TY - CHAP TI - Advances and applications of biofiber-based polymer composites T2 - Advances in Bio-Based Fiber: Moving Towards a Green Society AB - Biofiber (BF)-based polymer composites have huge impact globally due to sustainability along with renewability effect. Over the past few decades, BFs such as bamboo, kenaf, cotton, jute, and so on have been well investigated with a several composite approach. Numerous research works have been done on the potentiality of BF-based reinforced composites. Besides, several critical advanced applications are also explored using these composites. Thus the demand for such composites is growing faster. This review targets to sum up the recent advances and applications of BF-based polymer composites, which is crucial for researchers and manufacturing engineers as well as to continue the use of green composites in the future. PY - 2021/12/1/ DO - 10.1016/b978-0-12-824543-9.00007-4 SP - 213–235 , UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-824543-9.00007-4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Artificial Neural Network Modeling to Analyze the Thermal Protective and Thermo-Physiological Comfort Performance of Textile Fabrics Used in Oilfield Workers’ Clothing AU - Mandal, Sumit AU - Mazumder, Nur-Us-Shafa AU - Agnew, Robert J. AU - Grover, Indu Bala AU - Song, Guowen AU - Li, Rui T2 - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health AB - Most of the fatalities and injuries of oilfield workers result from inadequate protection and comfort by their clothing under various work hazards and ambient environments. Both the thermal protective performance and thermo-physiological comfort performance of textile fabrics used in clothing significantly contribute to the mitigation of workers' skin burns and heat-stress-related deaths. This study aimed to apply the ANN modeling approach to analyze clothing performance considering the wearers' sweat moisture and the microclimate air gap that is generated in between their body and clothing. Firstly, thermal protective and thermo-physiological comfort performance of fire protective textiles used in oilfield workers' clothing were characterized. Different fabric properties (e.g., thickness, weight, fabric count), thermal protective performance, and thermo-physiological comfort performance were measured. The key fabric property that affects thermal protective and thermo-physiological performance was identified as thickness by statistical analysis. The ANN modeling approach could be successfully implemented to analyze the performance of fabrics in order to predict the performance more conveniently based on the fabric properties. It is expected that the developed models could inform on-duty oilfield workers about protective and thermo-physiological comfort performance and provide them with occupational health and safety. DA - 2021/6/30/ PY - 2021/6/30/ DO - 10.3390/ijerph18136991 VL - 18 IS - 13 SP - 6991 J2 - IJERPH LA - en OP - SN - 1660-4601 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136991 DB - Crossref KW - oilfield workers' clothing KW - protective textiles KW - sweat moisture KW - microclimate air gap KW - thermal protective performance KW - thermo-physiological comfort performance ER - TY - CHAP TI - Enzymatic Wet Processing AU - Hoque, Mohammad Toufiqul AU - Mazumder, Nur-Us-Shafa AU - Islam, Mohammad Tajul T2 - Sustainable Practices in the Textile Industry AB - Conventional textile wet processing is characterized by a high concentration of chemicals and very high temperatures, which can have considerable negative effects on the environment and energy consumption. Enzymes are one of the paramount interests in textile wet processing towards sustainable development and low energy consumption. Enzymes have been successfully used in many textile processes such as desizing, bio scouring, biopolishing, and bio stoning. Different studies also describe how enzymes could be used for the decolorization of dyes from textile effluents. There is evidence of improved dyeability of different fibers like cellulose and nylon when treated with enzymes before dyeing. In this chapter, the history, definition, functions, and different types of enzymes will be discussed. Enzymes used in different textile processes such as pretreatment, washing, and fishing will be described briefly. This chapter will also give insight into the enzymes used for the decolorization of dyes from the effluent, and for increasing the dyeability of cotton and nylon fibers. PY - 2021/8/30/ DO - 10.1002/9781119818915.ch4 SP - 87-110 PB - Wiley UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119818915.ch4 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Flame Retardant Finish for Textile Fibers AU - Mazumder, N.U.S. AU - Islam, M.T. T2 - Innovative and Emerging Technologies for Textile Dyeing and Finishing AB - Both commercially and domestically textiles are used commonly, and they are widely used in the interior of both housing and industrial facilities. The fibers used for making these textiles come from naturally occurring polymers such ascellulose, protein, keratin, etc., or from synthetic polymers- polyamide, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose acetate, etc. All these fibers are highly flammable and combustible, and pose serious fire hazard in case of fire accident. Statistics says that over 70% of fire deaths in dwelling are caused by textiles. In many cases, to prevent fire and save lives it is needed to give fireproof properties to textiles. Therefore, flame retardant finish is one of the important finishes among the various available functional finishings of textiles. This chapter will discuss the history and importance of flame retardant finish, types of available flame retardant finish. The factors affecting the flammability and the standard test method for testing flame retardancy of textiles also will be discussed. This chapter will also give an insight into the advancement of flame retardant synthetic fibers and environment issues related to flame retardant agents. PY - 2021/1/22/ DO - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119710288.ch13 SP - 373–405 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119710288.ch13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization and Modeling of Thermal Protective and Thermo-Physiological Comfort Performance of Polymeric Textile Materials—A Review AU - Mandal, Sumit AU - Mazumder, Nur-Us-Shafa AU - Agnew, Robert J. AU - Song, Guowen AU - Li, Rui T2 - Materials AB - In 2017, more than 60,000 firefighters and oilfield-workers injuries and fatalities occurred while they were working under various thermal hazards such as flame, radiant heat, steam, etc., or due to their significant heat stress related discomfort. The majority of these burn injuries and fatalities results from an inadequate protection and comfort provided by firefighters' and oilfield-workers' fire protective polymeric textile materials used in their workwear. Hence, both the thermal protective and thermo-physiological comfort performance of fabrics used in workwear significantly contribute to limit firefighters' and oilfield-workers' skin burns and heat stress. Considering this, previous studies have focused on characterizing and developing empirical models to predict the protective and comfort performance based on physical properties of the fabrics. However, there are still some technical knowledge gaps in the existing literature related to this. This paper critically reviewed the literature on characterization and modeling of thermal protective and thermo-physiological comfort performance of fire protective textile fabric materials. The key issues in this field have been indicated in order to provide direction for the future research and advance this scientific field for better protection and comfort of the firefighters and oilfield-workers. DA - 2021/5/5/ PY - 2021/5/5/ DO - 10.3390/ma14092397 VL - 14 IS - 9 SP - 2397 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092397 KW - polymeric textiles KW - textile fabrics KW - thermal protective performance KW - thermo-physiological comfort performance KW - hazardous environment KW - ambient environment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identifying factors that contribute to structural firefighter heat strain in North America AU - Barker, Roger AU - Fang, Xiaomeng AU - Deaton, Shawn AU - DenHartog, Emiel AU - Gao, Huipu AU - Tutterow, Robert AU - Schmid, Marni T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS AB - This article describes results from a survey of firefighters designed to identify conditions that contribute to heat strain in structural firefighting. Based on responses from about 3000 firefighters across the USA and Canada, the article provides invaluable information about how firefighters associate environmental conditions, work tasks and other factors with heat strain. One-half of firefighters surveyed have experienced heat stress during their service. They can wear fully deployed turnout gear for 2 h or more at the fire scene, reinforcing the importance of turnout suit breathability as a factor in heat strain. Survey results are useful in weighing the comparative value of total heat loss (THL) and evaporative heat resistance (Ref) for predicting turnout-related heat strain. Survey findings support the inclusion of a performance criterion in the National Fire Protection Association 1971 standard for firefighter personal protective equipment based on limiting Ref of turnout materials along with current THL requirement. DA - 2021/11/11/ PY - 2021/11/11/ DO - 10.1080/10803548.2021.1987024 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2376-9130 KW - firefighters' heat strain KW - North America KW - survey KW - thermal environments KW - personal protective equipment KW - turnout gear KW - work load KW - time distribution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of environmental temperature and humidity on evaporative heat loss through firefighter suit materials made with semi-permeable and microporous moisture barriers AU - Gao, Huipu AU - Deaton, Anthoney Shawn AU - Fang, Xiaomeng AU - Watson, Kyle AU - DenHartog, Emiel A. AU - Barker, Roger T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - The goal of this research was to understand how firefighter protective suits perform in different operational environments. This study used a sweating guarded hotplate to examine the effect of environmental temperature (20–45°C) and relative humidity (25–85% RH) on evaporative heat loss through firefighter turnout materials. Four firefighter turnout composites containing three different bi-component (semi-permeable) and one microporous moisture barriers were selected. The results showed that the evaporative resistance of microporous moisture barrier systems was independent of environmental testing conditions. However, absorbed moisture strongly affected evaporative heat loss through semi-permeable moisture barriers coated with a layer of nonporous hydrophilic polymer. Moisture absorption in mild environment (20–25°C) tests, or when testing at high humidity (>85% RH), significantly increased water vapor transmission in semi-permeable turnout systems. It was also found that environmental conditions used in the total heat loss (THL) test (25°C and 65% RH) produced moisture condensation in bi-component barrier systems, making them appear more breathable than could be expected when worn in hotter environments. Regression models successfully qualified the relationships between moisture uptake levels in semi-permeable barrier systems and evaporative resistance and THL. These findings reveal the limitations in relying on THL, the heat strain index currently called for by the NFPA 1971 Standard for Structural Firefighter personal protective equipment, and supports the need to measure turnout evaporative resistance at 35°C (Ret), in addition to THL at 25°C. DA - 2021/7/22/ PY - 2021/7/22/ DO - 10.1177/00405175211026537 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1746-7748 KW - Moisture barrier KW - evaporative resistance KW - heat stress KW - firefighter KW - protective clothing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of firefighting hood design, laundering and doffing on smoke protection, heat stress, and wearability AU - Kesler, Richard M. AU - Mayer, Alex AU - Fent, Kenneth W. AU - Chen, I-Chen AU - Deaton, A. Shawn AU - Ormond, R. Bryan AU - Smith, Denise L. AU - Wilkinson, Andrea AU - Kerber, Steve AU - Horn, Gavin P. T2 - Ergonomics AB - Firefighter hoods must provide protection from elevated temperatures and products of combustion (e.g. particulate) while simultaneously being wearable (comfortable and not interfering with firefighting activities). The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of (1) hood design (traditional knit hood vs particulate-blocking hood), (2) repeated laundering, and (3) hood removal method (traditional vs overhead doffing) on (a) protection from soot contamination on the neck, (b) heat stress and (c) wearability measures. Using a fireground exposure simulator, 24 firefighters performed firefighting activities in realistic smoke and heat conditions using a new knit hood, new particulate-blocking hood and laundered particulate-blocking hood. Overall, soot contamination levels measured from neck skin were lower when wearing the laundered particulate-blocking hoods compared to new knit hoods, and when using the overhead hood removal process. No significant differences in skin temperature, core temperature, heart rate or wearability measures were found between the hood conditions. Practitioner Summary: The addition of a particulate-blocking layer to firefighters' traditional two-ply hood was found to reduce the PAH contamination reaching the neck but did not affect heat stress measurements or thermal perceptions. Modifying the process for hood removal resulted in a larger reduction in neck skin contamination than design modification. Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; B: new particulate-blocking hood and PPE (PPE configuration); FES: fireground exposure simulator; GI: gastrointestinal; K: new knit hood and PPE (PPE configuration); L: laundered particulate-blocking hood and PPE (PPE configuration); LOD: limit of detection; MLE: maximum likelihood estimation; NFPA: National fire protection association; PAH: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PPE: personal protective equipment; SCBA: self-contained breathing apparatus; THL: total heat loss; TPP: thermal protective performance. DA - 2021/1/4/ PY - 2021/1/4/ DO - 10.1080/00140139.2020.1867241 VL - 1 SP - 1-25 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2020.1867241 KW - Personal protective equipment KW - firefighting KW - chemical exposures KW - heat stress KW - wearability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Headspace sampling-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer as a screening method to thermally extract fireground contaminants from retired firefighting turnout jackets AU - Shinde, Adhiraj AU - Ormond, R. Bryan T2 - FIRE AND MATERIALS AB - Firefighters are at a 1.5 to 2 times greater risk of contracting certain types of cancers as compared to the general population. After preliminary studies, it was evident that contaminated turnout gear and ensemble elements could be linked to heightened cancer rates amongst firefighters. Compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), perfluorinated compounds, phenols, phthalates, brominated flame retardants, dioxins, volatile organic compounds, and many others are present in the contaminated gear, of which many are known carcinogens. A setup of headspace sampler-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer was used to measure the off-gassing of the fabric samples taken from retired field-contaminated turnout jackets. The fabric samples were exposed to a specific temperature and allowed to equilibrate for a fixed time in the HS. A custom reference mix of phenols, phthalates and PAHs was put together to develop standard calibration curves. The compounds off-gassing from the outer shell, thermal liner and the moisture barrier were analyzed and the masses of certain marker compounds were calculated based of the standard calibration curves. The technique could be used as a screening method to thermally extract contaminants from field-contaminated firefighter turnout materials such as jackets, pants, gloves, and so on. DA - 2021/4// PY - 2021/4// DO - 10.1002/fam.2887 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 415-428 SN - 1099-1018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2887 KW - contaminants KW - firefighting KW - gas-chromatography KW - headspace sampling KW - off-gassing KW - PAHs KW - phenols KW - phthalates ER -