for willows and poplars exposed to the site's fuel product, but Populus survival was higher than the willows or pines on‐site, even in a noncontaminated control area. All four Populus clones survived well at the site. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1002/REM.21382 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 29-46 J2 - Remediation LA - en OP - SN - 1051-5658 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/REM.21382 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pest pressure, hurricanes, and genotype interact to strongly impact stem form in young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) along the coastal plain of North Carolina AU - Kelley, Alexia M. AU - King, John S. T2 - TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1007/s00468-014-1039-5 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 1343-1353 SN - 1432-2285 KW - Stem forking KW - Hurricane damage KW - Nantucket pine tip moth KW - Loblolly pine KW - Tree genotype ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overcoming skepticism with education: interacting influences of worldview and climate change knowledge on perceived climate change risk among adolescents AU - Stevenson, Kathryn T. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Bondell, Howard D. AU - Moore, Susan E. AU - Carrier, Sarah J. T2 - Climatic Change AB - Though many climate literacy efforts attempt to communicate climate change as a risk, these strategies may be ineffective because among adults, worldview rather than scientific understanding largely drives climate change risk perceptions. Further, increased science literacy may polarize worldview-driven perceptions, making some climate literacy efforts ineffective among skeptics. Because worldviews are still forming in the teenage years, adolescents may represent a more receptive audience. This study examined how worldview and climate change knowledge related to acceptance of anthropogenic global warming (AGW) and in turn, climate change risk perception among middle school students in North Carolina, USA (n = 387). We found respondents with individualistic worldviews were 16.1 percentage points less likely to accept AGW than communitarian respondents at median knowledge levels, mirroring findings in similar studies among adults. The interaction between knowledge and worldview, however, was opposite from previous studies among adults, because increased climate change knowledge was positively related to acceptance of AGW among both groups, and had a stronger positive relationship among individualists. Though individualists were 24.1 percentage points less likely to accept AGW than communitarians at low levels (bottom decile) of climate change knowledge, there was no statistical difference in acceptance levels between individualists and communitarians at high levels of knowledge (top decile). Non-White and females also demonstrated higher levels of AGW acceptance and climate change risk perception, respectively. Thus, education efforts specific to climate change may counteract divisions based on worldviews among adolescents. DA - 2014/8/15/ PY - 2014/8/15/ DO - 10.1007/s10584-014-1228-7 VL - 126 IS - 3-4 SP - 293-304 J2 - Climatic Change LA - en OP - SN - 0165-0009 1573-1480 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10584-014-1228-7 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, and induction of 2n eggs with colchicine in poplar section Aigeiros AU - Xi, Xiaojun AU - Guo, Liqin AU - Xu, Wenting AU - Zhang, Jinfeng AU - Li, Bailian T2 - SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - AbstractTriploid breeding through 2n eggs induction has become one of the most powerful approaches for the improvement of the genus Populus. To enhance the efficiency of triploid production in section Aigeiros, female buds (catkins) of P. × euramericana (Dode) Guinier at different developmental stages were exposed to colchicine for 2n eggs induction. The relationship between flower bud morphological characteristics (or time after pollination) and female meiotic stage (or embryo sac development) was established to guide colchicine treatments. In the resulting progeny, three triploid seedlings were obtained via embryo rescue and identified by flow cytometric analyses. Cytological observation revealed that the leptotene to pachytene stage of meiosis and 12 h after pollination might be the suitable period for 2n eggs induction with colchicine in P. × euramericana. Results and protocols related to 2n eggs induction, effective methodologies for embryo rescue, and ploidy evaluation in this study might be applicable in polyploidy breeding in section Aigeiros.Keywords: Populus2n eggsmegasporogenesismegametogenesistriploid breeding FundingThis research was supported by the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 31370658]; the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University [grant number IRT13047]; the “948” project of China [grant number 2014-4-59] and the Special Fund for Forestry Scientific Research in the Public Interest [grant number 201404422].Additional informationFundingFunding: This research was supported by the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 31370658]; the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University [grant number IRT13047]; the “948” project of China [grant number 2014-4-59] and the Special Fund for Forestry Scientific Research in the Public Interest [grant number 201404422]. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1080/02827581.2014.935472 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - 527-536 SN - 1651-1891 KW - Populus KW - 2n eggs KW - megasporogenesis KW - megametogenesis KW - triploid breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest Carbon Accounting Considerations in US Bioenergy Policy AU - Miner, Reid A. AU - Abt, Robert C. AU - Bowyer, Jim L. AU - Buford, Marilyn A. AU - Malmsheimer, Robert W. AU - O'Laughlin, Jay AU - Oneil, Elaine E. AU - Sedjo, Roger A. AU - Skog, Kenneth E. T2 - JOURNAL OF FORESTRY AB - Four research-based insights are essential to understanding forest bioenergy and “carbon debts.” (1) As long as wood-producing land remains in forest, long-lived wood products and forest bioenergy reduce fossil fuel use and long-term carbon emission impacts. (2) Increased demand for wood can trigger investments that increase forest area and forest productivity and reduce carbon impacts associated with increased harvesting. (3) The carbon debt concept emphasizes short-term concerns about biogenic CO2 emissions, although it is long-term cumulative CO2 emissions that are correlated with projected peak global temperature, and these cumulative emissions are reduced by substituting forest bioenergy for fossil fuels. (4) Considering forest growth, investment responses, and the radiative forcing of biogenic CO2 over a 100-year time horizon (as used for other greenhouse gases), the increased use of forest-derived materials most likely to be used for bioenergy in the United States results in low net greenhouse gas emissions, especially compared with those for fossil fuels. DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// DO - 10.5849/jof.14-009 VL - 112 IS - 6 SP - 591-606 SN - 1938-3746 KW - biogenic emissions KW - biomass energy KW - carbon debt KW - carbon dioxide KW - forestry investment KW - forest landowner KW - greenhouse gas KW - wood markets KW - wood products KW - wood fuel ER - TY - JOUR TI - Establishing ion ratio thresholds based on absolute peak area for absolute protein quantification using protein cleavage isotope dilution mass spectrometry AU - Loziuk, Philip L. AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. AU - Muddiman, David C. T2 - ANALYST AB - Relative abundance values and their associated variability are dynamic and dependent on absolute abundance. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1039/c4an00567h VL - 139 IS - 21 SP - 5439-5450 SN - 1364-5528 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of artificial defoliation on growth and biomass accumulation in short-rotation sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) in North Carolina AU - Jetton, R. M. AU - Robison, D. J. T2 - Journal of Insect Science (Tucson, AZ) AB - Sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Hamamelidales: Hamamelidaceae), is a species of interest for short-rotation plantation forestry in the southeastern United States. Despite its high levels of resistance to many native insects and pathogens, the species is susceptible to generalist defoliators during outbreak epidemics. The objective of this field study was to evaluate the potential impact of defoliation on sweetgum growth and productivity within the context of an operational plantation. Over three growing seasons, trees were subjected to artificial defoliation treatments of various intensity (control = 0% defoliation; low intensity = 33% defoliation; moderate intensity = 67% defoliation; high intensity = 99% defoliation) and frequency (not defoliated; defoliated once in April of the first growing season; defoliated twice, once in April of the first growing season and again in April of the second growing season). The responses of stem height, stem diameter, stem volume, crown volume, total biomass accumulation, and branch growth were measured in November of each growing season. At the end of the first growing season, when trees had received single defoliations, significant reductions in all growth traits followed the most severe (99%) defoliation treatment only. After the second and third growing seasons, when trees had received one or two defoliations of varying intensity, stem diameter and volume and total tree biomass were reduced significantly by 67 and 99% defoliation, while reductions in stem height and crown volume followed the 99% treatment only. All growth traits other than crown volume were reduced significantly by two defoliations but not one defoliation. Results indicate that sweetgum is highly resilient to single defoliations of low, moderate, and high intensity. However, during the three-year period of the study, repeated high-intensity defoliation caused significant reductions in growth and productivity that could have lasting impacts on yield throughout a harvest rotation. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1673/031.014.107 VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing Independent Variables Used in Econometric Modeling Forest Land Use or Land Cover Change: A Meta-Analysis AU - Jeuck, James AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Abt, Robert AU - Bardon, Robert AU - McCarter, James AU - Coulston, John AU - Renkow, Mitch T2 - Forests AB - We conducted a meta-analysis on 64 econometric models from 47 studies predicting forestland conversion to agriculture (F2A), forestland to development (F2D), forestland to non-forested (F2NF) and undeveloped (including forestland) to developed (U2D) land. Over 250 independent econometric variables were identified from 21 F2A models, 21 F2D models, 12 F2NF models, and 10 U2D models. These variables were organized into a hierarchy of 119 independent variable groups, 15 categories, and 4 econometric drivers suitable for conducting simple vote count statistics. Vote counts were summarized at the independent variable group level and formed into ratios estimating the predictive success of each variable group. Two ratios estimates were developed based on (1) proportion of times the independent variables had statistical significance and (2) proportion of times independent variables met the original study authors’ expectations. In F2D models, we confirmed the success of popular independent variables such as population, income, and urban proximity estimates but found timber rents and site productivity variables less successful. In F2A models, we confirmed success of popular explanatory variables such as forest and agricultural rents and costs, governmental programs, and site quality, but we found population, income, and urban proximity estimates less successful. In U2D models, successful independent variables found were urban rents and costs, zoning issues concerning forestland loss, site quality, urban proximity, population, and income. In F2NF models, we found poor success using timber rents but high success using agricultural rents, site quality, population, and income. Success ratios and discussion of new or less popular, but promising, variables was also included. This meta-analysis provided insight into the general success of econometric independent variables for future forest-use or -cover change research. DA - 2014/7/3/ PY - 2014/7/3/ DO - 10.3390/f5071532 VL - 5 IS - 7 SP - 1532-1564 J2 - Forests LA - en OP - SN - 1999-4907 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f5071532 DB - Crossref KW - forestland use change KW - meta-analysis KW - econometric modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wild Turkey Nest Survival and Nest-Site Selection in the Presence of Growing-Season Prescribed Fire AU - Kilburg, Eric L. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Deperno, Christopher S. AU - Cobb, David AU - Harper, Craig A. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Concerns about destruction of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) nests traditionally restricted the application of prescribed-fire to the dormant season in the southeastern United States. Periodic dormant-season burns were used to open forest understories and increase forage and nesting cover for wild turkeys. However, much of the Southeast historically burned during late spring and early summer (i.e., growing season), which tended to decrease understory woody vegetation and promote grasses and forbs, an important spring and summer food for wild turkeys. Despite the potential benefits of growing-season burns, landscape-scale application coincident with turkey nesting may destroy nests and reduce or redistribute woody nesting cover. We determined turkey nest-site selection and nest survival in a landscape managed with frequent growing-season burns. We monitored radio-tagged female wild turkeys to locate nests and determine nest survival. We compared vegetation composition and structure at nest sites to random sites within dominant cover types and calculated the probability of nest destruction as the product of the proportion of wild turkey nests active and the proportion of the landscape burned. Females selected shrub-dominated lowland ecotones (a transitional vegetation community between upland pine and bottomland hardwoods) for nesting and avoided upland pine. Ecotones had greater cover than upland pine and estimated nest survival in lowlands (60%) was greater than in uplands (10%). Although approximately 20% of the study area was burned concurrent with nesting activity, only 3.3% of monitored nests were destroyed by fire, and we calculated that no more than 6% of all turkey nests were exposed to fire annually on our study site. We suggest that growing-season burns have a minimal direct effect on turkey nest survival but may reduce nesting cover and structural and compositional heterogeneity in uplands, especially on poor quality soils. A combination of dormant and growing-season burns may increase nesting cover in uplands, while maintaining open stand conditions. © 2014 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1002/jwmg.751 VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - 1033-1039 SN - 1937-2817 KW - growing-season fire KW - longleaf pine KW - Meleagris gallopavo KW - nest-site selection KW - nest survival KW - prescribed fire KW - wild turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vibrational sum-frequency-generation (SFG) spectroscopy study of the structural assembly of cellulose microfibrils in reaction woods AU - Kafle, Kabindra AU - Shi, Rui AU - Lee, Christopher M. AU - Mittal, Ashutosh AU - Park, Yong Bum AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Park, Sunkyu AU - Chiang, Vincent AU - Kim, Seong H. T2 - CELLULOSE DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1007/s10570-014-0322-3 VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - 2219-2231 SN - 1572-882X KW - Reaction wood KW - Tension wood KW - Compression wood KW - Cellulose microfibril assembly KW - Sum KW - frequency KW - generation spectroscopy KW - X-ray KW - diffraction ER - TY - JOUR TI - The cost of gypsy moth sex in the city AU - Bigsby, Kevin M. AU - Ambrose, Mark J. AU - Tobin, Patrick C. AU - Sills, Erin O. T2 - URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING AB - Since its introduction in the 1860s, gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), has periodically defoliated large swaths of forest in the eastern United States. Prior research has suggested that the greatest costs and losses from these outbreaks accrue in residential areas, but these impacts have not been well quantified. We addressed this lacuna with a case study of Baltimore City. Using two urban tree inventories, we estimated potential costs and losses from a range of gypsy moth outbreak scenarios under different environmental and management conditions. We combined outbreak scenarios with urban forest data to model defoliation and mortality and based the costs and losses on the distribution of tree species in different size classes and land uses throughout Baltimore City. In each outbreak, we estimated the costs of public and private suppression, tree removal and replacement, and human medical treatment, as well as the losses associated with reduced pollution uptake, increased carbon emissions and foregone sequestration. Of the approximately 2.3 M trees in Baltimore City, a majority of the basal area was primary or secondary host for gypsy moth. Under the low outbreak scenario, with federal and state suppression efforts, total costs and losses were $5.540 M, much less than the $63.666 M estimated for the high outbreak scenario, in which the local public and private sectors were responsible for substantially greater tree removal and replacement costs. The framework that we created can be used to estimate the impacts of other non-native pests in urban environments. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2014.05.003 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 459-468 SN - 1610-8167 KW - Biological invasions KW - Economic assessment KW - Lymantria dispar KW - Non-native forest pests KW - Residential impacts KW - Urban forestry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systematic review of the influence of foraging habitat on red-cockaded woodpecker reproductive success AU - Garabedian, James E. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Kilgo, John C. T2 - WILDLIFE BIOLOGY AB - Relationships between foraging habitat and reproductive success provide compelling evidence of the contribution of specific vegetative features to foraging habitat quality, a potentially limiting factor for many animal populations. For example, foraging habitat quality likely will gain importance in the recovery of the threatened red‐cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis (RCW) in the USA as immediate nesting constraints are mitigated. Several researchers have characterized resource selection by foraging RCWs, but emerging research linking reproductive success (e.g. clutch size, nestling and fledgling production, and group size) and foraging habitat features has yet to be synthesized. Therefore, we reviewed peer‐refereed scientific literature and technical resources (e.g. books, symposia proceedings, and technical reports) that examined RCW foraging ecology, foraging habitat, or demography to evaluate evidence for effects of the key foraging habitat features described in the species' recovery plan on group reproductive success. Fitness‐based habitat models suggest foraging habitat with low to intermediate pine Pinus spp. densities, presence of large and old pines, minimal midstory development, and herbaceous groundcover support more productive RCW groups. However, the relationships between some foraging habitat features and RCW reproductive success are not well supported by empirical data. In addition, few regression models account for > 30% of variation in reproductive success, and unstandardized multiple and simple linear regression coefficient estimates typically range from ‐0.100 to 0.100, suggesting ancillary variables and perhaps indirect mechanisms influence reproductive success. These findings suggest additional research is needed to address uncertainty in relationships between foraging habitat features and RCW reproductive success and in the mechanisms underlying those relationships. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.2981/wlb.13004 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 37-46 SN - 1903-220X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social Justice as an Integrating Force for Leisure Research AU - Floyd, Myron F. T2 - LEISURE SCIENCES AB - As enthusiasm for social justice inquiry in leisure studies builds, this essay identifies three concerns related to the practice of social justice research involving race and ethnicity in leisure. First, social justice research must rely on diverse paradigms to respond to urgent social problems facing communities of color. Second, researchers must acknowledge the moral dimension in social justice inquiry. Third, power differentials between researchers and communities of practice and the community members involved in studies should be recognized and minimized when possible. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1080/01490400.2014.917002 VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - 379-387 SN - 1521-0588 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904696213&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - community-based research KW - methods KW - research paradigms ER - TY - JOUR TI - Postharvest forest floor manipulation effects on nutrient dynamics in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation AU - Zerpa, Jose L. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - McLaughlin, Blair C. AU - Phelan, Jennifer AU - Campbell, Robert G. AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - The synchronization of nutrient release and demand in early stand establishment is important to maximizing resource use in forest plantations. We explored the impacts of forest floor manipulations on the dynamics of forest floor and mineral soil nutrient pools in a Pinus taeda L. plantation in North Carolina prior to and during 2 years following harvest and replanting. We present a novel method to estimate forest floor decomposition that avoids the exclusion of large detritivores. Decomposition and nutrient release rates from the forest floor were higher than rates typically observed in older stands (averaging 81% mass loss and 75% N loss across treatments over the 2-year period), highlighting the potential importance of the forest floor nutrient pool in early stand nutrition. Doubling the forest floor increased available C, N, and P pools in the mineral soil 46%, 47%, and 49%, respectively. Incorporating the forest floor into mineral soil through mixing had only transient positive effects on nutrient pools. Across treatments, an expected postharvest flush of soil available N was observed; however, removing the forest floor caused an earlier flush of available N in comparison with the control treatment, and doubling the forest floor caused a year delay in maximum N availability, better synchronizing the site’s available N with stand demand. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-2013-0536 VL - 44 IS - 9 SP - 1058-1067 SN - 1208-6037 KW - Assart effect KW - forest floor manipulations KW - Pinus taeda KW - forestry KW - nutrient dynamic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pop's Pipes: poplar gene expression data analysis pipelines AU - Li, Xiang AU - Gunasekara, Chathura AU - Guo, Yufeng AU - Zhang, Hang AU - Lei, Liang AU - Tunlaya-Anukit, Sermsawat AU - Busov, Victor AU - Chiang, Vincent AU - Wei, Hairong T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1007/s11295-014-0745-x VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 1093-1101 SN - 1614-2950 KW - Poplar KW - Microarray KW - RNA-seq data KW - Differentially expressed genes KW - Pathway enrichment analysis KW - Gene ontology enrichment analysis KW - Protein domain enrichment analysis KW - Pipeline KW - Gene ontology tree ER - TY - JOUR TI - Outside-of-school time obesity prevention and treatment interventions in African American youth AU - Barr-Anderson, D. J. AU - Singleton, C. AU - Cotwright, C. J. AU - Floyd, M. F. AU - Affuso, O. T2 - Obesity Reviews AB - Summary Outside‐of‐school time ( OST ; i.e. before/after‐school hours, summer time), theory‐based interventions are potential strategies for addressing increased obesity among A frican A merican youth. This review assessed interventions across multiple settings that took place during OST among A frican A merican youth aged 5–18 years old. Seven databases were searched for studies published prior to O ctober 2013; 28 prevention and treatment interventions that assessed weight or related behaviours as a primary or secondary outcome were identified. Overall, these studies reported heterogeneous intervention length, theoretical frameworks, methodological quality, outcomes, cultural adaption and community engagement; the latter two attributes have been identified as potentially important intervention strategies when working with A frican A mericans. Although not always significant, generally, outcomes were in the desired direction. When examining programmes by time of intervention (i.e. after‐school, summer time, time not specified or multiple time periods), much of the variability remained, but some similarities emerged. After‐school studies generally had a positive impact on physical activity, fruit/vegetable consumption and caloric intake, or body composition. The single summer time intervention showed a trend towards reduced body mass index. Overall findings suggest that after‐school and summer programmes, alone or perhaps in combination, offer potential benefits for A frican A merican youth and could favourably influence diet and physical activity behaviour. DA - 2014/9/5/ PY - 2014/9/5/ DO - 10.1111/obr.12204 VL - 15 SP - 26-45 J2 - Obes Rev LA - en OP - SN - 1467-7881 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obr.12204 DB - Crossref KW - Health inequity KW - nutrition KW - overweight KW - physical activity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape position and spatial patterns in the distribution of land use within the southern Appalachian Mountains AU - Rice, Joshua S. AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. T2 - PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AB - Understanding the forces that influence the distribution of land use and land-use change (LUC) is an essential step in developing effective strategies for managing these issues. We examined the influence of landscape position on spatial patterns in land-use distribution within the Little Tennessee River Basin (LTRB) of the southern Appalachian Mountains. We show that landscape position, defined with respect to both natural and anthropogenic spatial variables, provides for the identification of statistically significant differences in the distribution of common forms of land use in the study region. Using the same variables, significant differences in the landscape positions subject to land-use change in the LTRB are also examined. These results suggest landscape position exerts a strong influence on the distribution of different forms of land use and the likeliness of given area undergoing LUC. The approach presented here, of considering land use as a function of landscape position that responds to both natural and anthropogenic forces, may prove useful in aiding the development of future strategies to address the consequences of land use in many regions. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1080/02723646.2014.909218 VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 443-457 SN - 1930-0557 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000341138200005&KeyUID=WOS:000341138200005 KW - land use KW - land-use change KW - natural resource management KW - spatial analysis KW - southern Appalachian Mountains ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hypoxia controls iron metabolism and glutamate secretion in retinal pigmented epithelial cells AU - Harned, Jill AU - Nagar, Steven AU - McGahan, M. Christine T2 - BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENERAL SUBJECTS AB - Blood-barrier systems are essential in controlling iron levels in organs such as the brain and eye, both of which experience hypoxia in pathological conditions. While hypoxia's effects on numerous iron regulatory and storage proteins have been studied, little is known about how hypoxia affects iron metabolism. Iron also controls glutamate production and secretion; therefore the effects of hypoxia on iron metabolism and glutamate secretion were studied in polarized retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. Primary canine RPE were cultured in Millicells to create polarized cell cultures. Iron uptake and efflux were measured in hypoxic and normoxic conditions. RPE were loaded with 59Fe-transferrin. Glutamate concentrations in the cell conditioned media were also measured. Hypoxia induced a large increase in iron efflux from RPE in the basolateral direction. Glutamate secretion occurred mainly in the basolateral direction which is away from the retina and out of the eye in vivo. Glutamate secretion was doubled under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia is known to induce oxidative damage. The current results show that iron, a key catalyst of free radical generation, is removed from RPE under hypoxic conditions which may help protect RPE from oxidative stress. Results obtained here indicate the importance of using polarized tight junctional cells as more physiologically relevant models for blood-barrier-like systems. While the effects of hypoxia on iron efflux and glutamate secretion may be protective for RPE cells and retina, increased glutamate secretion in the brain could cause some of the damaging neurological effects seen in stroke. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.06.012 VL - 1840 IS - 10 SP - 3138-3144 SN - 1872-8006 KW - Iron transport KW - Glutamate KW - Hypoxia KW - Blood-ocular barriers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth under field conditions affects lignin content and productivity in transgenic Populus trichocarpa with altered lignin biosynthesis AU - Stout, Anna T. AU - Davis, Aletta A. AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Yang, Chenmin AU - Shi, Rui AU - King, John S. T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - This study evaluated the potential of transgenic Populus trichocarpa with antisense 4CL for reduced total lignin and sense Cald5H for increased S/G ratio in a short rotation woody cropping (SRWC) system for bioethanol production in the Southeast USA. Trees produced from tissue-culture were planted in the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountain regions of North Carolina, USA. Trees were observed for growth differences and biomass recorded for two coppices. Insoluble lignin and S/G ratio were determined by molecular beam mass spectroscopy after the second coppice. Survival, growth form, and biomass were very consistent within construct lines. Higher total lignin content and S/G ratio were positively correlated with total aboveground biomass. The low-lignin phenotype was not completely maintained in the field, with total lignin content increasing on average more than 30.0% at all sites by the second coppice The capacity to upregulate lignin in the event of environmental stress may have helped some low-lignin lines to survive. More research focused on promising construct lines in appropriate environmental conditions is needed to clarify if a significant reduction in lignin can be achieved on a plantation scale, and whether that reduction will translate into increased efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.06.008 VL - 68 SP - 228-239 SN - 1873-2909 KW - Populus KW - Lignin KW - Field trial KW - Transgenic KW - Bioenergy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic parameters for Fusarium circinatum tolerance within open-pollinated families of Pinus patula tested at screening facilities in South Africa and the USA AU - Nel, Andre AU - Hodge, Gary R. AU - Mongwaketsi, Kgosi E. AU - Kanzler, Arnulf T2 - SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE AB - The pine pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum, has caused large-scale mortality of Pinus patula Schiede & Deppe ex Schltdl. & Cham. crops in South African nurseries. This disease is now managed with strict hygiene practices and mortality in commercial nurseries has been drastically reduced. During the last 10 years, however, the disease started to manifest in the field, impacting on post-planting survival. Tree breeders have identified selection and breeding of tolerant material as the likely long-term solution to this disease. This study demonstrates that, under greenhouse conditions with artificial inoculation of young seedlings, there is significant genetic variation in tolerance to F. circinatum among open-pollinated P. patula families. Tolerant families can be identified and can be utilised in breeding programmes and for seed production. The study provided strong evidence that these artificial inoculation experiments are highly repeatable within specific laboratories, with lower but still meaningful repeatability between different laboratories. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2989/20702620.2014.916500 VL - 76 IS - 3 SP - 145-150 SN - 2070-2639 KW - artificial inoculation screening KW - genetic correlation KW - greenhouse inoculation KW - heritability KW - pitch canker fungus KW - repeatability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dominant clonal Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla trees use water more efficiently AU - Otto, M. S. G. AU - Hubbard, R. M. AU - Binkley, D. AU - Stape, J. L. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 328 SP - 117-121 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a rain down technique to artificially infest hemlocks with the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae AU - Jetton, R. M. AU - Mayfield, A. E. AU - Powers, Z. L. T2 - Journal of Insect Science (Tucson, AZ) AB - The hemlock woolly adelgid Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is a non-native invasive pest that has caused widespread decline and mortality of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (Pinales: Pinaceae)) and Carolina hemlock (T. caroliniana Engelm.) in the eastern United States. Our preliminary experiments evaluated the utility of a rain-down technique to induce artificial infestations of A. tsugae on hemlock seedlings en masse. Experiments were conducted in PVC (1 m3) cages topped with poultry wire for placement of A. tsugae-infested branches, and with 1 m2 gridded glue sheets and/or hemlock seedlings placed below to capture adelgid abundance, distribution, and infestation rate data. In the March 2011 experiment, the density of progrediens crawlers (adelgid nymphs, first instars) that rained down inside the PVC cages was significantly higher in the high ovisac treatment compared to the low ovisac treatment, with an estimated 513,000 and 289,000 crawlers per m2 falling beneath each treatment, respectively. Resulting A. tsugae infestation rates on Carolina hemlock seedlings placed inside the cages did not differ between the treatments but were at or above established damage threshold densities for the adelgid. Infestation rates on eastern hemlock seedlings that were placed in cages nine days after the experiment started were below damage threshold levels and did not differ between the treatments. In the May 2011 experiment, the density of sistens crawlers raining down was substantially lower, with 17,000 and 33,000 falling per m2 in the low and high ovisac treatments, respectively. Resulting infestation rates on Carolina hemlock seedlings were extremely low and well below damage threshold levels. Although A. tsugae crawlers were well distributed across the 1 m2 gridded glue sheets placed at the bottom of each cage, hot spots of unusually high crawler density did occur in both experiments. This rain-down technique shows potential for use in an operational tree-breeding program where screening large numbers of hemlock seedlings for resistance to A. tsugae is required. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1673/031.014.106 VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Communication: Molecular-level insights into asymmetric triblock copolymers: Network and phase development (vol 141, 121103, 2014) AU - Tallury, Syamal S. AU - Mineart, Kenneth P. AU - Woloszczuk, Sebastian AU - Williams, David N. AU - Thompson, Russell B. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AU - Banaszak, Michal AU - Spontak, Richard J. T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS AB - First Page DA - 2014/10/28/ PY - 2014/10/28/ DO - 10.1063/1.4898353 VL - 141 IS - 16 SP - SN - 1089-7690 UR - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4898353 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing Sampling and Model Error in Standing Green Weight Estimation for a Loblolly Pine Plantation AU - Green, Edwin J. AU - Bullock, Bronson T2 - FOREST SCIENCE AB - A simple study was designed to assess the magnitude of model error in estimates of total green weight per acre in a sample loblolly pine plantation. A model was fitted to a large felled-tree data set and used to predict weight per ha in the sample stand. This is a simple case and, even here, ignoring model error would result in confidence intervals on the order of 10–40% too narrow. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.5849/forsci.13-007 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - 623-627 SN - 1938-3738 KW - biomass KW - loblolly pine KW - Bayesian statistics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trap Array Configuration Influences Estimates and Precision of Black Bear Density and Abundance AU - Wilton, Clay M. AU - Puckett, Emily E. AU - Beringer, Jeff AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Eggert, Lori S. AU - Belant, Jerrold L. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models have advanced our ability to estimate population density for wide ranging animals by explicitly incorporating individual movement. Though these models are more robust to various spatial sampling designs, few studies have empirically tested different large-scale trap configurations using SCR models. We investigated how extent of trap coverage and trap spacing affects precision and accuracy of SCR parameters, implementing models using the R package secr. We tested two trapping scenarios, one spatially extensive and one intensive, using black bear (Ursus americanus) DNA data from hair snare arrays in south-central Missouri, USA. We also examined the influence that adding a second, lower barbed-wire strand to snares had on quantity and spatial distribution of detections. We simulated trapping data to test bias in density estimates of each configuration under a range of density and detection parameter values. Field data showed that using multiple arrays with intensive snare coverage produced more detections of more individuals than extensive coverage. Consequently, density and detection parameters were more precise for the intensive design. Density was estimated as 1.7 bears per 100 km2 and was 5.5 times greater than that under extensive sampling. Abundance was 279 (95% CI = 193-406) bears in the 16,812 km2 study area. Excluding detections from the lower strand resulted in the loss of 35 detections, 14 unique bears, and the largest recorded movement between snares. All simulations showed low bias for density under both configurations. Results demonstrated that in low density populations with non-uniform distribution of population density, optimizing the tradeoff among snare spacing, coverage, and sample size is of critical importance to estimating parameters with high precision and accuracy. With limited resources, allocating available traps to multiple arrays with intensive trap spacing increased the amount of information needed to inform parameters with high precision. DA - 2014/10/28/ PY - 2014/10/28/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0111257 VL - 9 IS - 10 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The hidden history of the snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus: extensive mitochondrial DNA introgression inferred from multilocus genetic variation AU - Melo-Ferreira, Jose AU - Seixas, Fernando A. AU - Cheng, Ellen AU - Mills, L. Scott AU - Alves, Paulo C. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Hybridization drives the evolutionary trajectory of many species or local populations, and assessing the geographic extent and genetic impact of interspecific gene flow may provide invaluable clues to understand population divergence or the adaptive relevance of admixture. In N orth A merica, hares ( L epus spp.) are key species for ecosystem dynamics and their evolutionary history may have been affected by hybridization. Here we reconstructed the speciation history of the three most widespread hares in N orth A merica – the snowshoe hare ( L epus americanus ), the white‐tailed jackrabbit ( L . townsendii ) and the black‐tailed jackrabbit ( L . californicus ) – by analysing sequence variation at eight nuclear markers and one mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA ) locus (6240 bp; 94 specimens). A multilocus–multispecies coalescent‐based phylogeny suggests that L . americanus diverged ~2.7 Ma and that L . californicus and L . townsendii split more recently (~1.2 Ma). Within L . americanus, a deep history of cryptic divergence (~2.0 Ma) was inferred, which coincides with major speciation events in other N orth A merican species. While the isolation‐with‐migration model suggested that nuclear gene flow was generally rare or absent among species or major genetic groups, coalescent simulations of mt DNA divergence revealed historical mt DNA introgression from L . californicus into the P acific N orthwest populations of L . americanus . This finding marks a history of past reticulation between these species, which may have affected other parts of the genome and influence the adaptive potential of hares during climate change. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1111/mec.12886 VL - 23 IS - 18 SP - 4617-4630 SN - 1365-294X KW - coalescent KW - cryptic divergence KW - hares and jackrabbits KW - lagomorphs KW - reticulate evolution KW - species tree ER - TY - JOUR TI - Patterns of Forest Phylogenetic Community Structure across the United States and Their Possible Forest Health Implications AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Koch, Frank H. T2 - Forest Science AB - The analysis of phylogenetic relationships among co-occurring tree species offers insights into the ecological organization of forest communities from an evolutionary perspective and, when employed regionally across thousands of plots, can assist in forest health assessment. Phylogenetic clustering of species, when species are more closely related than expected by chance, suggests a process of evolutionary niche conservatism. Because such communities share much evolutionary history and an affinity for similar environmental conditions, they may be particularly susceptible to threats such as insects and diseases and shifting climate conditions. Meanwhile, a pattern of phylogenetic evenness, in which the species are less closely related than by chance, may indicate competitive exclusion or interspecies facilitation. The ecological integrity of such communities may be less at risk because they may encompass a wider variety of evolutionary adaptations. Using a network of more than 100,000 forest inventory plots across the conterminous United States, we tested whether community phylogenetic structure was significantly clustered or even at multiple scales. Clustering predominated across most of the study area, indicating the widespread significance of evolutionary niche conservatism, except in areas of the west. Phylogenetic structure varied along environmental gradients, suggesting that clustering predominates in more favorable locations and evenness predominates in areas with harsher environments. These results have implications for broad-scale forest health monitoring. DA - 2014/10/6/ PY - 2014/10/6/ DO - 10.5849/forsci.13-115 VL - 60 IS - 5 SP - 851-861 J2 - Forest Science LA - en OP - SN - 0015-749X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.13-115 DB - Crossref KW - evolutionary ecology KW - forest community KW - forest ecology KW - forest health assessment KW - landscape ecology ER - TY - JOUR TI - POSTEMERGENCE CONTROL OF MICROSTEGIUM VIMINEUM ON RIPARIAN RESTORATION SITES WITH AQUATIC-USE REGISTERED HERBICIDES AU - Hall, Karen R. AU - Spooner, Jean AU - Richardson, Robert J. AU - Hoyle, Steve T. AU - Frederick, Douglas J. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Microstegium vimineum is an invasive grass introduced from Asia that has spread throughout riparian areas of the eastern United States threatening native riparian vegetation. Postemergence ( POST ) herbicides registered for aquatic use were evaluated for control of M. vimineum on two riparian restoration sites in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina. This study found that standard and lower than standard rates of diquat, fluridone, flumioxazin, glyphosate, imazamox, and imazapyr reduced weed stem density and biomass at 6 and 30 weeks after treatment ( WAT ). Both rates of bispyribac and penoxsulam provided less control of M. vimineum . Visual ratings showed both rates of diquat, flumioxazin, imazamox, and imazapyr controlled 63‐100% of M. vimineum at 6 WAT and 84‐100% at 30 WAT . Fluridone and glyphosate provided slightly less control. Bispyribac and penoxsulam treatments provided less control at 6 and 30 WAT compared to the other treatments. Plots treated with both rates of diquat, flumioxazin, imazamox, and imazapyr were nearly devoid of all vegetation at 30 WAT . Recommendations include POST application of lower than standard rates of diquat, flumioxazin, fluridone, glyphosate, imazamox, and imazapyr on riparian restoration sites infested with M. vimineum . Immediate vegetation management measures including temporary and permanent plant cover should be employed on treated sites where weeds are completely eradicated to prevent erosion. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1111/jawr.12210 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 533-542 SN - 1752-1688 KW - herbicides KW - invasive plant KW - exotic plant control KW - stiltgrass KW - Microstegium vimineum KW - restoration KW - streams KW - riparian ecology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Minimal changes in heart rate of incubating American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) in response to human activity AU - Borneman, Tracy E. AU - Rose, Eli T. AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - CONDOR AB - An organism's heart rate is commonly used as an indicator of physiological stress due to environmental stimuli. We used heart rate to monitor the physiological response of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) to human activity in their nesting environment. We placed artificial eggs with embedded microphones in 42 oystercatcher nests to record the heart rate of incubating oystercatchers continuously for up to 27 days. We used continuous video and audio recordings collected simultaneously at the nests to relate physiological response of birds (heart rate) to various types of human activity. We observed military and civilian aircraft, off-road vehicles, and pedestrians around nests. With the exception of high-speed, low-altitude military overflights, we found little evidence that oystercatcher heart rates were influenced by most types of human activity. The low-altitude flights were the only human activity to significantly increase average heart rates of incubating oystercatchers (12% above baseline). Although statistically significant, we do not consider the increase in heart rate during high-speed, low-altitude military overflights to be of biological significance. This noninvasive technique may be appropriate for other studies of stress in nesting birds. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1650/condor-14-48.1 VL - 116 IS - 3 SP - 493-503 SN - 1938-5129 KW - American Oystercatcher KW - heart rate KW - human activity KW - artificial egg KW - physiology KW - stress KW - disturbance KW - habituation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mammals in and around suburban yards, and the attraction of chicken coops AU - Kays, Roland AU - Parsons, Arielle Waldstein T2 - Urban Ecosystems DA - 2014/1/26/ PY - 2014/1/26/ DO - 10.1007/s11252-014-0347-2 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 691-705 J2 - Urban Ecosyst LA - en OP - SN - 1083-8155 1573-1642 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-014-0347-2 DB - Crossref KW - Chicken coops KW - Camera traps KW - Predators KW - Suburban wildlife ER - TY - JOUR TI - Empirical move-on rules to inform fishing strategies: a New England case study AU - Dunn, Daniel C. AU - Boustany, Andre M. AU - Roberts, Jason J. AU - Brazer, Eric AU - Sanderson, Melissa AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Halpin, Patrick N. T2 - FISH AND FISHERIES AB - Abstract Increasingly, fisheries are being managed under catch quotas that are often further allocated to specific permit holders or sectors. At the same time, serious consideration is being given to the effects of discards on the health of target and non‐target species. Some quota systems have incorporated discard reduction as an objective by counting discards (including unmarketable fish) against the overall quota. The potential effect of the introduction of a quota system that includes accountability for discards on the fishing strategies employed by fishermen is enormous. This is particularly true for multispecies fisheries where healthy and depleted stocks co‐exist; resulting in a trip's catch being applied to very large and very small stock quotas simultaneously. Under such a scenario, fishermen have a strong incentive to minimize (i) catch of low‐quota or ‘choke’ stocks, (ii) regulatory discards due to minimum size limits and (iii) catch partially consumed by predators. ‘Move‐on’ rules (i.e. event‐triggered, targeted, temporary closure of part of a fishery when a catch or bycatch threshold is reached) have been employed in a variety of fisheries. However, their efficacy has been limited by a lack of empirical analyses underpinning the rules. Here, we examine the utility of spatiotemporal autocorrelation analyses to inform ‘move‐on’ rules to assist a sector of the N ew E ngland M ultispecies F ishery to reduce discards and maximize profits. We find the use of empirical move‐on rules could reduce catch of juvenile and choke stocks between 27 and 33%, and depredation events between 41 and 54%. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1111/faf.12019 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 359-375 SN - 1467-2979 KW - Choke species KW - discards KW - move-on rules KW - New England multispecies fishery KW - real-time closures KW - spatiotemporal autocorrelation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of land use and climate change on stream temperature II: Threshold exceedance duration projections for freshwater mussels AU - Daraio, J. A. AU - Bales, J. D. AU - Pandolfo, T. J. T2 - Journal of the American Water Resources Association AB - Abstract We developed a stochastic hourly stream temperature model ( SHSTM ) to estimate probability of exceeding given threshold temperature ( T ) for specified durations (24 and 96 h) to assess potential impacts on freshwater mussels in the upper Tar River, North Carolina. Simulated daily mean stream T from climate change ( CC ) and land‐use ( LU ) change simulations for 2021‐2030 and 2051‐2060 were used as input to the SHSTM . Stream T observations in 2010 revealed only two sites with T above 30°C for >24 h and T s were never >31°C for more than 24 h at any site. The SHSTM suggests that the probability, P , that T will exceed 32°C for at least 96 h in a given year increased from P = 0, in the 20th Century, to P = 0.05 in 2021‐2030 and to P = 0.14 in 2051‐2060. The SHSTM indicated that CC had greater effects on P for 24 and 96 h durations than LU change. Increased P occurred primarily in higher order stream segments in the downstream reaches of the basin. The SHSTM indicated that hourly stream T responded to LU change on the daily scale and did not affect stream T for durations >24 h. The SHSTM indicated that known thermal thresholds for freshwater mussels could be exceeded within the next 50 years in many parts of the upper Tar River basin in North Carolina, which could have negative consequences on the recruitment of freshwater mussels. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1111/jawr.12178 VL - 50 IS - 5 SP - 1177-1190 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Communication: Molecular-level insights into asymmetric triblock copolymers: Network and phase development AU - Tallury, Syamal S. AU - Mineart, Kenneth P. AU - Woloszczuk, Sebastian AU - Williams, David N. AU - Thompson, Russell B. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AU - Banaszak, Michal AU - Spontak, Richard J. T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS AB - Molecularly asymmetric triblock copolymers progressively grown from a parent diblock copolymer can be used to elucidate the phase and property transformation from diblock to network-forming triblock copolymer. In this study, we use several theoretical formalisms and simulation methods to examine the molecular-level characteristics accompanying this transformation, and show that reported macroscopic-level transitions correspond to the onset of an equilibrium network. Midblock conformational fractions and copolymer morphologies are provided as functions of copolymer composition and temperature. DA - 2014/9/28/ PY - 2014/9/28/ DO - 10.1063/1.4896612 VL - 141 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1089-7690 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907545888&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A mixed-methods analysis of social-ecological feedbacks between urbanization and forest persistence AU - BenDor, Todd AU - Shoemaker, Douglas A. AU - Thill, Jean-Claude AU - Dorning, Monica A. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY AB - BenDor, T., D. A. Shoemaker, J.-C. Thill, M. A. Dorning, and R. K. Meentemeyer. 2014. A mixed-methods analysis of social-ecological feedbacks between urbanization and forest persistence. Ecology and Society 19(3): 3. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06508-190303 DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.5751/es-06508-190303 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - SN - 1708-3087 KW - forest persistence KW - land-use change KW - social-ecological feedbacks KW - tax policy KW - urban forests KW - urbanization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water-use efficiency of a poplar plantation in Northern China AU - Zhou, Jie AU - Zhang, Zhiqiang AU - Sun, Ge AU - Fang, Xianrui AU - Zha, Tonggang AU - Chen, Jiquan AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Guo, Junting AU - McNulty, Steve T2 - JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - The water-use efficiency (WUE) of an ecosystem—defined as the gross ecosystem production (GEP) divided by the evapotranspiration (ET)—is an important index for understanding the coupling of water and carbon and quantifying water–carbon trade-offs in forests. An open-path eddy covariance technique and a microclimate measurement system were deployed to investigate the WUE of a poplar plantation ecosystem in the Daxing District of Beijing, China, during the growing seasons in 2006, 2007, and 2008. We found that WUE values changed diurnally, peaking in early morning and showing a minimum between 2 pm and 3 pm. This pattern was regulated by photosynthetically active radiation, saturated vapor pressure deficit, and stomatal opening and closure. WUE had inter-daily variations but no substantial seasonal variation. The WUE decreased with increasing soil water content due to the higher sensitivity of ET than GEP to increased soil moisture. Under moist soil conditions (i.e., relative extractable water content >0.4), GEP was stable and WUE was generally low. These results suggest that the poplar plantation does not effectively use the available soil water for carbon uptake, and that soil moisture is lost to the atmosphere through ET. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1007/s10310-014-0436-3 VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 483-492 SN - 1610-7403 KW - Ecosystem water-use efficiency KW - Evapotranspiration KW - Gross ecosystem productivity KW - Poplar plantation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vocalization Observed in Starving White-tailed Deer Neonates AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - We observed loud, frequent vocalizations by 5 Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) neonates that ultimately died of starvation due to abandonment. We did not observe this behavior by other neonates, regardless of survival or cause of mortality. Thus, we believe that neonate vocalization could serve as a useful field indicator of abandonment. Additionally, estimates of predation rates may be inflated because they are masking high rates of undetected abandonment. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1656/058.013.0202 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - N6-N8 SN - 1938-5412 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Reliability of Retrospective Data on Asset Ownership as a Measure of Past Household Wealth AU - Mullan, Katrina AU - Sills, Erin AU - Bauch, Simone T2 - FIELD METHODS AB - Asset ownership is frequently used to assess the welfare status of households in rural areas of developing countries. Researchers often want to know the prior status of households or how that status has changed over time. In a case study in the Brazilian Amazon, we compare recall data with contemporary reports on assets from a panel survey. We consider multiple dimensions of the consistency of retrospective and contemporary data and seek to identify characteristics that lead to more accurate recall. We find that although retrospective data provide some information on past assets owned by households, they do not provide a highly accurate measure of either individual asset ownership or counts of types of assets owned. Consistent with previous studies, we find that items with greater salience are recalled more accurately. We also find that wealthier households exhibit upward bias when recalling assets owned in a previous period. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1177/1525822x13510370 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 223-238 SN - 1552-3969 KW - household survey KW - recall data KW - Brazil KW - asset ownership ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival and home-range size of southeastern fox squirrels in North Carolina AU - Prince, A. AU - DePerno, C. S. AU - Gardner, B. AU - Moorman, C. E. T2 - Southeastern Naturalist DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 456-462 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Narrowband Bio-Indicator Monitoring of Temperate Forest Carbon Fluxes in Northeastern China AU - Yu, Quanzhou AU - Wang, Shaoqiang AU - Mickler, Robert A. AU - Huang, Kun AU - Zhou, Lei AU - Yan, Huimin AU - Chen, Diecong AU - Han, Shijie T2 - REMOTE SENSING AB - Developments in hyperspectral remote sensing techniques during the last decade have enabled the use of narrowband indices to evaluate the role of forest ecosystem variables in estimating carbon (C) fluxes. In this study, narrowband bio-indicators derived from EO-1 Hyperion data were investigated to determine whether they could capture the temporal variation and estimate the spatial variability of forest C fluxes derived from eddy covariance tower data. Nineteen indices were divided into four categories of optical indices: broadband, chlorophyll, red edge, and light use efficiency. Correlation tests were performed between the selected vegetation indices, gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (Re). Among the 19 indices, five narrowband indices (Chlorophyll Index RedEdge 710, scaled photochemical reflectance index (SPRI)*enhanced vegetation index (EVI), SPRI*normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), MCARI/OSAVI[705, 750] and the Vogelmann Index), and one broad band index (EVI) had R-squared values with a good fit for GPP and Re. The SPRI*NDVI has the highest significant coefficients of determination with GPP and Re (R2 = 0.86 and 0.89, p < 0.0001, respectively). SPRI*NDVI was used in atmospheric inverse modeling at regional scales for the estimation of C fluxes. We compared the GPP spatial patterns inversed from our model with corresponding results from the Vegetation Photosynthesis Model (VPM), the Boreal Ecosystems Productivity Simulator model, and MODIS MOD17A2 products. The inversed GPP spatial patterns from our model of SPRI*NDVI had good agreement with the output from the VPM model. The normalized difference nitrogen index was well correlated with measured C net ecosystem exchange. Our findings indicated that narrowband bio-indicators based on EO-1 Hyperion images could be used to predict regional C flux variations for Northeastern China’s temperate broad-leaved Korean pine forest ecosystems. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.3390/rs6098986 VL - 6 IS - 9 SP - 8986-9013 SN - 2072-4292 KW - narrowband bio-indicator KW - carbon fluxes KW - temperate broad-leaved Korean pine forest KW - EO-1 Hyperion KW - remote sensing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monitoring Michaux's sumac requires more systematic approaches AU - Henderson, M. S. AU - R., Braham R. T2 - Ecological Restoration DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.3368/er.32.1.9 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 9-11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term responses of Scots pine and Norway spruce stands in Sweden to repeated fertilization and thinning AU - Bergh, Johan AU - Nilsson, Urban AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Johansson, Ulf AU - Fahlvik, Nils T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Recent investigations have shown that annual wood production in Sweden can be increased by 30 million m3 per year in a long-term perspective (>50 years) by using new forest management methods such as new tree species or seedling materials. However, to meet the increased demands during the next 20 years, Sweden will have to rely on silvicultural methods available today. Growth in boreal and cold temperate forest is with only few exceptions limited by nutrients availability, primarily nitrogen, and one way to satisfy the increased demands in a short-term perspective is nitrogen fertilization. A set of thinning and fertilization experiments were started in the 1960’s in Scots pine and Norway spruce stands over the whole of Sweden representing different soil, moisture and vegetation types. We used data from these experiments to examine the long-term effects of repeated fertilization in thinned stands on growth, stand development, and yield. The 34 Scots pine sites and 13 Norway spruce sites included in our analyses had at least four treatment plots (no thinning, repeated light thinnings, repeated light thinnings with repeated N fertilization, and repeated light thinnings with repeated N + P fertilization). In northern Sweden, 100 kg N ha−1 and 150 kg N ha−1 were applied at each fertilization event for Scots pine and Norway spruce stands, respectively. In southern Sweden, 150 kg ha−1 N was applied in Scots pine stands and 200 kg ha−1 N in Norway spruce stands. Phosphorus was applied at the rate of 100 kg ha−1. Several sites also included non-thinned fertilized plots. Pine stands but not spruce stands were responsive (up to 25% more growth depending of the attribute assessed) to repeated fertilization. Surprisingly, the non-thinned pine stands showed strong continuing response to fertilization throughout the 30+ year observation period resulting in higher cumulative volume response than the thinned stands. In thinned stands incremental volume response to fertilization continued but slowly diminished with time indicating that fertilization and thinning effects were less than additive. However, thinning and fertilization effects were additive for diameter growth. Fertilization accelerated stand development with significant shifts in diameter distributions to larger and potentially more valuable trees. Conclusively, repeated nitrogen fertilization is a silvicultural practice that will result in significant and sustained increases in Scots pine production. DA - 2014/5/15/ PY - 2014/5/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.02.016 VL - 320 SP - 118-128 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Pinus sylvestris KW - Picea abies KW - Nitrogen KW - Phosphorous KW - Interactions KW - Guidelines ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term dynamics of household size and their environmental implications AU - Bradbury, Mason AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Liu, Jianguo T2 - Population and Environment DA - 2014/2/6/ PY - 2014/2/6/ DO - 10.1007/S11111-014-0203-6 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 73-84 J2 - Popul Environ LA - en OP - SN - 0199-0039 1573-7810 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11111-014-0203-6 DB - Crossref KW - Conservation biology KW - Environmental impact KW - Household size KW - IPHoG KW - Population KW - Sustainable development ER - TY - CHAP TI - Large-scale patterns of insect and disease activity in the conterminous United States and Alaska from the national insect and disease survey, 2011 AU - Potter, K.M. AU - Paschke, J.L. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2012 A2 - Potter, Kevin M. A2 - Conkling, Barbara L. PY - 2014/// PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Large-scale patterns of forest fire occurrence in the conterminous United States and Alaska, 2011 AU - Potter, K.M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2012 A2 - Potter, Kevin M. A2 - Conkling, Barbara L. PY - 2014/// SP - 35-48 PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Introduction AU - Potter, K.M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2012 A2 - Potter, Kevin M. A2 - Conkling, Barbara L. PY - 2014/// PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-wide transcriptional profiling reveals molecular signatures of secondary xylem differentiation in Populus tomentosa AU - Yang, X. H. AU - Li, X. G. AU - Li, B. L. AU - Zhang, D. Q. T2 - GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH AB - transcriptional profiling.In total, 6843 genes (~11%) were identified with differential expression in the two xylem tissues.Many genes involved in cell division, primary wall modification, and cellulose synthesis were preferentially expressed in the newly formed xylem.In contrast, many genes, including 4-coumarate:cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), associated with lignin biosynthesis were more transcribed in the lignified xylem.The two xylem tissues also showed differential expression of genes related to various hormones; thus, the secondary xylem differentiation could be regulated by hormone signaling.Furthermore, many transcription factor genes were preferentially expressed in the lignified xylem, suggesting that wood lignification involves extensive transcription regulation.The genome-wide transcriptional profiling of secondary xylem differentiation could provide additional insights into the molecular basis of wood formation in poplar species. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.4238/2014.november.11.14 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - 9489-9504 SN - 1676-5680 KW - Wood formation KW - Affymetrix microarrays KW - Secondary xylem differentiation KW - Lignified xylem KW - Vascular cambium KW - Newly formed xylem ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gas exchange and stand-level estimates of water use and gross primary productivity in an experimental pine and switchgrass intercrop forestry system on the Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA AU - Albaugh, Janine M. AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Maier, Chris A. AU - Sucre, Eric B. AU - Leggett, Zakiya H. AU - King, John S. T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - Despite growing interest in using switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as a biofuel, there are limited data on the physiology of this species and its effect on stand water use and carbon (C) assimilation when grown as a forest intercrop for bioenergy. Therefore, we quantified gas exchange rates of switchgrass within intercropped plots and in pure switchgrass plots during its second growing season in an intensively managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in North Carolina. Switchgrass physiology was characterized over the growing season from June to October 2010 in terms of photosynthesis (μmol m−2 s−1), stomatal conductance (mmol m−2 s−1), and assimilation responses to photosynthetic photon flux density and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (CO2). We then used a process-based model of the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum to scale leaf-level gas exchange data to provide estimates of pine and switchgrass stand-level water use (mm) and carbon exchange (g C m−2) over a three-year period. Peak switchgrass photosynthesis (32.7 ± 0.9 μmol m−2 s−1) and stomatal conductance (252 ± 12 mmol m−2 s−1) rates were measured in July, with minimum values (18.7 ± 1.4 μmol m−2 s−1 and 104 ± 6 mmol m−2 s−1, respectively) recorded at the end of the growing season (October). Switchgrass gas exchange and parameter estimates from the light- and CO2 response curves did not vary between treatments. However, gas exchange values differed significantly between measurement dates. Model predictions of stand-level transpiration ranged from 287 to 431 mm year−1 for pine and from 245 to 296 mm year−1 for switchgrass. Annual C exchange for loblolly pine ranged from 1165 to 1903 g m−2 compared to 1386 to 1594 g m−2 for switchgrass. At this stage of stand development, no effect of intercropping was evident and there was no effect of distance from the nearest pine row on any switchgrass gas exchange variable measured. However, we anticipate that as this intercropped system develops over time, competition for resources such as light, water or nitrogen may change, with the potential to impact switchgrass physiology and biomass production. DA - 2014/7/15/ PY - 2014/7/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.02.013 VL - 192 SP - 27-40 SN - 1873-2240 KW - Panicum virgatum KW - Bioenergy KW - Pinus taeda KW - Intercropping KW - Transpiration Gross primary productivity ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2012: General technical report SRS; no.198 AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Conkling, Barbara L. A3 - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecohydrological flow networks in the subsurface AU - Band, L. E. AU - McDonnell, J. J. AU - Duncan, J. M. AU - Barros, A. AU - Bejan, A. AU - Burt, T. AU - Dietrich, W. E. AU - Emanuel, R. E. AU - Hwang, T. AU - Katul, G. AU - Kim, Y. AU - McGlynn, B. AU - Miles, B. AU - Porporato, A. AU - Scaife, C. AU - Troch, P. A. T2 - ECOHYDROLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Preferential flow in hillslope systems through subsurface networks developed from a range of botanical, faunal and geophysical processes have been observed and inferred for decades and may provide a large component of the bulk transport of water and solutes. However, our dominant paradigm for understanding and modelling hillslope hydrologic processes is still based on the Darcy–Richards matric flow framework, now with a set of additional methods to attempt to reproduce some of the aggregate function of the two‐phase system of network and matrix flow. We call for a community effort to design and implement a set of well planned experiments in different natural and constructed hillslopes, coupled with the development of new theory and methods to explicitly incorporate and couple the co‐evolution of subsurface flow networks as intrinsic components of hydrological, ecological and geomorphic systems. This is a major community challenge that can now benefit from new experimental infrastructure, renewal of older infrastructure and recent advances in sensor systems and computational capacity but will also require a sustained and organized interdisciplinary approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1002/eco.1525 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 1073-1078 SN - 1936-0592 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000340541600001&KeyUID=WOS:000340541600001 KW - hillslope hydrology KW - flow networks KW - co-evolution KW - community challenge ER - TY - JOUR TI - Divergent apparent temperature sensitivity of terrestrial ecosystem respiration AU - Song, Bing AU - Niu, Shuli AU - Luo, Ruisen AU - Luo, Yiqi AU - Chen, Jiquan AU - Yu, Guirui AU - Olejnik, Janusz AU - Wohlfahrt, Georg AU - Kiely, Gerard AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Montagnani, Leonardo AU - Cescatti, Alessandro AU - Magliulo, Vincenzo AU - Law, Beverly Elizabeth AU - Lund, Magnus AU - Varlagin, Andrej AU - Raschi, Antonio AU - Peichl, Matthias AU - Nilsson, Mats B. AU - Merbold, Lutz T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT ECOLOGY AB - AimsRecent studies revealed convergent temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration (Re) within aquatic ecosystems and between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We do not know yet whether various terrestrial ecosystems have consistent or divergent temperature sensitivity. Here, we synthesized 163 eddy covariance flux sites across the world and examined the global variation of the apparent activation energy (Ea), which characterizes the apparent temperature sensitivity of and its interannual variability (IAV) as well as their controlling factors. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1093/jpe/rtu014 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 419-428 SN - 1752-993X KW - activation energy KW - ecosystem respiration KW - index of water availability KW - interannual variability KW - gross primary productivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a genetic linkage map for Pinus radiata and detection of pitch canker disease resistance associated QTLs AU - Moraga-Suazo, P. AU - Orellana, L. AU - Quiroga, P. AU - Balocchi, C. AU - Sanfuentes, E. AU - Whetten, R. W. AU - Hasbún, R. AU - Valenzuela, S. T2 - Trees DA - 2014/9/19/ PY - 2014/9/19/ DO - 10.1007/s00468-014-1090-2 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 1823-1835 J2 - Trees LA - en OP - SN - 0931-1890 1432-2285 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-014-1090-2 DB - Crossref KW - Radiata pine KW - Fusarium circinatum KW - Linkage analysis KW - Quantitative resistance KW - Molecular markers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Confirmation of Coyote Predation on Adult Female White-tailed Deer in the Southeastern United States AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - The recent expansion of Canis latrans (Coyote) into the eastern United States has generated interest among wildlife managers because of the potential impacts on Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) populations. Coyotes have been reported as predators of adult and neonate White-tailed Deer in some parts of their range, but recent studies in the Southeast have documented only Coyote predation on neonates. We report 4 confirmed Coyote predation events on adult female White-tailed Deer that were radiocollared, implanted with vaginal implant transmitters, monitored every 4–8 hours, and apparently healthy. Field necropsies confirmed killing-bite wounds to the upper throat and base of the mandible, and feeding behavior on the carcasses was consistent with what has been observed for Coyotes. Further, we used swabs from bite wounds to confirm the presence of predator DNA, and the 3 carcasses that were swabbed tested positive for the presence of Coyote DNA. To our knowledge, our results represent the first scientifically documented Coyote predations on adult female White-tailed Deer in the Southeast. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1656/058.013.0316 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - N30-N32 SN - 1938-5412 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biomass Harvesting Guidelines affect downed woody debris retention AU - Fritts, S. R. AU - Moorman, C. E. AU - Hazel, D. W. AU - Jackson, B. D. T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - Our objective was to determine if a retention area-based Biomass Harvesting Guideline (BHG) strategy maintained desired volumes of downed woody debris (DWD) following woody biomass harvests. We implemented six randomly-assigned treatments in four clearcuts in loblolly pine plantations in the Coastal Plain physiographic region of North Carolina during 2010–2011: 1) woody biomass harvest with no BHGs (NOBHG); 2) 15% retention with woody biomass dispersed (15DISP); 3) 15% retention with woody debris clustered (15CLUS); 4) 30% retention with woody biomass dispersed (30DISP); 5) 30% retention with woody biomass clustered (30CLUS); and 6) no woody biomass harvest (i.e., clearcut only; NOBIOHARV). Prior to harvesting, we flagged 15% or 30% of the treatment area to serve as woody biomass retention sources for the four BHG treatments, and all woody biomass from the flagged area were retained and distributed across that entire treatment area. We examined effects of treatments on: 1) fraction estimated volume of pre-harvest standing volume (total and woody biomass) retained as residual DWD; and 2) fraction retained DWD in treatments 2–5 relative to retained DWD in the NOBHGS and NOBIOHARV treatments. Adding a woody biomass harvest reduced volume of residual DWD by 81% in NOBHG compared to NOBIOHARV. Estimates based on the second metric were most similar to target retentions with retention percentages at 18.8% in 15CLUS, 14.1% in 15DISP, 39.0% in 30CLUS, and 38.0% in 30DISP. Treatments resulted in retention of DWD fractions approximate to those prescribed, suggesting BHGs can be implemented successfully in an operational setting. DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.08.010 VL - 70 SP - 382-391 SN - 1873-2909 KW - Biofuels KW - Biomass Harvesting Guidelines KW - Coarse woody debris KW - Downed woody debris KW - Renewable energy KW - Residual forest biomass ER - TY - JOUR TI - A simple improved-throughput xylem protoplast system for studying wood formation AU - Lin, Ying-Chung AU - Li, Wei AU - Chen, Hao AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Shi, Rui AU - Lin, Chien-Yuan AU - Wang, Jack P. AU - Chen, Hsi-Chuan AU - Chuang, Ling AU - Qu, Guan-Zheng AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - NATURE PROTOCOLS DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1038/nprot.2014.147 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - 2194-2205 SN - 1750-2799 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907026654&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A robust chromatin immunoprecipitation protocol for studying transcription factor-DNA interactions and histone modifications in wood-forming tissue AU - Li, Wei AU - Lin, Ying-Chung AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Shi, Rui AU - Lin, Chien-Yuan AU - Chen, Hao AU - Chuang, Ling AU - Qu, Guan-Zheng AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - NATURE PROTOCOLS DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1038/nprot.2014.146 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - 2180-2193 SN - 1750-2799 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Multispecies Occupancy Models to Evaluate the Response of Bird Communities to Forest Degradation Associated with Logging AU - Carrillo-Rubio, Eduardo AU - Kery, Marc AU - Morreale, Stephen J. AU - Sullivan, Patrick J. AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Cooch, Evan G. AU - Lassoie, James P. T2 - CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Forest degradation is arguably the greatest threat to biodiversity, ecosystem services, and rural livelihoods. Therefore, increasing understanding of how organisms respond to degradation is essential for management and conservation planning. We were motivated by the need for rapid and practical analytical tools to assess the influence of management and degradation on biodiversity and system state in areas subject to rapid environmental change. We compared bird community composition and size in managed (ejido, i.e., communally owned lands) and unmanaged (national park) forests in the Sierra Tarahumara region, Mexico, using multispecies occupancy models and data from a 2‐year breeding bird survey. Unmanaged sites had on average higher species occupancy and richness than managed sites. Most species were present in low numbers as indicated by lower values of detection and occupancy associated with logging‐induced degradation. Less than 10% of species had occupancy probabilities >0.5, and degradation had no positive effects on occupancy. The estimated metacommunity size of 125 exceeded previous estimates for the region, and sites with mature trees and uneven‐aged forest stand characteristics contained the highest species richness. Higher estimation uncertainty and decreases in richness and occupancy for all species, including habitat generalists, were associated with degraded young, even‐aged stands. Our findings show that multispecies occupancy methods provide tractable measures of biodiversity and system state and valuable decision support for landholders and managers. These techniques can be used to rapidly address gaps in biodiversity information, threats to biodiversity, and vulnerabilities of species of interest on a landscape level, even in degraded or fast‐changing environments. Moreover, such tools may be particularly relevant in the assessment of species richness and distribution in a wide array of habitats. Uso de Modelos de Ocupación para Múltiples Especies para Evaluar la Respuesta de las Comunidades de Aves a la Degradación de Bosques Asociada con la Tala DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1111/cobi.12261 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 1034-1044 SN - 1523-1739 KW - Chihuahua KW - community analysis KW - Cumbres de Majalca National Park KW - forest management KW - occupancy models KW - Sierra Tarahumara KW - species richness estimation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Summary: Addressing the interactional challenges of moving collaborative adaptive management from theory to practice AU - Beratan, K. K. T2 - Ecology and Society DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 19 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stylet Bundle Morphology and Trophically Related Enzymes of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) AU - Oten, Kelly L. F. AU - Cohen, Allen C. AU - Hain, Fred P. T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - Abstract The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is a pest of eastern and Carolina hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière and Tsuga caroliniana Engelmann, respectively) in the eastern United States and has already caused catastrophic changes to eastern forests. As one of the significant exotic forest pests, it is imperative that the basic biology of hemlock woolly adelgid be understood for use in novel and improved management techniques. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy and enzyme assays were used to elucidate the feeding biology of hemlock woolly adelgid and are discussed in the context of the pest—plant interactions and the implications for host plant resistance. Morphological characters indicate that hemlock woolly adelgids may use labial sensilla and neural canals within the mandibular stylets to guide their stylets through close-range host acceptance processes. Stylet bundle insertion is likely assisted by external sheath material that secures the stylet bundle to the plant surface and mandibular dentitions that may assist entry into or within plant tissues. In addition, results support the theory that extra-oral digestion is likely used by hemlock woolly adelgid, suggested by both a narrow food canal and the presence of four trophically related enzymes (a trypsin-like enzyme, an amylase-like enzyme, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase). The presence of these enzymes also has implications for causing a systemic response in host trees. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1603/an13168 VL - 107 IS - 3 SP - 680-690 SN - 1938-2901 KW - Adelges tsugae KW - digestive enzyme KW - electron microscopy KW - feeding biology KW - hemlock ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selection and spatial arrangement of rest sites within northern tamandua home ranges AU - Brown, D. D. AU - Montgomery, R. A. AU - Millspaugh, J. J. AU - Jansen, P. A. AU - Garzon-Lopez, C. X. AU - Kays, R. T2 - Journal of Zoology AB - Abstract The distribution of suitable rest sites is considered to be a key determinant of spatial patterns in animal activity. However, it is not immediately evident which landscape features satisfy rest site requirements or how these sites are configured within the home range. We used Global Positioning System ( GPS )/accelerometer telemetry to investigate rest site selection at the home‐range scale for northern tamanduas T amandua mexicana on B arro C olorado I sland ( BCI ), P anama. We developed models specifying each tamandua as the individual experimental unit and averaged coefficients to produce population‐level estimates. Tamanduas had on average 17.8 (± 8.1) rest sites within their home range and used 1.36 (± 0.51) on any given day. These rest sites tended to be located in the core of tamandua home ranges, with active locations associated with the periphery of the home range. Rest sites were positively associated with (1) a high density of A ttalea butyracea palm trees; (2) elevation; (3) tall vegetation. There was a slight negative relationship between the distribution of rest sites and slope, and no apparent relationship between rest site selection and relative distance to forest canopy gaps. From focal animal observations, we identified that tamandua rest sites were typically located in trees (90%), with 25% (12 of 49) occurring in palms. We contend that northern tamanduas on BCI selected vegetated arboreal rest sites because of reduced likelihood of detection from terrestrial predators in these sites. Our models identified considerable individual variation in rest site selection, which suggests that the practice of pooling individuals and fitting models at an aggregate level may be inappropriate for certain types of habitat selection research. DA - 2014/3/13/ PY - 2014/3/13/ DO - 10.1111/jzo.12131 VL - 293 IS - 3 SP - 160-170 J2 - J Zool LA - en OP - SN - 0952-8369 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12131 DB - Crossref KW - tamandua KW - selection KW - telemetry KW - accelerometry KW - Panama KW - rest site KW - sleep ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative analysis of woodpecker habitat using high-resolution airborne LiDAR estimates of forest structure and composition AU - Garabedian, James E. AU - McGaughey, Robert J. AU - Reutebuch, Stephen E. AU - Parresol, Bernard R. AU - Kilgo, John C. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Peterson, M. Nils T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment AB - Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology has the potential to radically alter the way researchers and managers collect data on wildlife–habitat relationships. To date, the technology has fostered several novel approaches to characterizing avian habitat, but has been limited by the lack of detailed LiDAR-habitat attributes relevant to species across a continuum of spatial grain sizes and habitat requirements. We demonstrate a novel three-step approach for using LiDAR data to evaluate habitat based on multiple habitat attributes and accounting for their influence at multiple grain sizes using federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW; Picoides borealis) foraging habitat data from the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina, USA. First, we used high density LiDAR data (10 returns/m2) to predict detailed forest attributes at 20-m resolution across the entire SRS using a complementary application of nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression and multiple linear regression models. Next, we expanded on previous applications of LiDAR by constructing 95% joint prediction confidence intervals to quantify prediction error at various spatial aggregations and habitat thresholds to determine a biologically and statistically meaningful grain size. Finally, we used aggregations of 20-m cells and associated confidence interval boundaries to demonstrate a new approach to produce maps of RCW foraging habitat conditions based on the guidelines described in the species' recovery plan. Predictive power (R2) of regression models developed to populate raster layers ranged from 0.34 to 0.81, and prediction error decreased as aggregate size increased, but minimal reductions in prediction error were observed beyond 0.64-ha (4 × 4 20-m cells) aggregates. Mapping habitat quality while accounting for prediction error provided a robust method to determine the potential range of habitat conditions and specific attributes that were limiting in terms of the amount of suitable habitat. The sequential steps of our analytical approach provide a useful framework to extract detailed and reliable habitat attributes for a forest-dwelling habitat specialist, broadening the potential to apply LiDAR in conservation and management of wildlife populations. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2014.01.022 VL - 145 SP - 68-80 J2 - Remote Sensing of Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0034-4257 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.RSE.2014.01.022 DB - Crossref KW - Habitat conservation KW - Forest structure KW - Landscape KW - Prediction confidence interval KW - Red-cockaded woodpecker KW - Remote sensing KW - Savannah River Site KW - Spatially explicit KW - Wildlife ER - TY - CHAP TI - Navigating Controversies in Search of Neutrality: Analyzing Efforts by Public Think Tanks to Inform Climate Change Policy AU - Delborne, J.A. T2 - Culture, Politics, and Climate Change: How Information Shapes our Common Future A2 - Crow, D.A. A2 - Boykoff, M. PY - 2014/// SP - 163–179 PB - Routledge/Earthscan SN - 9780415661485 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Guidelines for a priori grouping of species in hierarchical community models AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Zipkin, Elise F. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Irizarry, Julissa I. AU - DeWan, Amielle T2 - ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Abstract Recent methodological advances permit the estimation of species richness and occurrences for rare species by linking species‐level occurrence models at the community level. The value of such methods is underscored by the ability to examine the influence of landscape heterogeneity on species assemblages at large spatial scales. A salient advantage of community‐level approaches is that parameter estimates for data‐poor species are more precise as the estimation process “borrows” from data‐rich species. However, this analytical benefit raises a question about the degree to which inferences are dependent on the implicit assumption of relatedness among species. Here, we assess the sensitivity of community/group‐level metrics, and individual‐level species inferences given various classification schemes for grouping species assemblages using multispecies occurrence models. We explore the implications of these groupings on parameter estimates for avian communities in two ecosystems: tropical forests in Puerto Rico and temperate forests in northeastern United States. We report on the classification performance and extent of variability in occurrence probabilities and species richness estimates that can be observed depending on the classification scheme used. We found estimates of species richness to be most precise and to have the best predictive performance when all of the data were grouped at a single community level. Community/group‐level parameters appear to be heavily influenced by the grouping criteria, but were not driven strictly by total number of detections for species. We found different grouping schemes can provide an opportunity to identify unique assemblage responses that would not have been found if all of the species were analyzed together. We suggest three guidelines: (1) classification schemes should be determined based on study objectives; (2) model selection should be used to quantitatively compare different classification approaches; and (3) sensitivity of results to different classification approaches should be assessed. These guidelines should help researchers apply hierarchical community models in the most effective manner. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1002/ece3.976 VL - 4 IS - 7 SP - 877-888 SN - 2045-7758 KW - Biodiversity KW - community modeling KW - hierarchical modeling KW - imperfect detection KW - occurrence modeling KW - species richness ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic selection in forest tree breeding: the concept and an outlook to the future AU - Isik, Fikret T2 - NEW FORESTS AB - Using large numbers of DNA markers to predict genetic merit [genomic selection (GS)] is a new frontier in plant and animal breeding programs. GS is now routinely used to select superior bulls in dairy cattle breeding. In forest trees, a few empirical proof of-concept studies suggest that GS could be successful. However, application of GS in forest tree breeding is still in its infancy. The major hurdle is lack of high throughput genotyping platforms for trees, and the high genotyping costs, though, the cost of genotyping will likely decrease in the future. There has been a growing interest in GS among tree breeders, forest geneticists, and tree improvement managers. A broad overview of pedigree reconstruction and GS is presented. Underlying reasons for failures of marker-assisted selection were summarized and compared with GS. Challenges of GS in forest tree breeding and the outlook for the future are discussed, and a GS plan for a cloned loblolly pine breeding population is presented. This review is intended for tree breeders, forest managers, scientist and students who are not necessarily familiar with genomic or quantitative genetics jargon. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1007/s11056-014-9422-z VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 379-401 SN - 1573-5095 KW - Genomic selection KW - Forest tree breeding KW - Kinship analysis KW - Pedigree reconstruction KW - Marker assisted selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating Upper Bounds for Occupancy and Number of Manatees in Areas Potentially Affected by Oil from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill AU - Martin, Julien AU - Edwards, Holly H. AU - Bled, Florent AU - Fonnesbeck, Christopher J. AU - Dupuis, Jerome A. AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Koslovsky, Stacie M. AU - Aven, Allen M. AU - Ward-Geiger, Leslie I. AU - Carmichael, Ruth H. AU - Fagan, Daniel E. AU - Ross, Monica A. AU - Reinert, Thomas R. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform created the largest marine oil spill in U.S. history. As part of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment process, we applied an innovative modeling approach to obtain upper estimates for occupancy and for number of manatees in areas potentially affected by the oil spill. Our data consisted of aerial survey counts in waters of the Florida Panhandle, Alabama and Mississippi. Our method, which uses a Bayesian approach, allows for the propagation of uncertainty associated with estimates from empirical data and from the published literature. We illustrate that it is possible to derive estimates of occupancy rate and upper estimates of the number of manatees present at the time of sampling, even when no manatees were observed in our sampled plots during surveys. We estimated that fewer than 2.4% of potentially affected manatee habitat in our Florida study area may have been occupied by manatees. The upper estimate for the number of manatees present in potentially impacted areas (within our study area) was estimated with our model to be 74 (95%CI 46 to 107). This upper estimate for the number of manatees was conditioned on the upper 95%CI value of the occupancy rate. In other words, based on our estimates, it is highly probable that there were 107 or fewer manatees in our study area during the time of our surveys. Because our analyses apply to habitats considered likely manatee habitats, our inference is restricted to these sites and to the time frame of our surveys. Given that manatees may be hard to see during aerial surveys, it was important to account for imperfect detection. The approach that we described can be useful for determining the best allocation of resources for monitoring and conservation. DA - 2014/3/26/ PY - 2014/3/26/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0091683 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elementary Science Education in Classrooms and Outdoors: Stakeholder views, gender, ethnicity, and testing AU - Carrier, Sarah J. AU - Thomson, Margareta M. AU - Tugurian, Linda P. AU - Stevenson, Kathryn Tate T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AB - AbstractIn this article, we present a mixed-methods study of 2 schools’ elementary science programs including outdoor instruction specific to each school's culture. We explore fifth-grade students in measures of science knowledge, environmental attitudes, and outdoor comfort levels including gender and ethnic differences. We further examine students’ science and outdoor views and activity choices along with those of adults (teachers, parents, and principals). Significant differences were found between pre- and posttest measures along with gender and ethnic differences with respect to students’ science knowledge and environmental attitudes. Interview data exposed limitations of outdoor learning at both schools including standardized test pressures, teachers’ views of science instruction, and desultory connections of alternative learning settings to ‘school' science.Keywords: Elementary schoolEnvironmental educationTeacher beliefs DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1080/09500693.2014.917342 VL - 36 IS - 13 SP - 2195-2220 SN - 1464-5289 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904459484&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Elementary school KW - Environmental education KW - Teacher beliefs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does biodiversity make a difference? Relationships between species richness, evolutionary diversity, and aboveground live tree biomass across U.S. forests AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Woodall, Christopher W. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Biodiversity conveys numerous functional benefits to forested ecosystems, including community stability and resilience. In the context of managing forests for climate change mitigation/adaptation, maximizing and/or maintaining aboveground biomass will require understanding the interactions between tree biodiversity, site productivity, and the stocking of live trees. Species richness may not be the most appropriate tree biodiversity metric in this context as it weights all species as equally important. Measures that account for evolutionary relationships among species should be more biologically meaningful surrogates of functional diversity within forest communities, given that more phylogenetically distinct species should contribute more to the diversity of traits within a community. Using data from approximately 79,000 permanent and standardized forest inventory plots across the United States, we assessed trends in live aboveground tree biomass (LAGB) in relation to metrics of forest tree biodiversity at national and regional scales, controlling for site productivity and live tree stocking. These metrics included four measures of evolutionary diversity associated with distinct components of functional variation. In certain situations and locations across the U.S., evolutionary diversity metrics supply additional information about forest stands beyond that provided by simple species richness counts. This information can potentially include critical insight into tree functional attributes inherently related to evolutionary diversity. Relationships nationally between LAGB and most biodiversity metrics weakened with increasing site productivity and with increasing live tree stocking: The greater the site productivity and tree stocking, the less likely that higher biodiversity was associated with greater LAGB. This is consistent with the expectation that the coexistence of functionally different species increases forest productivity in less productive and more stressful environments, while dominant and highly productive species are able to competitively dominate in more productive habitats. Phylogenetic species clustering (PSC) was increasingly correlated with LAGB as live tree stocking increased on low-productivity sites, suggesting that the co-occurrence of tree species more widely distributed across the phylogenetic tree of life, and therefore likely possessing a wider variety of functional attributes, resulted in greater biomass accumulation on poorer sites. PSC and species richness appear to be the best biodiversity predictors for LAGB on the low-productivity sites likely to be most important for carbon/biomass management. These biodiversity metrics will be important for maximizing biomass/carbon for future carbon sequestration or bioenergy needs and should serve as indicators of forest function in forest resource assessments. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.06.026 VL - 321 SP - 117-129 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1127 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.06.026 DB - Crossref KW - Species richness KW - Phylogenetic diversity KW - Functional diversity KW - Productivity KW - Carbon sequestration KW - Bioenergy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Within-population variability in a moth sex pheromone blend: genetic basis and behavioural consequences AU - Groot, Astrid T. AU - Schoefl, Gerhard AU - Inglis, Ollie AU - Donnerhacke, Susanne AU - Classen, Alice AU - Schmalz, Antje AU - Santangelo, Richard G. AU - Emerson, Jennifer AU - Gould, Fred AU - Schal, Coby AU - Heckel, David G. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Evolutionary diversification of sexual communication systems in moths is perplexing because signal and response are under stabilizing selection in many species, and this is expected to constrain evolutionary change. In the moth Heliothis virescens, we consistently found high phenotypic variability in the female sex pheromone blend within each of four geographically distant populations. Here, we assess the heritability, genetic basis and behavioural consequences of this variation. Artificial selection with field-collected moths dramatically increased the relative amount of the saturated compound 16:Ald and decreased its unsaturated counterpart Z11-16:Ald, the major sex pheromone component (high line). In a cross between the high- and low-selected lines, one quantitative trait locus (QTL) explained 11-21% of the phenotypic variance in the 16:Ald/Z11-16:Ald ratio. Because changes in activity of desaturase enzymes could affect this ratio, we measured their expression levels in pheromone glands and mapped desaturase genes onto our linkage map. A delta-11-desaturase had lower expression in females producing less Z11-16:Ald; however, this gene mapped to a different chromosome than the QTL. A model in which the QTL is a trans-acting repressor of delta-11 desaturase expression explains many features of the data. Selection favouring heterozygotes which produce more unsaturated components could maintain a polymorphism at this locus. DA - 2014/3/22/ PY - 2014/3/22/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2013.3054 VL - 281 IS - 1779 SP - SN - 1471-2954 KW - Lepidoptera KW - Heliothis virescens KW - quantitative trait locus analysis KW - delta-11-desaturase KW - balancing selection KW - heterozygote advantage ER - TY - JOUR TI - White-Tailed Deer Vigilance: The Influence of Social and Environmental Factors AU - Lashley, Marcus A AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Biggerstaff, Michael T. AU - Morina, Daniel L. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Vigilance behavior may directly affect fitness of prey animals, and understanding factors influencing vigilance may provide important insight into predator-prey interactions. We used 40,540 pictures taken withcamera traps in August 2011 and 2012to evaluate factors influencing individual vigilance behavior of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) while foraging at baited sites. We used binary logistic regression to determine if individual vigilance was affected by age, sex, and group size. Additionally, we evaluated whether the time of the day,moon phase,and presence of other non-predatorwildlife species impacted individual vigilance. Juveniles were 11% less vigilant at baited sites than adults. Females were 46% more vigilant when fawns were present. Males and females spent more time feeding as group size increased, but with each addition of 1 individual to a group, males increased feeding time by nearly double that of females. Individual vigilance fluctuated with time of day andwith moon phase but generally was least during diurnal and moonlit nocturnal hours, indicating deer have the ability to adjust vigilance behavior to changing predation risk associated with varyinglight intensity.White-tailed deer increased individual vigilance when other non-predator wildlife were present. Our data indicate that differential effects of environmental and social constraints on vigilance behavior between sexes may encourage sexual segregation in white-tailed deer. DA - 2014/3/5/ PY - 2014/3/5/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0090652 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - e90652 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090652 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using seasonal measurements to inform ecophysiology: extracting cardinal growth temperatures for process-based growth models of five Eucalyptus species/crosses from simple field trials AU - Watt, M. S. AU - Rubilar, R. AU - Kimberley, M. O. AU - Kriticos, D. J. AU - Emhart, V. AU - Mardones, O. AU - Acevedo, M. AU - Pincheira, M. AU - Stape, J. AU - Fox, T. T2 - New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 44 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tree root systems competing for soil moisture in a 3D soil-plant model AU - Manoli, Gabriele AU - Bonetti, Sara AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Putti, Mario AU - Katul, Gabriel AU - Marani, Marco T2 - ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES AB - Competition for water among multiple tree rooting systems is investigated using a soil–plant model that accounts for soil moisture dynamics and root water uptake (RWU), whole plant transpiration, and leaf-level photosynthesis. The model is based on a numerical solution to the 3D Richards equation modified to account for a 3D RWU, trunk xylem, and stomatal conductances. The stomatal conductance is determined by combining a conventional biochemical demand formulation for photosynthesis with an optimization hypothesis that selects stomatal aperture so as to maximize carbon gain for a given water loss. Model results compare well with measurements of soil moisture throughout the rooting zone, of total sap flow in the trunk xylem, as well as of leaf water potential collected in a Loblolly pine forest. The model is then used to diagnose plant responses to water stress in the presence of competing rooting systems. Unsurprisingly, the overlap between rooting zones is shown to enhance soil drying. However, the 3D spatial model yielded transpiration-bulk root-zone soil moisture relations that do not deviate appreciably from their proto-typical form commonly assumed in lumped eco-hydrological models. The increased overlap among rooting systems primarily alters the timing at which the point of incipient soil moisture stress is reached by the entire soil–plant system. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.01.006 VL - 66 SP - 32-42 SN - 1872-9657 KW - Ecohydrology KW - Numerical modeling KW - Optimal leaf conductance KW - Photosynthesis KW - Root water uptake KW - Trees competition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Targeting areas for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) projects in Tanzania AU - Lin, Liwei AU - Sills, Erin AU - Cheshire, Heather T2 - GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS AB - Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) has gained momentum as a climate mitigation strategy that can be implemented at multiple scales. Sub-nationally, REDD+ projects that aim to capture carbon funding are implemented throughout tropical countries. A spatial targeting approach for optimal REDD+ project landscape is demonstrated using Tanzania as an example. This study used GIS-based Multi-criteria Decision Analysis to identify potential areas for REDD+ projects development incorporating different combinations of criteria. The first approach, efficient targeting, focuses on areas with high forest carbon content, high deforestation risk and low opportunity cost. The second approach, co-benefits targeting, aims at areas with high biodiversity and high poverty rate on top of criteria in efficient targeting. The resulting suitability maps displays areas of high, medium and low suitability for future REDD+ projects development based on the targeting approaches. Locations of current REDD+ projects in Tanzania were also overlaid with suitability map to visually inspect how they match up. This approach allows decision-makers to prioritize preferences for various site-selection criteria and make informed decisions about REDD+ projects locations. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.003 VL - 24 SP - 277-286 SN - 1872-9495 KW - REDD plus project KW - Spatial targeting KW - Multi-criteria Decision Analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recommended guiding principles for reporting on camera trapping research AU - Meek, P. D. AU - Ballard, G. AU - Claridge, A. AU - Kays, R. AU - Moseby, K. AU - O’Brien, T. AU - O’Connell, A. AU - Sanderson, J. AU - Swann, D. E. AU - Tobler, M. AU - Townsend, S. T2 - Biodiversity and Conservation DA - 2014/5/6/ PY - 2014/5/6/ DO - 10.1007/s10531-014-0712-8 VL - 23 IS - 9 SP - 2321-2343 J2 - Biodivers Conserv LA - en OP - SN - 0960-3115 1572-9710 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0712-8 DB - Crossref KW - Remote cameras KW - Trail cameras KW - Camera trap guidelines KW - Ecological monitoring KW - Camera trap methodology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prey refuges as predator hotspots: ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) attraction to agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) dens AU - Emsens, Willem-Jan AU - Hirsch, Ben T. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Jansen, Patrick A. T2 - ACTA THERIOLOGICA AB - We tested the hypothesis that prey refuges attract predators, leading to elevated predator activity in the vicinity of refuges. We used camera traps to determine whether the spatial activity of a predator, the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), was biased toward refuge locations of its principal prey, the agouti (Dasyprocta punctata). We radio-tracked agoutis at night to locate active refuges and compared the activity of ocelots between these refuges and surrounding control grid locations. We found that ocelots visited the area near agouti refuges significantly more often and for longer periods of time than control locations, and that they actively investigated the refuge entrances. Both occupied and unoccupied refuges were visited, but the duration of inspection was longer at occupied refuges. As the ocelots could probably not see the agoutis within the refuges, olfaction likely cued foraging ocelots. Two refuges were repeatedly visited by the same ocelots on different days, suggesting spatial memory. Overall, our results suggest that predators can be attracted to prey refuges or refuging prey. The benefits to prey of staying nearby a refuge would thus be counterbalanced by higher likelihoods of predator encounter. This should stimulate prey to use multiple refuges alternatingly and to not enter or exit refuges at times of high predator activity. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1007/s13364-013-0159-4 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 257-262 SN - 2190-3743 KW - Agouti KW - Behavior KW - Movement KW - Ocelot KW - Predation KW - Refuge ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photograph presentation order and range effects in visual-based outdoor recreation research AU - Gibson, A. W. AU - Newman, P. AU - Lawson, S. AU - Fristrup, K. AU - Benfield, J. A. AU - Bell, P. A. AU - Nurse, G. A. T2 - Leisure Sciences DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 183-205 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Herbaceous species composition and richness of mesophytic cove forests in the southern Appalachians: synthesis and knowledge gaps AU - Elliott, Katherine J. AU - Vose, James M. AU - Rankin, Duke T2 - JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY AB - We synthesized the current information on mesophytic cove forests in the southern Appalachians, assessed the range of variation in herb species composition and diversity in stands with different disturbance histories and environmental conditions, identified key knowledge gaps, and suggested approaches to fill these knowledge gaps. The purpose of this synthesis was to provide information to forest managers to help make decisions about conservation assessments and strategies for rich cove forests in the southern Appalachians. An important finding is that no single study or data set can provide conclusive evidence or clear management strategies. However, an overriding conclusion is that the magnitude of impact and the management actions necessary to restore herbaceous communities are directly proportional to the severity of disturbance, current condition (e.g., presence of Rhododendron), site heterogeneity, and historical land use (e.g., agricultural activity). These factors plus a host of other stressors (e.g., climate variability, air pollution, invasives) are likely to have a strong influence on the highly variable patterns observed when comparing herbaceous diversity of ‘old-growth’ or uncut forests to human disturbed forests (e.g., cutting, air pollution, conversion, invasive plants or insects). Results from this review reinforce our premise that factors controlling herbaceous species presence and abundance are highly complex, thus broad generalizations about the impacts of a single factor such as logging should be interpreted with caution. Of the stressors known to affect forest trees (e.g., pests and pathogens, acidic deposition, air pollution, drought, and wind), little to no information exists on how these same stressors will affect herbaceous plants. A limited number of studies have examined the demography or physiology of forest herbs, particularly across all life stages. While the demography of a few genera have been studied (e.g., Hexastylis, Asarum, Trillium, Arisaema, Goodyera, Hepatica), little to no information exists for the majority of woodland herbs. Species identity is important when considering management of rich cove forests. Diversity may increase following canopy disturbances that favor recruitment of early-seral herbaceous species; therefore, simple indices of diversity (H′, S, and E) are not the best measure of recovery in mesophytic rich coves, particularly where shade-adapted ‘rich-cove indicator’ species have been replaced by these species. Species-specific life histories and the influence of prevailing site conditions are important lines of research for understanding recovery and sustainability of mesophytic rich cove forests. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.3159/torrey-d-13-00054.1 VL - 141 IS - 1 SP - 39-71 SN - 1940-0616 KW - disturbance KW - herbs KW - indicator species KW - Liliaceae KW - rich coves KW - seed dispersal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetics of Stem Forking and Ramicorn Branches in a Cloned Loblolly Pine Family AU - Xiong, Jin S. AU - McKeand, Steven E. AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - Isik, Fikret T. T2 - Forest Science AB - Forking defects and ramicorn branching were assessed in a cloned full-sib family of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). The proportion of forking ranged from 13 to 21% across four test sites with a mean of 17%. Ramicorn branching incidence averaged 24% and varied from 18 to 31% over all sites. There were significant differences among clones within this family for all traits studied. The estimated clone mean repeatabilities were moderately high for forking defects (0.67–0.86). Through single trait selection with a selection differential of 4%, the proportion of trees with forks and ramicorn branches could be reduced 10 and 13%, respectively. Low to moderate unfavorable genetic correlations were found between growth traits and forking defects (0.12–0.45), suggesting that selection for either trait alone will negatively affect the genetic response for the other. No significant environmental correlations were found between forking and growth. A moderate significant positive genetic correlation between stem forking and ramicorn branching indicates that both traits may be partially controlled by the same genes and could be improved simultaneously. Strategies are discussed for within-family selection to capture more gain for increased growth and reduced stem forking for the breeding of loblolly pine. DA - 2014/4/8/ PY - 2014/4/8/ DO - 10.5849/forsci.12-018 VL - 60 IS - 2 SP - 360-366 J2 - Forest Science LA - en OP - SN - 0015-749X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.12-018 DB - Crossref KW - repeatability KW - clonal selection KW - genetic gain KW - Pinus taeda ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decoding the massive genome of loblolly pine using haploid DNA and novel assembly strategies AU - Neale, David B. AU - Wegrzyn, Jill L. AU - Stevens, Kristian A. AU - Zimin, Aleksey V. AU - Puiu, Daniela AU - Crepeau, Marc W. AU - Cardeno, Charis AU - Koriabine, Maxim AU - Holtz-Morris, Ann E. AU - Liechty, John D. AU - Martinez-Garcia, Pedro J. AU - Vasquez-Gross, Hans A. AU - Lin, Brian Y. AU - Zieve, Jacob J. AU - Dougherty, William M. AU - Fuentes-Soriano, Sara AU - Wu, Le-Shin AU - Gilbert, Don AU - Marcais, Guillaume AU - Roberts, Michael AU - Holt, Carson AU - Yandell, Mark AU - Davis, John M. AU - Smith, Katherine E. AU - Dean, Jeffrey F. D. AU - Lorenz, W. Walter AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - Sederoff, Ronald AU - Wheeler, Nicholas AU - McGuire, Patrick E. AU - Main, Doreen AU - Loopstra, Carol A. AU - Mockaitis, Keithanne AU - deJong, Pieter J. AU - Yorke, James A. AU - Salzberg, Steven L. AU - Langley, Charles H. T2 - GENOME BIOLOGY AB - The size and complexity of conifer genomes has, until now, prevented full genome sequencing and assembly. The large research community and economic importance of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., made it an early candidate for reference sequence determination.We develop a novel strategy to sequence the genome of loblolly pine that combines unique aspects of pine reproductive biology and genome assembly methodology. We use a whole genome shotgun approach relying primarily on next generation sequence generated from a single haploid seed megagametophyte from a loblolly pine tree, 20-1010, that has been used in industrial forest tree breeding. The resulting sequence and assembly was used to generate a draft genome spanning 23.2 Gbp and containing 20.1 Gbp with an N50 scaffold size of 66.9 kbp, making it a significant improvement over available conifer genomes. The long scaffold lengths allow the annotation of 50,172 gene models with intron lengths averaging over 2.7 kbp and sometimes exceeding 100 kbp in length. Analysis of orthologous gene sets identifies gene families that may be unique to conifers. We further characterize and expand the existing repeat library based on the de novo analysis of the repetitive content, estimated to encompass 82% of the genome.In addition to its value as a resource for researchers and breeders, the loblolly pine genome sequence and assembly reported here demonstrates a novel approach to sequencing the large and complex genomes of this important group of plants that can now be widely applied. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1186/gb-2014-15-3-r59 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - SN - 1474-760X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vegetative Impact of Feral Horses, Feral Pigs, and White-tailed Deer on the Currituck National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina AU - Porter, Kimberly M. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Krings, Alexander AU - Krachey, Matthew AU - Braham, Richard T2 - CASTANEA AB - The Currituck National Wildlife Refuge (CNWR) in North Carolina is inhabited by feral horses (Equus caballus), feral pigs (Sus scrofa), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The impact of these species on the vegetation of CNWR is unknown. To assess impact, we created two replicate exclosure plots within maritime forests, brackish marshes, and maritime grasslands. An electric fence divided each habitat into two sections: including or excluding horses. On each side of the electric fence within each habitat, we sampled three different 5 × 5 m plots (i.e., 36 plots). The first was a fenced exclosure 3 m high, the second a fenced exclosure raised 1 m above the ground and extended to 3 m, and the third, a control, was not fenced. Within plots, we created two 1 m transects, and randomly selected and tagged grasses, forbs, shrubs, and trees. We measured the distances from base to tip of herbs and from branching point to terminal bud in shrubs. We used a linear model to analyze plant growth rate. We used a length ratio adjusted by the number of days as the response variable. Out of 1,105 tagged plants, we detected 87 disturbances; 80 where horses were present and 7 where horses were excluded. Overall, horses were responsible for 84% of disturbances. Most disturbances occurred in brackish marshes on Schoenoplectus pungens. We detected a significant effect of exclosure treatment on plant growth rate where horses were present (p = 0.035), but not where they were excluded (p = 0.32). DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.2179/13-037 VL - 79 IS - 1 SP - 8-17 SN - 1938-4386 KW - Currituck National Wildlife Refuge KW - feral horses KW - feral pigs KW - habitat conservation KW - normative wildlife KW - vegetation impacts KW - white-tailed deer KW - wildlife conservation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vegetation and topographic influences on the connectivity of shallow groundwater between hillslopes and streams AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. AU - Hazen, Anna G. AU - McGlynn, Brian L. AU - Jencso, Kelsey G. T2 - ECOHYDROLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Little is known about the combined effects of vegetation and topography on hillslope water table dynamics. In forested headwater catchments, complex terrain and vegetation intersect to impose large spatial and temporal variability in the vertical and lateral redistribution of water from hillslopes to streams. Here, we demonstrate, using empirical data from the Northern Rocky Mountains, that vegetation interacts with landscape topography to influence hillslope–riparian–stream hydrologic connectivity. We compared a measured relationship between hillslope contributing area and hydrologic connectivity during the growing season to LiDAR‐derived vegetation characteristics and found that two behavioural regimes emerged. Among some hillslopes, hydrologic connectivity decreased as vegetation density increased, demonstrating that growing season hydrologic connectivity is subject to the balance between evapotranspiration and lateral redistribution of soil water. Among other hillslopes, hydrologic connectivity increased as vegetation density increased. For the latter set of hillslopes, hydrologic connectivity cannot be explained by topography and vegetation alone. When we compared joint distributions of vegetation density and modelled solar irradiance between the two regimes as another indicator of evapotranspiration, we found that conditions were generally more favourable for higher transpiration on hillslopes where hydrologic connectivity decreased as vegetation density increased than on hillslopes where the opposite behaviour was observed. Our results demonstrate not only the importance of vegetation heterogeneity for hillslope–riparian–stream connectivity but also the importance of other spatially distributed variables such as energy availability when considering the influence of topography on hydrological processes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1002/eco.1409 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 887-895 SN - 1936-0592 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000334671600056&KeyUID=WOS:000334671600056 KW - hillslope KW - hydrology KW - vegetation KW - topography KW - connectivity KW - insolation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in growth, leaf, and wood property traits of Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa), a major industrial tree species in Northern China AU - Du, Qingzhang AU - Xu, Baohua AU - Gong, Chenrui AU - Yang, Xiaohui AU - Pan, Wei AU - Tian, Jiaxing AU - Li, Bailian AU - Zhang, Deqiang T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - The natural phenotypic variation in Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa Carr.), which is distributed across a wide geographical area of northern China (30°N–40°N, 105°E–125°E), is a potential source of beneficial variation for poplar breeding. Thirteen traits related to growth, leaf, and wood properties were quantified in 460 P. tomentosa individuals grown in a common garden plot. There was considerable range-wide phenotypic variation in all traits across individuals according to the patterns of ANOVA among hierarchical groups (populations and regions, respectively). A clear sexual dimorphism for seven traits was examined. In total, 32 trait–trait phenotypic correlations (P ≤ 0.05), 10 trait–geographical factor correlations (P ≤ 0.05), and a highly interrelated structure network were identified, which was further supported by principal component analysis (PCA). These associations can be used in multiple-trait selective breeding programs for advantageous phenotypic traits. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify four groups (southeastern, central, northeastern, and southwestern populations) among the natural populations using these 13 phenotypic traits. This study provides important perspectives into the use of direct breeding to potentially improve economic traits and provides a starting point for genome-wide association studies in P. tomentosa in the near future. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-2013-0416 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 326-339 SN - 1208-6037 KW - phenotypic correlation KW - phenotypic variation KW - Populus tomentosa KW - selection breeding KW - sexual dimorphism KW - wood properties ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systems Biology of Lignin Biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa: Heteromeric 4-Coumaric Acid:Coenzyme A Ligase Protein Complex Formation, Regulation, and Numerical Modeling AU - Chen, Hsi-Chuan AU - Song, Jina AU - Wang, Jack P. AU - Lin, Ying-Chung AU - Ducoste, Joel AU - Shuford, Christopher M. AU - Liu, Jie AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Shi, Rui AU - Nepomuceno, Angelito AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Muddiman, David C. AU - Williams, Cranos AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - The Plant Cell AB - As a step toward predictive modeling of flux through the pathway of monolignol biosynthesis in stem differentiating xylem of Populus trichocarpa, we discovered that the two 4-coumaric acid:CoA ligase (4CL) isoforms, 4CL3 and 4CL5, interact in vivo and in vitro to form a heterotetrameric protein complex. This conclusion is based on laser microdissection, coimmunoprecipitation, chemical cross-linking, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and mass spectrometry. The tetramer is composed of three subunits of 4CL3 and one of 4CL5. 4CL5 appears to have a regulatory role. This protein–protein interaction affects the direction and rate of metabolic flux for monolignol biosynthesis in P. trichocarpa. A mathematical model was developed for the behavior of 4CL3 and 4CL5 individually and in mixtures that form the enzyme complex. The model incorporates effects of mixtures of multiple hydroxycinnamic acid substrates, competitive inhibition, uncompetitive inhibition, and self-inhibition, along with characteristic of the substrates, the enzyme isoforms, and the tetrameric complex. Kinetic analysis of different ratios of the enzyme isoforms shows both inhibition and activation components, which are explained by the mathematical model and provide insight into the regulation of metabolic flux for monolignol biosynthesis by protein complex formation. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1105/tpc.113.119685 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 876-893 J2 - Plant Cell LA - en OP - SN - 1040-4651 1532-298X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.113.119685 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Snowshoe hares display limited phenotypic plasticity to mismatch in seasonal camouflage AU - Zimova, Marketa AU - Mills, L. Scott AU - Lukacs, Paul M. AU - Mitchell, Michael S. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - As duration of snow cover decreases owing to climate change, species undergoing seasonal colour moults can become colour mismatched with their background. The immediate adaptive solution to this mismatch is phenotypic plasticity, either in phenology of seasonal colour moults or in behaviours that reduce mismatch or its consequences. We observed nearly 200 snowshoe hares across a wide range of snow conditions and two study sites in Montana, USA, and found minimal plasticity in response to mismatch between coat colour and background. We found that moult phenology varied between study sites, likely due to differences in photoperiod and climate, but was largely fixed within study sites with only minimal plasticity to snow conditions during the spring white-to-brown moult. We also found no evidence that hares modify their behaviour in response to colour mismatch. Hiding and fleeing behaviours and resting spot preference of hares were more affected by variables related to season, site and concealment by vegetation, than by colour mismatch. We conclude that plasticity in moult phenology and behaviours in snowshoe hares is insufficient for adaptation to camouflage mismatch, suggesting that any future adaptation to climate change will require natural selection on moult phenology or behaviour. DA - 2014/5/7/ PY - 2014/5/7/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2014.0029 VL - 281 IS - 1782 SP - SN - 1471-2954 KW - camouflage mismatch KW - crypsis KW - phenology KW - phenotypic plasticity KW - climate change KW - snowshoe hare ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of Significant Life Experiences in Building Environmental Knowledge and Behavior Among Middle School Students AU - Stevenson, Kathryn T. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Carrier, Sarah J. AU - Strnad, Renee L. AU - Bondell, Howard D. AU - Kirby-Hathaway, Terri AU - Moore, Susan E. T2 - The Journal of Environmental Education AB - Significant life experience research suggests that the presence of role models, time outdoors, and nature-related media foster pro-environmental behavior, but most research is qualitative. Based on a random sample of middle school students in North Carolina, USA, we found limited positive associations between presence of a role model and time outdoors with behavior and a negative association between watching nature television and environmental knowledge. The strongest predictors of environmental knowledge and behavior were student/teacher ratio and county income levels, respectively. We also found that Native Americans engaged in environmental behaviors more than Caucasians, and that African American and Hispanic students had lower levels of environmental knowledge. Accordingly, life experiences appear less important than promoting small class sizes and addressing challenges associated with lower incomes in schools. DA - 2014/5/28/ PY - 2014/5/28/ DO - 10.1080/00958964.2014.901935 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 163-177 J2 - The Journal of Environmental Education LA - en OP - SN - 0095-8964 1940-1892 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2014.901935 DB - Crossref KW - children and nature KW - environmental behavior KW - environmental literacy KW - outdoor education KW - technology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel ways to assess forested wetland restoration in North Carolina using ecohydrological patterns from reference sites AU - Ben Johnson, Yari AU - Shear, Theodore Henry AU - James, April Lynda T2 - ECOHYDROLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Restoring jurisdictional wetland hydrology does not ensure that the hydrologic conditions of any specific natural forested wetland community are recreated. This is especially problematic for a state like North Carolina, which has roughly two dozen different forested wetland communities. Because forested wetland communities align themselves across edaphic and hydrologic gradients, we suggest exploiting these relationships to guide restoration design and set performance standards. However, methods to compare hydrology between multiple reference sites and restored wetlands are lacking. To address this, we studied three different forested wetlands across 13 reference sites to determine which measures of water table levels, based on correlation with plant community composition, would be useful to distinguish these three communities. We then used the best measures of water table levels to assess two restoration sites and compare them with the reference sites. Our results showed that monthly median water table levels encompassing the start of the growing season had the strongest correlation with plant community composition, whereas roughly five other measures also had strong correlations. On the basis of the best measures, both of the restoration sites had water table levels that generally fell within the natural range of the reference sites. Because there was variation in water table levels across each restoration site, the different measures where useful to identify which areas were least similar to the reference sites and might need further monitoring in the future. On the basis of our results, we recommend using community‐specific measures of hydrology to guide and assess forested wetland restoration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1002/eco.1390 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 692-702 SN - 1936-0592 KW - forested wetland restoration KW - wetland hydrology KW - reference sites KW - Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration KW - nonriverine wet hardwood forests ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multiseason occupancy models for correlated replicate surveys AU - Hines, James E. AU - Nichols, James D. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - METHODS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Summary Occupancy surveys collecting data from adjacent (sometimes correlated) spatial replicates have become relatively popular for logistical reasons. Hines et al . ( ) presented one approach to modelling such data for single‐season occupancy surveys. Here, we present a multiseason analogue of this model (with corresponding software) for inferences about occupancy dynamics. We include a new parameter to deal with the uncertainty associated with the first spatial replicate for both single‐season and multiseason models. We use a case study, based on the brown‐headed nuthatch, to assess the need for these models when analysing data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey ( BBS ), and we test various hypotheses about occupancy dynamics for this species in the south‐eastern United States. The new model permits inference about local probabilities of extinction, colonization and occupancy for sampling conducted over multiple seasons. The model performs adequately, based on a small simulation study and on results of the case study analysis. The new model incorporating correlated replicates was strongly favoured by model selection for the BBS data for brown‐headed nuthatch ( Sitta pusilla ). Latitude was found to be an important source of variation in local colonization and occupancy probabilities for brown‐headed nuthatch, with both probabilities being higher near the centre of the species range, as opposed to more northern and southern areas. We recommend this new occupancy model for detection–nondetection studies that use potentially correlated replicates. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1111/2041-210x.12186 VL - 5 IS - 6 SP - 583-591 SN - 2041-2096 KW - Breeding Bird Surveys KW - brown-headed nuthatch KW - correlated replicate surveys KW - imperfect detection KW - multiseason models KW - occupancy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hematologic Parameters and Hemoparasites of Nonmigratory Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) From Greensboro, North Carolina, USA AU - Charles-Smith, Lauren E. AU - Rutledge, M. Elizabeth AU - Meek, Caroline J. AU - Baine, Katherine AU - Massey, Elizabeth AU - Ellsaesser, Laura N. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Degernes, Laurel A. T2 - JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY AB - Large flocks of wild, nonmigratory Canada geese (Branta canadensis) have established permanent residence throughout the eastern United States and have become a public concern. Few studies have assessed the hematologic parameters for these populations, which could provide useful information for monitoring individual and population health of Canada geese. This study measured the hematologic parameters and detected the presence of hemoparasites from 146 wild, nonmigratory Canada geese in central North Carolina, USA, during their annual molt. The age class, sex, and weight of each bird were recorded at capture. Values for packed cell volume (PCV), estimated white blood cell count, white blood cell differentials, and heterophil : lymphocyte ratios were calculated for each bird. Adults and female geese had higher estimated white blood cell counts compared with juveniles and males, respectively. The PCV increased with weight and age class. Adult geese had higher percentages of heterophils and heterophil : lymphocyte ratios, whereas juvenile geese had higher percentages of lymphocytes. Relative eosinophil counts in adults increased with decreasing bird weight, and relative monocyte counts in juveniles increased with increasing weight. Three percent of geese were infected with species of Hemoproteus blood parasites. Atypical lymphocyte morphology, including pseudopods, split nuclei, and cytoplasmic granules, was observed in 5% of the birds. The hematologic values reported for adult and juvenile nonmigratory Canada geese in this study may serve as reference intervals for ecological studies and veterinary care of wild and captive Canada geese. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1647/2012-072 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 16-23 SN - 1938-2871 KW - hemoparasites KW - Hemoproteus KW - hematology KW - avian KW - Canada goose KW - Branta canadensis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Go with the flow: geospatial analytics to quantify hydrologic landscape connectivity for passively dispersed microorganisms AU - Hohl, Alexander AU - Vaclavik, Tomas AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE AB - Understanding the diverse ways that landscape connectivity influences the distribution of microbial species is central to managing the spread and persistence of numerous biological invasions. Here, we use geospatial analytics to examine the degree to which the hydrologic connectivity of landscapes influences the transport of passively dispersed microbes, using the invasive plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum as a case study. Pathogen occurrence was analyzed at 280 stream baiting stations across a range of watersheds – exposed to variable inoculum pressure – in California over a 7-year period (2004–2010). Using logistic regression, we modeled the probability of pathogen occurrence at a baiting station based on nine environmental variables. We developed a novel geospatial approach to quantify the hydrologic connectivity of host vegetation and inoculum pressure derived from least cost distance analyses in each watershed. We also examined the influence of local environmental conditions within the immediate neighborhood of a baiting station. Over the course of the sampling period, the pathogen was detected at 67 baiting stations associated with coastal watersheds with mild climate conditions, steep slopes, and higher levels of inoculum pressure. At the watershed scale, hydrologic landscape connectivity was a key predictor of pathogen occurrence in streams after accounting for variation in climate and exposure to inoculum. This study illustrates a geospatial approach to modeling the degree to which hydrologic systems play a role in shaping landscape structures conducive for the transport of passively dispersed microbes in heterogeneous watersheds. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1080/13658816.2013.854900 VL - 28 IS - 8 SP - 1626-1641 SN - 1362-3087 KW - cost distance KW - disease KW - epidemiology KW - functional connectivity KW - hydrology KW - invasion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-wide distribution of genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium in a mass-selected population of maritime pine AU - Plomion, Christophe AU - Chancerel, Emilie AU - Endelman, Jeffrey AU - Lamy, Jean-Baptiste AU - Mandrou, Eric AU - Lesur, Isabelle AU - Ehrenmann, Francois AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Bink, Marco C. A. M. AU - Heerwaarden, Joost AU - Bouffier, Laurent T2 - BMC GENOMICS AB - The accessibility of high-throughput genotyping technologies has contributed greatly to the development of genomic resources in non-model organisms. High-density genotyping arrays have only recently been developed for some economically important species such as conifers. The potential for using genomic technologies in association mapping and breeding depends largely on the genome wide patterns of diversity and linkage disequilibrium in current breeding populations. This study aims to deepen our knowledge regarding these issues in maritime pine, the first species used for reforestation in south western Europe.Using a new map merging algorithm, we first established a 1,712 cM composite linkage map (comprising 1,838 SNP markers in 12 linkage groups) by bringing together three already available genetic maps. Using rigorous statistical testing based on kernel density estimation and resampling we identified cold and hot spots of recombination. In parallel, 186 unrelated trees of a mass-selected population were genotyped using a 12k-SNP array. A total of 2,600 informative SNPs allowed to describe historical recombination, genetic diversity and genetic structure of this recently domesticated breeding pool that forms the basis of much of the current and future breeding of this species. We observe very low levels of population genetic structure and find no evidence that artificial selection has caused a reduction in genetic diversity. By combining these two pieces of information, we provided the map position of 1,671 SNPs corresponding to 1,192 different loci. This made it possible to analyze the spatial pattern of genetic diversity (He) and long distance linkage disequilibrium (LD) along the chromosomes. We found no particular pattern in the empirical variogram of He across the 12 linkage groups and, as expected for an outcrossing species with large effective population size, we observed an almost complete lack of long distance LD.These results are a stepping stone for the development of strategies for studies in population genomics, association mapping and genomic prediction in this economical and ecologically important forest tree species. DA - 2014/3/1/ PY - 2014/3/1/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2164-15-171 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1471-2164 KW - Pinus pinaster KW - Genetic diversity KW - Linkage disequilibrium KW - Recombination KW - Linkage map KW - Domestication KW - Breeding program KW - Forest tree KW - Genomics KW - Genomic selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors driving investment in planted forests: a comparison between OECD and non-OECD countries AU - Korhonen, J. AU - Toppinen, A. AU - Cubbage, F. AU - Kuuluvainen, J. T2 - INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY REVIEW AB - SUMMARY The area of planted forests has increased in the past two decades in parallel with forest industry internationalization and shift of industrial capacity to the global south. This study analysed the relationship of planted forest area with macro-economic, institutional, and forest sector factors that were associated with country-level competiveness using panel data from 1990–2010 for 19 countries from the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) region and 20 countries from the non-OECD region. In the OECD countries the most significant determinants of planted forest area were market size, tariffs, and industrial capacity; whereas in non-OECD countries, they were market size, level of corruption, and industrial production capacity. La surface des plantations de forets s'est accrue durant les deux dernieres decennies, parallelement a une internationalisation de l'industrie forestiere et a une avancee de la capacite industrielle vers le sud global. Cette etude a analyse la relation... DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1505/146554814811031314 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 67-77 SN - 2053-7778 KW - forestry KW - competitiveness KW - investments KW - developed countries KW - developing countries ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expanding the reach of extension through social media AU - Gharis, L. W. AU - Bardon, R. E. AU - Evan, J. L. AU - Hubbard, W. G. AU - Taylor, E. T2 - Journal of Extension DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 52 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating changes in switchgrass physiology, biomass, and light-use efficiency under artificial shade to estimate yields if intercropped with Pinus taeda L. AU - Albaugh, Janine M. AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Heiderman, Ryan R. AU - Leggett, Zakiya AU - Stape, Jose L. AU - King, Kyle AU - Katherine P. O'Neill, AU - King, John S. T2 - AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1007/s10457-014-9708-3 VL - 88 IS - 3 SP - 489-503 SN - 1572-9680 KW - Panicum virgatum KW - Bioenergy KW - Intercropping KW - Loblolly pine KW - Light-use efficiency KW - Shading ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economics, environmental impacts, and supply chain analysis of cellulosic biomass for biofuels in the Southern US: pine, eucalyptus, unmanaged hardwoods, forest residues, switchgrass, and sweet sorghum AU - Daystar, J. AU - Gonzalez, R. AU - Reeb, C. AU - Venditti, R. AU - Treasure, T. AU - Abt, R. AU - Kelley, S. T2 - BioResources AB - The production of six regionally important cellulosic biomass feedstocks, including pine, eucalyptus, unmanaged hardwoods, forest residues, switchgrass, and sweet sorghum, was analyzed using consistent life cycle methodologies and system boundaries to identify feedstocks with the lowest cost and environmental impacts. Supply chain analysis was performed for each feedstock, calculating costs and supply requirements for the production of 453,592 dry tonnes of biomass per year. Cradle-to-gate environmental impacts from these modeled supply systems were quantified for nine mid-point indicators using SimaPro 7.2 LCA software. Conversion of grassland to managed forest for bioenergy resulted in large reductions in GHG emissions due to carbon uptake associated with direct land use change. By contrast, converting forests to cropland resulted in large increases in GHG emissions. Production of forest-based feedstocks for biofuels resulted in lower delivered cost, lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and lower overall environmental impacts than the agricultural feedstocks studied. Forest residues had the lowest environmental impact and delivered cost per dry tonne. Using forest-based biomass feedstocks instead of agricultural feedstocks would result in lower cradle-to-gate environmental impacts and delivered biomass costs for biofuel production in the southern U.S. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.15376/biores.9.1.393-444 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 393-444 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deconstructing the poaching phenomenon a review of typologies for understanding illegal hunting AU - Essen, E. AU - Hansen, H. P. AU - Kallstrom, H. N. AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Peterson, T. R. T2 - British Journal of Criminology DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - 632-651 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conservation implications of the evolutionary history and genetic diversity hotspots of the snowshoe hare AU - Cheng, Ellen AU - Hodges, Karen E. AU - Melo-Ferreira, Jose AU - Alves, Paulo C. AU - Mills, L. Scott T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract With climate warming, the ranges of many boreal species are expected to shift northward and to fragment in southern peripheral ranges. To understand the conservation implications of losing southern populations, we examined range‐wide genetic diversity of the snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ), an important prey species that drives boreal ecosystem dynamics. We analysed microsatellite (8 loci) and mitochondrial DNA sequence (cytochrome b and control region) variation in almost 1000 snowshoe hares. A hierarchical structure analysis of the microsatellite data suggests initial subdivision in two groups, Boreal and southwestern. The southwestern group further splits into Greater Pacific Northwest and U.S. Rockies. The genealogical information retrieved from mt DNA is congruent with the three highly differentiated and divergent groups of snowshoe hares. These groups can correspond with evolutionarily significant units that might have evolved in separate refugia south and east of the Pleistocene ice sheets. Genetic diversity was highest at mid‐latitudes of the species' range, and genetic uniqueness was greatest in southern populations, consistent with substructuring inferred from both mt DNA and microsatellite analyses at finer levels of analysis. Surprisingly, snowshoe hares in the Greater Pacific Northwest mt DNA lineage were more closely related to black‐tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus ) than to other snowshoe hares, which may result from secondary introgression or shared ancestral polymorphism. Given the genetic distinctiveness of southern populations and minimal gene flow with their northern neighbours, fragmentation and loss of southern boreal habitats could mean loss of many unique alleles and reduced evolutionary potential. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1111/mec.12790 VL - 23 IS - 12 SP - 2929-2942 SN - 1365-294X KW - climate change KW - core-periphery KW - evolutionarily significant units KW - landscape genetics KW - Lepus americanus KW - phylogeography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complete Proteomic-Based Enzyme Reaction and Inhibition Kinetics Reveal How Monolignol Biosynthetic Enzyme Families Affect Metabolic Flux and Lignin in Populus trichocarpa AU - Wang, Jack P. AU - Naik, Punith P. AU - Chen, Hsi-Chuan AU - Shi, Rui AU - Lin, Chien-Yuan AU - Liu, Jie AU - Shuford, Christopher M. AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Tunlaya-Anukit, Sermsawat AU - Williams, Cranos M. AU - Muddiman, David C. AU - Ducoste, Joel J. AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANT CELL AB - We established a predictive kinetic metabolic-flux model for the 21 enzymes and 24 metabolites of the monolignol biosynthetic pathway using Populus trichocarpa secondary differentiating xylem. To establish this model, a comprehensive study was performed to obtain the reaction and inhibition kinetic parameters of all 21 enzymes based on functional recombinant proteins. A total of 104 Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters and 85 inhibition kinetic parameters were derived from these enzymes. Through mass spectrometry, we obtained the absolute quantities of all 21 pathway enzymes in the secondary differentiating xylem. This extensive experimental data set, generated from a single tissue specialized in wood formation, was used to construct the predictive kinetic metabolic-flux model to provide a comprehensive mathematical description of the monolignol biosynthetic pathway. The model was validated using experimental data from transgenic P. trichocarpa plants. The model predicts how pathway enzymes affect lignin content and composition, explains a long-standing paradox regarding the regulation of monolignol subunit ratios in lignin, and reveals novel mechanisms involved in the regulation of lignin biosynthesis. This model provides an explanation of the effects of genetic and transgenic perturbations of the monolignol biosynthetic pathway in flowering plants. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1105/tpc.113.120881 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 894-914 SN - 1531-298X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84899150986&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Calculating the "Green" Impact of Online Extension Programs AU - Bardon, Robert E AU - Taylor, Eric AU - Hubbard, William G AU - Gharis, Laurie W T2 - Journal of Extension [On-line] DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - Article 3IAW2 UR - http://www.joe.org/joe/2014june/iw2.php ER - TY - JOUR TI - An analysis of forest land use, forest land cover and change at policy-relevant scales AU - Coulston, John W. AU - Reams, Gregory A. AU - Wear, David N. AU - Brewer, C. Kenneth T2 - FORESTRY AB - Quantifying the amount of forest and change in the amount of forest are key to ensure that appropriate management practices and policies are in place to maintain the array of ecosystem services provided by forests. There are a range of analytical techniques and data available to estimate these forest parameters, however, not all ‘forest’ is the same and various components of change have been presented. Forest as defined by use and forest as defined by cover are different, although it is common for scientists and policy makers to infer one from the other. We compare and contrast estimates of forest land cover, forest land use, extent and change at policy-relevant scales in the southeastern US. We found that estimates of forest land use extent and forest land cover extent were not significantly correlated. Estimates of net change based on forest land cover and forest land use were only moderately correlated and net change estimates were independent of gross forest cover loss estimates. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1093/forestry/cpt056 VL - 87 IS - 2 SP - 267-276 SN - 1464-3626 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A simple framework to estimate distributed soil temperature from discrete air temperature measurements in data-scarce regions AU - Liang, L. L. AU - Riveros-Iregui, D. A. AU - Emanuel, R. E. AU - McGlynn, B. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - Abstract Soil temperature is a key control on belowground chemical and biological processes. Typically, models of soil temperature are developed and validated for large geographic regions. However, modeling frameworks intended for higher spatial resolutions (much finer than 1 km 2 ) are lacking across areas of complex topography. Here we propose a simple modeling framework for predicting distributed soil temperature at high temporal (i.e., 1 h steps) and spatial (i.e., 5 × 5 m) resolutions in mountainous terrain, based on a few discrete air temperature measurements. In this context, two steps were necessary to estimate the soil temperature. First, we applied the potential temperature equation to generate the air temperature distribution from a 5 m digital elevation model and Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation. Second, we applied a hybrid model to estimate the distribution of soil temperature based on the generated air temperature surfaces. Our results show that this approach simulated the spatial distribution of soil temperature well, with a root‐mean‐square error ranging from ~2.1 to 2.9°C. Furthermore, our approach predicted the daily and monthly variability of soil temperature well. The proposed framework can be applied to estimate the spatial variability of soil temperature in mountainous regions where direct observations are scarce. DA - 2014/1/27/ PY - 2014/1/27/ DO - 10.1002/2013jd020597 VL - 119 IS - 2 SP - 407-417 SN - 2169-8996 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000332995300003&KeyUID=WOS:000332995300003 KW - soil temperature KW - air temperature KW - Tenderfoot Creek KW - model KW - mountain area KW - data-scarce regions ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Framework for Integrating and Managing Expectations of Multiple Stakeholder Groups in a Collaborative Partnership AU - Diaz, John AU - Jayaratne, K.S.U. AU - Bardon, Robert E AU - Hazel, Dennis T2 - Journal of Extension [On-line] DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - Article 3IAW6 UR - http://www.joe.org/joe/2014june/iw6.php ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil carbon stocks and forest biomass following conversion of pasture to broadleaf and conifer plantations in southeastern Brazil AU - Cook, Rachel L. AU - Binkley, Dan AU - Mendes, Joao Carlos T. AU - Stape, Jose Luiz T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Increased soil carbon sequestration can potentially mitigate CO2 emission and can indicate sustainable forest management. This study aims to determine the relative influence of commercial plantation tree species on soil carbon following establishment on former tropical pastures. Soil carbon (organic horizon plus mineral soil from 0 to 45 cm) and stemwood productivity were quantified from 6 to 34 year-old conifer and broadleaf plantations in a sandy Oxisol (Typic Hapludox) in southeastern Brazil. Study plots consisted of ten pastures paired with broadleaf plantations and ten additional broadleaf plantations paired with conifer plantations. Pastures primarily consisted of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., while broadleaf plantations were primarily Eucalyptus, but also included one plot each of three other broadleaf species. Conifer stands were made up of Pinus species. Average stemwood productivity (± standard error) was 9.7 (±1.0) Mg C ha−1 yr−1 for broadleaf and 5.7 (±0.5) Mg C ha−1 yr−1 for conifer plantations, but did not correlate to soil C. The soil C in the paired Pasture–Broadleaf plots averaged 36.0 ± 1.7 Mg C ha−1 in pastures and 36.8 ± 1.9 Mg C ha−1 in broadleaf plantations. The Broadleaf–Conifer plots averaged 38.3 ± 1.9 Mg C ha−1 for broadleaf plantations and 36.0 ± 1.6 Mg C ha−1 for conifers. Our results show little difference in soil C across vegetation types, providing evidence that conifer and broadleaf plantations overall maintain similar levels of soil carbon to pasture land-use up to 34 years following land conversion. Soil C differences between Pasture–Broadleaf pairs indicated a small decline in soil C accretion early after plantation establishment, followed by recovery to slightly higher accretion rates. DA - 2014/7/15/ PY - 2014/7/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.03.019 VL - 324 SP - 37-45 SN - 1872-7042 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84898814028&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Soil carbon KW - Biomass KW - Tropical plantations KW - Brazil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linking Forest Tenure Reform, Environmental Compliance, and Incentives: Lessons from REDD plus Initiatives in the Brazilian Amazon AU - Duchelle, Amy E. AU - Cromberg, Marina AU - Gebara, Maria Fernanda AU - Guerra, Raissa AU - Melo, Tadeu AU - Larson, Anne AU - Cronkleton, Peter AU - Boerner, Jan AU - Sills, Erin AU - Wunder, Sven AU - Bauch, Simone AU - May, Peter AU - Selaya, Galia AU - Sunderlin, William D. T2 - WORLD DEVELOPMENT AB - Pervasive tenure insecurity in developing countries is a key challenge for REDD+. Brazil, a leader in REDD+, has advanced efforts to link forest tenure reform and environmental compliance. We describe how these policies have shaped sub-national interventions with detailed data on land tenure and livelihoods in four REDD+ pilot sites in the Brazilian Amazon. Despite different local contexts, REDD+ proponents have converged on a similar strategy of collaborating with government agencies to clarify tenure and pave the way for a mix of regulatory enforcement and incentive-based REDD+ mechanisms. This polycentric governance model holds promise for effective and equitable REDD+ implementation. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.014 VL - 55 SP - 53-67 SN - 0305-750X KW - Latin America KW - Brazil KW - climate change KW - deforestation KW - forest degradation KW - property rights ER - TY - JOUR TI - nnThe influence of lignin-carbohydrate complexes on the cellulase-mediated saccharification I: Transgenic black cottonwood (western balsam poplar, California poplar) P-trichocarpa including the xylan down-regulated and the lignin down-regulated lines AU - Min, Dou-yong AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Chiang, Vincent AU - Jameel, Hasan AU - Chang, Hou-min AU - Lucia, Lucian T2 - FUEL AB - The influence of the putative lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) on enzymatic saccharification was elucidated for the first time by examining two groups of transgenic black cottonwood (P. trichocarpa) comprised of the lignin down-regulated and the xylan down-regulated lines. Any adventitious contaminants that could affect the characterization of LCCs and the enzymatic saccharification were removed by performing a thorough extraction on the samples. The crude milled wood lignin was subsequently isolated from which the phenyl glycoside, benzyl ether and γ-ester linkages representative of the LCCs were identified and quantified with the combination of 13C and 1H–13C Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) NMR. The result indicated that the samples showed different levels of the three LCC linkages, depending on the xylan and/or lignin content. The correlation between the LCCs and enzymatic saccharification nearly conclusively demonstrated that the LCCs accounting for the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biodegradation. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.11.047 VL - 119 SP - 207-213 SN - 1873-7153 KW - Transgenic P. trichocarpa KW - Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) KW - Enzymatic saccharification KW - Fermentable sugars KW - H-1-C-13 HSQC NMR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systemic Control of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Rhyacionia frustrana Scudder in Comstock, 1880) Enhances Seedling Vigor, Plantation Establishment, and Early Stand-Level Productivity in Pinus taeda L. AU - King, John S. AU - Kelley, Alexia M. AU - Rees, Richard T2 - FOREST SCIENCE AB - Establishment is a vulnerable and expensive stage of stand development in intensively managed pine plantations. We evaluated the capacity of establishing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations to increase productivity by systemic control of Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacionia frustrana Scudder in Comstock, 1880). In January 2009, four genotypes of improved genetics loblolly pine were planted in whole-plot treatments of herbaceous competition control at an upper coastal plain (UCP) site and phosphorus fertilization at a lower coastal plain (LCP) site, and split-plot treatments of tip moth control. Trees were monitored for tip moth infestation levels, vigor, survival, and stand-level biomass production for 2 years. During this time, tip moth infestation levels were very high at both sites, averaging 69% at UCP and 70% at LCP. However, levels averaged only 8% at UCP and 39% at LCP in treatments that included applications of systemic insecticides at planting. At LCP, biomass production averaged 2,159 kg ha−1 after 2 years. Protection from tip moth increased LCP biomass by 11% averaged across genotypes and 20–30% for the most responsive genotypes. At UCP, 2-year pine biomass production was much lower at 114.5 kg ha−1 and was increased 150% by protection from tip moth. At UCP, there was a strong effect of genetics whereby one genotype experienced very high mortality (mean of 30%) attributed to meteorological conditions of the establishment year; however, this was greatly decreased (17%) by protection from the interacting stress of tip moth damage. We conclude that systemic control of tip moth using imidacloprid soil tablets has the potential to greatly enhance pine plantation establishment success and early productivity in areas of heavy pest pressure, which may compound through stand development. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.5849/forsci.12-081 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 97-108 SN - 1938-3738 KW - carbon gain KW - forest pest KW - imidacloprid KW - interacting stresses KW - herbaceous competition KW - physiographic regions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Subtle effects of a managed fire regime: A case study in the longleaf pine ecosystem AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Prince, Annemarie AU - Elfelt, Morgan B. AU - Kilburg, Eric L. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. T2 - ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS AB - Land managers often use fire prescriptions to mimic intensity, season, completeness, and return interval of historical fire regimes. However, fire prescriptions based on average historical fire regimes do not consider natural stochastic variability in fire season and frequency. Applying prescribed fire based on averages could alter the relative abundance of important plant species and structure. We evaluated the density and distribution of oak (Quercus spp.) and persimmon (Diospyros virgiana) stems and mast after 22 yr of a historical-based growing-season fire prescription that failed to consider the variability in historical fire regimes. We randomly established 30 25-m transects in each of 5 vegetation types and counted reproductively mature oak and persimmon stems and their fruits. In upland longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) stands, this fire regime killed young hardwood trees, thereby decreasing compositional and structural heterogeneity within the upland pine vegetation type and limiting occurrence of the upland hardwood vegetation type. Acorns and persimmons were disproportionately distributed near firebreaks within low intensity fire transition zones. Mast was maintained, though in an unnatural distribution, as a result of an elaborate firebreak system. Our data indicate managed fire regimes may fail to mimic spatial distribution, frequency, and intensity of historical disturbances even when the fire prescription is based on empirical reference fire regimes. To maximize structural heterogeneity and conserve key ecosystem functionality, fire prescriptions should include variations in frequency, season, application method, and fire weather conditions rather than focusing on an average historical fire regime. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.006 VL - 38 SP - 212-217 SN - 1872-7034 KW - Acorns KW - Firing technique KW - Fire seasonality KW - Persimmons KW - Prescribed fire KW - Stochastic variability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular dynamics simulations of the effect of the volume fraction on unidirectional polyimide-carbon nanotube nanocomposites AU - Jiang, Qian AU - Tallury, Syamal S. AU - Qiu, Yiping AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - CARBON AB - Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to predict the effect of the reinforcement volume fraction on a unidirectional nanocomposite comprised of a polyimide and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). We derived a modified volume fraction equation that takes the interface into account, and thus can precisely calculate the volume fraction of the reinforcement. From the MD simulations, both the stress and the modulus are predicted to increase with increasing number of MWCNTs as a function of a constantly applied strain, although some interesting observations were made in comparison to a pure polyimide system that is ordered, akin to the pre-nucleated crystalline system. In addition, we developed an approach to indirectly predict the change in the degree of order in the matrix with the addition of the CNT reinforcements. The results suggest that the degree of ordering increases with an increase in the volume fraction of MWCNTs, especially at the polymer–CNT interface according to number density plots of the polymer, which is consistent with the hypothesis that CNTs can act as nucleation sites for the crystallization of the polymer matrix. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.10.016 VL - 67 SP - 440-448 SN - 1873-3891 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84892781848&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mercury bioaccumulation in Southern Appalachian birds, assessed through feather concentrations AU - Keller, Rebecca Hylton AU - Xie, Lingtian AU - Buchwalter, David B. AU - Franzreb, Kathleen E. AU - Simons, Theodore R. T2 - ECOTOXICOLOGY DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1007/s10646-013-1174-6 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 304-316 SN - 1573-3017 KW - Mercury KW - Songbirds KW - Appalachian Mountains KW - Nitrogen-15 stable isotope KW - Trophic position KW - Terrestrial ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth Responses of Loblolly Pine in the Southeast United States to Midrotation Applications of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Micronutrients AU - Carlson, Colleen A. AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Rubilar, Rafael A. AU - Stape, Jose L. T2 - FOREST SCIENCE AB - Growth of midrotation pine plantations in the southeast United States tends to be limited by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Routine applications of urea and diammonium phosphate ameliorate N and P deficiencies; however, questions concerning what other nutrients are likely to be limiting growth are being raised. Consequently, a trial series with 23 study installations was established in loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) stands, aged between 9 and 25 years, with the aim of determining whether stands would respond to potassium (K) additions once the N and P deficiencies were corrected and whether the application of a full suite of macro- and micronutrients would further increase growth. On average, N plus P applications resulted in a mean growth improvement over unfertilized controls of 3.71 m3 ha−1 year−1 for 8 years after fertilization. Further growth improvements in response to the application of K, either with the N and P, or together with a range of macro- and micronutrients, were found to be dependent on location. Studies located on Pleistocene terraces, between 10 and 65 m in elevation, associated with ancient sea levels including the Talbot, Penholloway, Wicomico, Sunderland, and Coharie terraces of Georgia and the Carolinas, showed a smaller than average positive response to the addition of N and P (2.66 m3 ha−1 year−1), with further increases in growth when K was applied as well (additional 1.33 m3 ha−1 year−1) and a further increase when a complete suite of nutrients was added (additional 2.59 m3 ha−1 year−1). Studies located elsewhere in the South showed an average response to the addition of N and P (mean improvement of 4.28 m3 ha−1 year−1), with no improvement in growth when additional nutrients were added. These results can assist foresters in identifying stands that are potentially responsive to applications of nutrients other than N and P. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.5849/forsci.12-158 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 157-169 SN - 1938-3738 KW - Pinus taeda KW - fertilization KW - geology KW - Pleistocene terraces ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Analysis of Diallel Progeny Test Data Using Factor Analytic Linear Mixed Models AU - Ogut, Funda AU - Maltecca, Christian AU - Whetten, Ross AU - McKeand, Steven AU - Isik, Fikret T2 - FOREST SCIENCE AB - Multienvironmental trials are commonly used in plant breeding programs to select superior genotypes for specific sites or across multiple sites for breeding and deployment decisions. We compared the efficiency of factor analytic (FA) and other covariance structures for genetic analysis of height growth in Pinus taeda L. diallel progeny trials to account for heterogeneity in variances and covariances among different environments. Among the models fitted, FA models produced the smallest Akaike information criterion (AIC) model fit statistic. An unstructured (US) variance-covariance matrix produced a log likelihood value similar to that for the FA model but had a large number of parameters. As a result, some models with US covariance failed to converge. FA models captured both variance and covariance at the genetic level better than simpler models and provided more accurate predictions of breeding values. Narrow-sense heritability estimates for height from 10 different sites were about 0.20 when more complex variance structures were used, compared with 0.13 when simpler variance structures such as identity and block-diagonal variance structures were used. FA models are robust for modeling genotype × environment interaction, and they reduce the computational requirements of mixed-model analysis. On average, all 10 environments had additive genetic correlation of 0.83 and dominance genetic correlation of 0.91, suggesting that genotype × environment interaction should not be a concern for this specific population in the environments in which the genotypes were tested. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.5849/forsci.12-108 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 119-127 SN - 1938-3738 KW - Pinus taeda KW - heritability KW - genotype x environment interactions KW - accuracy of predictions KW - heterogeneous covariance structures ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conjugated Polymer Assemblies on Carbon Nanotubes AU - Liu, Jianhua AU - Moo-Young, Joseph AU - McInnis, Matthew AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. AU - Zhai, Lei T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - The assembling behavior of four thiophene-containing conjugated polymers, regioregular poly(3-hexythiophene) (rr-P3HT), poly(3,3-didodecylquaterthiophene) (PQT-12), poly(2,5-bis(3- tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT-14), and poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-ylthiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole) (PTzQT-14), on carbon nanotubes was investigated through microscopic studies of nanowire formation and theoretical simulation. It is found that polymer backbone rigidity and shape influence the attachment mode on carbon nanotubes. rr-P3HT and PQT-12 have a zigzag backbone structure that allows a thermodynamically stable coaxial attachment on CNTs, providing an ordered growth front for the nanowire formation. In contrast, fused rings in PTzQT-14 and PBTTT-14 create a stair-step like backbone structure that causes a kinetically controlled wrapping conformation on CNTs, generating a twisted growth front that hinders the nanowire formation. In addition, the rigidity of polymer backbone influences the wrapping mode. Polymers with more flexible backbones (i.e., PBTTT-14) would take a dense irregular wrapping mode on CNTs. The CNT diameter plays an important role in the nanowire formation when CPs attach to the CNT in the wrapping mode. Larger nanotubes with smaller surface curvature provides a less twisted polymer growth front, allowing the formation of CPNWs. DA - 2014/1/28/ PY - 2014/1/28/ DO - 10.1021/ma401609q VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 705-712 SN - 1520-5835 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84893491896&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chestnut Leaf Inoculation Assay as a Rapid Predictor of Blight Susceptibility AU - Newhouse, Andrew E. AU - Spitzer, Jesse E. AU - Maynard, Charles A. AU - Powell, William A. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - American chestnuts (Castanea dentata), effectively eliminated from eastern North America by chestnut blight in the twentieth century, are the subject of multiple restoration efforts. Screening individual trees (or tree types) for blight resistance is a critical step in all of these programs. Traditional screening involves inoculating stems of >3-year-old trees with the blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica), then measuring resulting cankers a few months later. A quicker, nondestructive, quantitative assay, usable on younger plants, would enhance restoration efforts by speeding the screening process. The assay presented here meets these requirements by inoculating excised leaves with the blight fungus and measuring resulting necrotic lesions. Leaves can be collected from few-month-old seedlings or fully mature trees, and results are measured after less than a week. Leaves from several lines of both American and Chinese chestnuts were inoculated, as well as the congener Allegheny chinquapin, and experimental leaf assay results correlate well with stem assay results from these species. Inoculations with virulent and hypovirulent blight fungi strains also showed relative patterns similar to traditional inoculations. Given the correlations to established stem assay results, this procedure could be a valuable tool to quickly evaluate blight resistance in American chestnut trees used for restoration. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1094/pdis-01-13-0047-re VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 4-9 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of coyote-wolf-dog admixture using ancestry-informative diagnostic SNPs AU - Monzon, J. AU - Kays, R. AU - Dykhuizen, D. E. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - The evolutionary importance of hybridization as a source of new adaptive genetic variation is rapidly gaining recognition. Hybridization between coyotes and wolves may have introduced adaptive alleles into the coyote gene pool that facilitated an expansion in their geographic range and dietary niche. Furthermore, hybridization between coyotes and domestic dogs may facilitate adaptation to human-dominated environments. We genotyped 63 ancestry-informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 427 canids to examine the prevalence, spatial distribution and the ecology of admixture in eastern coyotes. Using multivariate methods and Bayesian clustering analyses, we estimated the relative contributions of western coyotes, western and eastern wolves, and domestic dogs to the admixed ancestry of Ohio and eastern coyotes. We found that eastern coyotes form an extensive hybrid swarm, with all our samples having varying levels of admixture. Ohio coyotes, previously thought to be free of admixture, are also highly admixed with wolves and dogs. Coyotes in areas of high deer density are genetically more wolf-like, suggesting that natural selection for wolf-like traits may result in local adaptation at a fine geographic scale. Our results, in light of other previously published studies of admixture in Canis, revealed a pattern of sex-biased hybridization, presumably generated by male wolves and dogs mating with female coyotes. This study is the most comprehensive genetic survey of admixture in eastern coyotes and demonstrates that the frequency and scope of hybridization can be quantified with relatively few ancestry-informative markers. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1111/mec.12570 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 182-197 SN - 1365-294X KW - admixture KW - Canis KW - diagnostic markers KW - hybridization KW - single-nucleotide polymorphism ER - TY - JOUR TI - A spatial capture-recapture model to estimate fish survival and location from linear continuous monitoring arrays AU - Raabe, Joshua K. AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Hightower, Joseph E. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES AB - We developed a spatial capture–recapture model to evaluate survival and activity centres (i.e., mean locations) of tagged individuals detected along a linear array. Our spatially explicit version of the Cormack–Jolly–Seber model, analyzed using a Bayesian framework, correlates movement between periods and can incorporate environmental or other covariates. We demonstrate the model using 2010 data for anadromous American shad (Alosa sapidissima) tagged with passive integrated transponders (PIT) at a weir near the mouth of a North Carolina river and passively monitored with an upstream array of PIT antennas. The river channel constrained migrations, resulting in linear, one-dimensional encounter histories that included both weir captures and antenna detections. Individual activity centres in a given time period were a function of the individual’s previous estimated location and the river conditions (i.e., gage height). Model results indicate high within-river spawning mortality (mean weekly survival = 0.80) and more extensive movements during elevated river conditions. This model is applicable for any linear array (e.g., rivers, shorelines, and corridors), opening new opportunities to study demographic parameters, movement or migration, and habitat use. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1139/cjfas-2013-0198 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 120-130 SN - 1205-7533 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban Morphology Drives the Homogenization of Tree Cover in Baltimore, MD, and Raleigh, NC AU - Bigsby, Kevin M. AU - McHale, Melissa R. AU - Hess, George R. T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1007/s10021-013-9718-4 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 212-227 SN - 1435-0629 KW - urban ecology KW - tree cover KW - urban ecosystem convergence KW - comparative analysis KW - urban morphology KW - socioeconomics KW - lifestyle preferences KW - parcel size ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species Trials of Short Rotation Woody Crops on Two Wastewater Application Sites in North Carolina, USA AU - Shifflett, Shawn Dayson AU - Hazel, Dennis W. AU - Frederick, Douglas J. AU - Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie T2 - BIOENERGY RESEARCH DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1007/s12155-013-9351-2 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 157-173 SN - 1939-1242 KW - Populus KW - Native trees KW - Municipal wastewater KW - Bioenergy KW - Marginal and degraded lands ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perspectives of spatial scale in a wildland forest epidemic AU - Dillon, Whalen W. AU - Haas, Sarah E. AU - Rizzo, David M. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1007/s10658-013-0376-3 VL - 138 IS - 3 SP - 449-465 SN - 1573-8469 KW - Host density KW - Landscape epidemiology KW - Multilevel KW - Multiscale KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - Sudden oak death ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping the low palmitate fap1 mutation and validation of its effects in soybean oil and agronomic traits in three soybean populations AU - Cardinal, Andrea J. AU - Whetten, Rebecca AU - Wang, Sanbao AU - Auclair, Jerome AU - Hyten, David AU - Cregan, Perry AU - Bachlava, Eleni AU - Gillman, Jason AU - Ramirez, Martha AU - Dewey, Ralph AU - Upchurch, Greg AU - Miranda, Lilian AU - Burton, Joseph W. T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS AB - fap 1 mutation is caused by a G174A change in GmKASIIIA that disrupts a donor splice site recognition and creates a GATCTG motif that enhanced its expression. Soybean oil with reduced palmitic acid content is desirable to reduce the health risks associated with consumption of this fatty acid. The objectives of this study were: to identify the genomic location of the reduced palmitate fap1 mutation, determine its molecular basis, estimate the amount of phenotypic variation in fatty acid composition explained by this locus, determine if there are epistatic interactions between the fap1 and fap nc loci and, determine if the fap1 mutation has pleiotropic effects on seed yield, oil and protein content in three soybean populations. This study detected two major QTL for 16:0 content located in chromosome 5 (GmFATB1a, fap nc) and chromosome 9 near BARCSOYSSR_09_1707 that explained, with their interaction, 66–94 % of the variation in 16:0 content in the three populations. Sequencing results of a putative candidate gene, GmKASIIIA, revealed a single unique polymorphism in the germplasm line C1726, which was predicted to disrupt the donor splice site recognition between exon one and intron one and produce a truncated KASIIIA protein. This G to A change also created the GATCTG motif that enhanced gene expression of the mutated GmKASIIIA gene. Lines homozygous for the GmKASIIIA mutation (fap1) had a significant reduction in 16:0, 18:0, and oil content; and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids content. There were significant epistatic interactions between GmKASIIIA (fap1) and fap nc for 16:0 and oil contents, and seed yield in two populations. In conclusion, the fap1 phenotype is caused by a single unique SNP in the GmKASIIIA gene. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1007/s00122-013-2204-8 VL - 127 IS - 1 SP - 97-111 SN - 1432-2242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inferring the contribution of advection to total ecosystem scalar fluxes over a tall forest in complex terrain AU - Novick, K. AU - Brantley, S. AU - Miniat, C. Ford AU - Walker, J. AU - Vose, J. M. T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - Multiple data streams from a new flux tower located in complex and heterogeneous terrain at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (North Carolina, USA) were integrated to identify periods of advective flow regimes. Drainage flows were expected a priori, due to the location of the measurement site at the base of a long, gently-sloping valley. Drainage flow was confirmed by examining vertical profile measurements of wind direction and by estimating vertical advection fluxes. The vertical advection flux of CO2 was most significant in early morning (000–0600 h) during the growing season, when it averaged ∼5 μmol m−2 s−1. Horizontal advection flux of CO2 was not directly measured in this study; however, an expected exponential relationship between nocturnal ecosystem respiration (RE) and air temperature was recovered when horizontal advection of CO2 was assumed to be negatively correlated to vertical advection, or when data were limited to periods when measured vertical advection fluxes were small. Taken together, these data imply the presence of a negative horizontal advection CO2 flux during nocturnal periods characterized by positive vertical advection of CO2. Daytime periods were characterized by consistent anabatic (up-valley) flows in mid- to late-morning (0500–1200 h) and consistent katabatic (down-valley) flows in the afternoon. A combination of above-canopy flux profile measurements, energy balance closure estimates, and flux footprint estimates suggest that during periods of up-valley wind flow, the flux footprint frequently exceeds the ecosystem dimensions, and horizontal advection fluxes related to landscape heterogeneity were a significant component of the total ecosystem flux of CO2. We used sap flux from individual trees beneath the tower to explore diurnal patterns in stomatal conductance in order to evaluate gapfilling approaches for the unreliable morning data. The relationship between stomatal conductance and vapor pressure deficit was similar in morning and afternoon periods, and we conclude that gapfilling morning data with models driven by afternoon data is a reasonable approach at this site. In general, results were consistent with other studies showing that the advection and wind flow regimes in complex terrain are highly site specific; nonetheless, the site characterization strategy developed here, when used together with independent estimates of components of the ecosystem carbon flux, could be generally applied in other sites to better understand the contribution of advection to the total ecosystem flux. DA - 2014/2/15/ PY - 2014/2/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.10.010 VL - 185 SP - 1-13 SN - 1873-2240 KW - Eddy covariance KW - Complex terrain KW - Advection KW - Sap flux KW - Carbon flux KW - Energy balance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of Genes Differentially Expressed in Shoot Apical Meristems and in Mature Xylem of Populus tomentosa AU - Yang, Xiaohui AU - Li, Xinguo AU - Li, Bailian AU - Zhang, Deqiang T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1007/s11105-013-0660-6 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 452-464 SN - 1572-9818 KW - Wood formation KW - Affymetrix microarray KW - Xylem KW - Shoot apicalmeristems (SAM) KW - Populus tomentosa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Basal Area and Biomass Estimates of Loblolly Pine Stands Using L-band UAVSAR AU - Marks, William L. AU - Iiames, John S. AU - Lunetta, Ross S. AU - Khorram, Siamak AU - Mace, Thomas H. T2 - PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING AB - Fully polarimetric L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar ( SAR ) backscatter was collected using NASA ’s Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ( UAV ) SAR and regressed with in situ measurements of basal area ( BA ) and above ground biomass ( AGB ) of mature loblolly pine stands in North Carolina. Results found HH polarization consistently displayed the lowest correlations where HV and VV exhibited the highest correlations in all groups for both BA and AGB . When plantation stands were analyzed separately (plantation versus natural), correlation improved signifi cantly for both BA (R 2 = 0.65, HV ) and AGB (R 2 = 0.66, VV ). Similarly, results improved when natural stands were analyzed separately resulting in the highest correlation for AGB (R 2 = 0.63, HV and VV ). Data decomposition using the Freeman 3-component model indicated that the relative low correlations were due to the saturation of the L-band backscatter across the majority of the study area. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.14358/pers.80.1.33 VL - 80 IS - 1 SP - 33-42 SN - 2374-8079 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Balancing water supply and old-growth forest conservation in the lowlands of south-central Chile through adaptive co-management AU - Donoso, Pablo J. AU - Frene, Cristian AU - Flores, Marco AU - Moorman, Michelle C. AU - Oyarzun, Carlos E. AU - Zavaleta, Jennifer C. T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1007/s10980-013-9969-7 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 245-260 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Silviculture KW - Restoration thinning KW - Community-based conservation KW - Valdivian Ecoregion KW - Hydrologic monitoring KW - Old-growth forest attributes ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of lignin-carbohydrate complexes on the cellulase-mediated saccharification II: Transgenic hybrid poplars (Populus nigra L. and Populus maximowiczii A.) AU - Min, Dou-yong AU - Yang, Chenmin AU - Chiang, Vincent AU - Jameel, Hasan AU - Chang, Hou-min T2 - FUEL AB - Twelve transgenic hybrid poplars (Populus nigra L. and Populus maximowiczii A.) were used to demonstrate the influence of the lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) on enzymatic saccharification. The samples have different levels of the syringaldehyde (S) to vanillin (V) ratio from 0.1 to 2.6 and the lignin content from 10.5% to 24.3%, compared to the control (the S/V ratio 1.7 and the lignin content 22.0%). Any adventitious contaminants that could affect the final enzymatic saccharification were removed by performing thorough extraction on the samples. The crude milled wood lignins were subsequently isolated from which the phenyl glycoside, benzyl ether and γ-ester linkages representative of the LCC were identified and quantified by 13C and 1H–13C HSQC NMR. It was found that the samples showed different levels of the three LCC linkages, depending on the lignin content and/or the S/V ratio. The correlation between the LCCs and enzymatic saccharification nearly conclusively demonstrated that the LCCs accounted for the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biodegradation. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.07.046 VL - 116 SP - 56-62 SN - 1873-7153 KW - Hybrid P. trichocarpa KW - Lignin carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) KW - Enzymatic saccharification KW - Syringaldehyde/vanillin ratio KW - 1H-13C NMR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil carbon dynamics following reforestation of tropical pastures AU - Cook, R.L. AU - Stape, J.L. AU - Binkley, D. T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal AB - Soil carbon changes following reforestation of tropical pasture soils have been variable and the mechanisms poorly understood. This limits predictive capabilities and therefore management decisions. Photosynthetic pathways of C4 grasses and C3 trees create unique stable carbon isotopic signatures that can be used to determine soil carbon dynamics. In this study, mineral soils were sampled to 45 cm from paired land cover types consisting of an unmanaged forest and pasture, pastures paired with broadleaf plantations, and broadleaf paired with conifer plantations. Soil δ13C values were determined from pastures (SOC4) and forests (SOC3), allowing the calculation of turnover time of SOC4 following reforestation. Reforested pasture soils became dominated by SOC3 in 10 years at 0 to 15 cm and in 8 yr at 15 to 30 cm, but remained dominated by SOC3 from original forest cover from 30 to 45 cm. From 0 to 15 cm, the rate of SOC3 accumulation (0.21 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) matched the rate of SOC4 disappearance (-0.21 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). Soil carbon decreased slightly in the 15- to 30-cm (-0.17 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) and 30- to 45-cm (-0.08 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) soil layers from a loss of SOC4 and no gain of SOC3. Overall, reforestation led to relatively small net losses of mineral soil C (-0.20 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, 0–45 cm). Turnover time for SOC4 increased with depth from 30 to 73 yr. The results from this analysis contribute to a better understanding of soil carbon dynamics following reforestation of tropical pastures. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2012.0439 VL - 78 IS - 1 SP - 290-296 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84893255184&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term variability and environmental control of the carbon cycle in an oak-dominated temperate forest AU - Xie, Jing AU - Chen, Jiquan AU - Sun, Ge AU - Chu, Housen AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Ouyang, Zutao AU - John, Ranjeet AU - Wan, Shiqiang AU - Guan, Wenbin T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Our understanding of the long-term carbon (C) cycle of temperate deciduous forests and its sensitivity to climate variability is limited due to the large temporal dynamics of C fluxes. The goal of the study was to quantify the effects of environmental variables on the C balance in a 70-year-old mixed-oak woodland forest over a 7-year period in northwest Ohio, USA. The net ecosystem exchanges (NEE) of C were measured using the eddy-covariance technique. Long-term mean NEE, ecosystem respiration (ER), and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) were −339 ± 34, 1213 ± 84, and 1552 ± 82 g C m−2 year−1, respectively. Warming increased ER more than GEP when the available water was not limited, but decreased GEP more than ER when the available water was limited, resulting in decreasing net C fluxes under both conditions. The decreasing net C sink in summer was associated with increasing air temperature (Ta) in spring. The leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetically-active radiation (PAR), and Ta were the most important determinants of NEE for spring, summer, and winter, respectively; however, these variables failed to explain NEE for autumn. The most important determinants of ER and GEP were soil temperature (Ts) in spring, Ta and PAR in summer, and Ta in autumn. Ta was the only control of ER in winter. The annual variation in NEE was larger than that of GEP or ER. The controls of GEP on NEE were more pronounced seasonally and annually than those of ER. The annual GEP was consistently more variable than the annual ER. GEP was also seasonally and annually correlated with ER. Practical models derived from different combinations of independent variables effectively predicted 87%, 80%, and 93% of the monthly variability in NEE, ER, and GEP, respectively. We concluded that the variability in C fluxes was more responsive to increasing Ta and Ts than to variations in seasonal and annual precipitation. The study implies that a warmer climate is likely to reduce the forest productivity and C-sink capacity of oak ecosystems in the future, especially in instances when water inputs become limiting. DA - 2014/2/1/ PY - 2014/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.10.032 VL - 313 SP - 319-328 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Net ecosystem exchange of carbon KW - Gross ecosystem productivity KW - Ecosystem respiration KW - Eddy-covariance KW - Seasonal and interannual variability KW - Temperate deciduous forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of Landscape Composition on Northern Bobwhite Population Response to Field Border Establishment AU - Bowling, Shannon A. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Deperno, Christopher S. AU - Gardner, Beth T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - ABSTRACT Since the 1960s, habitat loss resulting from cleaner farming, increased urbanization, and maturation of early successional cover has caused range‐wide decline of northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus ). Although field borders increase bobwhite habitat and increase local populations, understanding how the surrounding landscape influences bobwhite response to this management practice is critical to efficient implementation. We determined the relative influence of landscape composition and field border implementation on bobwhite densities and occupancy dynamics around crop fields in North Carolina and South Carolina, USA. We used 10‐minute distance point counts to estimate density, occupancy, colonization, and extinction rates of male bobwhite around 154 agriculture fields, half of which had a fallow field border. We estimated percent of cropland, forest, pasture, early successional, and urban cover within 1‐km radius buffers (314 ha) surrounding all point count locations. We examined the influence of 6 predictor variables (landscape composition metrics and field border presence) on bobwhite density and occupancy dynamics. Bobwhite density increased with the presence of field borders. Conversely, bobwhite density decreased as the percentage of urban, pasture, and forest lands increased. The presence of a field border did not influence occupancy, colonization, or extinction rates. However, as the percentage of cropland increased within the landscape, bobwhite occupancy increased and as the percentage of pasture increased, bobwhite colonization decreased. As the percentage of forest and urban increased and cropland decreased, bobwhite extinction rate increased. Our results indicated that local establishment of field borders does not increase bobwhite occupancy rates, but field borders can increase densities in suitable landscapes where bobwhite are present. Habitat restoration for bobwhite will most effectively increase population densities if focused in landscapes dominated by suitable cover types, where bobwhite occurrence is high. © 2013 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1002/jwmg.639 VL - 78 IS - 1 SP - 93-100 SN - 1937-2817 KW - agriculture KW - Colinus virginianus KW - colonization KW - extinction KW - field border KW - landscape KW - northern bobwhite KW - occupancy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incorporating Detection Probability Into Northern Great Plains Pronghorn Population Estimates AU - Jacques, Christopher N. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. AU - Grovenburg, Troy W. AU - Klaver, Robert W. AU - Deperno, Christopher S. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - ABSTRACT Pronghorn ( Antilocapra americana ) abundances commonly are estimated using fixed‐wing surveys, but these estimates are likely to be negatively biased because of violations of key assumptions underpinning line‐transect methodology. Reducing bias and improving precision of abundance estimates through use of detection probability and mark‐resight models may allow for more responsive pronghorn management actions. Given their potential application in population estimation, we evaluated detection probability and mark‐resight models for use in estimating pronghorn population abundance. We used logistic regression to quantify probabilities that detecting pronghorn might be influenced by group size, animal activity, percent vegetation, cover type, and topography. We estimated pronghorn population size by study area and year using mixed logit‐normal mark‐resight (MLNM) models. Pronghorn detection probability increased with group size, animal activity, and percent vegetation; overall detection probability was 0.639 (95% CI = 0.612–0.667) with 396 of 620 pronghorn groups detected. Despite model selection uncertainty, the best detection probability models were 44% (range = 8–79%) and 180% (range = 139–217%) greater than traditional pronghorn population estimates. Similarly, the best MLNM models were 28% (range = 3–58%) and 147% (range = 124–180%) greater than traditional population estimates. Detection probability of pronghorn was not constant but depended on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. When pronghorn detection probability is a function of animal group size, animal activity, landscape complexity, and percent vegetation, traditional aerial survey techniques will result in biased pronghorn abundance estimates. Standardizing survey conditions, increasing resighting occasions, or accounting for variation in individual heterogeneity in mark‐resight models will increase the accuracy and precision of pronghorn population estimates. © 2013 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1002/jwmg.634 VL - 78 IS - 1 SP - 164-174 SN - 1937-2817 KW - aerial survey KW - Antilocapra americana KW - detection probability KW - mark-resight models KW - northern great plains KW - pronghorn KW - South Dakota KW - visibility bias ER - TY - JOUR TI - Food acquisition and predator avoidance in a Neotropical rodent AU - Suselbeek, Lennart AU - Emsens, Willem-Jan AU - Hirsch, Ben T. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Rowcliffe, J. Marcus AU - Zamora-Gutierrez, Veronica AU - Jansen, Patrick A. T2 - Animal Behaviour AB - Foraging activity in animals reflects a compromise between acquiring food and avoiding predation. The risk allocation hypothesis predicts that prey animals optimize this balance by concentrating their foraging activity at times of relatively low predation risk, as much as their energy status permits, but empirical evidence is scarce. We used a unique combination of automated telemetry, manual radiotelemetry and camera trapping to test whether activity at high risk times declined with food availability as predicted in a Neotropical forest rodent, the Central American agouti, Dasyprocta punctata. We found that the relative risk of predation by the main predator, the ocelot, Leopardus pardalis, estimated as the ratio of ocelot to agouti activity on camera trap photographs, was up to four orders of magnitude higher between sunset and sunrise than during the rest of the day. Kills of radiotracked agoutis by ocelots during this high-risk period far exceeded expectations given agouti activity. Both telemetric monitoring of radiotagged agoutis and camera monitoring of burrow entrances indicated that agoutis exited their burrows later at dawn, entered their burrows earlier at dusk and had lower overall activity levels when they lived in areas with higher food abundance. Thus, agoutis avoided activity during the high-risk period more strongly when access to food was higher. Our study provides quantitative empirical evidence of prey animals concentrating their activity at times of relatively low predation risk. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.11.012 VL - 88 SP - 41-48 J2 - Animal Behaviour LA - en OP - SN - 0003-3472 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.11.012 DB - Crossref KW - camera trapping KW - daily activity patterns KW - Dasyprocta punctata KW - foraging-predation trade-off KW - Leopardus pardalis KW - optimal foraging KW - predation pressure KW - predator-prey interactions KW - radiotelemetry KW - risk allocation hypothesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atlantic forest tree species responses to silvicultural practices in a degraded pasture restoration plantation: From leaf physiology to survival and initial growth AU - Campoe, Otávio C. AU - Iannelli, Cláudia AU - Stape, José Luiz AU - Cook, Rachel L. AU - Mendes, João Carlos T. AU - Vivian, Rafael T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Deforestation has led to ecosystem degradation in many tropical regions. Re-establishment of native tree species on degraded land presents challenges due to environmental stressors such as water and nutrient limitations, particularly from weed competition. Ecophysiological studies can help assess responses of native tree species to silvicultural practices and improve our understanding of processes that influence their establishment and growth. Silvicultural treatments borrowed from commercial tree plantations such as greater nutrient applications and complete weed control can improve best silvicultural practices in forest restoration. Two contrasting silvicultural treatments, “traditional” based on common management practices for reforestation of native trees and “intensive” based on commercial plantation silviculture, were evaluated based on tree mortality, biomass, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, soluble proteins, and nutritional status of 20 native Brazilian species, 2.5 years after planting. Intensive silviculture increased tree survival by 20%, showed higher aboveground biomass from 13% to 7-fold and increased photosynthesis of ∼20% from 15.8 μmol m−2 s−1 to 18.7 μmol m−2 s−1, compared to traditional silviculture. Total soluble proteins were 14% higher with 6.7 μg cm−2 in intensive silviculture compared to 5.9 μg cm−2 under traditional silviculture. Eighty percent of trees showed greater N content, with a 13% higher average than under traditional silviculture (2.60 g m−2 versus 2.92 g m−2). Average values of chlorophyll A, B, and total were ∼8% higher under intensive silviculture, but not significantly different between treatments. Overall, intensive silviculture provided a positive impact on the restoration plantation. During the initial years of plantation establishment, intensive silviculture methods were effective in leading to significant increases in growth and survival. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1016/J.FORECO.2013.11.016 VL - 313 SP - 233-242 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1127 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.FORECO.2013.11.016 DB - Crossref KW - Brazilian tree species KW - Restoration plantation KW - Silviculture KW - Biomass KW - Photosynthesis KW - Ecophysiology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Addressing structural and observational uncertainty in resource management AU - Fackler, Paul AU - Pacifici, Krishna T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AB - Most natural resource management and conservation problems are plagued with high levels of uncertainties, which make good decision making difficult. Although some kinds of uncertainties are easily incorporated into decision making, two types of uncertainty present more formidable difficulties. The first, structural uncertainty, represents our imperfect knowledge about how a managed system behaves. The second, observational uncertainty, arises because the state of the system must be inferred from imperfect monitoring systems. The former type of uncertainty has been addressed in ecology using Adaptive Management (AM) and the latter using the Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP) framework. Here we present a unifying framework that extends standard POMDPs and encompasses both standard POMDPs and AM. The approach allows any system variable to be observed or not observed and uses any relevant observed variable to update beliefs about unknown variables and parameters. This extends standard AM, which only uses realizations of the state variable to update beliefs and extends standard POMDP by allowing more general stochastic dependence among the observable variables and the state variables. This framework enables both structural and observational uncertainty to be simultaneously modeled. We illustrate the features of the extended POMDP framework with an example. DA - 2014/1/15/ PY - 2014/1/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.004 VL - 133 SP - 27-36 SN - 1095-8630 KW - Adaptive management KW - Natural resources KW - Partial observability KW - Partially observable Markov decision process KW - Structural uncertainty ER -