TY - CHAP TI - Feeding ecology of piscivorous fishes AU - Juanes, F. AU - Buckel, J.A. AU - Scharf, F.S. T2 - Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries A2 - Hart, P.J.B. A2 - Reynolds, J.D. PY - 2002/// VL - 1 SP - 267–283 PB - Blackwell Publishing SN - 9780632064830 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Size-dependent vulnerability of juvenile bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli to bluefish predation: Does large body size always provide a refuge? AU - Scharf, FS AU - Buckel, JA AU - Juanes, F T2 - Marine Ecology Progress Series AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 233:241-252 (2002) - doi:10.3354/meps233241 Size-dependent vulnerability of juvenile bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli to bluefish predation: Does large body size always provide a refuge? Frederick S. Scharf1,*, Jeffrey A. Buckel2, Francis Juanes1 1Department of Natural Resources Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA 2Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, 303 College Circle, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, USA *Present address: NOAA/NMFS/NEFSC, James J. Howard Marine Laboratory, 74 Magruder Road, Highlands, New Jersey 07732, USA. E-mail: fred.scharf@noaa.gov ABSTRACT: Bay anchovy are known to be an important component of food webs in estuarine and coastal waters along the US east coast. Despite their role as a primary forage species for several top-level predators in these systems, very little is known about their behavioral interactions with predators and the vulnerability of post-larval life stages to predation. In this study, we examined the vulnerability of juvenile bay anchovy to age-0 bluefish predation using a size-structured laboratory design. For a range of bay anchovy and bluefish body sizes, we determined predator capture success, handling time costs, feeding rates, and prey profitabilities as functions of relative prey size. We evaluated bluefish size selection when offered different sizes of bay anchovy simultaneously and identified behavioral characteristics of prey that may contribute to disparate rates of attack. Bluefish capture success was high on small relative prey sizes (<30% of predator size) and remained high on larger relative prey sizes (>50% of predator size), demonstrating that even large bay anchovy are highly susceptible to capture. Handling time and capture success relationships were combined with prey body mass to generate dome-shaped profitability curves that peaked at relative prey sizes of 0.50, which is much higher than typically observed for piscivore-prey interactions. Bluefish exhibited strong selection patterns and significantly higher attack rates on large bay anchovy. Disparate attack distributions on large and small bay anchovy appeared to be caused partly by differences in prey behavior among size groups. Our results suggest that bay anchovy may not achieve a refuge from predation with increased body size and support the importance of predation in shaping bay anchovy life history. KEY WORDS: Bay anchovy · Piscivory · Size refuge · Capture success · Behavior Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 233. Online publication date: May 21, 2002 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2002 Inter-Research. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3354/meps233241 VL - 233 SP - 241-252 J2 - Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. LA - en OP - SN - 0171-8630 1616-1599 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps233241 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tides on the West Florida Shelf AU - He, Ruoying AU - Weisberg, Robert H. T2 - Journal of Physical Oceanography AB - The principal semidiurnal (M2 and S2) and diurnal (K1 and O1) tidal constituents are described on the west Florida continental shelf (WFS) using a combination of in situ measurements and a three-dimensional, primitive equation numerical model. The measurements are of sea level and currents along the coastline and across the shelf, respectively. The model extends from west of the Mississippi River to the Florida Keys with an open boundary arcing between. It is along this open boundary that the regional model is forced by a global tide model. Standard barotropic tidal analyses are performed for both the data and the model, and quantifiable metrics are provided for comparison. Based on these comparisons, the authors present coamplitude and cophase charts for sea level and velocity hodographs for currents. The semidiurnal constituents show marked spatial variability, whereas the diurnal constituents are spatially more uniform. Apalachicola Bay is a demarcation point for the semidiurnal tides that are well developed to the southeast along the WFS but are minimal to the west. The largest semidiurnal tides are in the Florida Big Bend and Florida Bay regions with a relative minimum in between just to the south of Tampa Bay. These spatial distributions may be explained on the basis of local geometry. A Lagrangian Stokes drift, coherently directed toward the northwest, is identified but is of relatively small magnitude when compared with the potential for particle transport by seasonal and synoptic-scale forcing. Bottom stress-induced tidal mixing is examined and estimates are made of the bottom logarithmic layer height by the M2 tidal currents. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<3455:totwfs>2.0.co;2 VL - 32 IS - 12 SP - 3455-3473 ER - TY - JOUR TI - West Florida shelf circulation and temperature budget for the 1999 spring transition AU - He, Ruoying AU - Weisberg, Robert H. T2 - Continental Shelf Research AB - Mid-latitude continental shelves undergo a spring transition as the net surface heat flux changes from cooling to warming. Using in situ data and a numerical circulation model we investigate the circulation and temperature budget on the West Florida Continental Shelf (WFS) for the spring transition of 1999. The model is a regional adaptation of the primitive equation, Princeton Ocean Model forced by NCEP reanalysis wind and heat flux fields and by river inflows. Based on agreements between the modeled and observed fields we use the model to draw inferences on how the surface momentum and heat fluxes affect the seasonal and synoptic scale variability. We account for a strong southeastward current at mid-shelf by the baroclinic response to combined wind and buoyancy forcing, and we show how this local forcing leads to annually occurring cold and low salinity tongues. Through term-by-term analyses of the temperature budget we describe the WFS temperature evolution in spring. Heat flux largely controls the seasonal transition, whereas ocean circulation largely controls the synoptic scale variability. These two processes, however, are closely linked. Bottom topography and coastline geometry are important in generating regions of convergence and divergence. Rivers contribute to the local hydrography and are important ecologically. Along with upwelling, river inflows facilitate frontal aggregation of nutrients and the spring formation of a high concentration chlorophyll plume near the shelf break (the so-called ‘Green River’) coinciding with the cold, low salinity tongues. These features originate by local, shelf-wide forcing; the Loop Current is not an essential ingredient. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1016/s0278-4343(01)00085-1 VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 719-748 ER - TY - CONF TI - Modeling of West Florida Shelf Circulation for Spring 1999 AU - He, Ruoying AU - Weisberg, Robert H. AB - Mid-latitude continental shelves undergo a spring transition as the net surface heat flux changes from cooling to warming. Using in-situ data and a numerical circulation model we investigate the circulation and temperature budget on the West Florida Continental Shelf (WFS) for the spring transition of 1999. The model is a regional adaptation of the primitive equation, Princeton Ocean Model forced by NCEP re-analysis wind and heat flux fields and by river inflows. Based on agreements between the modeled and observed fields we use the model to draw inferences on how the surface momentum and heat fluxes affect the seasonal and synoptic scale variability. We account for a strong southeastward current at mid-shelf by the baroclinic response to combined wind and buoyancy forcing, and we show how this local forcing leads to annually occurring cold and low salinity tongues. Through term-by-term analyses of the temperature budget we describe the WFS temperature evolution in spring. Heat flux largely controls the seasonal transition, whereas ocean circulation largely controls the synoptic scale variability. Rivers contribute to the local hydrography and are important ecologically. Along with upwelling, river inflows facilitate frontal aggregation of nutrients and the spring formation of a high concentration chlorophyll plume near the shelf break (the so-called `Green River'), coinciding with the cold, low salinity tongues. These features originate by local, shelf-wide forcing; the Loop Current is not an essential ingredient for spring transition of 1999. C2 - 2002/7// C3 - Estuarine and Coastal Modeling (2001) DA - 2002/7// DO - 10.1061/40628(268)3 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers ER - TY - CONF TI - An HF-Radar test deployment amidst an ADCP array on the West Florida shelf AU - Kelly, FJ AU - Bonner, JS AU - Perez, JC AU - Adams, JS AU - Prouty, D AU - Trujillo, D AU - Weisberg, RH AU - Luther, ME AU - He, R AU - Cole, R AU - others T2 - IEEE C2 - 2002/// C3 - OCEANS'02 MTS/IEEE DA - 2002/// VL - 2 SP - 692-698 ER - TY - CONF TI - A coastal ocean observing system and modeling program for the West Florida Shelf AU - Weisberg, Robert AU - He, Ruoying AU - Luther, Mark AU - Walsh, John AU - Cole, Rick AU - Donovan, Jeff AU - Merz, Cliff AU - Subramanian, Vembu T2 - IEEE C2 - 2002/// C3 - OCEANS'02 MTS/IEEE DA - 2002/// VL - 1 SP - 530-534 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Digital landslide inventory for the Cowlitz County urban corridor—Kelso to Woodland, Washington (Coweeman River to Lewis River)—Field review AU - Wegmann, K.W. AU - Walsh, T. AU - Norman, D. AU - McElroy, P. A3 - Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources ER - TY - CONF TI - The Immunomodulatory Effects Of Triamcinolone On Peripheral Blood Phagocytosis And Tgf-b Mrna Expression In Hybrid Striped Bass AU - Johnson, AK AU - Choi, K AU - Harms, Ca AU - Levine, Jf AU - Law, M T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2002/4// CY - Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Baseline Landcover Analysis To Evaluate Risk Of Mycobacterium Bovis Transmission In White-Tailed Deer And Cattle In Northeastern Michigan AU - Porter-Spalding, Keneene J. AU - Kennedy-Stokopf, S. AU - Levine, J. T2 - NCSU CVM Research Forum C2 - 2002/4// CY - Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Furosemide Continuous Rate Infusion in the Horse AU - Johansson, A.M. AU - Gardner, S.Y. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Papich, M.G. AU - LaFevers, D.H. AU - Goldman, R.B. AU - Sheets, M.K. AU - Atkins, C.E. T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2002/4// CY - Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural diets of vertically migrating zooplankton in the Sargasso Sea AU - A., Schnetzer AU - D., Steinberg T2 - Marine Biology DA - 2002/7/1/ PY - 2002/7/1/ DO - 10.1007/s00227-002-0815-8 VL - 141 IS - 1 SP - 89-99 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0815-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Active transport of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen by vertically migrating zooplankton in the Sargasso Sea AU - Schnetzer, A AU - Steinberg, DK T2 - Marine Ecology Progress Series AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 234:71-84 (2002) - doi:10.3354/meps234071 Active transport of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen by vertically migrating zooplankton in the Sargasso Sea Astrid Schnetzer1,*, Deborah K. Steinberg2 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, Los Angeles,California 90089-0371, USA 2Virginia Institute of Marine Science, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA *E-mail: astrids@usc.edu ABSTRACT: Diel vertically migrating zooplankton can contribute significantly to dissolved carbon and nutrient export by respiring and excreting surface-ingested particulate organic matter below the mixed layer. Active export of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) due to defecation at depth has rarely been considered in export budgets. We measured the gut passage time (GPT) of common migrant species at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site, using the gut fluorescence method, to determine whether GPT is slow enough to allow active export of POC and PON to depth. Mean GPT for the copepods Pleuromamma xiphias and Euchirella messinensis was 191 and 114 min, respectively, and for the euphausiids Thysanopoda aequalis and Euphausia brevis (analyzed together) was 41 min, exceeding previously reported GPT for non-migrating zooplankton by a factor of 6. Between 18 and 81% of the initial gut pigment was retained in zooplankton guts upon descent below a mixed layer of 150 m. By comparing pigment ingestion rates (gut fluorescence technique) with total ingestion rates (CHN analysis of fecal material), we estimated that 71 to 85% of the migrant diet originated from non-plant material, which we included in our estimates of active POC/PON export. We applied the mean weight-specific active POC/PON export rate for the species examined to the total migratory zooplankton biomass using data from the BATS zooplankton time-series. Mean active POC (PON) flux at BATS was 0.94 mgC m-2 d-1 (0.18 mgN m-2 d-1) and the maximum was 5.27 mgC m-2 d-1 (1.02 mgN m-2 d-1), corresponding to a mean of 3% (4%) and a maximum of 18% (20%) of the mean gravitational POC (PON) flux measured by sediment traps at 150 m. Migrants also contributed significantly to passive flux via production of sinking fecal pellets during the night in surface waters. This passive flux exceeded active POC flux by ~10-fold. Freshly released feces by migrators at depth could be a valuable food source for mesopelagic organisms, in contrast to feces produced in surface waters which decompose while settling through the water column. KEY WORDS: Zooplankton · Vertical migration · Gut evacuation rate · Gut fluorescence · Particulate organic carbon · Particulate organic nitrogen · Export flux · Sargasso Sea · Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 234. Online publication date: June 03, 2002 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2002 Inter-Research. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3354/meps234071 VL - 234 SP - 71-84 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps234071 KW - zooplankton KW - vertical migration KW - gut evacuation rate KW - gut fluorescence KW - particulate organic carbon KW - particulate organic nitrogen KW - export flux KW - Sargasso sea KW - Bermuda Atlantic time-series study (BATS) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sulfate reduction in Louisiana marsh soils of varying salinities AU - DeLaune, Ronald D. AU - Devai, Istvan AU - Crozier, Carl R. AU - Kelle, Peter T2 - Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis AB - Potential sulfate reduction and in situ hydrogen sulfide emission rates for three Louisiana marsh soils of varying salinities (salt, brackish, and freshwater) were used to evaluate the influence of soil physicochemical parameters on sulfur transformations in different seasons (summer, winter, and spring). Solid adsorbent preconcentration and emission flux chambers were used in field experiments to measure hydrogen sulfide emissions. Soil redox potential (Eh) was measured at depths between 5 and 50 cm. Duplicate soil cores were obtained and sectioned for laboratory analysis. The fresh and brackish marsh soils were composed predominantly of organic matter, while the salt marsh soils were composed of predominantly minerals. Fresh marsh soils were generally the most oxidized and salt marsh soils the most reduced. In situ hydrogen sulfide emissions, but not potential sulfate reduction rates, were highest for the brackish marsh. Potential sulfate reduction assays may have overestimated in-situ rates, particularly for the more oxidized fresh marsh. Sulfate turnover times were longer in the salt marsh (approximately 40 days) than in either the fresh or the brackish marshes (3–8 days). Tidal action replenishes sulfate less frequently in the fresh and brackish marshes, thus sulfate depletions are more likely. The lowest potential sulfate reduction rates for all marshes occurred in winter. This was attributed to lower temperature and decreased soil sulfate content. DA - 2002/1/30/ PY - 2002/1/30/ DO - 10.1081/CSS-120002379 VL - 33 IS - 1-2 SP - 79-94 J2 - Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis LA - en OP - SN - 0010-3624 1532-2416 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120002379 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal Succession of the PAH-Mineralizing Bacteria in Creosote-Impacted Intertidal Sediments AU - Montgomery, Michael T. AU - Osburn, Chris L. AU - Boyd, Thomas J. AU - Smith, David C. AU - Mueller, James G. T2 - Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal AB - (2002). Seasonal Succession of the PAH-Mineralizing Bacteria in Creosote-Impacted Intertidal Sediments. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 479-479. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1080/20025891108040 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 479-479 J2 - Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal LA - en OP - SN - 1532-0383 1549-7887 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20025891108040 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transport and digestive alteration of uniformly 13C-labeled diatoms in mudflat sediments AU - Thomas, Carrie J. AU - Blair, Neal E. T2 - Journal of Marine Research AB - Uniformly 13 C-labeled diatoms were used to elucidate the effect deposit feeders have on the distribution and composition of phytodetritus within the seabed. Mudflat infauna contained in microcosms reacted quickly to the emplacement of labeled diatoms onto the sediment-water interface by moving the phytodetritus nonlocally during feeding and hoeing activities. Although redistribution of tracer was rapid, not all infauna exposed to the tracer ingested it. Using four species of deposit-feeding annelids that had ingested the 13 C-labeled phytodetritus during the microcosm experiment, molecular-level, digestive alterations of 13 C-labeled diatoms were documented. Fecal material produced by the deposit feeders had 13 C amino acid signatures distinctly different from that of the diatom. Alterations in the amino acid composition of the diatom were correlated to the gut morphology and digestive physiology of the polychaete taxa. DA - 2002/5/1/ PY - 2002/5/1/ DO - 10.1357/002224002762231205 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - 517-535 ER - TY - NEWS TI - New York's Beasts of Burden: Counties are creatures of the state, so mandates come with the turf T2 - Newsday (Long Island) PY - 2002/9/13/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Program evaluation in a challenging authorizing environment: Intergovernmental and interorganizational factors AU - Fredericks, Kimberly A. AU - Carman, Joanne G. AU - Birkland, Thomas A. T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - In today's environment, social services are provided by complex institutional and political networks comprising multiple program sponsors, implementers, and stakeholders. This environment exacerbates many problems that can occur, even in the simplest of evaluations. The authors outline the major intergovernmental and interorganizational challenges associated with doing program evaluation in today's environment and offer recommendations designed to improve evaluation efforts. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1002/ev.55 VL - 2002 IS - 95 SP - 5-22 J2 - New Directions for Evaluation LA - en OP - SN - 1097-6736 1534-875X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ev.55 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Social and Political Meaning of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill AU - Birkland, Thomas A. AU - Lawrence, Regina T2 - Spill Science and Technology Bulletin AB - In this paper we argue that the Exxon Valdez oil spill gained so much attention because of its setting in Alaska. Alaska symbolizes for many Americans the wilderness or frontier that has long been part of American thought. At the same time, American national development has largely depended on the discovery and use of the nation’s abundant natural resources. The setting of the Valdez spill in the seemingly pristine waters of Prince William Sound brought the tension between our national identification with wilderness and our national need for further natural resource exploitation into sharp focus. In the aftermath of the spill, a legislative deadlock was passed and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 was passed. The Valdez accident had longer-term consequences as well, most prominent of which is related to the ongoing debate over whether to open up the coastal plain in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to further development. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S1353-2561(02)00049-X VL - 7 IS - 1-2 SP - 3–4 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036592092&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - oil spills KW - Exxon Valdez KW - public policy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multivariate interpolation of precipitation using regularized spline with tension AU - Hofierka, J. AU - Mitasova, H. AU - Parajka, J. AU - Mitas, L. T2 - Transactions in GIS DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 135-150 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036204081&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course, August 1-3, 2002 AU - Swanson, C. AU - Lewbart, G. AU - Harms, G. AU - Blasiola, G. AU - Juopperi, T. AU - Gratzek, J. C2 - 2002/// DA - 2002/// PB - Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine ER - TY - CONF TI - Moisture effects on the thermal protective performance of firefighter turnout suits AU - Barker, R.L. AU - Guerth-Schacher, C. AU - Hamouda, H. AU - Grimes, R. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Textile Technology Forum: October 23, 2002, proceedings 2002, IFAI Expo 2002, October 24-26, 2002, Charlotte, N.C. USA DA - 2002/// PB - Roseville, MN: Industrial Fabrics Association International ER - TY - JOUR TI - Holocene strath terraces, climate change, and active tectonics: The Clearwater River basin, Olympic Peninsula, Washington State AU - Wegmann, KW AU - Pazzaglia, FJ T2 - GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN AB - Research Article| June 01, 2002 Holocene strath terraces, climate change, and active tectonics: The Clearwater River basin, Olympic Peninsula, Washington State Karl W. Wegmann; Karl W. Wegmann 1Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington 98504, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Frank J. Pazzaglia Frank J. Pazzaglia 1Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington 98504, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar GSA Bulletin (2002) 114 (6): 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0731:HSTCCA>2.0.CO;2 Article history received: 30 Mar 2001 rev-recd: 18 Jan 2002 accepted: 05 Feb 2002 first online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share MailTo Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Karl W. Wegmann, Frank J. Pazzaglia; Holocene strath terraces, climate change, and active tectonics: The Clearwater River basin, Olympic Peninsula, Washington State. GSA Bulletin 2002;; 114 (6): 731–744. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0731:HSTCCA>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract The ∼400 km2 Clearwater River basin, located on the Pacific flank of the actively uplifting Olympic Mountains of western Washington State, contains a well-preserved flight of Holocene fluvial terraces. We have collected a large data set of numeric ages from these terraces that is used to elucidate the geomorphic, fluvial, active tectonic, and climatic processes that operate at Holocene spatial and temporal scales. Detailed field mapping reveals three prominent Holocene straths and their overlying terrace deposits. Terrace ages fall into three broad ranges: ca. 9000–11 000 yr B.P. (Qt4), 4000–8000 yr B.P. (Qt5), and 0–3000 yr B.P. (Qt6). Terrace deposit stratigraphy, sedimentology, and age distributions allow us to consider two alternative models for their genesis. The favored model states that the terrace ages are coincident with lateral incision of the Clearwater channel, emplacement of the terrace alluvium, and the carving of the straths. Vertical incision of the Clearwater channel was primarily relegated to the brief (∼1000 yr) intervals when we have no record of terraces. Alternatively, the straths were carved as the channel incised vertically during the brief time periods between dated terrace deposits, and the terrace ages record a subsequent long time of alluviation atop the straths and concomitant termination of vertical incision. In both models, we envision a Clearwater River channel at or near capacity with a temporally variable rate of both lateral and vertical incision. Small deviations from this at-capacity condition are driven by variations in the liberation and delivery of hillslope sediment to the channel. We consider several causes for variable hillslope sediment flux in this tectonically active setting including Holocene climate change and ground accelerations related to earthquakes. Holocene rates of vertical incision are reconstructed along nearly the entire Clearwater Valley from the wide distribution of dated terraces. Incision rates clearly increase upstream, mimicking a pattern documented for Pleistocene terraces in the same basin; however, the rates are 2–3 times those determined for the Pleistocene terraces. The faster Holocene incision rates may be interpreted in terms of an increase in the rates of rock uplift. However, we favor an alternative explanation in which the Holocene rates represent a channel rapidly reacquiring its stable, graded concavity following protracted periods of time in the Pleistocene when it could not accomplish any vertical incision into tectonically uplifted bedrock because the channel was raised above the bedrock valley bottom by climatically induced alluviation. These results illustrate how, even in tectonically active settings, representative rates of rock uplift inferred from studies of river incision should be integrated over at least one glacial-interglacial cycle. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0731:HSTCCA>2.0.CO;2 VL - 114 IS - 6 SP - 731-744 SN - 1943-2674 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84879886551&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - geomorphology KW - Holocene KW - paleoclimate KW - radiocarbon dating KW - terraces ER - TY - RPRT TI - Fluvial record of plate-boundary deformation in the Olympic Mountains AU - Pazzaglia, F. J. AU - Brandon, M. T. AU - Wegmann, K. W. A3 - Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 256 SP - 223-256 PB - Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surgical removal of a coelomic mass in a gopher snake, Pituophis catenifer deserticola AU - Bonifant, C. AU - Harms, Craig AU - Rotstein, D. S. AU - Lewbart, Gregory T2 - Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery AB - ABSTRACT A coelomic mass attached by a thin stalk to the gastroduodenal junction was removed from the extralumenal serosa of a male gopher snake, Pituophis catenifer deserticola. The histologic characteristic of the mass is consistent with either a diverticulosis with subsequent stricturing or a healed gastrointestinal perforation. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.5818/1529-9651.12.3.27 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 27–29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Medical management of mixed nocardial and unidentified fungal osteomyelitis in a Kemp's ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelys kempii AU - Harms, Craig AU - Lewbart, Gregory AU - Beasley, J. T2 - Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery AB - ABSTRACT A hypothermic-stunned juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelys kempii, developed right carpal swelling early in rehabilitation. Osteomyelitis was detected initially as a small radiolucency of the proximal aspect of the metacarpal of digit I, and spread over the course of several weeks nearly to obliterate the distal carpal row and affect the ulnar and pisiform carpals and metacarpals II and III. Unbranching unpigmented septate fungal hyphae were observed cytologically from a fine needle aspirate, however fungal culture was negative. A Nocardia sp. was cultured from the fine needle aspirate. Although surgical debridement was strongly considered, concerns over postoperative management of a submerged open contaminated wound at a mobile joint led to a decision to attempt medical management alone. Prolonged combined treatment with fluconazole (one year) and azithromycin (162 d) resulted in a functional carpal joint with substantial remineralization of the carpal and metacarpal bones, normal fli... DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.5818/1529-9651.12.3.21 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 21–26 ER - TY - CONF TI - Diagnostic procedures for fish AU - Lewbart, G. A. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Electronic Proceedings of the Western Veterinary Conference DA - 2002/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Anesthesia and surgery for pet fish AU - Lewbart, G. A. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Electronic Proceedings of the Western Veterinary Conference DA - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Asian turtle crisis: Roundtable AU - Barzyk, J. AU - Flanagan, J. P. AU - Innis, D. P. AU - Lewbart, Gregory AU - Raphael, B. L. AU - Terrell, S. P. T2 - Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.5818/1529-9651.12.4.23 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 23–30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial information technologies: Integrating the tools with the curricula AU - Hess, G. R. AU - Cheshire, H. M. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 100 IS - 1 SP - 29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Amphibian medicine: Selected topics AU - Lewbart, G. A. AU - Stoskopf, M. K. T2 - Exotic DVM DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 36 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Open source GIS: A grass GIS approach AU - Neteler, M. AU - Mitasova, H. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402070888 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Problematizing the distinction between expert and lay knowledge AU - Kinsella, W. J. T2 - New Jersey Journal of Communication AB - Abstract Public policy issues with technical dimensions present a special problem for democracy. As public issues they should receive the attention of all affected stakeholders, but as technical issues they are typically addressed through the narrow perspective of expertise. This essay argues that a reified distinction between “expert” and “lay” knowledge contributes to this problem, with implications both for democracy and for the quality of technical decisions. Integrating perspectives from communication theory with work in sociology and policy studies, the essay reexamines the expert/lay distinction and suggests a more dialogical, rather than dichotomous, model for the relationship between expert and lay knowledge. Two brief empirical examples, drawn from settings where lay citizens and technical specialists have collaborated closely, illustrate and ground the theoretical argument. Notes William J. Kinsella is an Assistant Professor of Communication at Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 97219 (kinsella@lclark.edu). A previous version of this paper was presented at the International Communication Association annual conference, Seoul, Korea, July 2002. The author wishes to thank Gary Radford and two anonymous reviewers for their contributions to the development of this essay. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1080/15456870209367428 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 191-207 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vegetative and sexual reproduction in Pfiesteria spp. (Dinophyceae) cultured with algal prey, and inferences for their classification. AU - Parrow, M. AU - Burkholder, J. M. AU - Deamer, N. J. AU - Zhang, C. T2 - Harmful Algae AB - Algal-fed clonal zoospore cultures of Pfiesteria piscicida and Pfiesteria shumwayae enabled description of certain conserved morphological and reproductive features. Common modes of reproduction (especially via division cysts) were documented in herbivorous P. piscicida and P. shumwayae using cultures fed algal prey, together with supporting photography and flow cytometric DNA measurements. Other cysts were characterized such as vacuolate cysts in starved P. piscicida cultures and temporary cysts in both species fed algal prey. This study also represents the first report of sexual reproduction in Pfiesteria spp. cultures fed algal prey rather than live fish; the first report of a technique for cell cycle synchronization for these heterotrophic dinoflagellates; and the first information on storage products of cells released from Pfiesteria reproductive cysts. Sexual reproduction in algal-fed P. piscicida clonal cultures was evidenced by fusing gametes, cells with two longitudinal flagella, and nuclear cyclosis. Both isogamous and anisogamous fusions were observed, and resulting cells with two trailing flagella (i.e., planozygotes and planomeiocytes) sometimes comprised ≥50% of the flagellated cells. These cells continued feeding activity and eventually (hours) lost their flagella and formed cysts. Nuclear cyclosis and a subsequent cell division were observed in thin-walled reproductive cysts prior to release of two flagellated cells. One gamete fusion event was also documented in 1 of 20 algal-fed clones of P. shumwayae, with an aplanozygote as the product. We obtained high cell synchrony (≥90% 1C) in the tested cultures using our preferential lysis technique and tracked the decline in lipid content of excysted zoospore populations over time. The data from this study were considered together with previous research to gain insights about relationships between Pfiesteria spp. and other heterotrophic dinoflagellates. Pfiesteria spp. should be regarded as free-living predators rather than parasites because they are prey generalists without demonstrated “host” specificity and their flagellated feeding stages are not morphologically distinct from swimming stages. Although they originally were placed within the Dinamoebales because amoebae can predominate, this study as well as other published research consistently has shown that the dominant stage varies depending on culture conditions, prey type/availability and strains. The peridinoid plate structure of each Pfiesteria species, which thus far has been conserved across culture conditions and strains, supports placement of Pfiesteria spp. within the Peridiniales. At the species level, plate structure (differing by one precingular plate) and molecular data (18S rDNA) indicate that the two Pfiesteria spp. are closely related in comparison to species grouped within other genera. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/s1568-9883(02)00009-4 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 5-33 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chronic effects of toxic microalgae on finfish, shellfish, and human health AU - Burkholder, J. M. T2 - Conservation medicine: Ecological health in practice PY - 2002/// SP - 229-249 PB - Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press SN - 0195150937 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Competition between juvenile striped bass and bluefish: resource partitioning and growth rate AU - Buckel, JA AU - McKown, KA T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 234:191-204 (2002) - doi:10.3354/meps234191 Competition between juvenile striped bass and bluefish: resource partitioning and growth rate Jeffrey A. Buckel1,*, Kim A. McKown2 1Department of Zoology, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, 303 College Circle, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, USA 2New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Anadromous Fish Unit, 205 Belle Meade Road, East Setauket, New York 11733, USA *E-mail: jeffrey_buckel@ncsu.edu ABSTRACT: The potential for competition to influence the population dynamics of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix and striped bass Morone saxatilis through interactions at the juvenile stage was examined. Habitat and diet utilization were compared between juvenile striped bass and bluefish in 3 New York Bight marine embayments. Juvenile bluefish and striped bass were seldom captured together during the summer and early fall, suggesting low habitat overlap at the scale of a beach seine haul. Diet overlap was also low; age-0 bluefish (spring- and summer-spawned cohorts) had a more piscivorous diet than age-0 and age-1 striped bass. A 60d laboratory growth experiment tested for interference competition between age-0 bluefish (spring-spawned) and age-1 striped bass fed fish prey in mixed- and single-species treatments. In the growth experiment, bluefish grew significantly faster than striped bass; however, within a species, there was no significant difference in growth between the mixed- and single-species treatments. Additionally, long-term field-monitoring data showed that annual estimates of growth rate for bluefish and striped bass were not correlated with annual estimates of their potential competitor¹s density. These field and laboratory data provide no evidence for competitive interactions between juvenile striped bass and bluefish. KEY WORDS: Interspecific competition · Resource partitioning · Pomatomus saltatrix · Morone saxatilis Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 234. Online publication date: June 03, 2002 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2002 Inter-Research. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3354/meps234191 VL - 234 SP - 191-204 SN - 0171-8630 KW - interspecific competition KW - resource partitioning KW - Pomatomus saltatrix KW - Morone saxatilis ER - TY - CHAP TI - Estuarine and nearshore marine habitat use by Gulf sturgeon from the Choctawhatchee River system, Florida. AU - Fox, D. A. AU - Hightower, J. E. AU - Parauka, F. M. T2 - Biology, management, and protection of North American sturgeon (American Fisheries Society Symposium ; 28) CN - QL638 .A25 B56 2002 PY - 2002/// VL - 28 SP - 111-125 PB - Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinical features of avian vacuolar myelinopathy in American coots AU - Larsen, RS AU - Nutter, FB AU - Augspurger, T AU - Rocke, TE AU - Tomlinson, L AU - Thomas, NJ AU - Stoskopf, MK T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To characterize clinical features of avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) in American coots.Case-control study.26 AVM-affected American coots and 12 unaffected coots.Complete physical, neurologic, hematologic, and plasma biochemical evaluations were performed. Affected coots received supportive care. All coots died or were euthanatized, and AVM status was confirmed via histopathologic findings.3 severely affected coots were euthanatized immediately after examination. Seventeen affected coots were found dead within 7 days of admission, but 5 affected coots survived > 21 days and had signs of clinical recovery. Abnormal physical examination findings appeared to be related to general debilitation. Ataxia (88%), decreased withdrawal reflexes (88%), proprioceptive deficits (81%), decreased vent responses (69%), beak or tongue weakness (42%), and head tremors (31%), as well as absent pupillary light responses (46%), anisocoria (15%), apparent blindness (4%), nystagmus (4%), and strabismus (4%) were detected. Few gross abnormalities were detected at necropsy, but histologically, all AVM-affected coots had severe vacuolation of white matter of the brain. None of the control coots had vacuolation.Although there was considerable variability in form and severity of clinical neurologic abnormalities, clinical signs common in AVM-affected birds were identified. Clinical recovery of some AVM-affected coots can occur when supportive care is administered. Until the etiology is identified, caution should be exercised when rehabilitating and releasing coots thought to be affected by AVM. DA - 2002/7/1/ PY - 2002/7/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.221.80 VL - 221 IS - 1 SP - 80-85 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimization of North American flounder culture: a controlled breeding scheme. AU - Luckenbach, J. A. AU - Godwin, J. AU - Daniels, H. V. AU - Borski, R. J. T2 - World Aquaculture DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 40-4569 ER - TY - CONF TI - Clinical implications of haematology and plasma biochemistry values for loggerhead sea turtles undergoing rehabilitation. AU - Harms, C. AU - Lewbart, G. AU - Beasley, J. AU - Stamper, A. AU - Chittick, B. AU - Trogdon, M. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, 29 February through 4 March 2000, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A. (NOAA technical memorandum NMFS-SEFSC; 477) DA - 2002/// VL - 477 SP - 190-191 PB - Miami, Fla.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce ER - TY - JOUR TI - The life cycle and toxicity of Pfiesteria piscicida revisited AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY AB - Despite use of excellent molecular techniques, Litaker et al. (2002) cannot provide insights about the life history of toxic Pfiesteria piscicida because they showed no data in support of having used toxic strains; rather they presented evidence that they used non‐inducible strains. Litaker et al. did not find amoeboid stages or a chrysophyte‐like cyst stage in several cultures and unequivocally concluded that the stages do not exist in all P. piscicida strains. Thus, they did not consider the tenet that absence of evidence does not constitute proof of absence. Apparent discrepancies between the research by Litaker et al. and previous research on Pfiesteria can be resolved as follows: First, Litaker et al. did not use toxic strains. We have reported findings (similar to Litaker et al.) showing few amoeboid transformations in non‐inducible strains, which manifest some but not all of the forms that have been documented in some toxic strains. We, and others, have documented active toxicity to fish, transformations to amoebae, and chrysophyte‐like cysts in some clonal toxic strains. Second, the data from several recent publications, which were available but not mentioned by Litaker et al. or by Coats (2002) in accompanying commentary, have verified P. piscicida amoebae, chrysophyte‐like cysts, and other stages in some toxic strains through a combination of approaches including PCR data from clonal cultures. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.02096.x VL - 38 IS - 6 SP - 1261-1267 SN - 1529-8817 KW - amoebae KW - dinoflagellates KW - division cysts KW - life cycles KW - nuclear cyclosis KW - Pfiesteria KW - sexual reproduction KW - toxic zoospores KW - vegetative reproduction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phacoemulsification in an adult Savannah monitor lizard AU - Colitz, CMH AU - Lewbart, G AU - Davidson, MG T2 - VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY AB - An adult male Savannah monitor lizard (Varanus exanthematicus) was presented for bilateral lens opacities that had progressed rapidly over the previous 2 months. A diagnosis of bilateral mature cataracts was made and phacoemulsification cataract extraction was performed. Surgery restored vision and normal activity to the patient. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1046/j.1463-5224.2002.00233.x VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 207-209 SN - 1463-5216 KW - cataract KW - phacoemulsification KW - reptile KW - Savannah monitor lizard KW - varanid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamic global patterns of nitrate, phosphate, silicate, and iron availability and phytoplankton community composition from remote sensing data AU - Kamykowski, D. AU - Zentara, S. J. AU - Morrison, J. M. AU - Switzer, A. C. T2 - Global Biogeochemical Cycles DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 1077-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Summer habitat use by Gulf sturgeon in the Choctawhatchee River, Florida AU - Hightower, JE AU - Zehfuss, KP AU - Fox, DA AU - Parauka, FM T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY AB - Journal of Applied IchthyologyVolume 18, Issue 4-6 p. 595-600 Summer habitat use by Gulf sturgeon in the Choctawhatchee River, Florida J. E. Hightower, J. E. Hightower United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Panama City, FL, USASearch for more papers by this authorK. P. Zehfuss, K. P. Zehfuss United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Panama City, FL, USASearch for more papers by this authorD. A. Fox, D. A. Fox United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Panama City, FL, USASearch for more papers by this authorF. M. Parauka, F. M. Parauka United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Panama City, FL, USASearch for more papers by this author J. E. Hightower, J. E. Hightower United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Panama City, FL, USASearch for more papers by this authorK. P. Zehfuss, K. P. Zehfuss United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Panama City, FL, USASearch for more papers by this authorD. A. Fox, D. A. Fox United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Panama City, FL, USASearch for more papers by this authorF. M. Parauka, F. M. Parauka United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Panama City, FL, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 December 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00402.xCitations: 12AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume18, Issue4-6December 2002Pages 595-600 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00402.x VL - 18 IS - 4-6 SP - 595-600 SN - 0175-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential for restoration of the Roanoke River population of Atlantic sturgeon AU - Armstrong, JL AU - Hightower, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY AB - Journal of Applied IchthyologyVolume 18, Issue 4-6 p. 475-480 Potential for restoration of the Roanoke River population of Atlantic sturgeon J. L. Armstrong, J. L. Armstrong North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC, USA; United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, North Carolina, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. E. Hightower, J. E. Hightower North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC, USA; United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, North Carolina, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author J. L. Armstrong, J. L. Armstrong North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC, USA; United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, North Carolina, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. E. Hightower, J. E. Hightower North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC, USA; United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, North Carolina, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 December 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00389.xCitations: 20AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume18, Issue4-6December 2002Pages 475-480 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00389.x VL - 18 IS - 4-6 SP - 475-480 SN - 0175-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Movement and habitat use of green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris in the Rogue River, Oregon, USA AU - Erickson, DL AU - North, JA AU - Hightower, JE AU - Weber, J AU - Lauck, L T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY AB - Journal of Applied IchthyologyVolume 18, Issue 4-6 p. 565-569 Movement and habitat use of green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris in the Rogue River, Oregon, USA D. L. Erickson, D. L. Erickson Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Dexter, OR, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Gold Beach, OR, USA; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. North, J. A. North Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Dexter, OR, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Gold Beach, OR, USA; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. E. Hightower, J. E. Hightower Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Dexter, OR, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Gold Beach, OR, USA; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Weber, J. Weber Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Dexter, OR, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Gold Beach, OR, USA; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorL. Lauck, L. Lauck Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Dexter, OR, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Gold Beach, OR, USA; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this author D. L. Erickson, D. L. Erickson Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Dexter, OR, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Gold Beach, OR, USA; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. North, J. A. North Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Dexter, OR, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Gold Beach, OR, USA; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. E. Hightower, J. E. Hightower Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Dexter, OR, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Gold Beach, OR, USA; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Weber, J. Weber Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Dexter, OR, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Gold Beach, OR, USA; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorL. Lauck, L. Lauck Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Dexter, OR, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Gold Beach, OR, USA; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 December 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00403.xCitations: 55AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume18, Issue4-6December 2002Pages 565-569 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00403.x VL - 18 IS - 4-6 SP - 565-569 SN - 0175-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monsoon-forced chlorophyll distribution and primary production in the South China Sea: observations and a numerical study AU - Liu, KK AU - Chao, SY AU - Shaw, PT AU - Gong, GC AU - Chen, CC AU - Tang, TY T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS AB - Although the South China Sea (SCS) exchanges water constantly with the western Philippine Sea, its nutricline is much shallower and its chlorophyll level in surface waters is twice as high. Analysis of CZCS-SeaWiFS data and shipboard data reveals a strong seasonality of chlorophyll in the SCS in three upwelling regions. A three-dimensional numerical model with coupled physics and biogeochemistry is developed to study the effect of monsoonal forcing on nutrient upwelling and phytoplankton growth in the SCS. The model has a horizontal resolution of 0.41 in the domain 2–24.81N and 99–124.61E and 21 layers in the vertical. The circulation is driven by monthly climatological winds. The nitrogen-based ecosystem model has four compartments: dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus. The chlorophyll-to-phytoplankton ratio depends on light and DIN availability. The biological equations and parameters are taken from previous modeling studies of the Sargasso Sea. The model simulates the nitrate profile, the strong subsurface chlorophyll maximum, and the primary production in the central basin with reasonable success. It also generates intense chlorophyll patches in the monsoon-driven upwelling regions northwest of Luzon and north of the Sunda Shelf in winter and off the east coast of Vietnam in summer. The results are in reasonable agreement with shipboard observations and CZCS-SeaWiFS data. The primary production derived from SeaWiFS data shows a strong peak in winter and weak peak in summer with an annual mean of 354 mg C m � 2 d � 1 for the whole basin. The modeled primary production displays seasonal variation resembling the trend derived from SeaWiFS data, but the magnitude (280 mg C m � 2 d � 1 ) is smaller by 20%. The model also predicts an export fraction of 12% from the primary production in the euphotic zone. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00035-3 VL - 49 IS - 8 SP - 1387-1412 SN - 0967-0637 KW - South China Sea KW - monsoons KW - upwelling KW - chlorophyll KW - primary production KW - modeling ER - TY - CONF TI - Migration of adult female blue crabs from mating areas to the maternity suite: When, where, and who cares? AU - Wolcott, T. G. AU - Wolcott, D. L. AU - Hines, A. H. AU - Medici, D. A. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Integrative and Comparative Biology DA - 2002/// VL - 42 SP - 1337 M1 - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence of the Gulf Stream's influence on tropical cyclone intensity AU - Bright, RJ AU - Xie, L AU - Pietrafesa, LJ T2 - GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS AB - Historical storm data and satellite imagery are analyzed to determine the intensity changes and storm‐related characteristics of 53 coastal and landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) from Florida to North Carolina that passed over the Gulf Stream (GS) during the period 1944–2000. It appears that less intense storms (Category 2 or weaker), as well as those occurring earlier in the Atlantic hurricane season, are more likely to be strengthened by the GS. In addition, 81% of the Category 2 or weaker storms that intensified based on both maximum wind speed (MWS) and minimum central pressure (MCP) had tracks approximately parallel to the GS, while 3 of the 5 major (Category 3–5) hurricanes that intensified based on both MWS and MCP tracked perpendicular to the GS. The presence of an upstream mid‐latitude trough could have contributed to the intensification of the weaker TCs by steering them along the GS. DA - 2002/8/28/ PY - 2002/8/28/ DO - 10.1029/2002gl014920 VL - 29 IS - 16 SP - SN - 0094-8276 KW - hurricane intensity KW - tropical cyclone intensity KW - climatology KW - Gulf Stream KW - air-sea interaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the tissue reactions in the skin and body wall of koi (Cyprinus carpio) to five suture materials AU - Hurty, CA AU - Brazik, DC AU - Law, JM AU - Sakamoto, K AU - Lewbart, GA T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - Five different suture materials (silk, monofilament nylon, polyglyconate, polyglactin 910, and chromic gut) were placed in the skin and body wall of 10 Doitsu (scaleless) koi (Cyprinus carpio). After seven days the sutures were retrieved from five of the fish in 5 mm and 6 mm punch biopsies, and after 14 days they were retrieved in the same way from the other five. The tissue reactions were evaluated by gross visual inspection and by histological examination. The total inflammatory reaction was graded on a scale from 0 (no inflammation) to 5 (severe inflammation). The synthetic suture materials generally induced a moderate inflammatory reaction that decreased after seven days. After 14 days the superficial reaction to monofilament nylon was substantial, and the tissue reactions to the organic suture materials were slightly greater than the reactions to the synthetics. The inflammatory response to silk was greater after 14 days than after seven, and chromic gut induced a moderately severe inflammatory response after seven days; the chromic gut sutures fell out before the biopsies were taken after 14 days. The organic materials induced intense inflammatory reactions which did not subside if the suture remained in the tissue. DA - 2002/9/14/ PY - 2002/9/14/ DO - 10.1136/vr.151.11.324 VL - 151 IS - 11 SP - 324-+ SN - 0042-4900 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms within the Listeria genus using an 'asymmetric' fluorogenic probe set and fluorescence resonance energy transfer based-PCR AU - Koo, K AU - Jaykus, LA T2 - LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AB - Journal Article Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms within the Listeria genus using an ‘asymmetric’ fluorogenic probe set and fluorescence resonance energy transfer based‐PCR Get access K. Koo, K. Koo Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University and South‐east Dairy Foods Research Center, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L.‐A. Jaykus L.‐A. Jaykus Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University and South‐east Dairy Foods Research Center, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Correspondence to: L.‐A. Jaykus, Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695‐7624, USA (e‐mail: leeann_jaykus@ncsu.edu). Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Letters in Applied Microbiology, Volume 35, Issue 6, 1 December 2002, Pages 513–517, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01232.x Published: 01 December 2002 Article history Received: 22 May 2002 Revision received: 05 September 2002 Accepted: 17 October 2002 Published: 01 December 2002 DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01232.x VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 513-517 SN - 0266-8254 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Involving watershed stakeholders: An issue attribute approach to determine willingness and need AU - Smutko, LS AU - Klimek, SH AU - Perrin, CA AU - Danielson, LE T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - ABSTRACT: The development of effective solutions for addressing nonpoint source pollution on a watershed basis often involves watershed stakeholders. However, success in engaging stakeholders in collaborative decision making processes varies, as watershed managers are faced with the challenges inherent to finding the right process for the decisions needed and in successfully engaging stakeholders in that process. Two characteristics that may provide guidance for determining the appropriateness of applying a collaborative process to a watershed problem are the need to collaborate and the willingness of stakeholders to engage in a collaborative decision making process. By examining seven attributes of the issues confronted by stakeholders in a collaborative process, the consequences of these attributes on the need for collaboration and stakeholders' willingness to engage can be estimated. The issue attributes include: level of uncertainty, balance of information, risk, time horizon of effects, urgency of decision, distribution of effects, and clarity of problem. The issue attribute model was applied to two collaborative decision making processes conducted by the same watershed stakeholder group in a North Carolina coastal watershed. Need and willingness to engage did not coincide for either issue; that is, stakeholders were more willing to engage on the issue that required less need for their involvement. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb05540.x VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 995-1006 SN - 1752-1688 KW - water policy/regulation/decision making KW - environmental conflict resolution KW - water quality KW - collaborative decision making KW - watershed management KW - watershed stakeholders ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inhibitory activity of synthetic peptide antibiotics on feline immunodeficiency virus infectivity in vitro AU - Ma, J AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S AU - Jaynes, JM AU - Thurmond, LM AU - Tompkins, WA T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY AB - Natural peptide antibiotics are part of host innate immunity against a wide range of microbes, including some viruses. Synthetic peptides modeled after natural peptide antibiotics interfere with microbial membranes and are termed peptidyl membrane-interactive molecules (peptidyl-MIM [Demegen Inc, Pittsburgh, Pa.]). Sixteen peptidyl-MIM candidates were tested for activity against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) on infected CrFK cells. Three of them (D4E1, DC1, and D1D6) showed potent anti-FIV activity in chronically infected CrFK cells as measured by decreased reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, having 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.46, 0.75, and 0.94 micro M, respectively, which were approximately 10 times lower than their direct cytotoxic concentrations. Treatment of chronically infected CrFK cells with 2 micro M D4E1 for 3 days completely reversed virus-induced cytopathic effect. Immunofluorescence revealed reduced p26 staining in these cells. Treatment of chronically infected CrFK cells with 2 micro M D4E1 suppressed virus production ( approximately 50%) for up to 7 days, The virions from the D4E1-treated culture had impaired infectivity, as measured by the 50% tissue culture infectious dose and nested PCR analysis of proviral DNA. However, these noninfectious virions were able to bind and internalize, suggesting a defect at some postentry step. After chronically infected CrFK cells were treated with D4E1 for 24 h, increased cell-associated mature p26 Gag and decreased extracellular virus-associated p26 Gag were observed by Western blot analysis, suggesting that virus assembly and/or release may be blocked by D4E1 treatment, whereas virus binding, penetration, RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis appear to be unaffected. Synthetic peptide antibiotics may be useful tools in the search for antiviral drugs having a wide therapeutic window for host cells. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1128/JVI.76.19.9952-9961.2002 VL - 76 IS - 19 SP - 9952-9961 SN - 1098-5514 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification, purification and classification of multiple forms of vitellogenin from white perch (Morone americana) AU - Hiramatsu, N AU - Matsubara, T AU - Hara, A AU - Donato, DM AU - Hiramatsu, K AU - Denslow, ND AU - Sullivan, CV T2 - FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1023/B:FISH.0000009266.58556.9a VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 355-370 SN - 1573-5168 KW - estradiol KW - isoforms KW - Morone americana KW - oocyte devolopment KW - temperate bass KW - vitellogenin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of classification-tree methods to identify nitrate sources in ground water AU - Spruill, TB AU - Showers, WJ AU - Howe, SS T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - A study was conducted to determine if nitrate sources in ground water (fertilizer on crops, fertilizer on golf courses, irrigation spray from hog (Sus scrofa) wastes, and leachate from poultry litter and septic systems) could be classified with 80% or greater success. Two statistical classification-tree models were devised from 48 water samples containing nitrate from five source categories. Model 1 was constructed by evaluating 32 variables and selecting four primary predictor variables (delta 15N, nitrate to ammonia ratio, sodium to potassium ratio, and zinc) to identify nitrate sources. A delta 15N value of nitrate plus potassium > 18.2 indicated animal sources; a value < 18.2 indicated inorganic or soil organic N. A nitrate to ammonia ratio > 575 indicated inorganic fertilizer on agricultural crops; a ratio < 575 indicated nitrate from golf courses. A sodium to potassium ratio > 3.2 indicated septic-system wastes; a ratio < 3.2 indicated spray or poultry wastes. A value for zinc > 2.8 indicated spray wastes from hog lagoons; a value < 2.8 indicated poultry wastes. Model 2 was devised by using all variables except delta 15N. This model also included four variables (sodium plus potassium, nitrate to ammonia ratio, calcium to magnesium ratio, and sodium to potassium ratio) to distinguish categories. Both models were able to distinguish all five source categories with better than 80% overall success and with 71 to 100% success in individual categories using the learning samples. Seventeen water samples that were not used in model development were tested using Model 2 for three categories, and all were correctly classified. Classification-tree models show great potential in identifying sources of contamination and variables important in the source-identification process. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2002.1538 VL - 31 IS - 5 SP - 1538-1549 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interannual and decadal variability of landfalling tropical cyclones in the southeast coastal states of the United States AU - Xie, L AU - Pietrafesa, LJ AU - Wu, KJ T2 - ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1007/s00376-002-0007-y VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 677-686 SN - 1861-9533 KW - tropical cyclone KW - empirical mode decomposition KW - El Nino KW - decadal variability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions between the toxic estuarine dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida and two species of bivalve molluscs AU - Springer, JJ AU - Shumway, SE AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 245:1-10 (2002) - doi:10.3354/meps245001 Interactions between the toxic estuarine dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida and two species of bivalve molluscs Jeffrey J. Springer1,*, Sandra E. Shumway2, JoAnn M. Burkholder1, Howard B. Glasgow1 1Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, 620 Hutton Street, Suite 104, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA 2Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA *Email: jeff_springer@ncsu.edu ABSTRACT: Toxic strains of Pfiesteria spp. produce toxin(s) that can cause finfish death, but much less is known about impacts of Pfiesteria on shellfish. Here we conducted 4 experiments to examine interactions between shellfish and toxic (actively toxic or TOX-A from finfish-killing cultures and potentially toxic or TOX-B from cultures without finfish) and non-inducible (NON-IND, apparently incapable of killing fish via a toxic effect) strains of P. piscicida. First (Expt 1), we documented direct physical attack by P. piscicida TOX-A, TOX-B, and NON-IND zoospores on larvae of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians (Lamarck, 1819) and the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). Within 5 min zoospores swarmed around larvae that had discarded their vela, and attached with their peduncles. Within 15 min they had penetrated into the shellfish visceral cavity and had begun to feed aggressively; after 30 min all shellfish tissues except the adductor muscle had been consumed. Second, we tested the response of scallop larvae to P. piscicida (TOX-A or TOX-B) or cryptomonads (as controls) that were held in dialysis tubing (0.22 µm porosity) to prevent direct contact. After 60 min larval survival was 0% in the TOX-A treatment, 100% in the cryptomonad control, and intermediate in TOX-B and TOX-B + cryptomonad treatments. The data indicate a toxic effect of P. piscicida zoospores on the larvae, separate from the physical effect shown in Expt 1. Third, we compared grazing by juvenile and adult oysters on TOX-A, TOX-B, and NON-IND P. piscicida zoospores from the medium. After 60 min, grazing by juvenile oysters significantly differed as NON-IND >> TOX-B >> TOX-A. In contrast, adult oysters grazed significantly fewer TOX-A zoospores and maintained comparable grazing on TOX-B and NON-IND zoospores. Thus juvenile oysters, but not adults, were sensitive to residual toxicity of TOX-B zoospores, and both life-history stages were sensitive to TOX-A zoospores. The adverse effects of toxic strains on larval survival and juvenile grazing indicate that P. piscicida could potentially affect shellfish recruitment. Fourth, we assessed zoospore survival after passage through the digestive tract of adult oysters. The feces contained many temporary cysts from zoospores, and within 24 h >75% of the cysts produced motile cells. The data indicate that adult oysters would be poor biocontrol agents of P. piscicida, given the high survival of ingested zoospores following gut passage and fecal elimination; and that oysters could act as vectors of toxic P. piscicida strains if transported from affected estuaries to other waters. KEY WORDS: Argopecten irradians · Crassostrea virginica · Oyster · Pfiesteria · Scallop · Shellfish · Temporary cyst · Toxic dinoflagellate Full text in pdf format NextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 245. Online publication date: December 18, 2002 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2002 Inter-Research. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3354/meps245001 VL - 245 SP - 1-10 SN - 1616-1599 KW - Argopecten irradians KW - Crassostrea virginica KW - oyster KW - Pfiesteria KW - scallop KW - shellfish KW - temporary cyst KW - toxic dinoflagellate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Health survey of wild and captive bog turtles (Clemmys muhlenbergii) in North Carolina and Virginia AU - Brenner, D. AU - Lewbart, Gregory AU - Stebbins, M. AU - Herman, D. W. T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine AB - Blood samples, fecal samples, and cloacal swabs were collected from 42 bog turtles (Clemmys muhlenbergii). including 14 wild males, 22 wild females, three captive males, and three captive females, in Virginia and North Carolina, USA. Samples were analyzed for hematologic and plasma chemistry values, Mycoplasma sp. antibodies, intestinal parasites, and normal cloacal flora. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1638/1042-7260(2002)033[0311:hsowac]2.0.co;2 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 311–316 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arginine vasotocin effects on courtship behavior in male white perch (Morone americana) AU - Salek, SJ AU - Sullivan, CV AU - Godwin, J T2 - BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH AB - Arginine vasotocin (AVT) and its mammalian homologue, arginine vasopressin (AVP), have been shown to have widespread behavioral effects in vertebrates. AVT was evaluated for its effectiveness in stimulating an important courtship behavior termed 'attending' in male white perch, Morone americana. Attending consists of close and continuous following of the female with occasional contact in the abdominal area. We tested the behavioral effectiveness of AVT in stimulating attending when administered either intraperitoneally (IP) or intracerebroventricularly (ICV). We also tested IP injections of AVT alone and in combination with an AVP V(1) receptor antagonist (Manning compound). None of the IP injections of either AVT or Manning compound produced consistent effects on attending behavior. In contrast, ICV injections of AVT did significantly increase attending behavior and at low dosages. Circulating levels of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone were not affected approximately 80 min following injection by any of the treatments. The strong behavioral effects observed with ICV administration support a central site of action for AVT in stimulating attending behavior. This is a complex behavior that shows similarities to behaviors mediated by AVT and AVP in other vertebrates, providing further evidence of a conserved behavioral role for these peptides. DA - 2002/7/18/ PY - 2002/7/18/ DO - 10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00003-7 VL - 133 IS - 2 SP - 177-183 SN - 1872-7549 KW - arginine vasotocin KW - sexual behavior KW - teleost KW - androgen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymorphic expression in the CD8 alpha chain surface receptor of African lions (Panthera leo) AU - Bull, ME AU - Gebhard, DG AU - Tompkins, WAF AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Free-ranging African lion (Panthera leo) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were examined using flow cytometry and antibodies developed for use in the domestic cat to determine if phenotypic changes occurred in lion lymphocytes as a result of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. The percentage of CD8 cells from lion peripheral blood was considerably lower than in the domestic cat. Lions with elevated levels of CD8+ cells were typically infected with FIV, similar to observations in the domestic cat. Antibodies against the alpha chain of the CD8 receptor (monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3.357) did not react consistently in all lions examined. Flow cytometric analysis determined that approximately 82 and 80% of the animals from Kruger and Hluhluwe-Umfolozi National Parks in South Africa reacted with the monoclonal antibody against the alpha chain of CD8 receptor, while only 17% of the lions in Etosha National Park in Namibia cross-reacted with the CD8alpha chain. There was no apparent correlation between FIV status and CD8alpha chain reactivity. The relative isolation of Etosha from the other two parks could explain the marked difference in CD8alpha chain expression and suggests that lions similar to other mammalian species demonstrate polymorphic expression of the CD8alpha chain (197). DA - 2002/1/15/ PY - 2002/1/15/ DO - 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00401-9 VL - 84 IS - 3-4 SP - 181-189 SN - 1873-2534 KW - African lion (Panthera leo) KW - monoclonal antibody KW - cross-reactivity KW - CD8 alpha polymorphism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ovarian follicle growth, maturation, and ovulation in teleost fish AU - Patino, R AU - Sullivan, CV T2 - FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1023/A:1023311613987 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 57-70 SN - 1573-5168 KW - fish KW - growth KW - hormones KW - lipids KW - maturation KW - oocyte KW - ovarian follicle KW - ovulation KW - teleost KW - vitelline envelope KW - vitellogenin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of current shear on Gymnodinium breve (Dinophyceae) population dynamics: a numerical study AU - Liu, G AU - Janowitz, GS AU - Kamykowski, D T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 231:47-66 (2002) - doi:10.3354/meps231047 Influence of current shear on Gymnodinium breve (Dinophyceae) population dynamics: a numerical study Gang Liu, Gerald S. Janowitz*, Daniel Kamykowski Department of Marine, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA *Corresponding author. E-mail: janowitz@ncsu.edu ABSTRACT: A time-dependent, 2-dimensional population dynamics model which incorporates current shear has been developed based on a time-dependent, 1-dimensional population dynamics model reported in an earlier study. Vertical shear in the horizontal velocity is shown to influence the cross-shelf distribution of a 2-dimensional filament of Gymnodinium breve (Dinophyceae) cells, which alters position in the vertical due to environmentally acclimated diel vertical migration. Three different vertical nitrogen distribution patterns are considered in the simulations: a surface nutrient plume, a bottom nutrient plume, and a uniform concentration in the water column. The simulations demonstrate that G. breve¹s vertical migratory behavior tends to maintain population coherency despite the tendency of shear in the current to disperse the population, and that the shear can contribute to predictable cell cycling within the aggregation. The simulations also show that the vertical distribution pattern of the external nutrient source has significantly influenced the horizontal advection, dispersion and cellular attributes of a G. breve population using the modeled swimming rules. KEY WORDS: Model · Dinoflagellate · Gymnodinium breve · Population dynamics · Behavior · Nutrients Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 231. Online publication date: April 23, 2002 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2002 Inter-Research. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3354/meps231047 VL - 231 SP - 47-66 SN - 0171-8630 KW - model KW - dinoflagellate KW - Gymnodinium breve KW - population dynamics KW - behavior KW - nutrients ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flow cytometric determination of zoospore DNA content and population DNA distribution in cultured Pfiesteria spp. (Pyrrhophyta) (vol 267, pg 35, 2002) AU - Parrow, MW AU - Burkholder, JM T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY DA - 2002/2/28/ PY - 2002/2/28/ DO - 10.1016/S0022-0981(02)00018-7 VL - 268 IS - 2 SP - 261-261 SN - 0022-0981 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Zirconium hydroxide effectively immobilizes and concentrates human enteric viruses AU - DH D'Souza, AU - Jaykus, LA T2 - LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AB - Detection of human enteric viruses in foods and environmental samples requires concentration of viruses from complex matrices before application of molecular or cultural methods. Previous studies have described the use of zirconium hydroxide to concentrate bacteria from clinical, environmental, and food samples.Our study describes the application of zirconium hydroxide to concentrate human enteric viruses.Poliovirus type 1, hepatitis A virus (HAV) strain HM-175, and Norwalk virus (NV) were used as models. Virus recovery was evaluated both as loss to discarded supernatants and as recovery in the precipitated pellets.Poliovirus type 1, based on the plaque assay recoveries, ranged from 16 to 59% with minimal loss to the supernatant (1-5%). For both HAV and NV, RT-PCR amplicons of appropriate sizes were detected and confirmed in the pellet fraction with no visible amplicons from the supernatant.This rapid and inexpensive method shows promise as an alternative means to concentrate enteric viruses. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01206.x VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 414-418 SN - 1472-765X ER - TY - JOUR TI - The winter/spring 1996 OMP current, meteorological, sea state and coastal sea level fields AU - Pietrafesa, LJ AU - Flagg, CN AU - Xie, L AU - Weatherly, GL AU - Morrison, JM T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - The time series of atmospheric winds, coastal sea level, surface gravity waves, currents, water temperature, and salinity for the period February–May 1996 across the OMP moored array defined a well-organized physical oceanographic system. The M2 tide, a frictionally modified Poincare wave, was manifested as a clockwise-rotating, elliptically polarized wave, with predominantly cross-shelf orientation of the ellipse, and an axis ratio of ∼0.6 in upper layer waters and in offshore waters. However, bottom friction compressed and rotated the tidal ellipses in shallow and near-bottom waters. Elliptically polarized, clockwise-rotating motions were evident at near-inertial (∼20 h) and diurnal (∼24 h) periods. The wind field was dominated by 2–14 day events centered about 4–8 days. Due to the location and track of mesoscale atmospheric events, the wind field over the southern portion of the array was far more energetic than over the northern portion. The winds prior to 17 April had higher variances than after 17 April. Sub-diurnal frequency currents were dynamically responsive to the wind field at all locations and were stronger in the southern portion of the array. The shelf-wide, southward drift of Middle Atlantic Bight waters contributed to the weekly to monthly scales of motion. Shelf-wide, the record length means were generally southward, with an offshore component in near-bottom waters. However, a significant finding was that near the 21 m isobath on the north line of moorings, just south of the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, the mean flow was into the Bay, providing a means for the import of marine sediment into the estuary. In the southeastern-most corner of the array, north of Diamond Shoals in 36 m of water, the flows were persistently directed offshore. Following southward wind events, an inability to propagate Kelvin waves northward along the coast traps a buildup of water against Diamond Shoals such that the only way for it to relax is through a geostrophically balanced offshore transport of shelf waters. The Chesapeake Bay Plume and Middle Atlantic Bight Waters often breached Diamond Shoals and invaded the South Atlantic Bight during the passage of movement northward with southward-directed wind events, particularly extra-tropical cyclones. Following the mid-April transition to persistent northward winds, Carolina Capes Water moved northward across Diamond Shoals and induced a transition from well-mixed wintertime to vertically stratified summertime hydrographic conditions. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00166-2 VL - 49 IS - 20 SP - 4331-4354 SN - 0967-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Ocean Margins Program: an interdisciplinary study of carbon sources, transformations, and sinks in a temperate continental margin system AU - Verity, PG AU - Bauer, JE AU - Flagg, CN AU - DeMaster, DJ AU - Repeta, DJ T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - The cycling of carbon on the US east coast shelf and upper slope has been studied for 20 years in a variety of interdisciplinary programs focused on the Mid and South Atlantic Bights. The culmination of this research was a comprehensive field study conducted in 1996 to ascertain whether the Cape Hatteras shelf was a net source or sink for atmospheric CO2, and the associated transformations and pathways of inorganic and organic carbon. The rationale, objectives, design, and overview of the Ocean Margins Program are given here as a framework to interpret the results of the papers presented in this special issue. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00120-0 VL - 49 IS - 20 SP - 4273-4295 SN - 1879-0100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic carbon deposition on the North Carolina continental slope off Cape Hatteras (USA) AU - Thomas, CJ AU - Blair, NE AU - Alperin, MJ AU - DeMaster, DJ AU - Jahnke, RA AU - Martens, CS AU - Mayer, L T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - The continental slope off Cape Hatteras, NC is a region of high sediment accumulation and organic matter deposition. Sediment accumulation rates range from 3 to 151 cm kyr−1. Organic carbon deposition rates are 5–13 moles C m−2 yr−1, the highest reported for the slope off the eastern US. Burial efficiencies are 3–40%. The organic matter deposited is marine in origin and a mix of old and young particles. High organic carbon deposition rates support remineralization throughout the upper 2–3 m of sediment. Deep bioirrigation to depths of 60–100 cm within the seabed affects the biogeochemistry of the sediments by extending the zone of sulfate reduction and by steepening DIC porewater gradients through the non-local exchange of porewater. Stable and radiocarbon isotope mixing curves for porewater dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) indicate that the dominant source of DIC accumulating in the upper 2–3 m of the seabed is of nearly uniform δ13C (−21.10‰) and Δ14C (−546‰). DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00135-2 VL - 49 IS - 20 SP - 4687-4709 SN - 1879-0100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mineral associations and nutritional quality of organic matter in shelf and upper slope sediments off Cape Hatteras, USA: a case of unusually high loadings AU - Mayer, L AU - Benninger, L AU - Bock, M AU - DeMaster, D AU - Roberts, Q AU - Martens, C T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - Relationships among organic carbon (OC), enzymatically hydrolyzable amino acid (EHAA) concentrations and mineral surface area (SFA) were assessed for sediments from the shelf and slope region near Cape Hatteras, USA. Grain size, measured here as mineral-specific surface area, explained 55% of the variance in organic matter concentrations. Organic loadings, as ratios of organic carbon to surface area (OC:SFA), decrease with water column and core depth. OC:SFA ratios in this region are comparable to those found in areas with anoxic water columns, and are the highest reported for shelf-slope sediments underlying oxygenated water columns. With increasing water-column depth, organic matter becomes progressively incorporated into low-density (<2.4 g cm−3), organomineral aggregates, reflecting the increase in clay content in sediments with water-column depth. Organic coverage of mineral surfaces was determined by gas sorption methods; throughout the depth range minerals are essentially bare of organic coatings, in spite of high organic loadings. EHAA concentrations increase with water-column depth in a similar fashion as OC concentrations, and help to support intense heterotrophic communities at depth. Rapidly decreasing ratios of EHAA to total organic matter with water-column depth are consistent with previous inferences that largely refractory organic matter is exported from the shelf to the slope. Significant burial of EHAA downcore indicates protection of enzymatically hydrolyzable biopolymers with depth. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00130-3 VL - 49 IS - 20 SP - 4587-4597 SN - 0967-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Magnetized carbonyl iron and insoluble zirconium hydroxide mixture facilitates bacterial concentration and separation from nonfat dry milk AU - Cullison, MA AU - Jaykus, LA T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - A mixture of magnetized carbonyl iron and insoluble zirconium hydroxide was investigated for its ability to concentrate various foodborne pathogens from 25-ml samples of reconstituted nonfat dry milk. Each sample was artificially contaminated with 10(3) to 10(6) CFU/25 ml of representative foodborne pathogens (Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus spores) and processed for bacterial concentration with high-speed centrifugation for the primary concentration followed by a secondary concentration step involving the carbonyl iron-zirconium hydroxide mixture. Bacterial recoveries, as evaluated on the basis of loss to discarded supernatants, exceeded 75% for all organisms at all inoculum levels and were usually >90%. Recovery was confirmed by direct plating of the immobilized pellet, for which the valueswere similar albeit more varied. Additional experiments confirmed that the magnetized carbonyl iron-insoluble zirconium hydroxide mixture was relatively nontoxic to both Salmonella Enteritidis and L monocytogenes Overall, the entire concentration scheme resulted in a 25-fold reduction in sample volume with the recovery of viable bacterial cells. This novel compound shows promise for facilitating inexpensive, rapid, and effective bacterial concentration in food systems. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-65.11.1806 VL - 65 IS - 11 SP - 1806-1810 SN - 0362-028X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of growth in a food medium on the detection of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 by polymerase chain reaction AU - McKillip, JL AU - Jaykus, LA AU - Drake, M T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - The effects of storage time and growth in broth culture and in a food medium on the efficiency of Escherichia coli O157: H7 DNA extraction and on the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of E. coli O157:H7 were investigated. Detection limits were evaluated with dilution series PCR targeting the slt-II gene. The relationship between cell density and DNA yield was generally log-linear for pure cultures of E coli O157:H7. When the bacteria were suspended in skim milk at a density of 10(6) CFU/ml. held at 4 degrees C, and sampled at 24-h intervals, cell density, total DNA yield, and PCR detection limits remained stable throughout the 96-h storage period. However, when E coli O157:H7 was grown in skim milk to a final cell density of 10(6) CFU/ml, PCR amplification efficiency was drastically reduced, although overall DNA yields from these samples were consistent with those for the samples in which E. coli O157:H7 growth was static over 96 h of storage at 4 degrees C. This result is most likely due to poor DNA purity, which was consistently observed when DNA was extracted from food matrices in which the pathogen was grown rather than stored. The results of this investigation underscore the likelihood that multiple components may drastically affect DNA extraction and PCR amplification efficiency in the detection of pathogens in the food matrix. It is clear that before nucleic acid amplification technologies are widely applied to food systems, it would be prudent to test their efficacy in multiple food matrices and under conditions in which the bacterial population is both static and actively growing. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-65.11.1775 VL - 65 IS - 11 SP - 1775-1779 SN - 0362-028X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and characterization of proteases involved in specific proteolysis of vitellogenin and yolk proteins in salmonids AU - Hiramatsu, N AU - Ichikawa, N AU - Fukada, H AU - Fujita, T AU - Sullivan, GV AU - Hara, A T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY AB - A pepstatin A-sensitive enzyme involved in yolk formation was purified from the masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) ovary using in vitro generation of yolk proteins from purified vitellogenin to assay enzymatic activity. Purification of the enzyme involved precipitation of ovarian extracts by water and ammonium sulfate followed by five steps of column chromatography. After SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, the purified enzyme appeared as a single approximately 42 kDa band that was immunoreactive to anti-human cathepsin D. The course of proteolytic cleavage of the three major yolk proteins (lipovitellin, beta'-component, and phosvitin) in fertilized masu salmon and Sakhalin taimen (Hucho perryi) eggs and embryos was visualized by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using specific antisera. Major yolk protein bands appeared in positions corresponding to 92 kDa, 68 kDa, and 22 kDa (lipovitellin-derived peptides), as well as 17 kDa (beta'-component). During embryo development, the 92 kDa and 22 kDa bands gradually decreased in intensity, becoming undetectable in alevins. The 68 kDa band and a minor 24 kDa band became more intense after the eyed stage. Two additional peptides, corresponding to 40 and 28 kDa, newly appeared in alevins. During embryonic growth, the beta'-component band (17 kDa) persisted and phosvitin appeared to be progressively dephosphorylated. In vitro analysis of lipovitellin proteolysis indicated that the enzyme involved is a Pefabloc SC-sensitive serine protease. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that a cathepsin D-like protease and serine proteases play key roles in yolk formation and degradation, respectively, in salmonid fishes. DA - 2002/1/1/ PY - 2002/1/1/ DO - 10.1002/jez.1138 VL - 292 IS - 1 SP - 11-25 SN - 0022-104X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Nutrient sources, composition, and consequences AU - Anderson, DM AU - Glibert, PM AU - Burkholder, JM T2 - ESTUARIES DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1007/BF02804901 VL - 25 IS - 4B SP - 704-726 SN - 0160-8347 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flow cytometric determination of zoospore DNA content and population DNA distribution in cultured Pfiesteria spp. (Pyrrhophyta) AU - Parrow, MW AU - Burkholder, JA T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY AB - The relative cellular DNA content from 23 different clonal cultures of Pfiesteria spp. zoospores was determined using a DNA fluorochrome and flow cytometry. Significant differences between Pfiesteria piscicida and P. shumwayae were detected, both in mean zoospore DNA content and population cell cycle DNA distribution. Intraspecific differences in DNA content were found between clonal zoospore cultures established from different geographical regions. Long-term cultures (years) of P. piscicida were available for testing, and a negative correlation was observed between zoospore DNA content and time in culture. Zoospore cell cycle-related DNA distributions were also markedly different between the two species in these clonal cultures. In most cultures tested, P. piscicida zoospores exhibited bimodal DNA flow histograms with G1-S-G2+M distributions, typical of eukaryotic asynchronously cycling cells. In contrast, cultures of P. shumwayae zoospores exhibited one DNA peak distribution, indicative of synchronized cells. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that P. shumwayae zoospores are interphasic cells, and mitosis in zoospore cultures of this species predominantly occurs as benthic or adherent non-motile division cysts. Light microscopy observations of the nuclear condition of electrostatically sorted zoospores of each Pfiesteria species also support this hypothesis. If highly conserved, this disparity in modes of vegetative reproduction would ramify the population dynamics of the two Pfiesteria species. DA - 2002/1/3/ PY - 2002/1/3/ DO - 10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00343-4 VL - 267 IS - 1 SP - 35-51 SN - 0022-0981 KW - cell cycle KW - dinoflagellates KW - flow cytometry KW - P. piscicida KW - P. shumwayae KW - SYTOX green ER - TY - JOUR TI - Escalation and extinction selectivity: morphology versus isotopic reconstruction of bivalve metabolism. AU - Dietl, G. P. AU - Kelley, P. H. AU - Barrick, R. AU - Showers, W. T2 - Evolution AB - Studies that have tested and failed to support the hypothesis that escalated species (e.g., those with predation-resistant adaptations) are more susceptible to elimination during mass extinctions have concentrated on the distribution and degree of morphological defenses in molluscan species. This morphological approach to determining level of escalation in bivalves may be oversimplified because it does not account for metabolic rate, which is an important measure of escalation that is less readily accessible for fossils. Shell growth rates in living bivalves are positively correlated with metabolic rate and thus are potential indicators of level of escalation. To evaluate this approach, we used oxygen isotopes to reconstruct shell growth rates for two bivalve species (Macrocallista marylandica and Glossus markoei) from Miocene-aged sediments of Maryland. Although both species are classified as non-escalated based on morphology, the isotopic data indicate that M. marylandica was a faster-growing species with a higher metabolic rate and G. markoei was a slower-growing species with a lower metabolic rate. Based on these results, we predict that some morphologically non-escalated species in previous tests of extinction selectivity should be reclassified as escalated because of their fast shell growth rates (i.e., high metabolic rates). Studies that evaluate the level of escalation of a fauna should take into account the energetic physiology of taxa to avoid misleading results. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01338.x VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 284-291 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of retorting and storage on liquid mass transfer in canned skipjack (Katsuwonas pelamis) muscle AU - Bell, JW AU - Farkas, BE AU - Hale, SA AU - Lanier, TC T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION AB - Mass loss of precooked tuna muscle during retorting and storage in cans impacts cannery yield and throughput. Changes in moisture content and mass of frozen, thawed, precooked tuna muscle chunks, canned in water, were determined after retorting and through five weeks of subsequent storage. Canned tuna pieces were retorted to equivalent lethality (Fo-value of four) for different time and temperature processes. Retorting at a lower temperature, longer time resulted in less mass loss than higher temperature, shorter time processes. Canned storage of up to five weeks had no effect on muscle mass or moisture content. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2002.tb00484.x VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 267-278 SN - 1745-4549 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deposition of bomb (14)C in continental slope sediments of the Mid-Atlantic Bight: assessing organic matter sources and burial rates AU - DeMaster, DJ AU - Thomas, CJ AU - Blair, NE AU - Fornes, WL AU - Plaia, G AU - Levin, LA T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - As part of the Ocean Margins Program (OMP), organic carbon 14C measurements have been made on benthic fauna and kasten core sediments from the North Carolina continental slope. These analyses are used to evaluate the nature and burial flux of organic matter in the OMP study area off Cape Hatteras. Despite the fact that surface sediment 14C contents ranged from −41 to −215 per mil, the benthic fauna (primarily polychaetes) all contained significant amounts of bomb-14C (body tissue 14C contents ranging from +20 to +82 per mil). Bomb-14C clearly is reaching the seabed on the North Carolina slope, and the labile planktonic material carrying this signal is a primary source of nutrition to the benthic ecosystem. The enrichment of 14C in benthic faunal tissue relative to the 14C content of bulk surface-sediment organic matter (a difference of ∼150 per mil) is attributed to a combination of particle selection and selective digestive processes. Organic carbon burial rates from 12 stations on the North Carolina slope varied from 0.02 to 1.7 mol of C m−2 yr−1, with a mean value of 0.7 mol of C m−2 yr−1. The accumulation of organic matter on the upper slope accounts for <1% of the primary production in the entire continental margin system. The North Carolina margin was deliberately selected because of its potential for offshore transport and high sediment deposition rates, and even in this environment, burial of organic carbon accounts for a very small fraction of the primary production occurring in surface waters. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00134-0 VL - 49 IS - 20 SP - 4667-4685 SN - 0967-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A numerical investigation of slanted convection and subsurface anticyclone generation in an Arctic baroclinic current system AU - Chao, S. Y. AU - Shaw, P. T. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 107 IS - C3 SP - 3019-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vitellogenin-derived yolk proteins of white perch, Morone americana: Purification, characterization, and vitellogenin-receptor binding AU - Hiramatsu, N AU - Hara, A AU - Hiramatsu, K AU - Fukada, H AU - Weber, GM AU - Denslow, ND AU - Sullivan, CV T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - The objectives of this study were to 1) purify and characterize vitellogenin-derived yolk proteins of white perch (Morone americana), 2) develop a nonisotopic receptor binding assay for vitellogenin, and 3) identify the yolk protein domains of vitellogenin recognized by the ovarian vitellogenin receptor. Four yolk proteins derived from vitellogenin (YP1, YP2 monomer [YP2m] and dimer [YP2d], and YP3) were isolated from ovaries of vitellogenic perch by selective precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. The apparent molecular masses of purified YP1, YP2m, and YP2d after gel filtration were 310 kDa, 17 kDa, and 27 kDa, respectively. YP3 appeared in SDS-PAGE as a approximately 20-kDa band plus some diffuse smaller bands that could be visualized by staining for phosphoprotein with Coomassie Brilliant Blue complexed with aluminum nitrate. Immunological and biochemical characteristics of YP1, YP2s, and YP3 identified them as white perch lipovitellin, beta'-components, and phosvitin, respectively. A novel receptor-binding assay for vitellogenin was developed based on digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled vitellogenin tracer binding to ovarian membrane proteins immobilized in 96-well plates. Lipovitellin from white perch and vitellogenin from perch and other teleosts effectively displaced specifically bound DIG-vitellogenin in the assay, but phosvitin and the beta'-component could not, demonstrating for the first time that the lipovitellin domain of teleost vitellogenin mediates its binding to the oocyte receptor. Lipovitellin was less effective than vitellogenin in this regard, suggesting that the remaining yolk protein domains of vitellogenin may interact with its lipovitellin domain to facilitate binding of vitellogenin to its receptor. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod67.2.655 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 655-667 SN - 1529-7268 KW - estradiol KW - female reproductive tract KW - gamete biology KW - oocyte development KW - ovary ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrate source identification using delta N-15 in a ground water plume near an intensive swine operation AU - Karr, JD AU - Showers, WJ AU - Hinson, TH T2 - GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION AB - Abstract Nitrate‐contaminated ground water beneath and adjacent to an intensive swine ( Sus scrofa domesticus ) production facility in the Middle Coastal Plain of North Carolina was analyzed for δ 15 N of nitrate (δ 15 N‐NO 3 ). Results show that the isotopic signal of animal waste nitrogen is readily identifiable and traceable in nitrate in this ground water. The widespread land application of animal wastes from intensive livestock operations constitutes a potential source of nitrogen contamination to natural water throughout large regions of the United States and other countries. The site of the present study has been suspected as a nitrate contamination source to nearby domestic supply wells and has been monitored for several years by government and private water quality investigators through sampling of observation wells, ditches, and streams. δ 15 N of nitrate allowed direct identification of animal waste‐produced nitrate in 11 of 14 wells sampled in this study, as well as recognition of nitrate contributions from non‐animal waste agricultural sources in remaining wells. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00314.x VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 68-75 SN - 1745-6592 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Medetomidine, ketamine, and sevoflurane for anesthesia for injured loggerhead sea turtles: 13 cases (1996-2000) AU - Chittick, EJ AU - Stamper, MA AU - Beasley, JF AU - Lewbart, GA AU - Horne, WA T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To determine safety and efficacy of an anesthetic protocol incorporating medetomidine, ketamine, and sevoflurane for anesthesia of injured loggerhead sea turtles.Retrospective study.13 loggerhead sea turtles.Anesthesia was induced with medetomidine (50 microg/kg [22.7 microg/lb], IV) and ketamine (5 mg/kg (2.3 mg/lb], IV) and maintained with sevoflurane (0.5 to 2.5%) in oxygen. Sevoflurane was delivered with a pressure-limited intermittent-flow ventilator. Heart rate and rhythm, end-tidal partial pressure of CO2, and cloacal temperature were monitored continuously; venous blood gas analyses were performed intermittently. Administration of sevoflurane was discontinued 30 to 60 minutes prior to the end of the surgical procedure. Atipamezole (0.25 mg/kg [0.11 mg/lb], IV) was administered at the end of surgery.Median induction time was 11 minutes (range, 2 to 40 minutes; n = 11). Median delivered sevoflurane concentrations 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after intubation were 2.5 (n = 12), 1.5 (12), 1.25 (12), and 0.5% (8), respectively. Heart rate decreased during surgery to a median value of 15 beats/min (n = 11). End-tidal partial pressure of CO2 ranged from 2 to 16 mm Hg (n = 8); median blood gas values were within reference limits. Median time from atipamezole administration to extubation was 14 minutes (range, 2 to 84 minutes; n = 7).Results suggest that a combination of medetomidine and ketamine for induction and sevoflurane for maintenance provides safe, effective, controllable anesthesia in injured loggerhead sea turtles. DA - 2002/10/1/ PY - 2002/10/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.221.1019 VL - 221 IS - 7 SP - 1019-1025 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanisms of imposex induction in the mud snail, Ilyanassa obsoleta: TBT as a neurotoxin and aromatase inhibitor AU - Oberdorster, E. AU - McClellan-Green, P. T2 - Marine Environmental Research AB - The occurrence of imposex, imposition of male sex characteristics on female snails, has been extensively documented throughout the world. Tributyltin (TBT) and other organotins have been causally linked to imposex induction at levels as low as 2 ng/l. There are several proposed mechanisms of action. First, TBT has been shown to be neurotoxic and to accumulate in snail ganglia. Peptide hormones control sexual differentiation in gastropods, and one hypothesis is that TBT acts as a neurotoxin to abnormally release the peptide hormone Penis Morphogenic Factor (PMF). However, PMF has not been characterized to date. The neuropeptide APGWamide significantly induces imposex in the mud snail, Ilyanassa obsoleta, at 10(-16) moles sub-cutaneous (SQ) injection over 2 weeks, and could be the PMF in this species. A second hypothesis is that TBT inhibits aromatase activity leading to increased testosterone levels and decreased estradiol. In vitro studies with snail digestive gland microsomes showed that TBT-dosed snails not exhibiting imposex had a 52% reduction in aromatase activity. Although the role of vertebrate sex steroids is not known in gastropods, it is possible that the combination of changes in peptide and steroid hormones may lead to imposex induction at extremely low doses of TBT. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00118-6 VL - 54 IS - 3-5 SP - 715-718 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low abundance of the dinoflagellates, Pfiesteria piscicida, P-shumwayae, and Cryptoperidiniopsis spp., in South Carolina tidal creeks and open estuaries AU - Lewitus, AJ AU - Hayes, KC AU - Willis, BM AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB AU - Holland, AF AU - Maier, PP AU - Rublee, PA AU - Magnien, R T2 - ESTUARIES DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1007/BF02804892 VL - 25 IS - 4A SP - 586-597 SN - 0160-8347 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grazing by microzooplankton on Pfiesteria piscicida cultures with different histories of toxicity AU - Stoecker, DK AU - Parrow, MW AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB T2 - AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AB - AME Aquatic Microbial Ecology Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials AME 28:79-85 (2002) - doi:10.3354/ame028079 Grazing by microzooplankton on Pfiesteria piscicida cultures with different histories of toxicity Diane K. Stoecker1,*, Matthew W. Parrow2, JoAnn M. Burkholder2, Howard B. Glasgow Jr.2 1University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge, Maryland 21613, USA 2Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA *E-mail: stoecker@hpl.umces.edu ABSTRACT: Susceptibility of actively toxic (TOX-A) zoospores, temporarily non-toxic (TOX-B) zoospores, and zoospores non-inducible to toxicity (NON-IND) of Pfiesteria piscicida to microzooplankton grazing was compared in a laboratory experiment. Zoospores from all cultures were ingested by microzooplankton, but community grazing coefficients for TOX-A were <20% of those for TOX-B or NON-IND zoospores in 6 h incubations. Tintinnids and strobilidiid ciliates that fed on P. piscicida declined in incubations containing TOX-A zoospores. There was no decline in a strombidiid ciliate or heterotrophic dinoflagellate populations that fed on TOX-A zoospores. These data suggest that, although microzooplankton grazing on non-toxic zoospores can be a significant source of mortality to planktonic populations of P. piscicida, grazing on toxic or very recently toxic zoospores is relatively low. KEY WORDS: Pfiesteria piscicida · Zoospores · Toxicity · Microzooplankton · Grazing Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in AME Vol. 28, No. 1. Online publication date: May 16, 2002 Print ISSN: 0948-3055; Online ISSN: 1616-1564 Copyright © 2002 Inter-Research. DA - 2002/5/16/ PY - 2002/5/16/ DO - 10.3354/ame028079 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 79-85 SN - 1616-1564 KW - Pfiesteria piscicida KW - zoospores KW - toxicity KW - microzooplankton KW - grazing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal variations in carbon and nitrogen constituents in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) as influenced by increased temperature and water-column nitrate AU - Touchette, BW AU - Burkholder, JM T2 - BOTANICA MARINA AB - Fluctuations in nitrogen and carbon compounds were examined over an autumn growing season in the submersed marine angiosperm Zostera marina L. (eelgrass). The experimental design included replicated controls (ambient NO3−, typically < 2 μM), increased water-column nitrate (8 μMNO3− above ambient, pulsed daily), increased environmental temperature (3 to 4 °C above 20-year weekly means), and combined increased water-column nitrate and temperature. Above- and belowground tissues were collected weekly to biweekly and assayed for total soluble carbohydrates, non-reducing carbohydrates, starch, α-cellulose, lipids, free amino acids, total protein, tissue nitrate, tissue nitrite, and tissue ammonium. Tissue nitrate declined, and amino acids, proteins, lipids, and cellulose increased as the growing season progressed in both control and treated plants. In addition, there were seasonal quadratic responses for tissue ammonium, soluble carbohydrates, and non-reducing sugars, with maxima during periods of optimal plant growth (mid- to late September). Increased temperature promoted periodic increases in amino acids and soluble carbohydrates, but decreased accumulation of α-cellulose by the end of the experiment. Moreover, increases in water-column nitrate led to periodic increases in tissue ammonium and amino acids, as well as decreases in non-reducing sugars. Toward the end of the experiment, increases in soluble carbohydrates for plants grown under higher temperatures may have been associated with an extension of the growing season. In contrast, decreased non-reducing sugars in nitrate-enriched plants may have resulted from an increased carbon demand during nitrate assimilation/reduction, as well as a reallocation of carbon to enhance amino acid synthesis. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1515/BOT.2002.004 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 23-34 SN - 0006-8055 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and subcutaneous injections, and multiple subcutaneous injections AU - Mallo, K. M. AU - Harms, Craig AU - Lewbart, Gregory AU - Papich, Mark T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine AB - Superficial and systemic mycotic infections are common among clinically ill sea turtles, which places growing importance on the establishment of pharmacokinetic-based dosage regimens for antifungal drugs. The pharmacokinetic properties of the antifungal drug fluconazole, after intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) injections, were studied in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) housed at 23.0-26.5 degrees C. Fluconazole pharmacokinetic properties were further assessed in a multiple-dose s.c. regimen derived from the pharmacokinetic parameters determined in the single-dose study. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated, using a two-compartment model, from plasma concentration-time data obtained after single i.v. and s.c. administrations of fluconazole at a dosage of 2.5 mg/ kg body weight in six juvenile sea turtles. Blood samples were collected at intervals through 120 hr after each dose, and the concentration of fluconazole in plasma was measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The i.v. and s.c. elimination half-lives were 139.5 +/- 36.0 and 132.6 +/- 48.7 hr (mean +/- SD), respectively. Systemic clearance of fluconazole was 8.2 +/- 4.3 ml/kg x hr, and the apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 1.38 +/- 0.29 L/kg. A multiple-dose regimen was derived, which consisted of a loading dose of 21 mg/kg body weight and subsequent doses of 10 mg/kg administered through s.c. injection every 120 hr (5 days). This regimen was administered to four juvenile sea turtles for 10 days, and blood samples were taken to determine peak and trough plasma concentrations of fluconazole. The mean concentrations for the two peak concentrations were 16.9 +/- 1.1 and 19.1 +/- 2.8 microg/ml 4 hr after dosing, and the mean concentrations for the three trough concentrations were 7.2 +/- 2.2, 10.4 +/- 2.7, and 10.7 +/- 2.9 microg/ml 120 hr after dosing. The terminal half-life after the last dose was calculated at 143 hr. Throughout the multiple dosing, fluconazole concentrations remained above approximately 8 microg/ml, a concentration targeted when treating mycotic infections in humans. The results of this study suggest that fluconazole can be effectively administered to sea turtles at a dosage of 10 mg/kg every 5 days after a loading dose of 21 mg/kg. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1638/1042-7260(2002)033[0029:pofils]2.0.co;2 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 29–35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isotopic analysis of dinosaur bones AU - Showers, WJ AU - Barrick, R AU - Genna, B T2 - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AB - ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVFeaturesNEXTPeer Reviewed: Isotopic Analysis of Dinosaur BonesA new pyrolysis technique provides direct evidence that some dinosaurs were warm-blooded.William J. Showers, Reese Barrick, and Bernard GennaCite this: Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 5, 142 A–150 APublication Date (Web):March 1, 2002Publication History Published online1 March 2002Published inissue 1 March 2002https://doi.org/10.1021/ac021968bRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1803Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (10 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Anatomy Get e-Alerts DA - 2002/3/1/ PY - 2002/3/1/ DO - 10.1021/ac021968b VL - 74 IS - 5 SP - 142A-150A SN - 0003-2700 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of male size and mating history on sperm content of ejaculates of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus AU - Kendall, MS AU - Wolcott, DL AU - Wolcott, TG AU - Hines, AH T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 230:235-240 (2002) - doi:10.3354/meps230235 Influence of male size and mating history on sperm content of ejaculates of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus Matthew S. Kendall1,*, Donna L. Wolcott2, Thomas G. Wolcott2, Anson H. Hines3 1NOAA/NOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, 1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA 2North Carolina State University, Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, PO Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA 3Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA *E-mail: matt.kendall@noaa.gov ABSTRACT: Laboratory experiments were used to determine the influence of male Callinectes sapidus (Rathburn) size (larger vs smaller than the size limit of the hard crab fishery in Chesapeake Bay, which is 127 mm carapace width) and mating history (recently mated males with depleted seminal stores vs those with fully recovered resources) on number of sperm transferred to females. Females mated by males with fully recovered seminal resources received significantly more sperm than those mated with males that had mated once previously, regardless of male size. No significant difference was found between the number of sperm delivered by small and large males with similar mating history. The sperm content of ejaculates from these laboratory experiments was compared to sperm received by females collected in the field. Only 11% of field-collected females received an amount of sperm as large as that delivered by the fully recovered males in our laboratory experiments. Of the field collected females, 77% received much less sperm, similar to or below the number delivered by depleted males in our laboratory experiments. KEY WORDS: Blue crab · Reproduction · Male size · Mating history · Ejaculate contents Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 230. Online publication date: April 05, 2002 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2002 Inter-Research. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3354/meps230235 VL - 230 SP - 235-240 SN - 0171-8630 KW - blue crab KW - reproduction KW - male size KW - mating history KW - ejaculate contents ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fifteen years of vegetation and soil development after brackish-water marsh creation AU - Craft, C AU - Broome, S AU - Campbell, C T2 - RESTORATION ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Aboveground biomass, macro‐organic matter (MOM), and wetland soil characteristics were measured periodically between 1983 and 1998 in a created brackish‐water marsh and a nearby natural marsh along the Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina to evaluate the development of wetland vegetation and soil dependent functions after marsh creation. Development of aboveground biomass and MOM was dependent on elevation and frequency of tidal inundation. Aboveground biomass of Spartina alterniflora , which occupied low elevations along tidal creeks and was inundated frequently, developed to levels similar to the natural marsh (750 to 1,300 g/m 2 ) within three years after creation. Spartina cynosuroides , which dominated interior areas of the marsh and was flooded less frequently, required 9 years to consistently achieve aboveground biomass equivalent to the natural marsh (600 to 1,560 g/m 2 ). Aboveground biomass of Spartina patens , which was planted at the highest elevations along the terrestrial margin and seldom flooded, never consistently developed aboveground biomass comparable with the natural marsh during the 15 years after marsh creation. MOM (0 to 10 cm) generally developed at the same rate as aboveground biomass. Between 1988 and 1998, soil bulk density decreased and porosity and organic C and N pools increased in the created marsh. Like vegetation, wetland soil development proceeded faster in response to increased inundation, especially in the streamside zone dominated by S. alterniflora. We estimated that in the streamside and interior zones, an additional 30 years (nitrogen) to 90 years (organic C, porosity) are needed for the upper 30 cm of created marsh soil to become equivalent to the natural marsh. Wetland soil characteristics of the S. patens community along upland fringe will take longer to develop, more than 200 years. Development of the benthic invertebrate‐based food web, which depends on organic matter enrichment of the upper 5 to 10 cm of soil, is expected to take less time. Wetland soil characteristics and functions of created irregularly flooded brackish marshes require longer to develop compared with regularly flooded salt marshes because reduced tidal inundation slows wetland vegetation and soil development. The hydrologic regime (regularly vs. irregularly flooded) of the “target” wetland should be considered when setting realistic expectations for success criteria of created and restored wetlands. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01020.x VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 248-258 SN - 1526-100X KW - Juncus roemerianus KW - nitrogen KW - organic carbon KW - restoration KW - Spartina KW - wetland creation KW - wetland pedogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Viscoelastic behavior of commercially processed soy isolate pastes during heating and cooling AU - Luck, PJ AU - Lanier, TC AU - Daubert, CR AU - Kwanyuen, P T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT The viscoelastic properties of soy isolate dispersions of Prolina and Brim cultivars, commercially processed, were compared during heating and cooling utilizing small deformation rheology. All isolates formed gels upon hydration. Heating to 90 °C yielded less rigid gels, as evidenced by a decreasing G'. Holding at 90 °C induced an increase in G' for Brim isolate, possibly as a result of increased hydrophobic and/or covalent bonding. Cooling to 25 °C generated a G' increase above initial levels for both cultivars, likely due to enhanced intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Mechanical spectra at 25 °C before and after heating, and at 90 °C before and after holding, confirmed these observations. A lower G' was consistently exhibited by Prolina gels throughout testing. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb10293.x VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 1379-1382 SN - 0022-1147 KW - soy isolate KW - small deformation rheology KW - Rousse theory KW - Prolina KW - frequency sweep ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensitivity analysis of Salmonella enteritidis levels in contaminated shell eggs using a biphasic growth model AU - Latimer, HK AU - Jaykus, LA AU - Morales, RA AU - Cowen, P AU - Crawford-Brown, D T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY AB - Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is a common foodborne pathogen, the transmission of which is primarily associated with the consumption of contaminated Grade A shell eggs. In order to estimate the level of SE present in raw shell eggs, it is necessary to consider the protective effects of the egg albumin, which effectively inhibits SE growth in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. In this study, a SE growth model was produced by combining two mathematical equations that described both the extended lag phase of SE growth (food component) and a SE growth model (pathogen component). This biphasic growth model was then applied to various egg handling scenarios based on the farm-to-table continuum, including in-line and off-line processing facilities with consideration of key events in production, processing, transportation, and storage. Seasonal effects were also studied. Monte Carlo simulation was used to characterize variability in temperature and time parameter values influencing the level of SE to which individuals are exposed. The total level of SE consumed was estimated under best, most likely, and time–temperature abusive handling scenarios. The model estimated that, in most cases, there was no SE growth in contaminated eggs handled under most likely practices, because 10–70% of the yolk membrane remained intact. Under abusive handling scenarios, complete loss of yolk membrane integrity frequently occurred by the time eggs reach the distribution phase, followed by subsequent SE growth, which was often quite rapid. In general, the effect of season and processing method (in-line vs. off-line) was minimal. Further sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the initial SE contamination level significantly influenced the final exposure levels only under no-abuse or mildly abusive conditions. The results of our study suggest that, for maximum reduction of SE exposure level, cooling strategies should not only focus on the on-farm or processing phases, but should emphasize the importance of cooling strategies at the distribution and consumer phases of the farm-to-fork continuum. DA - 2002/5/5/ PY - 2002/5/5/ DO - 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00004-1 VL - 75 IS - 1-2 SP - 71-87 SN - 0168-1605 KW - salmonella enteritidis KW - shell eggs KW - microbial risk assessment KW - food safety ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Reply to comments on 'Isotopic analysis of dinosaur bones' AU - Showers, W. J. AU - Genna, B. AB - ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVDepartmentsNEXTLetters to the Editor: Reply to Comments on "Isotopic Analysis of Dinosaur Bones"William J. Showers and Bernard GennaCite this: Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 13, 352 APublication Date (Web):July 1, 2002Publication History Published online1 July 2002Published inissue 1 July 2002https://doi.org/10.1021/ac022060oRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views155Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. 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Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (30 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Anatomy Get e-Alerts DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1021/ac022060o SP - 352A ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heat transports in the Indian Ocean estimated from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry and model simulations AU - Manghnani, V AU - Morrison, JM AU - Xie, LA AU - Subrahmanyam, B T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - Estimates of the heat budget of the Indian Ocean computed using TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) sea-level anomalies and the Miami Isopycnal Coordinate Ocean Model are compared to study the redistribution of heat in the Indian Ocean. In particular, the horizontal heat transport and heat storage are used because they typically change on time scales of months or years or longer, and are therefore a predictable element of the climate system. The results show that T/P-derived heat storage is weaker than that derived from the model but has similar spatial structure and temporal evolution. Complex principal component analysis shows that there are two main modes of heat content redistribution in the Indian Ocean. The most dominant mode has an annual signal peaking in the boreal summer, and depicts the response to strong southwest monsoon winds. This involves offshore propagation of heat in the northern Indian Ocean and southward propagation of heat across the equator. The other main mode of heat content redistribution in the Indian Ocean results from westward propagating equatorial Rossby waves. This process is prominent in the boreal fall to spring, and represents the dynamic readjustment of the Indian Ocean to near-equatorial wind forcing. This mode indirectly relates to the dipole mode index in the Indian Ocean. The minima of this time series coincide with the occurrence of the anomalous dipole structure in the equatorial Indian Ocean. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00153-9 VL - 49 IS - 7-8 SP - 1459-1480 SN - 1879-0100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Density-dependent predation and implications for stock enhancement with Japanese flounder AU - Kellison, GT AU - Eggleston, DB AU - Tanaka, M T2 - JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY AB - In laboratory predation trials kinsen-gani crab Matuta lunaris rarely preyed on hatchery-reared (HR) Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, even at extremely elevated prey densities (c. 90 fish m−2), but fed readily on sacrificed Japanese founder. This suggests that under similar conditions in the wild predator-prey interactions between kinsen-gani and juvenile Japanese flounder are likely to be weak. Larger Japanese flounder readily cannibalized smaller conspecifics, suggesting that within-release group cannibalism may contribute considerably to post-release mortality of HR Japanese flounder when sufficient size variation exists within groups of released fish. Kinsen-gani presence had no effect on within-release group cannibalism rates of large Japanese flounder on small Japanese flounder. Within-release group cannibalism rates were significantly affected by densities of smaller (prey) fish, implying that the number of fish released (and thus post-release densities) in stock enhancement programmes may significantly affect post-release mortality rates. The probability of within-release group cannibalism increased rapidly as the cannibal-to-prey size ratio exceeded 1.6, suggesting that minimizing size variation of released HR individuals will reduce post-release cannibalism rates. These results have implications for Japanese flounder stock enhancement release strategies, and may be applicable to other finfish stock enhancement programmes. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1006/jfbi.2002.1913 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - 968-980 SN - 1095-8649 KW - density-dependence KW - cannibalism KW - Paralichthys olivaceus KW - kinsen-gani KW - Matuta lunaris KW - stock enhancement ER - TY - JOUR TI - The accumulation and cycling of biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean: revisiting the marine silica budget AU - DeMaster, DJ T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - In many of the recent marine silica budgets (e.g., Science 268 (1995) 375), a majority of the world's biogenic silica accumulation is attributed to the siliceous-ooze deposits in the Antarctic deep sea. Based on 230Th-normalized sediment accumulation rates as well as comparative studies of silica preservation (seabed accumulation compared to surface biogenic production), the rate of biogenic silica accumulation in Antarctic siliceous-ooze deposits has been over-estimated by as much as 35%. The current estimate for silica accumulation in these high-latitude deposits is 3.1×1012 mol yr−1 (as compared to previous values of 4.1–4.8×1012 mol yr−1). To maintain balance between silicate supply and biogenic silica removal in the oceans, an additional repository is needed. Evidence from continental shelf and upper slope sediments suggests that biogenic silica accumulation in continental margin deposits may account for a much larger fraction of the marine silica burial than previously thought, compensating for the diminished accumulation in the Antarctic deep sea. If biogenic silica accumulation in continental margin sediments replaces nearly a third of the silica accumulation in the Antarctic deep sea, the marine cycles of organic matter and biogenic silica are coupled to a greater extent than reported in previous budgets. Plusieurs travaux récents (e.g. The silica balance in the world ocean: A re-estimate. Science, 268, 375-379) montrent que la majorité des dépots sédimentaires de silice biogéne (=opale) de l’océan mondial intervient dans l’Océan Antarctique abyssal. En normalisant les vitesses d’accumulation des sédiments par la technique au 230 Th nous montrons que le flux d’accumulation de l’opale dans l’Antarctique est de 3,1 E12 moles par an, soit de 35% inférieur aux estimations antérieures (4,1 à 4,8 E12 mol par an). Si les apports nets de silicium dans l’océan sont compensés par les dépots nets d’opale biogéne (hypothèse du cycle du silicium à l’état stationnaire) un autre puite d’opale doit exister dans l’océan. Nos données tendent à montrer que ce puits pourrait se trouver dans les marges continentales de l’océan mondial, contrairement à ce que l’on pensait jusqu’à présent. Si l’accumulation d’opale dans ces marges remplace environ 1/3 du dépot sédimentaire abyssal en Antarctique, ceci signifie que les cycles océanique de la matière organique et de la silice biogène sont plus couplés qu’il n’était généralement admis. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00076-0 VL - 49 IS - 16 SP - 3155-3167 SN - 0967-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nonhydrostatic aspects of coastal upwelling meanders and filaments off eastern ocean boundaries AU - Chao, SY AU - Shaw, PT T2 - TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY AB - Coastal upwelling meanders and filaments are common features off eastern ocean boundaries. Their growth is reinvestigated here in using a nonhydrostatic three-dimensional model and a reduced-gravity model, with the objective of assessing contributions from two mechanisms that emerge in the nonhydrostatic regime. The first mechanism is caused by the vertical projection of the Coriolis force in the momentum equation. It is found that the vertical Coriol is force often acts as a restoring force against numerical damping off eastern ocean boundaries and thus enhances the growth of meanders and filaments. The second mechanism arises from unstable ocean stratification when the cold upwelled water intrudes seaward over the warmlayer. The unstable stratification, albeit transient, further enhances the growth of meanders and filaments. It is concluded that although nonhydrostatic effects do not change our understanding of how meanders and filaments grow, the realism can be enhanced using a nonhydrostatic model in so far as meanders and filaments off eastern ocean boundaries are concerned. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1034/j.1600-0870.2002.00228.x VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 63-75 SN - 0280-6495 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved detection of human enteric viruses in foods by RT-PCR AU - Sair, AI AU - DH D'Souza, AU - Moe, CL AU - Jaykus, LA T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS AB - Human enteric viruses (including hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs)) are now recognized as common causes of foodborne disease. While methods to detect these agents in clinical specimens have improved significantly over the last 10 years, applications to food samples have progressed more slowly. In an effort to improve the sensitivity and speed of virus detection from non-shellfish food commodities by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we (i) evaluated multiple RNA extraction methods; (ii) compared alternative NLV primer sets; and (iii) developed a one-step RT-PCR method. Hamburger and lettuce samples, processed for virus concentration using a previously reported filtration–extraction–precipitation procedure, were inoculated with HAV or NV. Several RNA extraction methods (guanidinium isothiocyanate, microspin column, QIAshredder™ Homogenizer, and TRIzol) and primer pairs were compared for overall RNA yield (μg/ml), purity (A260/A280), and RT-PCR limits of detection. The use of TRIzol with the QIAshredder™ Homogenizer (TRIzol/Shred) yielded the best RT-PCR detection limits (<1 RT-PCR amplifiable units/reaction for NV), and the NVp110/NVp36 primer set was the most efficient for detecting NV from seeded food samples. A one-step RT-PCR protocol using the TRIzol/Shred extraction method and the NVp110/NVp36 or HAV3/HAV5 primer sets demonstrated improved sensitivity (>10-fold) over the routinely used two-step method. HAV RNA was detected by RT-PCR at initial inoculum levels corresponding to <10 and <100 PFU per 300 μl sample concentrate (corresponding to 6 g food sample) for hamburger and lettuce, respectively. NV RNA was detected by RT-PCR at initial inoculum levels <5 and <50 RT-PCR amplifiable units per 300 μl concentrate (corresponding to 6 g food sample) for hamburger and lettuce, respectively. Residual RT-PCR inhibitors were effectively removed as evidenced by the ability to detect viral RNA in food concentrates without prior dilution. The methods reported here show promise for rapid, sensitive detection of human enteric viruses in foods. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1016/S0166-0934(01)00397-4 VL - 100 IS - 1-2 SP - 57-69 SN - 1879-0984 KW - Norwalk virus KW - hepatitis A virus KW - RNA purity KW - RT-PCR KW - foods ER - TY - JOUR TI - Discovery of the toxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria in northern European waters AU - Jakobsen, KS AU - Tengs, T AU - Vatne, A AU - Bowers, HA AU - Oldach, DW AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB AU - Rublee, PA AU - Klaveness, D T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Several dinoflagellate strains of the genus Pfiesteria were isolated by culturing techniques from sediment samples taken in the Oslofjord region of Norway. Pfiesteria piscicida, well known as a fish killer from the Atlantic coast of America, was identified by genetic methods and light microscopy. The related species Pfiesteria shumwayae was attracted from the sediment by the presence of fish, and has proved toxic. This present survey demonstrates the wide distribution of these potentially harmful species, but so far they have not been connected with fish kills in Europe. DA - 2002/1/22/ PY - 2002/1/22/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2001.1852 VL - 269 IS - 1487 SP - 211-214 SN - 1471-2954 KW - Pfiesteria KW - Europe KW - toxic algae KW - environmental polymerase chain reaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Symposium review: biology, ecology and life history of bluefish AU - Juanes, F AU - Buckel, J AU - Scharf, F T2 - REVIEWS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1023/A:1025344418159 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 429-430 SN - 0960-3166 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A linked foraging and bioenergetics model for southern flounder AU - Burke, BJ AU - Rice, JA T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Few predation models that simulate effects on prey survival and size structure also predict the corresponding effects on predator growth and size structure. To make this link, we parameterized a bioenergetics model for southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma by conducting a series of respiration and feeding experiments as well as obtaining values from the literature. We then linked the bioenergetics model to an existing size-dependent foraging model for southern flounder feeding on spot Leiostomus xanthurus and tested it using data from a pond experiment. Integrating these two models allowed us to investigate the effects of size-dependent interactions on predator growth by making predator growth a function of size-dependent foraging success. The linked model predicts spot effects as well as the original foraging model does, but the accuracy of flounder growth predictions were size-dependent. Predictions of prey survival and size structure were robust and were not greatly affected by slight changes in predator foraging rates, but predictions of predator growth rate were very sensitive to slight changes in predicted foraging rates. This asymmetry in the linked model's predictive ability is derived from the nonlinearity of the prey length-mass relationship and the different currencies used by the foraging component (number of prey eaten) and the bioenergetics component (mass of prey eaten) of the linked model. Because bioenergetics model predictions of growth are inherently sensitive to estimates of food consumption, this asymmetry in ability to predict effects on prey numbers and predator growth will likely be a common feature of similarly linked models. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0120:alfabm>2.0.co;2 VL - 131 IS - 1 SP - 120-131 SN - 1548-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic tracers in Amazon shelf waters during Amasseds AU - Karr, JD AU - Showers, WJ T2 - OCEANOLOGICA ACTA AB - Abstract A detailed hydrographic survey of the water column of the Amazon shelf was performed using stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes to determine the source and fate of waters on the shelf. δ 18 O-H 2 O and δ D measurements were made on water column samples from approximately 60 stations (three depths per station) which were each collected during four Amasseds (A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf SEDiment Study) cruises: I8909-August 1989, falling river discharge; I9002-March 1990, rising river discharge; I9004-May 1990, peak discharge; I9113-November 1991, minimum discharge. Isotopes were compared with salinity and temperature measurements in order to identify water masses and mixing. The characteristics (salinity, temperature, δ 18 O, δ D and d ) are proposed for the following end-number water masses: river water, open ocean surface water (0–100 m) and open ocean intermediate water (> 300 m). River water: salinity = 0; temperature ≈ 27–29 °C; δ 18 O = –4.2 to –6.8 per mil; δ D ≈ –22.1 to –38.9 per mil; d =  9.4 to 17.0 per mil (compare to d  = 10 for Meteoric Water Line). Open ocean surface water (≈ 0–100 m): salinity ≈ 35 to 37; temperature ≈ 25–29 °C; δ 18 O ≈ –1 to +2 per mil; δ D ≈ –3.6 to +10.2 per mil. Open ocean intermediate water (≳300 m): salinity = 34.6 to 35.0; temperature = 4.8 to 9.6 °C; δ 18 O = –0.2 to +0.3 per mil; δ D = –8.72 to –0.95 per mil. Amazon river water follows a seasonal isotopic cycle in response to basin hydrologic processes. River water mixes with equatorial surface ocean water and intermediate ocean waters originating in mid-to-high southern latitudes. Near-surface waters in the region of North Brazil Current retroflection were identical in isotope–salinity space to waters on the outer shelf during November 1991. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01183-0 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 71-78 SN - 0399-1784 KW - Amazon KW - isotope KW - O-18 KW - deuterium KW - hydrography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pfiesteria shumwayae (Pfiesteriaceae) in New Zealand AU - Rhodes, LL AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB AU - Rublee, PA AU - Allen, C AU - Adamson, JE T2 - NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH AB - Abstract Pfiesteria shumwayae Steidinger et Burkholder is now known to be present in New Zealand and occurs in estuaries around the country. The presence of Pfiesteria was initially determined by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based detection assay, using oligonucleotide primers targeted at ribosomal DNA extracted from estuarine water and sediments. Presence was confirmed by isolation from fresh sediments in the presence offish (Oreochromis mossambicus), followed by identification by scanning electron microscopy. The New Zealand isolates of P. shumwayae were ichthyotoxic in bioassays, but there is no historic evidence offish kills in New Zealand associated with the dinoflagellate. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1080/00288330.2002.9517117 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 621-630 SN - 1175-8805 KW - Pfiesteria KW - dinoflagellate KW - estuarine KW - fish kills KW - molecular probes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plasma biochemistry reference values of wild bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo AU - Harms, C AU - Ross, T AU - Segars, A T2 - VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AB - Background — Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) are of commercial, sport, research, and exhibit importance, however, blood chemistry reference values have been determined for few of these species. Objectives — The purpose of this study was to establish plasma biochemistry and PCV reference values for wild bonnethead sharks ( Sphyrna tiburo ). Methods — Heparinized blood samples were collected from 24 bonnethead sharks at the time of capture in trawl nets off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. Weight, length, PCV, total solids (TS, by refractometry), and plasma biochemical analyses were done using standard techniques. Wilcoxon rank‐sum and Kendall tau b tests were used to compare values by animal size, boat and sex; 1–way ANOVA was used to compare TS and total protein (TP) concentrations. Results — Median (quartiles; minimum‐maximum) values were as follows: PCV 22% (22%, 26%; 17–28%), TS 6.3 (6.0, 6.8; 5.8–7.5) g/dL, total protein 2.9 (2.7,3.4; 2.2–4.3) g/dL, albumin 0.4 (0.4,0.4; 0.3–0.5) g/dL, globulins 2.6 (2.3,3.0; 1.9–3.8) g/dL, sodium 282 (279, 285; 273–292) mmol/L, potassium 7.3 (6.4, 7.9; 5.7–9.2) mmol/L, chloride 290 (285, 296; 277–304) mmol/L, total CO 2 3 (2, 4; 0–5) mmol/L, calcium 16.8 (16.2,17.4; 15.8–18.2) mg/dL, phosphorus 8.8 (7.5,10.0; 5.9–12.7) mg/dL, urea nitrogen 1004 (986, 1028; 944–1068) mg/dL, creatinine <0.1 mg/dL, glucose 184 (165, 191; 155–218) mg/dL, aspartate aminotransferase 42 (33, 66; 15–132) U/L, lactate dehydrogenase <5 U/L, creatine kinase 82 (47, 233; 18–725) U/L, and osmolality 1094 (1078,1111; 1056–1139) mOsm/kg. No differences based on sex were detected. TS and total TP values were related by the fitted line TS = (1.006 × TP) + 3.318. Conclusions — Values reported here will be useful for evaluating the health status of bonnetheads in wild and captive research conditions and in exhibits. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00289.x VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 111-115 SN - 1939-165X KW - bonnethead KW - elasmobranch KW - plasma biochemistry KW - shark KW - Sphyma tiburo ER -