TY - CHAP TI - Animal Damage Control AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - 2006 Agricultural Chemicals Manual A2 - Monks, D.W. A2 - Buhler, W.G. A2 - Burton, M.G. A2 - Burnette, J. A2 - Crozier, C.R. A2 - DePerno, C. A2 - Gosper, J.M. A2 - Moorman, C. A2 - Roberson, G.T. A2 - Sidebottom, J.R. A2 - Southern, P.S. A2 - Stalker, T. A2 - Sutton, T. A2 - Toth, S.J. A2 - Jones, E. PY - 2005/// SP - 514-524 PB - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - N2O emissions from streams in the Neuse River watershed, North Carolina AU - Stow, C.A. AU - Walker, J.T. AU - Cardoch, L. AU - Spence, P. AU - Geron, C. T2 - Environmental Science and Technology AB - We present N2O emission data from 11 sites in the Neuse River watershed. Emissions were measured using a static surface enclosure technique deployed on eight sites on the main river channel and three tributary sites. Ancillary data collected included dissolved oxygen, nitrate, total nitrogen, ammonium, dissolved organic carbon, total phosphorus, and temperature. Analysis using standard linear models, and classification and regression trees (CART), indicated nitrate to be the primary driving variable associated with N2O emission, although dissolved organic carbon concentration and water temperature were positively related with N2O emission as well. Relationships between nitrate concentration and N2O emission were consistent with those found in previous studies, although the data presented here represent the lower end of the range for both variables among published studies. Using our measured N2O emission rates along with literature values for the ratio of nitrogen gas to N2O produced during denitrification, we estimate N loss via denitrification in the Neuse River is approximately 17% of the annual N load delivered to the estuary. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1021/es0500355 VL - 39 IS - 18 SP - 6999-7004 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-25144433402&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Par for the course: pesticides on golf courses AU - Phillips, T. AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Birdscope DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 19 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond the Call AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Birdscope DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 19 IS - 1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Practicing Scientific Dissent AU - Howard, J. AU - Durant, D. AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Annual Meetings of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2005/10/21/ CY - 10 DA - 2005/10/21/ PY - 2005/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Pathways of Scientific Dissent in Agricultural Biotechnology AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Annual Meetings of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2005/10/21/ CY - Pasadena, CA DA - 2005/10/21/ PY - 2005/10/21/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring and evaluation of cyanobacteria in Lake Champlain: Summer 2004 AU - Watzin, M.C. AU - Brines-Miller, E. AU - Kreider, M. AU - Clason, T. AU - Couture, S. AU - Levine, M. A3 - Lake Champlain Basin Program DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// M1 - 52 M3 - Technical Report PB - Lake Champlain Basin Program SN - 52 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Effects of food availability on the reproductive system. AU - Hahn, T.P. AU - Pereyra, M.E. AU - Katti, M. AU - Ward, G.M. AU - MacDougall-Shackleton, S.A. T2 - Functional Avian Endocrinology PY - 2005/// SP - 167–180 PB - Narosa Publishing House ER - TY - JOUR TI - GnRH, photorefractoriness, and breeding schedules of cardueline finches AU - MacDougall-Shackleton, S.A. AU - Pereyra, M.E. AU - Katti, M. AU - Hahn, T.P. T2 - Functional Avian Endocrinology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// SP - 97–110 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ecological indicators and an environmental scorecard for the Lake Champlain Basin Program AU - Watzin, M.C. AU - Smyth, R.L. AU - Cassell, E.A. AU - Hession, W.C. AU - Manning, R. AU - Wang, D. A3 - Lake Champlain Basin Program DA - 2005/5/18/ PY - 2005/5/18/ M1 - 46 M3 - Technical Report PB - Lake Champlain Basin Program SN - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil carbon dioxide partial pressure and dissolved inorganic carbonate chemistry under elevated carbon dioxide and ozone AU - Karberg, N. J. AU - Pregitzer, K. S. AU - King, J. S. AU - Friend, A. L. AU - Wood, J. R. T2 - Oecologia DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1007/s00442-004-1665-5 VL - 142 IS - 2 SP - 296–306 SN - 0029-8549 1432-1939 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1665-5 KW - carbon-13 KW - carbon sequestration KW - FACE KW - free air carbon dioxide and ozone enrichment KW - global carbonate/silicate weathering cycle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fine root chemistry and decomposition in model communities of north-temperate tree species show little response to elevated atmospheric CO2 and varying soil resource availability AU - King, J. S. AU - Pregitzer, K. S. AU - Zak, D. R. AU - Holmes, W. E. AU - Schmidt, K. T2 - Oecologia AB - Rising atmospheric [CO2] has the potential to alter soil carbon (C) cycling by increasing the content of recalcitrant constituents in plant litter, thereby decreasing rates of decomposition. Because fine root turnover constitutes a large fraction of annual NPP, changes in fine root decomposition are especially important. These responses will likely be affected by soil resource availability and the life history characteristics of the dominant tree species. We evaluated the effects of elevated atmospheric [CO2] and soil resource availability on the production and chemistry, mycorrhizal colonization, and decomposition of fine roots in an early- and late-successional tree species that are economically and ecologically important in north temperate forests. Open-top chambers were used to expose young trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) trees to ambient (36 Pa) and elevated (56 Pa) atmospheric CO2. Soil resource availability was composed of two treatments that bracketed the range found in the Upper Lake States, USA. After 2.5 years of growth, sugar maple had greater fine root standing crop due to relatively greater allocation to fine roots (30% of total root biomass) relative to aspen (7% total root biomass). Relative to the low soil resources treatment, aspen fine root biomass increased 76% with increased soil resource availability, but only under elevated [CO2]. Sugar maple fine root biomass increased 26% with increased soil resource availability (relative to the low soil resources treatment), and showed little response to elevated [CO2]. Concentrations of N and soluble phenolics, and C/N ratio in roots were similar for the two species, but aspen had slightly higher lignin and lower condensed tannins contents compared to sugar maple. As predicted by source-sink models of carbon allocation, pooled constituents (C/N ratio, soluble phenolics) increased in response to increased relative carbon availability (elevated [CO2]/low soil resource availability), however, biosynthetically distinct compounds (lignin, starch, condensed tannins) did not always respond as predicted. We found that mycorrhizal colonization of fine roots was not strongly affected by atmospheric [CO2] or soil resource availability, as indicated by root ergosterol contents. Overall, absolute changes in root chemical composition in response to increases in C and soil resource availability were small and had no effect on soil fungal biomass or specific rates of fine root decomposition. We conclude that root contributions to soil carbon cycling will mainly be influenced by fine root production and turnover responses to rising atmospheric [CO2], rather than changes in substrate chemistry. DA - 2005/7/23/ PY - 2005/7/23/ DO - 10.1007/s00442-005-0191-4 VL - 146 IS - 2 SP - 318-328 J2 - Oecologia LA - en OP - SN - 0029-8549 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0191-4 DB - Crossref KW - trembling aspen KW - sugar maple KW - carbon-based secondary compounds KW - soil C cycling ER - TY - JOUR TI - New software for quantifying incubation behavior from time-series recordings AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Mills, Harold T2 - Journal of Field Ornithology AB - Recordings of temperature fluctuations in the nests of birds can be used to infer incubation behavior such as the frequency and duration of off-bouts. Until recently, collecting temperature recordings from a large number of nests was limited by the size and expense of data logger equipment. In this paper, we describe software we developed to help simplify the analysis of recordings of temperature or mass fluctuations over time. The software program, called Rhythm, works in conjunction with Raven, a bioacoustical analysis program, to partially automate the measurement of incubation off-bout duration and related statistics such as percent constancy. This novel application of Raven combined with advances in data logger technology facilitates investigation in several areas of ecological and behavioral research. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1648/0273-8570-76.4.352 VL - 76 IS - 4 SP - 352-356 J2 - Journal of Field Ornithology LA - en OP - SN - 0273-8570 1557-9263 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-76.4.352 DB - Crossref KW - automated analysis KW - data logger KW - incubation rhythm KW - Raven KW - The Birdhouse Network ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal and Latitudinal Trends in Clutch Size: Thermal Constraints During Laying and Incubation AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Hochachka, Wesley M. AU - Butcher, Greg AU - Dhondt, André A. T2 - Ecology AB - Explaining patterns of latitudinal and seasonal trends in clutch size are two of the oldest and most fundamental endeavors in avian life history research. Underlying the majority of studies regarding any type of clutch size variation (i.e., individual, seasonal, latitudinal) of altricial birds is the premise that the primary cost of reproduction stems from feeding offspring. However, both altricial and precocial species of birds display latitudinal and seasonal variation in clutch size. Additionally, individual variation in costs of laying and incubation, recently demonstrated, indicates that understanding latitudinal and seasonal clutch size trends will require increased attention to earlier phases of reproduction. Given the strength and ubiquity of the clutch size patterns, many environmental factors, such as food supply and predation, have been proposed to account for the patterns, but temperature has been largely overlooked. Gradients in many variables may be important because the primacy of selection pressures may also vary in space and time. Furthermore, physiological systems may constrain responses to selection pressures. Thus, it is possible that intraspecific geographic and seasonal patterns in clutch size are at least partially influenced by temperature-dependent physiological processes. Therefore, we suggest that it is important to examine physiological responses of birds (e.g., embryo development, incubation energetics) directly influenced by physical properties of the environment, which exhibit predictable types of spatial and temporal variation (e.g., temperature, humidity, day length). We review two recently proposed, complementary hypotheses that are excellent candidates for this approach. By one mechanism, the thermal inertia of large clutches makes them favorable in cooler weather (the clutch-cooling hypothesis of J. M. Reid et al.). By the other, the reduction in egg viability under warm temperatures favors small clutches (the egg-viability hypothesis of S. H. Stoleson and S. R. Beissinger). Using general linear mixed models, we found that large-scale nesting patterns of Eastern Bluebirds and Red-winged Blackbirds are consistent with the egg-viability hypothesis in that females appear to initiate incubation before clutch completion when they lay large clutches at low latitudes. Although attempts have been made to overcome the logistical obstacles associated with studying large-scale phenomena through meta-analyses and multiple small-scale study sites, we demonstrate the significant potential of new technologies combined with volunteer-based studies to validate these hypotheses as we outline directions for future research. Table 1. Predictions arising from the egg-viability hypothesis (EV) and the clutch-cooling hypothesis (CC) DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1890/03-8028 VL - 86 IS - 8 SP - 2018–2031 SN - 0012-9658 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-8028 KW - clutch size variation KW - Cornell Nest Record Program KW - critical temperatures KW - egg viability KW - hatching failure KW - incubation period KW - latitude gradients KW - onset of incubation KW - seasonal constraints ER - TY - JOUR TI - Latitudinal trends in within-year reoccupation of nest boxes and their implications AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Hochachka, Wesley M. AU - Dhondt, André A. T2 - Journal of Avian Biology AB - Multiple brooding can substantially increase the annual reproductive output of birds, and the propensity for multiple brooding can vary geographically. Thus, studies attempting to understand the evolution of geographic variation in nesting success need to account for variation in re‐nesting potential. However, direct assessment of rates of multiple brooding requires individually recognizable breeding adults, which are not generally available. We explore the possibility of comparing relative indices of multiple broodedness across a latitudinal gradient from studies of un‐banded birds locally restricted to nest boxes. We analyzed nest box reoccupation by a multiple‐brooding species, the eastern bluebird Sialia sialis , reported by volunteers in a citizen‐participation project (1998–2002) in which nest boxes were monitored throughout much of the breeding range of the bluebirds. We found nest boxes in the southern portion of the bluebird range (30° latitude) had, on average 17–33% higher likelihood of repeated egg‐laying, brooding, and successful fledging events than boxes in the north (48° latitude). Latitudinal variation in the reoccupation of nest boxes may indicate that either (1) the number of broods per female varies with latitude, (2) female breeding dispersal/site fidelity varies with latitude, (3) the density, distribution, and/or availability of suitable nest sites varies with latitude, or (4) observer bias varies with latitude. Various lines of evidence suggest that nest re‐occupancy is a useful index of latitudinal variation in re‐nesting. During the time‐frame of second attempts, first‐time box occupancy was as likely as second occupancy and approximately 45% more likely in the south than north, suggesting that, despite considerable breeding dispersal, observed trends in box reoccupation conservatively reflect latitudinal trends in the number of nest attempts/broods per female. Furthermore, despite a compressed nesting cycle in the north (shorter incubation and re‐nesting interval), the shorter duration of the breeding season in the north restricted the potential number of broods. Studies of banded birds are necessary to confirm the behavior underlying the latitudinal trends in box reoccupation. DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03319.x VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 31-39 LA - en OP - SN - 0908-8857 1600-048X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03319.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Racial Inequality and Constraints to Leisure in the Post-Civil Rights Era: Toward an Alternative Framework AU - Shinew, K.J. AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Constraints to Leisure A2 - Jackson, E.L. PY - 2005/// SP - 35–51 PB - Venture Publishing SN - 9781892132543 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Electrocution of an adult white-tailed deer AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Bigalke, B.J. AU - Jenks, J.A. AU - Haroldson, B.S. AU - Osborn, R.G. T2 - The Prairie Naturalist DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 47–49 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Estimating detection probabilities for community assessment and population monitoring AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Pollock, K.J. A3 - USGS Status and Trends Program DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// M3 - Annual report PB - USGS Status and Trends Program ER - TY - RPRT TI - Understanding the stopover of migratory birds: a scale dependent approach. AU - Moore, F.R. AU - Woodrey, M.S. AU - Buler, J.J. AU - Woltmann, S. AU - Simons, T.R. A3 - U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 2 SP - 684–689 M1 - PSW-GTR-191 M3 - General Technical Report PB - U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station SN - PSW-GTR-191 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Monitoring Salamander Populations in Great Smoky Mountains National Park AU - Hyde, E.J. AU - Simons, T.R. T2 - Amphibian Declines: the conservation and status of United States Species A2 - Lannoo, M.J. PY - 2005/// PB - University of California Press ER - TY - RPRT TI - Statistical approaches to the analysis of point count data: a little extra information can go a long way AU - Farnsworth, G.L. AU - Nichols, J.D. AU - Sauer, J.R. AU - Fancy, S.T. AU - Pollock, K.H. AU - Shriner, S.A. AU - Simons, T.R. A3 - USDA Forest Service DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - PSW-GTR-191 SP - 736–743 M1 - PSW-GTR-191 M3 - General Technical Report PB - USDA Forest Service SN - PSW-GTR-191 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Exotic Species AU - Kays, R.W. AU - Daniels, R.A. AU - Mitchell, R.S. AU - Molloy, D.P. AU - Siegfried, C.A. T2 - Encylopedia of New York A2 - Eisenstadt, P. A2 - Moss, L.E. PY - 2005/// SP - 538–539 PB - Syracuse University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bad rep for coyotes AU - Webber, J.M. AU - Snow, R. AU - Riddle, J. AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - Wildlife in North Carolina DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 69 IS - 12 SP - 16-19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Movement of female white-tailed deer: effects of climate and intensive row-crop agriculture AU - Brinkman, Todd J. AU - Deperno, Christopher S. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. AU - Haroldson, Brian S. AU - Osborn, Robert G. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Management AB - Movements (e.g., migration, dispersal) of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) vary greatly over the geographic range of the species. Therefore, region-specific, empirical information is needed to effectively manage deer populations. Movements of white-tailed deer have been well documented in forest dominated habitats; however, little information related to white-tailed deer movements exists in intensively (>80%) cultivated areas. From January 2001 to August 2002, we monitored movements of 77 (61 adult, 16 young) female white-tailed deer in southwest Minnesota. We collected 6,867 locations, calculated 130 home ranges, and documented 149 seasonal movements. Fifteen percent of deer were nonmigratory, whereas 35% were facultative migrators, and 42.5% were obligate migrators. Mean distance between summer and winter home range was 10.1 km. Temperature and snow depth had the greatest influence on initiation of seasonal migration, whereas crop emergence and harvest had minimal effects. Four deer (8%) dispersed a mean distance of 71.3 km with 1 adult female moving a straight-line distance of 205 km. All dispersing deer occupied a temporary staging area for approximately 1 month between previous winter and new summer ranges. Mean home range (95% use area) in winter (5.2 km2) was over twice as large as home range in summer (2.3 km2). Movements exhibited by white-tailed deer in southwest Minnesota were influenced by large annual fluctuations in climate and a highly fragmented landscape dominated by row-crop agriculture. We provide data beneficial to biologists managing northern populations of white-tailed deer in fragmented environments by detailing the relationship between climate, intensive agriculture, and deer movements. DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.2193/0022-541x(2005)069[1099:mofwde]2.0.co;2 VL - 69 IS - 3 SP - 1099–1111 SN - 0022-541X 1937-2817 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541x(2005)069[1099:mofwde]2.0.co;2 KW - agriculture KW - dispersal KW - home range KW - migration KW - Minnesota KW - movement KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - white-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tonsillar Biopsy Test for Chronic Wasting Disease: Two Sampling Approaches in Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer AU - Schuler, Krysten L. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Wild, Margaret A. AU - Swanson, Christopher C. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases AB - Preclinical antemortem testing of deer (Odocoileus spp.) for chronic wasting disease (CWD) can be important for determining prevalence rates and removing infected individuals from wild populations. Because samples with high numbers of tonsillar follicles are likely to provide earlier detection of CWD than samples with fewer follicles, the method of obtaining follicular samples may be critical when investigating disease prevalence. Between January 2003 and January 2005, white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) in southeast and southwest Minnesota and white-tailed and mule deer (O. hemionus) in Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, were sampled using dorso-lateral and ventral-medial approaches for collecting tonsillar follicles. We obtained significantly more follicles using a dorso-lateral (median number of follicles = 19) rather than a ventral-medial (median number of follicles = 5.5) approach. No differences were observed in collection of tonsillar follicles that were related to sex, age class, or species of deer. We recommend the dorso-lateral approach for assessing CWD prevalence in deer populations. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-41.4.820 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 820-824 J2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0090-3558 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-41.4.820 DB - Crossref KW - chronic wasting disease KW - mule deer KW - Odocoileus hemionus KW - O. virginianus KW - prison KW - tonsillar biopsy KW - tonsillar follicles KW - white-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Escorrentía superficial en bosques montanos naturales y plantados de Antioquia, Colombia AU - Ruiz, O.A. AU - Acosta, J.J. AU - León, J.D. T2 - Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 2635–2649 UR - http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/24359/1/21509-73485-1-PB.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion, Panthera leo AU - Dubach, Jean AU - Patterson, B. D. AU - Briggs, M. B. AU - Venzke, K. AU - Flamand, J. AU - Stander, P. AU - Scheepers, L. AU - Kays, R. W. T2 - Conservation Genetics DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.1007/s10592-004-7729-6 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 15-24 J2 - Conserv Genet LA - en OP - SN - 1566-0621 1572-9737 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-004-7729-6 DB - Crossref KW - African lion KW - cytochrome b KW - mitochondrial variation KW - NADH dehydrogenase KW - Panthera leo KW - phylogeography ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF METAL AND ORGANOPHOSPHATE MIXTURES ON CERIODAPHNIA DUBIA SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION AU - Mahar, Amy M. AU - Watzin, Mary C. T2 - Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry AB - Abstract The toxicity of mixtures of copper, zinc, and diazinon were determined for Ceriodaphnia dubia using 7‐d survival and reproduction tests. Fifteen treatments, including combinations of the chemicals at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of their individual median lethal concentrations, adding up to one toxic unit (TU) were tested. The TU was then used to classify each mixture response as additive, greater than additive, or less than additive. For survival, additive responses occurred in the 75% zinc plus 25% diazinon and the 50% copper plus 25% zinc plus 25% diazinon treatments. For reproduction, additive responses occurred in the 75% copper plus 25% zinc, 75% copper plus 25% diazinon, and 75% zinc plus 25% diazinon treatments. Copper and zinc played a greater role in toxicity than diazinon did. Less‐than‐additive interactions were found in all remaining mixtures, perhaps because of differences in mode of action between diazinon and metals. Consideration of dose‐response curves can help to explain inconsistencies regarding toxic response in treatments with different ratios of the same chemicals. As TU percentages changed, mixture components were taken from different locations on differently shaped dose‐response curves. Because most responses were less than additive, however, water‐quality criteria based on individual concentrations probably are protective for most metal‐organophosphate mixtures. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1897/04-162r.1 VL - 24 IS - 7 SP - 1579 J2 - Environ Toxicol Chem LA - en OP - SN - 0730-7268 1552-8618 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/04-162r.1 DB - Crossref KW - mixture toxicity KW - Ceriodaphnia dubia KW - metals KW - organophosphates KW - toxic units ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Assessment of Rainforest Distribution and Threats in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania AU - Halperin, J. AU - Shear, T. T2 - Geocarto International AB - Abstract Biodiversity hotspots across the globe have gained increasing attention in recent years. To accurately assess natural resource values and threats, timely information which characterizes the distribution and extent of natural land cover is needed. Many hotspots are in developing countries that have neither the resources nor the capability to carry out these tasks. This study seeks to address these issues in the West Usambara Mountains, within the Eastern Arc Mountain chain, of Tanzania. These mountains are one of the top biodiversity hotspots in the world. By incorporating remote sensing and Geographic Information System technology, this study develops spatial databases used to map current resource conditions and threats to existing biodiversity. Accuracy for landcover mapped with satellite imagery is 94%. Less than 10% of forest remains in large patches which are highly fragmented. The majority of this forest cover is found at high elevations, which correspond to relatively low potential biodiversity. Only 6% of forests are found at high biodiversity, lower elevation zones. More than half of the forest patch edges at these elevations are adjacent to conflicting landcover, such as small‐scale agriculture. This information can assist land managers and conservation professionals in the prioritization of protection efforts, conservation management, watershed stabilization, and forest restoration planning. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1080/10106040508542336 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 51-61 J2 - Geocarto International LA - en OP - SN - 1010-6049 1752-0762 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106040508542336 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Econometric studies of non-industrial private forest management: a review and synthesis AU - Beach, Robert H. AU - Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. AU - Yang, Jui-Chen AU - Murray, Brian C. AU - Abt, Robert C. T2 - Forest Policy and Economics AB - Forest policies and management increasingly rely on economic models to explain behaviors of landowners and to project forest outputs, inventories and land use. However, it is unclear whether the existing econometric models offer general conclusions concerning non-industrial private forest (NIPF) management or whether the existing results are case-specific. In this paper, we systematically review the empirical economics literature on NIPF timber harvesting, reforestation, and timber stand improvements (TSI). We confirm four primary categories of management determinants: market drivers, policy variables, owner characteristics and plot/resource conditions. We rely on the most basic form of meta-analysis, vote counting, to combine information from many studies to produce more general knowledge concerning the key determinants of harvesting, reforestation and TSI within these four categories. Despite substantial differences in the variables used across models, the use of meta-analysis enables the systematic identification of the factors that are most important in explaining NIPF management. We conclude with some methodological and policy suggestions. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00065-0 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 261-281 J2 - Forest Policy and Economics LA - en OP - SN - 1389-9341 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00065-0 DB - Crossref KW - timber harvesting KW - reforestation KW - silvicultural treatments KW - microeconomics KW - meta-analysis KW - vote-counting ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mammalian nest predators respond to greenway width, landscape context and habitat structure AU - Sinclair, K AU - Hess, G AU - Moorman, C AU - Mason, J T2 - Landscape and Urban Planning AB - Birds of conservation concern breed in suburban greenways, yet abundant populations of mammals that depredate bird nests might reduce nest success. We evaluated how three factors influenced the abundance of mammalian nest predators in thirty-four 300-m long forested greenway segments in Raleigh and Cary, North Carolina, USA: (1) the width of the forested corridor containing the greenway, (2) the land-use adjacent to the forested corridor, and (3) the habitat structure within the greenway. Forest corridor width and adjacent land-use were measured using aerial photographs. Attributes of adjacent land use included categorical measures of development intensity (low-density residential, high-density residential, office/institutional), and the proportions of forest canopy, grass, buildings, and pavement. Several measures of habitat structure within the greenway were collected in the field, including trail width and surface type, and percentage of mature forest. We measured the relative abundance of mammalian nest predators with scent-station transects, operated for five nights during the 2002 breeding bird season. Total abundance of mammalian nest predators increased significantly as forest corridor width decreased. We found no relationship between categorical measures of land-use and total abundance of mammalian nest predators. Specific attributes of the landscape adjacent to the greenway, however, did have an effect. Greenways adjacent to landscapes with fewer buildings had a higher abundance of mammalian nest predators. The abundance of individual species varied with the amount of canopy, lawn, and pavement in the adjacent landscape. Some measures of habitat structure of greenways also were correlated with the abundance of mammalian nest predators. Greenway segments with wider trails had a higher abundance of mammalian nest predators, as did segments with a higher percentage of mature forest. No habitat structure variables were significant for all species. To reduce the overall risk of avian nest predation by mammals, forested greenways should be designed with wider forest corridors and narrower, unpaved trails. Some greenway characteristics that favor high-nest predator populations also favor birds of conservation concern. Similarly, some characteristics correlated with lower predator occurrence are also correlated with lower abundance of birds of conservation concern. Thus, management of greenways and the surrounding landscape must balance reduction of predator communities with the promotion of desired bird communities and other conservation goals. DA - 2005/3/28/ PY - 2005/3/28/ DO - 10.1016/S0169-2046(04)00082-9 VL - 71 IS - 2-4 SP - 277-293 J2 - Landscape and Urban Planning LA - en OP - SN - 0169-2046 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(04)00082-9 DB - Crossref KW - corridor KW - greenway KW - landscape context KW - mammal KW - nest predator ER - TY - JOUR TI - Escorrentía superficial en bosques montanos naturales y plantados de Antioquia, Colombia AU - Ruiz Suescún, Oscar Andrés T2 - Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía, Medellín. DA - 2005/4/26/ PY - 2005/4/26/ VL - S.l.], v. 58, n. 1 SP - 2635–2649, UR - https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/21509/22498 ER - TY - CONF TI - Linking Stream Geomorphology, Watershed Condition and Aquatic Ecosystem Health AU - Cianfrani, C. M. AU - Hession, W. C. AU - Watzin, M. AU - Sullivan, S. M. P. T2 - Watershed Management Conference 2005 AB - Twenty-five streams in northwestern Vermont spanning a range of geomorphic conditions were surveyed to determine the linkages between stream geomorphology, watershed condition and aquatic ecosystem health as part of an overall watershed classification project. Both field scale and watershed scale assessments were completed. At the field level, rapid geomorphic assessments (RGA) and rapid habitat assessments (RHA) were completed for all sites following Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation protocols. Detailed geomorphic and habitat assessments were also completed to provide quantitative data for each site. Watershed-scale parameters were evaluated using a geographic information system (GIS) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed modeling software. At the field-scale, data were assessed for relationships between the RGA and water quality, habitat quality and biodiversity. At the watershed-scale, we saw a broad trend relating RGA with average annual runoff, but the result was not significant. No trend was seen for annual average sediment loading. These results provide evidence that rapid geomorphic and habitat assessments done by trained individuals can provide useful information in managing and prioritizing watersheds and stream reaches for protection and restoration. C2 - 2005/7/13/ C3 - Managing Watersheds for Human and Natural Impacts DA - 2005/7/13/ DO - 10.1061/40763(178)111 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784407639 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40763(178)111 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of human socioeconomic status and cultural characteristics on urban patterns of biodiversity AU - Kinzig, A.P. AU - Warren, P. AU - Martin, C. AU - Hope, D. AU - Katti, M. T2 - Ecology and Society DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 10 IS - 1 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-18744412082&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applying the discrete vortex method in environmental fluid mechanics: A study of the time-averaged near wake behind a circular cylinder AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Flynn, M.R. T2 - Environmental Fluid Mechanics DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1007/s10652-005-0896-2 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 455-463 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-13844312053&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - bluff bodies KW - computational fluid dynamics KW - environmental fluid mechanics KW - near wake KW - vortex methods ER - TY - RPRT TI - Firewise landscaping in North Carolina AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Van Druten, K. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension ER - TY - RPRT TI - First... See a forester AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// M1 - AG-619 M3 - Agriculture Bulletin PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension SN - AG-619 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Selling your timber? Don’t make an uninformed decision! AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// M1 - 186 M3 - Agriculture Bulletin PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension SN - 186 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Land ownership, liability, and the law in North Carolina AU - Feitshans, T. AU - Bardon, R.E. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// M1 - 21 M3 - Woodland Owner Note PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension SN - 21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Financial incentives for forest management AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Hamilton, R.A. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// M1 - 4 M3 - Woodland Owner Note PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension SN - 4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multiple-scale landscape predictors of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in North Carolina AU - POTTER, K AU - CUBBAGE, F AU - SCHABERG, R T2 - Landscape and Urban Planning DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1016/s0169-2046(04)00028-3 VL - 71 IS - 2-4 SP - 77-90 KW - nonpoint source pollution KW - aquatic ecosystems KW - Geographic Information Systems KW - landscape ecology KW - land cover KW - water quality KW - watershed management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contributions of leisure studies and recreation and park management research to the active living agenda AU - Godbey, G.C. AU - Caldwell, L.L. AU - Floyd, M. AU - Payne, L.L. T2 - American Journal of Preventive Medicine AB - Although the fields of leisure studies and recreation and parks were founded on addressing health and wellness needs of people, only recently have these needs been addressed by major, systematic research efforts. This paper examines the origins of leisure studies and the study of recreation behavior and park use and their potential contribution to active living research. Over the past 2 decades, leisure studies research has generated a body of literature pertinent to understanding and increasing active living, including studies on time use, motivation for initiating and maintaining activity, influence of user fees, and urban park use. Environmental, transportation, and public recreation policy and management practices also are important considerations in recreation and parks research. This article concludes with a list of recommendations to integrate these and other considerations into transdisciplinary research on active living. Opportunities for leisure studies/recreation and park research on active living include studies of environmental, life span, and motivational influences; greater use of objective measures of physical activity; and forming partnerships with allied industries to study physical activity. Among suggestions for facilitating such studies are training seminars for leisure studies and recreation researchers in active living research methods, changes in point allocation on grant proposals, providing incentives for transdisciplinary collaboration, and special journal issues. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.027 VL - 28 IS - 2 SUPPL. 2 SP - 150-158 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-13444252393&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - RPRT TI - Observations on the new stumpage Market Pricing System in British Columbia AU - Roise, J.P. T2 - Working Paper Series A3 - Centre for Public Policy Research DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// PB - Centre for Public Policy Research UR - http://www.sfu.ca/mpp/04research/papers_cppr.html ER - TY - RPRT TI - Beating Competition and Maximizing Expected Value in B. C.’s Stumpage Market AU - Roise, J.P. T2 - Working Paper Series A3 - Centre for Public Policy Research DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// PB - Centre for Public Policy Research UR - http://www.sfu.ca/mpp/04research/papers_cppr.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulating the effects of fire reintroduction versus continued fire absence on forest composition and landscape structure in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, northern Minnesota, USA AU - Scheller, RM AU - Mladenoff, DJ AU - Thomas, RC AU - Sickley, TA T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1007/s10021-003-0087-2 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 396-411 SN - 1435-0629 KW - Boundary Waters Canoe Area KW - fire suppression KW - fire reintroduction KW - range of natural variability KW - forest landscape simulation models KW - stochastic variation KW - red pine (Pinus resinosa) KW - landscape structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape-level effects of the interaction between residential development and public forest management in northern Wisconsin, USA AU - Ward, B.C. AU - D.J. Mladenoff, AU - Scheller, R.M. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 51 SP - 616-632 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A spatially interactive simulation of climate change, harvesting, wind, and tree species migration and projected changes to forest composition and biomass in northern Wisconsin, USA AU - Scheller, RM AU - Mladenoff, DJ T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract In the coming century, forecast climate changes caused by increasing greenhouse gases may produce dramatic shifts in tree species distributions and the rates at which individual tree species sequester carbon or release carbon back to the atmosphere. The species composition and carbon storage capacity of northern Wisconsin (USA) forests are expected to change significantly as a result. Projected temperature changes are relatively large (up to a 5.8°C increase in mean annual temperature) and these forests encompass a broad ecotone that may be particularly sensitive to climate change. Our objective was to estimate the combined effects of climate change, common disturbances, and species migrations on regional forests using spatially interactive simulations. Multiple scenarios were simulated for 200 years to estimate aboveground live biomass and tree species composition. We used a spatially interactive forest landscape model (LANDIS‐II) that includes individual tree species, biomass accumulation and decomposition, windthrow, harvesting, and seed dispersal. We used data from two global circulation models, the Hadley Climate Centre (version 2) and the Canadian Climate Center (version 1) to generate transient growth and decomposition parameters for 23 species. The two climate change scenarios were compared with a control scenario of continuing current climate conditions. The results demonstrate how important spatially interactive processes will affect the aboveground live biomass and species composition of northern Wisconsin forests. Forest composition, including species richness, is strongly affected by harvesting, windthrow, and climate change, although five northern species ( Abies balsamea , Betula papyrifera , Picea glauca , Pinus banksiana , P. resinosa ) are lost in both climate scenarios regardless of disturbance scenario. Changes in aboveground live biomass over time are nonlinear and vary among ecoregions. Aboveground live biomass will be significantly reduced because of species dispersal and migration limitations. The expected shift towards southern oaks and hickory is delayed because of seed dispersal limitations. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00906.x VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 307-321 SN - 1365-2486 KW - biomass accumulation KW - climate change KW - harvesting KW - seed dispersal KW - tree species migration KW - windthrow KW - Wisconsin (USA) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulating landscape-level effects of constraints to public forest regeneration harvests due to adjacent residential development in northern Wisconsin AU - Ward, B. C. AU - Mladenoff, D. J. AU - Scheller, R. M. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 51 IS - 6 SP - 616-632 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maintaining critical habitat in a heavily managed landscape: Effects of power line corridor management on Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) habitat AU - Forrester, JA AU - Leopold, DJ AU - Hafner, SD T2 - RESTORATION ECOLOGY AB - Abstract The Karner blue butterfly (KBB) ( Lycaeides melissa samuelis ), a federally listed species, has historically been a component of barren and savannah ecosystems in the northeastern and midwestern United States. In New York, it now occurs primarily on managed, early‐successional sites such as power line corridors (utility rights‐of‐way) from Albany to Glens Falls. Blue lupine ( Lupinus perennis ), the exclusive larval food source of the KBB, has been suggested to be the most limiting factor for the butterfly within the eastern portion of its range. Power line corridor management maintains early‐successional habitats by suppressing the regrowth of woody species, creating potentially important habitat for the conservation and restoration of the KBB complex. This research compared the effects of several vegetation‐clearing methods on Blue lupine populations and associated communities of nectar species for KBB over an 8‐year period. Methods evaluated differed in intensity (annual, 4‐, or 8‐year intervals) and type (herbicide or mechanical). Blue lupine and plant community responses did not significantly differ among the treatment types applied to the power line corridors. However, Blue lupine cover, clump size, and density of stems per clump increased following the application of treatments in general. The number and cover of nectar species, total herbaceous cover, and species richness also responded positively to treatment overall. The percentage of non‐native species temporarily increased following treatment but declined to near pre‐treatment levels again as woody cover increased. Temporal changes in plant community composition were not related to management methods. The management tools assessed, mowing and herbicide application, will accomplish the goal of halting or reversing succession, maintaining critical habitat for the KBB in a landscape that provides little other suitable habitat. DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2005.00061.x VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 488-498 SN - 1526-100X KW - Blue lupine KW - Karner blue butterfly KW - Lupinus perennis KW - pine barrens KW - power line corridor KW - rights-of-way ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arboreal vegetation, coarse woody debris, and disturbance history of mature and old-growth stands in a coniferous forested wetland AU - Forrester, JA AU - Yorks, TE AU - Leopold, DJ T2 - JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY AB - Forrester, J. A. (SUNY, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210-2778), T. E. Yorks (Environmental Studies Program, Cazenovia College, 22 Sullivan Street, Cazenovia, NY 13035) and D. J. Leopold (SUNY, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210-2778). Arboreal vegetation, coarse woody debris, and disturbance history of mature and old-growth stands in a coniferous forested wetland. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 132: 252–261. 2005.—We quantified the forest age and tree size structure of an old-growth and mature stand in a coniferous forested wetland in central New York, USA. We also determined the volume and decay class distribution of standing and downed coarse woody debris. The old-growth stand contains eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) > 400 years old and other species > 200 years old. Live tree basal area in the old-growth area (36 m2·ha−1) was dominated by approximately equal amounts of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Miller.), eastern white pine, and northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.; 11, 10, and 10 m2·ha−1, respectively), but eastern white pine was less abundant in the mature stand. Snag basal area was 7 m2·ha−1 in the old-growth and mature stands and was dominated by balsam fir and northern white-cedar. Total coarse woody debris (CWD) volumes were 145 and 83 m3·ha−1 in the old-growth and mature stand, respectively. The decay class distribution in each area was skewed toward advanced decay classes. Most CWD was in the form of logs and snags in both areas, but snag volume in the old-growth area was approximately 3 times that in the mature stand (75 vs. 26 m3·ha−1). In both stands, balsam fir and northern white-cedar each accounted for 21–30% of total CWD. Eastern white pine contributed 28% of the CWD in the old-growth area but was not present as CWD in the mature stand. Both forests are uneven-aged, with the earliest species establishing in the 1600s and 1750s for the old-growth and mature stands, respectively. No species exhibited major growth releases in the old-growth or mature stands, but several exhibited moderate releases. The age and diameter distributions of the old-growth area suggest that no stand-initializing disturbances have affected the forest for at least 250 years. Instead, fine-scale treefall gaps created by single or multiple treefalls are the dominant mode of regeneration in this forest. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.3159/1095-5674(2005)132[252:avcwda]2.0.co;2 VL - 132 IS - 2 SP - 252-261 SN - 1940-0616 KW - eastern white pine KW - balsam fir KW - northern white-cedar KW - forested wetland KW - structure KW - disturbance KW - coarse woody debris ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of aggregated land cover data on estimating NPP in northern Wisconsin AU - Ahl, DE AU - Gower, ST AU - Mackay, DS AU - Burrows, SN AU - Norman, JM AU - Diak, GR T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - Ecosystem models are routinely used to estimate net primary production (NPP) from the stand to global scales. Complex ecosystem models, implemented at small scales (< 10 km2), are impractical at global scales and, therefore, require simplifying logic based on key ecological first principles and model drivers derived from remotely sensed data. There is a need for an improved understanding of the factors that influence the variability of NPP model estimates at different scales so we can improve the accuracy of NPP estimates at the global scale. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of using leaf area index (LAI) and three different aggregated land cover classification products–two factors derived from remotely sensed data and strongly affect NPP estimates–in a light use efficiency (LUE) model to estimate NPP in a heterogeneous temperate forest landscape in northern Wisconsin, USA. Three separate land cover classifications were derived from three different remote sensors with spatial resolutions of 15, 30, and 1000 m. Average modeled net primary production (NPP) ranged from 402 gC m− 2 year− 1 (15 m data) to 431 gC m− 2 year− 1 (1000 m data), for a maximum difference of 7%. Almost 50% of the difference was attributed each to LAI estimates and land cover classifications between the fine and coarse scale NPP estimate. Results from this study suggest that ecosystem models that use biome-level land cover classifications with associated LUE coefficients may be used to model NPP in heterogeneous land cover areas dominated by cover types with similar NPP. However, more research is needed to examine scaling errors in other heterogeneous areas and NPP errors associated with deriving LAI estimates. DA - 2005/7/15/ PY - 2005/7/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2005.02.016 VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 1-14 SN - 0034-4257 KW - net primary production KW - leaf area index KW - light use efficiency KW - absorbed radiation KW - classification KW - remote sensing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of regression and geostatistical methods for mapping Leaf Area Index (LAI) with Landsat ETM+ data over a boreal forest AU - Berterretche, M AU - Hudak, AT AU - Cohen, WB AU - Maiersperger, TK AU - Gower, ST AU - Dungan, J T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - This study compared aspatial and spatial methods of using remote sensing and field data to predict maximum growing season leaf area index (LAI) maps in a boreal forest in Manitoba, Canada. The methods tested were orthogonal regression analysis (reduced major axis, RMA) and two geostatistical techniques: kriging with an external drift (KED) and sequential Gaussian conditional simulation (SGCS). Deterministic methods such as RMA and KED provide a single predicted map with either aspatial (e.g., standard error, in regression techniques) or limited spatial (e.g., KED variance) assessments of errors, respectively. In contrast, SGCS takes a probabilistic approach, where simulated values are conditional on the sample values and preserve the sample statistics. In this application, canonical indices were used to maximize the ability of Landsat ETM+ spectral data to account for LAI variability measured in the field through a spatially nested sampling design. As expected based on theory, SGCS did the best job preserving the distribution of measured LAI values. In terms of spatial pattern, SGCS preserved the anisotropy observed in semivariograms of measured LAI, while KED reduced anisotropy and lowered global variance (i.e., lower sill), also consistent with theory. The conditional variance of multiple SGCS realizations provided a useful visual and quantitative measure of spatial uncertainty. For applications requiring spatial prediction methods, we concluded KED is more useful if local accuracy is important, but SGCS is better for indicating global pattern. Predicting LAI from satellite data using geostatistical methods requires a distribution and density of primary, reference LAI measurements that are impractical to obtain. For regional NPP modeling with coarse resolution inputs, the aspatial RMA regression method is the most practical option. DA - 2005/5/15/ PY - 2005/5/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2005.01.014 VL - 96 IS - 1 SP - 49-61 SN - 1879-0704 KW - conditional simulation KW - Kriging KW - reduced major axis regression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatiotemporal measurement and modeling of stand-level boreal forest soil temperatures AU - Bond-Lamberty, B AU - Wang, CK AU - Gower, ST T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - The spatial and temporal dynamics of soil temperature (TSOIL) strongly influence a wide range of biotic and abiotic processes in boreal forests. Relatively few spatial and temporal TSOIL measurements have been made in these systems; in addition, not all ecosystem models take into account the effect of changing stand structure during stand development on TSOIL dynamics. The goals of this study were to measure TSOIL and its spatiotemporal variability in a boreal forest chronosequence, develop and test a computationally simple empirical model to predict TSOIL, and quantify the effects of different approaches to deriving TSOIL on simulated ecosystem processes. TSOIL was measured hourly at six depths (0–100 cm) for 3–4 years, and sampled in a spatial grid monthly during one growing season, in a black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP)-dominated boreal forest chronosequence. We report annual and daily TSOIL patterns, air–soil hystereses, and TSOIL changes at the freeze-thaw transition. An empirical model predicting TSOIL as of the weighted sum of past air temperatures generally accounted for 90–95% of temporal TSOIL variability at shallow depths, and 77–83% at 50–100 cm. A variety of stand structural characteristics affected the model parameters, with leaf area index (LAI) usually the most significant. Spatial TSOIL correlation, measured at depths of 2 and 10 cm, was generally constant between 5 and 30 m. The new empirical model that accounts for changes in canopy structure greatly improved the prediction of TSOIL for stands with high LAI in the Biome-BGC process model; the broader implications of this change are discussed. This model has simple data requirements – only air temperature and LAI – although the parameters given here should only be used for boreal stands with similar soil types. DA - 2005/7/25/ PY - 2005/7/25/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.04.008 VL - 131 IS - 1-2 SP - 27-40 SN - 1873-2240 KW - boreal forest KW - soil temperature KW - spatiotemporal variability KW - Picea mariana ER - TY - JOUR TI - Life cycle inventories of roundwood production in northern Wisconsin: Inputs into an industrial forest carbon budget AU - White, MK AU - Gower, ST AU - Ahl, DE T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Carbon budgets are developed to understand ecosystem dynamics and are increasingly being used to develop global change policy. Traditionally, forest carbon budgets have focused on the biological carbon cycle; however, it is important to include the industrial forest carbon cycle as well. The overall objective of this study was to quantify the major carbon fluxes associated with the production of Wisconsin's industrial roundwood, by using life cycle inventory (LCI) methodology to produce an industrial forest carbon budget. To achieve this objective we (1) developed carbon LCIs for the harvest process for three major forest ownerships (state, national, and private non-industrial), (2) developed carbon LCIs for a dimensional lumber and two oriented strand board (OSB) mills and (3) completed a scaled version of 1 and 2 to include more Wisconsin forestlands and to incorporate the other major processes within the industrial forest carbon cycle (e.g. primary mill, secondary mill, product use and product disposal processes of the industrial forest carbon cycle). The carbon budgets for the harvesting process of the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest (CNNF), the Northern Highland American Legion State Forest (NHAL), and the non-industrial private forests that participated in the managed forest laws of Wisconsin (MFL-NIPF) were 0.10, 0.18 and 0.11 tonnes C ha−1 year−1), respectively. The dimensional lumber and OSB products were both net carbon sources, and released 0.05–0.09 tonnes C/tonnes C processed). More carbon is sequestered than released within the industrial forest carbon cycle of Wisconsin's national (6 g C m−2 year−1), state (12 g C m−2 year−1) and non-industrial private forests (7 g C m−2 year−1). Using published net ecosystem production data we estimate that the net forest carbon cycle budget (sum of the biological and industrial C cycle, [Gower, S.T., 2003. Patterns and mechanisms of the forest carbon cycle. Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour. 28, 169–204]) for the CNNF ranges between −897 and 348 g C m−2 year−1. Life cycle inventories of wood and paper products should be clear and explicitly state what processes are included, so that results can be used by policy makers and future researchers. DA - 2005/11/7/ PY - 2005/11/7/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.039 VL - 219 IS - 1 SP - 13-28 SN - 1872-7042 KW - life cycle inventory KW - carbon budget KW - roundwood KW - Wisconsin forests KW - dimensional lumber KW - oriented strand board ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of stand age and tree species on canopy transpiration and average stomatal conductance of boreal forests AU - Ewers, BE AU - Gower, ST AU - Bond-Lamberty, B AU - Wang, CK T2 - PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT AB - ABSTRACT We quantified the effect of stand age and tree species composition on canopy transpiration ( E C ) by analysing transpiration per unit leaf area ( E L ) and canopy stomatal conductance ( G S ) for boreal trees comprising a five stand wildfire chronosequence. A total of 196 sap flux sensors were used on 90 trees consisting of Betula papyrifera Marsh (paper birch; present in the youngest stand), Populus tremuloides Michx (quaking aspen), Pinus banksiana Lamb. (jack pine), and Picea mariana (Mill.) (black spruce). While fine roots were positively correlated with stand E C ; leaf area index, basal area, and sapwood area were not. Stands less than 70 years old were dominated by Populus tremuloides and Pinus banksiana and stands greater than 70 years old were composed almost entirely of Picea mariana. As Populus tremuloides and Pinus banksiana increased in size and age, they displayed an increasing sapwood to leaf area ratio ( A S : A L ), a constant minimum leaf water potential (Ψ L ), and a constant proportionality between G S at low vapour pressure deficit ( Dj G Sref ) and the sensitivity of G S to D (– δ ). In contrast, A S : A L , minimum Ψ L , and the proportionally between – δ and G Sref decreased with height and age in Picea mariana . A G S model that included the effects of D , A S : A L , tree height, and for Picea mariana an increasing soil to leaf water potential gradient with stand age, was able to capture the effects of contrasting hydraulic properties of Picea mariana , Populus tremuloides and Pinus banksiana during stand development after wildfire. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01312.x VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 660-678 SN - 1365-3040 KW - chronosequence KW - fire KW - hydraulic conductance KW - leaf water potential KW - sapwood-to-leaf area ratio KW - tree height ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis and optimization of the MODIS leaf area index algorithm retrievals over broadleaf forests AU - Shabanov, NV AU - Huang, D AU - Yang, WZ AU - Tan, B AU - Knyazikhin, Y AU - Myneni, RB AU - Ahl, DE AU - Gower, ST AU - Huete, AR AU - Aragao, LEOC AU - Shimabukuro, YE T2 - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING AB - Broadleaf forest is a major type of Earth's land cover with the highest observable vegetation density. Retrievals of biophysical parameters, such as leaf area index (LAI), of broadleaf forests at global scale constitute a major challenge to modern remote sensing techniques in view of low sensitivity (saturation) of surface reflectances to such parameters over dense vegetation. The goal of the performed research is to demonstrate physical principles of LAI retrievals over broadleaf forests with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LAI algorithm and to establish a basis for algorithm refinement. To sample natural variability in biophysical parameters of broadleaf forests, we selected MODIS data subsets covering deciduous broadleaf forests of the eastern part of North America and evergreen broadleaf forests of Amazonia. The analysis of an annual course of the Terra MODIS Collection 4 LAI product over broadleaf forests indicated a low portion of best quality main radiative transfer-based algorithm retrievals and dominance of low-reliable backup algorithm retrievals during the growing season. We found that this retrieval anomaly was due to an inconsistency between simulated and MODIS surface reflectances. LAI retrievals over dense vegetation are mostly performed over a compact location in the spectral space of saturated surface reflectances, which need to be accurately modeled. New simulations were performed with the stochastic radiative transfer model, which poses high numerical accuracy at the condition of saturation. Separate sets of parameters of the LAI algorithm were generated for deciduous and evergreen broadleaf forests to account for the differences in the corresponding surface reflectance properties. The optimized algorithm closely captures physics of seasonal variations in surface reflectances and delivers a majority of LAI retrievals during a phenological cycle, consistent with field measurements. The analysis of the optimized retrievals indicates that the precision of MODIS surface reflectances, the natural variability, and mixture of species set a limit to improvements of the accuracy of LAI retrievals over broadleaf forests. DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1109/tgrs.2005.852477 VL - 43 IS - 8 SP - 1855-1865 SN - 1558-0644 KW - leaf area index (LAI) KW - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) KW - stochastic radiative transfer KW - surface reflectances KW - Terra ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reimplementation of the Biome-BGC model to simulate successional change AU - Bond-Lamberty, B AU - Gower, ST AU - Ahl, DE AU - Thornton, PE T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Biogeochemical process models are increasingly employed to simulate current and future forest dynamics, but most simulate only a single canopy type. This limitation means that mixed stands, canopy succession and understory dynamics cannot be modeled, severe handicaps in many forests. The goals of this study were to develop a version of Biome-BGC that supported multiple, interacting vegetation types, and to assess its performance and limitations by comparing modeled results to published data from a 150-year boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) chronosequence in northern Manitoba, Canada. Model data structures and logic were modified to support an arbitrary number of interacting vegetation types; an explicit height calculation was necessary to prioritize radiation and precipitation interception. Two vegetation types, evergreen needle-leaf and deciduous broadleaf, were modeled based on site-specific meteorological and physiological data. The new version of Biome-BGC reliably simulated observed changes in leaf area, net primary production and carbon stocks, and should be useful for modeling the dynamics of mixed-species stands and ecological succession. We discuss the strengths and limitations of Biome-BGC for this application, and note areas in which further work is necessary for reliable simulation of boreal biogeochemical cycling at a landscape scale. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1093/treephys/25.4.413 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 413-424 SN - 1758-4469 KW - black spruce KW - boreal forest KW - carbon KW - ecological modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of amendments of paper mill sludge and nutrients on soil surface CO2 flux in northern hardwood forests AU - Wang, C.K. AU - Feldkirchner, D. C. AU - Gower, S. T. AU - Ferris, J. AU - Kruger, E. L. T2 - Journal of Forestry Research DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1007/bf02858186 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 265-269 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Site-level evaluation of satellite-based global terrestrial gross primary production and net primary production monitoring AU - Turner, DP AU - Ritts, WD AU - Cohen, WB AU - Maeirsperger, TK AU - Gower, ST AU - Kirschbaum, AA AU - Running, SW AU - Zhao, MS AU - Wofsy, SC AU - Dunn, AL AU - Law, BE AU - Campbell, JL AU - Oechel, WC AU - Kwon, HJ AU - Meyers, TP AU - Small, EE AU - Kurc, SA AU - Gamon, JA T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Operational monitoring of global terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) is now underway using imagery from the satellite‐borne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Evaluation of MODIS GPP and NPP products will require site‐level studies across a range of biomes, with close attention to numerous scaling issues that must be addressed to link ground measurements to the satellite‐based carbon flux estimates. Here, we report results of a study aimed at evaluating MODIS NPP/GPP products at six sites varying widely in climate, land use, and vegetation physiognomy. Comparisons were made for twenty‐five 1 km 2 cells at each site, with 8‐day averages for GPP and an annual value for NPP. The validation data layers were made with a combination of ground measurements, relatively high resolution satellite data (Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus at ∼30 m resolution), and process‐based modeling. There was strong seasonality in the MODIS GPP at all sites, and mean NPP ranged from 80 g C m −2 yr −1 at an arctic tundra site to 550 g C m −2 yr −1 at a temperate deciduous forest site. There was not a consistent over‐ or underprediction of NPP across sites relative to the validation estimates. The closest agreements in NPP and GPP were at the temperate deciduous forest, arctic tundra, and boreal forest sites. There was moderate underestimation in the MODIS products at the agricultural field site, and strong overestimation at the desert grassland and at the dry coniferous forest sites. Analyses of specific inputs to the MODIS NPP/GPP algorithm – notably the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the vegetation canopy, the maximum light use efficiency (LUE), and the climate data – revealed the causes of the over‐ and underestimates. Suggestions for algorithm improvement include selectively altering values for maximum LUE (based on observations at eddy covariance flux towers) and parameters regulating autotrophic respiration. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00936.x VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 666-684 SN - 1365-2486 KW - carbon KW - FPAR KW - global KW - gross primary production KW - light use efficiency KW - MODIS KW - net primary production KW - satellite remote sensing KW - scaling KW - validation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon pools in a boreal mixedwood logging chronosequence AU - Martin, JL AU - Gower, ST AU - Plaut, J AU - Holmes, B T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Mixedwood forests are an ecologically and economically important forest type in central Canada, but the ecology of these forests is not as well studied as that of single‐species dominated stands in the boreal forest. Northern boreal mixedwood forests have only recently been harvested and the effects of harvesting on carbon content in these stands are unknown. We quantified the carbon content and aboveground net primary production (NPP) for four different‐aged mixedwood boreal forest stands in northern Manitoba, Canada. The stands included 11‐, 18‐, and 30‐year‐old stands that originated from harvesting and a 65‐year‐old fire‐originated stand that typifies the origin of all northern boreal mixed‐wood forests that are coming under management. Trees included black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.), balsam poplar ( Populus balsamifera L.), and quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.). Overstory biomass was estimated using species‐specific allometric models that generally explained greater than 95% of the observed variation in biomass. Carbon content of the overstory vegetation was greatest in the 65‐year‐old stand and was 74% larger than the 11‐year‐old stand and showed a positive relationship with stand age ( F 1, 2 =122.62, P =0.0081 R 2 =0.99). The slope of mineral soil carbon did not differ significantly among stands ( F 1, 2 =0.39, P =0.5956, R 2 =0.16). Coarse woody debris carbon content followed a U‐shaped pattern among stands. Aboveground NPP differed by 24% between the youngest and oldest stand. Mean annual carbon accumulation and aboveground NPP rates of the mixedwood forests were on average two times greater than nearby relatively pure stands studied during the BOREAS (BOReal Ecosystem Atmospheric Study) project. The trends in the results, along with other field studies, suggest that harvesting does not significantly affect the total soil carbon content. The results of this study suggest that scientists should be cautious about extrapolating results from BOREAS stands to a broader region until more data on other forest types and regions are available. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01019.x VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - 1883-1894 SN - 1365-2486 KW - allometric equations KW - biomass KW - carbon content KW - mixedwood forest KW - net primary production KW - productivity ER - TY - CHAP TI - Agricultural Biotechnology Science Compromised AU - Worthy, K. A. AU - Strohman, R. C. AU - Billings, P. R. AU - Delborne, J. A. AU - Duarte-Trattner, E. AU - Gove, N. AU - Latham, D. R. AU - Manahan, Carol M. T2 - Controversies in Science and Technology: From Maize to Menopause A2 - Daniel Lee Kleinman, Abby J. Kinchy A2 - Handelsman, Jo PY - 2005/// SP - 135-49 PB - Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press SN - 0299203905 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Snowshoe hares in Yellowstone AU - Hodges, K. E. AU - Mills, L. S. T2 - Yellowstone Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 13 SP - 3-6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pellet count indices compared to mark-recapture estimates for evaluating snowshoe hare density AU - Mills, LS AU - Griffin, PC AU - Hodges, KE AU - McKelvey, K AU - Ruggiero, L AU - Ulizio, T T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) undergo remarkable cycles and are the primary prey base of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), a carnivore recently listed as threatened in the contiguous United States. Efforts to evaluate hare densities using pellets have traditionally been based on regression equations developed in the Yukon, Canada. In western Montana, we evaluated whether or not local regression equations performed better than the most recent Yukon equation and assessed whether there was concordance between pellet-based predictions and mark–recapture density estimates of hares. We developed local Montana regression equations based on 224 data points consisting of mark-recapture estimates and pellet counts, derived from 38 sites in 2 different areas sampled for 1 to 5 years using 2 different pellet plot shapes. We evaluated concordance between estimated density and predicted density based on pellet counts coupled with regression equations at 436 site-area-season combinations different from those used to develop the regression equations. At densities below 0.3 hares/ha, predicted density based on pellets tended to be greater than for mark–recapture; the difference was usually <1 hare per ha on an absolute scale, but at low densities this translated to proportional differences of 1,000% or greater. At densities above 0.7 hares/ha, pellet regressions tended to predict lower density than mark–recapture. Because local regression equations did not outperform the Yukon equation, we see little merit in further development of local regression equations unless a study is to be conducted in a formal double-sampling framework. We recommend that widespread pellet sampling be used to identify areas with very low hare densities; subsequent surveys using mark–recapture methodology can then focus on higher density areas where density inferences are more reliable. DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.2193/0022-541x(2005)069[1053:pcictm]2.0.co;2 VL - 69 IS - 3 SP - 1053-1062 SN - 1937-2817 KW - abundance index KW - density estimation KW - effective grid size KW - Lepus americanus KW - mark-recapture KW - Montana KW - pellet counts KW - population size KW - snowshoe hare ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mortality by moonlight: predation risk and the snowshoe hare AU - Griffin, PC AU - Griffin, SC AU - Waroquiers, C AU - Mills, LS T2 - BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AB - Optimal behavior theory suggests that prey animals will reduce activity during intermittent periods when elevated predation risk outweighs the fitness benefits of activity. Specifically, the predation risk allocation hypothesis predicts that prey activity should decrease dramatically at times of high predation risk if there is high temporal variation in predation risk but should remain relatively uniform when temporal variation in predation risk is low. To test these predictions we examined the seasonably variable response of snowshoe hares to moonlight and predation risk. Unlike studies finding uniform avoidance of moonlight in small mammals, we find that moonlight avoidance is seasonal and corresponds to seasonal variation in moonlight intensity. We radio-collared 177 wild snowshoe hares to estimate predation rates as a measure of risk and used movement distances from a sample of those animals as a measure of activity. In the snowy season, 5-day periods around full moons had 2.5 times more predation than around new moons, but that ratio of the increased predation rate was only 1.8 in the snow-free season. There was no significant increase in use of habitats with more hiding cover during full moons. Snowshoe hares' nightly movement distances decreased during high-risk full-moon periods in the snowy season but did not change according to moon phase in the snow-free season. These results are consistent with the predation risk allocation hypothesis. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1093/beheco/ari074 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 938-944 SN - 1465-7279 KW - moonlight KW - moon phase KW - movement KW - predation rate KW - predation risk KW - prey behavior ER - TY - JOUR TI - Habitat selection of endangered and endemic large flying-foxes in Subic Bay, Philippines AU - Mildenstein, TL AU - Stier, SC AU - Nuevo-Diego, CE AU - Mills, LS T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - Large flying-foxes in insular Southeast Asia are the most threatened of the Old World fruit bats due to high levels of deforestation and hunting and effectively little local conservation commitment. The forest at Subic Bay, Philippines, supports a rare, large colony of vulnerable Philippine giant fruit bats (Pteropus vampyrus lanensis) and endangered and endemic golden-crowned flying-foxes (Acerodon jubatus). These large flying-foxes are optimal for conservation focus, because in addition to being keystone, flagship, and umbrella species, the bats are important to Subic Bay’s economy and its indigenous cultures. Habitat selection information streamlines management’s efforts to protect and conserve these popular but threatened animals. We used radio telemetry to describe the bats’ nighttime use of habitat on two ecological scales: vegetation and microhabitat. The fruit bats used the entire 14,000 ha study area, including all of Subic Bay Watershed Reserve, as well as neighboring forests just outside the protected area boundaries. Their recorded foraging locations ranged between 0.4 and 12 km from the roost. We compared the bats’ use to the availability of vegetative habitat types, riparian areas, and bat trees. The fruit bats’ locations showed a preference for undisturbed forest types and selection against disturbed and agricultural areas. Bat locations also showed selection for particular fruiting/flowering bat trees. The bats showed strong preference for riparian areas; locations were in riparian areas over four times more than expected. From these results we recommend that management focus flying-fox conservation efforts on undisturbed forest and riparian areas. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.001 VL - 126 IS - 1 SP - 93-102 SN - 1873-2917 KW - habitat selection KW - threatened species conservation KW - Philippines KW - Pteropus vampyrus KW - Acerodon juhatus KW - fruit bat ER - TY - BOOK TI - Guide to the tendrillate climbers of Costa Rican mountains AU - Krings, A. AU - R. Braham, R. R. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1002/9780470292082 PB - Ames, Iowa : Blackwell Publishing SN - 9780813807584 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene flow after inbreeding leads to higher survival in deer mice AU - Schwartz, MK AU - Mills, LS T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - We test the ability of gene flow to alleviate the deleterious effects of inbreeding in a small mammal, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). After three generations of sib–sib mating, individuals from three lines of mice were either subject to further inbreeding or were mated with an outbred individual. Subsequently, these mice, plus a control line, which were first generation (F1) mice from unrelated individuals kept in captivity for the same duration as the treatment lines, were released into isolated pens in a forest in western Montana. Survival of individual mice was recorded. Survival models that allowed variation in breeding treatments were well supported, whereas models explaining variation in line, or release location were not well supported. Survival was highest for offspring of the outcross group, intermediate for the inbred animals, and lowest for the control group. This suggests that the introduction of migrants can reduce inbreeding depression, as theory predicts. We also show limited evidence for purging of deleterious recessive alleles that can cause inbreeding depression. While purging may have occurred, the demographic cost was non-trivial as 5 of 8 of our inbred mouse lines went extinct during the inbreeding process. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.11.016 VL - 123 IS - 4 SP - 413-420 SN - 1873-2917 KW - inbreeding depression KW - migration KW - purging KW - deer mouse KW - conservation biology ER - TY - CHAP TI - Ecology and management of small populations AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Scott, J. M. AU - Strickler, K. M. AU - Temple, S. A. T2 - Techniques for wildlife investigations and management (6th ed.) PY - 2005/// SP - 691-713 PB - Bethesda, Md. : Wildlife Society SN - 9780933564152 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climatologically aided mapping of daily precipitation and temperature AU - Hunter, RD AU - Meentemeyer, RK T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AB - Abstract Accurately mapped meteorological data are an essential component for hydrologic and ecological research conducted at broad scales. A simple yet effective method for mapping daily weather conditions across heterogeneous landscapes is described and assessed. Daily weather data recorded at point locations are integrated with long-term-average climate maps to reconstruct spatially explicit estimates of daily precipitation and temperature extrema. The method uses ordinary kriging to interpolate base station data spatially into fields of approximately 2-km grain size. The fields are subsequently adjusted by 30-yr-average climate maps [Parameter-Elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM)], which incorporate adiabatic lapse rates, orographic effects, coastal proximity, and other environmental factors. The accuracy assessment evaluated an interpolation-only approach and the new method by comparing predicted and observed values from an independent validation dataset. The results of the accuracy assessment are compared for a 24-yr period for California. For all three weather variables, mean absolute errors (MAE) of the climate-imprint method were considerably smaller than those of the interpolation-only approach. MAE for predicted daily precipitation was ±2.5 mm, with a bias of +0.01. MAE for predicted daily minimum and maximum temperatures were ±1.7° and ±2.0°C, respectively, with corresponding biases of −0.41° and −0.38°C. MAE differed seasonally for all three weather variables, but the method was stable despite variation in the number of base stations available for each day. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1175/jam2295.1 VL - 44 IS - 10 SP - 1501-1510 SN - 0894-8763 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Deer antlers - bones of contention? AU - Brown, R. D. T2 - Records of North American Big Game, 12th A2 - Reneau, J. A2 - Buckner, E. L. PY - 2005/// SP - 53-62 PB - Missoula, MT: Boone & Crockett Club ER - TY - CONF TI - Seedling resistance to Phytophthora cinammomi in the Genus Abies AU - Frampton, J. AU - Benson, D. M. AU - Li, J. AU - Brahan, A. M. AU - Hudson, E. E. AU - Potter, K. M. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings of the 28th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2005/// SP - 146-147 ER - TY - CONF TI - Impacts of balsam woolly adelgid on the Southern Appalachian spruce-fir ecosystem and the North Carolina Christmas Tree Industry AU - Potter, K. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Sidebottom, J. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States, February 1-3, 2005, Renaissance Asheville Hotel, Asheville, North Carolina DA - 2005/// SP - 25-41 PB - USFS Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team ER - TY - CONF TI - Fraser fir population size and pollen dispersal: a landscape genetics model AU - Potter, K. M. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Potter, K. AU - Hess, G. R. C2 - 2005/// C3 - 20th Annual Symposium for the US Regional Chapter of the International Association for Landscape Ecology DA - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chestnut mast (newsletter of the Carolinas Chapter of The American Chestnut Foundation) AU - Frampton, J. AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Chestnut Mast DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 6 IS - 1 ER - TY - CONF TI - An ex situ gene conservation plan for Fraser fir AU - Potter, K. M. AU - Frampton, J. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings of the 28th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2005/// SP - 148-159 ER - TY - JOUR TI - My trip to Germany AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Limbs & Needles DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 7-9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exotic fir research in North Carolina AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Nova Scotia Christmas Tree Journal DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 5-10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Building a better variety of Virginia pine AU - Frampton, J. T2 - American Christmas Tree Journal DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 14-16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wildlife loss through domestication: The case of endangered key deer AU - Peterson, MN AU - Lopez, RR AU - Laurent, EJ AU - Frank, PA AU - Silvy, NJ AU - Liu, JG T2 - CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AB - Abstract: Wildlife extinction represents the ultimate failure of wildlife conservation. It has many causes, some of them natural, but is increasingly tied to anthropogenic factors. Wildlife loss via domestication, however, is rarely considered. We evaluated the potential for inadvertent domestication of wildlife by determining the effect of feeding and watering on Key deer ( Odocoileus virginianus clavium ) density, group size, and distribution. Key deer sightings were significantly higher in areas (42 ha) surrounding the households that provided food and water (0.18 deer/m; n = 8 ) than in randomly selected areas (0.03 deer/m; t = 3.82, 14 df, p = 0.002 ). Average distance to a household providing food and water decreased logistically as group size increased, and large groups (>2 individuals each) were observed more frequently in areas where food and water were provided (27.5%) than in the randomly selected areas (7.5%). The incidence of large groups outside feeding areas (7.5%), however, was similar to the incidence of large groups during early urbanization (5.1%; 1968–1973). Our results suggest illegal feeding caused changes in density, group size, and distribution indicative of domestication. Because fresh water and food were primary selective pressures for Key deer before illegal feeding and watering, genetic changes may occur in the future. For those who value “wildness” in wildlife, domestication of wildlife species is a serious problem that must be addressed. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00069.x VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 939-944 SN - 1523-1739 KW - endangered species KW - Florida KW - Odocoileus virginianus clavium KW - urban wildlife ER - TY - CONF TI - Moving toward sustainability through environmental justice AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Peterson, M. J. AU - Peterson, T. R. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings of the 8th Biennial Conference on Communication and the Environment DA - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - From the field: Changes in ranges of Florida Key deer - does population density matter? AU - Lopez, RR AU - Harveson, PM AU - Peterson, MN AU - Silvy, NJ AU - Frank, PA T2 - WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN AB - The relationship between population density and range size has long been debated. While many studies have documented varying responses in range size to changes in population densities, most have been the result of experimental manipulation. We examined the effects of long-term density changes in Florida Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) on range and core-area sizes. We radiocollared Key deer as part of 2 separate research projects conducted December 1968–June 1972, and January 1998–December 2001. We used a total of 96 (females, n=62; males, n=34) and 163 (females, n=88; males, n=75) radiocollared Key deer to calculate annual and seasonal ranges and core areas, respectively. Season and age were not important factors in describing ranges and core areas of Key deer, while sex and period (early vs. current study) were important. On average, male annual ranges (=221 ha, current; =388 ha, early) were greater than female annual ranges (=42 ha, current; =101 ha, early), which might explain higher male mortality due to roadkills. Early ranges and core areas were greater (≅2x) than current ranges and core areas. We suggest that increased deer densities may have resulted in a decrease in Key deer ranges. Other factors influencing changes in Key deer ranges included increased habitat quality and Key deer domestication over the last 30 years. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[343:FTFCIR]2.0.CO;2 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 343-348 SN - 1938-5463 KW - annual ranges KW - density effects KW - Florida Key deer KW - Odocoileus virginianus clavium KW - seasonal ranges KW - urban development KW - urban white-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conservation and the myth of consensus AU - Peterson, MN AU - Peterson, MJ AU - Peterson, TR T2 - CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AB - Abstract: Environmental policy makers are embracing consensus‐based approaches to environmental decision making in an attempt to enhance public participation in conservation and facilitate the potentially incompatible goals of environmental protection and economic growth. Although such approaches may produce positive results in immediate spatial and temporal contexts and under some forms of governance, their overuse has potentially dangerous implications for conservation within many democratic societies. We suggest that environmental decision making rooted in consensus theory leads to the dilution of socially powerful conservation metaphors and legitimizes current power relationships rooted in unsustainable social constructions of reality. We also suggest an argumentative model of environmental decision making rooted in ecology will facilitate progressive environmental policy by placing the environmental agenda on firmer epistemological ground and legitimizing challenges to current power hegemonies that dictate unsustainable practices. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00518.x VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 762-767 SN - 1523-1739 KW - democracy KW - environmental conflict KW - social construction KW - sustainable development ER - TY - CONF TI - Variation of a-cellulose content and related metabolites during wood formation in loblolly pine AU - Morris, C. R. AU - Goldfarb, B. AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, C. S. AU - Chang, H.-M. AU - Sederoff, R. AU - Kadla, J. F. C2 - 2005/// C3 - 13th ISWFPC Proceedings DA - 2005/// VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Taking responsibility for special places AU - Steelman, T. A. T2 - News and Observer [Raleigh, N.C.] DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genotypic selectivity of test environments on different ecological zones AU - Isik, K. AU - Isik, F. AU - Kurt, Y. AU - Semiz, G. T2 - 10th European Ecological Congress DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 10 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic variation in MFA, MOE and wood density among clones of Pinus taeda L. AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, B. AU - Goldfarb, B. C2 - 2005/// C3 - 28th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2005/// VL - 28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic improvement of Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) for Christmas tree production AU - Frampton, J. AU - Isik, F. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 11 SP - 137-147 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Adaptive governance: integrating natural resource science, decision making and policy AU - Brunner, R. AU - Steelman, T. A. AU - Coe-Juell, L. AU - Cromley, C. M. AU - Edwards, C. A. AU - Tucker, D. W. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// PB - New York: Columbia University Press SN - 0231136242 ER - TY - CONF TI - Total inside-bark volume estimation for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in genetic trials AU - Sherrill, J. R. AU - Mullin, T. J. AU - Bullock, B. P. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Purnell, R. C. AU - Gumpertz, M. L. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings of the 28th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2005/// SP - 123-125 ER - TY - CONF TI - Looking for a win-win situation: a meta-analysis of poverty and deforestation AU - Atmadja, N. AU - Sills, E. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Forest Economics Workshop DA - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest genetics and tree breeding in the age of genomics--IUFRO Conference AU - Li, B. AU - McKeand, S. E. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 141-143 ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparing parameter estimation techniques for diameter distributions of loblolly pine AU - Smith, B. C. AU - Bullock, B. P. AU - McKeand, S. E. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings of the 28th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2005/// SP - 104-106 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Integration of high resolution imagery in cost-effective assessment of land use practices influencing erosion and sediment yield AU - Khorram, S. AU - Nelson, S. A. C. AU - Cakir, H. AU - Hester, D. B. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 221 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic variation in young Fraser fir progeny tests AU - Emerson, J. L. AU - Frampton, L. J. AU - McKeand, S. E. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings of the 28th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2005/// SP - 115-117 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of climate and land use on landscape soil respiration in northern Wisconsin, USA: 1972 to 2001 AU - Zheng, DL AU - Chen, JQ AU - Noormets, A AU - Euskirchen, ES AU - Le Moine, J T2 - CLIMATE RESEARCH AB - CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials CR 28:163-173 (2005) - doi:10.3354/cr028163 Effects of climate and land use on landscape soil respiration in northern Wisconsin, USA: 1972 to 2001 Daolan Zheng1,*, Jiquan Chen1, Asko Noormets1, Eugénie S. Euskirchen2, James Le Moine1 1Department of Earth, Ecological, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA2Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA *Email: dzheng@utnet.utoledo.edu ABSTRACT: Changes in climate and land use affect soil respiration rates (SRR) significantly, but studies of these effects across entire landscapes are rare. We simulated responses of landscape mean SRR (LMSRR) to such changes from May to October over a 30 yr period in a managed, predominantly forested landscape in northern Wisconsin, USA, using: (1) 6 satellite-derived land-cover maps (1972, 1978, 1982, 1987, 1992, and 2001); (2) monthly air temperature data in the corresponding years of the cover maps; and (3) SRR models driven by soil temperature (Ts) at 5 cm depth. LMSRR seemed to increase linearly by 77% from 0.625 in May to 1.104 g CO2 m–2 h–1 in July, and then decreased at an increasing rate to 0.411 g CO2 m–2 h–1 in October. LMSRR was more sensitive to an increase of minimum temperature than that of mean or maximum temperature, suggesting that future climate change might impact SRR in high-latitude forests more than other biomes. LMSRR in September over the study period was similar to that of June but with 92% higher variation, while both landscape mean air temperature and precipitation in September had lower variation than in June. This indicates that the topsoil layer functions differently during soil warming and cooling phases. Changes in land cover composition from 1972 to 2001 increased LMSRR by 2.8 to 3.1% while 2°C differences in growing season mean air temperature increased the SRR by 6.7 to 7.0%. The combined effects of both variables on the SRR are more complex, varying from 3.8 to 10.0%. KEY WORDS:Landscape-scale soil respiration · Temperature variation · Landscape composition · Empirical model · Carbon flux Full article in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in CR Vol. 28, No. 2. Online publication date: March 16, 2005 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; Online ISSN: 1616-1572 Copyright © 2005 Inter-Research. DA - 2005/3/16/ PY - 2005/3/16/ DO - 10.3354/cr028163 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 163-173 SN - 1616-1572 KW - landscape-scale soil respiration KW - temperature variation KW - landscape composition KW - empirical model KW - carbon flux ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water table and temperature regime affect growth of potted Atlantic white cedar AU - Derby, S. A. AU - Hinesley, L. E. T2 - Atlantic white cedar : ecology, restoration, and management : proceedings of the Arlington Echo Symposium, Millersville, Maryland, June 2-4, 2003 DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Practical considerations when using perturbed Forest Inventory plot locations to develop spatial models: A case study AU - Coulston, J. W. AU - Reams, G. A. AU - McRoberts, R. E. AU - Smith, W. D. T2 - Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - PAT TI - Methods for simultaneous control of lignin content and composition, and cellulose content in plants AU - Chiang, V. L. C. AU - Li, L. C2 - 2005/// DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest health monitoring: 2003 National Technical Report AU - Coulston, J. W. AU - Ambrose, M. J. AU - Riiters, K. H. AU - Conkling, B. L. AU - Smith, W. D. T2 - Forest health monitoring : 2003 national technical report DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest health monitoring: 2002 National Technical Report AU - Coulston, J. AU - Ambrose, M. J. AU - Riiters, K. H. AU - Conkling, B. L. T2 - Forest health monitoring : 2002 national technical report DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fertilizing containerized Atlantic white cedar seedlings AU - Derby, S. A. AU - Hinesley, L. E. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 97 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fast-grown plantations, forest certification, and the U.S. South: Environmental benefits and economic sustainability AU - Cubbage, F. W. AU - Siry, J. P. AU - Abt, R. C. T2 - New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 266 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clarification of cinnamoyl co-enzyme a reductase catalysis in monolignol biosynthesis of aspen AU - Li, LG AU - Cheng, XF AU - Lu, SF AU - Nakatsubo, T AU - Umezawa, T AU - Chiang, VL T2 - PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY AB - Cinnamoyl co-enzyme A reductase (CCR), one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of monolignols, has been thought to catalyze the conversion of several cinnamoyl-CoA esters to their respective cinnamaldehydes. However, it is unclear which cinnamoyl-CoA ester is metabolized for monolignol biosynthesis. A xylem-specific CCR cDNA was cloned from aspen (Populus tremuloides) developing xylem tissue. The recombinant CCR protein was produced through an Escherichia coli expression system and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The biochemical properties of CCR were characterized through direct structural corroboration and quantitative analysis of the reaction products using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system. The enzyme kinetics demonstrated that CCR selectively catalyzed the reduction of feruloyl-CoA from a mixture of five cinnamoyl CoA esters. Furthermore, feruloyl-CoA showed a strong competitive inhibition of the CCR catalysis of other cinnamoyl CoA esters. Importantly, when CCR was coupled with caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) to catalyze the substrate caffeoyl-CoA ester, coniferaldehyde was formed, suggesting that CCoAOMT and CCR are neighboring enzymes. However, the in vitro results also revealed that the reactions mediated by these two neighboring enzymes require different pH environments, indicating that compartmentalization is probably needed for CCR and CCoAOMT to function properly in vivo. Eight CCR homologous genes were identified in the P. trichocarpa genome and their expression profiling suggests that they may function differentially. DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.1093/pcp/pci120 VL - 46 IS - 7 SP - 1073-1082 SN - 1471-9053 KW - cinnamoyl co-enzyme A reductase (CCR) KW - lignin KW - monolignol biosynthesis KW - xylem ER - TY - JOUR TI - Verification of QTL linked markers for propagation traits in Eucalyptus AU - Marques, C. M. AU - Carocha, V. J. AU - Sa, A. R. Pereira AU - Oliveira, M. R. AU - Pires, A. M. AU - Sederoff, R. AU - Borralho, N. M. G. T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1007/s11295-005-0013-1 VL - 1 IS - 3 SP - 103-108 SN - 1614-2950 KW - Eucalyptus KW - AFLP KW - QTL verification KW - vegetative propagation KW - marker-aided selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potentials for win-win alliances among animal agriculture and forest products industries: Application of the principles of industrial ecology and sustainable development AU - Cowling, EB AU - Furiness, CS T2 - SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES C-LIFE SCIENCES DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1360/062005-263 VL - 48 SP - 697-709 SN - 1006-9305 KW - air and water pollution KW - animal agriculture KW - environmental impacts KW - forest alternative KW - forest nutrition KW - forest products industries KW - industrial ecology KW - municipal wastes KW - nitrogen management KW - nutrient management KW - organic matter KW - phosphorus nutrition KW - reactive nitrogen KW - sustainable development KW - win-win alliances ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of irrigation and fertilization on soil microbial biomass and functional diversity AU - Li, Q. AU - Allen, Howard T2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry AB - Abstract Optimal water and nutrient treatment effects on soil mi-crobial characteristics, including microbial functional diversity and mi-crobial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) were assessed at a loblolly pine plantation on a Sandhills site after 6 years of continuous fertilization and irrigation. Fertilization significantly increased soil C and N and microbial C and N. Irrigation significantly increased soil C and N, and microbial C. Fertilization, irrigation, and their interaction changed soil microbial selection of carbon compounds, but did not influence the numbers of carbon compounds utilized by soil microbes, as measured by the BIOLOG method suggesting that soil microbial species may have changed. The increases in soil microbial biomass and soil C and N indicate that the fertilization and irrigation treatments have had a positive effect on soil productivity on this very sandy site. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1300/j091v20n04_02 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 17–35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analyzing water soluble soil organics as trifluoroacetyl derivatives by liquid state proton nuclear magnetic resonance AU - Sanchez, FG AU - Leggett, ZH AU - Sankar, S T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - Abstract In forested ecosystems, water soluble organics play an important role in soil processes including carbon and nutrient turnover, microbial activity and pedogenesis. The quantity and quality (i.e., chemistry) of these materials is sensitive to land management practices. Monitoring alterations in the chemistry of water soluble organics resulting from land management practices is difficult because of the complexity and low concentration of these compounds. A procedure is described in which the water soluble organics are quantitatively derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride and then analyzed by liquid state proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The procedure was applied to sample amounts as low as 0.03 mg from the forest floor and root exudates. The root exudate samples were dominated by aliphatic compounds with relatively few O‐alkyl, olefinic and aromatic compounds. The chemistry of the samples originating from the forest floor differed dramatically with soil texture and treatment combinations. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1080/00103620500304150 VL - 36 IS - 19-20 SP - 2793-2805 SN - 1532-2416 KW - water soluble organics KW - H-1 NMR KW - root exudates KW - acetylation ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of nutrition and density on growth, foliage biomass, and growth efficiency of high-density fire-origin lodgepole pine in central British Columbia AU - Blevins, DP AU - Prescott, CE AU - Allen, HL AU - Newsome, TA T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - A factorial thinning and fertilization experiment was established in central British Columbia in a 36-year-old high-density fire-origin lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) stand to examine the effects of density, nutrition, and their interaction on tree and stand growth, foliage biomass per hectare, and growth efficiency. Volume growth was increased from 2 to 7 m 3 ·ha –1 ·year –1 when fertilizer was applied without thinning and to 5 m 3 ·ha –1 ·year –1 when fertilizer was applied with thinning. Thinning increased tree-level foliage biomass and growth efficiency by concentrating limited resources onto fewer trees, resulting in increased tree-level volume growth. Stand-level volume growth was reduced by thinning because of the large reduction in stocking. However, by year 4, stand-level volume growth was the same on control and thinned plots, suggesting that thinned trees have already recaptured the site potential. Fertilization increased both tree-level and stand-level productivity through increases in resource availability per tree and per hectare. This resulted in increased foliage biomass and growth efficiency at the tree and stand level. The combination of thinning and fertilization resulted in the greatest tree-level growth because of increased tree-level foliage biomass and growth efficiency. Boron appears to be the most limiting element followed by sulfur and nitrogen. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1139/X05-204 VL - 35 IS - 12 SP - 2851-2859 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strain persistence and fluctuation of multiple-antibiotic resistant Campylobacter coli colonizing turkeys over successive production cycles AU - Lee, Bong Choon AU - Reimers, Nancy AU - Barnes, H. John AU - D'Lima, Carol AU - Carver, Donna AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE AB - The dynamics of colonization of turkeys by thermophilic campylobacters that are resistant to multiple antibiotics is poorly understood. In this study, we monitored cecal colonization of turkeys by Campylobacter over three successive production cycles at the same farm. Campylobacter isolated from the ceca was predominantly C. coli in all three flocks. Isolates with two distinct fla types that represented a single clonal group based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and that were resistant to multiple antibiotics (tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, erythromycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin) predominated throughout the three production cycles. The relative prevalence of each fla type, however, varied significantly from one flock to the next. The repeated isolation of these multiresistant C. coli from successive flocks likely reflected persistence of the organisms in currently unknown reservoirs in the production environment or, alternatively, repeated introduction events followed by establishment of these bacteria in each successive flock. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1089/fpd.2005.2.103 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 103-110 SN - 1556-7125 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating welfare of American black bears (Ursus americanus) captured in foot snares and in winter dens AU - Powell, RA T2 - JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY AB - Much research on wild mammals requires trapping, especially livetrapping, yet few methods used to capture wild mammals have been tested against an accepted standard for animal welfare and few data exist regarding physiological responses to capture. My coworkers and I livetrapped 208 American black bears (Ursus americanus) 356 times between May 1981 and August 2001 in the Pisgah National Forest in the Southern Appalachian Mountains by using Aldrich-type foot snares modified for bear safety with automobile hood springs and swivels spliced into cables. We outfitted most bears with transmitter collars and followed 18 bears to their winter dens. We outfitted 8 bears with transponder collars mounted with remotely dischargable darts loaded with anesthesia. We recorded the physical injuries of all bears handled and obtained 186 standard blood chemistry profiles from 112 bears. I compared the blood chemistry profiles of snared bears to profiles of bears in dens, to profiles for healthy, captive bears, and to profiles for wild bears that were collar-darted. Aldrich-type foot snares modified for bear safety, as we used them, and den handling met the accepted standard for trap injuries. Blood chemistry profiles indicated that bears captured in snares experienced high levels of physical exertion and were dehydrated. Blood chemistry parameters responsive to exertion increased with increasing injury scores. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1644/05-MAMM-A-014R2.1 VL - 86 IS - 6 SP - 1171-1177 SN - 1545-1542 KW - animal welfare KW - bear KW - creatine kinase KW - lactate dehydrogenase KW - serum blood chemistry KW - snare KW - trap KW - Ursus americana ER - TY - JOUR TI - Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene conifer woods from Big Bend National Park, Texas AU - Wheeler, EA AU - Lehman, TM T2 - PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY AB - Conifer wood types from the Upper Cretaceous Aguja and Javelina Formations and the Paleocene Black Peaks Formation of Big Bend National Park, Texas, are briefly described. The Big Bend conifer woods represent the largest assemblage of late Cretaceous conifer wood thus far described from the western interior of North America, and include samples with characteristics of the Araucariaceae and Cheirolepidiaceae, and Cupressaceae and Podocarpaceae. Cupressaceae/Podocarpaceae types of the Maastrichtian Javelina Formation have, on average, narrower rings than those of the Campanian Aguja Formation, consistent with the drier climate already proposed for the Javelina Formation. Angiosperm wood assemblages differ between the lower shale and upper shale members of the Aguja Formation, the Javelina Formation, and the Black Peaks, so do the conifer assemblages. The Big Bend conifer woods differ from those described from other western interior localities and document more variation in growth ring types than previously recognized for the whole of the northern hemisphere Late Cretaceous. The sizes of some logs and width of their growth rings suggest that some trees might have reached diameters of 1 m in approximately 80 years. Woods of the Cupressaceae/Podocarpaceae type show that the strategy of having juvenile wood with narrower tracheids and less distinct growth rings than in mature wood occurred in the Late Cretaceous. The incidence of compression wood in mature trunk wood is relatively high and may reflect either unstable substrates or frequent storms with high winds. DA - 2005/10/14/ PY - 2005/10/14/ DO - 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.05.014 VL - 226 IS - 3-4 SP - 233-258 SN - 0031-0182 KW - conifer KW - wood anatomy KW - big bend KW - Cretaceous KW - Campanian KW - Maastrichtian KW - Paleocene KW - Podocarpaceae KW - Cupressaceae KW - Araucariaceae KW - Paleobotany KW - petrified wood ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sampling device to extract intact cores in saturated organic soils AU - Caldwell, PV AU - Adams, AA AU - Niewoehner, CP AU - Vepraskas, MJ AU - Gregory, JD T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Physical property data on organic soils are lacking due to difficulty in collecting undisturbed samples from these frequently saturated and weakly consolidated soils. A sampling device was constructed to extract undisturbed cores from saturated organic soils in a forested setting. The sampler consists of a 100‐cm‐long, 7.6‐cm‐diam. schedule 40 PVC pipe that was fitted with female threaded adapters on either end. A cutting head was constructed to cut through the fibric root mat and other woody debris in the profile by gluing a 7.6‐cm‐diam. hole‐saw to a male threaded adaptor that was attached to the PVC pipe. The sampler was rotated by hand into the organic soil with gentle downward pressure. When the desired depth was reached, the remaining air space in the PVC pipe was filled with water and a threaded cap was used to seal the top of the sampler. A 1.3‐cm‐diam. galvanized pipe was inserted next to the sampler to add water to the bottom of the core, relieving the suction created as the core was pulled from the soil. The sampler and vent pipe were pulled from the soil either by hand or with a tripod–winch arrangement. Before the cutting head was raised above the water table, it was removed and replaced with another threaded PVC cap. The 100‐cm‐long pipe containing the soil core was then cut into 7.6‐cm‐long sections using a wheel‐type PVC pipe cutter. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water characteristics were then measured in the laboratory using the resulting 7.6‐cm‐long samples encased in the PVC cylinders. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2005.0150 VL - 69 IS - 6 SP - 2071-2075 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of vegetation on sedimentary organic matter composition and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon attenuation AU - Gregory, ST AU - Shea, D AU - Guthrie-Nichols, E T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - Results from natural and engineered phytoremediation systems provide strong evidencethatvegetated soils mitigate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. However, the mechanisms by which PAH mitigation occurs and the impact of plant organic matter on PAH attenuation remain unclear. This study assessed the impact of plant organic matter on PAH attenuation in labile and refractory sediments fractions from a petroleum distillate waste pit that has naturally revegetated. Samples were collected in distinct zones of barren and vegetated areas to assess changes to organic matter composition and PAH content as vegetation colonized and became established in the waste pit. Sediments were fractionated into bulk sediment and humin fractions and analyzed for organic matter composition by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (delta (13)C), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), delta 14C AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry), and percent organic carbon (%TOC). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/ MS) of lipid extracts of SOM fractions provided data for PAH distribution histograms, compound weathering ratios, and alkylated and nonalkylated PAH concentrations. Inputs of biogenic plant carbon, PAH weathering, and declines in PAH concentrations are most evidentfor vegetated SOM fractions, particularly humin fractions. Sequestered PAH metabolites were also observed in vegetated humin. These results show that plant organic matter does impact PAH attenuation in both labile and refractory fractions of petroleum distillate waste. DA - 2005/7/15/ PY - 2005/7/15/ DO - 10.1021/es048028o VL - 39 IS - 14 SP - 5285-5292 SN - 1520-5851 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Herbivorous insect response to group selection cutting in a southeastern bottomland hardwood forest AU - Ulyshen, MD AU - Hanula, JL AU - Horn, S AU - Kilgo, JC AU - Moorman, CE T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Malaise and pitfall traps were used to sample herbivorous insects in canopy gaps created by group-selection cutting in a bottomland hardwood forest in South Carolina. The traps were placed at the centers, edges, and in the forest adjacent to gaps of different sizes (0.13, 0.26, and 0.50 ha) and ages (1 and 7 yr old) during four sampling periods in 2001. Overall, the abundance and species richness of insect herbivores were greater at the centers of young gaps than at the edge of young gaps or in the forest surrounding young gaps. There were no differences in abundance or species richness among old gap locations (i.e., centers, edges, and forest), and we collected significantly more insects in young gaps than old gaps. The insect communities in old gaps were more similar to the forests surrounding them than young gap communities were to their respective forest locations, but the insect communities in the two forests locations (surrounding young and old gaps) had the highest percent similarity of all. Although both abundance and richness increased in the centers of young gaps with increasing gap size, these differences were not significant. We attribute the increased numbers of herbivorous insects to the greater abundance of herbaceous plants available in young gaps. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-34.2.395 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 395-402 SN - 1938-2936 KW - selection cutting KW - uneven-aged silviculture KW - forest openings KW - forest management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic gain and diversity of orchard crops under alternative management options in a clonal seed orchard of Pinus thunbergii AU - Kang, K. S. AU - Lindgren, D. AU - Mullin, T. J. AU - Choi, W. Y. AU - Han, S. U. T2 - Silvae Genetica DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 93-96 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Improvement of Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) for Christmas Tree Production. AU - Isik, F. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 11 SP - 137-147 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of biological and biorational control tactics for suppression of nantucket pine tip moth damage in Virginia pine Christmas trees AU - Philip, M. M. AU - Orr, D. B. AU - Hain, F. P. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - A study was performed to evaluate the potential of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma exiguum Pinto and Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), the newly registered insect growth regulator (IGR) tebufenozide (Confirm), and a modified spray technique (top whorl only pesticide application) for suppression of Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), damage in Virginia pine, Pinus virginiana Mill., Christmas trees. Augmentative releases of T. exiguum failed to increase parasitism levels in release plots compared with controls, and significant reduction in tip moth damage did not occur. High predation levels on released T. exiguum may have contributed to the failure of parasitoid augmentations. Whole-tree and top whorl tebufenozide treatments provided significantly greater damage control than corresponding applications of acephate (Orthene), a commonly used pesticide in Christmas trees. Damage to trees receiving whole-tree chemical applications did not differ significantly from trees receiving top whorl treatments for most measurements of damage. Top whorl chemical treatments resulted in a 67% reduction in time required for application and a 70% reduction in pesticide used. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-98.2.409 VL - 98 IS - 2 SP - 409-414 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of morphological and chemical properties between juvenile wood and compression wood of loblolly pine AU - Yeh, TF AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Chang, HM AU - Peszlen, I AU - Braun, JL AU - Kadla, JF T2 - HOLZFORSCHUNG AB - Abstract In conifers, juvenile wood (JW) is always associated with compression wood (CW). Due to their similar properties, there is a common belief that JW is the same as CW. To resolve whether JW is identical to CW, 24 rooted cuttings of one loblolly pine clone were planted in growth chambers under normal, artificial bending, and windy environments. The results show that the morphology of JW is significantly different from CW. Furthermore, chemical analyses revealed that JW and CW are significantly different in chemical composition. Our results indicate that JW is different from CW, and the wood formed under a controlled windy environment is a mild type of compression wood. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1515/hf.2005.107 VL - 59 IS - 6 SP - 669-674 SN - 1437-434X KW - C9 formula KW - compression wood KW - fiber quality analysis (FQA) KW - juvenile wood KW - light microscopy KW - loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) KW - nitrobenzene oxidation KW - ozonation KW - sugar analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of biomass and nutrient content equations for successive rotations of loblolly pine plantations on an Upper Coastal Plain Site AU - Rubilar, RA AU - Allen, HL AU - Kelting, DL T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - This study compared first- and second-rotation biomass and nutrient equations between successive loblolly pine plantations on an Upper Coastal Plain Site in Alabama. Nutrient concentration relationships with crown position were explored in order to evaluate their significance for biomass studies determinations. Trees were destructively sampled from across the diameter distribution of the stand for each rotation. Tissues were separated into foliage, branch, stemwood, and stembark and analyzed for nutrient concentration and dry weight. Distance from the top of the tree was recorded for all tissues of the selected second-rotation trees and plotted against nutrient concentrations. Regression equations for individual tree tissue biomass and nutrient content were fit for each rotation and compared. Analyses of nutrient concentration relationships with crown position indicated that mobile nutrient (N, P, K, Mg, S, and Zn) concentrations of stemwood, bark, and branches decreased with distance from the top of the tree and height of the live crown. Foliar nutrient concentrations and non-mobile nutrients (Ca and B) for other tissues showed no patterns with tree height. Stemwood biomass regression equations were equivalent after two rotations. However, biomass and nutrient content regression equations for foliage, branches, and bark differed between rotations. Major differences between rotations were in stemwood N and P, and foliage, branch and bark B concentrations, which suggested reduced availability of these nutrients in the second-rotation stand. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.12.001 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 548-564 SN - 0961-9534 KW - micronutrients KW - nutrient cycling KW - Pinus taeda KW - nutrient availability KW - sustained productivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing age-0 year-class strength of fast-growing largemouth bass in a tropical reservoir AU - Ozen, O AU - Noble, RL T2 - NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract Age‐0 largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were collected every 3 weeks from 1992 to 1994, every 6 weeks from 1995 to 1998, and about every 15 weeks from 1999 to 2000 by means of a handheld electrofisher in Lucchetti Reservoir, Puerto Rico. An extended hatching period (January to June) and a high (0.63–1.50‐mm/d) juvenile daily growth rate required high sampling effort because age‐0 largemouth bass recruited to the sampling gear between February and September. To assess whether the handheld electrofisher catch per unit effort (CPUE; fish/h) of age‐0 largemouth bass was a reliable estimator of relative year‐class abundance, we regressed the age‐1 largemouth bass CPUE obtained with a conventional boat electrofisher between 1994 and 2001 on the CPUE of age‐0 (<150‐mm) fish from the previous years. Simple linear regression analyses indicated that as much as 90% ( P < 0.01; N = 7) of the variation in age‐1 CPUE could be explained by age‐0 mean CPUE. Early variation of year‐class abundance of largemouth bass can be detected efficiently with the handheld electrofisher, thereby allowing early evaluation of management options. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1577/M04-036.1 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 163-170 SN - 1548-8675 ER - TY - JOUR TI - NMR studies on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Lignins (vol 59, 488, 2005) AU - Balakshin, MY AU - Capanema, EA AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Frampton, J AU - Kadla, JF T2 - HOLZFORSCHUNG AB - Abstracting & Indexing DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1515/hf.2005.112 VL - 59 IS - 6 SP - 706-706 SN - 1437-434X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of scarification and mulch on establishment and growth of six different clones of Picea abies AU - Johansson, K AU - Soderbergh, I AU - Nilsson, U AU - Allen, HL T2 - SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Abstract The effects of mulch and scarification on the establishment and growth of six clones of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were examined in a study in southern Sweden. Mulch and scarification reduced the amount of competing vegetation and tended to improve soil moisture and soil temperature. Budbreak occurred earlier for cuttings planted in the scarification treatment in comparison with the control and mulching treatment. Scarification increased survival and the combination of scarification and mulch resulted in the best growth. Gas exchange and the number of new roots were higher in planting spots covered with mulch. Clonal differences regarding gas exchange and growth were significant. Clones with a poor height growth also had a low gas exchange and a small number of new roots. In contrast, the clone with the best height growth had high gas exchange and a large number of new roots. Clonal effects on growth were greater than site preparation effects. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1080/02827580500292121 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 421-430 SN - 0282-7581 KW - Norway spruce KW - photosynthesis KW - regeneration KW - root growth KW - rooted cuttings KW - stomatal conductance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relative resistance of willow and poplar biomass production clones across a continuum of herbivorous insect specialization: Univariate and multivariate approaches AU - Nordman, EE AU - Robison, DJ AU - Abrahamson, LP AU - Volk, TA T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Short-rotation woody crops (SRWC) are being developed as a sustainable system that simultaneously produces a renewable feedstock for bioenergy and bioproducts and a suite of environmental and rural development benefits. However, damage from defoliating insects can significantly reduce the yield of SRWC and negatively impact their sustainability. Information regarding the relative resistance to defoliation of different SRWC clones is not only useful for deployment and breeding choices, but can also help elucidate ecological patterns of herbivore specialization. Laboratory feeding bioassays tested the resistance of 19 willow (Salix spp.) and six poplar (Populus spp.) biomass production clones to feeding by seven common folivorous insects. Defoliation was measured using a leaf area meter and results were standardized according to leaf area consumed per insect per day. Significant differences in resistance were found among clones (p ≤ .05). The most folivore-resistant groups included the six poplar clones and willow clones SH3, SP3, S546 and S625. Willow clones with S. eriocephala or S. dasyclados parentage were generally less resistant to herbivory than those with other parentages. Comparisons of univariate and multivariate approaches found that the multivariate techniques are robust and conservative, and provide an efficient means of screening a large number of clones in a development program. The multivariate approach provided a clearer sorting of folivores along a continuum of insect specialization. Such sorting may be useful in selecting model folivores to use in tree genetic improvement screening systems to efficiently reveal which clones are more likely to be resistant to multiple insect pests. DA - 2005/10/10/ PY - 2005/10/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.06.009 VL - 217 IS - 2-3 SP - 307-318 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Salix KW - Populus KW - short rotation woody crops ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prediction of loblolly pine wood properties using transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy AU - Sykes, R AU - Li, BL AU - Hodge, G AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Kadla, J AU - Chang, HM T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid nondestructive technique that has been used to characterize chemical and physical properties of a wide range of materials. In this study, transmittance NIR spectra from thin wood wafers cut from increment cores were used to develop calibration models for the estimation of α-cellulose content, average fiber length, fiber coarseness, and lignin content in the laboratory. Eleven-year-old trees from two sites were sampled using 12-mm increment cores. Earlywood and latewood of ring 3 and ring 8 from these samples were analyzed in the laboratory using microanalytical methods for α-cellulose content, average fiber length, fiber coarseness, and lignin content. NIR calibrations and laboratory measurements based on one site were generally reliable, with coefficients of determination (R 2 ) ranging from 0.54 to 0.88 for average fiber length and α-cellulose content, respectively. Predicting ring 8 properties using ring 3 calibration equations showed potential for predicting α-cellulose content and fiber coarseness, with R 2 values of approximately 0.60, indicating the potential for early selection. Predicting the wood properties using the calibration equations from one site to predict another showed moderate success for α-cellulose content (R 2 = 0.64) and fiber coarseness (R 2 = 0.63), but predictions for fiber length were relatively poor (R 2 = 0.43). Prediction of lignin content using transmittance NIR spectroscopy was not as reliable in this study, partially because of low variation in lignin content in these wood samples and large errors in measuring lignin content in the laboratory. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1139/X05-161 VL - 35 IS - 10 SP - 2423-2431 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Positive assortative mating with family size as a function of predicted parental breeding values AU - Lstiburek, M AU - Mullin, TJ AU - Mackay, TFC AU - Huber, D AU - Li, B T2 - GENETICS AB - While other investigations have described benefits of positive assortative mating (PAM) for forest tree breeding, the allocation of resources among mates in these studies was either equal or varied, using schemes corresponding only to parental rank (i.e., more resources invested in higher-ranking parents). In this simulation study, family sizes were proportional to predicted midparent BLUP values. The distribution of midparent BLUP values was standardized by a constant, which was varied to study the range of distributions of family size. Redistributing progenies from lower- to higher-ranking families to a point where an equal number of progenies were still selected out of each family to the next generation caused minimal change in group coancestry and inbreeding in the breeding population (BP), while the additive genetic response and variance in the BP were both greatly enhanced. This generated additional genetic gains for forest plantations by selecting more superior genotypes from the BP (compared to PAM with equal family sizes) for production of improved regeneration materials. These conclusions were verified for a range of heritability under a polygenic model and under a mixed-inheritance model with a QTL contributing to the trait variation. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1534/genetics.105.041723 VL - 171 IS - 3 SP - 1311-1320 SN - 1943-2631 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel and mechanical stress-responsive microRNAs in Populus trichocarpa that are absent from Arabidopsis AU - Lu, S. F. AU - Sun, Y. H. AU - Shi, R. AU - Clark, C. AU - Li, L. G. AU - Chiang, V. L. T2 - Plant Cell AB - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that can play crucial regulatory roles in eukaryotes by targeting mRNAs for silencing. To test whether miRNAs play roles in the regulation of wood development in tree species, we isolated small RNAs from the developing xylem of Populus trichocarpa stems and cloned 22 miRNAs. They are the founding members of 21 miRNA gene families for 48 miRNA sequences, represented by 98 loci in the Populus genome. A majority of these miRNAs were predicted to target developmental- and stress/defense-related genes and possible functions associated with the biosynthesis of cell wall metabolites. Of the 21 P. trichocarpa miRNA families, 11 have sequence conservation in Arabidopsis thaliana but exhibited species-specific developmental expression patterns, suggesting that even conserved miRNAs may have different regulatory roles in different species. Most unexpectedly, the remaining 10 miRNAs, for which 17 predicted targets were experimentally validated in vivo, are absent from the Arabidopsis genome, suggesting possible roles in tree-specific processes. In fact, the expression of a majority of the cloned miRNAs was upregulated or downregulated in woody stems in a manner consistent with tree-specific corrective growth against tension and compression stresses, two constant mechanical loads in trees. Our results show that plant miRNAs can be induced by mechanical stress and may function in one of the most critical defense systems for structural and mechanical fitness. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1105/tpc.105.033456 VL - 17 IS - 8 SP - 2186-2203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managed forest landscape structure and avian species richness in the southeastern US AU - Loehle, C AU - Wigley, TB AU - Rutzmoser, S AU - Gerwin, JA AU - Keyser, PD AU - Lancia, RA AU - Reynolds, CJ AU - Thill, RE AU - Weih, R AU - White, D AU - Wood, PB T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Forest structural features at the stand scale (e.g., snags, stem density, species composition) and habitat attributes at larger spatial scales (e.g., landscape pattern, road density) can influence biological diversity and have been proposed as indicators in sustainable forestry programs. This study investigated relationships between such factors and total richness of breeding birds based on data from four studies within highly forested landscapes in the southeastern United States (Arkansas, South Carolina, and West Virginia) that were managed for commercial forest products. Habitat attributes were developed from forest inventory data and other information at the stand level and in circular buffers with radii of 250, 500 m, and 1 km around each sample point. Species accumulation curves for all study sites indicated greater richness in the youngest stands, with greater landscape age heterogeneity, and with proximity of sample points to roads. However, bird richness was not related to distance to nearest water or stream density at any scale. Pine forests had the most species at two of three sites where pine forests occurred. Stand biomass and basal area were generally not predictive of avian richness. Watersheds within the Arkansas site under more intensive management showed greater bird diversity. Overall, forest management appeared to have a positive effect on total bird richness. DA - 2005/8/3/ PY - 2005/8/3/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.04.018 VL - 214 IS - 1-3 SP - 279-293 SN - 1872-7042 KW - avian diversity KW - landscape heterogeneity KW - forest management KW - species accumulation curves ER - TY - JOUR TI - Indications of limited altered gene expression in Pinus sylvestris trees from the Chernobyl region AU - Zelena, L AU - Sorochinsky, B AU - Arnold, S AU - Zyl, L AU - Clapham, DH T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY AB - To evaluate the consequences of irradiation on the vegetation of the Chernobyl region, gene expression was compared in morphologically normal and dwarf needles from the same Pinus sylvestris trees in a region where the absorbed dose was 3-5 Gy. To compare the levels of gene expression, arrays consisting of 373 Pinus taeda cDNAs were hybridized with labeled cDNA derived from normal and dwarf needles of P. sylvestris. Twelve genes were significantly (P<0.01) up- or down-regulated between normal and dwarf needles for all five trees taken together. Five of these, related to stress or development, were up- or down-regulated 1.25-1.7-fold in the dwarf needles. There were no significant differences in (137)Cs content in the normal and dwarf needles, or in elongation growth rate of seedlings raised under controlled conditions from seed derived from trees in the region that had received a radiation dose over the range 2-12 Gy. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.03.008 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 363-373 SN - 1879-1700 KW - (137)caesium KW - cDNA array KW - chronic irradiation KW - mitotic abnormality KW - radiomorphosis KW - Scots pine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating and circumventing the effects of perturbing and swapping inventory plot locations AU - McRoberts, R. E. AU - Holden, G. R. AU - Nelson, M. D. AU - Liknes, G. C. AU - Moser, W. K. AU - Lister, A. J. AU - King, S. L. AU - Lapoint, E. B. AU - Coulston, J. W. AU - Smith, W. B. AU - Reams, G. A. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 103 IS - 6 SP - 275-279 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Yield and physiological response of flue-cured tobacco to simulated glyphosate drift AU - Burke, IC AU - Thomas, WE AU - Pline-Srnic, WA AU - Fisher, LR AU - Smith, WD AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Field trials were conducted in 2001 at the Tobacco Research Station near Oxford, NC, and in 2002 at the Lower Coastal Plains Research Station near Kinston, NC, to determine tobacco yield, injury, and shikimic acid accumulation in response to simulated glyphosate drift. Glyphosate was applied to 12- to 13-cm-high tobacco ‘K326’ early postemergence at 0, 9, 18, 35, 70, 140, 280, 560, and 1,120 (1×) g ai/ha. Crop injury was rated 7 and 35 d after treatment (DAT) and shikimic acid accumulation in leaves at 7 DAT, tobacco yield, and leaf grade index (whole-plant index of harvest interval leaf value) were also assessed. Shikimic acid accumulation and injury symptoms increased similarly as glyphosate rate increased. Glyphosate rates of 140 g/ha (0.125 of recommended rate) or higher resulted in significant crop injury, reduced tobacco yield, and decreased leaf grade index. Shikimic acid accumulation at 7 DAT was inversely related to tobacco yield. Shikimic acid accumulation was found to be an effective diagnostic tool to determine glyphosate drift in tobacco; however, in-season data are needed to correlate shikimic acid accumulation with yield loss. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1614/WT-03-219R VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 255-260 SN - 0890-037X KW - crop injury KW - herbicide assay KW - shikimate ER - TY - JOUR TI - The origin of Caribbean pine in the seasonal swamps of the Yucatan AU - Dvorak, WS AU - Hamrick, JL AU - Gutierrez, EA T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES AB - An isolated 180‐ha stand of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Caribbean pine) exists at El Pinal, Guatemala, in seasonal marshlands 18 km northeast of the old Mayan capital city of Tikal. One hypothesis suggests that during the zenith of their culture between 600 and 900 AD, the Mayans planted the pine stand as a source of resinous lighter wood (ocote) to start cooking fires. We examine the alternate hypothesis that El Pinal is of natural origin. Allozyme analyses were used to compare genetic diversity levels at El Pinal with seven neighboring natural stands of Caribbean pine in Belize and Guatemala. Results indicated that the El Pinal population had a high proportion of polymorphic loci (88%), had four unique alleles, exhibited an outcrossing rate of 91%, and differed little from larger natural populations of Caribbean pine located 65–100 km away. Only 2.3% of the total genetic diversity (GST) was found among the eight populations, which suggests high historic levels of gene flow. A climatic model (FloraMap) that used data from 36 known pine provenances of Caribbean pine to predict the distribution of new populations examined differences between current and predicted geographic ranges of the species. The model predicted that Caribbean pine should occur ($$P> 40\% $$) along the east coast of the Yucatán as far north as Puerto Juarez, Quintana Roo, Mexico, where it does not exist today. Genetic analyses indicate that El Pinal represents a population of ancient origin, and the climatic model indicates that El Pinal might have belonged to a larger historic distribution of Caribbean pine that occurred in the Yucatán when climates were drier than today. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1086/449314 VL - 166 IS - 6 SP - 985-994 SN - 1537-5315 KW - Mayans KW - Tikal KW - archeology KW - allozymes KW - genetic diversity ER - TY - JOUR TI - The mystery of Dos Bocas Reservoir, Puerto Rico: Explaining extreme spatial heterogeneity in largemouth bass distribution AU - Neal, J. W. AU - Bacheler, N. M. AU - Noble, R. L. AU - Shea, D. AU - Cope, W. G. T2 - Caribbean Journal of Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 804-814 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The future of tree improvement in the southeastern United States: Alternative visions for the next decade AU - Byram, T. D. AU - Mullin, T. J. AU - White, T. L. AU - Van Buijtenen, J. P. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 88-95 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainable forest management: global trends and opportunities AU - Siry, JP AU - Cubbage, FW AU - Ahmed, MR T2 - FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS AB - Data are reviewed on the extent of global forests, management, protection, certification and ownership, as well as implications for sustainable forest management as defined by the Montreal Process criteria. According to FAO, as of 2000, the world had 3.9 billion hectares (ha) of forests with 187 million ha (5%) in forest plantations. Drawing on additional surveys and our research, we estimate that there were approximately 204 million ha of planted forests as of 2002. Public ownership comprised 87% of the world's total forest area, with the US having the largest share of privately owned forests and almost all forests in Africa being publicly owned. Approximately 1.7 billion ha of forests (43%) were reported to be covered by forest management plans, and 477 million ha (12%) were under formal forest protection decrees or laws. However, the degree of management intensity and forest protection actually realized by these reported data is moot. Forest certification includes 121 million ha (3%) of forests, with 93% of the certification occurring in the Northern Hemisphere, but most of the deforestation occurring in the Southern Hemisphere. The data provide evidence that many countries in the world are trying to achieve sustainable forest management, and certainly are trying to report data that suggest that they are moving toward sustainable forest management goals. The empirical evidence that forests are actually well managed and protected, however, is often lacking. Enhanced sustainable forest management will require better reporting and verification, more areas covered and enhanced implementation of sustainable forest management criteria and indicators in the future. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1016/j.forpol.2003.09.003 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 551-561 SN - 1872-7050 KW - world forests KW - plantations KW - management KW - protection KW - certification KW - ownership KW - sustainable forest management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Summary of IEG-40 meeting: Silviculture and genetic impacts on productivity of southern pine forests AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Allen, H. L. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 61 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strategies and case studies for incorporating ecophysiology into southern pine tree improvement programs AU - Martin, T. A. AU - Dougherty, P. M. AU - McKeand, S. E. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 70-79 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk assessment with current deployment strategies for fusiform rust-resistant loblolly and slash pines AU - Bridgwater, F. AU - Kubisiak, T. AU - Byram, T. AU - McKeand, S. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 80-87 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relative pathogenicity of Cryphonectria cubensis on Eucalyptus clones differing in their resistance to C-cubensis AU - Heerden, SW AU - Amerson, HV AU - Preisig, O AU - Wingfield, BD AU - Wingfield, MJ T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Cryphonectria cubensis causes a destructive canker disease of Eucalyptus species. Management of this disease is primarily through breeding and selection of disease resistant trees. One means of selecting such trees is by artificial inoculation with the pathogen. In routine screening trials in South Africa, an isolate of C. cubensis, considered to be highly pathogenic, has been used for such inoculations. Although the most resistant clones under natural conditions are the same as those detected in inoculation trials, a question has arisen whether all clones respond similarly to different C. cubensis isolates. Thus, a trial consisting of five clones, known to differ in susceptibility to infection by C. cubensis, was established. These trees were inoculated with nine South African C. cubensis isolates previously shown to differ in pathogenicity. Inoculations showed a significant isolate × clone interaction as well as an “apparent immunity” for one clone × isolate interaction, providing evidence highly suggestive of a vertical resistance component in the pathosystem. Disease screening in this pathosystem has traditionally relied on a single pathogen isolate; however, considering data presented here, future reliance on a single isolate may be inadequate. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1094/PD-89-0659 VL - 89 IS - 6 SP - 659-662 SN - 1943-7692 KW - gene-for-gene resistance KW - host-pathogen interaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Planting nonlocal seed sources of loblolly pine: Managing benefits and risks AU - Lambeth, C. AU - McKeand, S. AU - Rousseau, R. AU - Schmidtling, R. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 96-104 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mist level influences vapor pressure deficit and gas exchange during rooting of juvenile stem cuttings of loblolly pine AU - LeBude, A. V. AU - Goldfarb, B. AU - Blazich, F. A. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Wise, F. C. T2 - HortScience DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 1448-1456 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Juvenile diameter distributions of loblolly pine characterized by the two-parameter Weibull function AU - Bullock, BP AU - Burkhart, HE T2 - NEW FORESTS DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1007/s11056-005-5651-5 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 233-244 SN - 0169-4286 KW - growth and yield KW - inventory KW - mensuration KW - Pinus taeda KW - planting density ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hot spots of perforated forest in the eastern United States AU - Riitters, KH AU - Coulston, JW T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1007/s00267-003-0220-1 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 483-492 SN - 1432-1009 KW - ecological assessment KW - forest fragmentation KW - scan statistic KW - spatial pattern ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest response to elevated CO2 is conserved across a broad range of productivity AU - Norby, RJ AU - DeLucia, EH AU - Gielen, B AU - Calfapietra, C AU - Giardina, CP AU - King, JS AU - Ledford, J AU - McCarthy, HR AU - Moore, DJP AU - Ceulemans, R AU - De Angelis, P AU - Finzi, AC AU - Karnosky, DF AU - Kubiske, ME AU - Lukac, M AU - Pregitzer, KS AU - Scarascia-Mugnozza, GE AU - Schlesinger, WH AU - Oren, R T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Climate change predictions derived from coupled carbon-climate models are highly dependent on assumptions about feedbacks between the biosphere and atmosphere. One critical feedback occurs if C uptake by the biosphere increases in response to the fossil-fuel driven increase in atmospheric [CO(2)] ("CO(2) fertilization"), thereby slowing the rate of increase in atmospheric [CO(2)]. Carbon exchanges between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere are often first represented in models as net primary productivity (NPP). However, the contribution of CO(2) fertilization to the future global C cycle has been uncertain, especially in forest ecosystems that dominate global NPP, and models that include a feedback between terrestrial biosphere metabolism and atmospheric [CO(2)] are poorly constrained by experimental evidence. We analyzed the response of NPP to elevated CO(2) ( approximately 550 ppm) in four free-air CO(2) enrichment experiments in forest stands. We show that the response of forest NPP to elevated [CO(2)] is highly conserved across a broad range of productivity, with a stimulation at the median of 23 +/- 2%. At low leaf area indices, a large portion of the response was attributable to increased light absorption, but as leaf area indices increased, the response to elevated [CO(2)] was wholly caused by increased light-use efficiency. The surprising consistency of response across diverse sites provides a benchmark to evaluate predictions of ecosystem and global models and allows us now to focus on unresolved questions about carbon partitioning and retention, and spatial variation in NPP response caused by availability of other growth limiting resources. DA - 2005/12/13/ PY - 2005/12/13/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0509478102 VL - 102 IS - 50 SP - 18052-18056 SN - 0027-8424 KW - CO2 fertilization KW - global change KW - leaf area index KW - net primary productivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of proposed test methods to determine decay resistance of natural fiber plastic composites AU - Lopez, J. L. AU - Cooper, P. A. AU - Sain, M. T2 - Forest Products Journal DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 55 IS - 12 SP - 95-99 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of density and population size and recommendations for monitoring trends of Bahama parrots on Great Abaco and Great Inagua AU - Rivera-Milan, FF AU - Collazo, JA AU - Stahala, C AU - Moore, WJ AU - Davis, A AU - Herring, G AU - Steinkamp, M AU - Pagliaro, R AU - Thompson, JL AU - Bracey, W T2 - WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN AB - Wildlife Society BulletinVolume 33, Issue 3 p. 823-834 Estimation of density and population size and recommendations for monitoring trends of Bahama parrots on Great Abaco and Great Inagua Frank F. Rivera-Milán, Corresponding Author Frank F. Rivera-Milán Frank F. Rivera-Milán (above right) is an ecologist and international affairs specialist at the Division of International Conservation, United States Fish and Wildlife Service. He has a B.S. in biology from Sacred Heart University at Puerto Rico, M.S. in environmental sciences from Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, and Ph.D. in marine and estuarine environmental sciences from University of Maryland at College Park. Frank's interests include population ecology, ecological modeling, and the application of methods in ecology and statistics to wildlife management. In his current position, he is involved in capacity building and coordinates wildlife management and conservation projects throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorJaime A. Collazo, Corresponding Author Jaime A. Collazo Jaime A. Collazo (far left) is an ecologist with the North Carolina Cooperative Research Unit of the Biological Resources Division of the United States Geological Survey. He has a B.S. in biology from the University of Puerto Rico, M.S. in zoology from the University of Idaho, and a Ph.D. in animal ecology from Iowa State University. Jaime's interests include population dynamics and species-habitat relationships of resident and migratory species, and endangered species conservation. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorCaroline Stahala, Corresponding Author Caroline Stahala Carolina Stahala (above center) is a graduate student at North Carolina State University interested in the ecology of endangered species. She has spent extended amounts of time conducting research of Bahama parrots and plans to stay involved in its conservation. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorWendy J. Moore, Corresponding Author Wendy J. Moore United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorAncilleno Davis, Corresponding Author Ancilleno Davis United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorGarth Herring, Corresponding Author Garth Herring United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorMelanie Steinkamp, Corresponding Author Melanie Steinkamp United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorRon Pagliaro, Corresponding Author Ron Pagliaro United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorJennifer L. Thompson, Corresponding Author Jennifer L. Thompson United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorWoody Bracey, Corresponding Author Woody Bracey United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this author Frank F. Rivera-Milán, Corresponding Author Frank F. Rivera-Milán Frank F. Rivera-Milán (above right) is an ecologist and international affairs specialist at the Division of International Conservation, United States Fish and Wildlife Service. He has a B.S. in biology from Sacred Heart University at Puerto Rico, M.S. in environmental sciences from Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, and Ph.D. in marine and estuarine environmental sciences from University of Maryland at College Park. Frank's interests include population ecology, ecological modeling, and the application of methods in ecology and statistics to wildlife management. In his current position, he is involved in capacity building and coordinates wildlife management and conservation projects throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorJaime A. Collazo, Corresponding Author Jaime A. Collazo Jaime A. Collazo (far left) is an ecologist with the North Carolina Cooperative Research Unit of the Biological Resources Division of the United States Geological Survey. He has a B.S. in biology from the University of Puerto Rico, M.S. in zoology from the University of Idaho, and a Ph.D. in animal ecology from Iowa State University. Jaime's interests include population dynamics and species-habitat relationships of resident and migratory species, and endangered species conservation. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorCaroline Stahala, Corresponding Author Caroline Stahala Carolina Stahala (above center) is a graduate student at North Carolina State University interested in the ecology of endangered species. She has spent extended amounts of time conducting research of Bahama parrots and plans to stay involved in its conservation. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorWendy J. Moore, Corresponding Author Wendy J. Moore United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorAncilleno Davis, Corresponding Author Ancilleno Davis United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorGarth Herring, Corresponding Author Garth Herring United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorMelanie Steinkamp, Corresponding Author Melanie Steinkamp United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorRon Pagliaro, Corresponding Author Ron Pagliaro United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorJennifer L. Thompson, Corresponding Author Jennifer L. Thompson United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this authorWoody Bracey, Corresponding Author Woody Bracey United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of International Conservation, 4401 North Fair-fax Drive, Room 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; e-mail: [email protected] United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Friends of the Environment, Hope Town, Abaco, Bahamas. Florida Atlantic University, Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 11510 American Holly Drive, Merriam Lab, Room 206B, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 13 December 2010 https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[823:EODAPS]2.0.CO;2Citations: 11 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Once abundant and widely distributed, the Bahama parrot (Amazona leucocephala bahamensis) currently inhabits only the Great Abaco and Great Inagua Islands of the Bahamas. In January 2003 and May 2002–2004, we conducted point-transect surveys (a type of distance sampling) to estimate density and population size and make recommendations for monitoring trends. Density ranged from 0.061 (SE = 0.013) to 0.085 (SE = 0.018) parrots/ha and population size ranged from 1,600 (SE = 354) to 2,386 (SE = 508) parrots when extrapolated to the 26,154 ha and 28,162 ha covered by surveys on Abaco in May 2002 and 2003, respectively. Density was 0.183 (SE = 0.049) and 0.153 (SE = 0.042) parrots/ha and population size was 5,344 (SE = 1,431) and 4,450 (SE = 1,435) parrots when extrapolated to the 29,174 ha covered by surveys on Inagua in May 2003 and 2004, respectively. Because parrot distribution was clumped, we would need to survey 213–882 points on Abaco and 258-1,659 points on Inagua to obtain a CV of 10–20% for estimated density. Cluster size and its variability and clumping increased in wintertime, making surveys imprecise and cost-ineffective. Surveys were reasonably precise and cost-effective in springtime, and we recommend conducting them when parrots are pairing and selecting nesting sites. Survey data should be collected yearly as part of an integrated monitoring strategy to estimate density and other key demographic parameters and improve our understanding of the ecological dynamics of these geographically isolated parrot populations at risk of extinction. Literature cited Bailey, L. L., T. R. Simons, and K. H. Pollock. 2004. Estimating detection probability parameters for Plethodon salamanders using the robust capture-recapture design. Journal of Wildlife Management 68: 1–13. Bancroft, G. T., R. Bowman, and R. J. Sawicki. 2000. Rainfall, fruiting phenology, and the nesting season of white-crowned pigeons in the upper Florida Keys. Auk 117: 615–626. Bart, J., and S. Earnst. 2002. Double sampling to estimate density and population trends in birds. Auk 119: 36–45. Beissinger, S. R., and E. H. Bucher. 1992. 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Citing Literature Volume33, Issue3September 2005Pages 823-834 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[823:EODAPS]2.0.CO;2 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 823-834 SN - 1938-5463 KW - Abaco KW - Amazona leucocephala bahamensis KW - Bahama parrot KW - density KW - Inagua KW - monitoring KW - point transect surveys KW - population size KW - trends ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of mass inoculation on induced oleoresin response in intensively managed loblolly pine AU - Klepzig, KD AU - Robison, DJ AU - Fowler, G AU - Minchin, PR AU - Hain, FP AU - Allen, HL T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Oleoresin flow is an important factor in the resistance of pines to attack by southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., and its associated fungi. Abiotic factors, such as nutrient supply and water relations, have the potential to modify this plant–insect–fungus interaction; however, little is known of the effects of inoculation with beetle-associated fungi on oleoresin flow. We observed that constitutive and induced resin yield in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., were affected by either fungal inoculation (with the southern pine beetle-associated fungus Ophiostoma minus (Hedgcock) H. & P. Sydow) or silvicultural treatment. The effects of mass wounding (400 wounds m−2) and mass wounding and inoculation with O. minus were assessed by comparison with untreated (control) trees. The treatments were applied to trees in a 2 × 2 factorial combination of fertilizer and irrigation treatments. Fertilization did not significantly affect constitutive resin yield. Even as long as 105 days post-treatment, however, mass-inoculated trees produced higher induced resin yields than control or wounded-only trees, indicating a localized induced response to fungal inoculation. We noted no systemic induction of host defenses against fungal colonization. Although beetles attacking previously attacked trees face a greater resinous response from their host than beetles attacking trees that had not been previously attacked, the effect of an earlier attack may not last more than one flight season. Despite mass inoculations, O. minus did not kill the host trees, suggesting that this fungus is not a virulent plant pathogen. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1093/treephys/25.6.681 VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - 681-688 SN - 1758-4469 KW - cofactor KW - Dendroctonus frontalis KW - fertilization KW - irrigation KW - Ophiostoma minus KW - pathogenicity KW - Pinus taeda KW - resistance KW - southern pine beetle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic and ecological impacts of wood chip production in North Carolina: an integrated assessment and subsequent applications AU - Schaberg, RH AU - Aruna, PB AU - Cubbage, FW AU - Hess, GR AU - Abt, RC AU - Richter, DD AU - Warren, ST AU - Gregory, JD AU - Snider, AG AU - Sherling, S AU - Flournoy, W T2 - FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS AB - The North Carolina Wood Chip Mill Study represents an integrated assessment of the economic and ecological impacts associated with production of wood chips at satellite chip mills in the state of North Carolina (NC), USA. Mandated by the Governor of NC, the study was attended by a high degree of public scrutiny. We report principal findings, and describe the processes by which we dealt with uncertainty resulting from limited data availability, methods used to foster public involvement and efforts to reconcile public concerns over forest harvests with our narrower mandate to examine chip mills. We considered the hypotheses that chip mills fostered widespread industrial clearcutting, increased utilization of previously noncommercial timber (especially small hardwoods), depleted future growing stocks of sawtimber, and might create adverse ecological consequences or impair aesthetics important to recreational forest users. NC wood-based industries are a major component of the state's economy, but lagged the state in economic growth from 1977 to 1996. Over the same period, the nature-based tourism sector grew rapidly. Forest land losses in North Carolina from 1982 to 1997 totaled more than one million acres. We used an econometric model to adjust timber land base and project timber supply dynamics to 2020. The simulation indicated that softwood removals exceeded growth from 1990 onward. Hardwood removals exceed growth by 2005, causing inventory levels to decline slightly by the end of the projection period. Wood chip mills processed approximately 27% of the state's chipwood harvest and 12% of the state's total timber harvest. They were statistically correlated with increased timber harvests in the state, especially in the Piedmont and the Mountains. Chip mills have effective storm water management plans and do not show visible signs of adversely affecting water quality. Higher levels of timber harvest alter forest structures in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont, generally creating less habitat for bird, amphibian and reptile species of conservation concern. Fewer species are adversely affected in the Mountains. Public opinion about chip mills is polarized, and controversy exists principally in the western portion of the state. Overall, public acceptance of study findings was favorable, and selected elements of the research findings have been used to support a variety of advocacy positions. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00029-7 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 157-174 SN - 1872-7050 KW - environmental assessment KW - forest resources KW - chip mill KW - timber harvest KW - North Carolina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does lignin modification affect feeding preference or growth performance of insect herbivores in transgenic silver birch (Betula pendula Roth)? AU - Tiimonen, H AU - Aronen, T AU - Laakso, T AU - Saranpaa, P AU - Chiang, V AU - Ylioja, T AU - Roininen, H AU - Haggman, H T2 - PLANTA DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1007/s00425-005-0002-5 VL - 222 IS - 4 SP - 699-708 SN - 1432-2048 KW - Betula KW - insect herbivores KW - lignin modification KW - O-methyltransferase KW - syringyl/guaiacyl ratio ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of American Oystercatcher reproductive success on barrier beach and river island habitats in coastal North Carolina AU - McGowan, CP AU - Simons, TR AU - Golder, W AU - Cordes, J T2 - WATERBIRDS AB - American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) numbers along the east coast of the United States are declining in some areas and expanding in others. Researchers have suggested that movement from traditional barrier beach habitats to novel inland habitats and coastal marshes may explain some of these changes, but few studies have documented oystercatcher reproductive success in non-traditional habitats. This study compares the reproductive success of the American Oystercatcher on three river islands in the lower Cape Fear River of North Carolina with that of birds nesting on barrier island beach habitat of Cape Lookout National Seashore. There were 17.6 times more oystercatcher breeding pairs per kilometer on the river island habitat than barrier beach habitat. The Mayfield estimate of daily nest content survival was 0.97 (S.E. ± 0.0039) on river islands, significantly higher than 0.92 (S.E. ± 0.0059) on barrier islands. The primary identifiable cause of nest failure on the river islands was flooding while the main cause of nest failure on the barrier islands was mammalian predation. Fledging success was equally low at both study sites. Only 0.19 chicks fledged per pair in 2002, and 0.21 chicks fledged per pair in 2003 on the river islands and 0.14 chicks fledged per pair in 2002 and 0.20 chicks fledged per pair in 2003 on the barrier islands. Many questions are still unanswered and more research is needed to fully understand the causes of chick mortality and the functional significance of non-traditional nesting habitats for the American Oystercatcher in the eastern United States. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1675/1524-4695(2005)028[0150:ACOAOR]2.0.CO;2 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 150-155 SN - 1938-5390 KW - American Oystercatcher KW - Haematopus palliatus KW - ecological trap KW - habitat selection KW - non-traditional habitat KW - range expansion KW - reproductive success ER - TY - JOUR TI - The distribution of genetic parameter estimates and confidence intervals from small disconnected diallels AU - Isik, F AU - Boos, DD AU - Li, BL T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1007/s00122-005-1957-0 VL - 110 IS - 7 SP - 1236-1243 SN - 1432-2242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival of captive-reared Puerto Rican parrots released in the Caribbean National Forest AU - White, TH AU - Collazo, JA AU - Vilella, FJ T2 - CONDOR AB - We report first-year survival for 34 captive-reared Puerto Rican Parrots (Amazona vittata) released in the Caribbean National Forest, Puerto Rico between 2000 and 2002. The purpose of the releases were to increase population size and the potential number of breeding individuals of the sole extant wild population, and to refine release protocols for eventual reintroduction of a second wild population elsewhere on the island. After extensive prerelease training, we released 10 parrots in 2000, 16 parrots in 2001, and eight parrots in 2002 ranging in age from 1–4 years old. All birds were equipped with radio-transmitters to monitor survival. The overall first-year survival estimate for the 34 parrots was 41% (CI = 22%–61%). Only one parrot died within the first week postrelease, with most (94%) surviving for at least eight weeks after release. Most (54%) documented mortalities were due to raptor predation, which claimed 21% of all released parrots. A captive-reared bird (male, age one), released in 2001, paired with a wild female and fledged two young in 2004. We also calculated survival based on 0% and 50% of observed predation losses and found hypothetical survival rates of 72% and 54%, respectively. Rigorous prerelease training and acclimation was believed to have improved initial postrelease parrot survival, and releasing mixed age-class groups suggests the potential for shortening the time to recruitment. Supervivencia de Individuos de Amazona vittata Criados en Cautiverio y Liberados en el Bosque Nacional del Caribe Resumen. Determinamos la supervivencia de 34 individuos de cotorras Amazona vittata criados en cautiverio y liberados en el Bosque Nacional del Caribe, Puerto Rico entre el 2000 y el 2002. El propósito de las liberaciones era aumentar el tamaño de la población y el número potencial de individuos reproductores en la única población silvestre remanente, y refinar los protocolos de liberación para eventualmente establecer una segunda población silvestre en la isla. Después de un adiestramiento extensivo, liberamos 10 cotorras en el 2000, 16 cotorras en el 2001, y ocho cotorras en el 2002 fluctuando en edades entre uno y cuatro años. Cada individuo se liberó con un radio transmisor para determinar su supervivencia. La tasa general de supervivencia para 34 cotorras después de un año fue de 41% (IC = 22–61%). Sólo una cotorra murió durante la primera semana post-liberación, con la mayoría (94%) sobreviviendo por lo menos ocho semanas después de liberadas. La mayoría (54%) de la mortandad se debió a la depredación por aves rapaces, la que reclamó 21% de todas las cotorras liberadas. Una cotorra criada en cautiverio (macho, un año de edad), y liberada en el 2001, se apareó con una hembra silvestre y produjeron dos volantones en el 2004. Reduciendo la mortandad por aves rapaces informada en este estudio en un 100%, o en un 50%, resultó en tasas hipotéticas de supervivencia del 72% y 54%, respectivamente. Creemos que el adiestramiento y la aclimatación rigurosa pre-liberación mejoraron la supervivencia inicial post-liberación, y que la liberación de grupos de cotorras de edades mixtas sugiere el potencial de acortar el tiempo de reclutamiento. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1650/7672 VL - 107 IS - 2 SP - 424-432 SN - 1938-5129 KW - Amazona vittata KW - captive-reared KW - mortality KW - predation KW - Puerto Rican Parrot KW - reintroduction KW - survival ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stumping height, crown position, and age of parent tree influence rooting of stem cuttings of fraser fir AU - Rosier, C. L. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Goldfarb, B. AU - Wise, F. C. AU - Blazich, F. A. T2 - HortScience DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 771-777 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid screening of wood chemical component variations using transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy AU - Yeh, TF AU - Yamada, T AU - Capanema, E AU - Chang, HM AU - Chiang, V AU - Kadla, JF T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - A rapid transmittance near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy method was developed to predict the variation in chemical composition of solid wood. The effect of sample preparation, sample quantity (single versus stacked multiple wood wafers), and NIR acquisition time on the quantification of α-cellulose and lignin content was investigated. Strong correlations were obtained between laboratory wet chemistry values and the NIR-predicted values. In addition to the experimental protocol and method development, improvements in calibration error associated with utilizing stacked multiple wood wafers as opposed to single wood wafers are also discussed. Keywords: Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda); aspen (Populus trichocarpa); transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR); increment cores; wood wafer; α-cellulose content; lignin content; screening DA - 2005/5/4/ PY - 2005/5/4/ DO - 10.1021/jf0480647 VL - 53 IS - 9 SP - 3328-3332 SN - 1520-5118 KW - Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) KW - aspen (Populus trichocarpa) KW - transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) KW - increment cores KW - wood wafer KW - alpha-cellulose content KW - lignin content KW - screening ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicted genetic gains and testing efficiency from two loblolly pine clonal trials AU - Isik, F AU - Goldfarb, B AU - LeBude, A AU - Li, BL AU - McKeand, S T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Clonal field trials were established at two sites using rooted cuttings from 450 clones of eight full-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Height, survival, fusiform rust infection (caused by Cronartium quercuum (Berk) Miyabe ex Shirai f.sp. fusiforme), bole straightness, and diameter were measured after four growing seasons. There were significant differences among full-sib families and among clones within families for all traits studied. Moderately high within-family repeatabilities of clone means (0.50 to 0.75) for growth traits and a very high within-family repeatability of clone means (0.94) for fusiform rust infection were estimated. When the best eight clones were selected regardless of family structure, the volume yield was 52% greater than that of the unimproved seedlings at two sites. Selection of the best two clones from each of four families produced only slightly lower estimated genetic gains than the above scenario. The probability of fusiform rust infection ranged from 0.08 to 0.93 among clones at the South Carolina site. Predicted genetic gain for rust resistance was relatively insensitive to selection intensity, as there were numerous clones with high apparent resistance. The number of ramets per clone necessary to reliably characterize performance on one site was estimated to be between four and six. These results contribute to estimates of the gains available from clonal forestry and will help guide clonal testing and selection programs. Implementation of clonal forestry and cost issues are discussed. DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.1139/X05-064 VL - 35 IS - 7 SP - 1754-1766 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth of containerized Atlantic white cedar seedlings as affected by container volume, substrate, fertilizer, and irrigation AU - Derby, S. A. AU - Hinesley, L. E. T2 - HortScience DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 40 IS - 6 SP - 1755-1759 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic architecture of transcript-level variation in differentiating xylem of a eucalyptus hybrid AU - Kirst, M AU - Basten, CJ AU - Myburg, AA AU - Zeng, ZB AU - Sederoff, RR T2 - GENETICS AB - Species diversity may have evolved by differential regulation of a similar set of genes. To analyze and compare the genetic architecture of transcript regulation in different genetic backgrounds of Eucalyptus, microarrays were used to examine variation in mRNA abundance in the differentiating xylem of a E. grandis pseudobackcross population [E. grandis x F(1) hybrid (E. grandis x E. globulus)]. Least-squares mean estimates of transcript levels were generated for 2608 genes in 91 interspecific backcross progeny. The quantitative measurements of variation in transcript abundance for specific genes were mapped as expression QTL (eQTL) in two single-tree genetic linkage maps (F(1) hybrid paternal and E. grandis maternal). EQTL were identified for 1067 genes in the two maps, of which 811 were located in the F(1) hybrid paternal map, and 451 in the E. grandis maternal map. EQTL for 195 genes mapped to both parental maps, the majority of which localized to nonhomologous linkage groups, suggesting trans-regulation by different loci in the two genetic backgrounds. For 821 genes, a single eQTL that explained up to 70% of the transcript-level variation was identified. Hotspots with colocalized eQTL were identified in both maps and typically contained genes associated with specific metabolic and regulatory pathways, suggesting coordinated genetic regulation. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1534/genetics.104.039198 VL - 169 IS - 4 SP - 2295-2303 SN - 1943-2631 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Hurricane Georges on habitat use by captive-reared Hispaniolan Parrots (Amazona ventralis) released in the Dominican Republic AU - White, T. H. AU - Collazo, J. A. AU - Vilella, F. J. AU - Guerrer, S. A. T2 - Ornitologia Neotropical DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 405-417 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differences in wood density and growth of fertilized and nonfertilized loblolly pine associated with a mutant gene, cad-n1 AU - Yu, Q AU - McKeand, SE AU - Nelson, CD AU - Li, B AU - Sherrill, , JR AU - Mullin, TJ T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - A rare mutant allele (cad-n1) of the cad gene in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) causes a deficiency in the production of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). Effects associated with this allele were examined by comparing wood density and growth traits of cad-n1 heterozygous trees with those of wild-type trees in a 10-year-old open-pollinated family trial growing under two levels of fertilization in Scotland County, North Carolina. In all, 200 trees were sampled, with 100 trees for each fertilizer treatment. Wood density measurements were collected from wood cores at breast height using X-ray densitometry. We found that the substitution of a cad-n1 for a wild-type allele (Cad) was associated with a significant effect on wood density. The cad-n1 heterozygotes had a significantly higher wood density (+2.6%) compared with wild-type trees. The higher density was apparently due to the higher percentage of latewood in the heterozygotes. The fertilization effect was highly significant for both growth and wood density traits. This study indicates that the cad-n1 allele could be a valuable gene to the pulp and paper industry for the purpose of enhancing pulp yields by increasing wood density. DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.1139/X05-103 VL - 35 IS - 7 SP - 1723-1730 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of standard exponential and linear techniques to amplify small cDNA samples for microarrays AU - Wadenback, J. AU - Clapham, D. H. AU - Craig, D. AU - Sederoff, R. AU - Peter, G. F. AU - Von Arnold, S. AU - Egertsdotter, U. T2 - BMC Genomics DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 6 IS - 61 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An evaluation of spatial dependency in juvenile loblolly pine stands using stem diameter AU - Bullock, B. P. AU - Burkhart, H. E. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 102-108 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential degradation of ferritin H- and L-chains: Accumulation of L-chain-rich ferritin in lens epithelial cells AU - Goralska, M AU - Nagar, S AU - Fleisher, LN AU - McGahan, MC T2 - INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE AB - The storage of iron by ferritin is determined by tissue-specific composition of its 24 subunits, which are designated as either heavy (H) or light (L). For a better understanding of how lens epithelial cells regulate their ferritin subunit makeup, the degradation pattern of each subunit type was analyzed. In addition, age-related changes in ferritin concentration and subunit makeup were determined.Ferritin turnover in primary cultures of canine lens epithelial cells was determined by metabolic labeling with [(35)S]-methionine. Transient transfection with vectors containing coding sequences for either H- or L-chains were used to modify ferritin subunit makeup. Ferritin concentration was measured by ELISA. Immunodetection and fluorescence immunocytochemistry were used to study age-related changes in ferritin chain concentration.Inhibition of the proteasomal protein degradation pathway by clastolactacystin-beta-lactone had no effect on ferritin degradation, whereas inhibition of lysosomal degradation markedly increased ferritin levels, confirming that this system is involved in ferritin turnover. H-chain ferritin degraded at a faster rate than the L-chain. L-chain-rich ferritin in L-chain-transfected cells formed inclusion bodies that were localized to the cytosol. Similar inclusion bodies were found in older lens cells kept in cell culture for more than 8 days.Steady degradation of H-chain ferritin contributed to the maintenance of a constant level of this chain within the lens epithelial cells. In contrast, slower turnover of the L-chain resulted in accumulation of L-chain-enriched ferritin associated with cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. These L-chain-containing inclusion bodies were found in the cytosol of cells overexpressing L-ferritin chain and in nontransfected cells maintained in culture for 8 to 35 days. Overexpression of the L-chain has been associated with the formation of premature cataracts in humans with hereditary hyperferritinemia cataract syndrome. The formation of inclusion bodies in older lens epithelial cells, as demonstrated in the current investigation, is intriguing and could point to possible involvement of cytoplasmic L-chain-enriched ferritin aggregates in the formation of age-related cataract. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1167/iovs.05-0358 VL - 46 IS - 10 SP - 3521-3529 SN - 0146-0404 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Eocene high arctic angiosperm wood AU - Jagels, R AU - Visscher, GE AU - Wheeler, EA T2 - IAWA JOURNAL DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1163/22941932-90000123 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 387-392 SN - 2294-1932 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Washfastness improvement for heavy shade microdenier nylon 6,6 fabric AU - Li, S. Q. AU - Boyter, H. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 5 IS - 8 SP - 36-40 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tropospheric O-3 compromises net primary production in young stands of trembling aspen, paper birch and sugar maple in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 AU - King, JS AU - Kubiske, ME AU - Pregitzer, KS AU - Hendrey, GR AU - McDonald, EP AU - Giardina, CP AU - Quinn, VS AU - Karnosky, DF T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - • Concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric ozone (O3) are rising concurrently in the atmosphere, with potentially antagonistic effects on forest net primary production (NPP) and implications for terrestrial carbon sequestration. • Using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology, we exposed north-temperate forest communities to concentrations of CO2 and O3 predicted for the year 2050 for the first 7 yr of stand development. Site-specific allometric equations were applied to annual nondestructive growth measurements to estimate above- and below-ground biomass and NPP for each year of the experiment. • Relative to the control, elevated CO2 increased total biomass 25, 45 and 60% in the aspen, aspen–birch and aspen–maple communities, respectively. Tropospheric O3 caused 23, 13 and 14% reductions in total biomass relative to the control in the respective communities. Combined fumigation resulted in total biomass response of −7.8, +8.4 and +24.3% relative to the control in the aspen, aspen–birch and aspen–sugar maple communities, respectively. • These results indicate that exposure to even moderate levels of O3 significantly reduce the capacity of NPP to respond to elevated CO2 in some forests. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01557.x VL - 168 IS - 3 SP - 623-635 SN - 1469-8137 KW - aspen FACE (free-air CO2 enrichment) KW - elevated carbon dioxide KW - global change KW - net primary production (NPP) KW - tropospheric ozone (O-3) ER - TY - JOUR TI - The physiological and behavioural impacts of and preference for an enriched environment in the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) AU - Case, BC AU - Lewbart, GA AU - Doerr, PD T2 - APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE AB - The physiological and behavioural impact of, as well as preference for, enriched versus barren environments was determined for captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). Thirty-eight box turtles were randomized to either barren (flat newspaper substrate) or enriched (cypress mulch substrate, shredded paper and a hide box) enclosures for a 1-month period. Complete blood counts, fecal corticosterone, and body weights were measured at the beginning and end of the test period. Activities performed within the two environments were also compared. Turtles in enriched enclosures had a significantly lower heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H/L) at the end of the treatment period (p = 0.01). Enriched-housed turtles also spent significantly less time engaged in escape behaviour (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in fecal corticosterone or body weight change between the two treatment groups. At the beginning of the study, each turtle was placed in a preference test system in which it could move freely between a barren and enriched environment. Relative-dwelling time (RDT) was determined for each environment. Turtles showed a distinct preference for the enriched environment (90.9% median RDT, p < 0.01). After the 1-month housing experiment turtles were revaluated for preference to determine if previous housing experience affected choice. Turtles continued to prefer an enriched environment regardless of prior housing conditions (97.6% median RDT, p < 0.01). Results of this study demonstrate that the captive housing environment impacts the physiology and behaviour of box turtles, and suggest housing modifications that encourage typical species-specific behaviour should be provided. DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1016/j.applanim.2004.11.011 VL - 92 IS - 4 SP - 353-365 SN - 1872-9045 KW - turtle KW - enrichment KW - preference tests KW - housing ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Relationship between Mayfield nest-survival estimates and seasonal fecundity: A cautionary reply. AU - Farnsworth, GL AU - Simons, TR DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1000:rbmnea]2.0.co;2 SP - 1000-1001 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional annual water yield from forest lands and its response to potential deforestation across the southeastern United States AU - Sun, G AU - McNulty, SG AU - Lu, J AU - Amatya, DM AU - Liang, Y AU - Kolka, RK T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AB - Regional water yield at a meso-scale can be estimated as the difference between precipitation input and evapotranspiration output. Forest water yield from the southeastern US varies greatly both in space and time. Because of the hot climate and high evapotranspiration, less than half of the annual precipitation that falls on forest lands is available for stream flow in this water-rich region. Water yield is highest in the mountainous regions that receive the highest precipitation and have the lowest air temperature, and the lowest in the coastal regions that are dominated by wetlands receiving moderate rainfall but high evapotranspiration. Water resource management for both floods and droughts demands an accurate estimation of water yield from forests. Projected climate and land use changes further increase the variability of water yield in the region. The objectives of this study were to (1) develop a simple annual water yield modeling procedure by testing and calibrating a generalized global evapotranspiration model, (2) to apply the validated model to estimate regional forest water yield and to predict potential water yield response to forest removal. Hydrologic databases at a watershed-scale and a regional-scale were developed for model development, calibration, and validation. We applied the water yield model to the southern region by integrating land cover and high resolution climate databases by using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The model developed in this paper can be used to examine the spatial and temporal variability for water yield and predict the effects of climate and land cover changes at the regional scale. DA - 2005/7/12/ PY - 2005/7/12/ DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.11.021 VL - 308 IS - 1-4 SP - 258-268 SN - 0022-1694 KW - evapotranspiration KW - forest hydrology KW - hydrologic modeling KW - water yield KW - deforestation KW - climate change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rainfall interception and partitioning in afromontane rain forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania: Implications for water conservation AU - Munishi, P. K. T. AU - Shear, T. H. T2 - Journal of Tropical Forest Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 355-365 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linkage of MIKE SHE to Wetland-DNDC for carbon budgeting and anaerobic biogeochemistry simulation AU - Cui, JB AU - Li, CS AU - Sun, G AU - Trettin, C T2 - BIOGEOCHEMISTRY DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1007/s10533-004-0367-8 VL - 72 IS - 2 SP - 147-167 SN - 1573-515X KW - biogeochemical modeling KW - carbon dynamics KW - forest wetland KW - greenhouse gases emission KW - mitigation strategies ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic effects of rooting loblolly pine stem cuttings from a partial diallel mating design AU - Baltunis, BS AU - Huber, DA AU - White, TL AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Stelzer, HE T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - More than 239 000 stem cuttings from nearly 2200 clones of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were set in five rooting trials to estimate genetic parameters associated with rooting. Overall rooting success across the five trials was 43%, and significant seasonal effects were observed. Differences among clones within full-sib families accounted for approximately 10%–17% of the total variation. On the binary scale, individual-tree narrow-sense heritability (ĥ 2 0.1 ) ranged from 0.075 to 0.089 for rooting across the five separate settings, while broad-sense heritability (Ĥ 2 0.1 ) ranged from 0.15 to 0.22. Narrow- and broad-sense heritability estimates on the observed binary scale were transformed to their underlying normal scale (ĥ 2 N , Ĥ 2 N ). When all of the data from the five trials were analyzed together, ĥ 2 N (±SE) was 0.081 (0.027), Ĥ 2 N was 0.16 (0.013), the type B additive correlation was 0.68 (0.23), and the type B dominance correlation was 0.61 (0.27). Narrow-sense family mean heritability was 0.83 (0.24), while broad-sense clonal mean heritability was 0.82 (0.074). These moderate to high family and clonal mean heritabilities, moderate type B correlations, and substantial among-family and among-clone genetic variation indicate the potential for increasing rooting efficiency by selecting good rooting families and clones or culling poor rooters. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1139/X05-038 VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 1098-1108 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Swainson's warbler habitat selection in a managed bottomland hardwood forest AU - Peters, K. A. AU - Lancia, R. A. AU - Gerwin, J. A. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Management DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 69 IS - 1 SP - 409-417 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between largemouth bass recruitment and water level dynamics in a Puerto Rico reservoir AU - Ozen, O AU - Noble, RL T2 - LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract Recruitment of largemouth bass at age-1 in a Puerto Rico reservoir can be predicted from water level variables of the previous year. Age-1 largemouth bass electrofishing catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) as an index of year-class strength varied five fold between 1994 and 2001 in Lucchetti Reservoir, Puerto Rico. The CPUE of age-1 largemouth bass was higher in years when the water level of the previous years (1993–2000) remained high during the spawning period (January-June). The greatest water level drop (11.2 m) during the spawning period was observed in 1999, resulting in a water volume decrease of 66.5%, which corresponded to the lowest recruitment (CPUE 24.2 fish·h−1). With only 2.6 m of water level drop and 18.3% water volume decrease during the spawning period, the 1995 largemouth bass cohort was the strongest (CPUE 128.3 fish·h−1). The effect of these hydrological variables on largemouth bass recruitment appeared to be exponential rather than linear. Age-1 largemouth bass comprise the majority of the fishable stock in Lucchetti Reservoir, and the stock is typically below carrying capacity. Thus, the potential exists to adopt a water level management plan during the spawning period of largemouth bass to ensure successful largemouth bass recruitment into the next year's fishable stock. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1080/07438140509354416 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 89-95 SN - 2151-5530 KW - tropical reservoir KW - hydrology KW - water level KW - largemouth bass KW - recruitment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land use and income diversification: comparing traditional and colonist populations in the Brazilian Amazon AU - Caviglia-Harris, JL AU - Sills, EO T2 - AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AB - Abstract This article compares and analyzes land use and income diversification among two distinct groups of farmers in the Brazilian Amazon: recent colonists in Ouro Preto do Oeste, Rondônia, and traditional long‐term residents along the Tapajós River, Pará. We investigate the hypothesis that farmers who diversify their cash income sources clear less forest on an annual basis, and we compare these livelihood choices across colonist and traditional populations. In particular, we develop a conceptual model based on the household production framework and use econometric models to identify determinants of diversification and forest clearing. We find that diversification of agricultural cash crops is negatively correlated with forest clearing by colonists, providing limited evidence for the hypothesis. Other significant covariates of diversification and forest clearing include cash income levels, stage in family life cycle, cattle ownership, and chemical inputs. Differences in these variables, and differences in household response to these variables, explain variation in diversification and forest clearing across the two populations. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2005.00238.x VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 221-237 SN - 1574-0862 KW - income diversification KW - deforestation KW - land use KW - Amazon KW - Brazil KW - household production ER - TY - JOUR TI - Irrigation and fertilization effects on foliar and soil carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in a loblolly pine stand AU - Choi, WJ AU - Chang, SX AU - Allen, HL AU - Kelting, DL AU - Ro, HM T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - We examined δ13C and δ15N in needle (current and 1-year-old) and soil samples collected on two occasions (July and September 1999) from a 15-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand in an irrigation and fertilization experiment to investigate whether these treatments leave specific isotope signals in the samples and thus to infer the effects of treatments on C and N cycling. Irrespective of foliar age or sampling date, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) was increased by irrigation, and decreased by fertilization. The carbon isotope discrimination model suggested that increased Δ by irrigation was due to decreased water use efficiency (WUE) through increased stomatal and/or mesophyll conductance. The decreased Δ by fertilization and published gas exchange measurements at the same site suggest that water stress resulting from increased water demand in the fertilized plots improved WUE through increased stomatal control of water loss. Foliar δ15N values were not affected by irrigation, but were increased by fertilization. The δ15N value of soil NH4+ were higher than those of NO3− and were positively correlated with foliar δ15N, suggesting that tree uptake of NH4+ was one of the factors affecting foliar δ15N. We conclude that irrigation and fertilization affected δ13C and δ15N values in plant and soil samples, reflecting changed C and N cycling patterns and water use efficiency in the studied loblolly pine stand. DA - 2005/7/18/ PY - 2005/7/18/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.016 VL - 213 IS - 1-3 SP - 90-101 SN - 1872-7042 KW - C-13/C-12 KW - N-15/N-14 KW - carbon isotope discrimination KW - nitrification KW - water use efficiency KW - Pinus taeda ER - TY - JOUR TI - Habitat use, movements and home range of wintering Lesser Scaup in Florida AU - Herring, G AU - Collazo, JA T2 - WATERBIRDS AB - Radio telemetry and diurnal time activity budgets were used to show that wintering Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) used different habitats for comfort and feeding activities at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (Merritt Island), Florida and adjacent estuarine areas. Management should take this spatial consideration into account. The same data were used to determine if habitat use differed between sexes. Data on movements and home range were used to evaluate habitat quality and potential effects of human disturbance. Scaup foraged more in impounded wetlands and rested more in open estuarine regions. Mean distance between diurnal and nocturnal sites was 2.7 km (SE ± 0.3), and was similar between sexes and from mid to late winter. Male and female fixed kernel home ranges and core use areas did not differ. Mean fixed kernel 95% home range and 50% core use areas were 15.1 km2 (SE ± 2.0) and 2.7 km2 (SE ± 0.5) respectively, representing 3% and 0.5% of surveyed habitats. Males and females used habitats similarly and short distances traveled between diurnal and nocturnal sites suggested that habitat conditions were similar across the impounded wetlands and shallow portions of both the Indian River and Banana River. Sedentary or short movements suggested that disturbance was probably negligible at the principal areas used by Lesser Scaup. Habitat management strategies for scaup should not be restricted to Merritt Island. Adjustments should be made to take into account that maintenance activities occur in adjacent estuarine areas as well. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1675/1524-4695(2005)028[0071:HUMAHR]2.0.CO;2 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 71-78 SN - 1938-5390 KW - Aythya affinis KW - Florida KW - Functional Unit System KW - home range KW - Lesser Scaup KW - movement KW - winter grounds ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic interaction of the fusiform rust fungus with resistance gene Fr1 in loblolly pine AU - Kubisiak, TL AU - Amerson, HV AU - Nelson, CD T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - We propose a method for defining DNA markers linked to Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme avirulence (Avr) genes. However, before this method can be successfully employed, a spore competition study was needed to determine the genetic composition of single pycnial drops and multiple drops on single galls when using the standard inoculation procedure, whether virulent (avr1) basidiospores ever predispose some resistant (Fr1/fr1) trees to infection by avirulent (Avr1) basidiospores, and whether avr1 and Avr1 basidiospores equally infect susceptible (fr1/fr1) trees. Results of this study suggest that multiple infections within a single gall are common using the concentrated basidiospore system, resulting on average in >4 infection events per tree. Due to multiple infections within a single gall, an individual pycnial drop cannot be assumed to consist of spores from only a single haploid pycnium. Roughly 57% of the drops harvested were found to consist of more than one haploid genotype, most likely due to the physical mixing of spores from genetically different pycnia. Most importantly, although multiple infections do occur in the formation of a single gall, there is no evidence to suggest that the genetics of the proposed gene-for-gene interaction are compromised. Only avr1 basidiospores were observed to cause infection on Fr1/fr1 trees, whereas both avr1 and Avr1 basidiospores were observed to cause infection on fr1/fr1 trees, albeit not at equal frequencies. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-95-0376 VL - 95 IS - 4 SP - 376-380 SN - 0031-949X KW - gametothalli KW - infection haplotype KW - Pinus taeda ER - TY - JOUR TI - Density estimates of francolin in a Sporobolus ioclados-Acacia tortilis Savanna using distance sampling AU - Dorgeloh, W. G. T2 - South African Journal of Wildlife Research DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 89-94 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of six potential evapotranspiration methods for regional use in the southeastern United States AU - Lu, JB AU - Sun, G AU - McNulty, SG AU - Amatya, DM T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - ABSTRACT: Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is an important index of hydrologic budgets at different spatial scales and is a critical variable for understanding regional biological processes. It is often an important variable in estimating actual evapotranspiration (AET) in rainfall-runoff and ecosystem modeling. However, PET is defined in different ways in the literature and quantitative estimation of PET with existing mathematical formulas produces inconsistent results. The objectives of this study are to contrast six commonly used PET methods and quantify the long term annual PET across a physiographic gradient of 36 forested watersheds in the southeastern United States. Three temperature based (Thornthwaite, Hamon, and Hargreaves-Samani) and three radiation based (Turc, Makkink, and Priestley-Taylor) PET methods are compared. Long term water balances (precipitation, streamflow, and AET) for 36 forest dominated watersheds from 0.25 to 8213 km2 in size were estimated using associated hydrometeorological and land use databases. The study found that PET values calculated from the six methods were highly correlated (Pearson Correlation Coefficient 0.85 to 1.00). Multivariate statistical tests, however, showed that PET values from different methods were significantly different from each other. Greater differences were found among the temperature based PET methods than radiation based PET methods. In general, the Priestley-Taylor, Turc, and Hamon methods performed better than the other PET methods. Based on the criteria of availability of input data and correlations with AET values, the Priestley-Taylor, Turc, and Hamon methods are recommended for regional applications in the southeastern United States. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2005.tb03759.x VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - 621-633 SN - 1752-1688 KW - potential evapotranspiration KW - actual evapotranspiration KW - forest hydrology KW - regional hydrological modeling KW - southeastern United States ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accumulation and localization of aluminium in root tips of loblolly pine seedlings and the associated ectomycorrhiza Pisolithus tinctorius AU - Moyer-Henry, K AU - Silva, I AU - Macfall, J AU - Johannes, E AU - Allen, N AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Rufty, T T2 - PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT AB - ABSTRACT Evidence from past studies suggests that loblolly pine may be tolerant of Al. The experiments described in this manuscript were initiated to examine Al tolerance and Al accumulation in the pine root and the degree of Al accumulation in fungal hyphae when pine roots were colonized with the ectomycorrhiza Pisolithus tinctorius . The experiments used lumogallion staining and confocal microscopy to localize Al in root and fungal structures. The results clearly showed that loblolly pine seedlings were highly resistant to Al. A decrease in primary root extension could not be detected until Al +3 activities approached 40 µ mol L −1 , and extension was suppressed only 30% at an Al +3 activity of 580 µ mol L −1 . This contrasted with the response of the Al‐sensitive ‘check’ species soybean, where primary root extension was severely restricted at Al +3 activities lower than 5 µ mol L −1 . Tissue Al measurements and lumogallion fluorescence of longitudinal sections of the pine root tip indicated that tolerance was associated with both Al exclusion from the tip region and compartmentalization of absorbed Al in peripheral cell areas outside of the meristem. In lateral roots colonized with ectomycorrhizae, lumogallion fluorescence showed that large amounts of Al accumulated at the fungal mantle and in areas with the Hartig net. At higher magnification, lumogallion indicated substantial Al accumulation inside hyphae. Little Al could be detected in lateral root cells. The results show that pine possesses multiple mechanisms that can contribute to Al tolerance in acid field soils. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01240.x VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 111-120 SN - 1365-3040 KW - Pisolithus tinctorius KW - confocal scanning microscopy KW - lumogallion ER - TY - JOUR TI - A method for trapping breeding adult American Oystercatchers AU - McGowan, CP AU - Simons, TR T2 - JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY AB - We present an efficient and effective method for trapping adult, breeding American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) that minimizes disturbance to nesting birds and the risk of trapping injuries. We used a remote controlled mechanical decoy to lure territorial adults to a leg-hold noose-mat trap. We trapped 25 birds over two seasons and were successful on 54% of our trapping attempts in 2003. We only trapped birds before the breeding season or between nesting attempts to reduce nest-site disturbance. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1648/0273-8570-76.1.46 VL - 76 IS - 1 SP - 46-49 SN - 1557-9263 KW - American Oystercatcher KW - decoy KW - Haematopus palliatus KW - leg-hold noose-mat KW - shorebird trapping ER - TY - JOUR TI - Econometric studies of non-industrial private forest management a review and synthesis AU - Beach, R. H. AU - Pattanayak, S. K. AU - Yang, J. C. AU - Murray, B. C. AU - Abt, R. C. T2 - Forest Policy and Economics DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1016/S1389-9341(04)00065-0 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 261-281 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crop size and fruit neighborhood effects on bird visitation to fruiting Schefflera morototoni trees in Puerto Rico AU - Saracco, JF AU - Collazo, JA AU - Groom, MJ AU - Carlo, TA T2 - BIOTROPICA AB - ABSTRACT Studies of zoochorous seed dispersal systems often consider crop size, yet seldom consider the kinds and amounts of fruits surrounding parent plants (the fruit neighborhood) when attempting to explain among‐plant variation in fruit removal. We studied avian frugivory at 24 Schefflera morototoni trees from February to May 1998 in central Puerto Rico. The number of fruits removed by avian seed dispersers per visit was similar among focal trees (typically 2–4). In contrast, visitation rate was highly variable (range: 0–71 visits per 4 h). We used multiple regression analyses to evaluate the relative roles of crop size (focal tree ripe fruit abundance) and fruit neighborhood variables (measured within 30 m of focal trees) in affecting visitation to focal trees by avian frugivores. Visitation rate was positively related to crop size (although this variable was only significant in one of four regression models considered) and negatively related to the presence or abundance of conspecific fruits, suggesting that trees competed intraspecifically for dispersers. Relationships between visitation and heterospecific fruits were mixed—some kinds of fruits appeared to enhance visitation to focal trees, while others seemed to reduce visitation. In most regression models, neighborhood variables had larger effects on visitation than focal tree fruit crop size. Our results highlight the important effects of local fruiting environments on the ability of individual plants to attract seed dispersers. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.04040.x VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 81-87 SN - 1744-7429 KW - frugivory KW - plant-animal interactions KW - seed dispersal KW - Spindalis portoricensis KW - shade coffee plantation KW - tropical forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multiple-scale landscape predictors of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in North Carolina AU - Potter, K AU - Cubbage, F AU - Schaberg, R T2 - Landscape and Urban Planning AB - Both riparian zone characteristics and watershed-wide landscape attributes affect the water quality of streams and rivers. Understanding the relative importance of these factors is significant for determining management and monitoring actions that adequately protect water quality and the ecological integrity of aquatic communities. In this study, we analyzed Geographic Information System-derived data to: (1) determine whether North Carolina benthic macroinvertebrate community structure is more closely correlated with landscape characteristics at the scale of riparian zones or entire watersheds; (2) understand which landscape attributes are correlated with aquatic invertebrate communities that reflect degraded stream conditions; (3) investigate whether the importance of streamside forest varies with watershed size. Watershed characteristics explained a greater amount of variability in macrobenthic community structure (69.5–75.4%) than riparian attributes (57.4–65.2%). While topographic complexity was the most important variable at all scales, different land cover characteristics were of secondary importance at both scales: developed land cover for watersheds, and forest cover at the riparian scale. The amount of riparian zone and watershed-wide forest cover accounted for more variability in small watersheds than in large watersheds. DA - 2005/3/28/ PY - 2005/3/28/ DO - 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.02.001 VL - 71 IS - 2-4 SP - 77-90 J2 - Landscape and Urban Planning LA - en OP - SN - 0169-2046 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(04)00028-3 DB - Crossref KW - nonpoint source pollution KW - aquatic ecosystems KW - Geographic Information Systems KW - landscape ecology KW - land cover KW - water quality KW - watershed management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mammalian nest predators respond to greenway width, landscape context and habitat structure AU - Sinclair, KE AU - Hess, GR AU - Moorman, CE AU - Mason, JH T2 - LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING AB - Birds of conservation concern breed in suburban greenways, yet abundant populations of mammals that depredate bird nests might reduce nest success. We evaluated how three factors influenced the abundance of mammalian nest predators in thirty-four 300-m long forested greenway segments in Raleigh and Cary, North Carolina, USA: (1) the width of the forested corridor containing the greenway, (2) the land-use adjacent to the forested corridor, and (3) the habitat structure within the greenway. Forest corridor width and adjacent land-use were measured using aerial photographs. Attributes of adjacent land use included categorical measures of development intensity (low-density residential, high-density residential, office/institutional), and the proportions of forest canopy, grass, buildings, and pavement. Several measures of habitat structure within the greenway were collected in the field, including trail width and surface type, and percentage of mature forest. We measured the relative abundance of mammalian nest predators with scent-station transects, operated for five nights during the 2002 breeding bird season. Total abundance of mammalian nest predators increased significantly as forest corridor width decreased. We found no relationship between categorical measures of land-use and total abundance of mammalian nest predators. Specific attributes of the landscape adjacent to the greenway, however, did have an effect. Greenways adjacent to landscapes with fewer buildings had a higher abundance of mammalian nest predators. The abundance of individual species varied with the amount of canopy, lawn, and pavement in the adjacent landscape. Some measures of habitat structure of greenways also were correlated with the abundance of mammalian nest predators. Greenway segments with wider trails had a higher abundance of mammalian nest predators, as did segments with a higher percentage of mature forest. No habitat structure variables were significant for all species. To reduce the overall risk of avian nest predation by mammals, forested greenways should be designed with wider forest corridors and narrower, unpaved trails. Some greenway characteristics that favor high-nest predator populations also favor birds of conservation concern. Similarly, some characteristics correlated with lower predator occurrence are also correlated with lower abundance of birds of conservation concern. Thus, management of greenways and the surrounding landscape must balance reduction of predator communities with the promotion of desired bird communities and other conservation goals. DA - 2005/3/28/ PY - 2005/3/28/ DO - 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.04.001 VL - 71 IS - 2-4 SP - 277-293 SN - 0169-2046 KW - corridor KW - greenway KW - landscape context KW - mammal KW - nest predator ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Pinus taeda L. wood property calibrations based on NIR spectra from the radial-longitudinal and radial-transverse faces of wooden strips AU - Schimleck, LR AU - Sturzenbecher, R AU - Mora, C AU - Jones, PD AU - Daniels, RF T2 - HOLZFORSCHUNG AB - Abstract When a radial strip is cut from an increment core it can potentially be cut with two orientations: parallel to longitudinal tracheids, i.e., a radial-longitudinal (RL) strip (the orientation of SilviScan samples), or at an orientation of 90° to the tracheids, i.e., a radial-transverse (RT) strip. Both strips could be used for near-infrared (NIR) analysis, but it is unknown how calibrations based on RT-face NIR spectra compare with those based on RL-face NIR spectra. A total of 20 Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) RL strips were characterized in terms of air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), stiffness and several tracheid morphological characteristics. NIR spectra were collected in 10-mm increments from the RL and RT faces of matching strips and used to develop calibrations for each property. In general, RL-face NIR spectra gave calibrations that provided stronger relationships. Differences between the two sets of calibrations were small, indicating that either face could be used for NIR analysis. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1515/HF.2005.034 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 214-218 SN - 0018-3830 KW - air-dry density KW - microfibril angle KW - near-infrared spectroscopy KW - Pinus taeda KW - SilviScan KW - stiffness KW - tracheid morphological characteristics ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is ahead for intensive pine plantation silviculture in the south? AU - Allen, H. L. AU - Fox, T. R. AU - Campbell, R. G. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 62-69 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vegetative propagation of mature eastern and Carolina hemlocks by rooted softwood cuttings AU - Jetton, R. M. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Hain, F. P. T2 - HortScience DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 1469-1473 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Teaching Borlaug - or valuing the "expertise of breadth" AU - Robison, D. J. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 103 IS - 8 SP - 423-424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial complementarity of forests and farms: Accounting for ecosystem services AU - Pattanayak, SK AU - Butry, DT T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AB - Our article considers the economic contributions of forest ecosystem services, using a case study from Flores, Indonesia, in which forest protection in upstream watersheds stabilize soil and hydrological flows in downstream farms. We focus on the demand for a weak complement to the ecosystem services—farm labor—and account for spatial dependence due to economic interactions, ecosystem processes, and data integration. The estimated models have theoretically expected properties across eight different specifications. We find strong evidence that forest ecosystem services provide economically substantive benefits to local people and that these services would be substantially undervalued if spatial dependence is ignored. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1467-8276.2005.00783.x VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 995-1008 SN - 1467-8276 KW - economic-ecological modeling KW - ecosystem services KW - Indonesian National Parks KW - nonmarket valuation KW - spatial econometrics KW - watershed protection KW - weak complementarity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resightings of marked American Oystercatchers banded as chicks AU - McGowan, CP AU - Schulte, SA AU - Simons, TR T2 - WILSON BULLETIN AB - Since 2000, we have been banding American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) chicks at Cape Lookout and Cape Hatteras national seashores as part of a long-term demographic study. Between 2000 and 2002, we banded 23 chicks. We report on resightings of eight chicks that returned to the Outer Banks of North Carolina in the summers of 2003 and 2004. These are the first records of American Oystercatcher chicks resighted near their natal areas in their 2nd and 3rd years. The 3-year-old birds appeared to be paired and acted territorial, whereas the 2nd-year birds were observed alone or in groups and did not exhibit territorial behavior. Our observations suggest that the American Oystercatcher's life history is similar to that of the Eurasian Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus). DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1676/04-112.1 VL - 117 IS - 4 SP - 382-385 SN - 0043-5643 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Facile means for quantifying microRNA expression by real-time PCR AU - Shi, R AU - Chiang, VL T2 - BIOTECHNIQUES AB - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20–24 nucleotide RNAs that are predicted to play regulatory roles in animals and plants. Here we report a simple and sensitive real-time PCR method for quantifying the expression of plant miRNAs. Total RNA, including miRNAs, was polyadenylated and reverse-transcribed with a poly(T) adapter into cDNAs for real-time PCR using the miRNA-specific forward primer and the sequence complementary to the poly(T) adapter as the reverse primer. Several Arabidopsis miRNA sequences were tested using SYBR ® Green reagent, demonstrating that this method, using as little as 100 pg total RNA, could readily discriminate the expression of miRNAs having as few as one nucleotide sequence difference. This method also revealed miRNA tissue-specific expression patterns that cannot be resolved by Northern blot analysis and may therefore be widely useful for characterizing miRNA expression in plants as well as in animals. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.2144/000112010 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 519-525 SN - 1940-9818 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weed management systems in glyphosate-resistant cotton AU - Burke, IC AU - Troxler, SC AU - Askew, SD AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Smith, WD T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Studies were conducted at Clayton, Lewiston-Woodville, and Rocky Mount, NC, to evaluate weed and cotton response to herbicide systems in glyphosate-resistant cotton in 1995 and 1997. Herbicide systems evaluated included various combinations of soil-applied (trifluralin and fluometuron) and postemergence (POST) (glyphosate or pyrithiobac) herbicides with or without late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatments of cyanazine plus MSMA. Glyphosate-resistant cotton injury was less than 5% with all herbicide treatments. Glyphosate POST systems were as efficacious in weed control as other herbicide systems. Depending on location, glyphosate and pyrithiobac POST systems usually required cyanazine plus MSMA LAYBY for season-long control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, large crabgrass, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, and Texas panicum. Glyphosate POST applied as needed provided weed control equivalent to soil-applied plus POST herbicides, although lint yield was slightly reduced depending on location. Herbicide systems that included soil-applied herbicides required one to two treatments of glyphosate POST and post-directed for season-long weed control and high cotton lint yields, whereas the same herbicide systems without soil-applied herbicides required two to three glyphosate treatments. In all herbicide systems, a residual soil-applied or LAYBY herbicide treatment increased yield compared with glyphosate POST only systems. Location influenced weed control and cotton yield. Generally, as herbicide inputs increased, yield increased. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1614/WT-04-182R1 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 422-429 SN - 1550-2740 KW - CHEAL KW - DIGSA KW - ELEIN KW - herbicide-resistant crops KW - IPOLA KW - PANTE KW - SIDSP ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fishing and natural mortality of adult largemouth bass in a tropical reservoir AU - Waters, DS AU - Noble, RL AU - Hightower, JE T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Abstract Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides , an intensively studied sport fish of temperate North America, has been introduced into tropical regions, but with little evaluation of fishing or natural mortality rates. Previous research in Puerto Rico suggested that annual mortality rates are high, but whether the extended spawning season (nearly 6 months annually), high angler harvest, or a combination was the cause of the elevated mortality was unresolved. Using ultrasonic telemetry, we tracked 44 adult largemouth bass over an 18‐month period to quantify patterns of natural, fishing, and total mortality. Using a general capture–recapture model, we estimated the annual instantaneous rates of fishing (0.584, SE = 0.164) and natural mortality (0.310, SE = 0.122). Natural mortality varied seasonally and generally increased during periods of spawning activity; however, fishing mortality was fairly consistent throughout the study. Given the relatively high fishing mortality rate, restrictions on harvest could probably be used to alter the age and size distribution of this population. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1577/T03-198.1 VL - 134 IS - 3 SP - 563-571 SN - 1548-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preserving biodiversity under current and future climates: a case study AU - Coulston, J. W. AU - Riitters, K. H. T2 - Global Ecology and Biogeography AB - ABSTRACT Aim The conservation of biological and genetic diversity is a major goal of reserve systems at local, regional, and national levels. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources suggests a 12% threshold (area basis) for adequate protection of biological and genetic diversity of a plant community. However, thresholds based on area may protect only a small portion of the total diversity if the locations are chosen without regard to the variation within the community. The objectives of this study were to demonstrate methods to apply a coarse‐filter approach for identifying gaps in the current reserve system of the Psuedotsuga menziesii (Douglas‐fir) forest type group based on current climatic conditions and a global climate change scenario. Location Western United States. Method We used an ecological envelope approach that was based on seven bioclimatic factors, two topographic factors, and two edaphic factors. Multivariate factor analysis was then used to reduce the envelope to two dimensions. The relative density of habitat and protected areas were identified in each part of the envelope based on the current climate and potential future climate. We used this information to identify gaps in the reserve system. Results Although the protected areas occurred in all parts of the envelope, most existed in colder and drier areas. This was true for both the current climate and potential future climate. Main conclusion To protect more of the ecological envelope, future conservation efforts would be most effective in western Oregon, north‐western Washington, and north‐western California. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1111/j.1466-822x.2004.00135.x VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 31-38 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of field borders and nest-predator reduction on abundance of northern bobwhites AU - Palmer, WE AU - Wellendorf, SD AU - Gillis, , JR AU - Bromley, PT T2 - WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN AB - Fallow-field borders along edges of crop fields have been promoted for increasing northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) on farms and are a component of recovery plans for this species. However, research on bobwhite population response to field-border practices is sparse. Previous research on 2 farms documented increased use of farm fields and greater reproduction by bobwhites on farms with field borders, but nesting success was low during May and June. Bobwhite population response to field-border practices may increase when they are combined with nest-predator reduction on farms. Effect of nest-predator reduction on bobwhite populations on farmed landscapes has not been investigated in the Southeast. Therefore, we tested the effects of field borders and mesomam-mal nest-predator reduction on bobwhite abundance on 12 farms in eastern North Carolina, 1997–1999. We applied treatments to farms as factorial combinations. Reduction of mesomammal nest predators, including raccoons (Procyon lotor), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus and Vulpes vulpes), occurred from February-May of each year. To assess bobwhite response to treatments, we measured summer abundance of males using variable-radius point counts and covey abundance on farms in September and October using morning covey-call surveys. Bobwhites were more abundant on farms with field borders during summer (P=0.08). On field-border farms we heard 1.8x the number of coveys heard on farms without field borders (P=0.004). Summer abundance of bobwhites did not differ as a result of predator reductions (P=0.37), and we heard slightly fewer coveys on predator-reduction farms (P = 0.084) during autumn. However, we heard more coveys on farms with both field borders and predator reduction compared to all other farms (P=0.022). Field-border systems were a practical management technique to increase autumn abundance of bobwhites on individual farms in eastern North Carolina. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[1398:EOFBAN]2.0.CO;2 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 1398-1405 SN - 1938-5463 KW - abundance KW - call counts KW - Colinus virginianus KW - farm KW - field borders KW - nest predator KW - North Carolina KW - northern bobwhite ER -