TY - JOUR TI - Sustained large stimulation of soil heterotrophic respiration rate and its temperature sensitivity by soil warming in a cool-temperate forested peatland AU - Aguilos, Maricar AU - Takagi, Kentaro AU - Liang, Naishen AU - Watanabe, Yoko AU - Teramoto, Munemasa AU - Goto, Seijiro AU - Takahashi, Yoshiyuki AU - Mukai, Hitoshi AU - Sasa, Kaichiro T2 - Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology AB - We conducted a soil warming experiment in a cool-temperate forested peatland in northern Japan during the snow-free seasons of 2007–2011, to determine whether the soil warming would change the heterotrophic respiration rate and its temperature sensitivity. We elevated the soil temperature by 3°C at 5-cm depth by using overhead infrared heaters and continuously measured hourly soil CO2 fluxes with a 15-channel automated chamber system. The 15 chambers were divided into three groups each with five replications for the control, unwarmed-trenched and warmed-trenched treatments. Soil warming enhanced heterotrophic respiration by 82% (mean of four seasons (2008–2011) observation±SD, 6.84±2.22 µmol C m−2 s−1) as compared to the unwarmed-trenched treatment (3.76±0.98 µmol C m−2 s−1). The sustained enhancement of heterotrophic respiration with soil warming suggests that global warming will accelerate the loss of carbon substantially more from forested peatlands than from other upland forest soils. Soil warming likewise enhanced temperature sensitivity slightly (Q 10, 3.1±0.08 and 3.3±0.06 in the four-season average in unwarmed- and warmed-trenched treatments, respectively), and significant effect was observed in 2009 (p<0.001) and 2010 (p<0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the basal respiration rate at 10°C (R 10, 2.2±0.52 and 2.8±1.2 µmol C m−2 s−1) between treatments, although the values tended to be high by warming throughout the study period. These results suggest that global warming will enhance not only the heterotrophic respiration rate itself but also its Q 10 in forests with high substrate availability and without severe water stress, and predictions for such ecosystems obtained by using models assuming no change in Q 10 are likely to underestimate the carbon release from the soil to the atmosphere in a future warmer environment. DA - 2013/1/1/ PY - 2013/1/1/ DO - 10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.20792 VL - 65 IS - 1 SP - 20792 OP - SN - 1600-0889 0280-6509 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.20792 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Influence of homogenously applied fire prescriptions on the distribution of hardwoods and mast in the longleaf pine ecosystem AU - Lashley, M.A. AU - Chitwood, M.C. AU - Prince, A. AU - Elfelt, M. AU - Kilburg, E. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Moorman, C.E. T2 - 4th Fire Behavior and Fuels Conference A2 - Wade, D.D. A2 - Fox, R.L. A2 - Robinson, M.L. C2 - 2013/2/18/ C3 - Proceedings of 4th Fire Behavior and Fuels Conference CY - Raleigh, North Carolina and St. Petersburg, Russia DA - 2013/2/18/ PY - 2013/2/18/ SP - 49-50 PB - International Association of Wildland Fire ER - TY - RPRT TI - Urban black bear ecology: Movements, population ecology and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats AU - Gould, N.P. AU - DePerno, C.S. AU - Olfenbuttel, C. A3 - Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife resources Commission DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// M3 - Interim progress report PB - Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife resources Commission ER - TY - CHAP TI - Animal Damage Control AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - 2014 Agricultural Chemicals Manual A2 - Crozier, C. A2 - Buhler, W.G. A2 - Caldwell, D.F. A2 - Burrack, H. A2 - DePerno, C. A2 - Richardson, R. A2 - Roberson, G. A2 - Shew, B. A2 - Mullahey, J. A2 - Melton, T. A2 - Burnette, J. PY - 2013/// SP - 399-410 PB - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of nitrogen inputs on freshwater wetland ecosystem services - A Bayesian network analysis AU - Spence, P.L. AU - Jordan, S.J. T2 - Journal of Environmental Management AB - Increased nitrogen (N) inputs to freshwater wetlands potentially affect the interaction between nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and outflow water quality. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of N inputs on N removal, as well as the interaction between N2O emissions and outflow water quality, using a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN). The BBN was developed by linking wetland classification, biogeochemical processes, and environmental factors. Empirical data for 34 freshwater wetlands were gathered from a comprehensive review of published peer-reviewed and gray literature. The BBN was implemented using 30 wetlands (88% of the case file) and evaluated using a single test file containing 4 wetlands (12% of the case file). The BBN implies it is not average annual total N load entering the wetland, but the N removal efficiency that influences the interactions between N2O emissions and outflow water quality. Even though the network has a very low error rate indicating a high predictive accuracy, additional testing and larger training and testing datasets would increase confidence in the model's ability to provide robust predictions and to reduce the uncertainty resulting from an incomplete dataset and knowledge gaps regarding the interactions between N2O emissions and outflow water quality. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.029 VL - 124 SP - 91-99 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84877063290&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Freshwater wetlands KW - Nitrogen removal KW - Water quality KW - Nitrous oxide KW - Ecosystem services KW - Bayesian Belief Networks ER - TY - CONF TI - Public Think Tanks and Scientific Controversy: Analyzing Efforts by Public Think Tanks to Inform Climate Change Policy AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Science and Technology in Society Departmental Seminar C2 - 2013/12/6/ CY - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA DA - 2013/12/6/ PY - 2013/12/6/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Public Think Tanks and Scientific Controversy: Analyzing Efforts by Public Think Tanks to Inform Climate Change Policy AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2013/10/12/ CY - San Diego, CA DA - 2013/10/12/ PY - 2013/10/12/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Cities as hotspots for bird conservation AU - Nilon, Charles AU - Aronson, Myla AU - Goddard, M.A. AU - LaSorte, F.A. AU - Katti, M. AU - Lepczyk, C.A. AU - MacGregor-Fors, I. AU - Warren, P.S. AU - Hedblom, Marcus AU - Kooijmans, Jip Louwe AU - Mortberg, Ulla T2 - Wildlife Society's 20th Annual Conference C2 - 2013/// CY - Milwaukee, Wisconsin DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/10/5/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Citizen Science Champions of Change! AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - SciStarter DA - 2013/6/25/ PY - 2013/6/25/ UR - https://blog.scistarter.org/2013/06/citizen-science-champions-of-change/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - That moment when you realize how little you actually know AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - SciStarter DA - 2013/7/15/ PY - 2013/7/15/ UR - https://blog.scistarter.org/2013/07/that-moment-when-you-realize-how-little-you-actually-know/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Victorian-era citizen science: reports of its death have been greatly exaggerated AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Scientific American DA - 2013/8/30/ PY - 2013/8/30/ UR - https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/victorian-era-citizen-science-reports-of-its-death-have-been-greatly-exaggerated/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - The Most Stressful Science Problem AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Scientific American DA - 2013/1/10/ PY - 2013/1/10/ UR - https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-most-stressful-science-problem/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - The Citizen Science of Climate Change: We are not bystanders AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Scientific American DA - 2013/1/22/ PY - 2013/1/22/ PB - Scientific American UR - https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-citizen-science-of-climate-change-we-are-not-bystanders/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Pearls Across the Zooniverse: When crowdsourcing becomes citizen science AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Scientific American DA - 2013/2/28/ PY - 2013/2/28/ PB - Scientific American UR - https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/pearls-across-the-zooniverse-when-crowdsourcing-becomes-citizen-science/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Animal care ethics in citizen science: My conundrum AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Scientific American DA - 2013/3/5/ PY - 2013/3/5/ PB - Scientific American UR - https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/animal-care-ethics-in-citizen-science-my-conundrum/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Media is Unreal: Bringing Media Literacy into Science Literacy AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Scientific American DA - 2013/4/16/ PY - 2013/4/16/ UR - https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/media-is-unreal-bring-media-literacy-into-science-literacy/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Zen in the Art of Citizen Science: Apps for Collective Discovery and the 1-Percent Rule of the Web AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Scientific American DA - 2013/9/11/ PY - 2013/9/11/ PB - Scientific American UR - https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/zen-in-the-art-of-citizen-science-apps-for-collective-discovery-and-the-1-percent-rule-of-the-web/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Science in the Streets: Public Engagement Then and Now AU - Cooper, C.B. DA - 2013/11/21/ PY - 2013/11/21/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Technology in Citizen Science AU - Cooper, C.B. DA - 2013/8// PY - 2013/8// M3 - Workshop ER - TY - BLOG TI - Got Bacon? Communities leverage citizen science because environmental racism is not kosher AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2013/3/18/ PY - 2013/3/18/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170909022310/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2013/03/18/got-bacon-communities-leverage-citizen-science-because-environmental-racism-is-not-kosher/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Lessons from Ants to Starts: An Egalitarian Scientific World, One Name at a Time AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2013/4/22/ PY - 2013/4/22/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170909183857/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2013/04/22/lessons-from-ants-to-stars-an-egalitarian-scientific-world-one-name-at-a-time/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Supersized study: citizen science finds grebe that some feared losing AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2013/8/6/ PY - 2013/8/6/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170908152833/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2013/08/06/supersized-study-citizen-science-finds-grebe-that-some-feared-losing/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Peace on Earth, Good Will Towards All Birds AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - PLOS CitizenSci blog DA - 2013/12/24/ PY - 2013/12/24/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20170908174740/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2013/12/24/peace-on-earth-good-will-towards-all-birds/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Avian Incubation Patterns Reflect Temporal Changes in Developing Clutches AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Voss, Margaret A. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Incubation conditions for eggs influence offspring quality and reproductive success. One way in which parents regulate brooding conditions is by balancing the thermal requirements of embryos with time spent away from the nest for self-maintenance. Age related changes in embryo thermal tolerance would thus be expected to shape parental incubation behavior. We use data from unmanipulated Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) nests to examine the temporal dynamics of incubation, testing the prediction that increased heat flux from eggs as embryos age influences female incubation behavior and/or physiology to minimize temperature fluctuations. We found that the rate of heat loss from eggs increased with embryo age. Females responded to increased egg cooling rates by altering incubation rhythms (more frequent, shorter on- and off- bouts), but not brood patch temperature. Consequently, as embryos aged, females were able to increase mean egg temperature and decrease variation in temperature. Our findings highlight the need to view full incubation as more than a static rhythm; rather, it is a temporally dynamic and finely adjustable parental behavior. Furthermore, from a methodological perspective, intra- and inter-specific comparisons of incubation rhythms and average egg temperatures should control for the stage of incubation. DA - 2013/6/19/ PY - 2013/6/19/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0065521 VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - e65521 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065521 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Human Dimensions of Ecological Restoration: Integrating Science, Nature, and Culture AU - Cooper, C. T2 - Ecological Restoration DA - 2013/10/24/ PY - 2013/10/24/ DO - 10.3368/er.31.4.426 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 426-427 J2 - Ecological Restoration LA - en OP - SN - 1522-4740 1543-4079 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.31.4.426 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Citizen Science Perspectives on E-Participation in Urban Planning AU - Cooper, Caren AU - Balakrishnan, Ashwin T2 - Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development AB - Citizen science is a method for an interested public to share information in order to co-create scientific knowledge, typically drawing on games and hobbies and employing electronic media such as web-based data-entry forms and online social networks. Citizen science has emerged in many fields of science (e.g., ecology, astronomy, atmospheric studies, anthropology) and advanced to produce important research findings based on high-quality, reliable data collected, and/or processed, by the public. In turn, participants have increased their interest in, and understanding of, topics related to citizen science projects, and experienced greater civic engagement and social capital. Urban planning initiatives seek to engage people in activities from data gathering to community discussions. The authors review the history of urban planning models and highlight how e-participation can overcome some of the limitations in traditional planning. The authors review how information and communication technologies (ICT) for Citizen Science methods can facilitate public participation in data collection and co-creating knowledge useful to planning decisions. The authors suggest that such efforts can ensure a collaborative rather than adversarial type of public participation and have added outcomes of increasing involvement of an informed public in other aspects of the planning process. PY - 2013/// DO - 10.4018/978-1-4666-4169-3.ch010 SP - 172-197 OP - PB - IGI Global SN - 9781466641693 9781466641709 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4169-3.ch010 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Solar noon and tactile cues synergistically regulate clutch size: a new approach to investigations of avian life-history theory AU - Voss, Margaret A. AU - Cooper, Caren B. T2 - Ibis AB - IbisVolume 155, Issue 4 p. 709-713 Commentary Solar noon and tactile cues synergistically regulate clutch size: a new approach to investigations of avian life-history theory Margaret A. Voss, Corresponding Author Margaret A. Voss School of Science, Behrend College, The Pennsylvania State University at Erie, 4205 College Drive, Erie, PA, 16563 USA Corresponding author. Email: mav11@psu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorCaren B. Cooper, Caren B. Cooper Cornell Lab. of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USASearch for more papers by this author Margaret A. Voss, Corresponding Author Margaret A. Voss School of Science, Behrend College, The Pennsylvania State University at Erie, 4205 College Drive, Erie, PA, 16563 USA Corresponding author. Email: mav11@psu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorCaren B. Cooper, Caren B. Cooper Cornell Lab. of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 16 September 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12098Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume155, Issue4October 2013Pages 709-713 RelatedInformation DA - 2013/9/16/ PY - 2013/9/16/ DO - 10.1111/ibi.12098 VL - 155 IS - 4 SP - 709-713 J2 - Ibis LA - en OP - SN - 0019-1019 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12098 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tribute to Tinbergen: Public Engagement in Ethology AU - Hecht, Julie AU - Cooper, Caren B. T2 - Ethology AB - Abstract Public engagement in research, called citizen science, has led to advances in a range of fields like astronomy, ornithology, and public health. While volunteers have been making and sharing observations according to protocols set by researchers in numerous disciplines, citizen science practices are less common in the field of animal behavior. We consider how citizen science might be used to address animal behavior questions at Tinbergen's four levels of analysis. We briefly review resources and methods for addressing technical issues surrounding volunteer participation—such as data quality—so that citizen science can make long‐standing contributions to the field of animal behavior. DA - 2013/12/20/ PY - 2013/12/20/ DO - 10.1111/eth.12199 VL - 120 IS - 3 SP - 207-214 J2 - Ethology LA - en OP - SN - 0179-1613 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12199 DB - Crossref KW - citizen science KW - data quality KW - animal behavior KW - informal science education ER - TY - RPRT TI - The effects of Hurricane Sandy measured in the Laurentian foothills of Quebec (Canada) with a mobile weather station AU - Hallema, D.W. AU - Rousseau, A.N. AU - Paquette, A. AU - Gumiere, S.J. A3 - Institut national de la recherche scientifique DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// M1 - 1349 M3 - Rapport interne PB - Institut national de la recherche scientifique SN - 1349 UR - http://espace.inrs.ca/id/eprint/1663 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The influence of alley cropping systems on soil water dynamics and soil erosion in a changing climate AU - Rousseau, A.N. AU - Hallema, D.W. AU - Gumiere, S.J. AU - Hould-Gosselin, G. AU - Ratté-Fortin, C. A3 - Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// M1 - R-1441 M3 - Scientific report Ouranos-ICAR Climate Change Action Plan 26 “Biodiversity” PB - Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique SN - R-1441 UR - http://espace.inrs.ca/2776/1/R001441.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Contribution de systèmes agroforestiers multifonctionnels à la capacité d’adaptation aux changements climatiques des agro-écosystèmes AU - Olivier, A. AU - Paquette, A. AU - Cogliastro, A. AU - Rousseau, A. AU - Messier, C. AU - Revéret, J.-P. AU - Rivest, D. AU - Gumiere, S.J. AU - Hallema, D.W. AU - Hould-Gosselin, G. AU - Alam, M. AU - Domenicano, S. AU - Dupras, J. AU - Bouttier, L. AU - Doblas-Miranda, E. AU - Gagnon, L.-M. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// M1 - 550412-111 M3 - Final Report SN - 550412-111 UR - https://www.ouranos.ca/publication-scientifique/RapportOlivier2013_FR.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Uncertainty quantification and propagation in a complex human-environment system driven by fire and climate AU - Terando, A.J. AU - Reich, B.J. AU - Pacifici, K. T2 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting C2 - 2013/// CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/12/9/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Chinese Indigenous Poplar (Populus simonii) Populations Using Microsatellite Markers AU - Wei, Zunzheng AU - Du, Qingzhang AU - Zhang, Jinfeng AU - Li, Bailian AU - Zhang, Deqiang T2 - Plant Molecular Biology Reporter DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1007/S11105-012-0527-2 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 620–632 SN - 0735-9640 1572-9818 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11105-012-0527-2 KW - Populus Simonii KW - Genetic Diversity KW - Population Structure KW - Microsatellite Markers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Burning during the nesting season: Desirable of disastrous for turkey management? AU - Kilburg, E.L. AU - Moorman, C.E. AU - DePerno, C.S. T2 - The Upland Gazette DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 4–5 UR - https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/UplandGazette/UG_Fall2013.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Habitat, wildlife, and one health: Arcanobacterium pyogenes in Maryland and Upper Eastern Shore white-tailed deer populations AU - Turner, Melissa M. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Conner, Mark C. AU - Eyler, T. Brian AU - Lancia, Richard A. AU - Klaver, Robert W. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - Infection Ecology & Epidemiology AB - Understanding the distribution of disease in wildlife is key to predicting the impact of emerging zoonotic one health concerns, especially for wildlife species with extensive human and livestock interfaces. The widespread distribution and complex interactions of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with humans suggest deer population health and management may have implications beyond stewardship of the animals. The intracranial abscessation suppurative meningitis (IASM) disease complex in deer has been linked to Arcanobacterium pyogenes, an under-diagnosed and often misdiagnosed organism considered commensal in domestic livestock but associated with serious disease in numerous species, including humans.Our study used standard bacterial culture techniques to assess A. pyogenes prevalence among male deer sampled across six physiogeographic regions in Maryland and male and female deer in the Upper Eastern Shore under Traditional Deer Management (TDM) and Quality Deer Management (QDM), a management protocol that alters population demographics in favor of older male deer. Samples were collected from antler pedicles for males, the top of the head where pedicles would be if present for females, or the whole dorsal frontal area of the head for neonates. We collected nasal samples from all animals by swabbing the nasopharyngeal membranes. A gram stain and catalase test were conducted, and aerobic bacteria were identified to genus and species when possible. We evaluated the effect of region on whether deer carried A. pyogenes using Pearson's chi-square test with Yates' continuity correction. For the white-tailed deer management study, we tested whether site, age class and sex predisposed animals to carrying A. pyogenes using binary logistic regression.A. pyogenes was detected on deer in three of the six regions studied, and was common in only one region, the Upper Eastern Shore. In the Upper Eastern Shore, 45% and 66% of antler and nasal swabs from deer were positive for A. pyogenes, respectively. On the Upper Eastern Shore, prevalence of A. pyogenes cultured from deer did not differ between management areas, and was abundant among both sexes and across all age classes. No A. pyogenes was cultured from a small sample of neonates.Our study indicates A. pyogenes may be carried widely among white-tailed deer regardless of sex or age class, but we found no evidence the pathogen is acquired in utero. The distribution of A. pyogenes across regions and concentration in a region with low livestock levels suggests the potential for localized endemicity of the organism and the possibility that deer may serve as a maintenance reservoir for an emerging one health concern. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.3402/iee.v3i0.19175 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 19175 J2 - Infection Ecology & Epidemiology LA - en OP - SN - 2000-8686 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/iee.v3i0.19175 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diablotin Pterodroma hasitata: A biography of the endangered Black-capped Petrel AU - Simons, T.R. AU - Lee, D.S. AU - Haney, J.C. T2 - Marine Ornithology DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 41 SP - 1–43 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling the impacts of EU bioenergy demand on the forest sector of the Southeast U.S AU - Rafal, Chudy AU - Abt, Robert C. AU - Jonsson, Ragnar AU - Prestemon, Jeffrey P. AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. T2 - Journal of Energy and Power Engineering DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 7 IS - 6 SP - 1073-1081 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Focal Species for Connectivity Analysis in the Southeast AU - Costanza, J.K. T2 - South Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative Newsletter DA - 2013/1/7/ PY - 2013/1/7/ UR - https://www.southatlanticlcc.org/2013/01/07/focal-species-for-connectivity-analysis-in-the-southeast/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flying with the wind: scale dependency of speed and direction measurements in modelling wind support in avian flight AU - Safi, Kamran AU - Kranstauber, Bart AU - Weinzierl, Rolf AU - Griffin, Larry AU - Rees, Eileen C AU - Cabot, David AU - Cruz, Sebastian AU - Proaño, Carolina AU - Takekawa, John Y AU - Newman, Scott H AU - Waldenström, Jonas AU - Bengtsson, Daniel AU - Kays, Roland AU - Wikelski, Martin AU - Bohrer, Gil T2 - Movement Ecology AB - Understanding how environmental conditions, especially wind, influence birds' flight speeds is a prerequisite for understanding many important aspects of bird flight, including optimal migration strategies, navigation, and compensation for wind drift. Recent developments in tracking technology and the increased availability of data on large-scale weather patterns have made it possible to use path annotation to link the location of animals to environmental conditions such as wind speed and direction. However, there are various measures available for describing not only wind conditions but also the bird's flight direction and ground speed, and it is unclear which is best for determining the amount of wind support (the length of the wind vector in a bird's flight direction) and the influence of cross-winds (the length of the wind vector perpendicular to a bird's direction) throughout a bird's journey.We compared relationships between cross-wind, wind support and bird movements, using path annotation derived from two different global weather reanalysis datasets and three different measures of direction and speed calculation for 288 individuals of nine bird species. Wind was a strong predictor of bird ground speed, explaining 10-66% of the variance, depending on species. Models using data from different weather sources gave qualitatively similar results; however, determining flight direction and speed from successive locations, even at short (15 min intervals), was inferior to using instantaneous GPS-based measures of speed and direction. Use of successive location data significantly underestimated the birds' ground and airspeed, and also resulted in mistaken associations between cross-winds, wind support, and their interactive effects, in relation to the birds' onward flight.Wind has strong effects on bird flight, and combining GPS technology with path annotation of weather variables allows us to quantify these effects for understanding flight behaviour. The potentially strong influence of scaling effects must be considered and implemented in developing sampling regimes and data analysis. DA - 2013/7/3/ PY - 2013/7/3/ DO - 10.1186/2051-3933-1-4 VL - 1 IS - 1 J2 - Mov Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 2051-3933 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2051-3933-1-4 DB - Crossref KW - NOAA KW - ECMWF KW - GPS KW - Aves KW - Doppler-shift KW - Scaling KW - Measurement error KW - Flight direction KW - Flight speed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Attraction and avoidance detection from movements AU - Li, Zhenhui AU - Ding, Bolin AU - Wu, Fei AU - Lei, Tobias Kin Hou AU - Kays, Roland AU - Crofoot, Margaret C. T2 - Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment AB - With the development of positioning technology, movement data has become widely available nowadays. An important task in movement data analysis is to mine the relationships among moving objects based on their spatiotemporal interactions. Among all relationship types, attraction and avoidance are arguably the most natural ones. However, rather surprisingly, there is no existing method that addresses the problem of mining significant attraction and avoidance relationships in a well-defined and unified framework. In this paper, we propose a novel method to measure the significance value of relationship between any two objects by examining the background model of their movements via permutation test. Since permutation test is computationally expensive, two effective pruning strategies are developed to reduce the computation time. Furthermore, we show how the proposed method can be extended to efficiently answer the classic threshold query: given an object, retrieve all the objects in the database that have relationships, whose significance values are above certain threshold, with the query object. Empirical studies on both synthetic data and real movement data demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our method. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.14778/2732232.2732235 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 157-168 J2 - Proc. VLDB Endow. LA - en OP - SN - 2150-8097 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/2732232.2732235 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of coyote-wolf-dog admixture using ancestry-informative diagnostic SNPs AU - Monzón, J. AU - Kays, R. AU - Dykhuizen, D. E. T2 - Molecular Ecology AB - The evolutionary importance of hybridization as a source of new adaptive genetic variation is rapidly gaining recognition. Hybridization between coyotes and wolves may have introduced adaptive alleles into the coyote gene pool that facilitated an expansion in their geographic range and dietary niche. Furthermore, hybridization between coyotes and domestic dogs may facilitate adaptation to human-dominated environments. We genotyped 63 ancestry-informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 427 canids to examine the prevalence, spatial distribution and the ecology of admixture in eastern coyotes. Using multivariate methods and Bayesian clustering analyses, we estimated the relative contributions of western coyotes, western and eastern wolves, and domestic dogs to the admixed ancestry of Ohio and eastern coyotes. We found that eastern coyotes form an extensive hybrid swarm, with all our samples having varying levels of admixture. Ohio coyotes, previously thought to be free of admixture, are also highly admixed with wolves and dogs. Coyotes in areas of high deer density are genetically more wolf-like, suggesting that natural selection for wolf-like traits may result in local adaptation at a fine geographic scale. Our results, in light of other previously published studies of admixture in Canis, revealed a pattern of sex-biased hybridization, presumably generated by male wolves and dogs mating with female coyotes. This study is the most comprehensive genetic survey of admixture in eastern coyotes and demonstrates that the frequency and scope of hybridization can be quantified with relatively few ancestry-informative markers. DA - 2013/11/26/ PY - 2013/11/26/ DO - 10.1111/mec.12570 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 182-197 J2 - Mol Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1083 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12570 DB - Crossref KW - admixture KW - Canis KW - diagnostic markers KW - hybridization KW - single-nucleotide polymorphism ER - TY - JOUR TI - A model for distributed GIUH-based flow routing on natural and anthropogenic hillslopes AU - Hallema, Dennis W. AU - Moussa, Roger T2 - Hydrological Processes AB - Attempts to reduce the number of parameters in distributed rainfall–runoff models have not yet resulted in a model that is accurate for both natural and anthropogenic hillslopes. We take on the challenge by proposing a distributed model for overland flow and channel flow based on a combination of a linear response time distribution and the hillslope geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH), which can be calculated with only a digital elevation model and a map with field boundaries and channel network as input. The spatial domain is subdivided into representative elementary hillslopes (REHs) for each of which we define geometric and flow velocity parameters and compute the GIUH. The catchment GIUH is given by the sum of all REH responses. While most distributed models only perform well on natural hillslopes, the advantage of our approach is that it can also be applied to modified hillslopes with for example a rectangular drainage network and terrace cultivation. Tests show that the REH-GIUH approach performs better than classical routing functions (exponential and gamma). Simulations of four virtual hillslopes suggest that peak flow at the catchment outlet is directly related to drainage density. By combining the distributed flow routing model with a lumped-parameter infiltration model, we were also able to demonstrate that terrace cultivation delays the response time and reduces peak flow in comparison to the same hillslope, but with a natural stream network. The REH-GIUH approach is a first step in the process of coupling distributed hydrological models to erosion and water quality models at the REH (associated with agricultural management) and at the catchment scale (associated with the evaluation of the environmental impact of human activities). It furthermore provides a basis for the development of models for large catchments and urban or peri-urban catchments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2013/8/14/ PY - 2013/8/14/ DO - 10.1002/hyp.9984 VL - 28 IS - 18 SP - 4877-4895 J2 - Hydrol. Process. LA - en OP - SN - 0885-6087 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9984 DB - Crossref KW - GIUH KW - hydrological modelling KW - channel network optimality KW - representative elementary hillslope KW - flow routing KW - agricultural catchment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of landscape characteristics on retention of expandable radiocollars on young ungulates AU - Grovenburg, Troy W. AU - Klaver, Robert W. AU - Jacques, Christopher N. AU - Brinkman, Todd J. AU - Swanson, Christopher C. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Monteith, Kevin L. AU - Sievers, Jaret D. AU - Bleich, Vernon C. AU - Kie, John G. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin AB - ABSTRACT One tool used for wildlife management is the deployment of radiocollars to gain knowledge of animal populations. Understanding the influence of individual factors (e.g., species, collar characteristics) and landscape characteristics (e.g., forested cover, shrubs, and fencing) on retention of expandable radiocollars for ungulates is important for obtaining empirical data on factors influencing ecology of young‐of‐the‐year ungulates. During 2001–2009, we captured and radiocollared 198 white‐tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) fawns, 142 pronghorn ( Antilocapra americana ) fawns, and 73 mule deer ( O. hemionus ) fawns in South Dakota, Minnesota, and California, USA. We documented 72 (36.4%), 8 (5.6%), and 7 (9.6%) premature (<270 days post‐capture) collar losses among white‐tailed deer, pronghorn, and mule deer, respectively. Probability of a collar being retained for 270 days was 0.36 (SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.27–0.47), 0.91 (SE = 0.03, 95% CI = 0.82–0.96), and 0.87 (SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.73–0.94) for white‐tailed deer, pronghorn, and mule deer fawns, respectively. Agricultural fencing, which varied among study areas and thus species, seemed to influence collar retention; fencing density was 69% lower in areas where fawns retained collars ( = 1.00 km/km 2 , SE = 0.1, n = 75) compared with areas where fawns shed collars ( = 3.24 km/km 2 , SE = 0.1, n = 56) prior to 270 days. Researchers of fawns should consider that radiocollars can be shed prematurely when estimating desired sample size to yield a suitable strength of inference about some natural process of interest. © 2013 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2013/11/19/ PY - 2013/11/19/ DO - 10.1002/WSB.366 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 89-95 J2 - Wildl. Soc. Bull. LA - en OP - SN - 1938-5463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/WSB.366 DB - Crossref KW - expandable radiocollar KW - fawn KW - fencing KW - habitat KW - landscape KW - retention KW - ungulate ER - TY - CONF TI - Large scale maps of cropping intensity in Asia from MODIS AU - Gray, Josh M. AU - Friedl, Mark A. AU - Frolking, Steve AU - Ramankutty, Navin AU - Nelson, Andrew C2 - 2013/// C3 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2013/// SP - B41A-0385 PB - American Geophysical Union ER - TY - CHAP TI - Digital Image Processing: Post-processing and Data Integration AU - Khorram, Siamak AU - Nelson, Stacy AU - Cakir, Halil AU - Van Der Wiele, Cynthia T2 - Handbook of Satellite Applications PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4419-7671-0_92 SP - 839-864 OP - PB - Springer New York SN - 9781441976703 9781441976710 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7671-0_92 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Digital Image Acquisition: Preprocessing and Data Reduction AU - Khorram, Siamak AU - Nelson, Stacy A. C. AU - Cakir, Halil AU - van der Wiele, Cynthia F. T2 - Handbook of Satellite Applications PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4419-7671-0_46 SP - 809-837 OP - PB - Springer New York SN - 9781441976703 9781441976710 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7671-0_46 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A multi-sector intertemporal optimization approach to assess the GHG implications of U.S. forest and agricultural biomass electricity expansion AU - Latta, Gregory S. AU - Baker, Justin S. AU - Beach, Robert H. AU - Rose, Steven K. AU - McCarl, Bruce A. T2 - Journal of Forest Economics AB - Abstract This study applies an intertemporal partial equilibrium model of the U.S. Forest and Agricultural sectors to assess the market, land use, and greenhouse gas (GHG) implications of biomass electricity expansion. Results show how intertemporal optimization procedures can yield different biomass feedstock portfolios and GHG performance metrics at different points in time. We examine the implications of restricting feedstock eligibility, land use change, and commodity substitution to put our results in the context of previous forest-only modeling efforts. Our results highlight the importance of dynamic considerations and forest and agricultural sector interactions on projecting the GHG effects of biomass electricity expansion in the U.S. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1016/j.jfe.2013.05.003 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 361-383 J2 - JFE LA - en OP - SN - 1104-6899 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfe.2013.05.003 DB - Crossref KW - Renewable electricity KW - Bioenergy Forest sector modeling KW - Land-use change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alternative U.S. biofuel mandates and global GHG emissions: The role of land use change, crop management and yield growth AU - Mosnier, A. AU - Havlík, P. AU - Valin, H. AU - Baker, J. AU - Murray, B. AU - Feng, S. AU - Obersteiner, M. AU - McCarl, B.A. AU - Rose, S.K. AU - Schneider, U.A. T2 - Energy Policy AB - We investigate the impacts of the U.S. renewable fuel standard (RFS2) and several alternative biofuel policy designs on global GHG emissions from land use change and agriculture over the 2010–2030 horizon. Analysis of the scenarios relies on GLOBIOM, a global, multi-sectoral economic model based on a detailed representation of land use. Our results reveal that RFS2 would substantially increase the portion of agricultural land needed for biofuel feedstock production. U.S. exports of most agricultural products would decrease as long as the biofuel target would increase leading to higher land conversion and nitrogen use globally. In fact, higher levels of the mandate mean lower net emissions within the U.S. but when the emissions from the rest of the world are considered, the US biofuel policy results in almost no change on GHG emissions for the RFS2 level and higher global GHG emissions for higher levels of the mandate or higher share of conventional corn-ethanol in the mandate. Finally, we show that if the projected crop productivity would be lower globally, the imbalance between domestic U.S. GHG savings and additional GHG emissions in the rest of the world would increase, thus deteriorating the net global impact of U.S. biofuel policies. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.02.035 VL - 57 SP - 602-614 J2 - Energy Policy LA - en OP - SN - 0301-4215 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.02.035 DB - Crossref KW - Biofuels KW - US renewable fuel standard (RFS2) KW - Land use change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implications of Alternative Agricultural Productivity Growth Assumptions on Land Management, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Mitigation Potential AU - Baker, Justin S. AU - Murray, Brian C. AU - McCarl, Bruce A. AU - Feng, Siyi AU - Johansson, Robert T2 - American Journal of Agricultural Economics AB - American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 95, Issue 2 p. 435-441 AAEA Meeting Invited Paper Session Implications of Alternative Agricultural Productivity Growth Assumptions on Land Management, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Mitigation Potential Justin S. Baker, Corresponding Author Justin S. Baker [email protected] [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorBrian C. Murray, Brian C. MurraySearch for more papers by this authorBruce A. McCarl, Bruce A. McCarlSearch for more papers by this authorSiyi Feng, Siyi FengSearch for more papers by this authorRobert Johansson, Robert JohanssonSearch for more papers by this author Justin S. Baker, Corresponding Author Justin S. Baker [email protected] [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorBrian C. Murray, Brian C. MurraySearch for more papers by this authorBruce A. McCarl, Bruce A. McCarlSearch for more papers by this authorSiyi Feng, Siyi FengSearch for more papers by this authorRobert Johansson, Robert JohanssonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 16 December 2012 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aas114Citations: 17 Justin S. Baker ([email protected]) is a research economist at RTI International. Brian C. Murray ([email protected]) is Director of Economic Analysis at the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University. Bruce A. McCarl ([email protected]) is University Distinguished Professor at the Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University. Siyi Feng ([email protected]) is a research fellow at the Department of Agricultural and Food Economics, Queen's University of Belfast. Robert Johansson ([email protected]) is Deputy Chief Economist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Chief Economist. This article was presented in an invited paper session at the 2012 AAEA annual meeting in Seattle, WA. The articles in these sessions are not subjected to the journal's standard refereeing process. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume95, Issue2January 2013Pages 435-441 RelatedInformation DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.1093/ajae/aas114 VL - 95 IS - 2 SP - 435–441 SN - 0002-9092 1467-8276 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aas114 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crop Productivity and the Global Livestock Sector: Implications for Land Use Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions AU - Havlík, Petr AU - Valin, Hugo AU - Mosnier, Aline AU - Obersteiner, Michael AU - Baker, Justin S. AU - Herrero, Mario AU - Rufino, Mariana C. AU - Schmid, Erwin T2 - American Journal of Agricultural Economics AB - American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 95, Issue 2 p. 442-448 AAEA Meeting Invited Paper Session Crop Productivity and the Global Livestock Sector: Implications for Land Use Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Petr Havlík, Corresponding Author Petr Havlík havlikpt@iiasa.ac.at havlikpt@iiasa.ac.atSearch for more papers by this authorHugo Valin, Hugo ValinSearch for more papers by this authorAline Mosnier, Aline MosnierSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Obersteiner, Michael ObersteinerSearch for more papers by this authorJustin S. Baker, Justin S. BakerSearch for more papers by this authorMario Herrero, Mario HerreroSearch for more papers by this authorMariana C. Rufino, Mariana C. RufinoSearch for more papers by this authorErwin Schmid, Erwin SchmidSearch for more papers by this author Petr Havlík, Corresponding Author Petr Havlík havlikpt@iiasa.ac.at havlikpt@iiasa.ac.atSearch for more papers by this authorHugo Valin, Hugo ValinSearch for more papers by this authorAline Mosnier, Aline MosnierSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Obersteiner, Michael ObersteinerSearch for more papers by this authorJustin S. Baker, Justin S. BakerSearch for more papers by this authorMario Herrero, Mario HerreroSearch for more papers by this authorMariana C. Rufino, Mariana C. RufinoSearch for more papers by this authorErwin Schmid, Erwin SchmidSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 December 2012 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aas085Citations: 77 Petr Havlík (havlikpt@iiasa.ac.at) is researcher at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and at the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. Hugo Valin (valin@iiasa.ac.at), Aline Mosnier (mosnier@iiasa.ac.at) and Michael Obersteiner (oberstei@iiasa.ac.at) are researchers with the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. Justin S. Baker (justinbaker@rti.org) is researcher at RTI International. Mario Herrero (m.herrero@cgiar.org) and Mariana C. Rufino (m.rufino@cgiar.org) are researchers with the International Livestock Research Institute. Erwin Schmid (erwin.schmid@boku.ac.at) is Professor at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. The research was supported by the EU-funded FP7 project ANIMALCHANGE (grant no. 266018). This article was presented in an invited paper session at the 2012 AAEA Annual meeting in Seattle, WA. The articles in these sessions are not subjected to the journal's standard refereeing process. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume95, Issue2January 2013Pages 442-448 RelatedInformation DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.1093/ajae/aas085 VL - 95 IS - 2 SP - 442–448 SN - 0002-9092 1467-8276 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aas085 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The environmental-data automated track annotation (Env-DATA) system: linking animal tracks with environmental data AU - Dodge, Somayeh AU - Bohrer, Gil AU - Weinzierl, Rolf AU - Davidson, Sarah C AU - Kays, Roland AU - Douglas, David AU - Cruz, Sebastian AU - Han, Jiawei AU - Brandes, David AU - Wikelski, Martin T2 - Movement Ecology AB - The movement of animals is strongly influenced by external factors in their surrounding environment such as weather, habitat types, and human land use. With advances in positioning and sensor technologies, it is now possible to capture animal locations at high spatial and temporal granularities. Likewise, scientists have an increasing access to large volumes of environmental data. Environmental data are heterogeneous in source and format, and are usually obtained at different spatiotemporal scales than movement data. Indeed, there remain scientific and technical challenges in developing linkages between the growing collections of animal movement data and the large repositories of heterogeneous remote sensing observations, as well as in the developments of new statistical and computational methods for the analysis of movement in its environmental context. These challenges include retrieval, indexing, efficient storage, data integration, and analytical techniques. This paper contributes to movement ecology research by presenting a new publicly available system, Environmental-Data Automated Track Annotation (Env-DATA), that automates annotation of movement trajectories with ambient atmospheric observations and underlying landscape information. Env-DATA provides a free and easy-to-use platform that eliminates technical difficulties of the annotation processes and relieves end users of a ton of tedious and time-consuming tasks associated with annotation, including data acquisition, data transformation and integration, resampling, and interpolation. The system is illustrated with a case study of Galapagos Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata) tracks and their relationship to wind, ocean productivity and chlorophyll concentration. Our case study illustrates why adult albatrosses make long-range trips to preferred, productive areas and how wind assistance facilitates their return flights while their outbound flights are hampered by head winds. The new Env-DATA system enhances Movebank, an open portal of animal tracking data, by automating access to environmental variables from global remote sensing, weather, and ecosystem products from open web resources. The system provides several interpolation methods from the native grid resolution and structure to a global regular grid linked with the movement tracks in space and time. The aim is to facilitate new understanding and predictive capabilities of spatiotemporal patterns of animal movement in response to dynamic and changing environments from local to global scales. DA - 2013/7/3/ PY - 2013/7/3/ DO - 10.1186/2051-3933-1-3 VL - 1 IS - 1 J2 - Mov Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 2051-3933 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2051-3933-1-3 DB - Crossref KW - Animal movement KW - Migration KW - Movebank KW - Movement ecology KW - Remote sensing KW - Track annotation KW - Weather ER - TY - JOUR TI - Observing the unwatchable through acceleration logging of animal behavior AU - Brown, Danielle D AU - Kays, Roland AU - Wikelski, Martin AU - Wilson, Rory AU - Klimley, A T2 - Animal Biotelemetry AB - Behavior is an important mechanism of evolution and it is paid for through energy expenditure. Nevertheless, field biologists can rarely observe animals for more than a fraction of their daily activities and attempts to quantify behavior for modeling ecological processes often exclude cryptic yet important behavioral events. Over the past few years, an explosion of research on remote monitoring of animal behavior using acceleration sensors has smashed the decades-old limits of observational studies. Animal-attached accelerometers measure the change in velocity of the body over time and can quantify fine-scale movements and body postures unlimited by visibility, observer bias, or the scale of space use. Pioneered more than a decade ago, application of accelerometers as a remote monitoring tool has recently surged thanks to the development of more accessible hardware and software. It has been applied to more than 120 species of animals to date. Accelerometer measurements are typically collected in three dimensions of movement at very high resolution (>10 Hz), and have so far been applied towards two main objectives. First, the patterns of accelerometer waveforms can be used to deduce specific behaviors through animal movement and body posture. Second, the variation in accelerometer waveform measurements has been shown to correlate with energy expenditure, opening up a suite of scientific questions in species notoriously difficult to observe in the wild. To date, studies of wild aquatic species outnumber wild terrestrial species and analyses of social behaviors are particularly few in number. Researchers of domestic and captive species also tend to report methodology more thoroughly than those studying species in the wild. There are substantial challenges to getting the most out of accelerometers, including validation, calibration, and the management and analysis of large quantities of data. In this review, we illustrate how accelerometers work, provide an overview of the ecological questions that have employed accelerometry, and highlight the emerging best practices for data acquisition and analysis. This tool offers a level of detail in behavioral studies of free-ranging wild animals that has previously been impossible to achieve and, across scientific disciplines, it improves understanding of the role of behavioral mechanisms in ecological and evolutionary processes. El comportamiento es un mecanismo importante de la evolución y que se paga a través del gasto de energía. Sin embargo, los biólogos de campo raramente observan los animales durante más de una fracción de sus actividades y los intentos de cuantificar el comportamiento para el modelado de los procesos ecológicos a menudo excluyen eventos crípticos pero importantes. En los últimos años se produjeron avances importantes en el monitoreo remoto del comportamiento de los animales, utilizando sensores de telemétro de aceleración (acelerómetros) que empujan los límites tradicionales de los estudios observacionales. Acelerómetros unidos a los animales miden el cambio de la velocidad del cuerpo en el tiempo y pueden cuantificar los movimientos a escala fina y posturas corporales ilimitadas por la visibilidad, el sesgo del observador, o la escala de la utilización del espacio. Como pionero hace más de una década, la aplicación de los acelerómetros como una herramienta de monitoreo remoto ha aumentado recientemente debido al desarrollo de hardware y software más accesibles. Se ha aplicado a más de 120 especies de animales hasta hoy. Medidas de los acelerómetros se recogen típicamente en tres dimensiones de movimiento a muy alta resolución (>10 Hz), y hasta ahora se han aplicado hacia dos objetivos principales. Primero, los patrones de las formas de los acelerómetros de onda se pueden utilizar para deducir comportamientos específicos a través de movimiento de los animales y la postura corporal. Segundo, se ha demonstrado que la variación en las medidas de forma de los acelerómetros de onda se ha demostrado que se correlaciona con el gasto de energía, abriendo una serie de preguntas de carácter científico sobre especies muy difíciles de observar en la naturaleza. Hasta la fecha, los estudios de las especies acuáticas silvestres superan a las especies terrestres silvestres, y los análisis de los comportamientos sociales son muy pocos en número. Los investigadores de las especies domésticas y en cautiverio tienden a reportar metodología más completa que los que estudian las especies silvestres. Hay retos importantes para conseguir el máximo rendimiento de los acelerómetros, incluyendo la validación, calibración y gestión y análisis de grandes cantidades de datos. En esta revisión se ilustra cómo funciona el acelerómetro, se proporciona una visión general de las investigaciones ecológicas que han empleado los acelerómetros y se destacan las mejores prácticas emergentes para la adquisición y análisis de datos. Esta herramienta ofrece un nivel de detalle en los estudios de comportamiento de los animales salvajes que han sido hasta ahora imposibles de alcanzar y, en todas las disciplinas científicas, que mejora la comprensión del papel de los mecanismos de comportamiento de los procesos ecológicos y evolutivos. Acelerómetro, actividad, bio-registro, comportamiento animal, gasto energético, etograma, navegación a estima, observación a distancia, telemetría. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1186/2050-3385-1-20 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 20 J2 - Animal Biotelemetry LA - en OP - SN - 2050-3385 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2050-3385-1-20 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Why Do Sloths Poop on the Ground? AU - Voirin, Bryson AU - Kays, Roland AU - Wikelski, Martin AU - Lowman, Margaret T2 - Treetops at Risk PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4614-7161-5_19 SP - 195-199 OP - PB - Springer New York SN - 9781461471608 9781461471615 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7161-5_19 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prey refuges as predator hotspots: ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) attraction to agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) dens AU - Emsens, Willem-Jan AU - Hirsch, Ben T. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Jansen, Patrick A. T2 - Acta Theriologica AB - We tested the hypothesis that prey refuges attract predators, leading to elevated predator activity in the vicinity of refuges. We used camera traps to determine whether the spatial activity of a predator, the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), was biased toward refuge locations of its principal prey, the agouti (Dasyprocta punctata). We radio-tracked agoutis at night to locate active refuges and compared the activity of ocelots between these refuges and surrounding control grid locations. We found that ocelots visited the area near agouti refuges significantly more often and for longer periods of time than control locations, and that they actively investigated the refuge entrances. Both occupied and unoccupied refuges were visited, but the duration of inspection was longer at occupied refuges. As the ocelots could probably not see the agoutis within the refuges, olfaction likely cued foraging ocelots. Two refuges were repeatedly visited by the same ocelots on different days, suggesting spatial memory. Overall, our results suggest that predators can be attracted to prey refuges or refuging prey. The benefits to prey of staying nearby a refuge would thus be counterbalanced by higher likelihoods of predator encounter. This should stimulate prey to use multiple refuges alternatingly and to not enter or exit refuges at times of high predator activity. DA - 2013/8/3/ PY - 2013/8/3/ DO - 10.1007/s13364-013-0159-4 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 257-262 J2 - Acta Theriol LA - en OP - SN - 0001-7051 2190-3743 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13364-013-0159-4 DB - Crossref KW - Agouti KW - Behavior KW - Movement KW - Ocelot KW - Predation KW - Refuge ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling the effects of agricultural BMPs on sediments, nutrients, and water quality of the Beaurivage River watershed (Quebec, Canada) AU - Rousseau, Alain N. AU - Savary, Stéphane AU - Hallema, Dennis W. AU - Gumiere, Silvio J. AU - Foulon, Étienne T2 - Canadian Water Resources Journal AB - Agriculture has evolved into the largest non-point source of surface water pollution in Canada as a result of intensification over the past forty years. The Canadian WEBs project (Watershed Evaluation of Beneficial Management Practices, BMPs) was launched to evaluate the environmental and economic performance of BMPs as a means to mitigate agricultural sediment and nutrient issues. In this paper, the Gestion Intégrée des Bassins versant à l’aide d’un Système Informatisé (GIBSI) (or Integrated Watershed Management using a Computer System) integrated modeling framework was used to evaluate the effects of different BMPs on sediment and nutrient yields, as well as water quality in the Beaurivage River watershed in the province of Quebec. A reference scenario was developed that describes the current situation (i.e., base case scenario) of the watershed by calibrating the models used within GIBSI, namely HYDROTEL for hydrology, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) for soil erosion, the Erosion-the Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for contaminant transport and fate, and QUAL2E for stream water quality. The effects of four BMPs were studied: (1) vegetated riparian buffer strips, (2) precision slurry application, (3) grassland conversion of cereal and corn fields, and (4) no-till (on corn fields). Simulation results indicate that BMPs can be effective in reducing nutrient and suspended sediment loads in both surface runoff and stream flow. More specifically, buffer strip and crop rotation showed better efficiency than hog-slurry management and no-till on corn BMPs. Moreover, results highlight the need for further investigation of sediment dynamics in the stream network as well as in the riparian buffer strips. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1080/07011784.2013.780792 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 99-120 J2 - Canadian Water Resources Journal LA - en OP - SN - 0701-1784 1918-1817 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2013.780792 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of VFDM: a riparian vegetated filter dimensioning model for agricultural watersheds AU - Gumiere, Silvio J. AU - Rousseau, Alain N. AU - Hallema, Dennis W. AU - Isabelle, Pierre-Erik T2 - Canadian Water Resources Journal AB - Dimensioning and positioning structural beneficial management practices (BMPs) represent a “real life” challenge for soil conservation engineers, managers, planners and policy-makers. Different factors, such as trapping efficiency; implementation, management, and opportunity costs (resulting from cropland loss), and government policies and guidelines need to be weighed to meet this challenge. The trapping efficiency of structural BMPs may depend on many parameters, including: (1) characteristics of vegetated filters (VF) such as width and slope, vegetation height, vegetation density and species composition, (2) flow characteristics such as runoff velocity, discharge volume and water height, and (3) sediment characteristics such as particle size, aggregation and concentration. Government policies and guidelines may include dimension and location of VFs and/or a cropland percentage that needs to be converted into VF areas. The main objectives of this paper are to: (1) describe the development of the Vegetated Filter Dimensioning Model (VFDM), a mathematical model to determine the optimal dimensions of riparian vegetated filter strips (RVFSs) in agricultural watersheds, and (2) illustrate the potential use of the model on a pilot watershed, the Beaurivage watershed, in Quebec, Canada. The latter was done for the sole purpose of model testing with readily available input parameters and data. The model calculates the optimal width with respect to vegetation, topographical, hydrological and sedimentological characteristics. The results of this case study showed that the average recommended RVFS for the Beaurivage River watershed is about 3 m wide. DA - 2013/9// PY - 2013/9// DO - 10.1080/07011784.2013.830372 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 169-184 J2 - Canadian Water Resources Journal LA - en OP - SN - 0701-1784 1918-1817 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2013.830372 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Debate: Can Bioenergy Be Produced in a Sustainable Manner That Protects Biodiversity and Avoids the Risk of Invaders? AU - Ridley, Caroline E. AU - Jager, Henriette I. AU - Clark, Christopher M. AU - Efroymson, Rebecca A. AU - Kwit, Charles AU - Landis, Douglas A. AU - Leggett, Zakiya H. AU - Miller, Darren A. T2 - Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America AB - Weighing contrasting evidence is an integral element of science (Osborne 2010). The dominant forum for doing this and for scientific exchange in general is the peer-review and publication process. It tends to be slow because of the time required to conduct critical reviews. Rapid exchange and discourse, in the form of a live debate, can also move science forward. Whether fast or slow, debate and discourse are particularly important in sustainability research when novel human activities with unknown consequences are introduced. For example, whether bioenergy can become a sustainable future source of energy is a contentious issue. Topics of disagreement include the relative importance of different aspects of sustainability, regional variation in benefits, the validity of methods used to perform environmental assessments, choices of sustainability targets, and the reliability of sustainability certification (Acosta-Michlik et al. 2011, Jorgensen and Andersen 2012). We held a modified Oxford-style debate at the 2012 ESA Annual Meeting in Portland, Oregon. Here, we summarize the key arguments advanced by opposing debate positions on the thesis that Producing bioenergy can be sustainable for habitat availability and biodiversity and can avoid the risk of new invaders. We gauged audience reactions to arguments made by representatives of both sides. We highlight the salient uncertainties in the debate, describe effective rhetorical strategies, and discuss purposes and appropriate contexts for scientific debate in general. We invited two experts to support and two to oppose the above thesis. Experts were asked to develop compelling arguments to support their assigned positions, which did not necessarily represent their actual views. We polled the audience on their a priori support for the thesis using real-time polling software, SMS Poll (www.smspoll.net). The software permitted up to 50 votes via text or web interface, representing roughly half of the ~100-member audience. The two sides alternated delivering main arguments within a seven-minute time limit, supported by published literature. After each speaker, we informally polled the audience regarding support for the speaker's position. Main arguments were followed by three minutes of rebuttal, allowing each expert to counter opposing arguments. We conducted an identical online poll after the debate to determine whether arguments swayed opinions. We concluded by soliciting both oral questions and written comments from the audience. First, biofuels will replace a portion of fossil fuels, thereby avoiding associated large-scale biodiversity impacts from seismic exploration lines, drilling, and transporting petroleum and gasoline (Parish et al. 2012). Second, bioenergy feedstocks will not necessarily be grown as monocultures; cultivation of mixtures of native grassland perennials or algal communities is possible. Even where the feedstock is a single species, it can be managed so that other species are nearby. Moreover, diverse communities used as biofuel feedstocks can have significant environmental benefits other than biodiversity, such as a high energy return on investment, reduced net greenhouse gas emissions, and low agrochemical pollution (Tilman et al. 2006). Stockenreiter et al. (2012) found that lipid production is higher in more diverse microalgal communities. Including fish can, in theory, stabilize algal cultivation ponds by keeping zooplankton consumers of algae low (Smith et al. 2010). 1) Grow crops on low-diversity lands. Plant diversity increases if perennial grasses or trees displace monoculture crops or brownfields. Aquatic biodiversity may be enhanced if highly fertilized crops are displaced. Algal biofuels can be produced on brownfields or paved areas. 2) Maintain structural complexity. Complexity of vegetation structure is related to biodiversity, and bioenergy crops can be managed to promote this. Moser et al. (2002) recommend maintaining a diversity of forest ages. Dhondt et al. (2007) found that the number of bird species on plantations with mixed ages of coppice willow and poplar was comparable to that in shrublands and successional fields. Wintering raptors preferred hybrid poplar plantations to adjacent habitat types in Oregon (Moser and Hilpp 2003). Small mammals preferred 1–3 year old hybrid poplar plantations with abundant understory to older plantations (Moser et al. 2002). Murray et al. (2003) recommended interspersing nonharvested switchgrass fields with harvested fields to support more grassland birds. 3) Select species as feedstocks to avoid invasion risk. Invasiveness is a combination of invasive potential of species and invasibility of the native community. Some species used as feedstocks have broad geographic ranges. For example, switchgrass is native to most of North America east of the Rocky Mountains. Switchgrass and the nonnative giant Miscanthus, a sterile hybrid, have been tested and found not to be invasive in dryland regions of California (Barney et al. 2012). Most species of eukaryotic microalgae and cyanobacteria being proposed as algal feedstocks are cosmopolitan and native, already inhabiting many water bodies. The use of saltwater algae in inland environments and use of freshwater algae near coasts can lower invasion risk. Clearly, there are ways to manage biofuel feedstocks that will support biodiversity conservation and reduce invasion risk. Commercial-scale bioenergy production threatens habitat availability for many organisms in ways that are unlikely to be easily mitigated. For example, meeting federally mandated renewable fuel targets could require harvest of biomass from hundreds of millions of hectares of agricultural lands, forest, and uncultivated lands set aside for conservation (e.g., Conservation Reserve Program lands). Increased harvest will reduce habitat availability for critical taxa for a variety of reasons. In a recent meta-analysis, Fletcher et al. (2011) conclude that “vertebrate diversity and abundance are generally lower in biofuel crop habitats than in non-crop habitats these crops may replace.” Bioenergy production in agricultural landscapes will require placing marginal lands that currently provide habitat into production. Meehan et al. (2010) conclude that producing annual bioenergy crops in marginal lands will lead to up to a 65% loss of avian richness across 20% of the Midwest. Moreover, conversion of marginal lands will exacerbate other threats to wildlife, including pesticide use. For example, loss of noncrop habitat reduces natural pest suppression, resulting in increased pesticide use in agricultural crops (Meehan et al. 2010). Harvest in forest systems changes forest structure (Littlefield and Keeton 2012) and reduces coarse and fine woody debris. Extraction of fine woody debris might reduce this key habitat component by up to 45%, affecting over 280 species (Dahlberg et al. 2011). Finally, industrialization of bioenergy production will cause each region to converge to the most efficient bioenergy crop, reducing habitat diversity to the detriment of many species. Intensification of bioenergy production will inexorably lead to losses of biodiversity and ecosystem services. In agriculture, crop yields have been increased by using more fertilizers and pesticides, planting monocultures, and decreasing landscape complexity, which has resulted in local species extirpations (Kleijn et al. 2009). Functional diversity is also being lost (Flynn et al. 2009), raising the specter of system collapse. Similarly, intensification in managed forests is reducing biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. Moreover, as the value of wood increases, forested lands will be converted to fastgrowing species that support fewer species (Flaspohler and Webster 2011). Despite good intentions to diversify working landscapes, powerful economic and social forces will undoubtedly favor intensified bioenergy production systems with concomitant losses in biodiversity and ecosystem services. Production of biomass feedstock and conservation of biodiversity are not mutually exclusive. Empirical evidence from forested systems shows that common best practices maintain biodiversity in working landscapes. Of course, potential effects are largely dictated by spatial scale, landscape composition, and individual species response (Efroymson et al. 2013). A series of meta-analyses (Riffell et al. 2011a, b, Verschuyl et al. 2011) examined possible impacts of biofuel feedstock production on forest biodiversity. A review of 68 studies concluded that (1) response varied by taxa and production system; (2) most taxa responded positively to thinning; (3) reduction of coarse woody debris may negatively impact some birds, but effects on other taxa were equivocal; (4) short-rotation woody crops may negatively affect birds and small mammals, but responses are variable and addition of shrubby habitat types on some landscapes may be beneficial; and (5) if woody biomass removal is <70–95% of experimental removals, impacts on overall biodiversity may be minimal. Related to point 5, it is uneconomical to eliminate most woody debris through forest residual harvest (see retention levels cited in Riffell et al. [2011a]). Additionally, harvest in a forested landscape would occur on a very small proportion of land in any given year, minimizing negative effects. Another opportunity for feedstock production in managed forests is intercropping an herbaceous crop between rows of planted pine (Fig. 1a). Although more work is needed (Riffell et al. 2012), recent results show similar plant diversity between traditional planted pine stands and those intercropped with switchgrass (155 plant species), a diverse breeding bird community (54 species) in intercropped stands, and negligible effects on rodent and herptile communities. Early results indicate that intercropping may not substantially affect the diverse plant and wildlife communities associated with planted pine in a sawtimber rotation. (a) Switchgrass intercropped in a pine plantation of Lenoir County, North Carolina. Photo credit: Jessica Homyack, (b) Miscanthus sinensis escaped from horticultural plantings in central Kentucky. Photo credit: Lauren Quinn. Implementation of science-based, best management practices (BMPs) (e.g., buffer strips and streamside management zones) and protecting unique ecological communities and those with threatened and endangered species can effectively retain elements of native biodiversity in commodity-based landscapes. Additionally, in most landscapes, not every acre will be available for biomass production. This mixture of land uses may increase habitat heterogeneity and promote higher biodiversity. Retaining key habitat elements (e.g., snags) is a practical solution to maintain biodiversity in managed landscapes. Using portions of some landscapes for intensive biomass feedstock production may alleviate pressures on other managed lands, thus conserving wildlife habitat and biodiversity at larger spatial scales. Finally, bioenergy production may provide landowners with economic incentive to maintain forest and/ or agricultural landscapes. This will reduce one of the largest threats to privately owned rural and wild landscapes: urbanization. The large-scale land use and landscape changes necessary to meet U.S. government-mandated benchmarks for renewable bioenergy (McDonald et al. 2009) will likely promote invasiveness. Reduced landscape heterogeneity in “new” areas of large-scale monoculture plantings increases susceptibility to invasion (Hoffman et al. 1995), particularly by introduced and weedy plants that take advantage of changed environmental conditions (Simberloff 2008). More notably, biomass feedstocks themselves are candidates for invasive spread (Fig. 1b); their establishment from seed in altered low-competition environments (Barney et al. 2012) and invasive spread has already been documented (Buddenhagen et al. 2009). At the forefront of the issue of invasibility is the fear that biomass feedstocks have many traits associated with invasiveness, including C4 photosynthesis, long canopy duration, few-to-no known pests or diseases, rapid growth and belowground partitioning of nutrients early in the growing season, and high water use efficiency (Raghu et al. 2006). Some of these same traits are targets of genetic improvement efforts, and others are not compromised at the expense of improvements in biomass (Rogers et al. 2012). Indeed, risk assessments to predict weediness and invasiveness of biomass feedstocks (e.g., Cousens 2008) are a necessary and precautionary step before widespread cultivation (e.g., Buddenhagen et al. 2009, Gordon et al. 2011). Genes and propagules can spread into surrounding areas in many ways. For alien plants used as biomass feedstocks, “effective” seed dispersal will be necessary for invasive spread. For native feedstocks and alien feedstocks with reproductively compatible relatives, successful pollination provides another avenue along which agronomic genes spread. Introgression of agronomic and transgenes into wild and compatible populations has been documented (Watrud et al. 2004). To reduce likelihood of invasive spread, sterile varieties of feedstocks must be developed (Quinn et al. 2010), which has proven difficult. Our opponents argued that Fletcher et al. (2011) conclude that biodiversity and abundance are generally lower in biofuel crops than in the noncrop areas they replace. This evidence is based on row crops, pine, and poplar. But the same authors acknowledge lack of evidence to make that claim for second-generation crops like switchgrass. Meehan et al. (2010) analyzed expansion of corn and soybean for bioenergy onto marginal land in the Midwest, but they also say, “In contrast, replacement of annual with diverse perennial bioenergy crops (e.g., mixed grasses and forbs) is expected to bring increases in avian richness between 12% and 207% across 20% of the region, and possibly aid the recovery of several species of conservation concern.” Similarly, arguments about agricultural intensification are not likely to apply to perennial crops because these require much lower nutrient and pesticide supplements. Species selection, modification, landscape design, and monitoring will help mitigate risk of species invasiveness. Measured changes in biodiversity and how those changes are interpreted will depend on context (Efroymson et al. 2013), including focal species, region and previous land use, land management, and scale of measurement. The “increased risk of invasion” argument put forward has been challenged on two main fronts. First, polycultures have been championed over monocultures. How bioenergy crops are grown will likely be a function of biomass yield and economics. Limited research in this area shows that monocultures produce higher yields than polycultures and make the most sense from an economic perspective (Griffith et al. 2011). Thus, monocultures will be the norm. Second, feedstock species put forward as less likely to pose invasive risks included cosmopolitan algae and crops that are either native or that were not shown to be invasive in case studies. Algae production, especially in open systems, is ripe with risk. Biofuel “type” strains of algae, cosmopolitan or not, may pose invasive threats to aquatic systems and public waterways (Wilkie et al. 2011). As for species specifically mentioned as not being invasive, the same case study used to illustrate this also showed that switchgrass is capable of establishing by seed in disturbed, lowcompetition areas outside its native range (Barney et al. 2012). Finally, using bioenergy crop plants native to a particular region does not necessarily lower invasion risk. On the contrary, introgression into native populations of conspecifics or other compatible relatives may well be applicable for some bioenergy feedstocks (Kwit and Stewart 2012). Our opponents used definitive language to imply that reduced habitat and biodiversity would be a “foregone conclusion” following widespread biofuel feedstock production. However, both presenters fail to acknowledge that, to date, science-based data are very limited, especially at larger spatial scales. Their arguments also ignore effective strategies for mitigating potential negative effects such as landscape planning and BMPs. The presenters do not acknowledge that most large forest landowners adhere to sustainable forestry standards, which have metrics for protection of unique ecological communities, sensitive species, provision of wildlife habitat, and management of invasive species. Additionally, positive or negative impacts of biomass system establishment will depend completely on landscape context, and responses by individual species and communities will be varied. Further, it has been argued that biofuel production equates with “habitat loss” when, in many cases, it is actually “habitat change.” This distinction is important; any habitat change will positively impact some species and negatively impact others. Our opponents also generalize that changes in forest structure will be necessarily negative, when this is not the case (e.g. Riffell et al. 2011a, Verschuyl et al. 2011). Due to differing landowner objectives and other factors, it is probable that establishment of short-rotation woody crops will only comprise portions of landscapes, and that positive and/or negative effects on biodiversity will be dependent on landscape context. Additionally, short-rotation pine forests support local and regional biodiversity (e.g., Miller et al. 2009), and the general supposition that this must lead to reduced biodiversity is flawed. The supporters of the thesis suggest that bioenergy production and maintenance of habitat availability and biodiversity are not mutually exclusive; they argue that there may even be opportunities for synergies. They suggest that additional research can be conducted and BMPs applied to achieve optimal bioenergy systems. I find this position to be very optimistic. Although we certainly need to be optimistic, as scientists we might also ask what is the probability that such favorable outcomes will be achieved? Our opponents repeatedly used qualifications including, “can,” “may,” “might,” and “could” when describing aspects of a sustainable bioenergy future. Given their uncertainty, we might look to the track records of the two major industry players in commercial bioenergy production in the United States: agriculture and forestry. Both already operate within an extensive framework of federal and state regulation. Both have also shared the ideal of “sustainable management” for at least three decades. And yet examples abound where ideals do not match realities. In agriculture, data show that farmers regularly apply excess fertilizer to corn. Although we have multiple BMPs to prevent this, agricultural pollution of surface and groundwater is common. Similarly, in forest management, decades of research has been conducted to develop and implement BMPs (e.g., thinning schedules and riparian buffer zones), and yet in some places we continue to struggle with fire-prone landscapes with degraded water quality. What makes us optimistic that research and policy can help us avoid similar outcomes for an expanding bioenergy industry? As a society, we are about to embark on an experimental shift in land use at a grand scale. These changes, caused by commercialization of bioenergy production systems, will impact hundreds of millions of hectares of diverse landscapes across North America. We hope to manage this shift with thoughtful legislation, wise regulation, and cooperation of individual land owners and industry leaders whose longterm interests truly do lie in developing and implementing sustainable approaches. Unfortunately, we are not as optimistic as our opponents that this will easily be achieved, but the question remains: What might we as ecologists do to tip the balance in favor of sustainable otcomes? Comparison of pre- and post-debate electronic polling of 50 audience members showed no significant difference in opinion before and after the debate (Table 1; χ2 = 1.989, P = 0.158). Although this did not represent a probability sample, it included nearly half of the audience. This test assumes independence, but we note that accounting for autocorrelation never increases power. If we had been able to obtain repeated measures by tracking the votes by individual, we could have used a more powerful test suitable for nonindependent data. Voting after each speaker showed that all arguments presented were supported by most audience members (Table 2). We received written comments from 15 audience members. Some of those who agreed with the thesis expressed a need to maintain optimism about energy alternatives to fossil fuels. Those who disagreed echoed debaters' arguments about the poor track record of industries (agriculture, forestry) and the high likelihood of energy crop invasions. Others in disagreement cited evidence not presented during the debate; one emphasized that sustainable bioenergy will not be achievable because of soil quality deterioration. General comments on the debate format included suggestions to better define the terms and scope of the debate at the outset, and to provide more time for audience questions and feedback. Our live, formal debate focused on a thesis that was sufficiently broad to permit a variety of perspectives and arguments from scientists. Each side addressed elements of the thesis to support their stance, selectively presenting evidence and arguments deemed to be compelling. The content and rhetorical style used by each participant was selected to persuade the audience. For instance, the first argument presented by the supporting side highlighted algae production in some locations as a way to avoid species loss and invasion; this point was not forcefully countered by the opposing side. The other main argument presented by the supporting side drew from research on forest bioenergy systems. The side opposing the thesis cited historical evidence by analogy with agronomic systems, voicing doubt that biodiversity would be maintained in bioenergy systems. This debater used the first person pronoun “we” rhetorically to sway the audience as ecologists and members of society. Both sides highlighted uncertainties in opposing arguments. The audience responded positively to arguments as shown in the results of the middebate hand votes (Table 2). Our debate clarified what aspects of bioenergy and biodiversity remain uncertain and what hypotheses could be tested to reduce scientific uncertainty. Key uncertainties included: (1) invasive potential of alternative feedstocks in different situations; (2) magnitude (area) of land conversion from bioenergy; (3) which land uses (i.e., urban vs. marginal vs. agricultural) will be replaced by each feedstock; (4) qualitative and quantitative effects of alternative bioenergy management practices on ecosystems; and (5) whether the cost of implementing ecologically sustainable management practices will be low enough. Research to clarify these questions will help to reduce uncertainty with respect to the broad thesis. Formal debate is an efficient means of facilitating scientific discourse at meetings because it capitalizes on the presence of experts, promotes lively and interactive exchange of scientific information, and deliberately intersperses contrasting points of view on controversial topics (Table 3). Theory tenacity is dangerous to good science. Alternating between arguments for and against the thesis counteracts our tendency to seek out information that conforms to our previously held beliefs (Sarewitz 2004). Immediate feedback between ideas and counter-arguments leads to more efficient progress toward a shared assessment of the likelihood that elements of a thesis are true, and what aspects remain uncertain. Ideally, this clarification will guide research in directions that will reduce scientific uncertainty. With the advent of electronic publishing, we are seeing even more direct public discourse between researchers in written formats; some journals publish articles, comments, and author responses simultaneously. Professional societies have an opportunity to enhance scientific exchange by directly engaging their membership through live dialogue and debate at their meetings. This has been done at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and the Entomological Society of America conferences. In the latter case, students participate in debate, which helps to develop professional scientists with important critical thinking skills (Osborne 2010). The debate format also has drawbacks (Table 3). Formal debate tends to polarize positions, thereby causing more complex dimensions or nuances to be lost. One way to recover these facets is by engaging the audience in a post-debate question-and-answer session. Debate can lower scientific credibility if it is felt that debaters are advancing particular interests by selectively representing a body of knowledge or exaggerating scientific certainty. Further, the debate format is not suitable for all situations. For example, it is less interesting to debate topics with overwhelming scientific support for one side. Debate is also a poor choice for communicating uncertainty to nonscientists, who may consider scientific results to be absolute and exact truths (Rabinovich and Morton 2012). We nevertheless strongly support live debate as a communication tool for scientific meetings. This debate grew out of a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) workshop on the DOE BioEnergy Technologies Office (BETO) Billion Ton-2 study, which was held at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), organized by Virginia Dale in the fall of 2011. H. Jager and R. Efroymson were supported by the DOE BETO at ORNL, which is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the DOE under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. Participation by D. Landis was supported by the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (BER Office of Science DE-FC02-07ER64494) and BETO (DE-AC05-76RL01830). We thank Natalie Griffiths and Peter Schweizer for assistance. Disclaimer: This article does not represent the official views of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or of BETO. DA - 2013/7// PY - 2013/7// DO - 10.1890/0012-9623-94.3.277 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 277-290 J2 - Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America LA - en OP - SN - 0012-9623 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623-94.3.277 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Consistent classification of image time series with automatic adaptive signature generalization AU - Gray, Josh AU - Song, Conghe T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment AB - Long-term data archives such as Landsat offer the potential for understanding land cover dynamics over large areas, but limited progress has been made towards realizing this potential due to data availability and computational limitations. Those limitations are less relevant now, and there is renewed interest in developing reliable methods of automatically and consistently classifying time series of remotely sensed images. Our objective was to develop a method of automatically classifying temporally irregular time series (i.e., non-anniversary date images in consecutive years) of images with a minimum of parameterization and a priori information. In contrast to traditional signature extension methods, the automatic adaptive signature generalization procedure (AASG) adapts class spectral signatures to individual images and therefore requires no image correction procedure. Class signatures are derived from pixels with stable land cover through time. We tested the performance of AASG relative to traditional signature extension with various image corrections, and explored the sensitivity of AASG to a thresholding parameter (c) controlling stable site identification. AASG performed as well as signature extension with atmospheric correction (κ = 0.68), and better than signature extension with relative (κ = 0.65) and TOA reflectance (κ = 0.56) image corrections for a summer–summer image pair. Additionally, we demonstrated the unique ability of AASG to adapt class signatures to phenological differences by classifying a summer–winter image pair with a modest reduction in overall accuracy (κ = 0.66). Observed sensitivity to c supported the hypothesis of an optimum value yielding enough training sites to describe class spectral variability, but conservative enough to minimize contamination of signatures due to classification errors. AASG offers significant advantages over traditional signature extension, particularly for temporally irregular time series. Although we demonstrated a simple implementation, the AASG approach is flexible and we outline several refinements which stand to improve performance. This development represents significant progress towards realizing the potential of long-term data archives to gain long-term understandings of global land cover dynamics. DA - 2013/7// PY - 2013/7// DO - 10.1016/J.RSE.2013.03.022 VL - 134 SP - 333-341 J2 - Remote Sensing of Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0034-4257 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.RSE.2013.03.022 DB - Crossref KW - Land cover KW - Classification KW - Signature extension KW - Landsat KW - LCLUC ER - TY - JOUR TI - The foundation species influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) on biodiversity and ecosystem function on the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau AU - Martin, Katherine L. AU - Goebel, P. Charles T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Foundation species are defined as abundant species that regulate ecosystem processes of a community through a small number of strong interactions, and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is often cited as an example foundation species. Much of the understanding of its influence on ecosystem dynamics comes from investigations into the impact of hemlock mortality following invasion by an invasive pest, hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). While this information is invaluable, uncertainty remains about how much of these changes are due to disturbance, and are thus temporary, and how much is attributed to the role of hemlock, which are more permanent. To clarify the role of hemlock in intact forests, we investigated community composition and resource availability in eight hemlock dominated riparian forests on the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau of Ohio, USA. In transects at 10, 30 and 50 m from headwater streams, we measured all vegetation strata and physiographic context. Light availability was quantified using hemispherical photography during the growing season and the deciduous leaf-off period. We also measured soil chemistry and leaf litter biomass and chemistry as metrics of nutrient cycling and productivity, and determined the relative decomposition rate using cellulose paper. Comparisons across transects indicated a high degree of similarity in community composition and function due to the direct and indirect effects of hemlock dominance. Species richness was low, with slight increases moving upslope from the streams. Productivity (leaf litter biomass), light availability (canopy openness) in the growing season and deciduous leaf-off period, and nutrient cycling (decomposition and leaf litter chemistry) was also similar across transects. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analyses indicated differences in species composition 10 m from streams compared to 30 and 50 m away from the streams. Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated hemlock dominance has a strong negative influence on vegetation species richness, as well as light availability and productivity. This indicates that as a foundation species, hemlock exerts a stronger biotic control than dampens the abiotic influence of environmental differences, overwhelming subtle but predictable patterns in species composition. Whether other foundation species, particularly conifers, structure ecosystems through similar mechanisms merits further investigation. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.040 VL - 289 SP - 143-152 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1127 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.040 DB - Crossref KW - Alternate states KW - Adelges tsugae KW - Central Hardwood Forest KW - Hemlock woolly adelgid KW - Resilience KW - Structural equation modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flow Characterization in the Santee Cave System in the Chapel Branch Creek Watershed, Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina, USA AU - Edwards, Amy AU - Amatya, Devendra AU - Williams, Thomas AU - Hitchcock, Daniel AU - James, April T2 - Journal of Cave and Karst Studies AB - Karst watersheds possess both diffuse and conduit flow and varying degrees of connectivity between surface and groundwater over spatial scales that result in complex hydrology and contaminant transport processes.The flow regime and surfacegroundwater connection must be properly identified and characterized to improve management in karst watersheds with impaired water bodies, such as the Chapel Branch Creek (CBC), South Carolina watershed, which has a long-term sampling station presently listed on an EPA 303(d) list for phosphorous, pH, and nitrogen.Water from the carbonate limestone aquifer of the Santee Cave system and spring seeps in the CBC watershed were monitored to characterize dominant flow type and surface-groundwater connection by measuring dissolved calcium and magnesium, total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, alkalinity, pH, specific conductance, and stable isotopes (d 18 O, d 2 H).These measurements indicated that the conduit flow to Santee Cave spring was recharged predominantly from diffuse flow, with a slow response of surface water infiltration to the conduit.Qualitative dye traces and stage elevation at Santee Cave spring and the adjacent Lake Marion (equal to the elevation of the flooded portion of CBC) also indicated a relation between fluctuating base level of the CBC reservoir-like embayment and elevation of the Santee Limestone karst aquifer at the spring.Methods described herein to characterize the flow type and surface-groundwater connection in the Santee Cave system can be applied not only to watershed management in the Chapel Branch Creek watershed, but also to the greater region where this carbonate limestone aquifer exists. DA - 2013/8/30/ PY - 2013/8/30/ DO - 10.4311/2011es0262 VL - 75 IS - 2 SP - 136-145 J2 - JCKS OP - SN - 1090-6924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4311/2011es0262 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel ways to assess forested wetland restoration in North Carolina using ecohydrological patterns from reference sites AU - Johnson, Yari Ben AU - Shear, Theodore Henry AU - James, April Lynda T2 - Ecohydrology AB - ABSTRACT Restoring jurisdictional wetland hydrology does not ensure that the hydrologic conditions of any specific natural forested wetland community are recreated. This is especially problematic for a state like North Carolina, which has roughly two dozen different forested wetland communities. Because forested wetland communities align themselves across edaphic and hydrologic gradients, we suggest exploiting these relationships to guide restoration design and set performance standards. However, methods to compare hydrology between multiple reference sites and restored wetlands are lacking. To address this, we studied three different forested wetlands across 13 reference sites to determine which measures of water table levels, based on correlation with plant community composition, would be useful to distinguish these three communities. We then used the best measures of water table levels to assess two restoration sites and compare them with the reference sites. Our results showed that monthly median water table levels encompassing the start of the growing season had the strongest correlation with plant community composition, whereas roughly five other measures also had strong correlations. On the basis of the best measures, both of the restoration sites had water table levels that generally fell within the natural range of the reference sites. Because there was variation in water table levels across each restoration site, the different measures where useful to identify which areas were least similar to the reference sites and might need further monitoring in the future. On the basis of our results, we recommend using community‐specific measures of hydrology to guide and assess forested wetland restoration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2013/5/5/ PY - 2013/5/5/ DO - 10.1002/eco.1390 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 692-702 J2 - Ecohydrol. LA - en OP - SN - 1936-0584 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.1390 DB - Crossref KW - forested wetland restoration KW - wetland hydrology KW - reference sites KW - Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration KW - nonriverine wet hardwood forests ER - TY - JOUR TI - Why transforming biodiversity conservation conflict is essential and how to begin. AU - Peterson, M Nils AU - Peterson, Markus J AU - Peterson, Tarla Rai AU - Leong, Kirsten T2 - Pacific Conservation Biology AB - Conserving biodiversity requires productive management of conflict. Currently, wildlife are often portrayed as conscious human antagonists, which must be fought. We suggest using the ‘comic corrective’ to experiment with ways to reframe human–human conflicts over wildlife management and wildlife damage. This requires a deep commitment to change, often made more palatable through humour. This effort to fight the use of the term human–wildlife conflict should not be interpreted as a call to reject human–human conflict as a useful conservation tool. Conservationists, who value wildlife, often misleadingly suggest that conservation can sidestep irreducible value differences and political processes that see proponents of different views as antagonists. Because democracies cannot function without dissent, we suggest that conservation biologists should embrace stakeholder conflicts over wildlife conservation as a way to improve decision making. In particular, we should challenge the view that wildlife are willfully antagonistic to people while recognizing conflict among humans over how biodiversity conservation should occur. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1071/PC130094 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 94 J2 - Pac. Conserv. Biol. LA - en OP - SN - 1038-2097 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/PC130094 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental drivers of demographics, habitat use, and behavior during a post-Pleistocene radiation of Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi) AU - Heinen, Justa L. AU - Coco, Matthew W. AU - Marcuard, Maurice S. AU - White, Danielle N. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Martin, Ryan A. AU - Langerhans, R. Brian T2 - Evolutionary Ecology DA - 2013/1/8/ PY - 2013/1/8/ DO - 10.1007/S10682-012-9627-6 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - 971-991 J2 - Evol Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0269-7653 1573-8477 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10682-012-9627-6 DB - Crossref KW - Adaptive radiation KW - Blue holes KW - Competition KW - Ecological divergence KW - Habitat shift KW - Predation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential Impact of Bioenergy Demand on the Sustainability of the Southern Forest Resource AU - Abt, Robert C. AU - Abt, Karen L. T2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry AB - The use of woody biomass for the production of domestic bioenergy to meet policy-driven demands could lead to significant changes in the forest resource. These impacts may be limited if woody biomass from forests is defined as only the residues from logging. Yet, if only residue is used, the contribution of woody biomass to a renewable energy portfolio will also be limited. As the definition of woody biomass is expanded, the impacts on the forest resource increase, as does the contribution of woody biomass to the renewable portfolio. A combination of markets and policies will determine the extent to which woody biomass can be used to meet renewable electricity requirements. This article develops two hypothetical demand scenarios based on the use of woody biomass in renewable electricity generation and uses these scenarios in a model of timber supply in the U.S. South to evaluate the effects on both timber markets and forest resource sustainability. The demands for woody biomass are met by a combination of residues from logging on private forests and increased harvest of pine pulpwood. We identify the dynamics of key characteristics of the southern forest resource, including forest type and age class distributions that vary under these demand scenarios. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.1080/10549811.2011.652044 VL - 32 IS - 1-2 SP - 175-194 J2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry LA - en OP - SN - 1054-9811 1540-756X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2011.652044 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato type III effector HopM1 suppresses Arabidopsis defenses independent of suppressing salicylic acid signaling and of targeting AtMIN7. AU - Gangadharan, A AU - Sreerekha, MV AU - Whitehill, J AU - Ham, JH AU - Mackey, D T2 - PloS one AB - Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (Pto) delivers several effector proteins promoting virulence, including HopM1, into plant cells via type III secretion. HopM1 contributes to full virulence of Pto by inducing degradation of Arabidopsis proteins, including AtMIN7, an ADP ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola strain NPS3121 (Pph) lacks a functional HopM1 and elicits robust defenses in Arabidopsis thaliana, including accumulation of pathogenesis related 1 (PR-1) protein and deposition of callose-containing cell wall fortifications. We have examined the effects of heterologously expressed HopM1Pto on Pph-induced defenses. HopM1 suppresses Pph-induced PR-1 expression, a widely used marker for salicylic acid (SA) signaling and systemic acquired resistance. Surprisingly, HopM1 reduces PR-1 expression without affecting SA accumulation and also suppresses the low levels of PR-1 expression apparent in SA-signaling deficient plants. Further, HopM1 enhances the growth of Pto in SA-signaling deficient plants. AtMIN7 contributes to Pph-induced PR-1 expression. However, HopM1 fails to degrade AtMIN7 during Pph infection and suppresses Pph-induced PR-1 expression and callose deposition in wild-type and atmin7 plants. We also show that the HopM1-mediated suppression of PR-1 expression is not observed in plants lacking the TGA transcription factor, TGA3. Our data indicate that HopM1 promotes bacterial virulence independent of suppressing SA-signaling and links TGA3, AtMIN7, and other HopM1 targets to pathways distinct from the canonical SA-signaling pathway contributing to PR-1 expression and callose deposition. Thus, efforts to understand this key effector must consider multiple targets and unexpected outputs of its action. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0082032 VL - 8 IS - 12 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/24324742 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of water availability on emerald ash borer larval performance and phloem phenolics of Manchurian and black ash. AU - Chakraborty, S AU - Whitehill, JG AU - Hill, AL AU - Opiyo, SO AU - Cipollini, D AU - Herms, DA AU - Bonello, P T2 - Plant, cell & environment AB - Abstract The invasive emerald ash borer ( EAB ) beetle is a significant threat to the survival of N orth A merican ash. In previous work, we identified putative biochemical and molecular markers of constitutive EAB resistance in M anchurian ash, an A sian species co‐evolved with EAB . Here, we employed high‐throughput high‐performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and mass spectrometry ( HPLC‐PDA ‐ MS) to characterize the induced response of soluble phloem phenolics to EAB attack in resistant M anchurian and susceptible black ash under conditions of either normal or low water availability, and the effects of water availability on larval performance. Total larval mass per tree was lower in M anchurian than in black ash. Low water increased larval numbers and mean larval mass overall, but more so in M anchurian ash. Low water did not affect levels of phenolics in either host species, but six phenolics decreased in response to EAB . In both ashes, pinoresinol A was induced by EAB , especially in M anchurian ash. Pinoresinol A and pinoresinol B were negatively correlated with each other in both species. The higher accumulation of pinoresinol A in M anchurian ash after attack may help explain the resistance of this species to EAB , but none of the responses measured here could explain increased larval performance in trees subjected to low water availability. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.1111/pce.12215 VL - 4 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/24125060 KW - pinoresinol KW - drought stress KW - Agrilus planipennis KW - secondary metabolites KW - quantitation KW - induced resistance KW - Fraxinus spp. KW - phenolics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reserves accumulated in non-photosynthetic organs during the previous growing season drive plant defenses and growth in aspen in the subsequent growing season. AU - Najar, A AU - Landhäusser, SM AU - Whitehill, JG AU - Bonello, P AU - Erbilgin, N T2 - Journal of chemical ecology DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1007/s10886-013-0374-0 VL - 1 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/24363094 KW - Aspen KW - Constitutive and induced defenses KW - Non-structural carbohydrates KW - Nitrogen KW - Phenolic glycosides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the influence of habitat quality on movements of the endangered shortnose sturgeon AU - Farrae, Daniel J. AU - Albeke, Shannon E. AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Nibbelink, Nathan P. AU - Peterson, Douglas L. T2 - Environmental Biology of Fishes DA - 2013/8/14/ PY - 2013/8/14/ DO - 10.1007/S10641-013-0170-2 VL - 97 IS - 6 SP - 691-699 J2 - Environ Biol Fish LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1909 1573-5133 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10641-013-0170-2 DB - Crossref KW - Endangered species KW - Physiology KW - Diadromous KW - Spatial analysis KW - Fishery management KW - Telemetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimal allocation of captive-reared Puerto Rican parrots: Decisions when divergent dynamics characterize managed populations AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Fackler, Paul L. AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - White, Thomas H., Jr. AU - Llerandi-Roman, Ivan AU - Dinsmore, Stephen J. T2 - The Journal of Wildlife Management AB - Reintroduction programs often face the challenge of sustaining multiple populations, each with unique demographic rates. Decision makers must determine how to allocate a finite number of captive-reared animals among these populations to achieve the fundamental objective of the program. We explored the optimal allocation of captive-reared Puerto Rican parrots (Amazona vittata) to 3 distinct populations: a struggling relict (population 1), a successfully reintroduced population (population 2), and a potential (new) population (population 3). We illustrate decision tradeoffs using 4 hypothetical scenarios of demographic performance created using the parrot literature and expert opinion and find the optimal decision by formulating the problem as a Markov decision process. Across all scenarios, our analysis favored releasing parrots into population 2 first when population sizes were small, followed by releases into population 3, and subsequently to population 1. The point in the decision space at which these transitions occurred was a function of location demographic rates. Releasing parrots in a location harboring an extant population versus a location that does not is advisable if differences in environmental conditions that promote population growth between locations are small. If management actions cannot ameliorate limiting factors in a location, decisions will favor translocations from such locations and allocations to locations where growth is more likely. When the cost of conducting a release is considered, managers should occasionally postpone releases to avoid these costs. This is optimal whenever the weighted contribution of the additional parrots to the sum of the discounted additional expected future population levels is less than the size of the fixed costs. This was most often the case for population 1 as costs increased. © 2013 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2013/6/14/ PY - 2013/6/14/ DO - 10.1002/JWMG.569 VL - 77 IS - 6 SP - 1124-1134 J2 - Jour. Wild. Mgmt. LA - en OP - SN - 0022-541X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/JWMG.569 DB - Crossref KW - allocation KW - captive-reared birds KW - conservation KW - costs KW - optimization KW - population growth KW - Puerto Rican Parrot KW - recurrent decisions KW - reintroduction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unraveling Associations between Cyanobacteria Blooms and In-Lake Environmental Conditions in Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain, USA, Using a Modified Self-Organizing Map AU - Pearce, Andrea R. AU - Rizzo, Donna M. AU - Watzin, Mary C. AU - Druschel, Gregory K. T2 - Environmental Science & Technology AB - Exploratory data analysis on physical, chemical, and biological data from sediments and water in Lake Champlain reveals a strong relationship between cyanobacteria, sediment anoxia, and the ratio of dissolved nitrogen to soluble reactive phosphorus. Physical, chemical, and biological parameters of lake sediment and water were measured between 2007 and 2009. Cluster analysis using a self-organizing artificial neural network, expert opinion, and discriminant analysis separated the data set into no-bloom and bloom groups. Clustering was based on similarities in water and sediment chemistry and non-cyanobacteria phytoplankton abundance. Our analysis focused on the contribution of individual parameters to discriminate between no-bloom and bloom groupings. Application to a second, more spatially diverse data set, revealed similar no-bloom and bloom discrimination, yet a few samples possess all the physicochemical characteristics of a bloom without the high cyanobacteria cell counts, suggesting that while specific environmental conditions can support a bloom, another environmental trigger may be required to initiate the bloom. Results highlight the conditions coincident with cyanobacteria blooms in Missisquoi Bay of Lake Champlain and indicate additional data are needed to identify possible ecological contributors to bloom initiation. DA - 2013/11/26/ PY - 2013/11/26/ DO - 10.1021/ES403490G VL - 47 IS - 24 SP - 14267-14274 J2 - Environ. Sci. Technol. LA - en OP - SN - 0013-936X 1520-5851 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ES403490G DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Stewardship of the biosphere in the urban era AU - Elmqvist, T. AU - Fragkias, M. AU - Goodness, J. AU - Güneralp, B. AU - Marcotullio, P.J. AU - McDonald, R.I. AU - Parnell, S. AU - Schewenius, M. AU - Sendstad, M. AU - Seto, K.C. AU - Wilkinson, C. AU - Alberti, M. AU - Folke, C. AU - Frantzeskaki, N. AU - Haase, D. AU - Katti, M. AU - Nagendra, H. AU - Niemelä, J. AU - Pickett, S.T.A. AU - Redman, C.L. AU - Tidball, K. AB - We are entering a new urban era in which the ecology of the planet as a whole is increasingly influenced by human activities (Ellis 2011; Steffen et al. 2011a, b; Folke et al. 2011). Cities have become a central nexus of the relationship between people and nature, both as crucial centres of demand of ecosystem services, and as sources of environmental impacts. Approximately 60 % of the urban land present in 2030 is forecast to be built in the period 2000–2030 (Chap. 21). Urbanization therefore presents challenges but also opportunities. In the next two to three decades, we have unprecedented chances to vastly improve global sustainability through designing systems for increased resource efficiency, as well as through exploring how cities can be responsible stewards of biodiversity and ecosystem services, both within and beyond city boundaries. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-007-7088-1_33 SE - 719-746 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903208430&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sub-regional Assessment of India: Effects of Urbanization on Land Use, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services AU - Nagendra, Harini AU - Sudhira, H.S. AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Schewenius, Maria T2 - Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem services: challenges and opportunities A2 - Elmqvist, Thomas A2 - Fragkias, Michail A2 - Goodness, Julie A2 - Güneralp, Burak A2 - Marcotullio, Peter J. A2 - McDonald, Robert I. A2 - Parnell, Susan A2 - Schewenius, Maria A2 - Sendstad, Marte A2 - Seto, Karen C. A2 - Wilkinson, Cathy AB - India is increasingly marked by the growing influence of urban areas, with large-scale, distal impacts on rural environments across the country. These changes will impact land cover, natural habitats, biodiversity and the ecosystem services that underpin human well-being. PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-007-7088-1_6 SP - 65-74 PB - Springer UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903744222&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The social biology professor: Effective strategies for social media engagement AU - Bertram, Susan AU - Katti, Madhusudan T2 - Ideas in Ecology and Evolution AB - Evolutionary biology and ecology have always been collaborative enterprises, benefitting enormously from active communication of ideas among traditional academic networks of peers. The Internet age, with its thriving online social networks, offers new tools that can help our current generation of biologists to collaborate, and communicate with the public, more effectively. Having a dynamic web presence, being part of an active blogging, Facebook, or Google+ community, and being a strategic tweeter can help your research, teaching, and service programs. Below we outline how to be a strategically savvy and active social media scientist, and discuss some of the pitfalls to avoid wasting time. We highlight some ecologists and evolutionary biologists who are active in social media to help you understand the many ways social media can help you in your academic life. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.4033/iee.2013.6.5.f VL - 6 IS - 1 KW - Social media KW - Twitter KW - tweet KW - blogging KW - Internet KW - communicating science ER - TY - JOUR TI - A multi-level model of blood lead as a function of air lead AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Meng, Q. AU - Davis, J.A. AU - Cohen, J. AU - Svendsgaard, D. AU - Brown, J.S. AU - Tuttle, L. AU - Hubbard, H. AU - Rice, J. AU - Kirrane, E. AU - Vinikoor-Imler, L. AU - Kotchmar, D. AU - Hines, E. AU - Ross, M. T2 - Science of the Total Environment AB - National and local declines in lead (Pb) in blood (PbB) over the past several years coincide with the decline in ambient air Pb (PbA) concentrations. The objective of this work is to evaluate how the relationship between PbB levels and PbA levels has changed following the phase out of leaded gasoline and tightened controls on industrial Pb emissions over the past 30 years among a national population sample. Participant-level data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were employed for two time periods (1988-1994 and 1999-2008), and the model was corrected for housing, demographic, socioeconomic, and other covariates present in NHANES. NHANES data for PbB and covariates were merged with PbA data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Linear mixed effects models (LMEs) were run to assess the relationship of PbB with PbA; sample weights were omitted, given biases encountered with the use of sample weights in LMEs. The 1988-1994 age-stratified results found that ln(PbB) was statistically significantly associated with ln(PbA) for all age groups. The consistent influence of PbA on PbB across age groups for the years 1988-1994 suggests a ubiquitous exposure unrelated to age of the sample population. The comparison of effect estimates for ln(PbA) shows a statistically significant effect estimate and ANOVA results for ln(PbB) for the 6- to 11-year and 12- to 19-year age groups during 1999-2008. The more recent finding suggests that PbA has less consistent influence on PbB compared with other factors. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.008 VL - 461-462 SP - 207-213 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84878647451&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Air lead KW - Air pollution KW - Biomarkers of exposure KW - Blood lead KW - Children KW - NHANES ER - TY - JOUR TI - cardiovascular outcomes and the physical and chemical properties of metal ions found in particulate matter air pollution: A QICAR study AU - Meng, Q. AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Lu, S.-E. AU - Buckley, B. AU - Welsh, W.J. AU - Whitsel, E.A. AU - Hanna, A. AU - Yeatts, K.B. AU - Warren, J. AU - Herring, A.H. AU - Xiu, A. T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - Background: This paper presents an application of quantitative ion character–activity relationships (QICAR) to estimate associations of human cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVDs) with a set of metal ion properties commonly observed in ambient air pollutants. QICAR has previously been used to predict ecotoxicity of inorganic metal ions based on ion properties. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1289/ehp.1205793 VL - 121 IS - 5 SP - 558-564 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84877019658&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - air pollution KW - cardiovascular disease KW - multipollutant KW - QICAR KW - QSAR ER - TY - JOUR TI - A routine activities analysis of white-collar crime in carbon markets AU - Gibbs, C. AU - Cassidy, M.B. AU - Rivers, L. T2 - Law and Policy AB - Scholars recently called for increased analysis of opportunity structures that produce white‐collar crimes in legitimate business systems. In the current research, we use mental models, a tool from cognitive psychology, to describe opportunity structures for white‐collar crime in the E uropean E missions T rading S ystem, the largest carbon market in the world. Specifically, we use routine activities theory to describe the convergence of motivated offenders and suitable targets in the absence of capable guardians in different parts of the system. Implications for utilizing routine activities theory to understand and address crime in carbon markets are discussed. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1111/lapo.12009 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 341-374 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84883552482&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - Effective risk communication AB - Introduction Joseph Arvai and Louie Rivers III 1. A Relational Theory of Risk: Lessons for risk communication Asa Boholm and Herve Corvellec 2. Video Interventions for Risk Communication and Decision Making Julie S. Downs 3. Communicating inconclusive scientific evidence Peter M. Wiedemann, Franziska U. Boerner and Holger Schutz 4. Communicating about Uncertainty in Multi-Stakeholder Groups Robin Gregory and Nate Dieckmann 5. New transparency policies: risk communication's doom? Ragnar E. Lofstedt and Frederic Boude 6. Social distrust and its implications for risk communication: An example from high level radioactive waste management Seth P. Tuler and Roger E. Kasperson 7. Fairness, Public Engagement, and Risk Communication John C. Besley and Katherine A. McComas 8. Why risk communicators should care about the fairness and competence of their public engagement process Thomas Webler 9. Risk Communication in Social Media Liz Neeley 10. The 'Mental Models' Methodology for Developing Communications: Adaptations for informing public risk management decisions about emerging technologies Lauren A. Fleishman-Mayer and Wandi Bruine de Bruin 11. Construing Risk: Implications for Risk Communication Adam Zwickle and Robyn S. Wilson 12. Risk Communication and Moral Emotions Sabine Roeser and Jessica Nihlen Fahlquist 13. The Role of Channel Beliefs in Risk Information Seeking 14. Risk Communication: Insights from the Decision Sciences Joseph Arvai and Victoria Campbell-Arvai 15. Risk Communication for Empowerment: An Ultimate or Elusive Goal? Cindy G. Jardine and S.M. Driedger 16. Learning from Risk Communication Failures William Leiss 17. Exploring Unintended Consequences of Risk Communication Messages Charles T. Salmon, Sahara Byrne and Laleah Fernandez 18. Boomerang Effects in Risk Communication P. Sol Hart 19. The Role of Social and Decision Sciences in Communicating Uncertain Climate Risks Nick Pidgeon and Baruch Fischhoff DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.4324/9780203109861 SE - 1-342 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84917483214&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species Trials of Short Rotation Woody Crops on Two Wastewater Application Sites in North Carolina, USA AU - Shifflett, Shawn Dayson AU - Hazel, Dennis W AU - Frederick, Douglas J AU - Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie T2 - BioEnergy Research DA - 2013/7/27/ PY - 2013/7/27/ DO - 10.1007/s12155-013-9351-2 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 157-173 J2 - Bioenerg. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 1939-1234 1939-1242 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-013-9351-2 DB - Crossref KW - Populus KW - Native trees KW - Municipal wastewater KW - Bioenergy KW - Marginal and degraded lands ER - TY - CHAP TI - Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Concerns, Causes, Policies, and Their Impacts AU - Pfaff, A. AU - Amacher, G.S. AU - Sills, E.O. AU - Coren, M.J. AU - Streck, C. AU - Lawlor, K. T2 - Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics AB - National and international efforts to reduce loss of tropical forests, while having some impacts, have largely failed to substantially slow the rates of loss from deforestation and forest degradation that reduce species habitat while accounting for 12–17% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. To wit, within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, negotiators are actively considering ways to provide incentives for tropical forest conservation and thus carbon storage plus other service co-benefits. Policy effectiveness, efficiency, and equity can increase if we learn lessons from the past about what drives and what inhibits deforestation and degradation, understanding what has worked or not, and the reasons. PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1016/b978-0-12-375067-9.00052-8 SP - 144-149 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780080964522 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-375067-9.00052-8 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Forest Management and Landowners’ Discount Rates in the Southern United States AU - Atmadja, Stibniati S. AU - Sills, Erin O. T2 - Post-Faustmann Forest Resource Economics PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-007-5778-3_5 SP - 91-123 OP - PB - Springer Netherlands SN - 9789400757776 9789400757783 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5778-3_5 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tree species and diversity effects on soil water seepage in a tropical plantation AU - Sprenger, Matthias AU - Oelmann, Yvonne AU - Weihermüller, Lutz AU - Wolf, Sebastian AU - Wilcke, Wolfgang AU - Potvin, Catherine T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Plant diversity has been shown to influence the water cycle of forest ecosystems by differences in water consumption and the associated effects on groundwater recharge. However, the effects of biodiversity on soil water fluxes remain poorly understood for native tree species plantations in the tropics. Therefore, we estimated soil water fluxes and assessed the effects of tree species and diversity on these fluxes in an experimental native tree species plantation in Sardinilla (Panama). The study was conducted during the wet season 2008 on plots of monocultures and mixtures of three or six tree species. Rainfall and soil water content were measured and evapotranspiration was estimated with the Penman-Monteith equation. Soil water fluxes were estimated using a simple soil water budget model considering water input, output, and soil water and groundwater storage changes and in addition, were simulated using the physically based one-dimensional water flow model Hydrus-1D. In general, the Hydrus simulation did not reflect the observed pressure heads, in that modeled pressure heads were higher compared to measured ones. On the other hand, the results of the water balance equation (WBE) reproduced observed water use patterns well. In monocultures, the downward fluxes through the 200 cm-depth plane were highest below Hura crepitans (6.13 mm day−1) and lowest below Luehea seemannii (5.18 mm day−1). The average seepage rate in monocultures (±SE) was 5.66 ± 0.18 mm day−1, and therefore, significantly higher than below six-species mixtures (5.49 ± 0.04 mm day−1) according to overyielding analyses. The three-species mixtures had an average seepage rate of 5.63 ± 0.12 mm day−1 and their values did not differ significantly from the average values of the corresponding species in monocultures. Seepage rates were driven by the transpiration of the varying biomass among the plots (r = 0.61, p = 0.017). Thus, a mixture of trees with different growth rates resulted in moderate seepage rates compared to monocultures of either fast growing or slow growing tree species. Our results demonstrate that tree-species specific biomass production and tree diversity are important controls of seepage rates in the Sardinilla plantation during the wet season. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.03.022 VL - 309 SP - 76-86 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84884816813&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Hydrus-1D KW - Tree diversity KW - Mixed-species stands KW - Seepage KW - Tropical tree plantation KW - Water balance model ER - TY - JOUR TI - ORE1 balances leaf senescence against maintenance by antagonizing G2-like-mediated transcription AU - Rauf, Mamoona AU - Arif, Muhammad AU - Dortay, Hakan AU - Matallana-Ramírez, Lilian P AU - Waters, Mark T AU - Gil Nam, Hong AU - Lim, Pyung-Ok AU - Mueller-Roeber, Bernd AU - Balazadeh, Salma T2 - EMBO reports AB - Leaf senescence is a key physiological process in all plants. Its onset is tightly controlled by transcription factors, of which NAC factor ORE1 (ANAC092) is crucial in Arabidopsis thaliana. Enhanced expression of ORE1 triggers early senescence by controlling a downstream gene network that includes various senescence-associated genes. Here, we report that unexpectedly ORE1 interacts with the G2-like transcription factors GLK1 and GLK2, which are important for chloroplast development and maintenance, and thereby for leaf maintenance. ORE1 antagonizes GLK transcriptional activity, shifting the balance from chloroplast maintenance towards deterioration. Our finding identifies a new mechanism important for the control of senescence by ORE1. DA - 2013/3/5/ PY - 2013/3/5/ DO - 10.1038/embor.2013.24 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 382-388 J2 - EMBO Rep OP - SN - 1469-221X 1469-3178 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/embor.2013.24 DB - Crossref KW - transcription factor KW - senescence KW - chloroplast KW - protein-protein interaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - NAC Transcription Factor ORE1 and Senescence-Induced BIFUNCTIONAL NUCLEASE1 (BFN1) Constitute a Regulatory Cascade in Arabidopsis AU - Matallana-Ramirez, Lilian P. AU - Rauf, Mamoona AU - Farage-Barhom, Sarit AU - Dortay, Hakan AU - Xue, Gang-Ping AU - Dröge-Laser, Wolfgang AU - Lers, Amnon AU - Balazadeh, Salma AU - Mueller-Roeber, Bernd T2 - Molecular Plant AB - Senescence is a highly regulated process that involves the action of a large number of transcription factors. The NAC transcription factor ORE1 (ANAC092) has recently been shown to play a critical role in positively controlling senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, no direct target gene through which it exerts its molecular function has been identified previously. Here, we report that BIFUNCTIONAL NUCLEASE1 (BFN1), a well-known senescence-enhanced gene, is directly regulated by ORE1. We detected elevated expression of BFN1 already 2 h after induction of ORE1 in estradiol-inducible ORE1 overexpression lines and 6 h after transfection of Arabidopsis mesophyll cell protoplasts with a 35S:ORE1 construct. ORE1 and BFN1 expression patterns largely overlap, as shown by promoter-reporter gene (GUS) fusions, while BFN1 expression in senescent leaves and the abscission zones of maturing flower organs was virtually absent in ore1 mutant background. In vitro binding site assays revealed a bipartite ORE1 binding site, similar to that of ORS1, a paralog of ORE1. A bipartite ORE1 binding site was identified in the BFN1 promoter; mutating the cis-element within the context of the full-length BFN1 promoter drastically reduced ORE1-mediated transactivation capacity in transiently transfected Arabidopsis mesophyll cell protoplasts. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) demonstrates in vivo binding of ORE1 to the BFN1 promoter. We also demonstrate binding of ORE1 in vivo to the promoters of two other senescence-associated genes, namely SAG29/SWEET15 and SINA1, supporting the central role of ORE1 during senescence. DA - 2013/9// PY - 2013/9// DO - 10.1093/mp/sst012 VL - 6 IS - 5 SP - 1438-1452 J2 - Molecular Plant LA - en OP - SN - 1674-2052 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mp/sst012 DB - Crossref KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - senescence KW - transcription factor KW - ORE1 KW - BFN1 KW - promoter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatiotemporal dynamic of surface water bodies using Landsat time-series data from 1999 to 2011 AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Broich, Mark T2 - ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing AB - Detailed information on the spatiotemporal dynamic in surface water bodies is important for quantifying the effects of a drying climate, increased water abstraction and rapid urbanization on wetlands. The Swan Coastal Plain (SCP) with over 1500 wetlands is a global biodiversity hotspot located in the southwest of Western Australia, where more than 70% of the wetlands have been lost since European settlement. SCP is located in an area affected by recent climate change that also experiences rapid urban development and ground water abstraction. Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery from 1999 to 2011 has been used to automatically derive a spatially and temporally explicit time-series of surface water body extent on the SCP. A mapping method based on the Landsat data and a decision tree classification algorithm is described. Two generic classifiers were derived for the Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 data. Several landscape metrics were computed to summarize the intra and interannual patterns of surface water dynamic. Top of the atmosphere (TOA) reflectance of band 5 followed by TOA reflectance of bands 4 and 3 were the explanatory variables most important for mapping surface water bodies. Accuracy assessment yielded an overall classification accuracy of 96%, with 89% producer’s accuracy and 93% user’s accuracy of surface water bodies. The number, mean size, and total area of water bodies showed high seasonal variability with highest numbers in winter and lowest numbers in summer. The number of water bodies in winter increased until 2005 after which a decline can be noted. The lowest numbers occurred in 2010 which coincided with one of the years with the lowest rainfall in the area. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamic of surface water bodies on the SCP constitutes the basis for understanding the effect of rainfall, water abstraction and urban development on water bodies in a spatially explicit way. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.01.010 VL - 79 SP - 44-52 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000318889600004&KeyUID=WOS:000318889600004 KW - Optical remote sensing KW - Surface water body detection KW - Large area wetland inventory KW - Swan Coastal Plain KW - Western Australia KW - Long term trends ER - TY - JOUR TI - Data from: Spatiotemporal dynamic of surface water bodies using Landsat time-series data from 1999 to 2011 AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Broich, M. T2 - http://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.50003 DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interannual variability of crop residue potential in the north central region of the United States AU - Chintala, Rajesh AU - Wimberly, Michael C. AU - Djira, Gemechis D. AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. T2 - Biomass and Bioenergy AB - Crop residue is potentially a major biomass feedstock for bio-based industries. Spatial and interannual variability of crop residue yield potential in relation to climatic variability in average of daily mean temperature and total precipitation during crop growing season at regional scale has not previously been investigated. Crop yield data were used to estimate crop residue yield potential and quantify its spatial and temporal variability across the North Central Region of the USA. A correlation analysis was also conducted to examine the relationship between temporal stability of crop residue yield and climatic variability. Temporal variability in crop residue and climate parameters was quantified by the coefficient of variation (CV). Based on this observational study, the counties in the south- eastern part of the North Central Region were observed to have relatively stable crop residue yield potential and also have a relatively low CV of average of daily mean temperature and total precipitation during the crop growing season. The CV of crop residue yield potential was positively correlated with the CVs of average of daily mean temperature and total precipitation. These findings highlight the influences of climatic variability on the spatial and temporal patterns of crop residue yield potential, and emphasize that these factors should be taken into account when developing regional strategies for sustainable bioenergy production. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.12.018 VL - 49 SP - 231-238 J2 - Biomass and Bioenergy LA - en OP - SN - 0961-9534 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.12.018 DB - Crossref KW - Crop residue KW - Temporal variability KW - Spatial variability KW - Bioenergy KW - Precipitation KW - Temperature ER - TY - DATA TI - Data from: Spatiotemporal dynamic of surface water bodies using Landsat time-series data from 1999 to 2011 AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Broich, Mark DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.5061/dryad.50003 ET - 1 PB - Dryad Digital Repository UR - https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.50003 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chitosan application improves resistance to Fusarium circinatum in Pinus patula AU - Fitza, K.N.E. AU - Payn, K.G. AU - Steenkamp, E.T. AU - Myburg, A.A. AU - Naidoo, S. T2 - South African Journal of Botany AB - Fusarium circinatum is the causal agent for the disease, pitch canker, in Pinus patula. Commercial forestry incurs large economic losses from the pathogen, primarily as a result of post-planting mortality resulting in increased re-establishment costs. One means of enhancing defense is through pretreatment of seedlings with chemicals or biologically derived compounds that stimulate defense responses; a process collectively known as induced resistance. We compared the efficiency of ten inducers in improving defense against F. circinatum in P. patula seedlings. Chitosan (10 mg/ml) was effective in reducing and delaying disease symptoms of pitch canker in seedlings. Under both nursery and greenhouse conditions, chitosan application resulted in reduced lesion lengths in treated plants compared to non-treated plants over a period of six weeks (p < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis). Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR expression analysis revealed that the reduction in lesion size in treated seedlings was accompanied by a four-fold increase in transcript abundance of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase transcript, which encodes an enzyme involved in the first committed step of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We suggest that the application of chitosan as part of an integrated management strategy, be further investigated for an effective approach to induce resistance in P. patula seedlings against F. circinatum. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.12.006 VL - 85 SP - 70-78 J2 - South African Journal of Botany LA - en OP - SN - 0254-6299 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2012.12.006 DB - Crossref KW - Chitosan KW - Induced resistance KW - Pinus patula KW - phenylalanine ammonia lyase KW - Fusarium circinatum ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rapid sampling of scattered and piled forest harvest residue: A biomass energy feedstock and important environmental component AU - Osborne, N. AU - Bardon, R.E. AU - Hazel, D. A3 - Southeastern Partnership for Integrated Biomass Supply Systems DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// M3 - Factsheet PB - Southeastern Partnership for Integrated Biomass Supply Systems UR - http://www.se-ibss.org/documents/publications/rapid-sampling-of-scattered-and-piled-forest-harvest-residue ER - TY - RPRT TI - Cutting at Financial Maturity: A Basic Principal in Maximizing the Economic Return of Your Woodland AU - Jeuck, J. AU - Bardon, R. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// M1 - 62 M3 - Woodland Owner Note PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University SN - 62 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modern Advances in Tree Breeding AU - El-Kassaby, Yousry A. AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Whetten, Ross W. T2 - Challenges and Opportunities for the World's Forests in the 21st Century AB - Traditional tree improvement programs are long-term endeavours requiring extensive resources. They require establishing mating designs, installing progeny tests on multiple sites to evaluate parents and their offspring over large geographic areas, monitoring those tests over extended periods of time, and eventual analysis of measurements to assess economic traits. Most tree breeding programs follow the classical recurrent selection scheme, resulting in the generation of multiple breeding and production populations. This process, while successful in attaining appreciable gains, remained static for a long time. The availability of plentiful, reliable, and most of all increasingly affordable genetic markers brought about drastic changes to present-day breeding methods. In this chapter, we focus on four significant genetic marker-dependent approaches with significant potential to directly or indirectly change contemporary tree breeding methods. These include pedigree reconstruction, pedigree-free models, association genetics, and genomic selection. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.1007/978-94-007-7076-8_18 SP - 441-459 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chronic respiratory symptoms in children following in utero and early life exposure to arsenic in drinking water in Bangladesh AU - Smith, Allan H. AU - Yunus, Mohammad AU - Khan, Al Fazal AU - Ercumen, Ayse AU - Yuan, Yan AU - Smith, Meera Hira AU - Liaw, Jane AU - Balmes, John AU - Ehrenstein, Ondine AU - Raqib, Rubhana AU - Kalman, David AU - Alam, Dewan S. AU - Streatfield, Peter K. AU - Steinmaus, Craig T2 - International Journal of Epidemiology AB - Background Arsenic exposure via drinking water increases the risk of chronic respiratory disease in adults. However, information on pulmonary health effects in children after early life exposure is limited. Methods This population-based cohort study set in rural Matlab, Bangladesh, assessed lung function and respiratory symptoms of 650 children aged 7–17 years. Children with in utero and early life arsenic exposure were compared with children exposed to less than 10 µg/l in utero and throughout childhood. Because most children drank the same water as their mother had drunk during pregnancy, we could not assess only in utero or only childhood exposure. Results Children exposed in utero to more than 500 µg/l of arsenic were more than eight times more likely to report wheezing when not having a cold [odds ratio (OR) = 8.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66–42.6, P < 0.01] and more than three times more likely to report shortness of breath when walking on level ground (OR = 3.86, 95% CI: 1.09–13.7, P = 0.02) and when walking fast or climbing (OR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.22–8.32, P < 0.01]. However, there was little evidence of reduced lung function in either exposure category. Conclusions Children with high in utero and early life arsenic exposure had marked increases in several chronic respiratory symptoms, which could be due to in utero exposure or to early life exposure, or to both. Our findings suggest that arsenic in water has early pulmonary effects and that respiratory symptoms are a better marker of early life arsenic toxicity than changes in lung function measured by spirometry. C2 - PMC3781005 DA - 2013/8// PY - 2013/8// DO - 10.1093/ije/dyt120 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 1077-1086 J2 - Int J Epidemiol LA - eng SN - 1464-3685 DB - PubMed KW - Arsenic KW - lung function KW - respiratory KW - pulmonary KW - in utero KW - children ER - TY - JOUR TI - School sport participation under two school sport policies: Comparisons by race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status AU - Kanters, M.A. AU - Bocarro, J.N. AU - Edwards, M.B. AU - Casper, J.M. AU - Floyd, M.F. T2 - Annals of Behavioral Medicine AB - School-based extracurricular sport remains an effective strategy to increase physical activity. However, school sport is often limited to a small number of elite athletes. Few schools provide more inclusive sport programs that offer a wider array of activities regardless of ability. The aim of this study was to examine school sport participation in middle schools (ages 11–14) with contrasting school sport delivery strategies (intramural vs. interscholastic). Data were obtained through an online survey administered to students at four public middle schools (grades 6–8) in a southeastern US city (n = 2,582). More students participated in school sports at intramural schools. Boys were more likely to participate in after-school sports at intramural schools. Low-income and Black children, two groups at greater risk of physical inactivity and other negative outcomes, had greater participation in intramural programs. After-school intramural sports in middle school is a promising strategy for increasing sport participation. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1007/s12160-012-9413-2 VL - 45 IS - SUPPL.1 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84879113630&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - School sport delivery KW - Intramural sport KW - Physical activity KW - Disparities KW - Middle school ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental acidification of two biogeochemically-distinct neotropical streams: Buffering mechanisms and macroinvertebrate drift AU - Ardón, M. AU - Duff, J.H. AU - Ramírez, A. AU - Small, G.E. AU - Jackman, A.P. AU - Triska, F.J. AU - Pringle, C.M. T2 - Science of the Total Environment AB - Research into the buffering mechanisms and ecological consequences of acidification in tropical streams is lacking. We have documented seasonal and episodic acidification events in streams draining La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Across this forested landscape, the severity in seasonal and episodic acidification events varies due to interbasin groundwater flow (IGF). Streams that receive IGF have higher concentrations of solutes and more stable pH (~6) than streams that do not receive IGF (pH ~5). To examine the buffering capacity and vulnerability of macroinvertebrates to short-term acidification events, we added hydrochloric acid to acidify a low-solute, poorly buffered (without IGF) and a high-solute, well buffered stream (with IGF). We hypothesized that: 1) protonation of bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)) would neutralize most of the acid added in the high-solute stream, while base cation release from the sediments would be the most important buffering mechanism in the low-solute stream; 2) pH declines would mobilize inorganic aluminum (Ali) from sediments in both streams; and 3) pH declines would increase macroinvertebrate drift in both streams. We found that the high-solute stream neutralized 745 μeq/L (96% of the acid added), while the solute poor stream only neutralized 27.4 μeq/L (40%). Protonation of HCO(3)(-) was an important buffering mechanism in both streams. Base cation, Fe(2+), and Ali release from sediments and protonation of organic acids also provided buffering in the low-solute stream. We measured low concentrations of Ali release in both streams (2-9 μeq/L) in response to acidification, but the low-solute stream released double the amount Ali per 100 μeq of acid added than the high solute stream. Macroinvertebrate drift increased in both streams in response to acidification and was dominated by Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae. Our results elucidate the different buffering mechanisms in tropical streams and suggest that low-solute poorly buffered streams might be particularly vulnerable to episodic acidification. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.068 VL - 443 SP - 267-277 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84870156488&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Acidification KW - Bicarbonate KW - Macroinvertebrates KW - Drift KW - Costa Rica KW - La Selva ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drought-induced saltwater incursion leads to increased wetland nitrogen export AU - Ardón, M. AU - Morse, J.L. AU - Colman, B.P. AU - Bernhardt, E.S. T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Coastal wetlands have the capacity to retain and denitrify large quantities of reactive nitrogen (N), making them important in attenuating increased anthropogenic N flux to coastal ecosystems. The ability of coastal wetlands to retain and transform N is being reduced by wetland losses resulting from land development. Nitrogen retention in coastal wetlands is further threatened by the increasing frequency and spatial extent of saltwater inundation in historically freshwater ecosystems, due to the combined effects of dredging, declining river discharge to coastal areas due to human water use, increased drought frequency, and accelerating sea‐level rise. Because saltwater incursion may affect N cycling through multiple mechanisms, the impacts of salinization on coastal freshwater wetland N retention and transformation are not well understood. Here, we show that repeated annual saltwater incursion during late summer droughts in the coastal plain of North Carolina changed N export from organic to inorganic forms and led to a doubling of annual NH 4 + export from a 440 hectare former agricultural field undergoing wetland restoration. Soil solution NH 4 + concentrations in two mature wetlands also increased with salinization, but the magnitude of increase was smaller than that in the former agricultural field. Long‐term saltwater exposure experiments with intact soil columns demonstrated that much of the increase in reactive N released could be explained by exchange of salt cations with sediment NH 4 + . Using these findings together with the predicted flooding of 1661 km 2 of wetlands along the NC coast by 2100, we estimate that saltwater incursion into these coastal areas could release up to 18 077 Mg N, or approximately half the annual NH 4 + flux of the Mississippi River. Our results suggest that saltwater incursion into coastal freshwater wetlands globally could lead to increased N loading to sensitive coastal waters. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1111/gcb.12287 VL - 19 IS - 10 SP - 2976-2985 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84883556749&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - cation exchange KW - eutrophication KW - land-use change KW - salinization KW - sea-level rise ER - TY - CONF TI - Thermoplastic elastomer systems for stimulated shape change: From electrical actuation to thermal recovery AU - Spontak, R.J. AU - Tallury, S.S. AU - Ghosh, T.K. AU - Pasquinelli, M.A. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. C2 - 2013/// C3 - International Symposium on Fibers Interfacing the World DA - 2013/// UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84969786883&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Combined experimental and simulation approach to tailor the microstructures of polymer materials through inclusion complex formation and subsequent release AU - Gurarslan, Alper AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A AU - Tonelli, Alan E T2 - AMER CHEMICAL SOC 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA C2 - 2013/// C3 - ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY DA - 2013/// VL - 245 ER - TY - CONF TI - Visualization of alternative future scenarios for forest ecosystems using animated statistical surfaces AU - Jenny, H. AU - Liem, J. AU - Lucash, M. S. AU - Scheller, R. M. AB - Rising uncertainties associated with climate change make it important to include forest ecosystem simulations into forest management planning. The output of such models can be visualized in two-dimensional time-series animation, which is often too complex to provide a spatio-temporal overview. This contribution describes a novel method, called animated three-dimensional statistical surfaces, that aims at improving the perception of change in animated time-series. The method visualizes attribute values as surfaces, which are interpolated and animated over time; the attribute surfaces are combined with color-coding and contour lines to support absolute and relative height judgment as well as faster perception and better location of change. A design study and prototypical implementation of the visualization method is described in this contribution. The method is not limited to ecological model output; it can be used to create three-dimensional animations of arbitrary time-series where parameters are supplied in regular raster format. C2 - 2013/// C3 - 2013 second international conference on agro-geoinformatics (agro-geoinformatics) DA - 2013/// DO - 10.1109/argo-geoinformatics.2013.6621974 SP - 510-514 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and evaluation of a nutrient cycling extension for the LANDIS-II landscape simulation model AU - Karam, Sarah L. AU - Weisberg, Peter J. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Johnson, Dale W. AU - Miller, W. Wally T2 - ECOLOGICAL MODELLING AB - Long-term nutrient cycling dynamics are the result of interactions between forest succession, disturbance, nutrient cycling, and other forest processes. We developed NuCycling-Succession, a simple nutrient cycling and succession extension for the LANDIS-II landscape model of forest dynamics, to examine the interactions between these forest processes in order to develop more realistic predictions of forest response to management practices and global change. NuCycling-Succession models carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus nutrient fluxes and masses associated with the living biomass, dead biomass, soil organic matter, soil mineral N and P, charcoal, and bedrock nutrient pools. It includes direct effects of disturbance events on nutrient cycling as well as indirect effects mediated through changes in forest composition and structure. NuCycling-Succession represents the continuum of decomposition and associated changes in chemistry using annual cohorts of leaf and fine root litter. This formulation includes the interaction of decomposition dynamics with disturbances that affect the forest floor, such as fire. Evaluation of model results relative to field data and results reported in the literature indicate the model adequately represents nutrient pools and fluxes. We present a case study of the effects of changing fire and biomass harvesting regimes on nutrient cycling in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Model results suggest that fire exclusion has resulted in substantially increased mass of nutrient pools. The NuCycling-Succession extension provides a useful simulation framework for exploring how global change factors (climate change, altered disturbance regimes) may influence nutrient cycling processes and nutrient budgets in forested ecosystems. DA - 2013/2/10/ PY - 2013/2/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.10.016 VL - 250 SP - 45-57 SN - 1872-7026 KW - Succession KW - Fire regime KW - Forest restoration KW - Soil nitrogen KW - LANDIS KW - Nutrient cycling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon dynamics in the future forest: the importance of long-term successional legacy and climate-fire interactions AU - Loudermilk, E. Louise AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Weisberg, Peter J. AU - Yang, Jian AU - Dilts, Thomas E. AU - Karam, Sarah L. AU - Skinner, Carl T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Understanding how climate change may influence forest carbon (C) budgets requires knowledge of forest growth relationships with regional climate, long‐term forest succession, and past and future disturbances, such as wildfires and timber harvesting events. We used a landscape‐scale model of forest succession, wildfire, and C dynamics ( LANDIS ‐ II ) to evaluate the effects of a changing climate (A2 and B1 IPCC emissions; Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory General Circulation Models) on total forest C, tree species composition, and wildfire dynamics in the Lake Tahoe Basin, California, and Nevada. The independent effects of temperature and precipitation were assessed within and among climate models. Results highlight the importance of modeling forest succession and stand development processes at the landscape scale for understanding the C cycle. Due primarily to landscape legacy effects of historic logging of the Comstock Era in the late 1880s, C sequestration may continue throughout the current century, and the forest will remain a C sink (Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance > 0), regardless of climate regime. Climate change caused increases in temperatures limited simulated C sequestration potential because of augmented fire activity and reduced establishment ability of subalpine and upper montane trees. Higher temperatures influenced forest response more than reduced precipitation. As the forest reached its potential steady state, the forest could become C neutral or a C source, and climate change could accelerate this transition. The future of forest ecosystem C cycling in many forested systems worldwide may depend more on major disturbances and landscape legacies related to land use than on projected climate change alone. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.1111/gcb.12310 VL - 19 IS - 11 SP - 3502-3515 SN - 1365-2486 KW - carbon KW - climate change KW - fire KW - LANDIS-II KW - landscape legacy KW - model KW - net ecosystem carbon balance KW - soil ER - TY - CHAP TI - Landscape modeling AU - Scheller, R.M. T2 - Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, 2nd edition AB - Landscape and regional models have become a central component of many efforts to conserve or manage biodiversity. Landscape models allow scientists and managers to extrapolate their knowledge in space and time and to therefore better understand how long-term and large-scale changes may affect biodiversity. Landscape models account for the geographic context of populations and management and the principal drivers of change. However, they vary widely in their complexity, flexibility, and spatial, temporal, and taxonomic resolutions. In this article the author outlines the basic premises of landscape models; describes their utility and limitations; and summarizes the basic forms of landscape models. PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00387-7 VL - 4 SP - 531-538 PB - Waltham, MA: Academic Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Projected US timber and primary forest product market impacts of climate change mitigation through timber set-asides AU - Nepal, Prakash AU - Ince, Peter J. AU - Skog, Kenneth E. AU - Chang, Sun J. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Whereas climate change mitigation involving payments to forest landowners for accumulating carbon on their land may increase carbon stored in forests, it will also affect timber supply and prices. This study estimated the effect on US timber and primary forest product markets of hypothetical timber set-aside scenarios where US forest landowners would be paid to forego timber harvests for 100 years to increase carbon storage on US timberland. The scenarios featured payments to landowners of $0 (business-as-usual (BAU)), $10, and $15 per each additional metric ton (t) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) sequestered on the set-aside timberlands, with maximum annual expenditures of $3 billion. For the set-aside scenarios, reduction in timberland available for harvest resulted in increased timber prices and changes in US domestic production, consumption, net export, and timber market welfare. Economic analyses indicated that the scenario with more area set aside and the largest carbon mitigation benefit (lower carbon price, $10/t CO 2 e) would result in the largest decrease in market welfare, suggesting that climate change mitigation policies and programs would need to consider such impacts when evaluating the costs and benefits of climate change mitigation strategies in the forest sector. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-2012-0331 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 245-255 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest carbon benefits, costs and leakage effects of carbon reserve scenarios in the United States AU - Nepal, Prakash AU - Ince, Peter J. AU - Skog, Kenneth E. AU - Chang, Sun J. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOREST ECONOMICS AB - Abstract This study evaluated the potential effectiveness of future carbon reserve scenarios, where U.S. forest landowners would hypothetically be paid to sequester carbon on their timberland and forego timber harvests for 100 years. Scenarios featured direct payments to landowners of $0 (baseline), $5, $10, or $15 per metric ton of additional forest carbon sequestered on the set aside lands, with maximum annual expenditures of $3 billion. Results indicated that from 1513 to 6837 Tg (Teragrams) of additional carbon (as carbon dioxide equivalent, CO2e) would be sequestered on U.S. timberlands relative to the baseline case over the next 50 years (30–137 Tg CO2e annually). These projected amounts of sequestered carbon on timberlands take into account projected increases in timber removal and forest carbon losses on other timberlands (carbon leakage effects). Net effectiveness of carbon reserve scenarios in terms of overall net gain in timberland carbon stocks from 2010 to 2060 ranged from 0.29 tCO2e net carbon increase for a payment of $5/tCO2e to the landowner (71% leakage), to 0.15 tCO2e net carbon increase for a payment of $15/tCO2e to the landowner (85% leakage). A policy or program to buy carbon credits from landowners would need to discount additions to the carbon reserve by the estimated amount of leakage. In the scenarios evaluated, the timber set-asides reduced timberland area available for harvest up to 35% and available timber inventory up to 55%, relative to the baseline scenario over the next 50 years, resulting in projected changes in timber prices, harvest levels, and forest product revenues for the forest products sector. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1016/j.jfe.2013.06.001 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 286-306 SN - 1618-1530 KW - Forest carbon KW - Carbon reserve KW - Carbon price KW - Carbon leakage KW - Climate change mitigation KW - Mitigation cost KW - Present value KW - Set asides ER - TY - JOUR TI - The urban growth machine, central place theory and access to open space AU - Smith, Jordan W. AU - Floyd, Myron F. T2 - City, Culture and Society AB - The provision of urban open space occurs through political and economic mechanisms that could marginalize racial minority groups. In this research, we explore two competing hypotheses of marginalized access to open space (greenways, parks, and natural areas). The first hypothesis couples Logan and Molotch’s “growth machine” theory with the concepts of laissez-faire racism and White privilege. Urban space is conceptualized as contested terrain being sought after by local elites who utilize their political and economic will to co-opt government decision making authority. The second hypothesis—central place theory—posits that access to open space is determined by the spatial patterns of economic agglomeration. Analyzing Raleigh, North Carolina as a case study, the results do not support either the growth machine theory or central place theory. Rather, urban growth is found to have very localized social consequences, seen through variations in different racial/ethnic groups’ level of access to open space. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1016/j.ccs.2013.03.002 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 87-98 J2 - City, Culture and Society LA - en OP - SN - 1877-9166 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2013.03.002 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global sensitivity analysis of a modified CENTURY model for simulating impacts of harvesting fine woody biomass for bioenergy AU - Wang, F. G. AU - Mladenoff, D. J. AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Keough, C. AU - Parton, W. J. T2 - Ecological Modelling AB - Modeling the long-term effects of intensive forest biomass harvesting scenarios over time, including the more complete removal of tree tops and branches, is a scientific and policy need. Yet, due to our incomplete understanding about complex forest ecosystems, model simulations are to various degrees uncertain. In this study we first modified a well-evaluated and widely used ecosystem model – CENTURY 4.5 – to model management scenarios that retain various sizes and quantities of small-diameter woody material after intensive biomass harvests. Second, we used a global sensitivity analysis approach to evaluate the sensitivity of nine model outputs to 55 parameters, grouped into 17 factors. The values of the parameters were generated with a normal distribution and sampled with the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test. Our analysis indicated that within a harvest rotation, the model output sensitivity varied over years in response to different factors. The model was most sensitive to factors consisting of temperature effects on potential production as well as N deposition and non-symbiotic N fixation. In response to the uncertain parameter values, the model simulation revealed that outputs of net N mineralization rates in slow and passive soil organic matter pools had the highest uncertainties. However, due to the very low fraction of the N supplied from these two pools, forest production and other simulations were not strongly affected, ending with overall variations less than 6%. Ultimately, this study exhibits a novel approach in modeling the effects of harvesting fine woody debris for bioenergy on long-term ecosystem C and N cycles, and illustrates that sensitivity testing the most uncertain parameters is crucial for minimizing model uncertainty. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.03.008 VL - 259 SP - 16–23 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The housing bomb: Why our addiction to houses is destroying the environment and threatening our society AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Peterson, T. R. AU - J., Liu DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// PB - Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial and temporal validation of the MODIS LAI and FPAR products across a boreal forest wildfire chronosequence AU - Serbin, Shawn P. AU - Ahl, Douglas E. AU - Gower, Stith T. T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - The leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) absorbed by the vegetation are key biophysical measures of canopy foliage area and light harvesting potential. Accurately quantifying these properties is important for characterizing the dynamics of mass and energy exchanges between vegetation and the atmosphere. The overall objective of this research was to validate the spatial and temporal performance of the MODIS LAI/FPAR products for a boreal forest landscape in northern Manitoba, Canada. We examined both the MODIS collection 4 (C4) and updated collection 5 (C5) versions over a multiyear period (2004 to 2006) and spatially across seven different-aged forests originating from wildfire and ranging in age from 1- to 154-years-old. We made optical measurements of LAI and FPAR, which were empirically scaled to high-resolution imagery (ASTER; 15–30 m pixel size) to derive detailed reference LAI and FPAR maps. These maps were then aggregated to MODIS resolution (i.e. 1 km) for comparison. We characterized the temporal accuracy of the MODIS products using repeat measurements of LAI and FPAR, and through comparisons with continuously operating measurements of canopy light interception. MODIS captured the general phenological trajectory of these aggrading forests, however the MODIS LAI and FPAR products overestimated and underestimated the LAI and FPAR for the youngest and oldest sites, respectively. In addition, MODIS displayed larger seasonal variation in LAI and FPAR compared to field measurements for the needle-leaf evergreen dominated sites. The peak growing season difference between MODIS and spatially aggregated ASTER reference values of LAI and FPAR decreased significantly by 69% and 55%, respectively, for the updated C5 versus the previous C4 LAI/FPAR products. The overall uncertainty (i.e. RMSE) in the MODIS LAI retrievals decreased from 1.6 (C4) to 0.63 m2 m− 2 (C5) and from 0.20 (C4) to 0.07 (C5) for FPAR. The incorporation of understory vegetation into the validation of the MODIS products yielded significantly higher agreement between observed and MODIS values, likely due to the relatively open canopy architecture and abundant understory found within boreal forests. DA - 2013/6/15/ PY - 2013/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2013.01.022 VL - 133 SP - 71-84 SN - 1879-0704 KW - MODIS KW - LAI KW - FPAR KW - Phenology KW - Boreal forest KW - Understory vegetation KW - Leaf area index KW - EOS land validation core sites ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental Manipulation of Forest Structure: Near-Term Effects on Gap and Stand Scale C Dynamics AU - Forrester, Jodi A. AU - Mladenoff, David J. AU - Gower, Stith T. T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1007/s10021-013-9695-7 VL - 16 IS - 8 SP - 1455-1472 SN - 1435-0629 KW - biomass KW - canopy gaps KW - carbon cycle KW - coarse woody debris KW - net ecosystem productivity KW - net primary productivity KW - northern hardwood KW - old-growth structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aboveground biomass and net primary production of pine, oak and mixed pine-oak forests on the Vila Real district, Portugal AU - Nunes, Leonia AU - Lopes, Domingos AU - Rego, Francisco Castro AU - Gower, Stith T. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Pine and oak are common tree species in the Vila Real district, northern Portugal, a region where forests are an important land use (38%). The net primary production (NPP) of these forests is not well known. The objective of this study was to quantify the aboveground biomass and aboveground NPP (ANPP) of pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton), pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) and mixed pine–oak forests in the Vila Real district and to evaluate the relationships between ANPP and their stand characteristics. To achieve this objective, 15 stands of pine, 15 stands of oak and 9 stands of mixed pine–oak were studied between 2008 and 2011. ANPP average (and range) of pine, oak and mixed stands were 7.9 (2.9–15.1), 7.3 (3.0–12.1), and 12.1 (6.5–17.2) Mg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), to reduce the within-groups variability and detect the differences between the stand compositions, was performed. In this analysis, we rejected the null hypothesis that the composition stands had the same mean among ANPP. Mixed stands had a significantly higher mean ANPP than pine or oak. Also, we verified that in pine, the greater distribution of biomass was on the stem (4.0 ± 0.7 Mg ha−1 yr−1, 50% of the total productivity) component where carbon sequestration is retained longer, whereas in oak and mixed stands the foliage was the component with the greater distribution of biomass (4.0 and 6.0 Mg ha−1 yr−1, respectively). Aboveground biomass was significantly different among the three stands types and averaged 83.4, 61.4 and 110.5 Mg ha−1 for pine, oak and mixed stands, respectively. Regression models performed showed that there was a strong relationship between aboveground biomass and basal area in all stands. This study concludes that the production efficiency, defined as stem productivity/leaf area index, was significantly different in mixed stands. Pine had the greatest production efficiency in all stand types and, in mixed stands, had 85% of the total production efficiency. DA - 2013/10/1/ PY - 2013/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.034 VL - 305 SP - 38-47 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Mixed species-stands KW - Productivity KW - Aboveground biomass KW - Leaf area index ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulating the effects of harvest and biofuel production on the forest system carbon balance of the Midwest, USA AU - Peckham, Scott D. AU - Gower, Stith T. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY AB - Abstract Forests of the M idwestern United States are an important source of fiber for the wood and paper products industries. Scientists, land managers, and policy makers are interested in using woody biomass and/or harvest residue for biofuel feedstocks. However, the effects of increased biomass removal for biofuel production on forest production and forest system carbon balance remain uncertain. We modeled the carbon (C) cycle of the forest system by dividing it into two distinct components: (1) biological (net ecosystem production, net primary production, autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration, vegetation, and soil C content) and (2) industrial (harvest operations and transportation, production, use, and disposal of major wood products including biofuel and associated C emissions). We modeled available woody biomass feedstock and whole‐system carbon balance of 220 000 km 2 of temperate forests in the U pper M idwest, USA by coupling an ecosystem process model to a collection of greenhouse gas life‐cycle inventory models and simulating seven forest harvest scenarios in the biological ecosystem and three biofuel production scenarios in the industrial system for 50 years. The forest system was a carbon sink (118 g C m −2 yr −1 ) under current management practices and forest product production rates. However, the system became a C source when harvest area was doubled and biofuel production replaced traditional forest products. Total carbon stores in the vegetation and soil increased by 5–10% under low‐intensity management scenarios and current management, but decreased up to 3% under high‐intensity harvest regimes. Increasing harvest residue removal during harvest had more modest effects on forest system C balance and total biomass removal than increasing the rate of clear‐cut harvests or area harvested. Net forest system C balance was significantly, and negatively correlated ( R 2 = 0.67) with biomass harvested, illustrating the trade‐offs between increased C uptake by forests and utilization of woody biomass for biofuel feedstock. DA - 2013/7// PY - 2013/7// DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12033 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 431-444 SN - 1757-1707 KW - biofuel KW - biomass harvesting KW - Biome-BGC KW - carbon KW - carbon balance KW - carbon budget KW - ecosystem modeling KW - forest harvest KW - Great Lakes KW - temperate forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling harvest and biomass removal effects on the forest carbon balance of the Midwest, USA AU - Peckham, Scott D. AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Perry, Charles H. AU - Wilson, Barry T. AU - Stueve, Kirk M. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY AB - The objective of this study was to use an ecosystem process model, Biome-BGC, to explore the effects of different harvest scenarios on major components of the carbon budget of 205,000 km2 of temperate forest in the Upper Midwest region of the U.S. We simulated seven harvest scenarios varying the (i) amount of harvest residue retained, (ii) total harvest area, and (iii) harvest type (clear-cut and selective) to assess the potential impacts on net biome production (NBP), net primary production (NPP), and total vegetation carbon. NBP was positive (C sink) in year 1 (2004) and generally decreased over the 50-year simulation period. More intensive management scenarios, those with a high percentage of clear-cut or a doubling of harvest area, decreased average NBP by a maximum of 58% and vegetation C by a maximum of 29% compared to the current harvest regime (base scenario), while less intensive harvest scenarios (low clear-cut or low area harvested) increased NBP. Yearly mean NPP changed less than 3% under the different scenarios. Vegetation carbon increased in all scenarios by at least 12%, except the two most intensive harvest scenarios, where vegetation carbon decreased by more than 8%. Varying the amount of harvest residue retention had a more profound effect on NBP than on vegetation C. Removing additional residue resulted in greater NBP over the 50-year period compared to the base simulation. Results from the seven model simulations suggest that managing for carbon storage and carbon sequestration are not mutually exclusive in Midwest forests. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.1016/j.envsci.2012.09.006 VL - 25 SP - 22-35 SN - 1873-6416 KW - Net ecosystem production KW - Forest carbon management KW - Ecosystem modeling KW - Biome-BGC KW - Biomass harvesting KW - Great Lakes forests KW - Sustainable forest management KW - Bioenergy KW - Harvest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth dynamics and productivity of pure and mixed Castanea sativa Mill. and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco plantations in northern Portugal AU - Nunes, Leonia AU - Gower, Stith T. AU - Monteiro, Maria L. AU - Lopes, Domingos AU - Rego, Francisco C. T2 - IFOREST-BIOGEOSCIENCES AND FORESTRY AB - Since the late 1980’s the productivity of monocultures versus mixed-species forests has been the object of special interest and study by forest managers and ecologists. All over the world mixed plantations have been established in different proportions to analyse if mixtures can provide greater yields and more benefits than monocultures of the component species and also to understand if they can be an interesting economic option. An experimental design trial was set up in the north of Portugal in a replacement series with pure and mixed Castanea sativa Mill. and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. The objective of this study was to assess growth dynamics and compare the aboveground biomass and net primary production of the two species in pure and mixed treatments in proportions 1:1 and 1:3. The growth was measured at 7, 11, 15, 17, 19, 27 and 28 years after planting and aboveground net primary production was estimated at age 28 years. As a component of the mixed treatments, P. menziesii exhibited greater height, diameter and aboveground biomass than C. sativa. Relative yield total indicated a higher productivity in the mixtures compared with the pure treatments. Early in the development the pure treatments had a similar aboveground biomass per hectare as the mixtures, but later the mixtures had more yield than the pure treatments. The mixture productivity increase trough time appears to be a result of both canopy stratification and better use of site resources. The aboveground net primary production was also higher in mixed than in the pure treatments. This study shows the importance of comparing mixed and pure stands. DA - 2013/12/18/ PY - 2013/12/18/ DO - 10.3832/ifor1087-007 VL - 7 SP - 92-102 SN - 1971-7458 KW - Growth KW - Productivity KW - Biomass KW - Mixed-species KW - Interactions KW - Replacement Series ER - TY - JOUR TI - FUTURES: Multilevel Simulations of Emerging Urban-Rural Landscape Structure Using a Stochastic Patch-Growing Algorithm AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Tang, Wenwu AU - Dorning, Monica A. AU - Vogler, John B. AU - Cunniffe, Nik J. AU - Shoemaker, Douglas A. T2 - ANNALS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS AB - Abstract We present a multilevel modeling framework for simulating the emergence of landscape spatial structure in urbanizing regions using a combination of field-based and object-based representations of land change. The FUTure Urban-Regional Environment Simulation (FUTURES) produces regional projections of landscape patterns using coupled submodels that integrate nonstationary drivers of land change: per capita demand, site suitability, and the spatial structure of conversion events. Patches of land change events are simulated as discrete spatial objects using a stochastic region-growing algorithm that aggregates cell-level transitions based on empirical estimation of parameters that control the size, shape, and dispersion of patch growth. At each time step, newly constructed patches reciprocally influence further growth, which agglomerates over time to produce patterns of urban form and landscape fragmentation. Multilevel structure in each submodel allows drivers of land change to vary in space (e.g., by jurisdiction), rather than assuming spatial stationarity across a heterogeneous region. We applied FUTURES to simulate land development dynamics in the rapidly expanding metropolitan region of Charlotte, North Carolina, between 1996 and 2030, and evaluated spatial variation in model outcomes along an urban–rural continuum, including assessments of cell- and patch-based correctness and error. Simulation experiments reveal that changes in per capita land consumption and parameters controlling the distribution of development affect the emergent spatial structure of forests and farmlands with unique and sometimes counterintuitive outcomes. 我们将运用结合基于场域和基于对象的土地变迁再现, 提出一个模拟都市化区域浮现的地景空间结构的多重层级模式化架构。未来都市 - 区域环境模拟系统 (FUTURES), 透过运用整合土地变迁非固定趋力—人均需求、地点适宜性和变迁事件的空间结构的耦合子模型, 生产地景模式的区域投影。我们运用随机区域成长演算法, 该演算法根据对于控制嵌块体成长的大小、形态与分散参数的经验评估, 聚集网格层级的转变, 将土地变迁事件的嵌块体模拟为分离的空间对象模组。在每个时间步骤中, 新建构的嵌块体将反馈影响未来的成长, 并随着时间凝聚形成都市形态与碎裂的地景。各子模型中的多重层级结构, 容许土地变迁趋力的空间变化 (例如根据管辖区域), 而非假定异质区域中的空间不变性。我们运用 FUTURES 系统, 模拟北加州夏洛特快速扩张的都会区于 1996 年至 2030 年间的土地发展动态, 并随着一处城 - 乡连续带评估模型结果中的空间变异, 包含衡量以网格为基础和以嵌块体为基础的正确与错误。模拟实验揭露了人均土地消费的改变以及控制发展分布的参数, 将影响浮现中的森林与农田空间结构, 并有着特殊且有时是违反直觉的结果。 Utilizando una combinación de representaciones de cambios de la tierra basadas en campo y objeto, presentamos un marco de modelización de nivel múltiple para simular cómo surge la estructura espacial del paisaje en regiones en proceso de urbanización. La Simulación Ambiental Urbano-Regional FUTure (FUTURES) produce proyecciones regionales de patrones paisajistas con el uso de sub-modelos acoplados que integran controles no estacionarios de cambios de la tierra: demanda per cápita, idoneidad del sitio y la estructura espacial de eventos de conversión. Los parches que representan eventos de cambios de la tierra se simulan como objetos espaciales discretos utilizando un algoritmo estocástico de acrecentamiento regional que añade transiciones a nivel de celda con base en estimativos empíricos de los parámetros que controlan el tamaño, forma y dispersión del crecimiento del parche. En cada etapa temporal, los nuevos parches construidos influencian recíprocamente el crecimiento adicional, el cual se aglomera con el tiempo para producir patrones de morfología urbana y fragmentación del aisaje. La estructura de nivel múltiple en cada sub-modelo permite que los determinadores de cambios de la tierra varíen en el espacio (por ejemplo, por jurisdicción), en vez de asumir estacionalidad espacial a través de una región heterogénea. Aplicamos FUTURES para simular la dinámica del desarrollo de la tierra en la región metropolitana de Charlotte, Carolina del Norte, en rápida expansión, entre 1996 y 2030, y evaluamos la variación espacial en los resultados del modelo sobre un continuo urbano-rural, incluyendo las estimaciones de propiedad y error en los contextos de celda y parche. Los experimentos de simulación revelan que los cambios en el consumo de tierra per cápita y los parámetros que controlan la distribución del desarrollo afectan la emergente estructura espacial de bosques y tierras de cultivo, con resultados singulares y a veces contra-intuitivos. Key Words: fragmentationland change modelnonstationarityobject-basedregion growing algorithm关键词: 碎裂化土地变迁模型土地变迁模型非僵固化基于对象区域成长演算法Palabras clave: fragmentaciónmodelo de cambio de la tierrano estacionalidadbasado en objetoalgoritmo de acrecentamiento regional Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Renaissance Computing Institute (RENCI), the National Science Foundation ULTRA-Ex program (BCS-0949170), and the Open Space Protection Collaborative. Nik J. Cunniffe was supported by the University of Cambridge. We thank K. Singh for providing LiDAR expertise and W. Feng, J. Deng, and A. Barge for assistance with programming. We also thank faculty, staff, and students affiliated with the Center for Applied Geographic Information Science at UNC Charlotte for constructive comments as this article was being developed. University Research Computing at UNC Charlotte and a National Science Foundation XSEDE supercomputing award (TG-SES090019) supported a portion of the computational resources needed to complete this work. We also thank Dr. Mei-Po Kwan and three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments during revision of this article. Finally, first author Ross K. Meentemeyer acknowledges the equal role Douglas A. Shoemaker played in the conceptualization of FUTURES and writing of this article. DA - 2013/7/1/ PY - 2013/7/1/ DO - 10.1080/00045608.2012.707591 VL - 103 IS - 4 SP - 785-807 SN - 1467-8306 KW - fragmentation KW - land change model KW - nonstationarity KW - object-based KW - region growing algorithm ER - TY - JOUR TI - Koppen's climate classification map for Brazil AU - Alvares, C. A. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Sentelhas, P. C. AU - Goncalves, J. L. D. AU - Sparovek, G. T2 - Meteorologische Zeitschrift DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - 711-728 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Impacts of the Great Recession on State Natural Resource Extension Programs AU - Serenari, Christopher AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Bardon, Robert E. AU - Brown, Robert D. T2 - Journal of Extension [On-line] DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - Article 4FEA11 UR - http://www.joe.org/joe/2013august/a11.php ER - TY - RPRT TI - Balancing biomass harvesting and drying tactics with delivered payment practice AU - Roise, J. P. AU - Catts, G. AU - Hazel, D. AU - A. Hobbs A., AU - Hopkins, C. A3 - Greenville, S.C.: US Endowment for Forestry and Community DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// PB - Greenville, S.C.: US Endowment for Forestry and Community ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unexpected redwood mortality from synergies between wildfire and an emerging infectious disease AU - Metz, Margaret R. AU - Varner, J. Morgan AU - Frangioso, Kerri M. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Rizzo, David M. T2 - ECOLOGY AB - An under‐examined component of global change is the alteration of disturbance regimes due to warming climates, continued species invasions, and accelerated land‐use change. These drivers of global change are themselves novel ecosystem disturbances that may interact with historically occurring disturbances in complex ways. Here we use the natural experiment presented by wildfires in redwood forests impacted by an emerging infectious disease to demonstrate unexpected synergies of novel disturbance interactions. The dominant tree, coast redwood (fire resistant without negative disease impacts), experienced unexpected synergistic increases in mortality when fire and disease co‐occurred. The increased mortality risk, more than fourfold at the peak of the effect, was not predictable from impacts of either disturbance alone. Changes in fire behavior associated with changes to forest fuels that occurred through disease progression overwhelmed redwood's usual resilience to wildfire. Our results demonstrate the potential for interacting disturbances to initiate novel successional trajectories and compromise ecosystem resilience. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.1890/13-0915.1 VL - 94 IS - 10 SP - 2152-2159 SN - 1939-9170 KW - biological invasions KW - global change KW - interacting disturbances KW - Phytophthora ramorum KW - Sequoia sempervirens KW - sudden oak death KW - synergy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nest occurrence and survival of King Rails in fire-managed coastal marshes in North Carolina and Virginia AU - Rogers, Samantha L. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Drew, Christina A. T2 - JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY AB - Prescribed burning maintains marsh habitat, but its impact on breeding King Rails (Rallus elegans) is poorly understood. This practice may serve as a means to enhance populations of a species whose numbers are declining in the southeastern United States. We used call-broadcast surveys and nest searches to categorize the state of occupied plots by the presence or non-presence of nesting activity in the Back Bay region, North Carolina and Virginia, in 2010. We also used nest video surveillance to estimate nest survival in 2009 and 2010. The probabilities that a surveyed plot was occupied (1) and contained an active nest (2) were higher in recently burned marsh plots (0–1 year-since-burn [YSB]) than in plots with ≥2 YSB at Mackay Island and Back Bay National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs). Highest probabilities were recorded in 0–1 YSB plots at Mackay Island NWR ( = 0.96 ± 0.04, = 0.75 ± 0.18), and the lowest in ≥2 YSB plots at Back Bay NWR ( = 0.21 ± 0.10, = 0.03 ± 0.04). Nest survival from egg laying to hatching (31 d) was 0.48 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.06–0.83), with an estimated 0.79 (95% CI = 0.29–0.96) survival rate for the incubation stage (21 d). These nest survival estimates for King Rails in fire-managed marshes were similar to estimates for other populations. Measures of vegetation cover, proxies for concealment, did not differ between nest sites and unused sites, even within recently burned marshes. This lack of differences in vegetation structure suggests that regrowth occurs rapidly during the period between burning (winter months) and the onset of reproduction (late April). Thus, recently burned marshes may benefit nesting King Rails by providing nest concealment. In addition, burned marshes may enhance availability of many invertebrates. Although we found that the probability that surveyed plots contained active nests was higher in recently burned marsh plots, estimates of fledging success are needed before marsh burns can be considered an effective means of fostering population growth. Ocurrencia de nidos y supervivencia del Rascón real en pantanos costeros con manejo de fuego en Carolina del Norte y Virginia Los incendios controlados ayudan a mantener los pantanos, pero su impacto en la reproducción del Rascón real (Rallus elegans) está poco estudiado. Esta práctica puede servir como un medio de incrementar poblaciones de una especie cuyos números han declinado en el sudeste de Estados Unidos. Usamos censos con playback y búsqueda de nidos a fin de categorizar el estado de ocupación de parcelas por la presencia o ausencia de actividad de nido en la región de Back Bay, en Carolina del Norte y Virginia, en 2010. Utilizamos también monitoreo por video de nidos para estimar la supervivencia de nido en 2009 y 2010. Las probabilidades de que una parcela censada se encontrara ocupado () y de que contuviese nidos activos () fueron más altos en pantanos recientemente incendiados (0–1 años desde quema [ADQ]) que en parcelas con ≥2 ADQ en Isla Mackay y en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre (RNVS) de Back Bay. Las probabilidades más altas fueron registradas en parcelas con 0–1 ADQ en Isla Mackay Island RNVS ( = 0.96 ± 0.04, = 0.75 ± 0.18), y la más baja en parcelas con ADQ ⩾2 en Back Bay RNVS ( = 0.21 ± 0.10, = 0.03 ± 0.04). La supervivencia de nido desde la puesto de huevos hasta la eclosión (31 días) fue de 0.48 (95% IC = 0.06–0.83), con un estimado de 0.79 (95% IC = 0.29–0.96) para la tasa de supervivencia para el estadio de incubación (21 días). Estos estimados para la supervivencia de nidos para el Rascón real en pantanos con manejo del fuego controlados fueron similares a los estimados para otras poblaciones. Las medidas de cubertura vegetal, representantes de camuflaje, no difirieron entre las parcelas con nidos y las parcelas sin nidos, aún dentro de pantanos recientemente quemados. Esta falta de diferencias en la estructura de la vegetación sugiere que el crecimiento de la vegetación ocurre rápidamente en el período entre la quema (meses de invierno) y el inicio de la temporada reproductiva (fines de Abril). Así, pantanos recientemente quemados podrían beneficiar a la nidada del Rascón real al proveer camuflaje para el nido. Adicionalmente, los pantanos quemados podrían aumentar la disponibilidad de muchos invertebrados. Aún cuando encontramos que la probabilidad de que las parcelas censadas contuviesen nidos activos era mayor en parcelas recientemente quemadas, estimaciones del éxito de los volantones son necesarias antes de que la quema en pantanos pueda ser considerada como un medio efectivo de estimular el crecimiento poblacional. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1111/jofo.12035 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - 355-366 SN - 1557-9263 KW - fire management KW - multistate occupancy KW - nest survival KW - nest video surveillance KW - Rallus elegans ER - TY - JOUR TI - Information beyond the forum: Motivations, strategies, and impacts of citizen participants seeking information during a consensus conference AU - Anderson, Ashley A. AU - Delborne, Jason AU - Kleinman, Daniel Lee T2 - PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE AB - During traditional consensus conferences, organizers control the formal information available to participants—by compiling structured background materials and recruiting expert panelists. Less formally, however, participants are encouraged to bring their own experiences into the deliberations, and in doing so, they often seek outside information. We explore this heretofore understudied phenomenon of information seeking during a deliberative event: the U.S. National Citizens’ Technology Forum (2008), which addressed the convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and cognitive science on the potential development of human-enhancement technologies. Through interviews with participants and observation of in-person and online deliberations, we identify outside information-seeking strategies and motivations. Our study demonstrates that conceptualizing models of deliberation as standalone settings of communication exchange ignores the reality of the complex information environment from which deliberative participants draw when making sense of technical issues. Future citizen deliberations must incorporate outside information seeking in the design of the exercises. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.1177/0963662512447173 VL - 22 IS - 8 SP - 955-970 SN - 1361-6609 KW - consensus conference KW - deliberation KW - information seeking KW - Internet KW - mass media KW - nanotechnology KW - public engagement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban ecology in a developing world: Why advanced socioecological theory needs Africa AU - McHale, M. R. AU - Bunn, D. N. AU - Pickett, S. T. A. AU - Twine, W. T2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 11 IS - 10 SP - 556-564 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding the Role of Proteolytic Digestion on Discovery and Targeted Proteomic Measurements Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Design of Experiments AU - Loziuk, Philip L. AU - Wang, Jack AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. AU - Muddiman, David C. T2 - JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH AB - Workflows in bottom-up proteomics have traditionally implemented the use of proteolysis during sample preparation; enzymatic digestion is most commonly performed using trypsin. This results in the hydrolysis of peptide bonds forming tryptic peptides, which can then be subjected to LC–MS/MS analysis. While the structure, specificity, and kinetics of trypsin are well characterized, a lack of consensus and understanding has remained regarding fundamental parameters critical to obtaining optimal data from a proteomics experiment. These include the type of trypsin used, pH during digestion, incubation temperature as well as enzyme-to-substrate ratio. Through the use of design of experiments (DOE), we optimized these parameters, resulting in deeper proteome coverage and a greater dynamic range of measurement. The knowledge gained from optimization of a discovery-based proteomics experiment was applied to targeted LC–MS/MS experiments using protein cleavage-isotope dilution mass spectrometry for absolute quantification. We demonstrated the importance of these digest parameters with respect to our limit of detection as well as our ability to acquire more accurate quantitative measurements. Additionally, we were able to quantitatively account for peptide decay observed in previous studies, caused by nonspecific activity of trypsin. The tryptic digest optimization described here has eliminated this previously observed peptide decay as well as provided a greater understanding and standardization for a common but critical sample treatment used across the field of proteomics. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1021/pr4008442 VL - 12 IS - 12 SP - 5820-5829 SN - 1535-3907 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84890109136&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - design of experiments KW - proteolytic digestion KW - LC-MS/MS KW - Populus trichocarpa ER - TY - JOUR TI - The use of broken power-laws to describe the distributions of daily flow above the mean annual flow across the conterminous US AU - Segura, Catalina AU - Lazzati, Davide AU - Sankarasubramanian, Arumugam T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AB - A recent study employed a broken power-law (BPL) distribution for understanding the scaling frequency of bankfull discharge in snowmelt-dominated basins. This study, grounded from those findings, investigated the ability of a BPL function to describe the distribution of daily flows above the mean annual flow in 1217 sites across the conterminous U.S. (CONUS). The hydrologic regime in all the sites is unregulated and spans a wide range in drainage areas (2–120,000 km2) and elevation (0–3000 m). Available daily flow records in all sites varied between 15 and 108 years. Comparing the performance of BPL distribution and the traditionally used lognormal distribution, we found that BPL provides stronger fit in ∼80% of the sites. Thus the BPL function provides a suitable tool to model daily flows in most areas of the CONUS. The potential for developing a model for predicting the frequency distribution of daily flows in ungauged sites was analyzed. We found that such model is possible using drainage area, mean basin elevation, and mean annual precipitation as predicting variables for any site located above 600 m across the CONUS. We also found strong continental-wide correlations between 3 of the 4 parameters that describe the BPL and basin characteristics. Our results indicate that the BPL function provides a robust alternative to traditional functions such as the lognormal to model the statistical variation of daily flows above the mean annual in most basins of the CONUS. DA - 2013/11/15/ PY - 2013/11/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.09.016 VL - 505 SP - 35-46 SN - 1879-2707 KW - Stream flow distribution KW - Ungauged basins KW - Broken power law KW - Daily flows KW - Statistical description of flow distribution ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Amborella Genome and the Evolution of Flowering Plants AU - Albert, Victor A. AU - Barbazuk, W. Bradley AU - dePamphilis, Claude W. AU - Der, Joshua P. AU - Leebens-Mack, James AU - Ma, Hong AU - Palmer, Jeffrey D. AU - Rounsley, Steve AU - Sankoff, David AU - Schuster, Stephan C. AU - Soltis, Douglas E. AU - Soltis, Pamela S. AU - Wessler, Susan R. AU - Wing, Rod A. AU - Albert, Victor A. AU - Ammiraju, Jetty S. S. AU - Barbazuk, W. Bradley AU - Chamala, Srikar AU - Chanderbali, Andre S. AU - dePamphilis, Claude W. AU - Der, Joshua P. AU - Determann, Ronald AU - Leebens-Mack, James AU - Ma, Hong AU - Ralph, Paula AU - Rounsley, Steve AU - Schuster, Stephan C. AU - Soltis, Douglas E. AU - Soltis, Pamela S. AU - Talag, Jason AU - Tomsho, Lynn AU - Walts, Brandon AU - Wanke, Stefan AU - Wing, Rod A. AU - Albert, Victor A. AU - Barbazuk, W. Bradley AU - Chamala, Srikar AU - Chanderbali, Andre S. AU - Chang, Tien-Hao AU - Determann, Ronald AU - Lan, Tianying AU - Soltis, Douglas E. AU - Soltis, Pamela S. AU - Arikit, Siwaret AU - Axtell, Michael J. AU - Ayyampalayam, Saravanaraj AU - Barbazuk, W. Bradley AU - Burnette, James M., III AU - Chamala, Srikar AU - De Paoli, Emanuele AU - dePamphilis, Claude W. AU - Der, Joshua P. AU - Estill, James C. AU - Farrell, Nina P. AU - Harkess, Alex AU - Jiao, Yuannian AU - Leebens-Mack, James AU - Liu, Kun AU - Mei, Wenbin AU - Meyers, Blake C. AU - Shahid, Saima AU - Wafula, Eric AU - Walts, Brandon AU - Wessler, Susan R. AU - Zhai, Jixian AU - Zhang, Xiaoyu AU - Albert, Victor A. AU - Carretero-Paulet, Lorenzo AU - dePamphilis, Claude W. AU - Der, Joshua P. AU - Jiao, Yuannian AU - Leebens-Mack, James AU - Lyons, Eric AU - Sankoff, David AU - Tang, Haibao AU - Wafula, Eric AU - Zheng, Chunfang AU - Albert, Victor A. AU - Altman, Naomi S. AU - Barbazuk, W. Bradley AU - Carretero-Paulet, Lorenzo AU - dePamphilis, Claude W. AU - Der, Joshua P. AU - Estill, James C. AU - Jiao, Yuannian AU - Leebens-Mack, James AU - Liu, Kun AU - Mei, Wenbin AU - Wafula, Eric AU - Altman, Naomi S. AU - Arikit, Siwaret AU - Axtell, Michael J. AU - Chamala, Srikar AU - Chanderbali, Andre S. AU - Chen, Feng AU - Chen, Jian-Qun AU - Chiang, Vincent AU - De Paoli, Emanuele AU - dePamphilis, Claude W. AU - Der, Joshua P. AU - Determann, Ronald AU - Fogliani, Bruno AU - Guo, Chunce AU - Harholt, Jesper AU - Harkess, Alex AU - Job, Claudette AU - Job, Dominique AU - Kim, Sangtae AU - Kong, Hongzhi AU - Leebens-Mack, James AU - Li, Guanglin AU - Li, Lin AU - Liu, Jie AU - Ma, Hong AU - Meyers, Blake C. AU - Park, Jongsun AU - Qi, Xinshuai AU - Rajjou, Loic AU - Burtet-Sarramegna, Valerie AU - Sederoff, Ron AU - Shahid, Saima AU - Soltis, Douglas E. AU - Soltis, Pamela S. AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Ulvskov, Peter AU - Villegente, Matthieu AU - Xue, Jia-Yu AU - Yeh, Ting-Feng AU - Yu, Xianxian AU - Zhai, Jixian AU - Acosta, Juan J. AU - Albert, Victor A. AU - Barbazuk, W. Bradley AU - Bruenn, Riva A. AU - Chamala, Srikar AU - Kochko, Alexandre AU - dePamphilis, Claude W. AU - Der, Joshua P. AU - Herrera-Estrella, Luis R. AU - Ibarra-Laclette, Enrique AU - Kirst, Matias AU - Leebens-Mack, James AU - Pissis, Solon P. AU - Poncet, Valerie AU - Schuster, Stephan C. AU - Soltis, Douglas E. AU - Soltis, Pamela S. AU - Tomsho, Lynn T2 - Science AB - Shaping Plant Evolution Amborella trichopoda is understood to be the most basal extant flowering plant and its genome is anticipated to provide insights into the evolution of plant life on Earth (see the Perspective by Adams ). To validate and assemble the sequence, Chamala et al. (p. 1516 ) combined fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), genomic mapping, and next-generation sequencing. The Amborella Genome Project (p. 10.1126/science.1241089 ) was able to infer that a whole-genome duplication event preceded the evolution of this ancestral angiosperm, and Rice et al. (p. 1468 ) found that numerous genes in the mitochondrion were acquired by horizontal gene transfer from other plants, including almost four entire mitochondrial genomes from mosses and algae. DA - 2013/12/20/ PY - 2013/12/20/ DO - 10.1126/science.1241089 VL - 342 IS - 6165 SP - 1456–1457 SN - 1095-9203 UR - http://science.sciencemag.org/content/342/6165/1241089.long ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species loss on spatial patterns and composition of zoonotic parasites AU - Harris, Nyeema C. AU - Dunn, Robert R. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Species loss can result in the subsequent loss of affiliate species. Though largely ignored to date, these coextinctions can pose threats to human health by altering the composition, quantity and distribution of zoonotic parasites. We simulated host extinctions from more than 1300 host-parasite associations for 29 North American carnivores to investigate changes in parasite composition and species richness. We also explored the geography of zoonotic parasite richness under three carnivore composition scenarios and examined corresponding levels of human exposure. We found that changes in parasite assemblages differed among parasite groups. Because viruses tend to be generalists, the proportion of parasites that are viruses increased as more carnivores went extinct. Coextinction of carnivore parasites is unlikely to be common, given that few specialist parasites exploit hosts of conservation concern. However, local extirpations of widespread carnivore hosts can reduce overall zoonotic richness and shift distributions of parasite-rich areas. How biodiversity influences disease risks remains the subject of debate. Our results make clear that hosts vary in their contribution to human health risks. As a consequence, so too does the loss (or gain) of particular hosts. Anticipating changes in host composition in future environments may help inform parasite conservation and disease mitigation efforts. DA - 2013/11/22/ PY - 2013/11/22/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2013.1847 VL - 280 IS - 1771 SP - SN - 1471-2954 KW - carnivore KW - distribution KW - human health KW - hotspots KW - species richness KW - virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - SND1 Transcription Factor-Directed Quantitative Functional Hierarchical Genetic Regulatory Network in Wood Formation in Populus trichocarpa AU - Lin, Ying-Chung AU - Li, Wei AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Kumari, Sapna AU - Wei, Hairong AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Tunlaya-Anukit, Sermsawat AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANT CELL AB - Wood is an essential renewable raw material for industrial products and energy. However, knowledge of the genetic regulation of wood formation is limited. We developed a genome-wide high-throughput system for the discovery and validation of specific transcription factor (TF)-directed hierarchical gene regulatory networks (hGRNs) in wood formation. This system depends on a new robust procedure for isolation and transfection of Populus trichocarpa stem differentiating xylem protoplasts. We overexpressed Secondary Wall-Associated NAC Domain 1s (Ptr-SND1-B1), a TF gene affecting wood formation, in these protoplasts and identified differentially expressed genes by RNA sequencing. Direct Ptr-SND1-B1-DNA interactions were then inferred by integration of time-course RNA sequencing data and top-down Graphical Gaussian Modeling-based algorithms. These Ptr-SND1-B1-DNA interactions were verified to function in differentiating xylem by anti-PtrSND1-B1 antibody-based chromatin immunoprecipitation (97% accuracy) and in stable transgenic P. trichocarpa (90% accuracy). In this way, we established a Ptr-SND1-B1-directed quantitative hGRN involving 76 direct targets, including eight TF and 61 enzyme-coding genes previously unidentified as targets. The network can be extended to the third layer from the second-layer TFs by computation or by overexpression of a second-layer TF to identify a new group of direct targets (third layer). This approach would allow the sequential establishment, one two-layered hGRN at a time, of all layers involved in a more comprehensive hGRN. Our approach may be particularly useful to study hGRNs in complex processes in plant species resistant to stable genetic transformation and where mutants are unavailable. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.1105/tpc.113.117697 VL - 25 IS - 11 SP - 4324-4341 SN - 1532-298X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potentials for Mutually Beneficial Collaboration Between FIA Specialists and IEG-40 Pathologists and Geneticists Working on Fusiform Rust AU - Cowling, Ellis AU - Randolph, KaDonna T2 - FORESTS AB - The purpose of this article is to encourage development of an enduring mutually beneficial collaboration between data and information analysts in the US Forest Service’s “Enhanced Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program” and forest pathologists and geneticists in the information exchange group (IEG) titled “Genetics and Breeding of Southern Forest Trees.” The goal of this collaborative partnership is to take full advantage of the Forest Health Monitoring capabilities within the Enhanced FIA Program to provide up-to-date information on the incidence of fusiform rust on loblolly and slash pine stands in the Southern United States and to periodically report the status of the rust epidemic in this region. Our initial analysis of 2000–2011 FIA data demonstrates that careful analysis and interpretation of results from continuing FIA observations can provide valuable guidance for optimizing the performance of forest tree improvement programs in this region. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.3390/f4041220 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 1220-1231 SN - 1999-4907 KW - tree diseases KW - fusiform rust disease KW - disease losses KW - disease incidence KW - disease distribution KW - forest health monitoring KW - forest inventory and analysis KW - Pinus elliottii KW - Pinus taeda ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pickens, T. Boone AU - Wigner, A. AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Encyclopedia of energy PY - 2013/// SP - 1015-17 PB - Ipswich, Massachusetts: Salem Press SN - 9781587658525 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel hemotropic Mycoplasma species in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) AU - Maggi, Ricardo G. AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES AB - Globally, hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. are emerging or re-emerging zoonotic pathogens that affect livestock, wildlife, companion animals, and humans, potentially causing serious and economically important disease problems. Little is known about hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. prevalence, host-specificity, or route of transmission in most species, including wildlife. DNA amplification by PCR targeting the 16SrRNA and the RNaseP genes was used to establish the presence and prevalence of hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in a white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) population in eastern North Carolina. Sixty-five deer (89%) tested positive for hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. where sequence analysis of the 16SsRNA and the RNaseP genes indicated the presence of at least three distinct species. This study represents the first detection of three distinct hemotropic Mycoplasma species in white-tailed deer and the first report of two novel hemotropic Mycoplasma species. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.08.001 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 607-611 SN - 1878-1667 KW - Hemoplasma KW - Hemotropic Mycoplasma KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - White-tailed deer KW - Zoonotic diseases ER - TY - JOUR TI - NEST SURVIVAL AND BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE PUERTO RICAN BULLFINCH (LOXIGILLA PORTORICENSIS) IN SOUTHWESTERN PUERTO RICO AU - Wiewel, Amber N. M. AU - Dinsmore, Stephen J. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY AB - Breeding biology information, including nest survival estimates, are lacking for many nesting species in Puerto Rico. We studied the endemic Puerto Rican Bullfinch (Loxigilla portoricensis), and modeled daily nest survival to better understand the effects of several factors on daily nest survival. In 2009 and 2010 we monitored 37 bullfinch nests at two sites in southwestern Puerto Rico. Predation was the most important cause of nest failure. Ten nest survival models received approximately equal support. No temporal trends in nest survival were supported over others. Results suggested that available fruit is important for successful nesting, increased precipitation is related to higher nest survival, nest survival varied by site, and increased nest height is related to lower nest survival in bullfinches. Under the top model, daily nest survival rates for each site and nest stage ranged from 0.83–0.86% in 2009 and 0.80–0.93% in 2010. This information on nest survival and factors that influence it increases our understanding of the breeding biology of the bullfinch, and will ultimately help inform future studies and conservation efforts in southwestern Puerto Rico. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1676/12-175.1 VL - 125 IS - 4 SP - 720-730 SN - 1938-5447 KW - breeding biology KW - bullfinch KW - frugivory KW - Loxigilla KW - nest survival KW - Puerto Rico ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ge doped GaN with controllable high carrier concentration for plasmonic applications AU - Kirste, R. AU - Hoffmann, M. P. AU - Sachet, E. AU - Bobea, M. AU - Bryan, Z. AU - Bryan, I. AU - Nenstiel, C. AU - Hoffmann, A. AU - Maria, J. P. AU - Collazo, R. AU - Sitar, Z. T2 - Applied Physics Letters AB - Controllable Ge doping in GaN is demonstrated for carrier concentrations of up to 2.4 × 1020 cm−3. Low temperature luminescence spectra from the highly doped samples reveal band gap renormalization and band filling (Burstein-Moss shift) in addition to a sharp transition. Infrared ellipsometry spectra demonstrate the existence of electron plasma with an energy around 3500 cm−1 and a surface plasma with an energy around 2000 cm−1. These findings open possibilities for the application of highly doped GaN for plasmonic devices. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1063/1.4848555 VL - 103 IS - 24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy and climate benefits of bioelectricity from low-input short rotation woody crops on agricultural land over a two-year rotation AU - Djomo, S. Njakou AU - El Kasmioui, O. AU - De Groote, T. AU - Broeckx, L. S. AU - Verlinden, M. S. AU - Berhongaray, G. AU - Fichot, R. AU - Zona, D. AU - Dillen, S. Y. AU - King, J. S. AU - Janssens, I. A. AU - Ceulemans, R. T2 - APPLIED ENERGY AB - Short-rotation woody crops (SRWCs) are a promising means to enhance the EU renewable energy sources while mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, there are concerns that the GHG mitigation potential of bioelectricity may be nullified due to GHG emissions from direct land use changes (dLUCs). In order to evaluate quantitatively the GHG mitigation potential of bioelectricity from SRWC we managed an operational SRWC plantation (18.4 ha) for bioelectricity production on a former agricultural land without supplemental irrigation or fertilization. We traced back to the primary energy level all farm labor, materials, and fossil fuel inputs to the bioelectricity production. We also sampled soil carbon and monitored fluxes of GHGs between the SRWC plantation and the atmosphere. We found that bioelectricity from SRWCs was energy efficient and yielded 200–227% more energy than required to produce it over a two-year rotation. The associated land requirement was 0.9 m2kWhe-1 for the gasification and 1.1 m2kWhe-1 for the combustion technology. Converting agricultural land into the SRWC plantation released 2.8 ± 0.2 t CO2e ha−1, which represented ∼89% of the total GHG emissions (256–272 g CO2e kWhe-1) of bioelectricity production. Despite its high share of the total GHG emissions, dLUC did not negate the GHG benefits of bioelectricity. Indeed, the GHG savings of bioelectricity relative to the EU non-renewable grid mix power ranged between 52% and 54%. SRWC on agricultural lands with low soil organic carbon stocks are encouraging prospects for sustainable production of renewable energy with significant climate benefits. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.017 VL - 111 SP - 862-870 SN - 1872-9118 KW - Direct land use change KW - Eddy fluxes KW - Life cycle assessment KW - Energy ratio KW - GHG emissions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamics of soil exploration by fine roots down to a depth of 10 m throughout the entire rotation in Eucalyptus grandis plantations AU - Laclau, J. P. AU - Silva, E. A. AU - Lambais, G. R. AU - Bernoux, M. AU - Maire, G. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Bouillet, J. P. AU - Gonccalves, J. L. D. AU - Jourdan, C. AU - Nouvellon, Y. T2 - Frontiers in Plant Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing a new foliar nutrient-based method to predict response to competing vegetation control in Pinus taeda AU - Albaugh, T. J. AU - Fox, T. R. AU - Blinn, C. E. AU - Allen, H. L. AU - Rubilar, R. A. AU - Stape, J. L. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 196-201 ER - TY - RPRT TI - http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/49266 AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Conkling, Barbara L. A3 - Asheville, NC : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - SRS-185 SP - 149 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - The elucidation of the lignin structure effect on the cellulase-mediated saccharification by genetic engineering poplars (Populus nigra L. x Populus maximowiczii A.) AU - Min, Douyong AU - Yang, Chenmin AU - Shi, Rui AU - Jameel, Hasan AU - Chiang, Vincent AU - Chang, Houmin T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - The lignin structure effect on the recalcitrance of biomass degradation was elucidated by twelve transgenic hybrid poplars (Populus nigra L. and Populus maximowiczii A.). Samples have different levels of the syringaldehyde (S) to vanillin (V) ratio from 0.1 to 2.6 and the lignin content from 10.5 to 24.3%, compared to the control (the S to V ratio 1.7 and the lignin content 22.0%). The dilute acid (0.1% sulfuric acid, 185 °C, and 30 min) and the green liquor (6% total titratable alkali (TTA), 25% sulfidity based on TTA, 185 °C and 15 min) were used as pretreatments. The enzymatic saccharification was performed at 5 FPU g−1 based on the substrate. The removal of lignin and hemicelluloses varied with pretreatments. The high delignification originated from the high S to V ratio. However, the high S to V ratio retarded the enzymatic saccharification. The decrease of the lignin and the hemicelluloses benefited the enzymatic saccharification with or without the pretreatment. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.08.019 VL - 58 SP - 52-57 SN - 1873-2909 KW - Transgenic hybrid poplar KW - Pretreatment KW - S to V Ratio KW - Delignification KW - Enzymatic saccharification ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainable protected area management: The case of Llancahue, a highly valued periurban forest in Chile AU - Moorman, M. AU - Donoso, P. J. AU - Moore, S. E. AU - Sink, S. AU - Frederick, D. T2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry AB - The Llancahue watershed is a 1,300-ha state-owned, protected forest threatened by illegal logging. To improve conservation practices, we provide a prescription for protecting the 400 ha of old-growth stands and to promote old-growth attributes through responsible management of the secondary forests. The plan involves the local community in efforts to reduce illegal logging and generates annual net revenues of 20,000–US$30,000 which will be used to conserve the forest and employ the local community by thinning 10–15 ha yr−1. We present the Llancahue watershed as a case study for implementing sustainable forest management with local communities as a means of conserving forestland. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1080/10549811.2013.803916 VL - 32 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Source-Dependent Intracellular Distribution of Iron in Lens Epithelial Cells Cultured Under Normoxic and Hypoxic Conditions AU - Goralska, Malgorzata AU - Nagar, Steven AU - Fleisher, Lloyd N. AU - Mzyk, Philip AU - McGahan, M. Christine T2 - INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE AB - Purpose.: Intracellular iron trafficking and the characteristics of iron distribution from different sources are poorly understood. We previously determined that the lens removes excess iron from fluids of inflamed eyes. In the current study, we examined uptake and intracellular distribution of 59Fe from iron transport protein transferrin or ferric chloride (nontransferrin-bound iron [NTBI]) in cultured canine lens epithelial cells (LECs). Because lens tissue physiologically functions under low oxygen tension, we also tested effects of hypoxia on iron trafficking. Excess iron, not bound to proteins, can be damaging to cells due to its ability to catalyze formation of reactive oxygen species. Methods.: LECs were labeled with 59Fe-Tf or 59FeCl3 under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Cell lysates were fractioned into mitochondria-rich, nuclei-rich, and cytosolic fractions. Iron uptake and its subcellular distribution were measured by gamma counting. Results.: 59Fe accumulation into LECs labeled with 59Fe-Tf was 55-fold lower as compared with that of 59FeCl3. Hypoxia (24 hours) decreased uptake of iron from transferrin but not from FeCl3. More iron from 59FeCl3 was directed to the mitochondria-rich fraction (32.6%–47.7%) compared with 59Fe from transferrin (10.6%–12.6%). The opposite was found for the cytosolic fraction (8.7%–18.3% and 54.2%–46.6 %, respectively). Hypoxia significantly decreased iron accumulation in the mitochondria-rich fraction of LECs labeled with 59Fe-Tf . Conclusions.: There are source-dependent differences in iron uptake and trafficking. Uptake and distribution of NTBI are not as strictly regulated as that of iron from transferrin. Excessive exposure to NTBI, which could occur in pathological conditions, may oxidatively damage organelles, particularly mitochondria. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.1167/iovs.13-12868 VL - 54 IS - 12 SP - 7666-7673 SN - 1552-5783 KW - iron trafficking KW - transferrin KW - NTBI KW - lens epithelial cells KW - hypoxia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative metrics for assessing predicted climate change pressure on North American tree species AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Mathematical and Computational Forestry & Natural-Resource Sciences DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 151-169 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overview of immigrant worker occupational health and safety for the agriculture, forestry, and fishing (AgFF) sector in the Southeastern United States AU - Arcury, T. A. AU - Grzywacz, J. G. AU - Sidebottom, J. AU - Wiggins, M. F. T2 - American Journal of Industrial Medicine DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 56 IS - 8 SP - 912-924 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occupational health policy and immigrant workers in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector AU - Liebman, A. K. AU - Wiggins, M. F. AU - Fraser, C. AU - Levin, J. AU - Sidebottom, J. AU - Arcury, T. A. T2 - American Journal of Industrial Medicine DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 56 IS - 8 SP - 975-984 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Large-scale patterns of insect and disease activity in the conterminous United States and Alaska from the national insect and disease detection survey database, 2010 AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2011 A2 - Kevin M. Potter, Barbara L. Conkling PY - 2013/// SP - 15-28 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Large-scale patterns of forest fire occurrence in the conterminous United States and Alaska, 2010 AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2011 A2 - Kevin M. Potter, Barbara L. Conkling PY - 2013/// SP - 29-40 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Introduction AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2011 A2 - Kevin M. Potter, Barbara L. Conkling PY - 2013/// SP - 5-12 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research & Development, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecohydrology of an outbreak: mountain pine beetle impacts trees in drier landscape positions first AU - Kaiser, Kendra E. AU - McGlynn, Brian L. AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. T2 - ECOHYDROLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Vegetation pattern and landscape structure intersect to exert strong control over ecohydrological dynamics at the watershed scale. The hydrologic implications of vegetation disturbance (e.g. fire, disease) depend on the spatial pattern and form of environmental change. Here, we investigate this intersection at Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest (TCEF), Montana, with a focus on the mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae ) epidemic currently affecting the Rocky Mountains. We calibrated QuickBird remote sensing imagery with a leaf‐level spectral library of local vegetation. We used this spectral library to determine diagnostic vegetation indices for differentiating stages of beetle infestation within the 37 km 2 TCEF watershed. These indices formed the basis of a three‐component mixing model to establish the extent and magnitude of beetle infestation across the TCEF watershed. We compared disturbance patterns with spatially distributed topography and vegetation variables derived from a light detection and ranging‐based digital elevation model of TCEF. We determined that certain landscape characteristics (low vegetation density, south‐facing slopes, steep slopes, locations with small contributing areas and locations with lower values of the topographic wetness index) were significantly more likely to exhibit the effects of beetle infestation. Our efforts to monitor vegetation mortality across space and time provide a context for assessing landscape susceptibility to initial mountain pine beetle infestation and how outbreak (i.e. landscape scale infestation) patterns may affect watershed ecohydrology via altered water and biogeochemical cycles. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1002/eco.1286 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 444-454 SN - 1936-0592 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000330539800001&KeyUID=WOS:000330539800001 KW - mountain pine beetle KW - disturbance KW - vegetation patterns KW - mountain hydrology KW - emergent properties KW - ecohydrology KW - remote sensing KW - landscape structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - BIRD MORTALITY AT A WIND-ENERGY FACILITY NEAR A WETLAND OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE AU - Grodsky, Steven M. AU - Jennelle, Christopher S. AU - Drake, David T2 - CONDOR AB - Wind turbines provide a source of renewable energy to meet increasing human demand and offset the costs of fossil fuel usage and nuclear power generation. Birds are killed and displaced at wind facilities, so increased understanding of the drivers of mortality and displacement will assist planners considering the future placement and use of wind facilities. Our objectives were to assess the effect on birds of a wind facility in southeastern Wisconsin by (1) recording the species composition of recovered bird carcasses, (2) estimating mortality rates, and (3) identifying variables correlated with fatalities. We found 20 bird carcasses during scheduled searches. On this basis, we estimated that over two springs and two autumns of study from 2008 to 2010, 607 birds (0.026 per turbine per day, 0.017 per megawatt per day) were killed over 277 days of searching at this facility containing 86 turbines. Nocturnally migrating passerines accounted for 50% of the birds found killed. We found a significant negative relationship between bird fatalities and northward movement of birds through the wind facility. Despite the close proximity of Horicon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, a wetland of international importance, we found no relationship between distance to Horicon Marsh and bird fatalities. Our study provides a timely assessment of fatal bird collisions with turbines at a wind facility in agricultural lands, uniquely located near a large wetland at which migrating birds stage. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.1525/cond.2013.120167 VL - 115 IS - 4 SP - 700-711 SN - 1938-5129 KW - birds KW - mortality KW - national wildlife refuge KW - wind facility ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of water table fluctuation on soil respiration in a lower coastal plain forested wetland in the southeastern US AU - Miao, Guofang AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Trettin, Carl C. AU - McNulty, Steve G. AU - Sun, Ge AU - King, John S. T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES AB - Abstract Anthropogenic and environmental pressures on wetland hydrology may trigger changes in carbon (C) cycling, potentially exposing vast amounts of soil C to rapid decomposition. We measured soil CO 2 efflux ( R s ) continuously from 2009 to 2010 in a lower coastal plain forested wetland in North Carolina, U.S., to characterize its main environmental drivers. To understand and quantify the spatial variation due to microtopography and associated differences in hydrology, measurements were conducted at three microsites along a microtopographic gradient. The seasonal hysteresis in R s differed by microtopographic location and was caused by the transitions between flooded and nonflooded conditions. Because flooded R s was small, we reported R s dynamics mainly during nonflooded periods. A nested model, modified from conventional Q 10 (temperature sensitivity) model with dynamic parameters, provided a significantly better simulation on the observed variation of R s . The model performed better with daily data, indicating that soil temperature ( T s ) and water table depth (WTD) were the primary drivers for seasonal variation. The diel variation of R s was high and independent of T s and WTD, which both had small diel variations, suggesting the likely association with plant activity. Overall, the site‐average soil CO 2 efflux was approximately 960–1103 g C m −2 yr −1 in 2010, of which 93% was released during nonflooded periods. Our study indicates that R s is highly linked to hydroperiod and microtopography in forested wetlands and droughts in wetlands will accelerate soil C loss. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1002/2013jg002354 VL - 118 IS - 4 SP - 1748-1762 SN - 2169-8961 KW - forested wetland KW - spatial heterogeneity KW - microtopography KW - temperature sensitivity KW - dynamic parameters KW - nested model ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Evolutionary Genetics of the Genes Underlying Phenotypic Associations for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda, Pinaceae) AU - Eckert, Andrew J. AU - Wegrzyn, Jill L. AU - Liechty, John D. AU - Lee, Jennifer M. AU - Cumbie, W. Patrick AU - Davis, John M. AU - Goldfarb, Barry AU - Loopstra, Carol A. AU - Palle, Sreenath R. AU - Quesada, Tania AU - Langley, Charles H. AU - Neale, David B. T2 - GENETICS AB - Abstract A primary goal of evolutionary genetics is to discover and explain the genetic basis of fitness-related traits and how this genetic basis evolves within natural populations. Unprecedented technological advances have fueled the discovery of genetic variants associated with ecologically relevant phenotypes in many different life forms, as well as the ability to scan genomes for deviations from selectively neutral models of evolution. Theoretically, the degree of overlap between lists of genomic regions identified using each approach is related to the genetic architecture of fitness-related traits and the strength and type of natural selection molding variation at these traits within natural populations. Here we address for the first time in a plant the degree of overlap between these lists, using patterns of nucleotide diversity and divergence for &gt;7000 unique amplicons described from the extensive expressed sequence tag libraries generated for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in combination with the &gt;1000 published genetic associations. We show that loci associated with phenotypic traits are distinct with regard to neutral expectations. Phenotypes measured at the whole plant level (e.g., disease resistance) exhibit an approximately twofold increase in the proportion of adaptive nonsynonymous substitutions over the genome-wide average. As expected for polygenic traits, these signals were apparent only when loci were considered at the level of functional sets. The ramifications of this result are discussed in light of the continued efforts to dissect the genetic basis of quantitative traits. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1534/genetics.113.157198 VL - 195 IS - 4 SP - 1353-+ SN - 1943-2631 KW - association mapping KW - complex traits KW - Pinus taeda KW - natural selection KW - population genomics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal occurrence of Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in North Carolina Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poiret) Christmas tree plantations AU - Williams, L. AU - Hain, F. P. T2 - Journal of Entomological Science AB - The overwintering sites and seasonal abundance of phytoseiid mites were determined in North Carolina Fraser fir Christmas tree plantations. Potential overwintering sites for the mites include Fraser fir branches, Fraser fir bark, surface litter composed of Fraser fir needles, a mixture of fescue grass (Festuca spp.) and nimblewill (Mhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmelin.), mixed herbaceous debris from the previous growing season, and a monocultural cover crop of white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Twelve species of mites (n = 414) in the family Phytoseiidae were collected. Arrenoseius morgani (Chant) (n = 160), Typhlodromips sessor (DeLeon) (n = 156), and Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma) (n = 34) were the most abundant. During the spring and summer Fraser fir plantations with a ground cover consisting of white clover were compared with plantations with bare ground to assess the abundance and species composition of phytoseiid mites. A total of 512 phytoseiids representing 8 species was collected. Phytoseiid mite abundance was not significantly different between clover ground cover and bare ground plantations. Typhlodromips sessor (DeLeon), Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma), and Arrenoseius morgani (Chant) were the most abundant species in both plantation types. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-48.4.317 VL - 48 IS - 4 SP - 317-326 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Narrative History of the Resistance Screening Center: It's Origins, Leadership and Partial List of Public Benefits and Scientific Contributions AU - Cowling, Ellis AU - Young, Carol T2 - FORESTS AB - Forty years ago, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service developed and currently operates the Resistance Screening Center near Asheville, North Carolina, as a service to both industry and university-based tree improvement programs and tree-seed exporting companies in the southern US, Mexico, and Central America. Seed lots from more than 15,000 selections of slash and loblolly pines have been evaluated for genetically-controlled resistance to fusiform rust and other diseases including pitch canker, dogwood anthracnose, and brown spot needle blight. The screening system uses a greenhouse-based artificial inoculation system with controlled density of inoculum from geographically diverse sources of the rust pathogen. Results are completed in 6–9 months and are reasonably well-correlated with field-based progeny tests. Operating costs of the Center are shared by both the USDA Forest Service and its clients. The technologically sophisticated methods and professional skills of the Center staff have been applied to facilitate and accelerate progress in region-wide timber production, scientific understanding of the fusiform rust pathosystem, and graduate education of forest geneticists and pathologists in universities. DA - 2013/9// PY - 2013/9// DO - 10.3390/f4030666 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 666-692 SN - 1999-4907 KW - tree improvement KW - disease resistance KW - fusiform rust KW - pitch canker KW - screening center ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelling species distributions with remote sensing data: bridging disciplinary perspectives AU - Cord, Anna F. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Leitao, Pedro J. AU - Vaclavik, Tomas T2 - JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY AB - Over the last few decades, correlative species distribution models (SDMs) have been adopted as the most widely used approach for describing and predicting spatial patterns of relationships between species occurrence and environmental conditions (Elith & Leathwick, 2009). Over this same period, the discipline of remote sensing (RS) has produced a breadth of novel geospatial datasets and analytical algorithms for mapping biogeographical heterogeneity. It is not surprising that RS data are now commonly used in SDMs: space- and airborne RS data provide a low cost means to map environmental changes across multiple spatio-temporal scales and are attractive for their ability to measure spatial factors often impossible to quantify otherwise (e.g. landscape connectivity). Looking into this trend further, our literature search – with keywords ‘remote sensing’ and ‘species distribution’ or ‘habitat suitability’ – returned 210 articles where remote sensing was integrally used in SDMs, 60% of which were published just in the past 5 years (ISI Web of Science, 2 May 2013). This development should be a good thing, right? However, several scientists have critically pointed out that the content and spatial scale of RS predictors do not often match species' life-history strategies (e.g. Bradley et al., 2012; Lechner et al., 2012). Our objective here is not to disagree with their recently proposed methodological guidelines, but rather to reflect on the various facets of using RS in SDMs in an effort to bridge disciplinary perspectives. Despite the rapidly increasing number of interdisciplinary approaches, we believe that some remaining discrepancies between geographical and ecological perspectives still influence current SDM studies. To illustrate this diversity of disciplinary viewpoints, we build on the proposition of Carl Troll, who coined the term ‘landscape ecology’ in an attempt to integrate the ‘spatial’ approach of geographers and the ‘functional’ approach of ecologists. In SDM studies, at one extreme, RS researchers may tend to focus on mapping spatial patterns of species distributions, while ecologists may be as much concerned with the explanations of these distributions. By this generalized point of view, we do not wish to draw boxes around disciplines but believe that inherited disciplinary perspectives, differing research priorities and associated methodological advancements remain the core reasons why the integration of RS in SDMs has not yet reached its full potential. Below, we discuss how the application of RS data in SDMs can be improved by (1) a greater awareness of the differing sample size and characteristics of RS and ecological data, (2) the combination of different RS predictors in multi-scale modelling frameworks, (3) the use of RS data to infer information on species absence, and (4) a clearer definition of the modelling purpose. First, remotely sensed and field-based ecological data typically vary in their sample sizes and functional relationships to the focal species. Ecological perspectives may sometimes lead to using relatively small samples of data compared with RS; however, those field samples are often relatively accurate and typically capture information that is ecologically relevant to the distribution of the species (direct predictors, e.g. temperature or soil type). In contrast, RS data provide a wall-to-wall census of biophysical factors with relatively low accuracies (due to errors introduced during data acquisition, processing or analysis) which may serve only as indirect surrogates for functional variables (see Elith & Leathwick, 2009). Recognizing and accepting these differences between the two data sources is crucial. In particular, relationships between species occurrence and such indirect surrogates may be non-stationary in space and time. For example, the same values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or other indices can be observed for habitat patches with completely different plant community compositions. While the importance of this spatio-temporal non-stationarity of RS signals along elevational or climatic gradients has been recognized in vegetation mapping (see Guyon et al., 2011), we do not see careful contextualization for the use of RS data in SDMs so far. It is therefore essential to develop approaches that will allow us to extract ecological meaning from the censuses provided by RS data and design new RS indicators that capture direct environmental drivers. While this has been accomplished for modelling animal species by approximating habitat heterogeneity from RS data (Goetz et al., 2010), there is an apparent research gap for plant species. We specifically suggest continuing to explore the potential of functionally relevant biophysical parameters, such as leaf area index (LAI) or fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR), instead of using the more common vegetation indices (e.g. NDVI or enhanced vegetation index) that consist of combinations of spectral bands and are only indirectly linked to biophysical properties of vegetation. In addition, remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST), which is one of the most important parameters for quantifying surface energy and water balances (Quattrochi & Luvall, 2004), is a valuable, yet largely untapped source of data in SDMs. Second, although the importance of considering scale-dependency of patterns and processes is well established in both disciplines, we see differences in implementation. Both ecologists and RS specialists widely accept that the choice of spatial scale, defined by extent (the geographical area considered) and grain (smallest measurement unit within a dataset), has to be driven by the objective and the potential application of the research. Obviously, there may be exceptions, where published studies fail to establish that their observation scale does correspond to the phenomena scale (at which the organism interacts with the environment; Lechner et al., 2012). Pearson & Dawson (2003) proposed a hierarchical framework for conceptualizing the scales at which different environmental factors affect species distributions. However, most RS-based studies that embrace multi-scale approaches compare the utility of the same index or the same biophysical parameter across various scales (e.g. from different sensors; Tarnavsky et al., 2008), rather than combining meaningful scale-dependent parameters. Future research should therefore address the use of different RS predictors in SDMs that would each match the phenomena scale or capture finer-scale factors that drive the species distribution and larger-scale controls that constrain it. For example, the LAI as an indicator of ecosystem productivity at a broad scale can be combined with remotely sensed data on vegetation structure, e.g. from LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data, at a fine scale. Third, RS data are typically used in SDMs to inform about places in which a species is or can be present (e.g. NDVI; Pettorelli et al., 2011) but they are rarely applied to infer species absence. While absence data are often ignored in SDMs simply because they are not available for modelling, they also provide more complex information than a mere lack of suitability (Václavík & Meentemeyer, 2009; Lobo et al., 2010). For example, organisms can be absent in a location as a result of low suitability of abiotic conditions (environmental absence), but also due to factors restrictive on the pool of environmentally favourable areas such as biotic interactions, dispersal barriers or local disturbances (contingent absence). Here, we see a great opportunity for RS to help explain these two types of absences (or generate more reliable pseudo-absences) and ultimately create better SDMs. Land-cover classes derived from Landsat imagery or topographic data derived from the shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) can easily be used to mask environment clearly unsuitable for the studied species. Continuing further in this direction, remotely sensed phenology indicators can help us incorporate contingent absences by identifying shifts in the growing season or disturbance dynamics that prevent the species from being found at otherwise environmentally suitable sites. Fourth, the types of absence data and RS covariates also determine the capacity of SDMs to represent the potential or actual species distribution. These goals, however, are not always clearly defined in SDM studies. Those SDM studies that have a strong RS perspective typically focus on estimating actual species distributions by directly mapping dominant plant species, vegetation communities, or habitat for animal species (Kerr & Ostrovsky, 2003). In contrast, ecologists often apply SDMs to predict potential distributions, i.e. places environmentally suitable for species survival. However, both efforts require different methodological approaches and RS predictors. In the first case, SDMs should account for contingent absences and specifically use RS predictors that include the spectral signal of the target species. In the second case, they require incorporating environmental absences but should avoid capturing spectral signals of the focal species; the outcomes would otherwise underestimate species' potential ranges (Bradley et al., 2012). In addition, the overall accuracy that balances false positive and negative errors should not be the sole criterion used to include RS predictors in SDMs. While this approach may be appropriate to evaluate predictions of the actual distribution, using false positive rates makes little sense in evaluation of potential distribution because the true future distribution of a species is unknown. A rigorous approach hence requires that we clearly formulate the goals of our study, accordingly select RS predictors that contain or lack spectral signals of focal species and use adequate methods to evaluate their benefits. We all agree that RS data are valuable complements to climatic and other environmental variables in SDMs. However, novel and creative approaches, including the combination of different RS data and techniques, are required to take full advantage of this potential. We are optimistic that increasing the awareness of the reviewed issues and bringing the disciplinary perspectives of ecology and RS together – making use of the best knowledge from both sides – will greatly advance the development and interpretation of SDMs in biogeography. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1111/jbi.12199 VL - 40 IS - 12 SP - 2226-2227 SN - 1365-2699 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Loess origin, transport, and deposition over the past 10,000 years, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska AU - Muhs, Daniel R. AU - Budahn, James R. AU - McGeehin, John P. AU - Bettis, E. Arthur, III AU - Skipp, Gary AU - Paces, James B. AU - Wheeler, Elisabeth A. T2 - AEOLIAN RESEARCH AB - Contemporary glaciogenic dust has not received much attention, because most research has been on glaciogenic dust of the last glacial period or non-glaciogenic dust of the present interglacial period. Nevertheless, dust from modern glaciogenic sources may be important for Fe inputs to primary producers in the ocean. Adjacent to the subarctic Pacific Ocean, we studied a loess section near Chitina, Alaska along the Copper River in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, where dust has been accumulating over the past ∼10,000 years. Mass accumulation rates for the fine-grained (<20 μm) fraction of this loess section are among the highest reported for the Holocene of high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Based on mineralogy and geochemistry, loess at Chitina is derived from glacial sources in the Wrangell Mountains, the Chugach Mountains, and probably the Alaska Range. Concentrations of Fe in the silt-plus-clay fraction of the loess at Chitina are much higher than in all other loess bodies in North America and higher than most loess bodies on other continents. The very fine-grained (<2 μm) portion of this sediment, capable of long-range transport, is dominated by Fe-rich chlorite, which can yield Fe readily to primary producers in the ocean. Examination of satellite imagery shows that dust from the Copper River is transported by wind on a regular basis to the North Pacific Ocean. This Alaskan example shows that high-latitude glaciogenic dust needs to be considered as a significant Fe source to primary producers in the open ocean. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1016/j.aeolia.2013.06.001 VL - 11 SP - 85-99 SN - 2212-1684 KW - Loess KW - Dust KW - Holocene KW - Last glacial period KW - Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska KW - Radiocarbon dating ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fine root biomass and turnover of two fast-growing poplar genotypes in a short-rotation coppice culture AU - Berhongaray, Gonzalo AU - Janssens, I. A. AU - King, J. S. AU - Ceulemans, R. T2 - PLANT AND SOIL AB - The quantification of root dynamics remains a major challenge in ecological research because root sampling is laborious and prone to error due to unavoidable disturbance of the delicate soil-root interface. The objective of the present study was to quantify the distribution of the biomass and turnover of roots of poplars (Populus) and associated understory vegetation during the second growing season of a high-density short rotation coppice culture. Roots were manually picked from soil samples collected with a soil core from narrow (75 cm apart) and wide rows (150 cm apart) of the double-row planting system from two genetically contrasting poplar genotypes. Several methods of estimating root production and turnover were compared. Poplar fine root biomass was higher in the narrow rows than in the wide rows. In spite of genetic differences in above-ground biomass, annual fine root productivity was similar for both genotypes (ca. 44 g DM m−2 year−1). Weed root biomass was equally distributed over the ground surface, and root productivity was more than two times higher compared to poplar fine roots (ca. 109 g DM m−2 year−1). Early in SRC plantation development, weeds result in significant root competition to the crop tree poplars, but may confer certain ecosystem services such as carbon input to soil and retention of available soil N until the trees fully occupy the site. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1007/s11104-013-1778-x VL - 373 IS - 1-2 SP - 269-283 SN - 1573-5036 KW - Fine root biomass KW - Root production KW - Populus KW - Weeds KW - Soil cores ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beneficial Insect Borders Provide Northern Bobwhite Brood Habitat AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Plush, Charles J. AU - Orr, David B. AU - Reberg-Horton, Chris T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Strips of fallow vegetation along cropland borders are an effective strategy for providing brood habitat for declining populations of upland game birds (Order: Galliformes), including northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), but fallow borders lack nectar-producing vegetation needed to sustain many beneficial insect populations (e.g., crop pest predators, parasitoids, and pollinator species). Planted borders that contain mixes of prairie flowers and grasses are designed to harbor more diverse arthropod communities, but the relative value of these borders as brood habitat is unknown. We used groups of six human-imprinted northern bobwhite chicks as a bioassay for comparing four different border treatments (planted native grass and prairie flowers, planted prairie flowers only, fallow vegetation, or mowed vegetation) as northern bobwhite brood habitat from June-August 2009 and 2010. All field border treatments were established around nine organic crop fields. Groups of chicks were led through borders for 30-min foraging trials and immediately euthanized, and eaten arthropods in crops and gizzards were measured to calculate a foraging rate for each border treatment. We estimated arthropod prey availability within each border treatment using a modified blower-vac to sample arthropods at the vegetation strata where chicks foraged. Foraging rate did not differ among border treatments in 2009 or 2010. Total arthropod prey densities calculated from blower-vac samples did not differ among border treatments in 2009 or 2010. Our results showed plant communities established to attract beneficial insects should maximize the biodiversity potential of field border establishment by providing habitat for beneficial insects and young upland game birds. DA - 2013/12/23/ PY - 2013/12/23/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0083815 VL - 8 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Economic Assessment of Mountain Pine Beetle Timber Salvage in the West AU - Prestemon, Jeffrey P. AU - Abt, Karen L. AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Koch, Frank H. T2 - Western Journal of Applied Forestry AB - The mountain pine beetle has killed lodgepole pine and other species of pines in the western United States in an ongoing epidemic. The most heavily affected states are in the interior West: Colorado, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, with smaller losses elsewhere. Timber salvage is one response to the epidemic, which could generate revenues for affected landowners and provide wood to forest product manufacturers and, potentially, energy producers. Salvage is occurring, but policymakers have advocated greater rates of such timber removals. To estimate total costs and revenues from salvage and thereby illuminate the economic dimensions of greater salvage removals, we simulated alternative salvage intensity levels on national forests and on other public and private lands where dead standing timber could be potentially recovered and entered into product markets. Data indicate that 19.7 billion cubic feet of standing dead timber are potentially available for salvage, distributed across 20.3 million acres in 12 western states. Simulations on national forests and on lands under other ownerships indicate that positive net revenues (revenues minus costs) could be produced in states with active timber markets on the West Coast and in the northern Rockies, where timber prices would be less depressed by the introduction of large salvage volumes. The central Rocky Mountain states of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, which have the largest percentage volume and acreage impacts from salvable standing dead timber, would not generate profitable timber salvage. Simulations of a hypothetical doubling of demand in Colorado and Montana leave Colorado with smaller losses and Montana with larger gains. DA - 2013/10/1/ PY - 2013/10/1/ DO - 10.5849/wjaf.12-032 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 143-153 J2 - Western Journal of Applied Forestry LA - en OP - SN - 0885-6095 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/wjaf.12-032 DB - Crossref KW - insects KW - wood products KW - markets KW - epidemic KW - spatial equilibrium ER - TY - JOUR TI - Allelic Variation in a Cellulose Synthase Gene (PtoCesA4) Associated with Growth and Wood Properties in Populus tomentosa AU - Du, Qingzhang AU - Xu, Baohua AU - Pan, Wei AU - Gong, Chenrui AU - Wang, Qingshi AU - Tian, Jiaxing AU - Li, Bailian AU - Zhang, Deqiang T2 - G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS AB - Abstract Lignocellulosic biomass from trees provides a renewable feedstock for biofuels, lumber, pulp, paper, and other uses. Dissecting the mechanism underlying natural variation of the complex traits controlling growth and lignocellulose biosynthesis in trees can enable marker-assisted breeding to improve wood quality and yield. Here, we combined linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based association analysis with traditional linkage analysis to detect the genetic effect of a Populus tomentosa cellulose synthase gene, PtoCesA4. PtoCesA4 is strongly expressed in developing xylem and leaves. Nucleotide diversity and LD in PtoCesA4, sampled from the P. tomentosa natural distribution, revealed that PtoCesA4 harbors high single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity (πT = 0.0080 and θw = 0.0098) and low LD (r2 ≥ 0.1, within 1400 bp), demonstrating that the potential of a candidate-gene-based LD approach in understanding the molecular basis underlying quantitative variation in this species. By combining single SNP, multi-SNP, and haplotype-based associations in an association population of 460 individuals with single SNP linkage analysis in a family-based linkage populations (1200 individuals), we identified three strong associations (false discovery rate Q &lt; 0.05) in both populations. These include two nonsynonymous markers (SNP49 associated with α-cellulose content and SNP59 associated with fiber width) and a noncoding marker (SNP18 associated with α-cellulose content). Variation in RNA transcript abundance among genotypic classes of SNP49 was confirmed in these two populations. Therefore, combining different methods allowed us to examine functional PtoCesA4 allelic variation underlying natural variation in complex quantitative traits related to growth and lignocellulosic biosynthesis. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.1534/g3.113.007724 VL - 3 IS - 11 SP - 2069-2084 SN - 2160-1836 KW - linkage disequilibrium KW - linkage analysis KW - multi-locus association models KW - Populus tomentosa KW - RNA transcript analysis KW - single nucleotide polymorphism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Productivity differences among loblolly pine genotypes are independent of individual-tree biomass partitioning and growth efficiency AU - Aspinwall, Michael J. AU - King, John S. AU - McKeand, Steven E. T2 - TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1007/s00468-012-0806-4 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 533-545 SN - 1432-2285 KW - Allometry KW - Clone KW - Growth efficiency KW - Loblolly pine KW - Productivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - King Rail (Rallus elegans) Occupancy and Abundance in Fire Managed Coastal Marshes in North Carolina and Virginia AU - Rogers, Samantha L. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Drew, C. Ashton T2 - WATERBIRDS AB - Curbing the declining trends of King Rails (Rallus elegans) that occupy freshwater emergent marshes requires an understanding of their ecology and response to management practices. King Rails were surveyed during the breeding season (March-June) at Back Bay and Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuges, Virginia and North Carolina, in 2009 and 2010. Twenty-two plots were surveyed in 2009 and 41 in 2010. Annual occupancy estimates were based on pooled data encompassing both refuges. In 2010, occupancy and abundance of King Rails were also estimated for each refuge and assessed with respect to fire management. Plots in 2010 were classified as recently burned (0–1 years-since-burn [YSB]) or ≥ 2 YSB. Occupancy probability was similar between 2009 (0.68 ± 0.14) and 2010 (0.62 ± 0.08). In 2010, occupancy probability was higher at Mackay Island (0.95 ± 0.06) than Back Bay (0.69 ± 0.13). Mean plot abundance (Mackay Island = 1.47 ± 0.38; Back Bay = 0.66 ± 0.22) was also higher. The probability of occupying 0–1 YSB plots was higher at both refuges (Mackay Island = 0.95 ± 0.06; Back Bay = 0.72 ± 0.20) when compared to ≥ 2 YSB plots (Mackay Island = 0.69 ± 0.13; Back Bay = 0.25 ± 0.12). Location strongly influenced occupancy of King Rails. It is plausible that the marsh composition (natural vs. created) accounted for the observed differences in occupancy. Natural marshes may provide higher quality habitat (e.g., resource availability) for King Rails than created marshes. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1675/063.036.0207 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 179-188 SN - 1938-5390 KW - created marsh KW - fire management KW - King Rail KW - natural marsh KW - North Carolina KW - occupancy KW - Rallus elegans KW - Virginia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic Estimated Breeding Values Using Genomic Relationship Matrices in a Cloned Population of Loblolly Pine AU - Zapata-Valenzuela, Jaime AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - Neale, David AU - McKeand, Steve AU - Isik, Fikret T2 - G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics AB - Abstract Replacement of the average numerator relationship matrix derived from the pedigree with the realized genomic relationship matrix based on DNA markers might be an attractive strategy in forest tree breeding for predictions of genetic merit. We used genotypes from 3461 single-nucleotide polymorphism loci to estimate genomic relationships for a population of 165 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) individuals. Phenotypes of the 165 individuals were obtained from clonally replicated field trials and were used to estimate breeding values for growth (stem volume). Two alternative methods, based on allele frequencies or regression, were used to generate the genomic relationship matrices. The accuracies of genomic estimated breeding values based on the genomic relationship matrices and breeding values estimated based on the average numerator relationship matrix were compared. On average, the accuracy of predictions based on genomic relationships ranged between 0.37 and 0.74 depending on the validation method. We did not detect differences in the accuracy of predictions based on genomic relationship matrices estimated by two different methods. Using genomic relationship matrices allowed modeling of Mendelian segregation within full-sib families, an important advantage over a traditional genetic evaluation system based on pedigree. We conclude that estimation of genomic relationships could be a powerful tool in forest tree breeding because it accurately accounts both for genetic relationships among individuals and for nuisance effects such as location and replicate effects, and makes more accurate selection possible within full-sib crosses. DA - 2013/4/5/ PY - 2013/4/5/ DO - 10.1534/g3.113.005975 VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - 909-916 J2 - G3 LA - en OP - SN - 2160-1836 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.113.005975 DB - Crossref KW - GenPred KW - Shared data resource KW - Pinus taeda quantitative genetics best linear unbiased prediction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Animal behavior, cost-based corridor models, and real corridors AU - LaPoint, Scott AU - Gallery, Paul AU - Wikelski, Martin AU - Kays, Roland T2 - Landscape Ecology AB - Corridors are popular conservation tools because they are thought to allow animals to safely move between habitat fragments, thereby maintaining landscape connectivity. Nonetheless, few studies show that mammals actually use corridors as predicted. Further, the assumptions underlying corridor models are rarely validated with field data. We categorized corridor use as a behavior, to identify animal-defined corridors, using movement data from fishers (Martes pennanti) tracked near Albany, New York, USA. We then used least-cost path analysis and circuit theory to predict fisher corridors and validated the performance of all three corridor models with data from camera traps. Six of eight fishers tracked used corridors to connect the forest patches that constitute their home ranges, however the locations of these corridors were not well predicted by the two cost-based models, which together identified only 5 of the 23 used corridors. Further, camera trap data suggest the cost-based corridor models performed poorly, often detecting fewer fishers and mammals than nearby habitat cores, whereas camera traps within animal-defined corridors recorded more passes made by fishers, carnivores, and all other non-target mammal groups. Our results suggest that (1) fishers use corridors to connect disjunct habitat fragments, (2) animal movement data can be used to identify corridors at local scales, (3) camera traps are useful tools for testing corridor model predictions, and (4) that corridor models can be improved by incorporating animal behavior data. Given the conservation importance and monetary costs of corridors, improving and validating corridor model predictions is vital. DA - 2013/6/26/ PY - 2013/6/26/ DO - 10.1007/s10980-013-9910-0 VL - 28 IS - 8 SP - 1615-1630 J2 - Landscape Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0921-2973 1572-9761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9910-0 DB - Crossref KW - Animal movement KW - Carnivore KW - Circuit theory KW - Connectivity KW - Conservation KW - Fisher KW - Least-cost path KW - Martes pennanti ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of the residential urban forest in regulating throughfall: A case study in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA AU - Inkiläinen, Elina N.M. AU - McHale, Melissa R. AU - Blank, Gary B. AU - James, April L. AU - Nikinmaa, Eero T2 - Landscape and Urban Planning AB - Overwhelming stormwater volumes, associated with deteriorating water quality and severe flooding in urbanizing cities, have become a great environmental and financial concern globally. Urban forests are capable of reducing the amount of stormwater runoff, in part, by regulating throughfall via canopy rainfall interception; however, the lack of stand-scale studies of urban throughfall hinders realistic estimates of the benefits of urban vegetation for stormwater regulation. Furthermore, urban forest characteristics that may be influencing rainfall interception are difficult to establish as these environments are extremely heterogeneous and managed, to a large extent, by private residents with varying landscape preferences. To quantify the amount of rainfall interception by vegetation in a residential urban forest we measured throughfall in Raleigh, NC, USA between July and November 2010. We analyzed 16 residential yards with varying vegetation structure to evaluate the relative importance of different descriptive measures of vegetation in influencing throughfall in an urban watershed. Throughfall comprised 78.1–88.9% of gross precipitation, indicating 9.1–21.4% rainfall interception. Canopy cover (p < 0.0001) and coniferous trees (p = 0.017) were the most influential vegetation variables explaining throughfall whereas variables such as leaf area index were not found significant in our models. Throughfall and vegetation characteristics varied significantly among yards (p < 0.0001), between front and back yards (p < 0.0001), and between rented and privately-owned yards (p = 0.001), suggesting a potentially significant role in stormwater regulation for urban residents. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.07.002 VL - 119 SP - 91-103 J2 - Landscape and Urban Planning LA - en OP - SN - 0169-2046 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.07.002 DB - Crossref KW - Throughfall KW - Urban residential forest KW - Raleigh KW - Ownership KW - Stormwater regulation KW - Landscape preferences ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stakeholder Perspectives on Prospects for Co-Management of an Old-Growth Forest Watershed Near Valdivia, Chile AU - Moorman, Michelle C. AU - Peterson, Nils AU - Moore, Susan E. AU - Donoso, Pablo J. T2 - SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES AB - When human and financial resources are limited, who assumes responsibility for managing a country's protected areas? In Chile, government-owned protected areas lack sufficient management resources while facing extraction pressure from the rural poor. Multi-stakeholder partnerships have been posited as a co-management style alternative to traditional state-managed systems. This strategy is being tested in the Llancahue watershed near Valdivia, Chile. To understand stakeholders’ views toward the formation of this multi-stakeholder partnership, we evaluated stakeholders’ beliefs, positions, interests, and concerns. Results indicated stakeholders believed an adaptive co-management model could improve Llancahue forest and watershed conservation efforts if the partner roles were explicit, stakeholder involvement was inclusive, and appropriate financing mechanisms were determined. Stakeholders were most concerned with the financial, personnel, and legal costs of managing Llancahue. However, our analysis suggests the perceived benefits of halting illegal logging and creating a peri-urban park currently outweighed stakeholder concerns over project financing and institutional design. DA - 2013/9/1/ PY - 2013/9/1/ DO - 10.1080/08941920.2012.739676 VL - 26 IS - 9 SP - 1022-1036 SN - 1521-0723 KW - adaptive co-management KW - Chile KW - decentralized conservation KW - protected area management KW - public-private partnerships ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of ecosystem carbon fluxes to drought events in a poplar plantation in Northern China AU - Zhou, Jie AU - Zhang, Zhiqiang AU - Sun, Ge AU - Fang, Xianrui AU - Zha, Tonggang AU - McNulty, Steve AU - Chen, Jiquan AU - Jin, Ying AU - Noormets, Asko T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Poplar plantations are widely used for timber production and ecological restoration in northern China, a region that experiences frequent droughts and water scarcity. An open-path eddy-covariance (EC) system was used to continuously measure the carbon, water, and energy fluxes in a poplar plantation during the growing season (i.e., April–October) over the period 2006–2008 in the Daxing District of Beijing, China. We examined the seasonal and inter-annual variability of gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and ecosystem respiration (ER). Although annual total precipitation was the lowest in 2006, natural rainfall was amended by flood irrigation. In contrast, no supplementary water was provided during a severe drought in spring (i.e., April–June), 2007, resulting in a significant reduction in net ecosystem production (NEP = −NEE). This resulted from the combined effects of larger decrease in GEP than that in ER. Despite the drought – induced reduction in NEP, the plantation forest was a strong carbon sink accumulating 591 ± 62, 641 ± 71, and 929 ± 75 g C m−2 year−1 for 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively. The timing of the drought significantly affected the annual GEP. Severe drought during canopy development induced a lasting reduction in carbon exchange throughout the growing season, while the severe drought at the end of growing season did not significantly reduce carbon uptake. Additionally, irrigation reduced negative drought impacts on carbon sequestration. Overall, this fast growing poplar plantation is a strong carbon sink and is sensitive to the changes in environmental conditions. DA - 2013/7/15/ PY - 2013/7/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.01.007 VL - 300 SP - 33-42 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Poplar plantation KW - Gross ecosystem productivity KW - Ecosystem respiration KW - Net ecosystem productivity KW - Drought ER - TY - JOUR TI - Policy pathways, policy networks, and citizen deliberation: Disseminating the results of World Wide Views on Global Warming in the USA AU - Delborne, J. AU - Schneider, J. AU - Bal, R. AU - Cozzens, S. AU - Worthington, R. T2 - Science and Public Policy AB - Journal Article Policy pathways, policy networks, and citizen deliberation: Disseminating the results of World Wide Views on Global Warming in the USA Get access Jason Delborne, Jason Delborne * 1Division of Liberal Arts and International Studies, Colorado School of Mines, 1005 14th Street, Stratton Hall 301, Golden, CO 80401, USA. *Corresponding author. Email: delborne@mines.edu. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Jen Schneider, Jen Schneider 1Division of Liberal Arts and International Studies, Colorado School of Mines, 1005 14th Street, Stratton Hall 301, Golden, CO 80401, USA. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Ravtosh Bal, Ravtosh Bal 2School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 685 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Susan Cozzens, Susan Cozzens 2School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 685 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Richard Worthington Richard Worthington 3Politics Department, Pomona College, 425 N. College Ave., Claremont, CA 91711, USA. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Science and Public Policy, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2013, Pages 378–392, https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs124 Published: 09 February 2013 DA - 2013/2/9/ PY - 2013/2/9/ DO - 10.1093/scipol/scs124 VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 378-392 J2 - Science and Public Policy LA - en OP - SN - 0302-3427 1471-5430 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs124 DB - Crossref KW - citizen deliberation KW - climate change KW - policy pathway KW - policy network KW - deliberative democracy KW - World Wide Views ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and productivity of eucalyptus clones under different soil and climatic conditions AU - Otto, M. S. G. AU - Vergani, A. R. AU - Goncalves, A. N. AU - Vrechi, A. AU - Silva, S. R. AU - Stape, J. L. T2 - Revista Arvore DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 431-439 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perspectives for the management of eucalypt plantations under biotic and abiotic stresses AU - Laclau, J. P. AU - Goncalves, J. L. D. AU - Stape, J. L. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 301 SP - 1-5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modifying the G'DAY process-based model to simulate the spatial variability of Eucalyptus plantation growth on deep tropical soils AU - Marsden, C. AU - Nouvellon, Y. AU - Laclau, J. P. AU - Corbeels, M. AU - McMurtrie, R. E. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Epron, D. AU - Maire, G. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 301 SP - 112-128 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mitochondrial DNA haplotype distribution patterns in Pinus ponderosa (Pinaceae): Range-wide evolutionary history and implications for conservation AU - Potter, Kevin M. AU - Hipkins, Valerie D. AU - Mahalovich, Mary F. AU - Means, Robert E. T2 - American Journal of Botany AB - Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) exhibits complicated patterns of morphological and genetic variation across its range in western North America. This study aims to clarify P. ponderosa evolutionary history and phylogeography using a highly polymorphic mitochondrial DNA marker, with results offering insights into how geographical and climatological processes drove the modern evolutionary structure of tree species in the region.We amplified the mtDNA nad1 second intron minisatellite region for 3,100 trees representing 104 populations, and sequenced all length variants. We estimated population-level haplotypic diversity and determined diversity partitioning among varieties, races and populations. After aligning sequences of minisatellite repeat motifs, we evaluated evolutionary relationships among haplotypes.The geographical structuring of the 10 haplotypes corresponded with division between Pacific and Rocky Mountain varieties. Pacific haplotypes clustered with high bootstrap support, and appear to have descended from Rocky Mountain haplotypes. A greater proportion of diversity was partitioned between Rocky Mountain races than between Pacific races. Areas of highest haplotypic diversity were the southern Sierra Nevada mountain range in California, northwestern California, and southern Nevada.Pinus ponderosa haplotype distribution patterns suggest a complex phylogeographic history not revealed by other genetic and morphological data, or by the sparse paleoecological record. The results appear consistent with long-term divergence between the Pacific and Rocky Mountain varieties, along with more recent divergences not well-associated with race. Pleistocene refugia may have existed in areas of high haplotypic diversity, as well as the Great Basin, Southwestern United States/northern Mexico, and the High Plains. DA - 2013/8// PY - 2013/8// DO - 10.3732/ajb.1300039 VL - 100 IS - 8 SP - 1562-1579 J2 - American Journal of Botany LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9122 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1300039 DB - Crossref KW - Migration KW - minisatellite KW - mitochondrial DNA KW - phylogeography KW - Pinus ponderosa KW - Pinus washoensis KW - Pleistocene KW - polymorphism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping local density of young Eucalyptus plantations by individual tree detection in high spatial resolution satellite images AU - Zhou, J. AU - Proisy, C. AU - Descombes, X. AU - Maire, G. AU - Nouvellon, Y. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Viennois, G. AU - Zerubia, J. AU - Couteron, P. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 301 SP - 129-141 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of environmental conditions and facility on faecal glucocorticoid concentrations in captive pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) AU - Scarlata, C. D. AU - Elias, B. A. AU - Godwin, J. R. AU - Powell, R. A. AU - Shepherdson, D. AU - Shipley, L. A. AU - Brown, J. L. T2 - ANIMAL WELFARE AB - Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if housing conditions, specifically pen size and soil enrichment, had an effect on faecal glucocorticoid concentrations in the endangered pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis). The success of the captive breeding programme has been limited, so one hypothesis is that chronic stress due to sub-optimal housing conditions may be responsible for poor fecundity. Faecal glucocorticoid concentrations were assessed in 50 females housed among several pen types at two breeding facilities. The highest glucocorticoid concentrations were found in females housed in 0.37 m 2 crates as compared to enclosures ranging from 0.96 to 75 m 2 in size. Results also indicated that enrichment of enclosures with soil had a significant influence on adrenal activity, based on a reduction in glucocorticoid excretion for females moved from non-soil pens to those with soil. Last, a significant facility effect on glucocorticoid concentrations was observed, suggesting that factors other than housing influenced adrenal activity in these rabbits. In conclusion, based on measurements of faecal glucocorticoids, pygmy rabbits are best managed in enclosures that contain soil for digging burrows. Pen size had little effect on stress hormones, except for crates where limited space and/or absence of soil was associated with higher glucocorticoid concentrations. These results underline the importance of monitoring glucocorticoid concentrations in captive breeding programmes to identify optimal husbandry and management practices. DA - 2013/8// PY - 2013/8// DO - 10.7120/09627286.22.3.357 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 357-368 SN - 0962-7286 KW - animal welfare KW - captive breeding KW - environmental enrichment KW - faecal glucocorticoids KW - husbandry KW - pygmy rabbit ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-level gene expression in differentiating xylem of tobacco driven by a 2.0 kb Poplar COMT2 promoter and a 4 x 35S enhancer AU - Liu, Enying AU - Peng, Shaobing AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Chiang, Vincent L. AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. T2 - PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - Promoter constructs with high levels of xylem specific expression are needed to obtain efficient expression of candidate genes, microRNAs (miRNAs) and artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) for the genetic modification of wood properties. The gene for caffeic acid O-methytransferase (PtrCOMT2) has the second most abundant transcript level of all the genes in monolignol biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa and a high level of specificity in differentiating xylem. To characterize the PtrCOMT2 promoter, we cloned a short (2.0 kb) and a long (3.3 kb) promoter segment and compared their expression using GUS as a reporter gene in the differentiating xylem of Nicotiana tabacum. Both the 2.0 kb and the 3.3 kb promoter segments showed high specificity for differentiating xylem in this heterologous system. GUS activity increased as much as 5 times when the 4×35S enhancer was inserted in front of the 2.0 kb promoter, but GUS activity was only increased 2 times when the enhancer was inserted behind the promoter. The enhancer inserted upstream reduced the expression of the 3.3 kb promoter. While expression of some of the enhancer-plus-promoter constructs increased expression, there was a loss of specificity. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.13.0213a VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 191-198 SN - 1342-4580 KW - PtrCOMT2 promoter KW - xylem-specific KW - 4 x 35S enhancer KW - woody plants KW - genetic engineering ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) infestation affects water and carbon relations of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana) AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Rivera, Laura N. AU - King, John S. AU - Peszlen, Ilona AU - Hain, Fred AU - Smith, Benjamin AU - Frampton, John T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - Summary Hemlock woolly adelgid ( HWA ) is an exotic insect pest causing severe decimation of native hemlock trees. Extensive research has been conducted on the ecological impacts of HWA , but the exact physiological mechanisms that cause mortality are not known. Water relations, anatomy and gas exchange measurements were assessed on healthy and infested eastern ( T suga canadensis ) and C arolina ( T suga caroliniana ) hemlock trees. These data were then used in a mechanistic model to test whether the physiological responses to HWA infestation were sufficiently significant to induce changes in whole‐plant water use and carbon uptake. The results indicated coordinated responses of functional traits governing water relations in infested relative to healthy trees. In response to HWA , leaf water potential, carbon isotope ratios, plant hydraulic properties and stomatal conductance were affected, inducing a reduction in tree water use by > 40% and gross primary productivity by 25%. Anatomical changes also appeared, including the activation of traumatic cells. HWA infestation had a direct effect on plant water relations. Despite some leaf compensatory mechanisms, such as an increase in leaf hydraulic conductance and nitrogen content, tree water use and carbon assimilation were diminished significantly in infested trees, which could contribute to tree mortality. DA - 2013/7// PY - 2013/7// DO - 10.1111/nph.12263 VL - 199 IS - 2 SP - 452-463 SN - 1469-8137 KW - carbon isotope KW - hydraulic conductivity KW - mortality KW - soil-plant-atmosphere model KW - stomatal conductance KW - traumatic resin canals KW - water potential KW - wood anatomy ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forest health monitoring: National status, trends and analysis, 2010 AU - Potter, K. M. AU - Conkling, B. L. A3 - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - SRS-176 SP - 162 PB - Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence for cache surveillance by a scatter-hoarding rodent AU - Hirsch, B. T. AU - Kays, R. AU - Jansen, P. A. T2 - ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AB - The mechanisms by which food-hoarding animals are capable of remembering the locations of numerous cached food items over long time spans has been the focus of intensive research. The ‘memory enhancement hypothesis’ states that hoarders reinforce spatial memory of their caches by repeatedly revisiting cache sites, yet no study has documented this behaviour in wild animals. We investigated whether scatter-hoarding Central American agoutis, Dasyprocta punctata, actively survey their seed caches. We placed remote cameras at sites where seeds were buried by known individuals and at nearby random locations to compare the behaviour and visiting rates between owners and naïve individuals. We found that cache owners were almost four times more likely to walk near their cache than to walk past random locations. Moreover, cache owners that passed in front of a cache camera were more than twice as likely to approach their caches than were naïve individuals but half as likely to excavate the seed when interacting with the cache. We conclude that agoutis remember the location of cached seeds, are aware of their ownership and actively survey their caches. Surveillance could serve to monitor cache theft and food quality as well as enhance spatial memory of cache locations; thus, this behaviour could have important fitness benefits and may be exhibited by other scatter-hoarding animals. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.04.005 VL - 85 IS - 6 SP - 1511-1516 SN - 1095-8282 KW - Astrocaryum KW - BCI KW - Dasyprocta KW - long-term memory KW - reinforcement KW - secondary dispersal KW - seed dispersal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crop and field border effects on weed seed predation in the southeastern US coastal plain AU - Fox, Aaron F. AU - Reberg-Horton, S. Chris AU - Orr, David B. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Frank, Steven D. T2 - AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT AB - Weed seed predation was studied in nine organic crop fields (three each of maize, soybeans and hay; 2.5–4.0 ha each) surrounded by four experimental field border types (planted native grass and prairie flowers, planted prairie flowers only, fallow vegetation, or mowed vegetation) during the fall of 2009 and 2010 in eastern North Carolina. We used predator exclusion cages to determine the amount of weed seed removal caused by invertebrates and vertebrates. Three common agricultural weed species, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), broadleaf signalgrass (Urochloa platyphylla), and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia), were adhered to individual cards and placed inside the exclosure cages once a month for two weeks. Activity-density of invertebrate weed seed predators was measured with pitfall traps. Results show that field border type had no effect on seed removal rates, but that crop type heavily influenced both weed seed predation and invertebrate seed predator activity-density. Weed seed predation was highest in the dense, perennial hay fields and lowest in the more open harvested maize fields. Activity-densities for field crickets (Gryllus sp.) and the ground beetle Harpalus pennsylvanicus were also high in the hay fields and low in the maize fields, while the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) seemed to prefer the open maize fields. These results show that increasing vegetative diversity in field borders is not always an effective method for conserving weed seed predators, but that higher quality habitat inside the crop field can be achieved by increasing ground cover. DA - 2013/9/1/ PY - 2013/9/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2013.06.006 VL - 177 SP - 58-62 SN - 1873-2305 KW - Weed seed predation KW - Habitat management KW - Carabidae KW - Solenopsis invicta KW - Gryllus KW - Mice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clarifying assumptions behind the estimation of animal density from camera trap rates AU - Rowcliffe, J. Marcus AU - Kays, Roland AU - Carbone, Chris AU - Jansen, Patrick A. T2 - The Journal of Wildlife Management AB - The Journal of Wildlife ManagementVolume 77, Issue 5 p. 876-876 Letter to the Editor Clarifying assumptions behind the estimation of animal density from camera trap rates J. Marcus Rowcliffe, Corresponding Author J. Marcus Rowcliffe ZSL Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW 4RY, UKZSL Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW 4RY, UK. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorRoland Kays, Roland Kays Nature Research Center, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 W. Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA Fisheries, Wildlife & Conservation Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USASearch for more papers by this authorChris Carbone, Chris Carbone ZSL Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW 4RY, UKSearch for more papers by this authorPatrick A. Jansen, Patrick A. Jansen Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this author J. Marcus Rowcliffe, Corresponding Author J. Marcus Rowcliffe ZSL Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW 4RY, UKZSL Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW 4RY, UK. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorRoland Kays, Roland Kays Nature Research Center, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 W. Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA Fisheries, Wildlife & Conservation Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USASearch for more papers by this authorChris Carbone, Chris Carbone ZSL Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW 4RY, UKSearch for more papers by this authorPatrick A. Jansen, Patrick A. Jansen Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 March 2013 https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.533Citations: 50 Associate Editor: Gary White Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. LITERATURE CITED Ahumada, J. A., C. E. F. Silva, K. Gajapersad, C. Hallam, J. Hurtado, E. Martin, A. McWilliam, B. Mugerwa, T. O'Brien, F. Rovero, D. Sheil, W. R. Spironello, N. Winarni, and S. J. Andelman, 2011. Community structure and diversity of tropical forest mammals: data from a global camera trap network. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 366: 2703–2711. Foster, R. J., and B. J. Harmsen, 2012. A critique of density estimation from camera-trap data. Journal of Wildlife Management 76: 224–236. Hutchinson, J. M. C., and P. M. Waser, 2007. Use, misuse and extensions of “ideal gas” models of animal encounter. Biological Reviews 82: 335–359. Kays, R., S. Tilak, B. Kranstauber, P. A. Jansen, C. Carbone, J. M. Rowcliffe, T. Fountain, J. Eggert, and Z. He, 2011. Monitoring wild animal communities with arrays of motion sensitive camera traps. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Wireless Sensor Networks 1: 19–29. Rowcliffe, J. M., J. Field, S. T. Turvey, and C. Carbone, 2008. Estimating animal density using camera traps without the need for individual recognition. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 1228–1236. Citing Literature Volume77, Issue5July 2013Pages 876-876 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2013/3/4/ PY - 2013/3/4/ DO - 10.1002/jwmg.533 VL - 77 IS - 5 SP - 876-876 J2 - Jour. Wild. Mgmt. LA - en OP - SN - 0022-541X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.533 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A lignan O-methyltransferase catalyzing the regioselective methylation of matairesinol in Carthamus tinctorius AU - Umezawa, Toshiaki AU - Ragamustari, Safendrri Komara AU - Nakatsubo, Tomoyuki AU - Wada, Shohei AU - Li, Laigeng AU - Yamamura, Masaomi AU - Sakakibara, Norikazu AU - Hattori, Takefumi AU - Suzuki, Shiro AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - Lignans are a group of plant phenolic compounds with various biological activities, including antitumor and antioxidant properties. O-Methylation is a critical step in biosynthesis of these compounds. However, little is known about the O-methyltransferase (OMT) enzymes that catalyze lignan O-methylation. We discovered a highly regioselective OMT activity in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds that catalyzed the methylation of matairesinol, a dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan, into 4′-O-methylmatairesinol (arctigenin) but not 4-O-methylmatairesinol (isoarctigenin). By examining such OMT activity in correlation with OMT transcript abundances during seed development, we cloned a few putative OMT cDNAs and produced their recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Among them, one protein exhibited O-methylation activity for matairesinol with the regioselectivity identical to that of the plant protein, and was named C. tinctorius matairesinol OMT (CtMROMT). CtMROMT did not show any detectable OMT activities towards phenylpropanoid monomers under the reaction conditions tested, while it methylated flavonoid apigenin efficiently into 4′-O-methylapigenin (acacetin). However, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that expression of the CtMROMT gene was synchronized with the CtMROMT activity profile and arctigenin accumulation in the plant. These results demonstrated that CtMROMT is a novel plant OMT for lignan methylation. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.12.1230a VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 97-109 SN - 1342-4580 KW - Carthamus tinctorius KW - lignan KW - matairesinol KW - O-methyltransferase KW - regioselective methylation ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Challenge of Lignocellulosic Bioenergy in a Water-Limited World AU - King, John S. AU - Ceulemans, Reinhart AU - Albaugh, Janine M. AU - Dillen, Sophie Y. AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe AU - Fichot, Regis AU - Fischer, Milan AU - Leggett, Zakiya AU - Sucre, Eric AU - Trnka, Mirek AU - Zenone, Terenzio T2 - BIOSCIENCE AB - It is hoped that lignocellulosic sources will provide energy security, offset carbon dioxide enrichment of the atmosphere, and stimulate the development of new economic sectors. However, little is known about the productivity and sustainability of plant cell-wall energy industries. In this study, we used 16 global circulation models to project the global distribution of relative water availability in the coming decades and summarized the available data on the water-use efficiency of tree- and grass-based bioenergy systems. The data on bioenergy water use were extremely limited. Productivity was strongly correlated with water-use efficiency, with C4 grasses having a distinct advantage in this regard. Our analysis of agroclimatic drivers of bioenergy productivity suggests that relative water availability will be one of the most important climatic changes to consider in the design of bioenergy systems. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.1525/bio.2013.63.2.6 VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 102-117 SN - 1525-3244 KW - climate change KW - lignocellulosic bioenergy KW - water availability KW - drought KW - sustainability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sophia title AU - Collazo, J. A. AU - Fackler, P. L. AU - Pacifici, K. AU - White, T. H. AU - Llerandi-Roman, I. AU - Dinsmore, S. J. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Management DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 77 IS - 6 SP - 1124-1134 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan: a hot spot for wild felids AU - Tempa, Tshering AU - Hebblewhite, Mark AU - Mills, L. Scott AU - Wangchuk, Tshewang R. AU - Norbu, Nawang AU - Wangchuk, Tenzin AU - Nidup, Tshering AU - Dendup, Pema AU - Wangchuk, Dorji AU - Wangdi, Yeshi AU - Dorji, Tshering T2 - ORYX AB - Abstract The non-uniformity of the distribution of biodiversity makes allocation of the limited resources available for conservation of biodiversity a difficult task. Approaches such as biodiversity hotspot identification, endemic bird areas, crisis ecoregions, global 200 ecoregions, and the Last of the Wild are used by scientists and international conservation agencies to prioritize conservation efforts. As part of the biodiverse Eastern Himalayan region, Bhutan has been identified as a conservation priority area by all these different approaches, yet data validating these assessments are limited. To examine whether Bhutan is a biodiversity hot spot for a key taxonomic group, we conducted camera trapping in the lower foothills of Bhutan, in Royal Manas National Park, from November 2010 to February 2011. We recorded six species of wild felids of which five are listed on the IUCN Red List: tiger Panthera tigris , golden cat Pardofelis temminckii , marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata , leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis , clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa and common leopard Panthera pardus . Our study area of 74 km 2 has c. 16% of felid species, confirming Bhutan as a biodiversity hot spot for this group. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.1017/s0030605312001317 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 207-210 SN - 1365-3008 KW - Bhutan KW - biodiversity KW - camera trap KW - eastern Himalayas KW - felid diversity KW - hotspot KW - Manas KW - tiger ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifiable Long-term Monitoring on Parks and Nature Preserves AU - Becker, Sharon AU - Moorman, Christopher AU - DePerno, Christopher AU - Simons, Theodore T2 - SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - Herpetofauna have declined globally, and monitoring is a useful approach to document local and long-term changes. However, monitoring efforts often fail to account for detectability or follow standardized protocols. We performed a case study at Hemlock Bluffs Nature Preserve in Cary, NC to model occupancy of focal species and demonstrate a replicable long-term protocol useful to parks and nature preserves. From March 2010 to 2011, we documented occupancy of Ambystoma opacum (Marbled Salamander), Plethodon cinereus (Red-backed Salamander), Carphophis amoenus (Eastern Worm Snake), and Diadophis punctatus (Ringneck Snake) at coverboard sites and estimated breeding female Ambystoma maculatum (Spotted Salamander) abundance via dependent double-observer egg-mass counts in ephemeral pools. Temperature influenced detection of both Marbled and Red-backed Salamanders. Based on egg-mass data, we estimated Spotted Salamander abundance to be between 21 and 44 breeding females. We detected 43 of 53 previously documented herpetofauna species. Our approach demonstrates a monitoring protocol that accounts for factors that influence species detection and is replicable by parks or nature preserves with limited resources. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1656/058.012.0208 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 339-352 SN - 1938-5412 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physiological Condition of Female White-tailed Deer in a Nutrient-deficient Habitat Type AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Flowers, James R. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne T2 - SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - Physiological and morphological indices are useful for determining condition of Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer; hereafter deer) and are important for deer management. However, information about deer condition in nutrient-deficient habitat types is sparse. Pocosins have a low nutritional plane and are characterized by deep, acidic, peat soils with a dense shrub layer that provides little or no hard and soft mast. In July 2008 and March 2009, we collected a total of 60 female deer (30 from each period) from a 31,565-ha pocosin forest managed intensively for Pinus taeda (Loblolly Pine) in coastal North Carolina. We recorded whole weight, eviscerated weight, spleen and adrenal gland weights, and kidney fat index (KFI). Abomasal parasite counts (APC) and femur marrow fat index (MFI) were determined post-collection in the laboratory, and blood samples were analyzed for packed cell volume and standard serum chemistries. Serum chemistries were within expected ranges, with the exception of elevated potassium concentrations. The KFI and MFI were within levels reported in the literature, and APC levels did not indicate heavy parasite loads. Spleen (t58 = 0.69, P = 0.492) and adrenal gland weights (t58 = 1.46, P = 0.151) were similar between periods. Our results provide baseline physiological data for deer in a nutrient-deficient habitat type. Though managers need to consider nutritional plane of particular habitat types, our results indicate that deer can achieve normal body weights and maintain body condition in nutrient-deficient sites. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1656/058.012.0206 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 307-316 SN - 1528-7092 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling monthly mean air temperature for Brazil AU - Alvares, C. A. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Sentelhas, P. C. AU - Goncalves, J. L. D. T2 - Theoretical and Applied Climatology DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 113 IS - 3-4 SP - 407-427 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term, high-spatial resolution carbon balance monitoring of the Amazonian frontier: Predisturbance and postdisturbance carbon emissions and uptake AU - Toomey, M. AU - Roberts, D. A. AU - Caviglia-Harris, J. AU - Cochrane, M. A. AU - Dewes, C. F. AU - Harris, D. AU - Numata, I. AU - Sales, M. H. AU - Sills, Erin AU - Souza, C. M. AU - al. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences AB - We performed high‐spatial and high‐temporal resolution modeling of carbon stocks and fluxes in the state of Rondônia, Brazil for the period 1985–2009, using annual Landsat‐derived land cover classifications and a modified bookkeeping modeling approach. According to these results, Rondônia contributed 3.5–4% of pantropical humid forest deforestation emissions over this period. Similar to well‐known figures reported by the Brazilian Space Agency, we found a decline in deforestation rates since 2006. However, we estimate a lesser decrease, with deforestation rates continuing at levels similar to the early 2000s. Forest carbon stocks declined at an annual rate of 1.51%; emissions from postdisturbance land use nearly equaled those of the initial deforestation events. Carbon uptake by secondary forest was negligible due to limited spatial extent and high turnover rates. Net carbon emissions represented 93% of initial forest carbon stocks, due in part to repeated slash and pasture burnings and secondary forest clearing. We analyzed potential error incurred when spatially aggregating land cover by comparing results based on coarser‐resolution (250 m) and full‐resolution land cover products. At the coarser resolution, more than 90% of deforestation and secondary forest would be unresolvable, assuming that a 50% change threshold is necessary for detection. Therefore, we strongly suggest the use of Landsat‐scale (~30m) resolution carbon monitoring in tropical regions dominated by nonmechanized, smallholder land use change. DA - 2013/4/3/ PY - 2013/4/3/ DO - 10.1002/jgrg.20033 VL - 118 IS - 2 SP - 400-411 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. LA - en OP - SN - 2169-8953 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20033 DB - Crossref KW - Amazon KW - land use and land cover change KW - tropical deforestation KW - pasture KW - secondary forest KW - Landsat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Human-caused mortality influences spatial population dynamics: Pumas in landscapes with varying mortality risks AU - Newby, Jesse R. AU - Mills, L. Scott AU - Ruth, Toni K. AU - Pletscher, Daniel H. AU - Mitchell, Michael S. AU - Quigley, Howard B. AU - Murphy, Kerry M. AU - DeSimone, Rich T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - An understanding of how stressors affect dispersal attributes and the contribution of local populations to multi-population dynamics are of immediate value to basic and applied ecology. Puma (Puma concolor) populations are expected to be influenced by inter-population movements and susceptible to human-induced source–sink dynamics. Using long-term datasets we quantified the contribution of two puma populations to operationally define them as sources or sinks. The puma population in the Northern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (NGYE) was largely insulated from human-induced mortality by Yellowstone National Park. Pumas in the western Montana Garnet Mountain system were exposed to greater human-induced mortality, which changed over the study due to the closure of a 915 km2 area to hunting. The NGYE’s population growth depended on inter-population movements, as did its ability to act as a source to the larger region. The heavily hunted Garnet area was a sink with a declining population until the hunting closure, after which it became a source with positive intrinsic growth and a 16× increase in emigration. We also examined the spatial and temporal characteristics of individual dispersal attributes (emigration, dispersal distance, establishment success) of subadult pumas (N = 126). Human-caused mortality was found to negatively impact all three dispersal components. Our results demonstrate the influence of human-induced mortality on not only within population vital rates, but also inter-population vital rates, affecting the magnitude and mechanisms of local population’s contribution to the larger metapopulation. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.10.018 VL - 159 SP - 230-239 SN - 1873-2917 KW - Dispersal KW - Population contribution KW - Puma concolor KW - Source-sink KW - Spatially structured populations ER - TY - JOUR TI - How management strategies have affected Atlantic White-cedar forest recovery after massive wind damage in the Great Dismal Swamp (vol 262, pg 1337, 2011) AU - Laing, Joelle M. AU - Shear, Theodore H. AU - Blazich, Frank A. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT DA - 2013/9/15/ PY - 2013/9/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.022 VL - 304 SP - 505-505 SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Foliage development and leaf area duration in Pinus radiata AU - Rubilar, Rafael A. AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Alvarez, Jose AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Stape, Jose L. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract Site-specific constraints on foliage development and leaf area duration were investigated in two-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don. plantations established under a factorial combination of soil tillage (shovel vs. subsoil + bedding + shovel), fertilization (B only vs. N, P, K, and B), and weed control (pre-plant vs. pre-plant + two-year banded) at three contrasting textural (sand, clay and ash) and climatic soil-site conditions in the Central Valley of Chile. We examined site effects and five treatments at each site to test hypotheses that soil tillage and nutrient and water limitations, would not influence foliage development or leaf area duration. Site effects were evident for foliage development and leaf area duration. Improved nutrient availability increased fascicle length at the sand and clay sites. Improved water availability increased fascicle length and leaf area duration at the sand site, and increased fascicle number at the sand and clay sites. Soil tillage reduced fascicle length at the ash site. Fascicle length may be influenced by factors including water and nutrient availability and soil and air temperature; however based on our data and indications in the literature that the largest effects on foliage length have been associated with resource availability we hypothesize that tillage may have induced nutrient and or water limitations at the ash site. DA - 2013/9/15/ PY - 2013/9/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.044 VL - 304 SP - 455-463 SN - 0378-1127 KW - Nitrogen KW - Phosphorus KW - Nutrition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecological science and transformation to the sustainable city AU - Pickett, S. T. A. AU - Boone, C. G. AU - McGrath, B. P. AU - Cadenasso, M. L. AU - Childers, D. L. AU - Ogden, L. A. AU - McHale, M. AU - Grove, J. M. T2 - Cities DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 32 SP - S10-20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disproportionate predation on endemic marmots by invasive coyotes AU - Witczuk, Julia AU - Pagacz, Stanislaw AU - Mills, L. Scott T2 - JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY AB - We investigated predation by normative coyotes (Canis latrans) on endemic Olympic marmots (Marmota olympus) in Olympic National Park, Washington, in 2005 and 2006. Although nearly the entire marmot range is protected within the park, declines and local extirpations of the species have been documented. Through analyses of carnivore scat across the range of the Olympic marmot we determined the distribution and relative density of coyotes and characterized the extent to which coyotes and native carnivores preyed on marmots. We used mitochondrial DNA analysis of scats to determine carnivore species, and microsatellite markers for individual coyote identification. Scat analysis indicated that invasive coyotes are widespread and the numerically dominant carnivore on sampled trails within the Olympic highlands—71% (301 of 426) of all scats verified to species arose from coyote. Out of all carnivore scats collected, 11.6% (111 of 958) contained marmot remains. For 85% of the samples with marmots, coyotes were confirmed as the predator. The remainder arose from bobcat (13%) and cougar (2%). Coyotes were the predominant marmot predator across all months and in most regions of the park. Twelve out of 13 coyote individuals identified with genetic markers preyed on marmots. Marmots ranked 5th in frequency of coyote diet items, after snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), mountain beavers (Aplodontia rufa), voles, and cervids. Scat analysis indicated that in the Olympic Mountains, the coyote as an invasive generalist predator is subsidized by abundant multiple prey, and appears to be the primary terrestrial predator on the endemic Olympic marmot. We conclude that predation by coyotes on marmots is widespread and substantial across the marmot's species range, and therefore likely driving observed marmot declines and extinctions. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1644/12-mamm-a-199.1 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 702-713 SN - 1545-1542 KW - bobcat KW - Canis latrans KW - decline KW - diet KW - food habits KW - Lynx rufus KW - Marmota olympus KW - Olympic marmot KW - Olympic National Park KW - scat analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diets of sympatric red wolves and coyotes in northeastern North Carolina AU - McVey, Justin M. AU - Cobb, David T. AU - Powell, Roger A. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Bobling, Justin H. AU - Waits, Lisette P. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. T2 - JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY AB - The recent co-occurrence of red wolves (Canis rufus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) in eastern North Carolina provides a unique opportunity to study prey partitioning by sympatric canids. We collected scats from this region and examined them for prey contents. We used fecal DNA analysis to identify which taxa deposited each scat and multinomial modeling designed for mark–recapture data to investigate diets of sympatric red wolves and coyotes. Diets of red wolves and coyotes did not differ, but the proportion of small rodents in the composite scats of both canids was greater in the spring than in the summer. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.), and small rodents were the most common diet items in canid scats. The similarity of diet between red wolves and coyotes suggests that these 2 species may be affecting prey populations similarly. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.1644/13-mamm-a-109.1 VL - 94 IS - 5 SP - 1141-1148 SN - 1545-1542 KW - dietary overlap KW - DNA genotyping KW - Canis latrans KW - Canis rufus KW - coyote KW - food habits KW - red wolf KW - scat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combined Effects of Energy Development and Disease on Greater Sage-Grouse AU - Taylor, Rebecca L. AU - Tack, Jason D. AU - Naugle, David E. AU - Mills, L. Scott T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Species of conservation concern are increasingly threatened by multiple, anthropogenic stressors which are outside their evolutionary experience. Greater sage-grouse are highly susceptible to the impacts of two such stressors: oil and gas (energy) development and West Nile virus (WNv). However, the combined effects of these stressors and their potential interactions have not been quantified. We used lek (breeding ground) counts across a landscape encompassing extensive local and regional variation in the intensity of energy development to quantify the effects of energy development on lek counts, in years with widespread WNv outbreaks and in years without widespread outbreaks. We then predicted the effects of well density and WNv outbreak years on sage-grouse in northeast Wyoming. Absent an outbreak year, drilling an undeveloped landscape to a high permitting level (3.1 wells/km²) resulted in a 61% reduction in the total number of males counted in northeast Wyoming (total count). This was similar in magnitude to the 55% total count reduction that resulted from an outbreak year alone. However, energy-associated reductions in the total count resulted from a decrease in the mean count at active leks, whereas outbreak-associated reductions resulted from a near doubling of the lek inactivity rate (proportion of leks with a last count = 0). Lek inactivity quadrupled when 3.1 wells/km² was combined with an outbreak year, compared to no energy development and no outbreak. Conservation measures should maintain sagebrush landscapes large and intact enough so that leks are not chronically reduced in size due to energy development, and therefore vulnerable to becoming inactive due to additional stressors. DA - 2013/8/5/ PY - 2013/8/5/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0071256 VL - 8 IS - 8 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration AU - Mills, L. Scott AU - Zimova, Marketa AU - Oyler, Jared AU - Running, Steven AU - Abatzoglou, John T. AU - Lukacs, Paul M. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Most examples of seasonal mismatches in phenology span multiple trophic levels, with timing of animal reproduction, hibernation, or migration becoming detached from peak food supply. The consequences of such mismatches are difficult to link to specific future climate change scenarios because the responses across trophic levels have complex underlying climate drivers often confounded by other stressors. In contrast, seasonal coat color polyphenism creating camouflage against snow is a direct and potentially severe type of seasonal mismatch if crypsis becomes compromised by the animal being white when snow is absent. It is unknown whether plasticity in the initiation or rate of coat color change will be able to reduce mismatch between the seasonal coat color and an increasingly snow-free background. We find that natural populations of snowshoe hares exposed to 3 y of widely varying snowpack have plasticity in the rate of the spring white-to-brown molt, but not in either the initiation dates of color change or the rate of the fall brown-to-white molt. Using an ensemble of locally downscaled climate projections, we also show that annual average duration of snowpack is forecast to decrease by 29-35 d by midcentury and 40-69 d by the end of the century. Without evolution in coat color phenology, the reduced snow duration will increase the number of days that white hares will be mismatched on a snowless background by four- to eightfold by the end of the century. This novel and visually compelling climate change-induced stressor likely applies to >9 widely distributed mammals with seasonal coat color. DA - 2013/4/30/ PY - 2013/4/30/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1222724110 VL - 110 IS - 18 SP - 7360-7365 SN - 0027-8424 KW - phenotypic plasticity KW - snow downscaling KW - rhythm KW - phenological mismatch KW - threshold trait ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing rabies knowledge and perceptions among ethnic minorities in Greensboro, North Carolina AU - Palamar, Maria Baron AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Deperno, Christopher S. AU - Correa, Maria T. T2 - The Journal of Wildlife Management AB - ABSTRACT Human behaviors play a fundamental role in the epidemiology of urban wildlife diseases, and those behaviors are shaped by knowledge and ethnicity. We evaluated knowledge of rabies, transmission routes, vector species, and response to rabies exposure with a bilingual (English/Spanish) in‐person survey in Greensboro, North Carolina. Ethnicity, gender, and education level were predictors of rabies knowledge. Latinos and African Americans had less rabies knowledge than non‐Latino Whites. Non‐Latino Whites and men had less knowledge than women. Only 41% of African American respondents identified animal bites as a route of rabies transmission to humans, and less than half of all respondents knew that washing a bite wound with soap and water was useful rabies prevention. Our knowledge scale was internally consistent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.73) and could be valuable for future studies of zoonotic disease knowledge. Future rabies educational campaigns should focus on developing culturally sensitive, language appropriate educational materials geared to minorities. © 2013 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2013/8/5/ PY - 2013/8/5/ DO - 10.1002/jwmg.593 VL - 77 IS - 7 SP - 1321-1326 J2 - Jour. Wild. Mgmt. LA - en OP - SN - 0022-541X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/JWMG.593 DB - Crossref KW - African American KW - bilingual KW - education KW - gender KW - Hispanics KW - Latino KW - public health KW - rabies KW - urban KW - zoonotic disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - A New Multicriteria Risk Mapping Approach Based on a Multiattribute Frontier Concept AU - Yemshanov, Denys AU - Koch, Frank H. AU - Ben-Haim, Yakov AU - Downing, Marla AU - Sapio, Frank AU - Siltanen, Marty T2 - RISK ANALYSIS AB - Invasive species risk maps provide broad guidance on where to allocate resources for pest monitoring and regulation, but they often present individual risk components (such as climatic suitability, host abundance, or introduction potential) as independent entities. These independent risk components are integrated using various multicriteria analysis techniques that typically require prior knowledge of the risk components’ importance. Such information is often nonexistent for many invasive pests. This study proposes a new approach for building integrated risk maps using the principle of a multiattribute efficient frontier and analyzing the partial order of elements of a risk map as distributed in multidimensional criteria space. The integrated risks are estimated as subsequent multiattribute frontiers in dimensions of individual risk criteria. We demonstrate the approach with the example of Agrilus biguttatus Fabricius, a high‐risk pest that may threaten North American oak forests in the near future. Drawing on U.S. and Canadian data, we compare the performance of the multiattribute ranking against a multicriteria linear weighted averaging technique in the presence of uncertainties, using the concept of robustness from info‐gap decision theory. The results show major geographic hotspots where the consideration of tradeoffs between multiple risk components changes integrated risk rankings. Both methods delineate similar geographical regions of high and low risks. Overall, aggregation based on a delineation of multiattribute efficient frontiers can be a useful tool to prioritize risks for anticipated invasive pests, which usually have an extremely poor prior knowledge base. DA - 2013/9// PY - 2013/9// DO - 10.1111/risa.12013 VL - 33 IS - 9 SP - 1694-1709 SN - 1539-6924 KW - pest risk mapping KW - multicriteria aggregation KW - robustness to uncertainty KW - Agrilus biguttatus KW - nondominant set KW - multiattribute efficient frontier ER - TY - CHAP TI - Wildlife population dynamics AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Johnson, H. E. T2 - Wildlife management: Contemporary principles and practices PY - 2013/// PB - Baltimore : John Hopkins University Press SN - 9781421409863 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using multiple data sources provides density estimates for endangered Florida panther AU - Sollmann, Rahel AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Chandler, Richard B. AU - Shindle, David B. AU - Onorato, David P. AU - Royle, Jeffrey Andrew AU - Allan F. O'Connell, T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY AB - Summary To assess recovery of endangered species, reliable information on the size and density of the target population is required. In practice, however, this information has proved hard to acquire, especially for large carnivores that exist at low densities, are cryptic and range widely. Many large carnivore species such as the endangered Florida panther Puma concolor coryi lack clear visual features for individual identification; thus, using standard approaches for estimating population size, such as camera‐trapping and capture–recapture modelling, has so far not been possible. We developed a spatial capture–recapture model that requires only a portion of the individuals in the population to be identifiable, using data from two 9‐month camera‐trapping surveys conducted within the core range of panthers in southwestern Florida. Identity of three radio‐collared individuals was known, and we incorporated their telemetry location data into the model to improve parameter estimates. The resulting density estimates of 1·51 (±0·81) and 1·46 (±0·76) Florida panthers per 100 km 2 for each year are the first estimates for this endangered subspecies and are consistent with estimates for other puma subspecies. A simulation study showed that estimates of density may exhibit some positive bias but coverage of the true values by 95% credible intervals was nominal. Synthesis and applications . This approach provides a framework for monitoring the Florida panther – and other species without conspicuous markings – while fully accounting for imperfect detection and varying sampling effort, issues of fundamental importance in the monitoring of wildlife populations. DA - 2013/8// PY - 2013/8// DO - 10.1111/1365-2664.12098 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 961-968 SN - 1365-2664 KW - camera-trapping KW - mark-resight KW - population estimation KW - Puma concolor coryi KW - spatial capture-recapture KW - telemetry KW - unmarked populations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Crop Fields and Forest by Wintering American Woodcock AU - Blackman, Emily B. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Peterson, M. Nils T2 - SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - During the 1970s–80s, Scolopax minor (American Woodcock) on wintering grounds in North Carolina generally used bottomland forests diurnally and fed on earthworms in conventionally tilled soybean fields at night. Researchers surmised the ridges and furrows in conventionally tilled fields provided Woodcock protection from predators and winter weather. Since the 1980s, farmers widely adopted no-till practices for soybean agriculture, and this change in field structure may have altered Woodcock crop field use. We returned to the same area as previous research and conducted a study of Woodcock crop field and forest use in a landscape where crop fields are the dominant open-habitat type. During December 2009–March 2010, we captured and radio-tracked 29 Woodcock. Every 24 hours, we located each radio-marked Woodcock during diurnal and nocturnal periods, and verified the habitat type on foot as either crop field or bottomland forest. We recorded 94% of nocturnal locations in forest, 6% of nocturnal locations in crop fields, and 100% of diurnal locations in forest. Percent of an individual Woodcock's nocturnal locations in crop fields ranged from zero to 44%, with a mean of 6% (± 2% SE). The adoption of no-till technology and associated reduction in ridge and furrow micro-habitat available in crop fields may contribute to the low frequency of Woodcock nocturnal field use. Because Woodcock primarily were relocated in bottomland forests diurnally and nocturnally, forest stands should be conserved when managing agricultural landscapes. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.1656/058.012.0107 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 85-92 SN - 1528-7092 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effect of Illumination and Time of Day on Movements of Bobcats (Lynx rufus) AU - Rockhill, Aimee P. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Powell, Roger A. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Understanding behavioral changes of prey and predators based on lunar illumination provides insight into important life history, behavioral ecology, and survival information. The objectives of this research were to determine if bobcat movement rates differed by period of day (dark, moon, crepuscular, day), lunar illumination (<10%, 10 - <50%, 50 - <90%, >90%), and moon phase (new, full). Bobcats had high movement rates during crepuscular and day periods and low movement rates during dark periods with highest nighttime rates at 10-<50% lunar illumination. Bobcats had highest movement rates during daytime when nighttime illumination was low (new moon) and higher movement rates during nighttime when lunar illumination was high (full moon). The behaviors we observed are consistent with prey availability being affected by light level and by limited vision by bobcats during darkness. DA - 2013/7/8/ PY - 2013/7/8/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0069213 VL - 8 IS - 7 SP - e69213 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069213 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito AU - Helgen, Kristofer M. AU - Pinto, Miguel AU - Kays, Roland AU - Helgen, Lauren AU - Tsuchiya, Mirian AU - Quinn, Aleta AU - Wilson, Don AU - Maldonado, Jesus T2 - ZooKeys AB - We present the first comprehensive taxonomic revision and review the biology of the olingos, the endemic Neotropical procyonid genus Bassaricyon, based on most specimens available in museums, and with data derived from anatomy, morphometrics, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, field observations, and geographic range modeling. Species of Bassaricyon are primarily forest-living, arboreal, nocturnal, frugivorous, and solitary, and have one young at a time. We demonstrate that four olingo species can be recognized, including a Central American species (Bassaricyon gabbii), lowland species with eastern, cis-Andean (Bassaricyon alleni) and western, trans-Andean (Bassaricyon medius) distributions, and a species endemic to cloud forests in the Andes. The oldest evolutionary divergence in the genus is between this last species, endemic to the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, and all other species, which occur in lower elevation habitats. Surprisingly, this Andean endemic species, which we call the Olinguito, has never been previously described; it represents a new species in the order Carnivora and is the smallest living member of the family Procyonidae. We report on the biology of this new species based on information from museum specimens, niche modeling, and fieldwork in western Ecuador, and describe four Olinguito subspecies based on morphological distinctions across different regions of the Northern Andes. DA - 2013/8/15/ PY - 2013/8/15/ DO - 10.3897/zookeys.324.5827 VL - 324 IS - 324 SP - 1-83 J2 - ZK OP - SN - 1313-2970 1313-2989 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827 DB - Crossref KW - Andes KW - Bassaricyon KW - biogeography KW - Neotropics KW - new species KW - olingo KW - Olinguito ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selecting for rust (Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in Sao Paulo State, Brazil AU - Silva, P. H. M. AU - Miranda, A. C. AU - Moraes, M. L. T. AU - Furtado, E. L. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Alvares, C. A. AU - Sentelhas, P. C. AU - Mori, E. S. AU - Sebbenn, A. M. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 303 SP - 91-97 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene family in wood forming tissue of Populus trichocarpa AU - Shi, R. AU - Shuford, C.M. AU - Wang, J.P. AU - Sun, Y.-H. AU - Yang, Z. AU - Chen, H.-C. AU - Tunlaya-Anukit, S. AU - Li, Q. AU - Liu, J. AU - Muddiman, D.C. AU - Sederoff, R.R. AU - Chiang, V.L. T2 - Planta DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1007/s00425-013-1905-1 VL - 238 IS - 3 SP - 487-497 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882877816&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Range-wide risks to a foundation tree species from disturbance interactions AU - Dillon, W. AU - Vogler, J. B. AU - Cobb, R. AU - Metz, M. R. AU - Rizzo, D. M. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - Madrono AB - The geographic range of tanoak, Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Manos, Cannon & S. H. Oh (Fagaceae), encompasses tremendous physiographic variability, diverse plant communities, and complex disturbance regimes (e.g., development, timber harvest, and wildfire) that now also include serious threats posed by the invasive forest pathogen Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres, A.W.A.M. de Cock. Knowing where these disturbance factors interact is critical for developing comprehensive strategies for conserving the abundance, structure, and function of at-risk tanoak communities. In this study, we present a rule-based spatial model of the range-wide threat to tanoak populations from four disturbance factors that were parameterized to encode their additive effects and two-way interactions. Within a GIS, we mapped threats posed by silvicultural activities; disease caused by P. ramorum; human development; and altered fire regimes across the geographic range of tanoak, and we integrated spatially coinciding disturbances to quantify and map the additive and interacting threats to tanoak. We classified the majority of tanoak's range at low risk (3.7 million ha) from disturbance interactions, with smaller areas at intermediate (222,795 ha), and high (10,905 ha) risk. Elevated risk levels resulted from the interaction of disease and silviculture factors over small extents in northern California and southwest Oregon that included parts of Hoopa and Yurok tribal lands. Our results illustrate tanoak populations at risk from these interacting disturbances based on one set of hypothesized relationships. The model can be extended to other species affected by these factors, used as a guide for future research, and is a point of departure for developing a comprehensive understanding of threats to tanoak populations. Identifying the geographic location of disturbance interactions and risks to foundation species such as tanoak is critical for prioritizing and targeting conservation treatments with limited resources. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.3120/0024-9637-60.2.139 VL - 60 IS - 2 SP - 139–150 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ptr-miR397a is a negative regulator of laccase genes affecting lignin content in Populus trichocarpa AU - Lu, Shanfa AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Wei, Hairong AU - Chang, Mao-Ju AU - Tunlaya-Anukit, Sermsawat AU - Kim, Hoon AU - Liu, Jie AU - Song, Jingyuan AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Yuan, Lichai AU - Yeh, Ting-Feng AU - Peszlen, Ilona AU - Ralph, John AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Laccases, as early as 1959, were proposed to catalyze the oxidative polymerization of monolignols. Genetic evidence in support of this hypothesis has been elusive due to functional redundancy of laccase genes. An Arabidopsis double mutant demonstrated the involvement of laccases in lignin biosynthesis. We previously identified a subset of laccase genes to be targets of a microRNA (miRNA) ptr-miR397a in Populus trichocarpa . To elucidate the roles of ptr-miR397a and its targets, we characterized the laccase gene family and identified 49 laccase gene models, of which 29 were predicted to be targets of ptr-miR397a. We overexpressed Ptr-MIR397a in transgenic P. trichocarpa . In each of all nine transgenic lines tested, 17 PtrLAC s were down-regulated as analyzed by RNA-seq. Transgenic lines with severe reduction in the expression of these laccase genes resulted in an ∼40% decrease in the total laccase activity. Overexpression of Ptr-MIR397a in these transgenic lines also reduced lignin content, whereas levels of all monolignol biosynthetic gene transcripts remained unchanged. A hierarchical genetic regulatory network (GRN) built by a bottom-up graphic Gaussian model algorithm provides additional support for a role of ptr-miR397a as a negative regulator of laccases for lignin biosynthesis. Full transcriptome–based differential gene expression in the overexpressed transgenics and protein domain analyses implicate previously unidentified transcription factors and their targets in an extended hierarchical GRN including ptr-miR397a and laccases that coregulate lignin biosynthesis in wood formation. Ptr-miR397a, laccases, and other regulatory components of this network may provide additional strategies for genetic manipulation of lignin content. DA - 2013/6/25/ PY - 2013/6/25/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1308936110 VL - 110 IS - 26 SP - 10848-10853 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of Harvest-Level Changes on Carbon Accumulation and Timber Stumpage Prices in Mississippi AU - Nepal, Prakash AU - Grala, Robert K. AU - Grebner, Donald L. AU - Abt, Robert C. T2 - SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY AB - While implementation of carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation policies may promote an increased forest-based carbon sequestration, this will likely change future timber-harvest levels and impact financially the entire forest sector. This study projected carbon accumulation in Mississippi's forests, timber stumpage prices, and timber and carbon revenues during 2006–2051 for a business-as-usual (BAU) and four alternative timber-harvest scenarios representing varying harvest levels possibly induced by a CO2 mitigating policy. Results indicated a potential to increase forest carbon accumulation by up to 197 teragrams (Tg) by 2051 (34% more than in the BAU scenario). The alternative harvest scenarios resulted in real timber stumpage price increases in the short term (1–35 years), whereas in the long-term (36–45 years), timber prices decreased. In the alternative harvest scenarios, the present value of harvested timber and carbon revenues ranged from US$6.47 billion to US$8.18 billion at a carbon price of US$2.07 per ton (t) of CO2 equivalent (CO2e) and from US$7.35 billion to US$11.08 billion at US$15.00/tCO2e, which was higher than in the BAU harvest scenario (US$4.96 billion). The analysis suggested that forest landowners will benefit from CO2 mitigating policies that pay for sequestering carbon because of carbon revenues and potentially higher timber revenues due to increased stumpage prices. DA - 2013/8// PY - 2013/8// DO - 10.5849/sjaf.12-020 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 160-168 SN - 0148-4419 KW - CO2 mitigation KW - forest carbon KW - timber harvest KW - timber stumpage price KW - timber revenues KW - wood products carbon ER - TY - BOOK TI - Conservation of wildlife populations : demography, genetics, and management (2nd Ed.) AU - Mills, L. Scott DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// PB - Chichester, West Sussex ; Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell SN - 9780470671504 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter 3: Large-scale patterns of forest fire occurrence in the conterminous United States and Alaska, 2009 AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2010 A2 - Potter, Kevin M. A2 - Conkling, Barbara L. PY - 2013/// SP - 31-39 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter 2: Large-scale patterns of insect and disease activity in the conterminous United States and Alaska from the national insect and disease detection survey, 2009 AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2010 A2 - Potter, Kevin M. A2 - Conkling, Barbara L. PY - 2013/// SP - 15-29 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter 1: Introduction AU - Potter, Kevin M. T2 - Forest Health Monitoring: National Status, Trends and Analysis, 2010 A2 - Potter, Kevin M. A2 - Conkling, Barbara L. PY - 2013/// SP - 5-12 PB - Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biodiversity conservation in the face of dramatic forest disease: an integrated conservation strategy for tanoak (notholithocarpus densiflorus) threatened by sudden oak death AU - Cobb, R. C. AU - Rizzo, D. M. AU - Garbelotto, M. AU - Filipe, J. A. N. AU - Gilligan, C. A. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. AU - Dillon, W. AU - Valachovic, Y. AU - Swieki, T. AU - Hansen, E. M. AU - Frankel, S. J. T2 - Madrono AB - Non-native diseases of dominant tree species have diminished North American forest biodiversity, structure, and ecosystem function over the last 150 years. Since the mid-1990s, coastal California forests have suffered extensive decline of the endemic overstory tree tanoak, Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Manos, Cannon & S. H. Oh (Fagaceae), following the emergence of the exotic pathogen Phythophthora ramorum and the resulting disease sudden oak death. There are two central challenges to protecting tanoak: 1) the pathogen P. ramorum has multiple pathways of spread and is thus very difficult to eradicate, and 2) the low economic valuation of tanoak obscures the cultural and ecological importance of this species. However, both modeling and field studies have shown that pathogen-centric management and host-centric preventative treatments are effective methods to reduce rates of spread, local pathogen prevalence, and to increase protection of individual trees. These management strategies are not mutually exclusive, but we lack precise understanding of the timing and extent to apply each strategy in order to minimize disease and the subsequent accumulation of fuels, loss of obligate flora and fauna, or destruction of culturally important stands. Recent work identifying heritable disease resistance traits, ameliorative treatments that reduce pathogen populations, and silvicultural treatments that shift stand composition hold promise for increasing the resiliency of tanoak populations. We suggest distinct strategies for pathogen invaded and uninvaded areas, place these in the context of local management goals, and suggest a management strategy and associated research priorities to retain the biodiversity and cultural values associated with tanoak. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.3120/0024-9637-60.2.151 VL - 60 IS - 2 SP - 151–164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Automated identification of animal species in camera trap images AU - Yu, Xiaoyuan AU - Wang, Jiangping AU - Kays, Roland AU - Jansen, Patrick A. AU - Wang, Tianjiang AU - Huang, Thomas T2 - EURASIP JOURNAL ON IMAGE AND VIDEO PROCESSING AB - Abstract Image sensors are increasingly being used in biodiversity monitoring, with each study generating many thousands or millions of pictures. Efficiently identifying the species captured by each image is a critical challenge for the advancement of this field. Here, we present an automated species identification method for wildlife pictures captured by remote camera traps. Our process starts with images that are cropped out of the background. We then use improved sparse coding spatial pyramid matching (ScSPM), which extracts dense SIFT descriptor and cell-structured LBP (cLBP) as the local features, that generates global feature via weighted sparse coding and max pooling using multi-scale pyramid kernel, and classifies the images by a linear support vector machine algorithm. Weighted sparse coding is used to enforce both sparsity and locality of encoding in feature space. We tested the method on a dataset with over 7,000 camera trap images of 18 species from two different field cites, and achieved an average classification accuracy of 82%. Our analysis demonstrates that the combination of SIFT and cLBP can serve as a useful technique for animal species recognition in real, complex scenarios. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1186/1687-5281-2013-52 SP - SN - 1687-5281 KW - Species identification KW - SIFT KW - cLBP KW - Feature learning KW - Max pooling KW - Weighted sparse coding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban Adolescents' Perceptions of their Neighborhood Physical Activity Environments AU - Slater, Sandy AU - Fitzgibbon, Marian AU - Floyd, Myron F. T2 - LEISURE SCIENCES AB - Reduced physical activity is particularly pronounced among lower income individuals and racial/ethnic minorities, and may be related to unsupportive neighborhood environments for physical activity. The purpose of this research was to conduct focus groups with low-income urban Black and Latino adolescents to identify whether these adolescents were physically active, in what settings, and what features of the settings were important for encouraging their physical activity. Results suggest potential gender differences, but little difference across race/ethnicity. Results can inform the development of a park/physical activity setting characteristics survey to help improve conditions of parks. DA - 2013/3/1/ PY - 2013/3/1/ DO - 10.1080/01490400.2013.761912 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 167-183 SN - 1521-0588 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84875956368&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - adolescents KW - marginalized populations KW - obesity and overweight KW - parks KW - physical activity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neighborhood uniformity increases growth of individual Eucalyptus trees AU - Luu, T. C. AU - Binkley, D. AU - Stape, J. L. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 289 SP - 90-97 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Local Movements and Wetland Connectivity at a Migratory Stopover of Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) in the Southeastern United States AU - Obernuefemann, Kelsey P. AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Lyons, James E. T2 - WATERBIRDS AB - Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) use coastal wetlands in the southeastern United States during spring migration, some engaging in short-distance movements and brief refueling stops. Knowledge about the scale and factors that influence these movements could guide conservation planning, but often this information is not available. The influence of inter-wetland distance, prey biomass, amount of foraging habitat at depths of 0–4 cm, and density of migrating Semipalmated Sandpipers on their movement and stopover residency was investigated at the Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center in South Carolina in spring 2007. Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center contains three clusters of coastal wetlands separated by 2.6, 2.8 and 4.1 km. Probability of moving among wetland clusters and stopover residency were estimated using multi-state mark-recapture models and encounter histories from 502 marked Semipalmated Sandpipers. Sixty-four percent of Semipalmated Sandpipers remained within 2 km of site-of-capture for the duration of the study. Movement probabilities were negatively influenced by inter-cluster distance and Semipalmated Sandpiper density. Probability of moving between clusters 2.6–2.8 km apart was higher than clusters separated by 4.1 km. Semipalmated Sandpipers were more likely to depart the study area and resume migration after feeding in wetland clusters with abundant prey and accessible habitat. The interaction between prey and accessible habitat led to instances where Semipalmated Sandpipers were more likely to remain in wetlands with low prey levels, but high accessible habitat, or low accessible habitat, but high prey levels. Local movements among alternative foraging locations were facilitated when wetlands were < 2.8 km apart, highlighting the benefits of integrated management at small scales. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1675/063.036.0110 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 63-76 SN - 1938-5390 KW - Calidris pusilla KW - coastal wetlands KW - migration KW - movement probability KW - multi-state models KW - residency probability KW - Semipalmated Sandpiper KW - South Carolina KW - wetland connectivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Imperfect detection is the rule rather than the exception in plant distribution studies AU - Chen, Guoke AU - Kery, Marc AU - Plattner, Matthias AU - Ma, Keping AU - Gardner, Beth T2 - JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY AB - Summary Imperfect detection can seriously bias conventional estimators of species distributions and species richness. Plant traits, survey‐specific conditions and site‐specific characteristics may influence plant detection probability. However, the generality of the problems induced by imperfect detection in plants and the magnitude of this challenge for plant distribution studies are currently unknown. We address this question based on data from the S wiss B iodiversity M onitoring, in which vascular plants are surveyed twice in the same year along a 2.5‐km transect in 451 1‐km 2 quadrats. Overall, 1700 species were recorded. We chose a random sample of 100 species from the 1700 species to determine general detection levels. To examine the relationship of covariates on detection, we chose a stratified random sample of 100 species from 886 species that were detected in at least 18 locations, with 25 each from four life‐forms ( LF ): grass, forb, shrub and tree. Using a B ayesian multispecies site‐occupancy model, we estimated occurrence and detection probability of these species and their relation to covariates. Based on the random sample of 100 species, detection probability during the first survey ranged 0.03–0.99 (median 0.74) and during the second survey, 0.03–0.99 (median 0.82). Based on the stratified random sample of 100 species, detection probability during the first survey ranged 0.02–0.99 (median 0.87) and during the second survey, 0.01–1 (median 0.89). Detection probability differed slightly among the four LF s. In 60 species, survey season or elevation had significant effects on detection. We illustrated detection probability maps for S witzerland based on the modelled relationships with environmental covariates. Synthesis . Our findings suggest that even in a standardized monitoring program, imperfect detection of plants may be common. With the absence of a correction for detection errors, maps in plant distribution studies will be confounded with spatial patterns in detection probability. We presume that these problems will be much more widespread in the data sets that are used for conventional plant species distribution modelling. Imperfect detection should be estimated, even in distribution studies of plants and other sessile organisms, to better control detection errors that may compromise the results of species distribution studies. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.1111/1365-2745.12021 VL - 101 IS - 1 SP - 183-191 SN - 1365-2745 KW - Bayesian analysis KW - biodiversity monitoring KW - detection probability KW - hierarchical model KW - occupancy KW - plant population and community dynamics KW - plant traits KW - Switzerland ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fluoxetine alters adult freshwater mussel behavior and larval metamorphosis AU - Hazelton, Peter D. AU - Cope, W. Gregory AU - Mosher, Shad AU - Pandolfo, Tamara J. AU - Belden, Jason B. AU - Barnhart, M. Christopher AU - Bringolf, Robert B. T2 - SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT AB - We used acute and partial-lifecycle tests to examine the effects of the pharmaceutical fluoxetine on freshwater mussels (Unionida). In acute tests lasting 24–48 h, we determined median effective concentrations (EC50s) for fluoxetine with larval (glochidia viability) and juvenile (survival) life-stages of fatmucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea) and black sandshell (Ligumia recta). In a 28-d behavioral test we exposed brooding adult female wavy-rayed lampmussels (Lampsilis fasciola) to 0.37 and 29.3 μg/L fluoxetine to determine effects on adult behavior (foot protrusion, mantle lure display and glochidia parturition). We also assessed the effects of 24-h exposure of 1 and 100 μg/L fluoxetine on glochidia viability duration and metamorphosis success for the wavy-rayed lampmussel. Fluoxetine EC50s ranged from 62 μg/L for juveniles (96 h) to 293 μg/L for glochidia (24 h). In adults, statistically significant increases were observed in foot protrusion at 0.37 and 29.3 μg/L fluoxetine and lure display rates at 29.3 μg/L; glochidia parturition was not significantly affected at any test concentration. Twenty-four hour exposure of glochidia to fluoxetine did not affect viability duration, but likelihood of metamorphosis to the juvenile stage significantly increased with 1 and 100 μg/L treatments. Our results demonstrated effects of fluoxetine to unionid mussels at concentrations less than previously reported and approaching concentrations measured in surface waters. DA - 2013/2/15/ PY - 2013/2/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.026 VL - 445 SP - 94-100 SN - 1879-1026 KW - Toxicity KW - Emerging contaminants KW - Metamorphosis KW - Behavior KW - Pharmaceuticals KW - PPCP ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating Methodological Assumptions of Catch-Curve Survival Estimation for Unmarked Precocial Shorebird Chicks AU - McGowan, Conor P. AU - Gardner, Beth T2 - WATERBIRDS AB - Estimating productivity for precocial species can be difficult because young birds leave their nest within hours or days of hatching and detectability thereafter can be very low. Recently, a method for using a modified catch-curve to estimate precocial chick daily survival for age based count data was presented using Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) data from the Missouri River. However, many of the assumptions of the catch-curve approach were not fully evaluated for precocial chicks. We developed a simulation model to mimic Piping Plovers, a fairly representative shorebird, and age-based count-data collection. Using the simulated data, we calculated daily survival estimates and compared them with the known daily survival rates from the simulation model. We conducted these comparisons under different sampling scenarios where the ecological and statistical assumptions had been violated. Overall, the daily survival estimates calculated from the simulated data corresponded well with true survival rates of the simulation. Violating the accurate aging and the independence assumptions did not result in biased daily survival estimates, whereas unequal detection for younger or older birds and violating the birth death equilibrium did result in estimator bias. Assuring that all ages are equally detectable and timing data collection to approximately meet the birth death equilibrium are key to the successful use of this method for precocial shorebirds. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1675/063.036.0112 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 82-87 SN - 1938-5390 KW - Charadrius melodus KW - daily survival estimates KW - fecundity KW - Piping Plovers KW - precocial shorebirds KW - simulation study KW - validating assumptions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of plant phenology and vertical height on accuracy of radiotelemetry locations AU - Grovenburg, Troy W. AU - Jacques, Christopher N. AU - Klaver, Robert W. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Lehman, Chad P. AU - Brinkman, Todd J. AU - Robling, Kevin A. AU - Rupp, Susan P. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. T2 - WILDLIFE BIOLOGY AB - The use of very high frequency (VHF) radio‐telemetry remains wide‐spread in studies of wildlife ecology and management. However, few studies have evaluated the influence of vegetative obstruction on accuracy in differing habitats with varying transmitter types and heights. Using adult and fawn collars at varying heights above the ground (0, 33, 66 and 100 cm) to simulate activities (bedded, feeding and standing) and ages (neonate, juvenile and adult) of deer Odocoileus spp., we collected 5,767 bearings and estimated 1,424 locations (28‐30 for each of 48 subsamples) in three habitat types (pasture, grassland and forest), during two stages of vegetative growth (spring and late summer). Bearing error was approximately twice as large at a distance of 900 m for fawn (9.9°) than for adult deer collars (4.9°). Of 12 models developed to explain the variation in location error, the analysis of covariance model (HT∗D + C∗D + HT∗TBA + C∗TBA) containing interactions of height of collar above ground (HT), collar type (C), vertical height of understory vegetation (D) and tree basal area (TBA) was the best model (w i = 0.92) and explained ∼ 71% of the variation in location error. Location error was greater for both collar types at 0 and 33 cm above the ground compared to 66 and 100 cm above the ground; however, location error was less for adult than fawn collars. Vegetation metrics influenced location error, which increased with greater vertical height of understory vegetation and tree basal area. Further, interaction of vegetation metrics and categorical variables indicated significant effects on location error. Our results indicate that researchers need to consider study objectives, life history of the study animal, signal strength of collar (collar type), distance from transmitter to receiver, topographical changes in elevation, habitat composition and season when designing telemetry protocols. Bearing distances in forested habitat should be decreased (approximately 23% in our study) compared to bearing distances in open habitat to maintain a consistent bearing error across habitats. Additionally, we believe that field biologists monitoring neonate ungulates for habitat selection should rely on visual locations rather than using VHF‐collars and triangulation. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.2981/11-044 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 30-40 SN - 1903-220X KW - accuracy KW - error angle KW - height KW - location error KW - precision KW - radio-telemetry KW - vegetation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Trees and Grasses for Rhizoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons AU - Cook, Rachel L. AU - Hesterberg, Dean T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION AB - Abstract Rhizoremediation of petroleum contaminants is a phytoremediation process that depends on interactions among plants, microbes, and soils. Trees and grasses are commonly used for phytoremediation, with trees typically being chosen for remediation of BTEX while grasses are more commonly used for remediation of PAHs and total petroleum hydrocarbons. The objective of this review was to compare the effectiveness of trees and grasses for rhizoremediation of hydrocarbons and address the advantages of each vegetation type. Grasses were more heavily represented in the literature and therefore demonstrated a wider range of effectiveness. However, the greater biomass and depth of tree roots may have greater potential for promoting environmental conditions that can improve rhizoremediation, such as increased metabolizable organic carbon, oxygen, and water. Overall, we found little difference between grasses and trees with respect to average reduction of hydrocarbons for studies that compared planted treatments with a control. Additional detailed investigations into plant attributes that most influence hydrocarbon degradation rates should provide data needed to determine the potential for rhizoremediation with trees or grasses for a given site and identify which plant characteristics are most important. KEY WORDS: phytoremediationbioremediationrhizosphereorganic pollutantsrootsmicrobes ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to acknowledge Kate Farthing for her inspiration for this paper and Elizabeth Nichols for critically reviewing the manuscript. Additionally, we thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback. DA - 2013/10/21/ PY - 2013/10/21/ DO - 10.1080/15226514.2012.760518 VL - 15 IS - 9 SP - 844-860 SN - 1549-7879 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84874598499&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - phytoremediation KW - bioremediation KW - rhizosphere KW - organic pollutants KW - roots KW - microbes ER - TY - JOUR TI - A spatial mark-resight model augmented with telemetry data AU - Sollmann, Rahel AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Parsons, Arielle W. AU - Stocking, Jessica J. AU - McClintock, Brett T. AU - Simons, Theodore R. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. AU - Allan F. O'Connell, T2 - ECOLOGY AB - Abundance and population density are fundamental pieces of information for population ecology and species conservation, but they are difficult to estimate for rare and elusive species. Mark–resight models are popular for estimating population abundance because they are less invasive and expensive than traditional mark–recapture. However, density estimation using mark–resight is difficult because the area sampled must be explicitly defined, historically using ad hoc approaches. We developed a spatial mark–resight model for estimating population density that combines spatial resighting data and telemetry data. Incorporating telemetry data allows us to inform model parameters related to movement and individual location. Our model also allows <100% individual identification of marked individuals. We implemented the model in a Bayesian framework, using a custom‐made Metropolis‐within‐Gibbs Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. As an example, we applied this model to a mark–resight study of raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) on South Core Banks, a barrier island in Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina, USA. We estimated a population of 186.71 ± 14.81 individuals, which translated to a density of 8.29 ± 0.66 individuals/km 2 (mean ± SD). The model presented here will have widespread utility in future applications, especially for species that are not naturally marked. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1890/12-1256.1 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 553-559 SN - 1939-9170 KW - abundance KW - Bayesian statistics KW - camera trapping KW - density KW - mark-resight KW - Metropolis-within-Gibbs sampler KW - population estimation KW - Procyon lotor KW - raccoons KW - spatial capture-recapture KW - telemetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - A hierarchical patch mosaic ecosystem model for urban landscapes: Model development and evaluation AU - Zhang, C. AU - Wu, J. G. AU - Grimm, N. B. AU - McHale, M. AU - Buyantuyev, A. T2 - Ecological Modelling DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 250 SP - 81-100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selection of Provenances to Adapt Tropical Pine Forestry to Climate Change on the Basis of Climate Analogs AU - Leibing, Christoph AU - Signer, Johannes AU - Zonneveld, Maarten AU - Jarvis, Andrew AU - Dvorak, William T2 - FORESTS AB - Pinus patula and Pinus tecunumanii play an important role in the forestry sector in the tropics and subtropics and, in recent decades, members of the International Tree Breeding and Conservation Program (Camcore) at North Carolina State University have established large, multi-site provenance trials for these pine species. The data collected in these trials provide valuable information about species and provenance choice for plantation establishment in many regions with different climates. Since climate is changing rapidly, it may become increasingly difficult to choose the right species and provenance to plant. In this study, growth performance of plantings in Colombia, Brazil and South Africa was correlated to the degree of climatic dissimilarity between planting sites. Results are used to assess the suitability of seed material under a changing climate for four P. patula provenances and six P. tecunumanii provenances. For each provenance, climate dissimilarities based on standardized Euclidean distances were calculated and statistically related to growth performances. We evaluated the two methods of quantifying climate dissimilarity with extensive field data based on the goodness of fit and statistical significance of the climate distance relation to differences in height growth. The best method was then used as a predictor of a provenance change in height growth. The provenance-specific models were used to predict provenance performance under different climate change scenarios. The developed provenance-specific models were able to significantly relate climate similarity to different growth performances for five out of six P. tecunumanii provenances. For P. patula provenances, we did not find any correlation. Results point towards the importance of the identification of sites with stable climates where high yields are achievable. In such sites, fast-growing P. tecunumanii provenances with a high but narrow growth optimum can be planted. At sites with climate change of uncertain direction and magnitude, the choice of P. patula provenances, with greater tolerance towards different temperature and precipitation regimes, is recommended. Our results indicate that the analysis of provenance trial data with climate similarity models helps us to (1) maintain plantation productivity in a rapidly changing environment; and (2) improve our understanding of tree species’ adaptation to a changing climate. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.3390/f4010155 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 155-178 SN - 1999-4907 KW - provenance trials KW - site quality modelling KW - management decision support tools KW - climate similarity KW - growth prediction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physical Activity Constraints among Latinos Identifying Clusters and Acculturation Differences AU - Harrolle, Michelle Gacio AU - Floyd, Myron F. AU - Casper, Jonathan M. AU - Kelley, Katharine E. AU - Bruton, Candice M. T2 - JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH AB - Understanding leisure-time physical activity among Latinos is a national public health concern. This study examined constraints to leisure-time physical activity among Latinos in North Carolina in relation to their level of acculturation. Data (N = 457) were obtained through a community survey. Four subgroups with similar constraints were identified using cluster analysis: Access and Partner Constrained, Safety and Access Constrained, Least Constrained, and Highly Constrained. Results showed that low acculturation was significantly associated with being highly constrained. Latinos born outside the U.S. were more likely to be classified as Access and Partner Constrained and Safety and Access Constrained. The findings contribute to understanding constraints in the context of acculturation and offer practitioners perspective on creating physical activity programs for Latinos. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.18666/jlr-2013-v45-i1-2943 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 74-90 SN - 2159-6417 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84874785690&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Latinos KW - constraints KW - physical activity KW - recreation KW - acculturation ER - TY - JOUR TI - One quantitative trait locus for intra- and interspecific variation in a sex pheromone AU - Groot, A. T. AU - Staudacher, H. AU - Barthel, A. AU - Inglis, O. AU - Schoefl, G. AU - Santangelo, R. G. AU - Gebauer-Jung, S. AU - Vogel, H. AU - Emerson, J. AU - Schal, C. AU - Heckel, D. G. AU - Gould, F. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Even though premating isolation is hypothesized to be a major driving force in speciation, its genetic basis is poorly known. In the noctuid moth Heliothis subflexa, one group of sex pheromone components, the acetates, emitted by the female, plays a crucial isolating role in preventing interspecific matings to males of the closely related Heliothis virescens , in which females do not produce acetates and males are repelled by them. We previously found intraspecific variation in acetates in H. subflexa : females in eastern N orth A merica contain significantly more acetates than females in W estern M exico. Here we describe the persistence of this intraspecific variation in laboratory‐reared strains and the identification of one major quantitative trait locus ( QTL ), explaining 40% of the variance in acetate amounts. We homologized this intraspecific QTL to our previously identified interspecific QTL using restriction‐associated DNA ( RAD ) tags. We found that a major intraspecific QTL overlaps with one of the two major interspecific QTL . To identify candidate genes underlying the acetate variation, we investigated a number of gene families with known or suspected acetyl‐ or acyltransferase activity. The most likely candidate genes did not map to our QTL , so that we currently hypothesize that a transcription factor underlies this QTL . Finding a single, large QTL that impacts variation in pheromone blends between and within species is, to our knowledge, the first such example for traits that have been demonstrated to affect premating isolation. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.1111/mec.12171 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 1065-1080 SN - 1365-294X KW - acetate KW - acyltransferase KW - evolution KW - moth KW - premating isolation KW - RAD tagging ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monolignol Pathway 4-Coumaric Acid: Coenzyme A Ligases in Populus trichocarpa: Novel Specificity, Metabolic Regulation, and Simulation of Coenzyme A Ligation Fluxes AU - Chen, Hsi-Chuan AU - Song, Jina AU - Williams, Cranos M. AU - Shuford, Christopher M. AU - Liu, Jie AU - Wang, Jack P. AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Shi, Rui AU - Gokce, Emine AU - Ducoste, Joel AU - Muddiman, David C. AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - 4-Coumaric acid:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) is involved in monolignol biosynthesis for lignification in plant cell walls. It ligates coenzyme A (CoA) with hydroxycinnamic acids, such as 4-coumaric and caffeic acids, into hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA thioesters. The ligation ensures the activated state of the acid for reduction into monolignols. In Populus spp., it has long been thought that one monolignol-specific 4CL is involved. Here, we present evidence of two monolignol 4CLs, Ptr4CL3 and Ptr4CL5, in Populus trichocarpa. Ptr4CL3 is the ortholog of the monolignol 4CL reported for many other species. Ptr4CL5 is novel. The two Ptr4CLs exhibited distinct Michaelis-Menten kinetic properties. Inhibition kinetics demonstrated that hydroxycinnamic acid substrates are also inhibitors of 4CL and suggested that Ptr4CL5 is an allosteric enzyme. Experimentally validated flux simulation, incorporating reaction/inhibition kinetics, suggested two CoA ligation paths in vivo: one through 4-coumaric acid and the other through caffeic acid. We previously showed that a membrane protein complex mediated the 3-hydroxylation of 4-coumaric acid to caffeic acid. The demonstration here of two ligation paths requiring these acids supports this 3-hydroxylation function. Ptr4CL3 regulates both CoA ligation paths with similar efficiencies, whereas Ptr4CL5 regulates primarily the caffeic acid path. Both paths can be inhibited by caffeic acid. The Ptr4CL5-catalyzed caffeic acid metabolism, therefore, may also act to mitigate the inhibition by caffeic acid to maintain a proper ligation flux. A high level of caffeic acid was detected in stem-differentiating xylem of P. trichocarpa. Our results suggest that Ptr4CL5 and caffeic acid coordinately modulate the CoA ligation flux for monolignol biosynthesis. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1104/pp.112.210971 VL - 161 IS - 3 SP - 1501-1516 SN - 0032-0889 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84874626790&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Local comprehensive plan quality and regional ecosystem protection: The case of the Jordan Lake watershed, North Carolina, USA AU - Berke, Philip AU - Spurlock, Danielle AU - Hess, George AU - Band, Larry T2 - LAND USE POLICY AB - To better manage common-pool resources, planners and conservation specialists continue to call for comprehensive and spatial planning functions of local governments to focus on entire ecological units rather than areas defined by jurisdictional boundaries. Local comprehensive plans were quantitatively analyzed and case studies were conducted within an urbanizing lake watershed to determine how well plans support watershed protection. On average, plans are not supportive of lake water resource protection. Plan quality scores revealed a free rider problem, as scores were unexpectedly higher for non-users compared to users of Jordan Lake as a drinking water supply; in other words, local jurisdictions that benefit more from the water supply contributed less in terms of comprehensive planning to protect that supply. Core determinates of watershed protection in comprehensive plans were networks for information exchange, a civic culture supportive of collaborative governance, and a centralized role for planning. To more effectively address regional scale common-pool resources problems, we recommend that (1) state and federal governments require or incentivize coordinated planning among local governments, (2) plan quality principles be applied during creation of comprehensive plans, and (3) plan effectiveness be tracked through time. Integral with these recommendations, future research should identify and test methods and metrics to evaluate plan effectiveness and outcomes. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.08.009 VL - 31 SP - 450-459 SN - 1873-5754 KW - Ecosystems KW - Land use planning KW - Watershed KW - Common-pool resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interannual, seasonal, and retrospective analysis of the methane and carbon dioxide budgets of a temperate peatland AU - Olson, D. M. AU - Griffis, T. J. AU - Noormets, A. AU - Kolka, R. AU - Chen, J. T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES AB - Abstract Three years (2009–2011) of near‐continuous methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fluxes were measured with the eddy covariance (EC) technique at a temperate peatland located within the Marcell Experimental Forest, in northern Minnesota, USA. The peatland was a net source of CH 4 and a net sink of CO 2 in each year with annual carbon budgets of −26.8 (±18.7), −15.5 (±14.8), and −14.6 (±21.5) g C m −2 yr −1 for 2009–2011, respectively. Differences in the seasonal hydrometeorological conditions among the three study years were most pronounced during 2011, which was considerably warmer (+1.3°C) and wetter (+40 mm) than the 30 year average. The annual CH 4 budget was +11.8 (±3.1), +12.2 (±3.0), and +24.9 (±5.6) g C m −2 yr −1 for the respective years and accounted for 23%–39% of the annual carbon budget. The larger CH 4 emission in 2011 is attributed to significant warming of the peat column coupled with a high water table position throughout the entire growing season. Historical (1991–2011) CH 4 emissions were estimated based on long‐term hydrometeorological records and functional relationships derived from our 3 year field study. The predicted historical annual CH 4 budget ranged from +7.8 to +15.2 (±2.7) g CH 4 ‐C m −2 yr −1 . Recent (2007–2011) increases in temperature, precipitation, and rising water table at this site suggest that CH 4 emissions have been increasing, but were generally greater from 1991 to 1999 when average soil temperature and precipitation were higher than in recent years. The global warming potential (considering CO 2 and CH 4 ) for this peatland was calculated based on a 100 year time horizon. In all three study years, the peatland had a net positive radiative forcing on climate and was greatest (+187 g C m −2 ) in 2011. The interannual variability in CH 4 exchange at this site suggests high sensitivity to variations in hydrometeorological conditions. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1002/jgrg.20031 VL - 118 IS - 1 SP - 226-238 SN - 2169-8961 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influences of silvicultural manipulations on above- and belowground biomass accumulations and leaf area in young Pinus radiata plantations, at three contrasting sites in Chile AU - Rubilar, Rafael A. AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Alvarez, Jose AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Stape, Jose L. T2 - FORESTRY AB - There is a limited understanding of how resource availability (water+nutrients) interacts with soil physical properties in determining above- and belowground biomass allocation in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) plantations. We studied total above- and belowground biomass accumulation, and belowground biomass allocation (coarse and fine roots) in response to three contrasting silvicultural treatments (soil tillage, weed control and fertilization) applied to three sites of contrasting climate and soil textures in the Central Valley of Chile. At each site, tree growth (aboveground, belowground and total biomass), aboveground:belowground biomass ratio and leaf area index (LAI) were significantly increased by weed control. Weed control produced larger and more consistent responses in growth than subsoiling or fertilization. Weed control appears to ameliorate both water and nutrient limitations. The large differences in growth and biomass accumulation by weed control within sites, were mainly attributed to large differences in soil water availability, and among sites also due to atmospheric water demand differences. A linear relationship was established between LAI and stand growth across sites. The slope of the relationship, stemwood growth efficiency, was different among sites and was related to water and nutrient limitations. Stemwood growth efficiency varied from 2.9 m3 ha−1 year−1 to 7.1 m3 ha−1 year−1 per unit of leaf area, with lower growth efficiencies found on sites with greater water constraints. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.1093/forestry/cps055 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 27-38 SN - 1464-3626 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hemlock woolly adelgid in the southern Appalachians: Control strategies, ecological impacts, and potential management responses AU - Vose, James M. AU - Wear, David N. AU - Mayfield, Albert E., III AU - Nelson, C. Dana T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annad; or HWA) is a non-native invasive pest that attacks and kills eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.). Hemlock is a “foundation species” due to its strong influence on ecosystem structure and function, especially in riparian areas. HWA management involves the integrated use of multiple approaches including chemical control, biological control, cultural treatments, host resistance, and host gene conservation. Despite extensive control efforts, large areas in the eastern US, but especially in the southern Appalachian region, have experienced extensive hemlock mortality. Most of the short-term impacts of HWA induced mortality on ecosystem structure and function are localized and small; however, long-term impacts such as large pulses of woody debris and changes in species composition that impact structure and function could be significant. Using a decision analysis framework, land managers should begin to strategically implement land management decisions to address observed short-term impacts and plan and manage for projected longer-term impacts. In order to maintain ecosystem services in response to long-term impacts, restoration efforts may require novel approaches, such as the introduction of non-native species, facilitated movement of native species to new habitats (e.g., white pine), and aggressive management of existing species (e.g., Rhododendron) with mechanical removal, fire, or chemicals. DA - 2013/3/1/ PY - 2013/3/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.002 VL - 291 SP - 209-219 SN - 1872-7042 KW - Virulent pest KW - Ecosystem structure and function KW - Decision analysis KW - Keystone species KW - Novel management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation in resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in seedlings of two Turkish Abies species AU - Frampton, John AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Benson, D. Michael T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.1007/s11295-012-0529-0 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 53-63 SN - 1614-2942 KW - Abies bornmuelleriana KW - Abies equi-trojani KW - Christmas trees KW - Root rot KW - Trojan fir KW - Turkish fir ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors influencing the growth of radiata pine plantations in Chile AU - Alvarez, J. AU - Allen, Howard AU - Albaugh, T. J. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Bullock, B. P. AU - Song, C. T2 - Forestry AB - We examined environmental factors affecting growth rates of Pinus radiata in Chile. The relationships between annual volume growth and soil, climate, canopy and stand factors were analysed using data from 48 permanent sample plots in P. radiata plantations in central Chile. Water availability (as affected by precipitation, soil water holding capacity and potential evapotranspiration) appeared to be the factor most limiting to leaf area and growth. Maximum growing season temperature also negatively affected growth. Sites with the highest productivities had the lowest annual water deficits. The most productive sites used water and light more efficiently. Growth per unit of potential evapotranspiration ranged from 0.5 to 1.6 kg of wood per m3 of water and growth per unit of radiation ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 g of wood per MJ of photosynthetically active radiation for low and high productivity sites. The inclusion of simple climatic variables such as maximum temperature and precipitation into Chilean P. radiata growth and yield models should improve their performance. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1093/forestry/cps072 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 13–26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Endemism in hostparasite interactions among island populations of an endangered species AU - Harris, Nyeema C. AU - Coonan, Timothy J. AU - King, Julie L. AU - Dunn, Robert R. T2 - DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS AB - Abstract Aim Implicit in conserving interactions is the idea that species behave differently throughout their range, resulting in functionally dissimilar populations of the same species. Host–parasite interactions are a useful system to explore the pervasiveness of these ecological phenotypes. Here, we investigated whether the role of an endangered, endemic species to provide habitat for ectoparasites varies throughout the geographic distribution of the host. Location Channel I slands, C alifornia. Methods We captured island foxes ( U rocyon littoralis sp.) from three populations: S anta C atalina ( n = 72), Santa Rosa ( n = 79) and S an M iguel ( n = 83). We compared the extent to which variation in parasite attributes were due to differences among individuals or populations. As a measure of the latter, we used discriminant function analysis to determine whether individuals from the same population ‘cluster’ together when comparing patterns of intensity in various ectoparasites. Results We identified eight ectoparasite species that included at least six new parasite records for island foxes. We found that ectoparasite attributes including diversity and intensity varied among host populations. More importantly, we show that knowing the parasite composition of the host can identify its population of origin, due to unique host–parasite interactions. Overall, we correctly ‘assigned’ 72% of island foxes to their actual, respective populations, although there were inconsistencies among populations. Main conclusions If foxes generally have the same parasite assemblage regardless of their respective populations, then conservation of a single population likely maintains all necessary species interactions and discriminate function analysis is uninformative in discerning population assignments of individuals. Our findings highlight the importance of conserving populations to maintain endemic interactions and caution against extrapolating the ecology (i.e. known species associations) of a species to other locations within their range. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.1111/ddi.12016 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 377-385 SN - 1472-4642 KW - aggregation KW - assignment test KW - diversity KW - fox KW - isolation KW - parasite KW - prevalence KW - Urocyon littoralis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) from North Carolina and current status of the parasite in the USA AU - Hernandez, Sonia M. AU - Galbreath, Brianna AU - Riddle, Dennis F. AU - Moore, Andrew P. AU - Palamar, Maria B. AU - Levy, Michael G. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Correa, Maria T. AU - Yabsley, Michael J. T2 - Parasitology Research DA - 2013/11/21/ PY - 2013/11/21/ DO - 10.1007/s00436-012-3186-1 VL - 112 IS - 2 SP - 693–698 SN - 0932-0113 1432-1955 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3186-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A real options model to assess the role of flexibility in forestry and agroforestry adoption and disadoption in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley AU - Frey, Gregory E. AU - Mercer, D. Evan AU - Cubbage, Frederick W. AU - Abt, Robert C. T2 - AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AB - Abstract Efforts to restore the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley's forests have not achieved desired levels of ecosystem services production. We examined how the variability of returns and the flexibility to change or postpone decisions (option value) affects the economic potential of forestry and agroforestry systems to keep private land in production while still providing ecosystem services. A real options analysis examined the impact of flexibility in decision making under agriculture, forestry, and agroforestry and demonstrated that adoption of forestry or agroforestry systems is less feasible than would be predicted by deterministic capital budgeting models. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00633.x VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 73-91 SN - 1574-0862 KW - D01 KW - Q15 KW - Q23 KW - Q24 KW - Real options KW - Agroforestry KW - Alley cropping KW - Bottomland hardwoods ER - TY - JOUR TI - The tolerance of Pinus patula x Pinus tecunumanii, and other pine hybrids, to Fusarium circinatum in greenhouse trials AU - Mitchell, R. G. AU - Wingfield, M. J. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Steenkamp, E. T. AU - Coutinho, T. A. T2 - NEW FORESTS AB - The field survival of Pinus patula seedlings in South Africa is frequently below acceptable standards. From numerous studies it has been determined that this is largely due to the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum. Other commercial pines, such as P. elliottii and P. taeda, show good tolerance to this pathogen and better survival, but have inferior wood properties and do not grow as well as P. patula on many sites in the summer rainfall regions of South Africa. There is, thus, an urgent need to improve the tolerance of P. patula to F. circinatum. Operational experience indicates that when P. patula is hybridized with tolerant species, such as P. tecunumanii and P. oocarpa, survival is greatly improved on the warmer sites of South Africa. Field studies on young trees suggest that this is due to the improved tolerance of these hybrids to F. circinatum. In order to test the tolerance of a number of pine hybrids, the pure species representing the hybrid parents, as well as individual families of P. patula × P. tecunumanii, a series of greenhouse screening trials were conducted during 2008 and 2009. The results indicated that species range in tolerance and hybrids, between P. patula and these species, are intermediate in tolerance to F. circinatum. Within P. patula × P. tecunumanii, large family variation exists when pollen from the high elevation source of P. tecunumanii is used. The results of these studies illustrate the importance of developing pine hybrid breeding programs to overcome the susceptibility of our pure species to pathogens such as F. circinatum. DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.1007/s11056-012-9355-3 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 443-456 SN - 1573-5095 KW - Forestry KW - Disease tolerance KW - Hybrids KW - Greenhouse screening ER - TY - JOUR TI - The joy of bioresources: Sustainable forest-recreation connections AU - Leung, Y. F. AU - Catts, G. T2 - BioResources AB - Forests have long-standing relationships with humanity beyond the material aspects. Recreation is an essential human need, and forests possess intrinsic values to support such a need in direct, authentic, and emotional ways. Quality recreation experiences can lead to a greater appreciation of bioresources and deeper support for forest conservation. The forest-recreation connections should be celebrated and sustained in this age of rapid social, environmental, and technological changes. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.15376/biores.8.1.1-2 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 1-2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization on stomatal conductance estimated from 11 years of scaled sap flux measurements at Duke FACE AU - Ward, Eric J. AU - Oren, Ram AU - Bell, David M. AU - Clark, James S. AU - McCarthy, Heather R. AU - Kim, Hyun-Seok AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - In this study, we employ a network of thermal dissipation probes (TDPs) monitoring sap flux density to estimate leaf-specific transpiration (EL) and stomatal conductance (GS) in Pinus taeda (L.) and Liquidambar styraciflua L. exposed to +200 ppm atmospheric CO2 levels (eCO2) and nitrogen fertilization. Scaling half-hourly measurements from hundreds of sensors over 11 years, we found that P. taeda in eCO2 intermittently (49% of monthly values) decreased stomatal conductance (GS) relative to the control, with a mean reduction of 13% in both total EL and mean daytime GS. This intermittent response was related to changes in a hydraulic allometry index (AH), defined as sapwood area per unit leaf area per unit canopy height, which decreased a mean of 15% with eCO2 over the course of the study, due mostly to a mean 19% increase in leaf area (AL). In contrast, L. styraciflua showed a consistent (76% of monthly values) reduction in GS with eCO2 with a total reduction of 32% EL, 31% GS and 23% AH (due to increased AL per sapwood area). For L. styraciflua, like P. taeda, the relationship between AH and GS at reference conditions suggested a decrease in GS across the range of AH. Our findings suggest an indirect structural effect of eCO2 on GS in P. taeda and a direct leaf level effect in L. styraciflua. In the initial year of fertilization, P. taeda in both CO2 treatments, as well as L. styraciflua in eCO2, exhibited higher GS with NF than expected from shifts in AH, suggesting a transient direct effect on GS. Whether treatment effects on mean leaf-specific GS are direct or indirect, this paper highlights that long-term treatment effects on GS are generally reflected in AH as well. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.1093/treephys/tps118 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 135-151 SN - 1758-4469 KW - allometry KW - hierarchical Bayes KW - hydraulic architecture KW - Jarvis model KW - leaf area KW - Liquidambar styraciflua KW - photosynthetic active radiation KW - Pinus taeda KW - sapwood area KW - soil moisture KW - tree height KW - vapor pressure deficit ER - TY - JOUR TI - Realistic REDD: Improving the Forest Impacts of Domestic Policies in Different Settings AU - Pfaff, A. AU - Amacher, G. S. AU - Sills, E. O. T2 - Review of Environmental Economics and Policy AB - Both theory and evidence regarding forest-relevant decisions by various agents suggest that there are significant constraints on the effectiveness of domestic policies for REDD (i.e., in facilitating a reduction in emissions from deforestation and forest degradation). Economic theory and empirical research identify many factors that affect the incentives for forest clearing, thereby limiting the impact of policies intended to alter any one factor. We summarize three theoretical frameworks that could be employed to gain insights into how to improve REDD policy design. Economists commonly use these frameworks to model decisions in many settings that are relevant for forests and REDD: (1) producer profit maximization given market integration, focusing on the spatial distributions of competing land uses; (2) rural household optimization given incomplete markets and household heterogeneity, to explain uses of land and forest; and (3) public optimization given production and corruption responses by private firms, which we illustrate with harvesting concessions and which is affected by decentralization. We also review empirical evidence concerning the impacts of forest conservation, forest-relevant development, and decentralization within the settings described by these models. Both the theory and the evidence suggest that REDD outcomes can be improved by designing policy to match its setting—the relevant local agents and institutions. DA - 2013/1/1/ PY - 2013/1/1/ DO - 10.1093/reep/res023 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 114-135 J2 - Review of Environmental Economics and Policy LA - en OP - SN - 1750-6816 1750-6824 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/reep/res023 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci within cellulose synthase (PtoCesA) genes are associated with growth and wood properties in Populus tomentosa AU - Du, Qingzhang AU - Pan, Wei AU - Xu, Baohua AU - Li, Bailian AU - Zhang, Deqiang T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - Summary Chinese white poplar ( P opulus tomentosa ), an important commercial tree species for timber and pulp production in northern C hina, has been used to examine the individual genes and allelic diversity responsible for complex traits controlling growth and lignocellulosic biosynthesis. Taking advantage of the low degree of linkage disequilibrium ( LD ) within P. tomentosa association populations, we examined associations between 15 cellulose synthase ( PtoCesA ) genes and traits including growth and wood properties. Thirty‐six novel simple sequence repeat ( SSR ) markers within PtoCesA genes were detected by re‐sequencing and genotyped in an association population (460 individuals). Single‐marker and haplotype‐based LD approaches were used to identify significant marker–trait associations. Family‐based linkage studies and real‐time PCR testing were conducted to validate the functional significance of SSR variation. Fifteen single‐marker associations from seven PtoCesA genes and nine haplotype‐based associations within six genes were identified in the association population (false discovery rate Q < 0.05). Next, five SSR marker–trait associations ( Q < 0.05) from four PtoCesA genes were successfully validated in a linkage mapping population (1200 individuals). The results imply a functional role for these genes in mediating wood properties, demonstrating the potential of combining single‐marker and haplotype‐based LD approaches to detect functional allelic variation underlying quantitative traits in a low‐ LD population. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.1111/nph.12072 VL - 197 IS - 3 SP - 763-776 SN - 1469-8137 KW - candidate-gene-based association mapping KW - Chinese white poplar KW - gene-derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) KW - linkage population KW - PtoCesA gene family ER - TY - JOUR TI - Migration and mobility on the Amazon frontier AU - Caviglia-Harris, Jill L. AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Mullan, Katrina T2 - POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1007/s11111-012-0169-1 VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 338-369 SN - 1573-7810 KW - Migration KW - Population mobility KW - Brazilian Amazon KW - Panel data KW - Rural households ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrated Analysis of Capture-Recapture-Resighting Data and Counts of Unmarked Birds at Stop-Over Sites AU - Matechou, E. AU - Morgan, B. J. T. AU - Pledger, S. AU - Collazo, J. A. AU - Lyons, J. E. T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1007/s13253-013-0127-0 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 120-135 SN - 1537-2693 KW - Combined likelihoods KW - Integrated population modeling KW - Mark-recapture-resight model KW - Mark-resight analysis KW - Semipalmated sandpipers KW - Stop-over duration ER - TY - JOUR TI - How perceived exposure to environmental harm influences environmental behavior in urban China AU - Chen, X. D. AU - Peterson, M. N. AU - Hull, V. AU - Lu, C. T. AU - Hong, D. Y. T2 - Ambio DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 52-60 ER - TY - JOUR TI - GENOMICS A spruce sequence AU - Sederoff, Ronald T2 - NATURE DA - 2013/5/30/ PY - 2013/5/30/ DO - 10.1038/nature12250 VL - 497 IS - 7451 SP - 569-570 SN - 0028-0836 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Examining the knowing–doing gap in the conservation of a fire-dependent ecosystem AU - Costanza, Jennifer K. AU - Weiss, Jack AU - Moody, Aaron T2 - Biological Conservation AB - Scientifically informed conservation goals do not always align with what is accomplished in practice, leading to the so-called “knowing–doing gap”. One reason why the knowing–doing gap exists may be that scientific recommendations often do not account for the “real-world” social context of conservation. The social context may be particularly important for ecosystem restoration involving prescribed burning. In the longleaf pine ecosystem, scientists and conservationists have called for large-scale restoration using prescribed burning; however, recent levels of burning may be insufficient to accomplish restoration. We studied the knowing–doing gap in the longleaf pine ecosystem by investigating where recent burns had been conducted. We used spatio-temporal logistic regression to relate recent burning in the Onslow Bight, North Carolina, to site and landscape attributes that burn practitioners there had previously said were important. Our results show that prescribed burns were preferentially placed on high-quality sites rather than on degraded sites, suggesting a knowing–doing gap in longleaf pine conservation in which burning is not used for restoration. In addition, sites that had not been burned for at least 4 years showed an increased probability of burning as distance from development increased, suggesting that sites with high fuel loads near development were not likely to be burned. Finding ways to encourage burning on degraded sites near development, such as rewarding practitioners for successfully conducting difficult burns, would help narrow the knowing–doing gap in conservation of this and other fire-dependent ecosystems. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.08.025 VL - 158 SP - 107-115 J2 - Biological Conservation LA - en OP - SN - 0006-3207 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.08.025 DB - Crossref KW - Longleaf pine ecosystem KW - Red-cockaded Woodpecker KW - Research-implementation gap KW - Social context KW - Spatio-temporal logistic regression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental, Institutional, and Demographic Predictors of Environmental Literacy among Middle School Children AU - Stevenson, Kathryn T. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Bondell, Howard D. AU - Mertig, Angela G. AU - Moore, Susan E. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Building environmental literacy (EL) in children and adolescents is critical to meeting current and emerging environmental challenges worldwide. Although environmental education (EE) efforts have begun to address this need, empirical research holistically evaluating drivers of EL is critical. This study begins to fill this gap with an examination of school-wide EE programs among middle schools in North Carolina, including the use of published EE curricula and time outdoors while controlling for teacher education level and experience, student attributes (age, gender, and ethnicity), and school attributes (socio-economic status, student-teacher ratio, and locale). Our sample included an EE group selected from schools with registered school-wide EE programs, and a control group randomly selected from NC middle schools that were not registered as EE schools. Students were given an EL survey at the beginning and end of the spring 2012 semester. Use of published EE curricula, time outdoors, and having teachers with advanced degrees and mid-level teaching experience (between 3 and 5 years) were positively related with EL whereas minority status (Hispanic and black) was negatively related with EL. Results suggest that school-wide EE programs were not associated with improved EL, but the use of published EE curricula paired with time outdoors represents a strategy that may improve all key components of student EL. Further, investments in teacher development and efforts to maintain enthusiasm for EE among teachers with more than 5 years of experience may help to boost student EL levels. Middle school represents a pivotal time for influencing EL, as improvement was slower among older students. Differences in EL levels based on gender suggest boys and girls may possess complementary skills sets when approaching environmental issues. Our findings suggest ethnicity related disparities in EL levels may be mitigated by time spent in nature, especially among black and Hispanic students. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0059519 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - e59519 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84875306492&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Demographics, diet, movements, and survival of an isolated, unmanaged raccoon Procyon lotor (Procyonidae, Carnivora) population on the Outer Banks of North Carolina AU - Parsons, A. W. AU - Simons, T. R. AU - O'Connell, A. F. AU - Stoskopf, M. K. T2 - Mammalia AB - Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are highly adaptable meso-carnivores that inhabit many environments, including the Atlantic barrier islands, where their role as predators of declining, beach-nesting bird and turtle species is of particular interest. Population models that improve our understanding of predator-prey dynamics are receiving increasing attention in the literature; however, their effective application requires site-specific information on population parameters. We studied an unharvested raccoon population on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and evaluated spatial and seasonal differences in a number of population/demographic factors of raccoons inhabiting areas of high and low human activity. Raccoons denned and foraged primarily in salt marsh habitats but shifted their movements in response to changes in seasonal resource conditions. The population was skewed toward older animals and exhibited delayed breeding, typical of populations at high density with few sources of mortality. Diet and movement analysis indicated shorebird and turtle predation was attributed to a small number of individual raccoons. Although seasonal resources appeared adequate to sustain a high population density of raccoons, poor body condition and low recruitment suggested a population near carrying capacity. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1515/mammalia-2011-0138 VL - 77 IS - 1 SP - 21-30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An optimized fine root sampling methodology balancing accuracy and time investment AU - Berhongaray, G. AU - King, J. S. AU - Janssens, I. A. AU - Ceulemans, R. T2 - PLANT AND SOIL DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.1007/s11104-012-1438-6 VL - 366 IS - 1-2 SP - 351-361 SN - 0032-079X KW - Auger sampling KW - Sampling time KW - Root picking time KW - Spatial error KW - Temporal error ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agricultural development and the industry life cycle on the Brazilian frontier AU - Hall, Simon C. AU - Caviglia-Harris, Jill T2 - ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS AB - Abstract The occupation of the last remaining tropical forests has been an initiative of many developing nations that is debated by the global community due to impacts on soil erosion, biodiversity loss and contributions to global climate change. Arguments against development range from the irreversible nature of tropical deforestation to the synergistic losses associated with environmental degradation and continued poverty. The focus of this paper is to determine if evidence of market advancements and growth can be found in an Amazonian settlement, thus providing counter-evidence for the boom–bust pattern of development that has been predicted for much of the Amazon. Using panel survey data (for four survey waves between 1996 and 2009), we find trends that are consistent with the industrial life cycle, suggesting a pattern that is more consistent with growth, development and consolidation. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1017/s1355770x1200054x VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 326-353 SN - 1469-4395 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A transcriptome-based genetic map of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) and identification of regions of segmental homology with peach (Prunus persica) AU - Kubisiak, T. L. AU - Nelson, C. D. AU - Staton, M. E. AU - Zhebentyayeva, T. AU - Smith, C. AU - Olukolu, B. A. AU - Fang, G. -C. AU - Hebard, F. V. AU - Anagnostakis, S. AU - Wheeler, N. AU - Sisco, P. H. AU - Abbott, A. G. AU - Sederoff, R. R. T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES AB - The Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) carries resistance to Cryphonectria parasitica, the fungal pathogen inciting chestnut blight. The pathogen, introduced from Asia, devastated the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) throughout its native range early in the twentieth century. A highly informative genetic map of Chinese chestnut was constructed to extend genomic studies in the Fagaceae and to aid the introgression of Chinese chestnut blight resistance genes into American chestnut. Two mapping populations were established with three Chinese chestnut parents, ‘Mahogany’, ‘Nanking’, and ‘Vanuxem’, totaling 337 progeny. The transcriptome-based genetic map was created with 329 simple sequence repeat and 1,064 single nucleotide polymorphism markers all derived from expressed sequence tag sequences. Genetic maps for each parent were developed and combined to establish 12 consensus linkage groups spanning 742 cM, providing the the most comprehensive genetic map for a Fagaceae species to date. Over 75 % of the mapped markers from the Chinese chestnut consensus genetic map were placed on the physical map using overgo hybridization, providing a fully integrated genetic and physical map resource for Castanea spp. About half (57 %) of the Chinese chestnut genetic map could be assigned to regions of segmental homology with 58 % of the peach (Prunus persica) genome assembly. A three quantitative trait loci (QTL) model for blight resistance was verified using the new genetic markers and an existing interspecies (C. mollissima × C. dentata) F2 mapping population. Two of the blight resistance QTLs in chestnut shared synteny with two QTLs for powdery mildew resistance in peach, indicating the potential conservation of disease resistance genes at these loci. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.1007/s11295-012-0579-3 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 557-571 SN - 1614-2950 KW - Fagaceae KW - Castanea spp. KW - Chestnut KW - Genetic map KW - Comparative genomics KW - Disease resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - A physical map of the Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) genome and its integration with the genetic map AU - Fang, Guang-Chen AU - Blackmon, Barbara P. AU - Staton, Margaret E. AU - Nelson, C. Dana AU - Kubisiak, Thomas L. AU - Olukolu, Bode A. AU - Henry, David AU - Zhebentyayeva, Tatyana AU - Saski, Christopher A. AU - Cheng, Chun-Huai AU - Monsanto, Megan AU - Ficklin, Stephen AU - Atkins, Michael AU - Georgi, Laura L. AU - Barakat, Abdelali AU - Wheeler, Nicholas AU - Carlson, John E. AU - Sederoff, Ronald AU - Abbott, Albert G. T2 - TREE GENETICS & GENOMES AB - Three Chinese chestnut bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries were developed and used for physical map construction. Specifically, high information content fingerprinting was used to assemble 126,445 BAC clones into 1,377 contigs and 12,919 singletons. Integration of the dense Chinese chestnut genetic map with the physical map was achieved via high-throughput hybridization using overgo probes derived from sequence-based genetic markers. A total of 1,026 probes were anchored to the physical map including 831 probes corresponding to 878 expressed sequence tag-based markers. Within the physical map, three BAC contigs were anchored to the three major fungal blight-resistant quantitative trait loci on chestnut linkage groups B, F, and G. A subset of probes corresponding to orthologous genes in poplar showed only a limited amount of conserved gene order between the poplar and chestnut genomes. The integrated genetic and physical map of Chinese chestnut is available at www.fagaceae.org/physical_maps . DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.1007/s11295-012-0576-6 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 525-537 SN - 1614-2950 KW - Castanea spp. KW - Chestnut KW - BAC library KW - HICF fingerprinting KW - Physical map KW - Comparative genomics KW - Chestnut blight resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stem production, light absorption and light use efficiency between dominant and non-dominant trees of Eucalyptus grandis across a productivity gradient in Brazil AU - Campoe, O. C. AU - Stape, J. L. AU - Nouvellon, Y. AU - Laclau, J. P. AU - Bauerle, W. L. AU - Binkley, D. AU - Le Maire, G. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 288 SP - 14-20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting success incorporating conservation subdivisions into land use planning AU - Allen, Stephen AU - Moorman, Christopher AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Hess, George AU - Moore, Susan T2 - Land Use Policy AB - Conservation subdivisions have emerged as a development option for communities wishing to conserve important ecological features and maintain rural character without decreasing housing density. Yet, these alternatives to conventional subdivisions rarely are used. We used logistic regression models to identify variables that predict county level success at adopting an ordinance and having a conservation subdivision built. Important predictors for adopting ordinances were median income, percent urban population, and a negative interaction between the two variables; important predictors for successfully completing a conservation subdivision were the adoption of an ordinance allowing conservation subdivisions and percent of residents with at least a four year college degree. Urban counties and the rural counties with higher median income were most successful adopting ordinances. Urban counties with higher education levels and an ordinance in place were most likely to have a conservation subdivision built within them. In poor rural counties, implementation may be more difficult because of limited resources to develop ordinances; these counties could collaborate with land trusts, other planning departments, or a regional council of governments to help lessen the financial burden associated with rewriting ordinances and implementing new land use practices. DA - 2013/7// PY - 2013/7// DO - 10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.12.001 VL - 33 SP - 31-35 J2 - Land Use Policy LA - en OP - SN - 0264-8377 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.12.001 DB - Crossref KW - Conservation subdivisions KW - Green development KW - Land management KW - Open space conservation KW - Urban planning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential for evolutionary responses to climate change - evidence from tree populations AU - Alberto, Florian J. AU - Aitken, Sally N. AU - Alía, Ricardo AU - González-Martínez, Santiago C. AU - Hänninen, Heikki AU - Kremer, Antoine AU - Lefèvre, François AU - Lenormand, Thomas AU - Yeaman, Sam AU - Whetten, Ross AU - Savolainen, Outi T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Evolutionary responses are required for tree populations to be able to track climate change. Results of 250 years of common garden experiments show that most forest trees have evolved local adaptation, as evidenced by the adaptive differentiation of populations in quantitative traits, reflecting environmental conditions of population origins. On the basis of the patterns of quantitative variation for 19 adaptation-related traits studied in 59 tree species (mostly temperate and boreal species from the Northern hemisphere), we found that genetic differentiation between populations and clinal variation along environmental gradients were very common (respectively, 90% and 78% of cases). Thus, responding to climate change will likely require that the quantitative traits of populations again match their environments. We examine what kind of information is needed for evaluating the potential to respond, and what information is already available. We review the genetic models related to selection responses, and what is known currently about the genetic basis of the traits. We address special problems to be found at the range margins, and highlight the need for more modeling to understand specific issues at southern and northern margins. We need new common garden experiments for less known species. For extensively studied species, new experiments are needed outside the current ranges. Improving genomic information will allow better prediction of responses. Competitive and other interactions within species and interactions between species deserve more consideration. Despite the long generation times, the strong background in quantitative genetics and growing genomic resources make forest trees useful species for climate change research. The greatest adaptive response is expected when populations are large, have high genetic variability, selection is strong, and there is ecological opportunity for establishment of better adapted genotypes. DA - 2013/4/3/ PY - 2013/4/3/ DO - 10.1111/gcb.12181 VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 1645-1661 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en OP - SN - 1354-1013 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12181 DB - Crossref KW - adaptive traits KW - conifers KW - local adaptation KW - natural selection KW - phenotypic plasticity KW - provenance trials KW - quantitative genetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelling gross primary production in semi-arid Inner Mongolia using MODIS imagery and eddy covariance data AU - John, Ranjeet AU - Chen, Jiquan AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Xiao, Xiangming AU - Xu, Jianye AU - Lu, Nan AU - Chen, Shiping T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING AB - We evaluate the modelling of carbon fluxes from eddy covariance (EC) tower observations in different water-limited land-cover/land-use (LCLU) and biome types in semi-arid Inner Mongolia, China. The vegetation photosynthesis model (VPM) and modified VPM (MVPM), driven by the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and land-surface water index (LSWI), which were derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface-reflectance product (MOD09A1), were used to model and validate the temporal changes in gross primary production (GPP) from the EC towers during the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons. The annual GPP predicted by the VPM model (GPPVPM) was predicted reasonably well in 2006 and 2007 at the cropland (coefficient of determination, R 2 = 0.67 and 0.71, for 2006 and 2007, respectively) and typical steppe (R 2 = 0.80 and 0.73) sites. The predictive power of the VPM model varied in the desert steppe, which includes an irrigated poplar stand (R 2 = 0.74 and 0.68) and shrubland (R 2 = 0.31 and 0.49) sites. The comparison between GPP obtained from the eddy covariance tower (GPPtower) and GPP obtained from MVPM (GPPMVPM) (predicted GPP) showed good agreement for the typical steppe site of Xilinhaote (R 2 = 0.84 and 0.70 in 2006 and 2007, respectively) and for the Duolun steppe site (R 2 = 0.63) and cropland site (R 2 = 0.63) in 2007. The predictive power of the MVPM model decreased slightly in the desert steppe at the irrigated poplar stand (R 2 = 0.56 and 0.47 in 2006 and 2007 respectively) and the shrubland (R 2 = 0.20 and 0.41). The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of modelling GPP from EC towers in semi-arid regions. DA - 2013/4/20/ PY - 2013/4/20/ DO - 10.1080/01431161.2012.746483 VL - 34 IS - 8 SP - 2829-2857 SN - 1366-5901 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fertilization and irrigation effects on tree level aboveground net primary production, light interception and light use efficiency in a loblolly pine plantation AU - Campoe, Otavio C. AU - Stape, Jose Luiz AU - Albaugh, Timothy J. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Fox, Thomas R. AU - Rubilar, Rafael AU - Binkley, Dan T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Fertilization and irrigation may substantially increase productivity of forests by increasing stand leaf area index and the efficiency of converting intercepted light into wood biomass. This stand-level growth response is the summation of individual tree responses, and these tree-level responses are often non-linear, resulting from shifting in the intensity of competition and dominance. We examined tree-level responses of aboveground net primary production (ANPP), absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and (light use efficiency) LUE in relation to tree size class to explore how stand-level outcomes depend on shifting patterns among trees. We evaluated the production ecology of a nine-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation, 2 years after the initiation of treatments: control, irrigation, fertilization and irrigation + fertilization. We measured tree level ANPP, simulated APAR for individual tree crowns using the MAESTRA process-based model and calculated LUE (ANPP/APAR) in relation to tree size to explore the influence of tree dominance on both light capture and light use efficiency. Fertilization and irrigation + fertilization strongly increased both APAR and LUE, in contrast to little effect of irrigation alone. Tree size had a strong influence on APAR and LUE across all treatments; the largest 20% trees showed 3.4 times greater ANPP when compared to the smallest 20% trees, with 66% resulting from higher APAR, and 34% from higher LUE, than the smallest 20% of trees. Fertilization increased the growth of the largest 20% trees 2-fold (8.6 kg tree−1 year−1), with 29% of the increase resulting from higher APAR (13.7 GJ tree−1 year−1), and 71% from higher LUE (0.63 g MJ−1), relative to the largest trees in the control treatment (4.3 kg tree−1 year−1, 11 GJ tree−1 year−1 and 0.39 g MJ−1, respectively). Irrigation and fertilization tripled production (13.2 kg tree−1 year−1) of the largest trees with an even greater proportional contribution from increased LUE (15.1 GJ tree−1 year−1, 85% response contribution; APAR 0.87 g MJ−1, 15% response contribution). Overall, large trees grow faster than smaller trees because of greater light capture, whereas the greater response of large trees to treatments resulted more from increased efficiency of using light. DA - 2013/1/15/ PY - 2013/1/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.05.026 VL - 288 SP - 43-48 SN - 1872-7042 KW - SETRES KW - MAESTRA model KW - Dominance KW - Leaf area KW - Production ecology KW - Resource use ER - TY - JOUR TI - Explaining Local-Scale Species Distributions: Relative Contributions of Spatial Autocorrelation and Landscape Heterogeneity for an Avian Assemblage AU - Mattsson, Brady J. AU - Zipkin, Elise F. AU - Gardner, Beth AU - Blank, Peter J. AU - Sauer, John R. AU - Royle, J. Andrew T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Understanding interactions between mobile species distributions and landcover characteristics remains an outstanding challenge in ecology. Multiple factors could explain species distributions including endogenous evolutionary traits leading to conspecific clustering and endogenous habitat features that support life history requirements. Birds are a useful taxon for examining hypotheses about the relative importance of these factors among species in a community. We developed a hierarchical Bayes approach to model the relationships between bird species occupancy and local landcover variables accounting for spatial autocorrelation, species similarities, and partial observability. We fit alternative occupancy models to detections of 90 bird species observed during repeat visits to 316 point-counts forming a 400-m grid throughout the Patuxent Wildlife Research Refuge in Maryland, USA. Models with landcover variables performed significantly better than our autologistic and null models, supporting the hypothesis that local landcover heterogeneity is important as an exogenous driver for species distributions. Conspecific clustering alone was a comparatively poor descriptor of local community composition, but there was evidence for spatial autocorrelation in all species. Considerable uncertainty remains whether landcover combined with spatial autocorrelation is most parsimonious for describing bird species distributions at a local scale. Spatial structuring may be weaker at intermediate scales within which dispersal is less frequent, information flows are localized, and landcover types become spatially diversified and therefore exhibit little aggregation. Examining such hypotheses across species assemblages contributes to our understanding of community-level associations with conspecifics and landscape composition. DA - 2013/2/5/ PY - 2013/2/5/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0055097 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CHARACTERIZATION OF CAMPYLOBACTER FROM RESIDENT CANADA GEESE IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT AU - Rutledge, M. Elizabeth AU - Siletzky, Robin M. AU - Gu, Weimin AU - Degernes, Laurel A. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Waterfowl are natural reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens, and abundant resident (nonmigratory) Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) in urban and suburban environments pose the potential for transmission of Campylobacter through human contact with fecal deposits and contaminated water. In June 2008 and July 2009, we collected 318 fecal samples from resident Canada Geese at 21 locations in and around Greensboro, North Carolina, to test for Campylobacter. All campylobacter species detected were C. jejuni isolates, and prevalences in 2008 and 2009 were 5.0% and 16.0%, respectively. Prevalence of C. jejuni-positive sampling sites was 21% (3/14) and 40% (6/15) in 2008 and 2009, respectively. All C. jejuni isolates were susceptible to a panel of six antimicrobial agents (tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin). We used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and fla-typing to identify several strain types among these isolates. Multilocus sequence typing of representative isolates revealed six sequence types, of which two (ST-3708 and ST-4368) were new, two (ST-702 and ST-4080) had been detected previously among C. jejuni from geese, and two (ST-991 and ST-4071) were first reported in C. jejuni from an environmental water source and a human illness, respectively. These results indicate a diverse population of antibiotic-susceptible C. jejuni in resident Canada Geese in and around Greensboro, North Carolina, and suggest a need for additional assessment of the public health risk associated with resident Canada Geese in urban and suburban areas. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.7589/2011-10-287 VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 1-9 SN - 0090-3558 KW - Branta canadensis KW - Campylobacter jejuni KW - resident Canada Geese KW - strain types KW - waterfowl KW - zoonotic disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Maggi, Ricardo G. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne AU - Toliver, Marcee AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii has not been detected previously in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We tested whole blood from 60 white-tailed deer for Bartonella spp. DNA; three (5%) were positive for Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. This is the first detection of Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in white-tailed deer. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.7589/2012-11-286 VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - 468-470 SN - 0090-3558 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Susceptibility of provenances and families of Pinus maximinoi and Pinus tecunumanii to frost in South Africa AU - Mitchell, R. G. AU - Wingfield, M. J. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Coutinho, T. A. T2 - NEW FORESTS AB - The future of South Africa’s most important pine species, Pinus patula, is threatened by the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum. Pinus maximinoi and P. tecunumanii represent two subtropical species that provide an alternative to planting P. patula on the warmer sites of South Africa. Extending the planting range of P. tecunumanii and P. maximinoi to include higher and colder altitude sites will reduce the area planted to P. patula and the risk of F. circinatum. During 2007 progeny trials of P. tecunumanii and P. maximinoi were planted on a sub-tropical and sub-temperate site. Shortly after the establishment of these trials, unusually cold weather conditions were experienced across South Africa (−3°C at the sub-temperate site) resulting in severe mortality. This provided the opportunity to assess the variation in survival as a measure of frost tolerance within these two species to determine whether it could be improved upon through selection. Results indicated that the variation in survival was under genetic control in P. tecunumanii (h (0,1) 2 = 0.16, h L 2 = 0.27) and P. maximinoi (h (0,1) 2 = 0.11, h L 2 = 0.23) at the sub-temperate site. Correlations in provenance ranking for survival across sites were high for both species. Moderate correlations in family survival for P. tecunumanii (r = 0.52) were found at the two sites. Improvements in cold tolerance can thus be made in both species extending their planting range to include greater areas planted to P. patula thereby limiting the risk of F. circinatum. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.1007/s11056-012-9306-z VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 135-146 SN - 1573-5095 KW - Camcore KW - Genetic diversity KW - Frost susceptibility KW - South Africa KW - Pinus maximinoi KW - Pinus tecunumanii ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overwintering sparrow use of field borders planted as beneficial insect habitat AU - Plush, Charles J. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Orr, David B. AU - Reberg-Horton, Chris T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract Field borders are an effective conservation strategy for providing habitat to overwintering sparrows, and may be a venue through which beneficial insect populations are promoted. However, traditional fallow field borders lack sufficient pollen and nectar sources required to sustain beneficial insect populations; therefore, borders planted to a mix of native prairie flowers and grasses may be needed if increases in beneficial insect populations are desired. Although the value of fallow borders to birds has been established, little is known about bird use of beneficial insect habitats. Using single‐observer transect surveys, we compared overwintering sparrow densities among 4 field border treatments (planted native warm season grasses and prairie flowers, planted prairie flowers only, fallow, and mowed) replicated around 9 organic crop fields from November to March 2009–2010 and 2010–2011. Sparrow densities were 5–10 times lower in mowed borders than in other border treatments in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, but did not differ among planted and fallow borders in either year. Planted field borders may be a useful conservation practice for providing habitat for both overwintering sparrows and beneficial insects. © 2012 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.1002/jwmg.436 VL - 77 IS - 1 SP - 200-206 SN - 0022-541X KW - beneficial insects KW - field borders KW - organic farming KW - sparrows KW - winter habitat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cross-cultural efficacy of American low-impact programs: A comparison between Garhwal guide beliefs on environmental behavior and American outdoor travel norms AU - Serenari, Christopher AU - Bosak, Keith AU - Attarian, Aram T2 - TOURISM MANAGEMENT AB - In America, recreationists on public lands are expected to follow behavioral norms codified through low-impact programs. Such programs have been exported to countries all over the world with little or no critical thought about their efficacy in other cultural contexts. The present study examined the normative assumptions of the Leave No Trace program in the context of adventure tourism guides in the Garhwal Himalaya of India to determine the efficacy of implementing such programs in a different cultural context. We identified what salient beliefs prompt whitewater rafting and trekking guides' intention to perform pro-environmental behavior. We then compared the results with the belief system used for the basis of Leave No Trace. Results revealed that an American appeal to personal responsibility in Garhwal may not succeed for a variety of reasons. This study helps lay a foundation for much needed research on pro-environmental behavior and improved resource management techniques in the Indian Himalaya. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.03.010 VL - 34 SP - 50-60 SN - 1879-3193 KW - Tourism impacts KW - Ethics KW - Leave No Trace KW - Guides KW - India ER -