TY - JOUR TI - Effectiveness of Venting and Descender Devices at Increasing Rates of Postrelease Survival of Black Sea Bass AU - Rudershausen, P. J. AU - Runde, B. J. AU - Buckel, J. A. T2 - North American Journal of Fisheries Management AB - Abstract We tested the ability of venting and descender (recompression) devices to increase the relative survival of released Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata , a physoclistous reef species with high discard rates in hook‐and‐line fisheries that operate in the U.S. Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. We caught fish via hook and line from waters that were 38 m deep, a depth where Black Sea Bass often exhibit signs of barotrauma and may be unable to submerge after release. Fish were conventionally tagged and vented with either an 11‐gauge cannula or a 16‐gauge needle, descended using a descender (recompression) device, or released as tagged controls (no venting or recompression). Tests of independence were used to determine the relationship between submergence and treatment (excluding recompressed fish) as well as between submergence and tag return rate. Tag‐recapture data were used to inform a Cox proportional hazards model that evaluated the survival of fish treated with each experimental device relative to the control group. A significantly greater proportion of fish submerged when treated with either venting device relative to the controls, and the fish that submerged had a greater proportion of tag returns relative to those that did not submerge. Venting and recompression increased postrelease survival compared with the controls. The results provide guidance to managers who seek methods to reduce discard mortality rates in hook‐and‐line fisheries for this important species. Future studies should examine the use of these devices at a range of depths to determine their effectiveness. DA - 2019/12/3/ PY - 2019/12/3/ DO - 10.1002/nafm.10387 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 125-132 J2 - N American J Fish Manag LA - en OP - SN - 0275-5947 1548-8675 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10387 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Importance of Sample Gear in the Identification of Trophic Guilds and Forage Species in a Large Lagoonal Estuary AU - Binion‐Rock, Samantha M. AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. AU - Rock, Jason E. AU - West, Katy AU - Paramore, Lee M. T2 - Marine and Coastal Fisheries AB - Abstract Food habits in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, are poorly described despite the estuary's large size and importance as nursery and fisheries habitat. We conducted the first multi‐year, multispecies food habits study in Pamlico Sound, sampling the stomach contents of 16,913 predators representing 25 species. Predators were sampled from fisheries‐independent trawl and gill‐net surveys. We used multivariate analyses to compare diets between surveys, used agglomerative hierarchical cluster analyses and similarity profiles to identify significant trophic guilds, and identified forage fish using multiple approaches (qualitative classification criteria, connectance, and supportive role to fishery ecosystems [SURF]). The diets of predators sampled from the trawl survey were significantly different than predators sampled from the gill‐net survey. Mysids and anchovies were more important for trawl‐caught predators, with the majority of those predators belonging to nonpiscivorous guilds. Half of the gill‐net survey predators were piscivorous and relied more heavily on Atlantic Menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus and sciaenids. Differences in the level of piscivory between the surveys are most likely a result of larger predators being sampled in gill nets relative to trawls. There was little agreement among approaches in forage species identification, and only anchovies in the trawl survey were identified as a forage species using all approaches. Quantitative metrics identified forage species (e.g., Spot Leiostomus xanthurus and invertebrates) that were not identified by qualitative classification criteria. Our work shows the effect of gear size selection on estimates of predator diets and the need to use a variety of gears that sample a wide range of predator sizes. Additionally, the identification of forage species requires an evaluation of criteria outside of life history characteristics and a greater emphasis on the contribution of a prey species to a predator's diet. DA - 2019/11/8/ PY - 2019/11/8/ DO - 10.1002/mcf2.10090 VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 393-413 J2 - Mar Coast Fish LA - en OP - SN - 1942-5120 1942-5120 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mcf2.10090 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - SATELLITE ESTIMATION OF COASTAL PCO2 AND AIR-SEA FLUX OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO AU - Lohrenz, Steven AU - Cai, Wei-Jun AU - Chakraborty, Sumit AU - He, Ruoying AU - Tian, Hanqin AB - A key to better constraining estimates of the ocean sink for fossil fuel emissions of carbon dioxide is reducing uncertainties in coastal carbon fluxes. A contributing factor in uncertainties in coastal carbon fluxes stems from the under sampling of seasonality and spatial heterogeneity. Our objectives were to i) assess satellite-based approaches that would expand the spatial and temporal coverage of the surface ocean pCO2 and sea-air CO2 flux for the northern Gulf of Mexico, and ii) investigate the seasonal and interannual variations in CO2 dynamics and possible environmental drivers. Regression tree analysis was effective in directly relating surface ocean pCO2 to satellite-retrieved (MODIS Aqua) products including chlorophyll, sea surface temperature, and dissolved/detrital absorption. Satellite-based assessments of sea surface pCO2 were made spanning the period from 2006-2010 and were used in conjunction with estimates of wind fields and atmospheric pCO2 to produce regional-scale estimates of air-sea fluxes. Seasonality was evident in air-sea fluxes of CO2, with an estimated annual average CO2 flux for the study region of -4.3 + 1.1 Tg C y-1, confirming prior findings that the Gulf of Mexico was a net CO2 sink. Interannual variability in fluxes was related to Mississippi River dissolved inorganic nitrogen inputs, an indication that human- and climate-related changes in river exports will impact coastal carbon budgets. This is the first multi-year assessment of pCO2 and air-sea flux of CO2 using satellite-derived environmental data for the northern Gulf of Mexico. DA - 2019/1/17/ PY - 2019/1/17/ DO - 10.1002/essoar.10500459.1 VL - 1 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10500459.1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Physical and Biochemical Structure Measured by APEX-EM Floats AU - Shay, Lynn K. AU - Brewster, Jodi K. AU - Jaimes, Benjamin AU - Gordon, Christopher AU - Fennel, Katja AU - Furze, Peter AU - Fargher, Hugh AU - He, Ruoying AB - Technology for measuring the deep ocean currents (including temperature and salinity) is now available using the recently Autonomous Profiling Explorer floats with electromagnetic sensors (APEX-EM) recently developed by Teledyne Webb Research. The float acquires temperature and salinity profiles using a Seabird sensor. In addition, the APEX-EM profiling floats were equipped with chemical and bio-optical sensors: Aanderaa Optode sensor measuring dissolved oxygen, and the WET Labs ECO Puck sensor which combines measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence (proxy of phytoplankton abundance), measurement of backscatter (as proxy of particle concentration) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) fluorescence (incl. fluorophoric oil components). The ECO Puck was specifically designed to minimize space and power requirements for applications in autonomous measuring platforms, and is rated for sampling to 2000 m depth. Such technological advancements bringing together the physical and biochemical measurements have relevance on the response to subsurface oil spills such as Deepwater Horizon. Here we explore the impacts of wind-driven current on the biochemical response during the passage of a cold front in early May 2017 using profiles from multiple floats and shipboard data. During the frontal passage, surface friction velocity associated with the wind stress approached values of 0.6 m/s that forced strong near-inertial currents in the upper ocean of 0.75 m/s. The associated shear forced layer deepening of more than 20 m over the two days of frontal passage. The biochemical response indicated a dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll fluorescence maxima at depths of 90-100 m during the event. This deep chlorophyll maximum tends to correspond to the oxycline lying between the 24-25 isopycnal in temperature and salinity space. During this period the floats resolved these responses as continuous measurements were acquired over time scales of a few hours. Thus, this float technology enables investigators to look more closely at the upper ocean response to strong forcing events that impacts biochemistry and hydrocarbon dispersion. Note that sampling rates can changed by updating mission profiles from continuous to profiling modes between specific depths to once every five to ten days to depths of up to 2000 m by changing the piston counts on the missions. C2 - 2019/3// C3 - 2019 IEEE/OES Twelfth Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurement (CWTM) DA - 2019/3// DO - 10.1109/CWTM43797.2019.8955168 PB - IEEE UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/CWTM43797.2019.8955168 ER - TY - CONF TI - Reassessing Mediterranean tectonics and earthquake hazard from the 365 AD earthquake AU - Ott, R. AU - Gallen, S. AU - Ueda, K. AU - Wegmann, K. AU - Willett, S. C2 - 2019/// C3 - Geophysical Research Abstracts DA - 2019/// VL - 21 SP - 1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Field-based assessment of pit crater chains AU - Kling, C.L. AU - Byrne, P.K. AU - Wyrick, D.Y. AU - Wegmann, K.W. T2 - 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference C2 - 2019/// C3 - 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference CY - Woodlands, TX DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Landscape evolution comparison between Valles Marineris, Mars, and the Rio Chama Canyon, New Mexico AU - Chesnutt, J.M. AU - Wegmann, K.W. AU - Szymanski, E.D. AU - Byrne, P.K. AU - Kling, C.L. T2 - 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference C2 - 2019/// C3 - 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference CY - Woodlands, TX DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Landscape evolution comparison between Valles Marineris, Mars and the Rio Chama Canyon, New Mexico, USA AU - Chesnutt, J.M. AU - Wegmann, K.W. AU - Szymanski, E.D. AU - Byrne, P.K. AU - Kling, C.L. T2 - 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference C2 - 2019/// C3 - 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference CY - Woodlands, TX DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/3/18/ SP - 2132 ER - TY - CONF TI - Robert Begole's 'Early Man' Sites in the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park: New Research on Lithics in Desert Pavements in Hyperarid Environments AU - Runnels, C. AU - Murray, P. AU - Holcomb, J. AU - Wegmann, K. AU - Eppes, M.C. AU - Sharp, W.D. A2 - Holen, S. A2 - Connors, R. C2 - 2019/// C3 - International Conference on Early Humans in the Americas DA - 2019/// PB - Colorado Desert Archaeology Society ER - TY - CONF TI - Field-based assessment of pit crater chains AU - Kling, C.L. AU - Byrne, P.K. AU - Wyrick, D.Y. AU - Wegmann, K.W. AU - Bohnenstiehl, D.R. T2 - 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference C2 - 2019/// C3 - 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference CY - Woodlands, TX DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/3/18/ SP - 2132 ER - TY - CONF TI - Synconvergent Extension and the AD 365 earthquake: Implications for seismic and tsunami hazards in the eastern Mediterranean AU - Ott, R. AU - Gallen, S. AU - Wegmann, K.W. AU - Ueda, K. T2 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting C2 - 2019/// C3 - American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/12// SP - T41J-0261 ER - TY - RPRT TI - 1:24,000 scale Surficial and Bedrock Geologic Map of the Rio Chama Canyon Corridor, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico AU - Chesnutt, J.M. AU - Wegmann, K. AU - Szymanski, E. AU - Kling, C. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// M3 - Unpublished Map for NCGMP EDMAP Program PB - North Carolina State University UR - https://go.ncsu.edu/rio-chama-corridor-geo-project ER - TY - CONF TI - Morphometry and timing of major crustal shortening structures on Mars AU - Atkins, R.M. AU - Byrne, P.K. AU - Wegmann, K.W. T2 - 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference C2 - 2019/// C3 - 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference CY - Woodlands, TX DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/3/18/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Mid-Holocene earthquake-triggered landslides changed drainage patterns and forced genetic drift in a population of rainbow trout at Lake Crescent on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State AU - Wegmann, K.W. AU - Leithold, E.L. C2 - 2019/// C3 - Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs DA - 2019/// DO - 10.1130/abs/2019AM-341189 VL - 51 M1 - 5 ER - TY - CONF TI - Characterizing channel head response to anthropogenic landscape modification AU - Atkins, R.M. AU - Wegmann, K.W. C2 - 2019/// C3 - Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs DA - 2019/// DO - 10.1130/abs/2019am-337542 VL - 51 M1 - 5 ER - TY - CONF TI - GeoJourney: Improving undergraduate pathways into the geosciences through an outdoor experiential high school-to-university bridge course AU - Atkins, R.M. AU - Wegmann, K.W. AU - Brewer, C. AU - McConnell, D. C2 - 2019/// C3 - Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs DA - 2019/// DO - 10.1130/abs/2019AM-337509 VL - 51 M1 - 5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oyster Mariculture in Puerto Rico- A Preliminary Evaluation of Methods and Feasibility AU - Hertler, H. AU - Ramirez-Toro, G. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - World Aquaculture DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// VL - 50 SP - 39–44 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Dissolved, Colloidal, and Particulate Organic Matter in the Gulf of Mexico AU - Osburn, C.L. AU - Margolin, A.R. AU - Guo, L.D. AU - Bianchi, T.S. AU - Hansell, D.A. T2 - Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota, Volume 5, Chemical Oceanography A2 - Bianchi, T. S. PY - 2019/// PB - Texas A&M University Press ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Politics and Governance of Mitigation AU - Taylor, Kristin AU - Birkland, Thomas T2 - The Routledge Handbook of Urban Disaster Resilience PY - 2019/7/30/ DO - 10.4324/9781315714462-5 SP - 76-91 OP - PB - Routledge SN - 9781315714462 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315714462-5 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Science Breakthroughs to Advance Food and Agricultural Research by 2030 DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.17226/25059 SE - 1-228 ER - TY - ER - TY - ER - TY - JOUR TI - Breaking the Ice: ISE to Play Key Role in Shaping Arctic’s Future AU - Sharkey, Thomas C. AU - Birkland, Thomas AU - Grabowski, Martha AU - Lowe, Marie AU - Wallace, William T2 - ISE Magazine DA - 2019/11// PY - 2019/11// VL - 51 IS - 11 SP - 28-33 ER - TY - BOOK TI - An introduction to the policy process: theories, concepts, and models of public policy making AU - Birkland, Thomas A. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// ET - Fourth Edition PB - Routledge ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Environmental Assessment of the North and South Carolina Coasts AU - Mallin, Michael AU - Burkholder, Joann AU - Cahoon, Lawrence AU - Grogan, Amy AU - Sanger, Denise AU - Smith, Erik T2 - WORLD SEAS: AN ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION, VOL I: EUROPE, THE AMERICAS AND WEST AFRICA, 2ND EDITION AB - Coastal waters of the Carolinas include some magnificent resources that are increasingly degraded from upstream pollution and poorly controlled local development. Escalating water demands have rapidly depressed coastal water tables. Upper watershed industries, cities, and croplands contaminate coastal riverine potable source waters with a wide array of unregulated/poorly regulated toxic substances, and with nutrients that fuel nuisance algal blooms. Industrialized livestock production adds fecal microbes and many other contaminants to surface and groundwaters. Toxic cyanobacteria blooms have spread into newly affected freshwaters including potable source waters. Physical reengineering of coastal landscapes with numerous detention ponds has created ideal incubation sites for noxious estuarine/marine dinoflagellate and raphidiophycean blooms. Stormwater runoff from sprawling coastal development alters the sediment composition and benthic fauna of receiving waters, while also adding toxic chemicals and fecal contaminants that threaten human health and seafood safety. These impacts are expected to be exacerbated by warming trends in climate change. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-805068-2.00044-9 SP - 405-426 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Health assessment of Conolophus subcristatus, Conolophus pallidus, and C. subcristatus X Amblyrhynchus cristatus hybrid (Galapagos land iguanas) AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Grijalva, Colon J. AU - Calle, Paul P. AU - Ingerman, Karen AU - Pablo Munoz-Perez, Juan AU - Quezada, Galo AU - Vera, Carlos A. AU - Gentile, Gabriele AU - Valle, Carlos A. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - The land iguanas, Conolophus pallidus and Conolophus subcristatu are large and charismatic lizards endemic to the Galápagos archipelago, but little information exists on their normal health parameters. The former is restricted to Santa Fe island, while C. subcristatus inhabits the islands of the central and western region of the archipelago. Both species are classified as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. As part of a population health assessment authorized by the Galápagos National Park, wild adult iguanas from three islands (North Seymour, South Plazas, and Santa Fe) were captured in July 2018. Data from a single C. subcristatus X Amblyrhynchus cristatus hybrid captured on South Plazas is also included. We analyzed blood samples drawn from 52 healthy wild adult land iguanas captured on three islands. An iSTAT portable blood analyzer was used to obtain values for pH, lactate, pO2, pCO2, HCO3-, sO2%, hematocrit, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin Na, K, iCa, and glucose. Standard laboratory hematology techniques were employed for PCV determination; resulting values were also compared to the hematocrit values generated by the iSTAT. Body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body measurements were also recorded and compared to previously published data for the marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), which shares a common ancestor with the land iguana. The data reported here provide preliminary baseline values that may be useful in comparisons between captive and wild populations, between wild populations, and in detecting changes in health status among Galápagos land iguanas affected by anthropogenic threats, climate change, or natural disturbances. DA - 2019/10/16/ PY - 2019/10/16/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0222884 VL - 14 IS - 10 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mid-Ocean Ridge Seismicity AU - Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. AU - Dziak, Robert P. T2 - ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OCEAN SCIENCES, VOL 4: SEAFLOOR PROCESSES, 3RD EDITION DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11489-7 SP - 391-404 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Global Marine Silica Budget: Sources and Sinks AU - DeMaster, David J. T2 - ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OCEAN SCIENCES, VOL 1: MARINE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, 3RD EDITION AB - This article presents a review of the sources of dissolved silicate to the marine environment and the associated sinks (i.e., burial sites) of particulate silica (SiO2) in the oceans. The dominant sources of dissolved silicate to the oceans are from rivers, groundwater, rainfall, and hydrothermal vent flux, whereas the dominant removal mechanisms for silica are the burial of marine diatoms in nearshore, continental margin, and deep-sea sediments. Burial of silica as sponge spicules and authigenic clay minerals certainly occurs, but they are expected to make a small contribution to the overall marine silica budget. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10799-7 SP - 473-483 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Possible Wintertime Sources of Fine Particles in an Urban Environment AU - Meskhidze, Nicholas AU - Jaimes‐Correa, Juan C. AU - Petters, Markus D. AU - Royalty, Taylor M. AU - Phillips, Brittany N. AU - Zimmerman, Alyssa AU - Reed, Robert T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres AB - Abstract Local sources of particles and precursor gases have long been considered as the major control for the ground‐level particle number concentration in an urban environment. Here we show the existence of two distinct sources. The first source was detectable during morning and afternoon rush hours and was defined by high black carbon concentrations. Particle number concentration inversely correlated with the local planetary boundary layer height. The particle size distributions were characterized by a wide range of modal diameters and did not exhibit detectable modal growth. This source was attributed to vehicular emissions. The second source yielded particle number concentration comparable to those during the rush hours and was detected six times over the 3‐week measurement campaign. Small particles produced by this source were recorded during the midday after the diminishment of the rush‐hour traffic effects. The particles exhibited prolonged modal growth over 8 hr, which may indicate a regional scale nucleation event. The data suggest that these particles were likely formed above the nocturnal boundary layer after sunrise and were subsequently transported to the surface through convective mixing. Overall, the nocturnal and convective boundary layer evolution was found to be closely associated with the of small particle event and the most important factor affecting the ground‐level particle number concentration. Shallow nocturnal boundary layers trapped pollution near the ground leading to particle number concentrations over 10 4 cm −3 . DA - 2019/12/3/ PY - 2019/12/3/ DO - 10.1029/2019jd031367 VL - 124 IS - 23 SP - 13055-13070 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. LA - en OP - SN - 2169-897X 2169-8996 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031367 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supplementary material to "Net heterotrophy and carbonate dissolution in two subtropical seagrass meadows" AU - Dam, Bryce R. Van AU - Lopes, Christian AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Fourqurean, James W. DA - 2019/5/22/ PY - 2019/5/22/ DO - 10.5194/bg-2019-191-supplement VL - 5 UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-191-supplement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Net heterotrophy and carbonate dissolution in two subtropical seagrass meadows AU - Dam, Bryce R. Van AU - Lopes, Christian AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Fourqurean, James W. AB - Abstract. The net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of two contrasting seagrass meadows within one of the largest seagrass ecosystems in the world, Florida Bay, was assessed using direct measurements over consecutive diel cycles. We report significant differences between NEP determined by dissolved inorganic carbon (NEPDIC) and by dissolved oxygen (NEPDO), likely driven by differences in air-water gas exchange and contrasting responses to variations in light intensity. In this first direct determination of NEPDIC in seagrasses, we found that both seagrass ecosystems were net heterotrophic, on average, despite large differences in seagrass net aboveground primary productivity. Net ecosystem calcification (NEC) was also negative, indicating that both sites were net dissolving of carbonate minerals. We suggest that a combination of carbonate dissolution and respiration in sediments exceeded seagrass primary production and calcification, supporting our negative NEP and NEC measurements. Furthermore, a simple budget analysis indicates that these two seagrass meadows have contrasting impacts on pH buffering of adjacent systems, due to variations in the TA : DIC export ratio. The results of this study highlight the need for better temporal resolution, as well as accurate carbonate chemistry accounting in future seagrass metabolism studies. DA - 2019/5/22/ PY - 2019/5/22/ DO - 10.5194/bg-2019-191 VL - 5 UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-191 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating Discard Mortality for Dolphinfish in a Recreational Hook‐and‐Line Fishery AU - Rudershausen, Paul J. AU - Poland, Stephen J. AU - Merten, Wessley AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. T2 - North American Journal of Fisheries Management AB - Abstract Minimum length limits are used to manage Dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus in the U.S. South Atlantic, but rates of discard mortality are unknown for this fishery and others throughout the species' worldwide range. We estimated discard mortality for Dolphinfish in the U.S. South Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico recreational hook‐and‐line fishery by using conventional tag–recapture data. Overall, 4,648 Dolphinfish were tagged in these areas between 2002 and 2018 through the efforts of cooperating (fishery‐dependent) taggers as well as research scientists who employed gear types and fishing styles representative of the recreational fishery for this species. The condition of each tagged and released fish was classified as good or poor depending on hook trauma, bleeding, and postrelease swimming behavior. Numbers of tagged and recaptured fish in each release condition were used to estimate condition‐specific discard mortality by fitting a relative risk model. The model assumption of 100% survival of fish in good condition was scaled downward by using numbers of dying fish in good condition from tank holding and satellite tagging experiments. An overall median rate of discard mortality (0.248; 95% credible interval = 0.053–0.389) for the fishery was estimated by summing the products of each condition‐specific mortality rate and the proportion released in each condition. Given relatively high discard mortality rates (>20%), the results suggest that alternative management strategies (e.g., mandatory retention of hook‐traumatized individuals contributing to a bag limit, regardless of size), educating fishers on the use of alternative gear types (e.g., circle hooks), modifying fishing practices (e.g., trolling with heavy drags to reduce rates of deep hooking), or a combination thereof may be more effective solutions than minimum size or bag limits to control the rates of fishing mortality for Dolphinfish. DA - 2019/11// PY - 2019/11// DO - 10.1002/nafm.10348 VL - 39 IS - 6 SP - 1143-1154 J2 - N American J Fish Manag LA - en OP - SN - 0275-5947 1548-8675 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10348 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perspective on identifying and characterizing the processes controlling iron speciation and residence time at the atmosphere-ocean interface AU - Meskhidze, Nicholas AU - Voelker, Christoph AU - Al-Abadleh, Hind A. AU - Barbeau, Katherine AU - Bressac, Matthieu AU - Buck, Clifton AU - Bundy, Randelle M. AU - Croot, Peter AU - Feng, Yan AU - Ito, Akinori AU - Johansen, Anne M. AU - Landing, William M. AU - Mao, Jingqiu AU - Myriokefalitakis, Stelios AU - Ohnemus, Daniel AU - Pasquier, Benoit AU - Ye, Ying T2 - MARINE CHEMISTRY AB - It is well recognized that the atmospheric deposition of iron (Fe) affects ocean productivity, atmospheric CO2 uptake, ecosystem diversity, and overall climate. Despite significant advances in measurement techniques and modeling efforts, discrepancies persist between observations and models that hinder accurate predictions of processes and their global effects. Here, we provide an assessment report on where the current state of knowledge is and where future research emphasis would have the highest impact in furthering the field of Fe atmosphere-ocean biogeochemical cycle. These results were determined through consensus reached by diverse researchers from the oceanographic and atmospheric science communities with backgrounds in laboratory and in situ measurements, modeling, and remote sensing. We discuss i) novel measurement methodologies and instrumentation that allow detection and speciation of different forms and oxidation states of Fe in deliquesced mineral aerosol, cloud/rainwater, and seawater; ii) oceanic models that treat Fe cycling with several external sources and sinks, dissolved, colloidal, particulate, inorganic, and organic ligand-complexed forms of Fe, as well as Fe in detritus and phytoplankton; and iii) atmospheric models that consider natural and anthropogenic sources of Fe, mobilization of Fe in mineral aerosols due to the dissolution of Fe-oxides and Fe-substituted aluminosilicates through proton-promoted, organic ligand-promoted, and photo-reductive mechanisms. In addition, the study identifies existing challenges and disconnects (both fundamental and methodological) such as i) inconsistencies in Fe nomenclature and the definition of bioavailable Fe between oceanic and atmospheric disciplines, and ii) the lack of characterization of the processes controlling Fe speciation and residence time at the atmosphere-ocean interface. Such challenges are undoubtedly caused by extremely low concentrations, short lifetime, and the myriad of physical, (photo)chemical, and biological processes affecting global biogeochemical cycling of Fe. However, we also argue that the historical division (separate treatment of Fe biogeochemistry in oceanic and atmospheric disciplines) and the classical funding structures (that often create obstacles for transdisciplinary collaboration) are also hampering the advancement of knowledge in the field. Finally, the study provides some specific ideas and guidelines for laboratory studies, field measurements, and modeling research required for improved characterization of global biogeochemical cycling of Fe in relationship with other trace elements and essential nutrients. The report is intended to aid scientists in their work related to Fe biogeochemistry as well as program managers at the relevant funding agencies. DA - 2019/11/20/ PY - 2019/11/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.marchem.2019.103704 VL - 217 SP - SN - 1872-7581 KW - Atmosphere-ocean interaction KW - Iron biogeochemistry KW - Bioaccessible and bioavailable iron KW - Atmospheric and oceanic models ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sorption of copper and phosphate to diverse biogenic iron (oxyhydr) oxide deposits AU - Field, Hannah R. AU - Whitaker, Andrew H. AU - Henson, Joshua A. AU - Duckworth, Owen W. T2 - SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT AB - Iron (Fe) transformations partially control the biogeochemical cycling of biologically and environmentally important elements, such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and trace metals. In marine and freshwater environments, iron oxidizing bacteria commonly promote the oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe(II)) at circumneutral oxic-anoxic interfaces, resulting in the formation of mineral-organic composites known as biogenic Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides (BIOS). Previous studies have examined the microbial ecology, composition, morphology, and sorption reactivity of BIOS. However, a broad survey of BIOS properties and sorption reactivity is lacking. To further explore these relationships, this study utilized X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to characterize the Fe mineral species, acid digestions and elemental analysis to determine composition, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis to measure specific surface area, and copper (Cu) and phosphorus (P) adsorption experiments at concentrations designed to measure maximum sorption to evaluate reactivity of BIOS samples collected in lakes and streams of the North Carolina Piedmont. Sample composition varied widely, with Fe and C content ranging from 6.3 to 34% and 3.4–13%, respectively. XAS spectra were best fit with 42–100% poorly crystalline Fe (oxyhydr)oxides, with the remainder composed of crystalline Fe minerals and organic complexes. On a sorbent mass basis, Cu and P sorption varied by a factor of two and 15, respectively. Regression analyses reveal interrelationships between physicochemical properties, and suggest that differences in P binding are driven by sorption to Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide surfaces. In total, results suggest that the physical and chemical characteristics of organic and Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide phases in BIOS interplay to control the sorption of solutes, and thus influence nutrient and contaminant cycling in soil and natural waters. DA - 2019/12/20/ PY - 2019/12/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134111 VL - 697 SP - SN - 1879-1026 KW - Sorption KW - Metals KW - Copper KW - Biominerals KW - Iron (Oxyhydr)oxides KW - Phosphate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testicular activity and epididymal sperm collection from American black bears in November AU - Archibald, Kate E. AU - Baltutis, Kristina AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Bailey, C. Scott T2 - URSUS AB - Prolonged reproductive behavior of American black bears (Ursus americanus) has been reported in the southeastern United States compared with other regions, but functional spermatogenesis or potential fertility has not previously been described for these bears. Additionally, methods for gamete collection are only in early stages of development for ursids. Testicles were collected from 29 post-pubertal legally hunter-killed black bears in eastern North Carolina, USA, in November 2016. Active spermatogenesis was identified in 48.3% (14/29) of bears via histology. Epididymal sperm collection was attempted via mincing (n = 29), vas deferens flush (n = 24), and percutaneous aspiration (n = 5). Epididymal mincing identified sperm in 78.6%, and vas flush in 53.8%, of bears with spermatogenesis on histology. Percutaneous aspiration was unsuccessful. These findings provide evidence that male bears may maintain reproductive capabilities into the late autumn in this region, and that under the conditions of this study, sperm can be collected via epididymal mincing or vas deferens flush, but not percutaneous aspiration. DA - 2019/5// PY - 2019/5// DO - 10.2192/URSUS-D-18-00015.1 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 101-110 SN - 1938-5439 KW - black bear KW - epididymal sperm KW - North Carolina KW - percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration KW - PESA KW - reproductive seasonality KW - spermatogenesis KW - Ursus americanus KW - vas deferens flush ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stable isotopes reveal independent carbon pools across an Arctic hydro‐climatic gradient: Implications for the fate of carbon in warmer and drier conditions AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Anderson, N. John AU - Leng, Melanie J. AU - Barry, Christopher D. AU - Whiteford, Erika J. T2 - Limnology and Oceanography Letters AB - Abstract Arctic lakes are poised for substantial changes to their carbon (C) cycles in the near future. Autochthonous processes in lakes which consume inorganic C and create biomass that can be sequestered in sediments are accompanied by allochthonous inputs of organic matter from the surrounding watershed. Both C sources can be mineralized and degassed as CO 2 , but also become recalcitrant and accumulate in pelagic waters. Using stable carbon isotope (δ 13 C) values and elemental ratios as geochemical proxies, we investigated diverse organic matter sources to lakes located across a hydro‐climatic gradient in Southwest Greenland. Particulate organic matter (POM) and sediments were clearly of autochthonous algal origin, while dissolved organic matter (DOM) was a mix between autochthonous macrophytes and allochthonous watershed sources. Our results imply that a warmer and drier Arctic will lead to decoupled C pools: a water column dominated by increasingly autochthonous, macrophytic DOM, and sediments dominated by autochthonous algal POM. DA - 2019/9/5/ PY - 2019/9/5/ DO - 10.1002/lol2.10119 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - 205-213 J2 - Limnol Oceanogr LA - en OP - SN - 2378-2242 2378-2242 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10119 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crude Oil and Dispersant Cause Acute Clinicopathological Abnormalities in Hatchling Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - McClellan-Green, Patricia AU - Godfrey, Matthew H. AU - Christiansen, Emily F. AU - Broadhurst, Heather J. AU - Godard-Codding, Celine A. J. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Following the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon MC252 oil rig in 2010, 319 live sea turtles exposed to crude oil and oil-dispersant (Corexit) combinations were admitted to rehabilitation centers for decontamination and treatment. Treatment of oiled sea turtles was guided by expected physiological and pathological effects of crude oil exposure extrapolated from studies in other species and from a single loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) study. While invaluable starting points, inherent limitations to extrapolation, and small sample size of the experimental exposure study, reduce their utility for clinical guidance and for assessing oil spill impacts. Effects of dispersants were not included in the previous experimental exposure study, and cannot be effectively isolated in the analysis of field data from actual spills. A terminal study of pivotal temperature of sex determination using eggs salvaged from doomed loggerhead nests provided an opportunity for an ancillary exposure study to investigate the acute effects of crude oil, dispersant, and a crude oil/dispersant combination in sea turtle hatchlings. Eggs were incubated at 27.2-30.8°C, and hatchlings were randomly assigned to control, oil, dispersant, and combined oil/dispersant exposures for 1 or 4 days. Contaminant exposures were started after a 3 day post-hatching period simulating nest emergence. Turtles were placed in individual glass bowls containing aged seawater and exposed to oil (Gulf Coast-Mixed Crude Oil Sweet, CAS #8002-05-9, 0.833 mL/L) and/or dispersant (Corexit 9500A, 0.083 mL/L), replicating concentrations encountered during oil spills and subsequent response. Statistically significant differences between treatments and non-exposed controls were detected for PCV, AST, uric acid, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, globulin, potassium, and sodium. The principal dyscrasias reflected acute osmolar, electrolyte and hydration challenges that were more numerous and greater in combined oil/dispersant exposures at 4 days. Clinicopathological findings were supported by a failure to gain weight (associated with normal hatchling hydration in seawater) in dispersant and combination exposed hatchlings. These findings can help guide clinical response for sea turtles exposed to crude oil and crude oil/dispersant combinations, and indicate potential impacts on wildlife to consider when deploying dispersants in an oil spill response. DA - 2019/10/15/ PY - 2019/10/15/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2019.00344 VL - 6 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - Caretta caretta KW - corexit KW - crude oil KW - dispersant KW - hematology KW - loggerhead sea turtle KW - plasma biochemistry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Net heterotrophy and carbonate dissolution in two subtropical seagrass meadows AU - Van Dam, Bryce R. AU - Lopes, Christian AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Fourqurean, James W. T2 - BIOGEOSCIENCES AB - Abstract. The net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of two seagrass meadows within one of the largest seagrass ecosystems in the world, Florida Bay, was assessed using direct measurements over consecutive diel cycles during a short study in the fall of 2018. We report significant differences between NEP determined by dissolved inorganic carbon (NEPDIC) and by dissolved oxygen (NEPDO), likely driven by differences in air–water gas exchange and contrasting responses to variations in light intensity. We also acknowledge the impact of advective exchange on metabolic calculations of NEP and net ecosystem calcification (NEC) using the “open-water” approach and attempt to quantify this effect. In this first direct determination of NEPDIC in seagrass, we found that both seagrass ecosystems were net heterotrophic, on average, despite large differences in seagrass net above-ground primary productivity. NEC was also negative, indicating that both sites were net dissolving carbonate minerals. We suggest that a combination of carbonate dissolution and respiration in sediments exceeded seagrass primary production and calcification, supporting our negative NEP and NEC measurements. However, given the limited spatial (two sites) and temporal (8 d) extent of this study, our results may not be representative of Florida Bay as a whole and may be season-specific. The results of this study highlight the need for better temporal resolution, accurate carbonate chemistry accounting, and an improved understanding of physical mixing processes in future seagrass metabolism studies. DA - 2019/11/20/ PY - 2019/11/20/ DO - 10.5194/bg-16-4411-2019 VL - 16 IS - 22 SP - 4411-4428 SN - 1726-4189 UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4411-2019 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Visualization of Pedestrian Density Dynamics Using Data Extracted from Public Webcams AU - Petrasova, Anna AU - Hipp, J. Aaron AU - Mitasova, Helena T2 - ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information AB - Accurate information on the number and distribution of pedestrians in space and time helps urban planners maintain current city infrastructure and design better public spaces for local residents and visitors. Previous studies have demonstrated that using webcams together with crowdsourcing platforms to locate pedestrians in the captured images is a promising technique for analyzing pedestrian activity. However, it is challenging to efficiently transform the time series of pedestrian locations in the images to information suitable for geospatial analytics, as well as visualize data in a meaningful way to inform urban design or decision making. In this study, we propose to use a space-time cube (STC) representation of pedestrian data to analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of pedestrians in public spaces. We take advantage of AMOS (The Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes), a large database of images captured by thousands of publicly available, outdoor webcams. We developed a method to obtain georeferenced spatio-temporal data from webcams and to transform them into high-resolution continuous representation of pedestrian densities by combining bivariate kernel density estimation with trivariate, spatio-temporal spline interpolation. We demonstrate our method on two case studies analyzing pedestrian activity of two city plazas. The first case study explores daily and weekly spatio-temporal patterns of pedestrian activity while the second one highlights the differences in pattern before and after plaza’s redevelopment. While STC has already been used to visualize urban dynamics, this is the first study analyzing the evolution of pedestrian density based on crowdsourced time series of pedestrian occurrences captured by webcam images. DA - 2019/12/5/ PY - 2019/12/5/ DO - 10.3390/ijgi8120559 VL - 8 IS - 12 SP - 559 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120559 KW - GIS KW - space-time cube KW - geovisualization KW - KDE KW - urban dynamics KW - georeferencing KW - pedestrian density ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanisms of Organic Matter Export in Estuaries with Contrasting Carbon Sources AU - Arellano, A. R. AU - Bianchi, T. S. AU - Osburn, C. L. AU - D'Sa, E. J. AU - Ward, N. D. AU - Oviedo‐Vargas, D. AU - Joshi, I. D. AU - Ko, D. S. AU - Shields, M. R. AU - Kurian, G. AU - Green, J. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences AB - Abstract Modifications in land use and climate will result in shifts in the magnitude and composition of organic matter (OM) transported from wetlands to coastal waters, but differentiation between riverine and wetland OM sources in coastal areas remains a challenge. Here, we evaluate particulate and dissolved OM export dynamics in two representative estuary geomorphologies—Apalachicola Bay (AP) and Barataria Bay (BB), characterized primarily by blackwater river inputs and high particle abundance, respectively. The magnitude and composition of OM exported from each estuary was evaluated based on seasonal measurements of surface water dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate nitrogen, the stable isotopic composition of DOC and POC, dissolved and particulate lignin phenols, and carbon‐normalized dissolved lignin‐phenol yields. Data and discriminant analyses support the initial hypothesis; AP is dominated by a more terrestrial source of OM due to importance of fluvial dissolved OM inputs, while BB is a more particle‐rich and wetland carbon‐dominated system. Total lignin export (sum of mean dissolved and mean particulate) was higher in BB (5.73 ± 2.50 × 10 5 kg/year) than in AP (4.21 ± 2.35 × 10 5 kg/year). Particulate lignin export from BB was greater than the export of dissolved lignin at either BB or AP, suggesting coastal marsh erosion may be driving this comparatively large export of particulate lignin. These data have important implications for the stability of stored OM in coastal habitats, particularly since such habitats in this region are highly vulnerable due to relative sea level rise. DA - 2019/10// PY - 2019/10// DO - 10.1029/2018JG004868 VL - 124 IS - 10 SP - 3168-3188 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. LA - en OP - SN - 2169-8953 2169-8961 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004868 DB - Crossref KW - OC export KW - lignin export KW - carbon cycling in estuaries KW - stable carbon isotopes KW - wetland carbon KW - OC sources ER - TY - JOUR TI - Repeated megaturbidite deposition in Lake Crescent, Washington, USA, triggered by Holocene ruptures of the Lake Creek-Boundary Creek fault system AU - Leithold, Elana L. AU - Wegmann, Karl W. AU - Bohnenstiehl, D. R. AU - Joyner, Catelyn N. AU - Pollen, Audrianna F. T2 - GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN AB - Abstract Lake Crescent, a 180-m-deep, glacially carved lake located on the Olympic Peninsula in western Washington, USA, overlies the Lake Creek-Boundary Creek fault zone, a system of structures with at least 56 km of late Pleistocene to Holocene surface rupture. Investigation of the lake’s sediment, including a reflection seismic survey and analysis of piston cores, reveals evidence that the fault beneath the lake has ruptured four times in the past ∼7200 years, producing unusually thick deposits termed megaturbidites. The earthquakes triggered rockslides that entered the lake and caused displacement waves (lake tsunamis) and seiches, most recently ca. 3.1 ka. Seismic reflection results from beneath the depth of core penetration reveal at least two older post-glacial ruptures that are likely to have similarly affected the lake. The stratigraphy of Lake Crescent provides insight into the behavior of a fault system that partially accommodates regional clockwise rotation and contraction of the northern Cascadia forearc through oblique dextral shear, and highlights the potential for disruption to critical infrastructure, transportation corridors, and industry on the North Olympic Peninsula during future surface-rupturing earthquakes. Our results illustrate the potential synergism between lacustrine paleoseismology and fault-scarp trench investigations. More precise dating of strong earthquake shaking afforded by continuous accumulation of lake sediment improves earthquake histories based on trenched fault scarp exposures, which are commonly poorly dated. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1130/B35076.1 VL - 131 IS - 11-12 SP - 2039-2055 SN - 1943-2674 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The future of coastal and estuarine modeling: Findings from a workshop AU - Fringer, Oliver B. AU - Dawson, Clint N. AU - He, Ruoying AU - Ralston, David K. AU - Zhang, Y. Joseph T2 - OCEAN MODELLING AB - This paper summarizes the findings of a workshop convened in the United States in 2018 to discuss methods in coastal and estuarine modeling and to propose key areas of research and development needed to improve their accuracy and reliability. The focus of this paper is on physical processes, and we provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art based on presentations and discussions at the meeting, which revolved around the four primary themes of parameterizations, numerical methods, in-situ and remote-sensing measurements, and high-performance computing. A primary outcome of the workshop was agreement on the need to reduce subjectivity and improve reproducibility in modeling of physical processes in the coastal ocean. Reduction of subjectivity can be accomplished through development of standards for benchmarks, grid generation, and validation, and reproducibility can be improved through development of standards for input/output, coupling and model nesting, and reporting. Subjectivity can also be reduced through more engagement with the applied mathematics and computer science communities to develop methods for robust parameter estimation and uncertainty quantification. Such engagement could be encouraged through more collaboration between the forward and inverse modeling communities and integration of more applied math and computer science into oceanography curricula. Another outcome of the workshop was agreement on the need to develop high-resolution models that scale on advanced HPC systems to resolve, rather than parameterize, processes with horizontal scales that range between the depth and the internal Rossby deformation scale. Unsurprisingly, more research is needed on parameterizations of processes at scales smaller than the depth, including parameterizations for drag (including bottom roughness, bedforms, vegetation and corals), wave breaking, and air–sea interactions under strong wind conditions. Other topics that require significantly more work to better parameterize include nearshore wave modeling, sediment transport modeling, and morphodynamics. Finally, it was agreed that coastal models should be considered as key infrastructure needed to support research, just like laboratory facilities, field instrumentation, and research vessels. This will require a shift in the way proposals related to coastal ocean modeling are reviewed and funded. DA - 2019/11// PY - 2019/11// DO - 10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.101458 VL - 143 SP - SN - 1463-5011 KW - Coastal ocean modeling KW - Physical processes KW - Model subjectivity KW - Development of standards KW - High-resolution modeling KW - Parameter estimation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Third-order WENO transport scheme for simulating the baroclinic eddying ocean on an unstructured grid AU - Ye, Fei AU - Zhang, Yinglong J. AU - He, Ruoying AU - Wang, Zhengui AU - Wang, Harry V. AU - Du, Jiabi T2 - OCEAN MODELLING AB - Despite the recent success achieved by the unstructured-grid SCHISM (Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model) in multi-resolution studies, its skill in simulating the baroclinic eddying ocean needs to be further improved. In particular, the classical 2nd-order transport schemes for estuaries and coastal zones are too dissipative to resolve the baroclinic dynamics associated with strong boundary currents, such as meso-scale meanders and eddies. To close this gap, this paper presents a newly designed 3rd-order finite volume transport scheme, based on the Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) formalism. This new scheme strikes a delicate balance among accuracy, efficiency, and monotonicity for the transport in the eddying regime. Idealized numerical benchmark experiments demonstrate that the WENO scheme is very effective in limiting numerical diffusion. The scheme is then applied in a realistic simulation of the Gulf Stream and the surrounding circulation, further confirming its capability of resolving baroclinic meso-scale eddies and meanders. This new high-order transport scheme is therefore ideal for extending the ability of SCHISM to study cross-scale baroclinic applications that range from the river dynamics to the eddying ocean processes. DA - 2019/11// PY - 2019/11// DO - 10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.101466 VL - 143 SP - SN - 1463-5011 KW - SCHISM KW - Eddying regime KW - WENO KW - Baroclinic KW - Gulf stream ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sediment dispersal and accumulation off the Ayeyarwady delta - Tectonic and oceanographic controls AU - Kuehl, Steven A. AU - Williams, Joshua AU - Liu, J. Paul AU - Harris, Courtney AU - Aung, Day Wa AU - Tarpley, Danielle AU - Goodwyn, Mary AU - Aye, Yin Yin T2 - MARINE GEOLOGY AB - Recent sediment dispersal and accumulation on the Northern Andaman Sea continental shelf, off the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) and Thanlwin (Salween) Rivers, are investigated using seabed, water column, and high-resolution seismic data collected in December 2017. 210Pb and 137Cs derived sediment accumulation rates are highest (up to 10 cm y−1) in the mid-shelf region of the Martaban Depression, a basin that has formed on the eastern side of the N-S trending Sagaing fault, where rapid progradation of a muddy subaqueous delta is occurring. Landward of the zone of highest accumulation, in the shallow Gulf of Martaban, is a highly turbid zone where the seabed is frequently mixed to depths of ~1 m below the sediment water interface. Frequent resuspension in this area may contribute to the formation of extensive fluid muds in the water column, and consequent re-oxidation of the shallow seabed likely reduces the carbon burial efficiency for an area where the rivers are supplying large amounts of terrestrial carbon to the ocean. Sediment cores from the Gulf of Martban have a distinctive reddish brown coloration, while x-radiographs show sedimentary structures of fine silt laminations in mud deposits, which indicates strong tidal influences. The seaward part of the Martaban Depression off the modern subaqueous delta is covered by relict sediment, with no apparent connection between the modern sediment deposit and the offshore Martaban canyon. On the western side of the Sagaing fault, the “Mouths of the Ayeyarwady” represent a large promontory where the subaerial delta has prograded seaward some ~200 km along the eastern flank of the Indo-Burman range since the Holocene maximum transgression. The shelf area off the “Mouths of the Ayeyarwady” presently exhibits low sediment accumulation rates (~1 cm y−1) and a relative coarse (sandy) texture. The reduced accumulation and coarse texture in the western shelf region at the present time is attributed to frequent wave resuspension, and subsequent transport of finer river-derived sediment eastward (into the Martaban Depression) during the SW Monsoon. A mud drape (accumulation rates <1 cm/yr) is present on the northwestern part of the delta, where some sediment likely escapes the shelf to the deeper Bay of Bengal. In contrast with the Gulf of Martaban, sediments in this mud drape show olive grey coloration, while sedimentary structures are dominated by mottled sandy mud with shells, and occasional sand layers. The mud drape is likely derived from a mixture of local rivers draining westward from the Indo-Burman range, and a contribution from the Ayeyarwady system delivered during the NE monsoon. Overall, the shelf offshore the Ayeyarwady and Thanlwin rivers represents a compound subaqueous delta with marked differences from east to west that are controlled by a combination of oceanographic and tectonic factors. DA - 2019/11// PY - 2019/11// DO - 10.1016/j.margeo.2019.106000 VL - 417 SP - SN - 1872-6151 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extreme weather events modulate processing and export of dissolved organic carbon in the Neuse River Estuary, NC (vol 219, pg 189, 2019) AU - Hounshell, Alexandria G. AU - Rudolph, Jacob C. AU - Van Dam, Bryce R. AU - Hall, Nathan S. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Paerl, Hans W. T2 - ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106328 VL - 227 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pleistocene terrace formation, Quaternary rock uplift rates and geodynamics of the Hellenic Subduction Zone revealed from dating of paleoshorelines on Crete, Greece AU - Ott, Richard F. AU - Gallen, Sean F. AU - Wegmann, Karl W. AU - Biswas, Rabiul H. AU - Herman, Frederic AU - Willett, Sean D. T2 - EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS AB - Quaternary paleoshorelines are common landforms on the island of Crete, a forearc high above the Hellenic Subduction Zone. These geomorphic markers are useful on Crete and elsewhere in determining coastal uplift rates, the identification of active geologic structures, and to constrain geodynamic models and seismic hazards. Controversy exists in the literature regarding the formation mechanisms and age of late Pleistocene paleoshorelines on Crete that has led to competing models of the uplift history, tectonic evolution, and seismic hazards of the Hellenic forearc. We present new mapping and results from luminescence and radiocarbon geochronology of paleoshoreline deposits that constrain the spatial and temporal pattern of rock uplift around the Cretan coastline. Existing and new radiocarbon data are variable and show no obvious age-elevation trends within individual terrace sequences. By contrast, nearly all luminescence ages, some from shorelines dated with radiocarbon, show positive age-elevation trends and range from 60–220 ka suggesting that all dated paleoshorelines are beyond the limits of radiocarbon. We propose that the inconsistencies between the different geochronological methods are the result of secondary contamination of young carbonate, possibly from meteoric waters, that bias radiocarbon in Cretan Pleistocene marine fossils. Most luminescence ages closely correlate with the timing of mid-to-late Pleistocene relative sea level highstands, consistent with stratigraphic observations. Calculated coastal uplift rates using a Monte-Carlo error analysis range from ∼0–1.2 mm/yr; the lowest uplift rates are found along the northern and eastern coasts of the island, while the most rapid are focused along the southern and western coasts where active normal faults are observed offsetting paleoshoreline sequences. Based on this new data, we favor a tectonic model where slip along upper crustal normal faults acts to locally augment a steady regional signal of uplift along the south and west coast, interpreted to result from the deep underplating of rock at the base of the subduction wedge beneath Crete. Arcward of the contact between the upper plate Moho and the top of the subducting slab, crustal thinning will occur in the orogenic wedge resulting in subsidence along the north coast of Crete. DA - 2019/11/1/ PY - 2019/11/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115757 VL - 525 SP - SN - 1385-013X KW - uplift KW - paleoshorelines KW - seismic hazard KW - tectonic geomorphology KW - Crete ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low discard survival of gray triggerfish in the southeastern US hook-and-line fishery AU - Runde, Brendan J. AU - Rudershausen, Paul J. AU - Sauls, Beverly AU - Mikles, Chloe S. AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. T2 - Fisheries Research AB - We estimated condition-specific survival rates of gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) using a tag-recapture approach and extrapolated these values to produce an overall discard survival estimate for the US South Atlantic recreational hook-and-line fishery. Tag return rates of fish tagged at the seafloor using SCUBA served as a reference for return rates of fish tagged at the surface. We examined the validity of gross necropsy as a proxy for survival by identifying likely causes of discard mortality. Best-condition surface-released fish (no external trauma) had an estimated mean proportional survival of 0.39 (95% confidence interval 0.28, 0.55). For gray triggerfish exhibiting visible trauma, estimated survival was 0.24 (0.10, 0.60). Floating fish had a survival rate of zero. The necropsy-based estimate of gray triggerfish lacking organ displacement closely matched the tag-based estimate of survival. Mean estimated discard survival across all depths for North Carolina was 0.35 (0.10, 0.59) and for Florida was 0.34 (0.08, 0.59). These results have implications for gray triggerfish management because our estimate of discard survival is substantially lower than previously assumed and for future discard survival research given our findings with gross necropsies. DA - 2019/11// PY - 2019/11// DO - 10.1016/j.fishres.2019.105313 VL - 219 SP - 105313 J2 - Fisheries Research LA - en OP - SN - 0165-7836 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2019.105313 DB - Crossref KW - Balistes capriscus KW - Catch-and-release KW - Mortality KW - Reef fisheries KW - Tagging ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival and Habitat of Yellow‐Phase American Eels in North Carolina Tidal Creeks AU - Rudershausen, Paul J. AU - M. Lee, Laura AU - Lombardo, Steven M. AU - Merrell, Jeffery H. AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. T2 - Transactions of the American Fisheries Society AB - Abstract We estimated rates of survival as well as effects of habitat on catch rates of juvenile yellow‐phase American Eels Anguilla rostrata in southeastern U.S. tidal creeks. We trapped and marked eels with PIT tags at 24 fixed sites in eight North Carolina tidal creeks and then recaptured and resighted the tagged individuals to estimate apparent survival. Separate Cormack–Jolly–Seber ( CJS ) models were fitted to mark–recapture data (eight creeks) versus mark–resight data (four creeks) to estimate apparent survival. Median annual apparent survival (Φ) was higher when the CJS model was fitted to mark–resight data (Φ = 0.15) than to mark–recapture data (Φ = 0.013). Negative binomially distributed models were fitted to catch rates of both tagged and untagged eels to test for habitat, development, and seasonal effects. The presence/absence of culverts and season were meaningful covariates of catch rates; greater catches were found at sites possessing culverts and during the spring. Other habitat and development factors at the site, creek, and watershed levels were not important covariates of catch rates. Partitioning the sources of loss of yellow‐phase American Eels from these systems into mortality versus emigration would be useful future research in the southeastern U.S. coastal region. Further study into how culverts affect yellow‐phase American Eel habitation and movement in southeastern U.S. estuaries is also warranted. DA - 2019/8/14/ PY - 2019/8/14/ DO - 10.1002/tafs.10190 VL - 148 IS - 5 SP - 978-990 J2 - Trans Am Fish Soc LA - en OP - SN - 0002-8487 1548-8659 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10190 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) AU - Houck, Emma L. AU - Cohen, Eli B. AU - Womble, Mandy AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Petritz, Olivia A. T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Abstract Gastrointestinal disorders are an important cause of morbidity in box turtles ( Terrapene carolina Carolina ), however published information is currently lacking on the normal radiographic anatomy, transit, and emptying times of the gastrointestinal tract. A total of 15 healthy box turtles were recruited for this prospective, anatomic, reference interval study. Three‐view radiographic series (vertical beam dorsoventral, horizontal beam latero‐lateral, and horizontal beam rostrocaudal views) were acquired prior to contrast administration, and following contrast administration at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 90 min, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post administration, and every 24 h thereafter until all contrast was eliminated (15 mL/kg barium sulfate diluted to 30% weight per volume was administered via orogastric gavage). Vertical beam dorsoventral and horizontal beam latero‐lateral views were of excellent quality to identify gastrointestinal structures. The horizontal beam rostrocaudal view immediately postcontrast administration provided gastric and pyloric identification but had lesser diagnostic use at later time points due to anatomical superimposition. The gastrointestinal tract was composed of a tubular stomach, a pyloric sphincter near midline, a duodenum with a cranial flexure in the right cranial coelomic cavity, small intestines within the right coelom, a small cecal bulb, and a transverse and descending colon. Contrast media entered the large intestine by 24 h in all turtles, and a pyloro‐colic indentation was noted at the proximal descending colon. The large intestinal emptying was highly variable due to the interindividual variability of contrast sequestration within the cecal bulb. Findings from the current study serve as a reference on the gastrointestinal anatomy, transit, and emptying times in healthy eastern box turtles; and introduce a novel, horizontal beam, rostrocaudal view for gastrointestinal contrast studies in chelonians. DA - 2019/9// PY - 2019/9// DO - 10.1111/vru.12792 VL - 60 IS - 5 SP - 473-484 SN - 1740-8261 KW - cecum KW - radiology KW - Testudines ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lack of influence by endosymbiont Wolbachia on virus titer in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius AU - Fisher, Michael L. AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Guy, James S. AU - Mochizuki, Hiroyuki AU - Breen, Matthew AU - Schal, Coby AU - Watson, David W. T2 - Parasites & Vectors AB - Abstract Background The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius , is an obligatory blood-feeding ectoparasite that requires a blood meal to molt and produce eggs. Their frequent biting to obtain blood meals and intimate association with humans increase the potential for disease transmission. However, despite more than 100 years of inquiry into bed bugs as potential disease vectors, they still have not been conclusively linked to any pathogen or disease. This ecological niche is extraordinarily rare, given that nearly every other blood-feeding arthropod is associated with some type of human or zoonotic disease. Bed bugs rely on the bacteria Wolbachia as an obligate endosymbiont to biosynthesize B vitamins, since they acquire a nutritionally deficient diet, but it is unknown if Wolbachia confers additional benefits to its bed bug host. In some insects, Wolbachia induces resistance to viruses such as Dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile, Drosophila C and Zika, and primes the insect immune system in other blood-feeding insects. Wolbachia might have evolved a similar role in its mutualistic association with the bed bug. In this study, we evaluated the influence of Wolbachia on virus replication within C. lectularius . Methods We used feline calicivirus as a model pathogen. We fed 40 bed bugs from an established line of Wolbachia -cured and a line of Wolbachia -positive C. lectularius a virus-laden blood meal, and quantified the amount of virus over five time intervals post-feeding. The antibiotic rifampicin was used to cure bed bugs of Wolbachia . Results There was a significant effect of time post-feeding, as the amount of virus declined by ~90% over 10 days in both groups, but no significant difference in virus titer was observed between the Wolbachia -positive and Wolbachia -cured groups. Conclusions These findings suggest that other mechanisms are involved in virus suppression within bed bugs, independent of the influence of Wolbachia , and our conclusions underscore the need for future research. DA - 2019/9/9/ PY - 2019/9/9/ DO - 10.1186/s13071-019-3694-2 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - J2 - Parasites Vectors LA - en OP - SN - 1756-3305 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3694-2 DB - Crossref KW - Cimex lectularius KW - Wolbachia KW - Endosymbiont KW - Cimicidae KW - Virus suppression KW - ssRNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Projecting Urbanization and Landscape Change at Large Scale Using the FUTURES Model AU - Berkel, Derek Van AU - Shashidharan, Ashwin AU - Mordecai, Rua S. AU - Vatsavai, Raju AU - Petrasova, Anna AU - Petras, Vaclav AU - Mitasova, Helena AU - Vogler, John B. AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - Land AB - Increasing population and rural to urban migration are accelerating urbanization globally, permanently transforming natural systems over large extents. Modelling landscape change over large regions, however, presents particular challenges due to local-scale variations in social and environmental factors that drive land change. We simulated urban development across the South Atlantic States (SAS), a region experiencing rapid population growth and urbanization, using FUTURES—an open source land change model that uses demand for development, local development suitability factors, and a stochastic patch growing algorithm for projecting alternative futures of urban form and landscape change. New advances to the FUTURES modelling framework allow for high resolution projections over large spatial extents by leveraging parallel computing. We simulated the adoption of different urban growth strategies that encourage settlement densification in the SAS as alternatives to the region’s increasing sprawl. Evaluation of projected patterns indicate a 15% increase in urban lands by 2050 given a status quo development scenario compared to a 14.8% increase for the Infill strategy. Status quo development resulted in a 3.72% loss of total forests, 2.97% loss of highly suitable agricultural land, and 3.69% loss of ecologically significant lands. An alternative Infill scenario resulted in similar losses of total forest (3.62%) and ecologically significant lands (3.63%) yet consumed less agricultural lands (1.23% loss). Moreover, infill development patterns differed qualitatively from the status quo and resulted in less fragmentation of the landscape. DA - 2019/9// PY - 2019/9// DO - 10.3390/land8100144 VL - 8 IS - 10 SP - 144 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/8/10/144 KW - land change model KW - urbanization KW - parallel computing KW - ecosystem services KW - land sharing KW - land sparing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sea turtle tears: a novel, minimally invasive sampling method for 1H-NMR metabolomics investigations with cold stun syndrome as a case study AU - Niemuth, J.N. AU - Harms, C.A. AU - Stoskopf, M.K. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases AB - We investigated a method for collecting and processing tear samples from loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas), and Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) sea turtles and to identify tear biomarkers and potential differences between unaffected sea turtles and those affected by cold stun syndrome. Tear samples from unaffected and cold-stunned loggerhead, green, and Kemp's ridley sea turtles were collected with sterile, cellulose, latex-free ophthalmic eye spears. We pooled spears to achieve acceptable concentrations, which we extracted and analyzed with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Using principal components analysis, we identified five tear biomarkers (propylene glycol, glycerol, lactate, formate, and an unidentified metabolite) that distinguished unaffected sea turtles from those with cold stun syndrome. The formate concentration was significantly lower (one-sided, exact, two-sample permutation, P=0.019) in unaffected sea turtles, which is consistent with clinical metabolic acidosis reported in cold-stunned animals. Collection of sufficient sample volume for analysis required multiple spears per sample cohort, but tear sample collection from sea turtles was easy to perform and well tolerated by the animals. Sea turtle tears can be an appropriate sample for some metabolomics research questions. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.7589/2018-07-168 KW - Caretta caretta KW - Chelonia mydas KW - green sea turtle KW - Kemp's ridley sea turtle KW - Lepidochelys kempii KW - loggerhead sea turtle KW - proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy KW - tear biomarkers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biogeochemical Response of Apalachicola Bay and the Shelf Waters to Hurricane Michael Using Ocean Color Semi-Analytic/Inversion and Hydrodynamic Models AU - Eurico J. D'Sa, AU - Joshi, Ishan D. AU - Liu, Bingqing AU - Ko, Dong S. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Bianchi, Thomas S. T2 - FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE AB - Hurricanes are increasingly being recognized as important episodic drivers in ocean biogeochemical cycling; however, spatiotemporal response of their impacts on coastal and estuarine ecosystems are limited. Hurricane Michael, which made landfall just west of Apalachicola Bay (ApB) on October 10, 2018 as a Category 5 hurricane with sustained winds of 250 km h-1, caused widespread damage to the northwest Florida coast, and adverse effects on oyster reefs and water quality in ApB due to winds and coastal flooding associated with a strong storm surge. The impact of wind forcing and retreating storm surges on coastal and shelf biogeochemical properties remains however, largely unknown. In this study, we use a combination of pre-hurricane field observations, ocean-color satellite imagery and the outputs (salinity, currents, sea surface height and temperature) of a nested high-resolution 3-dimensional hydrodynamic model (NCOM) to examine the biogeochemical response of ApB and the surrounding shelf waters to Hurricane Michael. MODIS-derived optical proxies (e.g., absorption of colored dissolved organic matter or CDOM and particle backscattering coefficients) of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) were derived for a series of clear-sky imagery (prior to and following the hurricane) using a combination of estuarine-tuned semi-analytic and empirical algorithms. Following the hurricane, spatiotemporal distribution of both DOC and POC in ApB and the nearshore coastal waters showed a strong response to storm surge, increasing river discharge, currents, and wind field. Average flux estimates of organic carbon exported from ApB between October 5-21, 2018 to the coastal ocean were much greater for DOC (0.86106 kg C d-1) than POC (0.21106 kg C d-1) and increased with increasing river discharge and the wind field. A bio-optical inversion algorithm applied to Sentinel-3A OLCI imagery of 13 October, 2018 immediately following the hurricane’s passage, showed a strong, week-long biological response with spatially distinct phytoplankton blooms of Karenia brevis and Emiliania Huxleyi, as detected by satellite imagery of pigments, an approach that could revolutionize our understanding of environmental impacts on phytoplankton. This study revealed spatiotemporal changes in estuarine and coastal ocean biogeochemistry reflective of a systematic regional ecosystem response to Hurricane Michael. DA - 2019/8/28/ PY - 2019/8/28/ DO - 10.3389/fmars.2019.00523 VL - 6 SP - SN - 2296-7745 KW - hurricane KW - MODIS KW - OLCI KW - CDOM KW - DOC KW - POC KW - phytoplankton KW - NCOM ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deep-sea Sediment Resuspension by Internal Solitary Waves in the Northern South China Sea AU - Jia, Yonggang AU - Tian, Zhuangcai AU - Shi, Xuefa AU - Liu, J. Paul AU - Chen, Jiangxin AU - Liu, Xiaolei AU - Ye, Ruijie AU - Ren, Ziyin AU - Tian, Jiwei T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - Abstract Internal solitary waves (ISWs) can cause strong vertical and horizontal currents and turbulent mixing in the ocean. These processes affect sediment and pollutant transport, acoustic transmissions and man-made structures in the shallow and deep oceans. Previous studies of the role of ISWs in suspending seafloor sediments and forming marine nepheloid layers were mainly conducted in shallow-water environments. In summer 2017, we observed at least four thick (70–140 m) benthic nepheloid layers (BNLs) at water depths between 956 and 1545 m over continental slopes in the northern South China Sea. We found there was a good correlation between the timing of the ISW packet and variations of the deepwater suspended sediment concentration (SSC). At a depth of 956 m, when the ISW arrived, the near-bottom SSC rapidly increased by two orders of magnitude to 0.62 mg/l at 8 m above the bottom. At two much deeper stations, the ISW-induced horizontal velocity reached 59.6–79.3 cm/s, which was one order of magnitude more than the seafloor contour currents velocity. The SSC, 10 m above the sea floor, rapidly increased to 0.10 mg/l (depth of 1545 m) and 1.25 mg/l (depth of 1252 m). In this study, we found that ISWs could suspend much more sediments on deepwater areas than previously thought. Specifically, we estimated that ISWs could induce and suspend 787 Mt/yr of sediment from shelf to deep-sea areas of the northern South China Sea. The total amount of sediment resuspended by shoaling ISWs was 2.7 times that of river-derived sediment reaching the northern South China Sea. This accounted for 6.1% of the global river-discharged sediment (16.4% of that from Asian rivers) transported to the sea. DA - 2019/8/20/ PY - 2019/8/20/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-019-47886-y VL - 9 SP - SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sedation, Anesthesia, Analgesia and Euthanasia AU - Posner, Lysa Pam AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Smith, Stephen A. T2 - Fish Diseases and Medicine AB - Fish of all types are routinely sedated or anesthetized for transport, husbandry, diagnostics, medical and therapeutic procedures, or prior to euthanasia. Overdose of immersion anesthetic is a common method for fish euthanasia. Although eugenol has been shown to produce immobility in fish, the variation in concentration of active drug in clove oil makes sedation and anesthesia less predictable from a clinical standpoint. Propofol by immersion produces dose- and duration-dependent sedation and anesthesia in goldfish, koi carp and catfish. Anesthesia is accompanied by a decrease in heart rate and opercular rate, with some fish completely ceasing operculation. Propofol is used extensively as a sedative and anesthetic in human and veterinary medicine where it provides good muscle relaxation but no analgesia. Both propofol and alfaxalone can produce anesthesia in fish. Carbon dioxide can cause death at high doses or can be used as a sedative/anesthetic before a secondary means of euthanasia. PY - 2019/4/2/ DO - 10.1201/9780429195259-17 SP - 283-304 OP - PB - CRC Press SN - 9780429195259 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429195259-17 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sea Turtles AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Wyneken, Jeanette T2 - Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1016/b978-0-323-48253-0.00024-6 SP - 180-193.e1 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780323482530 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-48253-0.00024-6 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phacoemulsification cataract surgery in the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta ): surgical technique and outcomes in 10 cases AU - Westermeyer, Hans D. AU - Cook, Anne G. AU - Harms, Craig AU - Boylan, Shane T2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology AB - Abstract Cataract removal using phacoemulsification was performed in 10 loggerhead turtles being rehabilitated after stranding. All turtles had significant systemic abnormalities and had cataracts either at the time of rescue or developed them during rehabilitation. Surgical difficulties encountered included an extremely soft globe that did not allow for a partial thickness corneal incision, incomplete topical anesthesia of the ocular surface with proparacaine, inability to dilate the pupil pharmacologically, a markedly shallow anterior chamber, a thick posterior capsular plaque in most cases, and difficulty creating a watertight closure with sutures. Minimal to no intraocular inflammation was seen in all cases following surgery, but all cases in which corneal sutures were used developed a marked inflammatory reaction surrounding the sutures and appeared uncomfortable until sutures were removed or sloughed. All turtles appeared to have improved vision following surgery and were eventually released. Two turtles were re‐encountered a year or more after release. Both showed signs of normal growth and the ability to capture prey in the wild. This report documents successful outcomes associated with cataract surgery in loggerhead turtles, but also presents significant surgical challenges that should be taken into account before attempting this procedure in this species. DA - 2019/1/31/ PY - 2019/1/31/ DO - 10.1111/vop.12635 VL - 1 J2 - Vet Ophthalmol LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5216 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12635 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ophthalmic lesions in a population of cold-stunned sea turtles (Chelonia mydas, Lepidochelys kempii, Caretta caretta ) AU - Lively, Melissa J. AU - Westermeyer, Hans D. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Christiansen, Emily F. T2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology AB - Abstract Objective To document ocular lesions present in cold‐stunned sea turtles and determine the impact of these lesions on their release. Animals All sea turtles ( Caretta caretta , Chelonia mydas , and Lepidochelys kempii ) presenting to rehabilitation centers in North Carolina over two cold stun seasons. Procedures Complete ophthalmic examination using slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, fluorescein stain, rebound tonometry, and occasionally binocular indirect funduscopy was performed within 1 week of presenting to the rehabilitation centers. A second examination was performed 2 weeks after the first examination in animals with ocular lesions and still present at the center. Results One hundred and sixty‐four turtles (121 Chelonia mydas , 26 Lepidochelys kempii , 17 Caretta caretta ) were evaluated over two cold stun seasons (2016‐2017 and 2017‐2018). Ocular or periocular lesions were identified in 78 of 164 (47.5%) turtles examined with 37 of 164 (22.5%) having bilateral disease. The most common ocular lesion was superficial corneal ulceration, accounting for 21.3% of all lesions. Adnexal lesions were also common, while intraocular abnormalities were overall rare. Most resolved uneventfully. Though some blinding lesions were noted, these were not present bilaterally in any one turtle, and thus, ocular findings did not affect release. Conclusion Ocular lesions in cold‐stunned sea turtles are common. Some of these lesions are potentially blinding or require appropriate care, so evaluation of cold‐stunned turtles should include a complete ophthalmic examination. DA - 2019/4/14/ PY - 2019/4/14/ DO - 10.1111/vop.12672 VL - 4 J2 - Vet Ophthalmol LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5216 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12672 DB - Crossref KW - cold stunning KW - green sea turtle KW - intraocular pressure KW - Kemp's ridley KW - loggerhead sea turtle KW - wildlife survey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling of wave energy converters by GPUSPH and Project Chrono AU - Wei, Zhangping AU - Edge, Billy L. AU - Dalrymple, Robert A. AU - Herault, Alexis T2 - OCEAN ENGINEERING AB - This study presents a fully coupled numerical approach to study wave energy converters interaction with water waves. The open-source Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics model GPUSPH is used to resolve wave dynamics and compute the hydrodynamic force on wave energy converters. The dynamics of wave energy converter is computed by the open-source physics engine, Project Chrono. The capability of the coupled numerical model to handle wave-body interaction is validated by considering a floating body in still water. The results show that the coupled model correctly predicts the balance between the floating body weight and the buoyancy force. Furthermore, the effectiveness of density diffusion method in reducing acoustic noise in a weakly compressible SPH model is also justified. In addition, the model is validated by laboratory experiment on floating body interaction with nonlinear wave packet. The model is then applied to simulate two types of wave energy converters. We conduct a thorough study of GPUSPH modeling of surface-piercing oscillating wave surge converter under waves. GPUSPH accurately predicts both wave gauge measurements and the device rotation as recorded in the laboratory. By virtue of the Project Chrono library we examine the power take-off scenario of the oscillating wave surge converter by introducing kinematic constraint into the system. The device performance under storm condition is further examined. We further present and simulate a conceptualized catenary mooring wave energy converter device, CSI-Device, under real sea states. We not only examine the interaction of CSI-Device with waves, but also we obtain the mooring force on the device that can facilitate the design of wave energy converters. We show that to maximize the energy extraction, it is important to design the device to have a natural frequency similar to the wave period of deployment site to maximize the swing motion of the pendulum. Finally the interaction of CSI-Device under different sea states with both relatively small and large wave heights are evaluated by placing the device in a directional spectral wave basin. Overall, this study shows that the open-source model GPUSPH is an efficient tool for modeling wave energy conversion devices in directional nonlinear sea states. DA - 2019/7/1/ PY - 2019/7/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.04.029 VL - 183 SP - 332-349 SN - 0029-8018 KW - Wave energy converter KW - Floating body KW - Power take-off KW - Wave-body interaction KW - GPUSPH KW - Project chrono ER - TY - JOUR TI - A 4000-year record of hydrologic variability from the Olympic Mountains, Washington, USA AU - Smith, Stephen G. AU - Wegmann, Karl W. AU - Leithold, Elana L. AU - Bohnenstiehl, Delwayne R. T2 - HOLOCENE AB - Sedimentological and geochemical analyses of gravity and piston cores retrieved from Lake Quinault, Washington, reveal an ~4000-year flood-dominated depositional record. Individual flood event layers are identified by combining core stratigraphy, sedimentology, and the ratio of incoherent to coherently scattered x-ray radiation ( inc/coh) from µXRF (x-ray fluorescence) core scans. The inc/coh time series is used as a proxy for sediment grain size and, in combination with radiocarbon-anchored core age–depth models, enables the reconstruction of late-Holocene hydrologic variability for the Quinault River catchment. Decadal to centennial variability in inc/coh is interpreted to reflect trends in ocean-atmosphere teleconnections favorable for the formation of land-falling atmospheric rivers along the Pacific Ocean flank of the Olympic Mountains. Such processes likely modulate the rate of flooding and may explain notable increases in the frequency of flood event layers observed during the periods 2350–2450 cal. yr BP and the most recent century (AD 1910–2010). Understanding past hydrologic variability has important implications for the landscape and ecosystem response of Olympic Mountain catchments to future climate warming. DA - 2019/8// PY - 2019/8// DO - 10.1177/0959683619846975 VL - 29 IS - 8 SP - 1273-1291 SN - 1477-0911 KW - Holocene KW - lacustrine sediments KW - Olympic Peninsula KW - paleoflood reconstructions KW - mu XRF core scanning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Histological evaluation of five suture materials in the telson ligament of the American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) AU - Krasner, Ami E. AU - Hancock-Ronemus, Amy AU - Christian, Larry S. AU - Griffith, Emily H. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Law, Jerry M. T2 - PEERJ AB - An ideal suture material supports healing, minimizes inflammation, and decreases the likelihood of secondary infection. While there are published recommendations for suture materials in some invertebrates, there are no published recommendations for Limulus polyphemus or any chelicerate. This study evaluates the histological reaction of horseshoe crabs to five commonly used suture materials: monofilament nylon, silk, poliglecaprone, polydioxanone, and polyglycolic acid. None of the materials were superior with regards to holding nor was there any dehiscence. Nylon evoked the least amount of tissue reaction. This work also provides a histopathological description of the soft membrane at the hinge area between the opisthosoma and telson (telson ligament) and comments on euthanasia with intracardiac eugenol. DA - 2019/8/1/ PY - 2019/8/1/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.7061 VL - 7 SP - SN - 2167-8359 KW - Limulus KW - Suture reaction KW - Telson ligament KW - Eugenol KW - Histopathology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linking chromophoric organic matter transformation with biomarker indices in a marine phytoplankton growth and degradation experiment AU - Shields, Michael R. AU - Bianchi, Thomas S. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Kinsey, Joanna D. AU - Ziervogel, Kai AU - Schnetzer, Astrid AU - Corradino, Gabrielle T2 - MARINE CHEMISTRY AB - The production and transformation of marine chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) provides a window into the marine biological pump as it is present at all depths and can be measured both in the field and via satellite. However, outside of lignin for terrestrial DOM, few studies have linked marine CDOM characteristics with biomarker indices. In this study, we quantified five fluorescent components of marine CDOM and base-extractable particulate organic matter (BEPOM) in a growth and degradation experiment using a natural plankton assemblage, and compared those results to bacterial abundances, hydrolytic enzyme activities, and amino acid concentrations and associated diagenetic indices. Rotating glass bottles containing plankton were sampled initially (day 0), during the mid-exponential (day 13) and stationary (day 20) growth phases, and again following a dark degradation period that lasted 42 days. Protein-like fluorescence (tryptophan-like and tyrosine-like) was correlated with the total amino acid concentrations for both the DOM and BEPOM through all phases of the incubation. However, tryptophan-like fluorescence showed a stronger correlation for aromatic amino acids. The concentration of particulate organic carbon changed significantly during each phase of the experiment and this substrate correlated with hydrolytic enzyme activities and bacterial abundance. This heterotrophy diagenetically altered the POM during the stationary phase and ultimately resulted in the increased production of more humic-like CDOM after degradation in the dark. Results from this study indicate that CDOM formation and cycling may play a prominent role in the ocean's nitrogen cycle. DA - 2019/8/20/ PY - 2019/8/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.marchem.2019.103665 VL - 214 SP - SN - 1872-7581 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival and Density of a Dominant Fish Species Across a Gradient of Urbanization in North Carolina Tidal Creeks AU - Rudershausen, P. J. AU - Hightower, J. E. AU - Buckel, J. A. AU - O’Donnell, M. J. AU - Dubreuil, T. AU - Letcher, B. H. T2 - Estuaries and Coasts DA - 2019/6/11/ PY - 2019/6/11/ DO - 10.1007/s12237-019-00575-5 VL - 42 IS - 6 SP - 1632-1653 J2 - Estuaries and Coasts LA - en OP - SN - 1559-2723 1559-2731 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00575-5 DB - Crossref KW - Fundulus heteroclitus KW - Salt marsh KW - Tidal creek KW - Cormack-Jolly-Seber ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent increase in catastrophic tropical cyclone flooding in coastal North Carolina, USA: Long-term observations suggest a regime shift AU - Paerl, Hans W. AU - Hall, Nathan S. AU - Hounshell, Alexandria G. AU - Luettich, Richard A., Jr. AU - Rossignol, Karen L. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Bales, Jerad T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - Abstract Coastal North Carolina, USA, has experienced three extreme tropical cyclone-driven flood events since 1999, causing catastrophic human impacts from flooding and leading to major alterations of water quality, biogeochemistry, and ecological conditions. The apparent increased frequency and magnitudes of such events led us to question whether this is just coincidence or whether we are witnessing a regime shift in tropical cyclone flooding and associated ecosystem impacts. Examination of continuous rainfall records for coastal NC since 1898 reveals a period of unprecedentedly high precipitation since the late-1990’s, and a trend toward increasingly high precipitation associated with tropical cyclones over the last 120 years. We posit that this trend, which is consistent with observations elsewhere, represents a recent regime shift with major ramifications for hydrology, carbon and nutrient cycling, water and habitat quality and resourcefulness of Mid-Atlantic and possibly other USA coastal regions. DA - 2019/7/23/ PY - 2019/7/23/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-019-46928-9 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Odorella benthonica gen. & sp. nov. (Pleurocapsales, Cyanobacteria): an odor and prolific toxin producer isolated from a California aqueduct AU - Shalygin, Sergei AU - Huang, I-Shuo AU - Allen, Elle H. AU - Burkholder, JoAnn M. AU - Zimba, Paul V. T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY AB - Pleurocapsales are one of the least understood groups of cyanobacteria in terms of molecular systematics and biochemistry. Considering the high number of cryptic taxa within the Synechococcales and Oscillatoriales, it is likely that such taxa also occur in the Pleurocapsales. The new genus described in our research is the first known pleurocapsalean cryptic taxon. It produces off-flavor and a large number of bioactive metabolites (n = 38) some of which can be toxic including four known microcystins. Using a polyphasic approach, we propose the establishment of the genus Odorella with the new species O. benthonica from material originally isolated from the California Aqueduct near Los Angeles. DA - 2019/6// PY - 2019/6// DO - 10.1111/jpy.12834 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 509-520 SN - 1529-8817 KW - 16S rRNA gene phylogeny KW - cryptic genus KW - microcystins KW - Odorella KW - off-flavor KW - Pleurocapsales KW - secondary metabolites KW - toxins ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arctic climate shifts drive rapid ecosystem responses across the West Greenland landscape AU - Saros, Jasmine E. AU - Anderson, Nicholas John AU - Juggins, Stephen AU - McGowan, Suzanne AU - Yde, Jacob C. AU - Telling, Jon AU - Bullard, Joanna E. AU - Yallop, Marian L. AU - Heathcote, Adam J. AU - Burpee, Benjamin T. AU - Fowler, Rachel A. AU - Barry, Christopher D. AU - Northington, Robert M. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Pla-Rabes, Sergi AU - Mernild, Sebastian H. AU - Whiteford, Erika J. AU - Andrews, M. Grace AU - Kerby, Jeffrey T. AU - Post, Eric T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS AB - Abstract Prediction of high latitude response to climate change is hampered by poor understanding of the role of nonlinear changes in ecosystem forcing and response. While the effects of nonlinear climate change are often delayed or dampened by internal ecosystem dynamics, recent warming events in the Arctic have driven rapid environmental response, raising questions of how terrestrial and freshwater systems in this region may shift in response to abrupt climate change. We quantified environmental responses to recent abrupt climate change in West Greenland using long-term monitoring and paleoecological reconstructions. Using >40 years of weather data, we found that after 1994, mean June air temperatures shifted 2.2 °C higher and mean winter precipitation doubled from 21 to 40 mm; since 2006, mean July air temperatures shifted 1.1 °C higher. Nonlinear environmental responses occurred with or shortly after these abrupt climate shifts, including increasing ice sheet discharge, increasing dust, advancing plant phenology, and in lakes, earlier ice out and greater diversity of algal functional traits. Our analyses reveal rapid environmental responses to nonlinear climate shifts, underscoring the highly responsive nature of Arctic ecosystems to abrupt transitions. DA - 2019/7// PY - 2019/7// DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/ab2928 VL - 14 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1748-9326 KW - abrupt climate change KW - Arctic KW - nonlinear KW - ecosystems ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Fish Passage at a Nature-Like Rock Ramp Fishway on a Large Coastal River AU - Raabe, Joshua K. AU - Hightower, Joseph E. AU - Ellis, Timothy A. AU - Facendola, Joseph J. T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Abstract Nature‐like fishways are engineered to be low maintenance, aesthetically pleasing, and able to pass a diversity of species. However, evaluations of nature‐like fishways are limited, especially on large rivers and for anadromous species. Therefore, we studied a nature‐like “rock arch rapids” rock ramp fishway constructed in 2012 at the most downstream of three locks and dams (LDs) on the Cape Fear River, North Carolina. We evaluated upstream fish passage effectiveness and time until passage through the LD‐1 (river kilometer [rkm] 97) fishway and via locking procedures at LD‐2 (rkm 149) and LD‐3 (rkm 186) from March to early July for three consecutive years, 2013–2015. We used stationary acoustic telemetry receivers to evaluate tagged anadromous American Shad Alosa sapidissima and Striped Bass Morone saxatilis and introduced potamodromous Flathead Catfish Pylodictis olivaris . For American Shad, raw upstream passage efficiency at the LD‐1 fishway was similar to that for LD passage via locking procedures in this and previous studies (53–65%), but passage rates were considerably lower for Striped Bass (19–25%). Duration downstream prior to upstream passage averaged 14.7 d for American Shad (SD = 10.2) and 11.6 d for Striped Bass (SD = 17.1). The raw upstream passage efficiency of Flathead Catfish at LD‐1 was variable (13–80%), and certain individuals passed multiple times in a season and spent extended durations downstream prior to passage (mean = 17.4 d; SD = 20.8), potentially foraging. The rock arch rapids LD‐1 fishway passed each species upstream in all years, but anadromous fish passage was delayed for some individuals and the fishway did not meet predetermined success criteria (80% passage efficiency), indicating that design modifications may be necessary to improve overall effectiveness. DA - 2019/7// PY - 2019/7// DO - 10.1002/tafs.10173 VL - 148 IS - 4 SP - 798-816 SN - 1548-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Numerical Study on the Impact of High-Frequency Winds on the Peru Upwelling System during 2014-2016 AU - Wang, Linhui AU - Gao, Huiwang AU - Shi, Jie AU - Xie, Lian T2 - JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AB - The contribution of high-frequency wind to the Peruvian upwelling system during 2014–2016 was studied using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), forced by four different temporal resolution (six-hourly, daily, weekly, and monthly) wind forcing. A major effect of the high-frequency wind is its warming of the water at all depths along the Peruvian coast. The mechanism for the temperature changes induced by high-frequency wind forcing was analyzed through heat budget analysis, which indicated a three-layer structure. Vertical advection plays a leading role in the warming of the mixed layer (0–25 m), and enhanced vertical mixing balances the warming effect. Analysis suggests that around the depths of 25–60 m, vertical mixing warms the water by bringing heat from the surface to deeper depths. In waters deeper than 60 m, the effect of vertical mixing is negligible. The differences among the oceanic responses in the sensitivity experiments suggest that wind forcing containing variabilities at higher than synoptic frequencies must be included in the atmospheric forcing in order to properly simulate the Peru upwelling system. DA - 2019/5// PY - 2019/5// DO - 10.3390/jmse7050161 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - SN - 2077-1312 KW - high-frequency wind KW - diurnal KW - upwelling KW - vertical velocity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tidal Marsh Creation AU - Broome, Stephen W. AU - Craft, Christopher B. AU - Burchell, Michael R. T2 - COASTAL WETLANDS: AN INTEGRATED ECOSYSTEM APPROACH, 2ND EDITION AB - Salt and brackish water tidal marshes are productive wetlands that provide ecosystem services including habitat, food energy for the estuarine food web, maintenance of water quality, storage of storm water, buffering storm waves and reducing shoreline erosion, carbon sequestration, and socioeconomic benefits. Loss of tidal marshes occurs as a result of dredging, filling, tidal restrictions, subsidence, sea level rise, and erosion. To mitigate those losses, techniques have been developed to create marshes on sites where they did not previously exist. The goal of tidal marsh creation is to provide habitats similar in structure and function to natural marshes. Because tides are the controlling abiotic factor of tidal marshes, the most critical requirement for creating new marshes is constructing sites at the correct elevation relative to the local tidal regime. Other important site-related factors that must be considered to insure successful marsh creation are slope, drainage, wave climate, currents, salinity, and soil physicochemical properties. Cultural practices that are important to establishment of vegetation include selection of native plant species, seed collection and storage, seedling production, site preparation, soil testing, fertilization, handling of transplants, timing of planting, plant spacing, control of undesirable invasive plants, and maintenance until the marsh is self-sustaining. The criteria used to define successful tidal marsh creation are often controversial. Plant communities may be equivalent to natural reference marshes in a few years, whereas other characteristics, such as soil organic matter, and numbers and species of benthic invertebrates require much longer to reach equivalence. When marsh creation technology is properly applied, tidal marshes can be created that provide many of the same ecosystems services that are provided by natural systems. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-444-63893-9.00022-8 SP - 789-816 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extreme precipitation events during 1960-2011 for the Northwest China: space-time changes and possible causes (vol 137, pg 977, 2019) AU - Wang, Huailiang AU - Gao, Tao AU - Xie, Lian T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY AB - The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The presentation of Figs. 8 and 9 were incorrect due to the insertion of black thick slashes. DA - 2019/7// PY - 2019/7// DO - 10.1007/s00704-018-2668-1 VL - 137 IS - 1-2 SP - 997-999 SN - 1434-4483 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extreme precipitation events during 1960-2011 for the Northwest China: space-time changes and possible causes AU - Wang, Huailiang AU - Gao, Tao AU - Xie, Lian T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY DA - 2019/7// PY - 2019/7// DO - 10.1007/s00704-018-2645-8 VL - 137 IS - 1-2 SP - 977-995 SN - 1434-4483 ER - TY - JOUR TI - r.sim.terrain 1.0: a landscape evolution model with dynamic hydrology AU - Harmon, Brendan Alexander AU - Mitasova, Helena AU - Petrasova, Anna AU - Petras, Vaclav T2 - GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT AB - Abstract. While there are numerical landscape evolution models that simulate how steady-state flows of water and sediment reshape topography over long periods of time, r.sim.terrain is the first to simulate short-term topographic change for both steady-state and dynamic flow regimes across a range of spatial scales. This free and open-source Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based topographic evolution model uses empirical models for soil erosion and a physics-based model for shallow overland water flow and soil erosion to compute short-term topographic change. This model uses either a steady-state or unsteady representation of overland flow to simulate how overland sediment mass flows reshape topography for a range of hydrologic soil erosion regimes based on topographic, land cover, soil, and rainfall parameters. As demonstrated by a case study for the Patterson Branch subwatershed on the Fort Bragg military installation in North Carolina, r.sim.terrain simulates the development of fine-scale morphological features including ephemeral gullies, rills, and hillslopes. Applications include land management, erosion control, landscape planning, and landscape restoration. DA - 2019/7/11/ PY - 2019/7/11/ DO - 10.5194/gmd-12-2837-2019 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 2837-2854 SN - 1991-9603 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85068763744&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection and Prevalence of Babesia spp. in American Black Bears (Ursus americanus) from Eastern and Western North Carolina, USA AU - Westmoreland, Lori S. H. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Sheppard, Erica AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Gould, Nicholas P. AU - Olfenbuttel, Colleen AU - Maggi, Ricardo G. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Blood samples collected from American black bears (Ursus americanus) in eastern and western North Carolina, US, were analyzed for piroplasms. Piroplasmids were detected in 17% (23/132) of the animals surveyed. We detected a Babesia spp. previously identified in North American raccoons (Procyon lotor) and a maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus); prevalence was 22% (14/64) and 13% (9/68) in the mountain and coastal black bear populations, respectively. The presence of the same Babesia species in black bears, raccoons, and a maned wolf suggests piroplasms may not be host specific. DA - 2019/7// PY - 2019/7// DO - 10.7589/2018-06-164 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 678-681 SN - 1943-3700 KW - American black bear KW - Babesia KW - North Carolina KW - PCR KW - piroplasms KW - Theileria KW - Ursus americanus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variability of Summer Precipitation Events Associated with Tropical Cyclones over Mid-Lower Reaches of Yangtze River Basin: Role of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation AU - Cao, Fuqiang AU - Gao, Tao AU - Dan, Li AU - Xie, Lian AU - Gong, Xiang T2 - ATMOSPHERE AB - Based on tropical cyclone (TC) track data and gridded observational rainfall data of CN05.1 during the period of 1961 to 2014, we examine the contribution of TCs on three metrics of summertime rainfall regimes and identify the connection between TC-induced precipitation events and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in middle–lower reaches of Yangtze River Basin (MLYRB). At the regional scale, TCs are responsible for approximately 14.4%, 12.5%, and 6.9% of rainfall events for normal, 75th, and 95th percentile precipitation cases, respectively. There is no evidence of significant long-term trends of the three type events linked with TCs, while their interdecadal variability is remarkable. Fractionally, larger proportions of TC-induced events occur along southeast coastal regions of MLYRB for normal rainfall events, and they are recorded over southwest and central-east MLYRB for 95th percentile cases. Moreover, a larger contribution of 95th percentile precipitation events to summer total rainfall is found than that for 75th percentile cases, suggesting that TCs may exert stronger impacts on the upper tail of summertime precipitation distribution across MLYRB. The TC-induced normal rainfall events tend to occur more frequency over central-west MLYRB during negative phase of ENSO in summer. However, the higher likelihood of TC-induced rainfall for three defined metrics are found over the majority of areas over MLYRB during negative ENSO phase in spring. In preceding winter, La Niña episode plays a crucial role in controlling the frequency of both normal and 75th percentile precipitation events. DA - 2019/5// PY - 2019/5// DO - 10.3390/atmos10050256 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - SN - 2073-4433 KW - extreme rainfall KW - tropical cyclone KW - Poisson regression KW - El Nino-Southern Oscillation ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Summary of Sea Turtles Released from Rescue and Rehabilitation Programs in the United States, with Observations on Re-Encounters AU - Innis, Charles J. AU - Finn, Sarah AU - Kennedy, Adam AU - Burgess, Elizabeth AU - Norton, Terry AU - Manire, Charles A. AU - Harms, Craig T2 - Chelonian Conservation and Biology AB - A survey of sea turtle rehabilitation facilities in the United States revealed that 34 facilities released 11,417 sea turtles through 2016. The number of turtles released per time period increased over time, with 80% of releases occurring between 2007 and 2016, 15% between 1997 and 2006, and 5% prior to 1997. Twenty facilities reported a total of 314 first re-encounters and 6 second re-encounters of turtles that had been previously released, including 12 turtles encountered while successfully nesting. Results revealed substantial efforts to rehabilitate sea turtles in the United States, with some rehabilitated turtles surviving for extended periods after release, but with the fate of most remaining unknown. Greater efforts to determine the long-term outcome for a larger proportion of rehabilitation cases are warranted. DA - 2019/4/16/ PY - 2019/4/16/ DO - 10.2744/CCB-1335.1 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 3 J2 - Chelonian Conservation and Biology OP - SN - 1071-8443 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/CCB-1335.1 DB - Crossref KW - sea turtle KW - rescue KW - rehabilitation KW - veterinary ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE MESOPTERYGIAL VEIN: A RELIABLE VENIPUNCTURE SITE FOR INTRAVASCULAR ACCESS IN BATOIDS AU - Westmoreland, Lori S. H. AU - Archibald, Kate E. AU - Christiansen, Emily F. AU - Broadhurst, Heather J. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Intravascular access in batoid species is commonly achieved using the ventral coccygeal or radial wing vessels. However, these approaches can be difficult because of the presence of cartilage, lack of specific landmarks, species variation, and small vessel size in many species. This study used postmortem contrast radiography and gross dissection to develop landmarks for a new, dependable vascular access in three Myliobatiform species commonly maintained in captivity: Atlantic stingray (Hypanus sabinus), cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus), and smooth butterfly ray (Gymnura micrura). The mesopterygial vein provides quick vascular access and is suitable for administration of large fluid volumes and intravascular drugs. It is located immediately ventrolateral to the metapterygium cartilage, which sits adjacent to the coelomic cavity and supports the caudal half of the pectoral fin. Using the pectoral girdle and cranial third of the metapterygium cartilage as landmarks, vascular access can be achieved by directing a needle medially at approximately a 30° (adult cownose rays) or 45° angle (Atlantic stingrays, juvenile cownose rays, smooth butterfly rays) toward the metapterygium cartilage. Differences in the degree of needle direction are due to species and age-specific shapes of the metapterygium cartilage. The mesopterygial vein is an alternate site of quick and reliable venous access in batoid species. DA - 2019/6// PY - 2019/6// DO - 10.1638/2018-0137 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 369-374 SN - 1937-2825 KW - Batoid KW - elasmobranch KW - intravascular access KW - mesopterygial vein KW - pectoral vasculature ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling Quantitative Value of Habitats for Marine and Estuarine Populations AU - Lipcius, Romuald N. AU - Eggleston, David B. AU - Fodrie, F. Joel AU - Meer, Jaap AU - Rose, Kenneth A. AU - Vasconcelos, Rita P. AU - Wolfshaar, Karen E. T2 - FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE AB - Coastal habitats (e.g., seagrass beds, shallow mud and sand flats) strongly influence survival, growth, and reproduction of exploited marine fish and invertebrate species. Many of these species have declined over the past decades, coincident with widespread degradation of coastal habitats, such that an urgent need exists to model the quantitative value of coastal habitats to their population dynamics. Demand for habitat considerations will increase as fisheries management contends with habitat issues in stock assessments and management in general moves towards a more ecosystem-based approach. The modeling of habitat function to support fishery species has, to date, been done on a case-by-case basis involving diverse approaches and types of population models, which has made it difficult to generalize about methods for incorporating habitat into population models. In this review, we offer guiding concepts for how habitat effects can be incorporated in population models commonly used to simulate the population dynamics of exploited fish and invertebrate species. We categorize population models based on whether they are static or dynamic representations of population status, and for dynamic, further into unstructured, age/size class structured, and individual-based. We then use examples to illustrate how habitat has been incorporated, implicitly (correlative) and explicitly (mechanistically), into each of these categories. We describe the methods used and provide details on their implementation and utility to facilitate adaptation of the approaches for other species and systems. We anticipate that our review can serve as a stimulus for more widespread use of population models to quantify the value of coastal habitats for exploited species, so that their importance can be accurately realized and to facilitate cross-species and cross-system comparisons. Quantitative evaluation of habitat effects in population dynamics will increasingly be needed for traditional stock assessments, ecosystem-based fisheries management, conservation of at-risk habitats, and recovery of overexploited stocks that rely on critical coastal habitats during their life cycle. DA - 2019/6/12/ PY - 2019/6/12/ DO - 10.3389/fmars.2019.00280 VL - 6 SP - SN - 2296-7745 KW - dynamic energy budget model KW - habitat value KW - individual based model KW - integral projection model KW - matrix model KW - nursery habitat KW - population dynamics KW - population model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pyrogenic iron: The missing link to high iron solubility in aerosols AU - Ito, Akinori AU - Myriokefalitakis, Stelios AU - Kanakidou, Maria AU - Mahowald, Natalie M. AU - Scanza, Rachel A. AU - Hamilton, Douglas S. AU - Baker, Alex R. AU - Jickells, Timothy AU - Sarin, Manmohan AU - Bikkina, Srinivas AU - Gao, Yuan AU - Shelley, Rachel U. AU - Buck, Clifton S. AU - Landing, William M. AU - Bowie, Andrew R. AU - Perron, Morgane M. G. AU - Guieu, Cecile AU - Meskhidze, Nicholas AU - Johnson, Matthew S. AU - Feng, Yan AU - Kok, Jasper F. AU - Nenes, Athanasios AU - Duce, Robert A. T2 - SCIENCE ADVANCES AB - Atmospheric deposition is a source of potentially bioavailable iron (Fe) and thus can partially control biological productivity in large parts of the ocean. However, the explanation of observed high aerosol Fe solubility compared to that in soil particles is still controversial, as several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this observation. Here, a statistical analysis of aerosol Fe solubility estimated from four models and observations compiled from multiple field campaigns suggests that pyrogenic aerosols are the main sources of aerosols with high Fe solubility at low concentration. Additionally, we find that field data over the Southern Ocean display a much wider range in aerosol Fe solubility compared to the models, which indicate an underestimation of labile Fe concentrations by a factor of 15. These findings suggest that pyrogenic Fe-containing aerosols are important sources of atmospheric bioavailable Fe to the open ocean and crucial for predicting anthropogenic perturbations to marine productivity. DA - 2019/5// PY - 2019/5// DO - 10.1126/sciadv.aau7671 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - SN - 2375-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting ocean waves along the US east coast during energetic winter storms: sensitivity to whitecapping parameterizations AU - Allandadi, Mohammad Nabi AU - He, Ruoying AU - Neary, Vincent S. T2 - OCEAN SCIENCE AB - Abstract. The performance of two methods for quantifying whitecapping dissipation incorporated in the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model is evaluated for waves generated along and off the US east coast under energetic winter storms with a predominantly westerly wind. Parameterizing the whitecapping effect can be done using the Komen-type schemes, which are based on mean spectral parameters, or the saturation-based (SB) approach of van der Westhuysen (2007), which is based on local wave parameters and the saturation level concept of the wave spectrum (we use “Komen” and “Westhuysen” to denote these two approaches). Observations of wave parameters and frequency spectra at four National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys are used to evaluate simulation results. Model–data comparisons show that when using the default parameters in SWAN, both Komen and Westhuysen methods underestimate wave height. Simulations of mean wave period using the Komen method agree with observations, but those using the Westhuysen method are substantially lower. Examination of source terms shows that the Westhuysen method underestimates the total energy transferred into the wave action equations, especially in the lower frequency bands that contain higher spectral energy. Several causes for this underestimation are identified. The primary reason is the difference between the wave growth conditions along the east coast during winter storms and the conditions used for the original whitecapping formula calibration. In addition, some deficiencies in simulation results are caused along the coast by the “slanting fetch” effect that adds low-frequency components to the 2-D wave spectra. These components cannot be simulated partly or entirely by available source terms (wind input, whitecapping, and quadruplet) in models and their interaction. Further, the effect of boundary layer instability that is not considered in the Komen and Westhuysen whitecapping wind input formulas may cause additional underestimation. DA - 2019/6/6/ PY - 2019/6/6/ DO - 10.5194/os-15-691-2019 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 691-715 SN - 1812-0784 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic Functional Group Chemistry in Mineralized Deposits Containing U(IV) and U(VI) from the Jackpile Mine in New Mexico AU - Velasco, Carmen A. AU - Artyushkova, Kateryna AU - Ali, Abdul-Mehdi S. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Gonzalez-Estrella, Jorge AU - Lezama-Pacheco, Juan S. AU - Cabaniss, Stephen E. AU - Cerrato, Jose M. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - We investigated the functional group chemistry of natural organic matter (NOM) associated with both U(IV) and U(VI) in solids from mineralized deposits exposed to oxidizing conditions from the Jackpile Mine, Laguna Pueblo, NM. The uranium (U) content in unreacted samples was 0.44–2.6% by weight determined by X-ray fluorescence. In spite of prolonged exposure to ambient oxidizing conditions, ≈49% of U(IV) and ≈51% of U(VI) were identified on U LIII edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra. Loss on ignition and thermogravimetric analyses identified from 13% to 44% of NOM in the samples. Carbonyl, phenolic, and carboxylic functional groups in the unreacted samples were identified by fitting of high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) C 1s and O 1s spectra. Peaks corresponding to phenolic and carbonyl functional groups had intensities higher than those corresponding to carboxylic groups in samples from the supernatant from batch extractions conducted at pH 13, 7, and 2. U(IV) and U(VI) species were detected in the supernatant after batch extractions conducted under oxidizing conditions by fitting of high-resolution XPS U 4f spectra. The outcomes from this study highlight the importance of the influence of pH on the organic functional group chemistry and U speciation in mineralized deposits. DA - 2019/5/21/ PY - 2019/5/21/ DO - 10.1021/acs.est.9b00407 VL - 53 IS - 10 SP - 5758-5767 SN - 1520-5851 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acoustic evidence of a long-lived gas-driven submarine volcanic eruption in the Bismarck Sea AU - Crone, Timothy J. AU - Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. T2 - GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL AB - Understanding the temporal variability of volcanic activity in the deep ocean is critical for estimating the fluxes of heat and chemicals between the lithosphere and the overlying ocean, and for characterizing the relationships between hydrothermal processes and the subseafloor biosphere. Because there is a growing interest in the development of mineral resources in seafloor hydrothermal settings, it is also important to understand the hydroacoustic environment near submarine volcanoes, which could be impacted by mining operations. To evaluate pre-industrialization sound levels at one proposed site of seafloor mining, a deep-sea hydrophone recording system was deployed for a period of 5 months in the Manus Basin, Bismarck Sea, in the territorial waters of Papua New Guinea. During the deployment the system recorded evidence of a long-lived (∼60-d) gas-driven explosive volcanic eruption. The signals observed were similar to those recorded at two other backarc volcanoes (West Mata and NW Rota-1), and considering the recent geological history of the region, are likely related to the continued growth of a volcanic cryptodome on the south side of North Su volcano. The data show that eruptive events can start and stop abruptly, can last for months, and can increase the local RMS sound pressure levels by about 12 dB on average. The estimated average acoustic source power of the volcanic eruption is roughly equivalent to that of a large commercial shipping vessel. DA - 2019/4// PY - 2019/4// DO - 10.1093/gji/ggy542 VL - 217 IS - 1 SP - 169-178 SN - 1365-246X KW - Submarine tectonics and volcanism KW - Explosive volcanism KW - Volcano monitoring ER - TY - JOUR TI - Warmer waters masculinize wild populations of a fish with temperature-dependent sex determination AU - Honeycutt, J. L. AU - Deck, C. A. AU - Miller, S. C. AU - Severance, M. E. AU - Atkins, E. B. AU - Luckenbach, J. A. AU - Buckel, J. A. AU - Daniels, H. V. AU - Rice, J. A. AU - Borski, R. J. AU - Godwin, J. T2 - Scientific Reports AB - Abstract Southern flounder ( Paralichthys lethostigma ) exhibit environmental sex determination (ESD), where environmental factors can influence phenotypic sex during early juvenile development but only in the presumed XX female genotype. Warm and cold temperatures masculinize fish with mid-range conditions producing at most 50% females. Due to sexually dimorphic growth, southern flounder fisheries are dependent upon larger females. Wild populations could be at risk of masculinization from ESD due to globally increasing water temperatures. We evaluated the effects of habitat and temperature on wild populations of juvenile southern flounder in North Carolina, USA. While northern habitats averaged temperatures near 23 °C and produced the greatest proportion of females, more southerly habitats exhibited warmer temperatures (>27 °C) and consistently produced male-biased sex ratios (up to 94% male). Rearing flounder in the laboratory under temperature regimes mimicking those of natural habitats recapitulated sex ratio differences observed across the wild populations, providing strong evidence that temperature is a key factor influencing sex ratios in nursery habitats. These studies provide evidence of habitat conditions interacting with ESD to affect a key demographic parameter in an economically important fishery. The temperature ranges that yield male-biased sex ratios are within the scope of predicted increases in ocean temperature under climate change. DA - 2019/4/25/ PY - 2019/4/25/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-019-42944-x VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - J2 - Sci Rep LA - en OP - SN - 2045-2322 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42944-x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Anticipated Improvements to River Surface Elevation Profiles From the Surface Water and Ocean Topography Mission AU - Langhorst, Theodore AU - Payelskyl, Tamlin M. AU - Frasson, Renato Prata de Moraes AU - Wei, Rui AU - Domeneghetti, Alessio AU - Altenau, Elizabeth H. AU - Durand, Michael T. AU - Minear, J. Toby AU - Wegmann, Karl W. AU - Fuller, Matthew R. T2 - FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE AB - Existing publicly available digital elevation models (DEMs) provide global-scale data but are often not precise enough for studying processes that depend on small-scale topographic features in rivers. For example, slope breaks and knickpoints in rivers can be important in understanding tectonic processes, and riffle-pool structures are important drivers of riverine ecology. More precise data (e.g. lidar) are available in some areas, but their spatial extent limits large-scale research. The upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission is planned to launch in 2021 and will provide measurements of elevation and inundation extent of surface waters between 78° north and south latitude on average twice every 21 days. We present a novel noise reduction method for multitemporal river water surface elevation profiles from SWOT that combines a truncated singular value decomposition and a slope-constrained least-squares estimator. We use simulated SWOT data of 85-145 km sections of the Po, Sacramento, and Tanana Rivers to show that 3-12 months of simulated SWOT data can produce elevation profiles with mean absolute errors of 5.38-12.55 cm at 100-200 m along-stream resolution. Mean absolute errors can be reduced further to 4-11 cm by averaging all observations. The average profiles have errors much lower than existing DEMs, allowing new advances in riverine research globally. We consider two case studies in geomorphology and ecology that highlight the scientific value of the more accurate in-river DEMs expected from SWOT. Simulated SWOT elevation profiles for the Po reveal convexities in the river longitudinal profile that are spatially coincident with the upward projection of blind thrust faults that are buried beneath the Po Plain at the northern termination of the Apennine Mountains. Meanwhile, simulated SWOT data for the Sacramento River reveals locally steep sections of the river profile that represent important habitat for benthic invertebrates at a spatial scale previously unrecognizable in large-scale digital elevation models presently available for this river. DA - 2019/5/8/ PY - 2019/5/8/ DO - 10.3389/feart.2019.00102 VL - 7 SP - SN - 2296-6463 KW - SWOT simulator KW - DEM KW - river water surface elevation KW - elevation profile smoothing KW - satellite altimetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antecedent precipitation influences the bacterial processing of terrestrial dissolved organic matter in a North Carolina estuary AU - Osburn, C. L. AU - Atar, J. N. AU - Boyd, T. J. AU - Montgomery, M. T. T2 - ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE AB - Estuaries and coastal waters ultimately receive the terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM) exported from coastal watersheds, more directly during extreme precipitation events. Recent work suggests DOM's degradation in coastal waters varies with its quality, which also might vary as a function of precipitation, activating contributions from different sources within a watershed. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which microbial degradation of terrestrial DOM in the Newport River Estuary, eastern North Carolina, was influenced by precipitation events occurring within the preceding seven days from sampling. We hypothesized that DOM stored in forested wetlands (e.g., pocosins and Cypress swamps) that become connected to the main channel of the Newport River during high precipitation events was more labile than DOM flowing into the estuary under low precipitation events. DOM quality was assessed with optical and stable C isotope (δ13C) measurements, while DOM lability was assessed by measurements of bacterial production (BP) and mineralization of 14C-labeled phenanthrene (Pmin), a polyaromatic tracer compound. Aromatic content of DOM, assessed by specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254) was highest in the river with values well over 5.0 L mg C−1 m−1, and decreased with salinity. Antecedent precipitation (AP) of at least 100 mm in the seven days prior to sampling resulted in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations >20 mg L−1, at salinities <10. Similarly, fluorescence humification index (HIX) values were highest in the estuary after the highest AP. Generally depleted δ13C-DOC values (−26 to −28‰) in the estuary up to a salinity of 30 indicated a substantial source of DOM likely originating from the forested swamps and tidal wetlands fringing the estuary. BP exhibited wide variability yet declined with salinity, while median values after higher AP (40 μg C L−1 d−1) were double that under lower AP. By contrast, aromatic mineralization (Pmin) rates increased as both DOC and CDOM concentrations, and SUVA254 and HIX values, declined with salinity. However, Pmin rates were highest after the highest AP for the three events sampled. Results indicate that flooding of coastal wetlands mobilizes a large pool of labile DOM which have a large impact on the carbon cycle in estuaries. By altering the quality, as well as quantity of terrestrial organic matter inputs to estuarine systems, extreme events may also affect utilization of aromatic organics by estuarine microbial assemblages, an intriguing research question worthy of further study. DA - 2019/5/31/ PY - 2019/5/31/ DO - 10.1016/j.ecss.2019.03.016 VL - 221 SP - 119-131 SN - 1096-0015 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.03.016 KW - Precipitation KW - Newport River Estuary KW - Dissolved organic carbon KW - Bacterial production KW - Biodegradation KW - Estuaries ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tiller Initiation and its Effects on Yield and Yield Components in Winter Wheat AU - Tilley, M. Scott AU - Heiniger, Ronnie W. AU - Crozier, Carl R. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Core Ideas A marking technique was used to monitor leaf and tiller development. The earlier a tiller is formed the more kernels it produces. Seeding rate influences tiller initiation and productivity. ABSTRACT Vegetative growth in the form of tillers is crucial to final yield in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). To understand the impact management practices have on tiller initiation, a study was conducted using two seeding rates (1.9 × 10 6 vs. 6.8 × 10 6 ha −1 ) and two N timing applications (single vs. split). Tillers initiated in the fall made up the majority of spikes compared to tillers initiated from 1 January to the start of jointing (GS 30). Tillers initiated in March at either seeding rate produced very few kernels spike –1 , low kernel weight, and contributed little to yield. At the high seeding rate, tillers initiated prior to 1 January were responsible for more than 87% of the grain yield. Tillers produced in January– February produced 5 to 11% of the final yield, while tillers produced in March contributed less than 2%. In contrast, at the low seeding rate tillers produced in January–February made up 20 to almost 60% of the final yield. Overall, this study shows the timing and rate of leaf initiation impacts yield and yield components. Earlier tillers have an advantage in that they have shorter periods of leaf development that result in more leaf area which in turn supports more kernel spike –1 and heavier kernels, thus more grain weight per spike. Timing of N (single vs. split) application resulted in no significant impact on tiller development, spike number, kernel number, kernel weight, or grain yield. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2018.07.0469 VL - 111 IS - 3 SP - 1323-1332 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are Geckos Paratenic Hosts for Caribbean Island Acanthocephalans? Evidence from Gonatodes antillensis and a Global Review of Squamate Reptiles Acting as Transport Hosts AU - Dornburg, Alex AU - Lamb, April D. AU - Warren, Dan AU - Watkins-Colwell, Gregory J. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Flowers, James T2 - BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AB - It is well known that reptiles can act as paratenic hosts for parasites that use mammals as their definitive hosts. However, studies of potential paratenic hosts in the Caribbean have been temporally restricted to only diurnal species of lizards, thereby neglecting a dominant component of the nocturnal reptilian community: geckos. Many gecko species are human commensals with activity periods that overlap temporally with those of domestic cats, making them prime candidates as potential transport hosts for cat parasites. However, no studies have reported geckos as paratenic hosts for felid parasites on any Caribbean island. Here we report the first records of subcutaneous oligacanthorhynchid cystacanths on the Venezuelan Coastal Clawed Gecko (Gonatodes antillensis) based on specimens collected in Curaçao and Bonaire. The cysts were identified as belonging to the genus Oncicola, likely those of Oncicola venezuelensis. This study reports these geckos as a new host record for oligacanthorhynchid cystacanths, as well as Curaçao and Bonaire as new geographic locales for these acanthocephalan parasites. We additionally provide a review of saurian cystacanths, comparing the restricted taxonomic focus of transport hosts in Caribbean islands to the distribution of paratenic squamate hosts both in the Neotropics and globally. We find evidence that the ability of squamate reptiles to act as transport hosts is a pervasive feature across their Tree of Life, suggesting that these animals may serve as important vectors for transporting parasites between intermediate and definitive hosts. DA - 2019/4// PY - 2019/4// DO - 10.3374/014.060.0103 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 55-79 SN - 2162-4135 KW - Acanthocephala KW - intestinal helminths KW - cats KW - parasite KW - trophic transmission KW - mammals KW - birds KW - host-parasite interactions KW - vector species ER - TY - JOUR TI - Baseline plasma thromboelastography in Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii), green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles and its use to diagnose coagulopathies in cold-stunned Kemp’s ridley and green sea turtles AU - Barratclough, A. AU - Tuxbury, K. AU - Hanel, R. AU - Stacy, N.I. AU - Ruterbories, L. AU - Christiansen, E. AU - Harms, C.A. T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine AB - Cold-stunning in sea turtles is a frequent natural cause of mortality and is defined as a hypothermic state due to exposure to water temperatures <12°C. Derangements of biochemistry and hematology data by cold stunning have been well documented, although the effects on coagulation have not yet been investigated. The objectives of this study were to characterize the hemostatic state of non-cold-stunned sea turtles and to compare cold-stunned sea turtles at admission and after successful rehabilitation via a sea turtle-specific thromboelastography (TEG) protocol. TEG enables evaluation of the entire coagulation process, and the methodology has recently been established in sea turtles. Initially, 30 wild and apparently healthy sea turtles were sampled as controls: loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), n =17; Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii), n = 8; and green turtles (Chelonia mydas), n = 5. In addition, paired TEG samples were performed on 32 Ch. mydas and 14 L. kempii at admission and prerelease after successful rehabilitation from cold stunning. Statistically significant differences in reaction time, kinetics, angle, and maximum amplitude parameters in L. kempii and Ch. mydas species demonstrated that the time taken for blood clot formation was prolonged and the strength of the clot formed was reduced by cold stunning. These findings indicate that cold stunning may cause disorders in hemostasis that can contribute to the severity of the condition. Early diagnosis of coagulopathies in the clinical assessment of a cold-stunned sea turtle may influence the treatment approach and clinical outcome of the case. DA - 2019/4/5/ PY - 2019/4/5/ DO - 10.1638/2018-0142 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 62 SN - 1042-7260 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2018-0142 KW - Coagulation KW - coagulopathy KW - cold stunned KW - sea turtle KW - thromboelastography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enrofloxacin Pharmacokinetics and Sampling Techniques in California Sea Hares (Aplysia californica) AU - Mason, Sharon E AU - Papich, Mark G AU - Schmale, Michael C AU - Harms, Craig A AU - Davis, Sally A T2 - Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science AB - This pharmacokinetic study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin at 5 mg/kg when given to sea hares in their hemolymph. Enrofloxacin is a commonly used antimicrobial in veterinary medicine and potentially could be used to treat sea hares exposed to susceptible bacterial species. We individually identified 8 juvenile Aplysia californica and group housed them in an open seawater flow system at 14 to 18 °C; 2 served as untreated controls. The remaining 6 animals were injected into the hemocoel with 0.030 mL of 22.7 mg/mL enrofloxacin (average dose, 5 to 6 mg/kg). At each time point, 300 μL hemolymph was collected from the pedal hemolymph sinus and HPLC-analyzed for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin levels. Enrofloxacin was detected in all dosed animals, at an average peak concentration of 3 μg/mL in hemolymph, and remained in the body for 20.3 h with an average clearance of 0.19 μg × h/mL. No ciprofloxacin was detected in any Aplysia in this study. Hemocoel injection appears to be an effective way to administer enrofloxacin to Aplysia and reach clinically relevant concentrations. Enrofloxacin reached therapeutic target concentrations in A. californica when dosed according to the regimen described in the current report. DA - 2019/3/1/ PY - 2019/3/1/ DO - 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000072 VL - 58 IS - 2 SP - 231-234 J2 - j am assoc lab anim sci LA - en OP - SN - 1559-6109 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000072 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - TISSUE ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN FREE-LIVING EASTERN BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA) AU - Adamovicz, Laura AU - Griffioen, John AU - Cerreta, Anthony AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Allender, Matthew C. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Plasma biochemical enzymes are commonly assayed as part of a diagnostic evaluation for zoological species, but their interpretation is complicated by a lack of knowledge about tissue of origin in many reptiles. This study evaluated tissue specificity of six biochemical enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], creatine kinase [CK], gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], and glutamate dehydrogenase [GLDH]) in 10 tissues (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, lung, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, spleen, and reproductive tract) from 10 free-living eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). CK activity was highest in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and gastrointestinal tract; GLDH and ALT activities were highest in liver, kidney, and gallbladder; ALP and GGT activities were elevated in kidney and gastrointestinal tract; and AST was relatively nonspecific, with significantly higher activity in the cardiac muscle, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and gallbladder compared to other tissues (P < 0.05). These results serve as a first step toward improving clinical interpretation of plasma biochemistry panels in box turtles. DA - 2019/3// PY - 2019/3// DO - 10.1638/2018-0079 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 45-54 SN - 1937-2825 KW - biochemistry enzyme activity KW - eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina carolina KW - reptile KW - tissue specificity ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2-Phenoxyethanol (2-PE) and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) immersion anesthesia of American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) AU - Archibald, K.E. AU - Scott, G.N. AU - Bailey, K.M. AU - Harms, C.A. T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine AB - Despite extensive literature examining American horseshoe crab physiology, there are comparatively few publications addressing their medical care. Establishing anesthesia protocols for horseshoe crabs is integral to limiting the potential stress and pain associated with invasive procedures and for advancing euthanasia techniques. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two immersion anesthetics, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) at 1 g/L (buffered with sodium carbonate) and 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE) at 2 mL/L, on horseshoe crabs. Twenty horseshoe crabs were assigned to one of two anesthetic treatment groups and individually anesthetized in natural seawater. Water quality, cardiac contractility, and hemolymph gas analytes were measured prior to anesthesia and at 30 min Animals were monitored via heart rate, gilling rate, and sedation score every 5 min until recovered. Transcarapacial ultrasonography was used to obtain heart rate, gilling rate, and percent fractional shortening. Light or surgical anesthesia was produced in 10/10 animals in the 2-PE group and 8/10 animals in the MS-222 group. There was no significant difference in sedation scores, induction time (median 15 min), or recovery time (median 20.5 min). Gilling rate and cardiac contractility decreased during anesthesia, whereas heart rate did not. Hemolymph pH and pO2 were not different among treatment groups or time points. Baseline pCO2 was higher than pCO2 at 30 min for both groups but significantly elevated only in the MS-222 group. This is attributed to increased activity during the handling of awake animals. Invasive blood pressure obtained via cardiac catheterization in two animals was markedly decreased during surgical anesthesia. In conclusion, 2-PE and MS-222 provided effective anesthesia with clinically useful induction and recovery times. 2-PE provided a subjectively more reliable and smoother anesthesia compared to MS-222. DA - 2019/4/5/ PY - 2019/4/5/ DO - 10.1638/2018-0085 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 96-106 SN - 1042-7260 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2018-0085 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EVALUATION OF EUTHANASIA OF MOON JELLYFISH (AURELIA AURITA) USING SIMPLE SALT SOLUTIONS AU - Doerr, Mary AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Immersion euthanasia methods reported over the most recent decades for aquatic invertebrates use organic alcohols or halogenated hydrocarbons that can interfere with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. A rolling study design evaluated potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) as potential ion-based euthanasia methods for moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) destined for metabolomic analysis by NMR spectroscopy. Death was defined as the cessation of autonomous bell pulsing and response to external stimulus. MgCl2 applied at a dose of 142 g/L provided euthanasia within 32 sec of applications without the untoward effects observed with the other two salts. Euthanasia with KCl at the doses tested was associated with abnormal behavior and tissue degradation during dissection. MgSO4 at the doses tested resulted in abnormal behavior and failed to provide rapid euthanasia. DA - 2019/3// PY - 2019/3// DO - 10.1638/2018-01510 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 123-126 SN - 1937-2825 KW - Aurelia aurita KW - euthanasia KW - invertebrate KW - jellyfish KW - MgCl2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hematological parameters in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with formalin-preservation: comparison between wild tournament-caught and captive-raised fish AU - Whitehead, Michelle C. AU - Vanetten, Chelsey L. AU - Zheng, Yaxin AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. T2 - PEERJ AB - Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) are an economically important freshwater fish species that have been investigated for both the short and long-term effects of stress, secondary to angling. Limited data has been published on the hematological parameters of this species and blood sample stability is a notable limitation of hematologic field studies. A relatively novel technique using 10% neutral buffered formalin preserves heparinized whole blood and maintains blood cell stability beyond one month in striped bass. The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in hematological parameters between tournament-caught and captive-raised largemouth bass using whole blood preservation with neutral buffered formalin.Two populations of largemouth bass (n = 26 wild; n = 29 captive) underwent coccygeal venipuncture to collect heparinized whole blood for packed cell volume, total solids, and manual differential. Formalin preservation of heparinized whole blood facilitated manual hemocytometer analysis. Results were compared between the populations (tournament-caught, and captive-raised) with Wilcoxon rank sum test, a Hotelling's T2 test, and Bonferroni simultaneous 95% confidence intervals to determine significance.The mean packed cell volume (44.9 ± 5.4%) and total solids (7.2 ± 1.1 g/dL) were significantly higher, while the total leukocyte count (7.08 ± 1.86 × 103/µL) was significantly lower in the wild tournament-caught population of largemouth bass, as compared to the captive-raised counterparts (PCV 34.4 ± 7.2%; TS 5.2 ± 1.0 g/dL; WBC 16.43 ± 8.37 × 103/µL). The wild population demonstrated a significantly distinct leukogram characterized by a neutropenia (24.1 ± 12.7%), lymphocytosis (67.7 ± 13.0%), and monocytopenia (8.3 ± 2.9%), while the erythrocyte and thrombocyte counts were not significantly different between populations.Numerous factors have been demonstrated to influence hematologic parameters in fish including age, size, sex, temperature, environmental oxygen level, population density, and infection. The wild population endured stress during angling capture, live-well hypoxia, transport, and extended air exposures at weigh in, which may have caused a stress leukopenia as well as osmoregulatory dysfunction and subsequent hemoconcentration. Further evaluation of seasonal impact as well as increased sample size is warranted to enhance our understanding of largemouth bass hematology.This study concluded that wild largemouth bass captured via tournament angling have higher packed cell volume and total solids, and lower total leukocyte counts, compared to captive-reared individuals. Through the completion of this study, we demonstrated the successful use of 10% neutral buffered formalin to preserve heparinized whole blood for precise hemocytometer cell counts in a new teleost species, the largemouth bass. DA - 2019/4/4/ PY - 2019/4/4/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.6669 VL - 7 SP - SN - 2167-8359 KW - Catch-and-release KW - Captive-reared KW - Micropterus salmoides KW - Health assessment KW - Formalin preservation KW - Hematology KW - Largemouth bass KW - Manual hemocytometer KW - Wild tournament-caught KW - Stress ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lingering Carbon Cycle Effects of Hurricane Matthew in North Carolina's Coastal Waters AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Rudolph, Jacob C. AU - Paerl, Hans W. AU - Hounshell, Alexandria G. AU - Van Dam, Bryce R. T2 - Geophysical Research Letters AB - Abstract In 2016, Hurricane Matthew accounted for 25% of the annual riverine C loading to the Neuse River Estuary‐Pamlico Sound, in eastern North Carolina. Unlike inland watersheds, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was the dominant component of C flux from this coastal watershed and stable carbon isotope and chromophoric dissolved organic matter evidence indicated the estuary and sound were dominated by wetland‐derived terrigenous organic matter sources for several months following the storm. Persistence of wetland‐derived DOC enabled its degradation to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which was supported by sea‐to‐air CO 2 fluxes measured in the sound weeks after the storm. Under future increasingly extreme weather events such as Hurricane Matthew, and most recently Hurricane Florence (September 2018), degradation of terrestrial DOC in floodwaters could increase flux of CO 2 from estuaries and coastal waters to the atmosphere. DA - 2019/3/5/ PY - 2019/3/5/ DO - 10.1029/2019GL082014 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 2654-2661 J2 - Geophys. Res. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 0094-8276 1944-8007 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082014 DB - Crossref KW - dissolved organic carbon KW - particulate organic carbon KW - CO2 KW - extreme events KW - carbon cycle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extreme weather events modulate processing and export of dissolved organic carbon in the Neuse River Estuary, NC AU - Hounshell, Alexandria G. AU - Rudolph, Jacob C. AU - Van Dam, Bryce R. AU - Hall, Nathan S. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Paerl, Hans W. T2 - ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE AB - As the interface between riverine and coastal systems, estuaries play a key role in receiving, transporting, and processing terrestrial organic carbon prior to export to downstream coastal systems. Estuaries can switch from terrestrial organic carbon reactors under low river flow to pipelines under high flow, but it remains unclear how estuarine terrestrial organic carbon processing responds to the full spectrum of discharge conditions, which are bracketed by these high and low discharge events. The amount of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon and colored dissolved organic matter imported, processed, and exported was assessed for riverine discharge events spanning from the 4th to 99th flow quantiles in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA using spatially and temporally (July 2015–December 2016) resolved measurements. The extent of dissolved organic matter processing in the estuary under various flow conditions was estimated using a non-steady state box model to calculate estuary-wide terrestrial dissolved organic carbon and colored dissolved organic matter source & sink terms. Under mid-range riverine discharge conditions (4th to 89th flow quantiles), the Neuse River Estuary was a sink for terrestrial dissolved organic carbon, retaining and/or processing (i.e., flocculation; photochemical and microbial degradation) on average ∼29% of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon. Following floods due to extreme precipitation events (99th flow quantile), however, over 99% of the terrestrial dissolved organic carbon loaded from the riverine end-member was exported directly to the downstream coastal system. Following such extreme weather events, the estuary acts as a pipeline for direct export of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon, drastically altering the amount and quality of dissolved organic carbon loaded to downstream coastal systems. This has important implications under future climate scenarios, where extreme weather events are expected to increase. DA - 2019/4/5/ PY - 2019/4/5/ DO - 10.1016/j.ecss.2019.01.020 VL - 219 SP - 189-200 SN - 1096-0015 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.01.020 KW - Dissolved organic carbon KW - Colored dissolved organic matter KW - Extreme weather events KW - USA KW - North Carolina KW - Neuse River Estuary ER - TY - JOUR TI - Formation of planktonic chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the ocean AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Kinsey, Joanna D. AU - Bianchi, Thomas S. AU - Shields, Michael R. T2 - Marine Chemistry AB - Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is an important fraction of the marine carbon cycle that controls most light absorption and many photochemical and biological processes in the ocean. Despite its importance, the chemical basis for the formation of oceanic CDOM remains unclear. Currently, CDOM's optical properties are best-described by an electronic interaction (EI) model of charge transfer (CT) complexes which form between electron-rich donors and electron-poor acceptors. While terrigenous compounds such as lignin best fit this model, planktonic sources of CDOM have not yet been tested. Here, we have tested CDOM formed during an incubation experiment using a natural phytoplankton assemblage and throughout active growth, stationary phase and algal biomass decomposition. Absorbance of the derived planktonic CDOM generally decreased with increasing wavelength, similar to the reference Pony Lake (PLFA) and Suwanee River (SRFA) fulvic acid solutions used as models of terrigenous CDOM. Further, after 60 d of microbial degradation in the dark, CDOM exhibited fluorescence emission maxima continuously red-shifted into the visible band, consistent with PLFA and SRFA. Reduction of carbonyl-containing groups, key to CT complex formation, with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) produced coherent results in planktonic CDOM and reference FAs. Absorption at 350 nm decreased by 50% for planktonic CDOM and by 30% for PLFA and SRFA, with corresponding increases in spectral slope (S) values, indicating preferential loss of absorption well into the visible. Fluorescence likewise responded with enhanced emission at shorter wavelengths. Apparent quantum yields (Φ) were similarly affected. Results from our work support prior observations that phytoplankton and bacteria are important sources of CDOM that color the ocean's “twilight zone”. We hypothesize that microbial processing of a variety of source substrates into more complex compounds represented as planktonic CDOM likely represents a semi-refractory pool of DOM in the ocean. DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.1016/j.marchem.2018.11.010 VL - 209 SP - 1-13 J2 - Marine Chemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0304-4203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.11.010 DB - Crossref KW - CDOM KW - Absorbance KW - Fluorescence KW - Quantum yield KW - Plankton ER - TY - JOUR TI - Double fronts in the Yellow Sea in summertime identified using sea surface temperature data of multi-scale ultra-high resolution analysis AU - Lin, Lei AU - Liu, Dongyan AU - Luo, Chongxin AU - Xie, Lian T2 - CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH AB - Fronts are ubiquitous phenomena in oceans, and they play a significant role in marine hydrodynamics and ecology. During the stratified season of a shelf sea, the coastal front is usually considered as a single front, i.e., the tidal mixing front. However, using high resolution (~1 km) Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution (MUR) analysis sea surface temperature (SST) data, this study observes persistent double fronts along the Yellow Sea coast in summertime. The double fronts comprise the well-known offshore tidal mixing front and a nearshore front, and the nearshore front has not been previously reported. The climatological (2002–2017) monthly mean result shows that the double fronts with two SST gradient peaks exceeding ~2 °C/100 km and opposite SST gradient directions basically remain unchanged from June to August, whereas the frontal spacing decreases in September. Analyses based on a two-layer concept model suggest that a topographic slope along with tidal mixing could induce the pattern of double fronts. The frontogenesis of nearshore thermal front could be associated with the different responses of the water column of different water depths to insolation. The offshore movement of the nearshore front in September could be related to the fast cooling of nearshore water and intensified offshore wind, and the topographic slope is important for determining the pattern of double fronts (loose or tight). This study shows a new pattern of coastal fronts in the stratified season, and indicates the significance of high resolution satellite data. The discovery of the double front pattern implies the influence of coastal fronts during the stratified season on marine ecology and environment in a shelf sea might be underestimated. DA - 2019/3/1/ PY - 2019/3/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.csr.2019.02.004 VL - 175 SP - 76-86 SN - 1873-6955 KW - Yellow Sea KW - Thermal front KW - Remote sensing KW - SST KW - Tidal mixing KW - Topography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and validation of a regional-scale high-resolution unstructured model for wave energy resource characterization along the US East Coast AU - Allandadi, M. Nabi AU - Gunawan, Budi AU - Lai, Jonathan AU - He, Ruoying AU - Neary, Vincent S. T2 - RENEWABLE ENERGY AB - Leveraging the high-performance computing capability at one of the US Department of Energy’s (USDOE) National Laboratories, an ultra-high-resolution Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model suitable for wave energy project feasibility studies is developed for the US East Coast Region. This model uses an unstructured mesh with a coastal resolution of 200 m. It is forced by Climate Forecast System Reanalysis wind fields with spatial and temporal resolutions of 0.312° and 1 h at the surface, and by wave parameters from the global WAVEWATCH III model along the model’s open boundaries. It is the first USDOE regional wave hindcast model for the US East Coast developed according to International Electrotechnical Commission standards for wave energy resource assessment and characterization. The present study focuses on the development and validation of this ultra-high resolution large-scale model, including source model selection, sensitivity studies, and model performance evaluation for a wave energy resource characterization application. DA - 2019/6// PY - 2019/6// DO - 10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.020 VL - 136 SP - 500-511 SN - 0960-1481 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.020 KW - Wave energy KW - Wave modeling KW - US East Coast ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans AU - Leles, Suzana Goncalves AU - Mitra, Aditee AU - Flynn, Kevin John AU - Tillmann, Urban AU - Stoecker, Diane AU - Jeong, Hae Jin AU - Burkholder, JoAnn AU - Hansen, Per Juel AU - Caron, David A. AU - Glibert, Patricia M. AU - Hallegraeff, Gustaaf AU - Raven, John A. AU - Sanders, Robert W. AU - Zubkov, Mikhail T2 - GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY AB - Abstract Aim Most protist plankton are mixotrophic, with potential to engage in photoautotrophy and phagotrophy; however, the ecology of these organisms has been misdiagnosed for over a century. A large proportion of these organisms are constitutive mixotrophs (CMs), with an innate ability to photosynthesize. Here, for the first time, an analysis is presented of the biogeography of CMs across the oceans. Location Global marine ecosystems. Time period 1970–2018. Major taxa studied Marine planktonic protists. Methods Records for CM species, primarily from the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), were grouped by taxonomy and size to evaluate sampling efforts across Longhurst's oceanic provinces. Biases were evaluated through nonparametric tests and multivariate analysis. Biogeographies of CMs from OBIS data were compared with data from studies that specifically targeted these organisms. Results Constitutive mixotrophs of different taxonomic groups, across all size ranges, are ubiquitous. However, strong database biases were detected with respect to organism size, taxonomic groups and region. A strong bias was seen towards dinophytes. Species < 20 µm, especially non‐dinophytes, were least represented, with their recorded distribution limited to coastal regions and to temperate and polar seas. Studies specifically targeting these organisms revealed their distribution to be much wider. Such biases are likely to have occurred owing to a failure to capture and correctly identify these organisms in routine sampling protocols. Main conclusions Constitutive mixotrophs are dominant members of organisms traditionally termed “phytoplankton”. However, lack of routine protocols for measuring phagotrophy in “phytoplankton” protists has led to widespread misrepresentation of the fundamental nature of marine planktonic primary producers; most express both “animal‐like” and “plant‐like” nutrition. Our results have implications for studies of the global biogeography of plankton, of food web dynamics (including models) and of biogeochemical cycling in the oceans. DA - 2019/4// PY - 2019/4// DO - 10.1111/geb.12853 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 418-428 SN - 1466-8238 KW - allometry KW - biogeography KW - global KW - Longhurst KW - mixotrophy KW - oceans KW - phytoplankton KW - taxonomy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ocean Contributions to the Marine Boundary Layer Aerosol Budget AU - Meskhidze, Nicholas AU - Salter, Matthew AU - Sellegri, Karine AU - Elliott, Scott T2 - ATMOSPHERE AB - Projections of future climate remain an important scientific goal for much of the Earth science community [...] DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.3390/atmos10020098 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2073-4433 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eco-friendly Organic Nanotubes Encapsulating Alkaline Phosphatase and Ecotoxicology of Nanotubes to Natural Bacterial Assemblages in Coastal Estuarine Waters AU - Montgomery, Michael T. AU - Collins, Greg E. AU - Boyd, Thomas J. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Vargas, Diana Oviedo AU - Lu, Qin T2 - ACS OMEGA AB - Phosphatase-encapsulated nanotubes have potential in environmental remediation of organophosphate contaminants (e.g., pesticides, nerve agents). We investigated alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity when encapsulated in self-assembled lithocholic acid nanotubes (LCA-AP) in water samples along a transect from Cypress bog headwaters through estuarine waters and to Atlantic Ocean seawater. Apparent Vmax (appVmax) for both LCA-AP and unencapsulated AP (Free-AP) was most rapid at mid-estuary and most inhibited at the humic-rich bog. LCA-AP retained a higher-activity percentage, suggesting that encapsulation may afford some protection from denaturing effects of humics. Apparent Km (appKm) of Free-AP (1–2.3 μM) was largely unaffected by preincubation with transect water, whereas appKm of LCA-AP was higher with bog water (5.3 μM) relative to other stations. When comparing Free-AP and LCA-AP, increasing salinity generally decreased the catalytic efficiency of the LCA-AP, but had little effect on that of the Free-AP. ... DA - 2019/1// PY - 2019/1// DO - 10.1021/acsomega.8b02650 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 2196-2205 SN - 2470-1343 ER - TY - JOUR TI - NMR Metabolomic Analysis of Skeletal Muscle, Heart, and Liver of Hatchling Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Experimentally Exposed to Crude Oil and/or Corexit AU - Bembenek-Bailey, Stasia AU - Niemuth, Jennifer AU - McClellan-Green, Patricia AU - Godfrey, Matthew AU - Harms, Craig AU - Gracz, Hanna AU - Stoskopf, Michael T2 - Metabolites AB - We used nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) to evaluate the metabolic impacts of crude oil, Corexit 5900A, a dispersant, and a crude oil Corexit 5900A mixture exposure on skeletal muscle, heart, and liver physiology of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Tissue samples were obtained from 22 seven-day-old hatchlings after a four day cutaneous exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of crude oil, Corexit 5900A, a combination of crude oil and Corexit 9500A, or a seawater control. We identified 38 metabolites in the aqueous extracts of the liver, and 30 metabolites in both the skeletal and heart muscle aqueous extracts, including organic acids/osmolytes, energy compounds, amino acids, ketone bodies, nucleosides, and nucleotides. Skeletal muscle lactate, creatines, and taurine concentrations were significantly lower in hatchlings exposed to crude oil than in control hatchlings. Lactate, taurine, and cholines appeared to be the basis of some variation in hatchling heart samples, and liver inosine, uracil, and uridine appeared to be influenced by Corexit and crude oil exposure. Observed decreases in concentrations of lactate and creatines may reflect energy depletion in skeletal muscle of oil-exposed animals, while decreased taurine concentrations in these animals may reflect higher oxidative stress. DA - 2019/1/26/ PY - 2019/1/26/ DO - 10.3390/metabo9020021 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 21 J2 - Metabolites LA - en OP - SN - 2218-1989 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9020021 DB - Crossref KW - Caretta caretta KW - Corexit 9500A KW - crude oil KW - heart KW - liver KW - metabolomics KW - NMR KW - sea turtle KW - skeletal muscle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Examining the Severity of Roof-Hooking Injuries in Dolphinfish: a Comparison between Computed Tomography and Gross Necropsy AU - Mikles, Chloe S. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. AU - Rudershausen, Paul J. T2 - NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract We describe hook trauma to the roof of the mouth in Dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus and compare computed tomography ( CT ) scanning to gross necropsy ( GN ) as a technique for diagnosing hooking injury in fish. Forty‐two Dolphinfish carcasses spanning a range of hook injuries were collected and CT scanned, and 33 of those carcasses were evaluated using GN . Specimens were hooked either in the roof of the mouth, the eye via the roof or upper jaw, or the jaw (control group). In 75% of roof‐hooked individuals, GN revealed nondisplaced to comminuted fractures of the bones of the suspensorium, hematomas in and laceration of the extraocular muscles, and/or damage to the optic nerve. These injuries have the potential to compromise vision and therefore decrease postrelease survival rates of obligate sight‐feeding species such as the Dolphinfish. We evaluated the effectiveness of CT scanning to diagnose injury and found that CT could efficiently and accurately identify fractures and some soft‐tissue damage, but some injuries found in GN (e.g., optic nerve damage) were not observed on CT scans. Based on our findings, it is likely that mortality is greater in Dolphinfish when hooked in the roof of the mouth than when hooked in the jaw. This study demonstrates a novel technique that was effective at diagnosing hooking injuries associated with the roof of the mouth. DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.1002/nafm.10252 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 36-44 SN - 1548-8675 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia to Estimate Inspired Tidal Volume in the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) AU - Cauture, Fabien AU - Sterba-Boatwright, Blair AU - Rocho-Levine, Julie AU - Harms, Craig AU - Miedler, Stefan AU - Fahlman, Andreas T2 - Frontiers in Physiology AB - Man-made environmental change may have significant impact on apex predators, like marine mammals. Thus, it is important to assess the physiological boundaries for survival in these species, and assess how climate change may affect foraging efficiency and the limits for survival. In the current study, we investigated whether the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) could estimate tidal volume (VT) in resting bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). For this purpose, we measured respiratory flow and electrocardiogram (ECG) in five adult bottlenose dolphins at rest while breathing voluntarily. Initially, an exponential decay function, using three parameters (baseline heart rate, the change in heart rate following a breath, and an exponential decay constant) was used to describe the temporal change in instantaneous heart rate following a breath. The three descriptors, in addition to body mass, were used to develop a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) to predict the inspired tidal volume (VTinsp). The GAM allowed us to predict VTinsp with an average ( ± SD) overestimate of 3 ± 2%. A jackknife sensitivity analysis, where 4 of the five dolphins were used to fit the GAM and the 5th dolphin used to make predictions resulted in an average overestimate of 2 ± 10%. Future studies should be used to assess whether similar relationships exist in active animals, allowing VT to be studied in free-ranging animals provided that heart rate can be measured. DA - 2019/2/19/ PY - 2019/2/19/ DO - 10.3389/fphys.2019.00128 VL - 10 SP - J2 - Front. Physiol. OP - SN - 1664-042X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00128 DB - Crossref KW - electrocardiogram KW - spirometry KW - marine mammals KW - diving physiology KW - cardiorespiratory ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential connectivity among spatially distinct management zones for Bonefish (Albula vulpes) via larval dispersal AU - Zeng, Xiangming AU - Adams, Aaron AU - Roffer, Mitchell AU - He, Ruoying T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.1007/s10641-018-0826-z VL - 102 IS - 2 SP - 233-252 SN - 1573-5133 KW - Larval dispersal KW - Particle tracking KW - Connectivity KW - Northwest Atlantic Ocean KW - Regional management ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Wind Speed Retrieval Model for Sentinel-1A EW Mode Cross-Polarization Images AU - Gao, Yuan AU - Guan, Changlong AU - Sun, Jian AU - Xie, Lian T2 - REMOTE SENSING AB - In contrast to co-polarization (VV or HH) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, cross-polarization (CP for VH or HV) SAR images can be used to retrieve sea surface wind speeds larger than 20 m/s without knowing the wind directions. In this paper, a new wind speed retrieval model is proposed for European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-1A (S-1A) Extra-Wide swath (EW) mode VH-polarized images. Nineteen S-1A images under tropical cyclone condition observed in the 2016 hurricane season and the matching data from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) radiometer are collected and divided into two datasets. The relationships between normalized radar cross-section (NRCS), sea surface wind speed, wind direction and radar incidence angle are analyzed for each sub-band, and an empirical retrieval model is presented. To correct the large biases at the center and at the boundaries of each sub-band, a corrected model with an incidence angle factor is proposed. The new model is validated by comparing the wind speeds retrieved from S-1A images with the wind speeds measured by SMAP. The results suggest that the proposed model can be used to retrieve wind speeds up to 35 m/s for sub-bands 1 to 4 and 25 m/s for sub-band 5. DA - 2019/1// PY - 2019/1// DO - 10.3390/rs11020153 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2072-4292 KW - Sentinel-1 KW - cross-polarization KW - wind retrieval KW - SMAP ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methods of body temperature assessment in Conolophus subcristatus, Conolophus pallidus (Galapagos land iguanas), and Amblyrhynchus cristatus X C. subcristatus hybrid AU - Valle, Carlos A. AU - Grijalva, Colon J. AU - Calle, Paul P. AU - Pablo Munoz-PereZ, Juan AU - Quezada, Galo AU - Vera, Carlos A. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. T2 - PEERJ AB - Since cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic systems of reptiles are affected by temperature, accurate measurements are of great importance in both captive husbandry and research. Ectothermic animals generally have core body temperatures close to ambient temperature but can differ from the immediate environment if they are using sunlight to thermoregulate. Many zoological facilities and exotic pet caregivers have begun using infrared temperature guns to assess ambient temperatures of reptile enclosures but there are currently few studies assessing the efficacy of these devices for measuring the body temperatures of reptiles. Conolophus subcristatus , Conolophus pallidus (Galápagos land iguanas), and Amblyrhynchus cristatus X C. subcristatus hybrid are robust land iguanas endemic to the Galápagos archipelago. By comparing the infrared body temperature measurements of land iguanas against virtual simultaneous collection of cloacal temperatures obtained using a thermocouple thermometer, we sought to assess the efficacy of this non-invasive method. We found that internal body temperature can be predicted with a high level of accuracy from three external body temperature sites, providing a good non-invasive method that avoids the capture of animals. DA - 2019/2/4/ PY - 2019/2/4/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.6291 VL - 7 SP - SN - 2167-8359 KW - Amblyrhynchus cristatus X C. subcristatus hybrid KW - Conolophus subcristatus KW - Conolophus pallidus KW - Galapagos KW - Land iguana KW - Body temperature KW - Infrared ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating ecosystem services considerations within a GIS-based habitat suitability index for oyster restoration AU - Theuerkauf, Seth J. AU - Eggleston, David B. AU - Puckett, Brandon J. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Geospatial habitat suitability index (HSI) models have emerged as powerful tools that integrate pertinent spatial information to guide habitat restoration efforts, but have rarely accounted for spatial variation in ecosystem service provision. In this study, we utilized satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentrations for Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA in conjunction with data on water flow velocities and dissolved oxygen concentrations to identify potential restoration locations that would maximize the oyster reef-associated ecosystem service of water filtration. We integrated these novel factors associated with oyster water filtration ecosystem services within an existing, 'Metapopulation Persistence' focused GIS-based, HSI model containing biophysical (e.g., salinity, oyster larval connectivity) and logistical (e.g., distance to nearest restoration material stockpile site) factors to identify suitable locations for oyster restoration that maximize long-term persistence of restored oyster populations and water filtration ecosystem service provision. Furthermore, we compared the 'Water Filtration' optimized HSI with the HSI optimized for 'Metapopulation Persistence,' as well as a hybrid model that optimized for both water filtration and metapopulation persistence. Optimal restoration locations (i.e., locations corresponding to the top 1% of suitability scores) were identified that were consistent among the three HSI scenarios (i.e., "win-win" locations), as well as optimal locations unique to a given HSI scenario (i.e., "tradeoff" locations). The modeling framework utilized in this study can provide guidance to restoration practitioners to maximize the cost-efficiency and ecosystem services value of habitat restoration efforts. Furthermore, the functional relationships between oyster water filtration and chlorophyll a concentrations, water flow velocities, and dissolved oxygen applied in this study can guide field- and lab-testing of hypotheses related to optimal conditions for oyster reef restoration to maximize water quality enhancement benefits. DA - 2019/1/25/ PY - 2019/1/25/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0210936 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogroups, pathotypes, biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolates in farms and packing facilities of tomato, jalapeno pepper and cantaloupe from Northern Mexico AU - Andrea Corzo-Ariyama, Hesperia AU - Garcia-Heredia, Alam AU - Heredia, Norma AU - Garcia, Santos AU - Leon, Juan AU - Jaykus, LeeAnn AU - Solis-Soto, Luisa T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY AB - The most commonly used indicator of fecal contamination in fresh produce production and packing is Escherichia coli. In depth analysis of the prevalence and characteristics of naturally occurring E. coli strains in these environments is important because it can (1) serve as an indicator of sources of fecal contamination; and (2) provide information on strain pathogenicity, persistence, and other defining characteristics such as multidrug resistance. In this study, we analyzed 341 E. coli strains isolated from the jalapeño pepper, tomato and cantaloupe farm environments, in Northeast Mexico. Strains were isolated from produce, farmworkers' hands, soil and water. Pathotypes, genotypes, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance were characterized. Phylogenetic subgroups and identification of diarrheagenic E. coli were determined by PCR; biofilm formation was quantified using a plate-based colorimetric method. Antibiotic resistance was analyzed by the Kirby Bauer diffusion disc method. Most isolates (N = 293, 86%) belonged to phylogenetic group A. Only four isolates (1.2%) were diarrheagenic: EPEC (N = 3) and ETEC (N = 1). Antibiotic resistance to tetracycline (23.2%) and ampicillin (19.9%) was high, and only 3.5% of the strains presented resistance to >5 antibiotics. Biofilms were produced by most strains (76%), among which 34.4% were categorized as high producers. The presence of antibiotic resistant E. coli strains that may contain gene markers for pathogenicity and which can form biofilms suggests potential health risks for consumers. DA - 2019/2/2/ PY - 2019/2/2/ DO - 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.006 VL - 290 SP - 96-104 SN - 1879-3460 KW - Phylogroup KW - Pathotypes KW - Biofilm KW - Antibiotic resistance KW - E. coli ER - TY - JOUR TI - A spatial kernel density method to estimate the diet composition of fish AU - Binion-Rock, Samantha M. AU - Reich, Brian J. AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES AB - We present a novel spatially explicit kernel density approach to estimate the proportional contribution of a prey to a predator’s diet by mass. First, we compared the spatial estimator to a traditional cluster-based approach using a Monte Carlo simulation study. Next, we compared the diet composition of three predators from Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, to evaluate how ignoring spatial correlation affects diet estimates. The spatial estimator had lower mean squared error values compared with the traditional cluster-based estimator for all Monte Carlo simulations. Incorporating spatial correlation when estimating the predator’s diet resulted in a consistent increase in precision across multiple levels of spatial correlation. Bias was often similar between the two estimators; however, when it differed it mostly favored the spatial estimator. The two estimators produced different estimates of proportional contribution of prey to the diets of the three field-collected predator species, especially when spatial correlation was strong and prey were consumed in patchy areas. Our simulation and empirical data provide strong evidence that data on food habits should be modeled using spatial approaches and not treated as spatially independent. DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.1139/cjfas-2017-0306 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 249-267 SN - 1205-7533 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fish community structure, habitat complexity, and soundscape characteristics of patch reefs in a tropical, back-reef system AU - Lyon, R. Patrick AU - Eggleston, David B. AU - Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. AU - Layman, Craig A. AU - Ricci, Shannon W. AU - Allgeier, Jacob E. T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 609:33-48 (2019) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12829 Fish community structure, habitat complexity, and soundscape characteristics of patch reefs in a tropical, back-reef system R. Patrick Lyon1,2,*, David B. Eggleston1,2, DelWayne R. Bohnenstiehl2,3, Craig A. Layman4, Shannon W. Ricci3, Jacob E. Allgeier5 1Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, USA 2Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA 3Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA 4Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA 5Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA *Corresponding author: rplyon@ncsu.edu ABSTRACT: Marine soundscapes can provide information on the presence of soniferous species and, in some cases, habitat characteristics and biodiversity of certain marine organisms. Tropical back-reefs functioning as nursery areas provide essential fish habitat for juveniles and sub-adults moving to offshore coral reefs as they grow; yet little is known of underwater soundscapes in these habitats. We characterized the soundscapes of 7 artificial patch reefs within a seagrass-dominated, back-reef embayment in The Bahamas. Hydrophones were deployed at each reef and recorded simultaneously for 2 min every 20 min from March to July 2016. Sound pressure levels (SPLs) and acoustic complexity (ACI) were analyzed for low (0.1-1.5 kHz) and high (4-20 kHz) frequency bands to evaluate sounds produced by marine organisms. Low frequency SPLs associated with fish vocalizations peaked twice per day for some reefs, but showed no relationship with habitat complexity or fish community structure. High frequency SPLs and invertebrate snap rates peaked nightly and were positively correlated with structural rugosity of reefs but not fish community structure. ACI values for both high and low frequency bands showed no associations with habitat complexity or fish community structure. These findings suggest that high frequency SPLs and invertebrate snap rates may be more indicative of habitat complexity in back-reef nurseries than low frequency SPLs, and that neither ACI values for low or high frequency bands correlate with fish community structure in areas dominated by juvenile and sub-adult fish. KEY WORDS: Soundscapes · Fish community structure · Habitat complexity · Nursery Full text in pdf format Supplementary material PreviousNextCite this article as: Lyon RP, Eggleston DB, Bohnenstiehl DR, Layman CA, Ricci SW, Allgeier JE (2019) Fish community structure, habitat complexity, and soundscape characteristics of patch reefs in a tropical, back-reef system. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 609:33-48. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12829 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 609. Online publication date: January 17, 2019 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2019 Inter-Research. DA - 2019/1/17/ PY - 2019/1/17/ DO - 10.3354/meps12829 VL - 609 SP - 33-48 SN - 1616-1599 KW - Soundscapes KW - Fish community structure KW - Habitat complexity KW - Nursery ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fisheries management in the face of uncertainty: Designing time-area closures that are effective under multiple spatial patterns of fishing effort displacement in an estuarine gill net fishery AU - Hoos, Liza A. AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. AU - Boyd, Jacob B. AU - Loeffler, Michael S. AU - Lee, Laura M. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - A commonly cited reason for the failure of time-area closures to achieve fisheries management goals is the displacement of fishing effort from inside the closure into the surrounding area still open to fishing. Designing time-area closures that are predicted to achieve management goals under multiple spatial patterns of effort redistribution will increase chances of success. Using data from an estuarine gill net fishery, we tested if there are time-area closures predicted to reduce bycatch of two protected species groups while maintaining target catch under four simulated effort redistribution patterns. We found that the pattern of effort redistribution had a substantial impact on the amount of predicted bycatch in each closure scenario. Multiple closures were predicted to reduce bycatch of these species under all four simulations of effort redistribution. However, some combinations of closure and effort redistribution pattern resulted in estimated bycatch being higher than without a closure. We did not find any time-area closures that resulted in a predicted reduction in bycatch while maintaining target catch at original levels. We demonstrate a simple way for fisheries managers to account for the uncertainty in fishers' behavior by designing time-area closures that are predicted to reduce bycatch under multiple potential patterns of spatial redistribution of fishing effort. DA - 2019/1/18/ PY - 2019/1/18/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0211103 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - e0211103 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211103 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon storage potential in a recently created brackish marsh in eastern North Carolina, USA AU - Shiau, Yo-Jin AU - Burchell, Michael R. AU - Krauss, Ken W. AU - Broome, Stephen W. AU - Birgand, Francois T2 - ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AB - Carbon (C) sequestration through accumulated plant biomass and storage in soils can potentially make wetland ecosystems net C sinks. Here, we collected GHG flux, plant biomass, and litter decomposition data from three distinct vegetation zones (Spartina alterniflora, Juncus roemerianus and Spartina patens) on a 7-year-old created brackish marsh in North Carolina, USA, and integrate these data into an overall C mass balance budget. The marsh fixed an average of 1.85 g C m−2 day−1 through plant photosynthesis. About 41–46% of the fixed C remained in plants, while 18.4% of the C was decomposed and released back to the atmosphere as CO2 and CH4, and 8.6–13.2% of the decomposed C was stored as soil C. In all, this created marsh sequestered 28.7–44.7 Mg CO2 year−1 across the 14 ha marsh. Because the brackish marsh emitted only small amounts of CH4 and N2O, the CO2 equivalent emission of the marsh was −0.87 to −0.56 g CO2-eq m−2 day−1, indicating the marsh has a net effect in reducing GHGs to the atmosphere and contributes to cooling. However, resultant CO2 credit (through the increment of soil C) would be worth only $30.76–$47.90 USD per hectare annually, or $431–$671 per year for the project, which, coupled with other enhanced ecosystem services, could provide landowners with some additional economic incentive for future creation projects. Nevertheless, C mass balance determinations and radiative cooling metrics showed promise in demonstrating the potential of a young created brackish marsh to act as a net carbon sink. DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.09.007 VL - 127 SP - 579-588 SN - 1872-6992 KW - Carbon sequestration KW - Greenhouse gas emissions KW - Brackish marsh creation KW - Ecosystem services ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hysteresis analysis of nitrate dynamics in the Neuse River, NC AU - Baker, Evan B. AU - Showers, William J. T2 - SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT AB - Anthropogenic activities have caused N saturation in many terrestrial ecosystems. The transfer of nutrients and sediments to freshwater environments has resulted in water quality impairments including eutrophication, increased turbidity, ecosystem acidification, and loss of biodiversity. Storm events account for the transport of a large proportion of nutrients and sediments found in watersheds on an annual basis. To implement effective water-quality management strategies, the importance of surface and subsurface flow paths during storm events and low flow conditions need to be quantified. The increased availability of optical in-situ sensors makes high-frequency monitoring of catchment fluxes practical. In this study, we present a high-resolution nitrate monitoring record over a 10-year period in the Neuse River Basin near Clayton, North Carolina. The relationship between discharge and nitrate concentration for 365 storm events are categorized into hysteresis classes that indicate different transport mechanisms into the river. Storm events over the entire period of this study are divided between clockwise, counter-clockwise, and complex hysteresis patterns, indicating multiple nitrate flow paths during different seasons and years. Logistic regression of a suite of environmental variables demonstrates that antecedent soil moisture is a significant factor in determining the storm hysteresis class, with the odds of counter-clockwise hysteresis increasing by 10.3% for every 1 percentage point increase in the soil moisture. There is also an overlying seasonal effect, which indicates that dry soil conditions and frequent small storms during summer leads to greater nitrate transport on the rising limb, in contrast to slower, groundwater-driven inputs during the rest of the year. DA - 2019/2/20/ PY - 2019/2/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.254 VL - 652 SP - 889-899 SN - 1879-1026 KW - Nitrate KW - Hysteresis KW - Nutrient dynamics KW - Storm runoff KW - Eutrophication ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chemical variability of sediment and groundwater in a Pleistocene aquifer of Cambodia: Implications for arsenic pollution potential AU - Gillispie, Elizabeth C. AU - Matteson, Audrey R. AU - Duckworth, Owen W. AU - Neumann, Rebecca B. AU - Phen, Nuon AU - Polizzotto, Matthew L. T2 - GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA AB - Low-arsenic (As) groundwater from Pleistocene aquifers is vulnerable to future geogenic and allogenic arsenic pollution in South and Southeast Asia, threatening the millions who use it as a “safe source” of drinking and irrigation water. The abundance and chemical reactivity of iron and manganese oxides within these aquifer sediments control the occurrence and mobility of arsenic. In the present study, sediment samples varying in As, Fe, and Mn content were obtained from a Pleistocene aquifer in the Kandal Province of Cambodia. Laboratory and spectroscopic characterization of the sediment combined with groundwater analyses revealed that the availability and abundance of sedimentary As varied across a Pleistocene aquifer from the pore to field scales. Concentrations of sediment As (0.47–7 μg/g) correlated more strongly with Fe (R2 > 0.66) than with Mn (R2 > 0.35) concentrations in sediment well cuttings and tended to peak between 10 and 15 m. Chemical extractions and X-ray adsorption spectroscopy indicated the majority of As was strongly adsorbed to aquifer sediments or coprecipitated in oxides in the form of As(V) but that As(III) could be found in sediment microenvironments across the aquifer. Groundwater chemistry and Mn mineralogy indicated that the Pleistocene aquifer was suboxic, with average dissolved oxygen of 1.9 mg/L (±0.9 mg/L), redox potential of 0.155 V (±0.097 V), and abundant Mn(III/IV) oxide minerals. According to our results, allogenic As transport and geogenic As release will likely be dictated by localized geochemical processes that vary over a range of scales. Collectively, the specific Fe and Mn mineralogy and content within aquifers will ultimately govern As pollution potential, so understanding their multi-scale distributions and variability is essential for better predicting future risks to well-water quality in currently low-As aquifers. DA - 2019/1/15/ PY - 2019/1/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.gca.2018.11.008 VL - 245 SP - 441-458 SN - 1872-9533 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85057339109&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Arsenic KW - Manganese KW - Iron KW - Redox KW - Pleistocene aquifer KW - Geogenic and allogenic contamination ER -