TY - JOUR TI - Impact of age-0 bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) predation on age-0 fishes in the Hudson River estuary: evidence for density-dependent loss of juvenile striped bass (Morone saxatilis) AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A AU - Conover, David O AU - Steinberg, Nancy D AU - McKown, Kim A T2 - Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences AB - We measured bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) weights, densities, and prey sizes during the summers of 1992 and 1993 and diets over a 4-year period (1990-1993) in the Hudson River estuary. This information was used to estimate the loss of young-of-the-year (YOY) striped bass (Morone saxatilis) resulting from YOY bluefish predation. We then compared this predation mortality with the total loss of striped bass in the system. Data from sampling surveys conducted since the mid-1970's were used to examine relationships between bluefish abundance and striped bass recruitment levels. YOY striped bass, bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia), and Alosa spp. dominated YOY bluefish diets. There were ontogenetic and interannual differences in YOY bluefish diets. Bluefish avoided striped bass at low densities but selected for them at high densities, suggesting a density-dependent feeding response. In the early summer of 1993, bluefish predation accounted for 50-100% of the total estimated loss of YOY striped bass. A significant negative correlation exists between the relative magnitude of striped bass recruitment and bluefish abundance. We conclude that YOY bluefish are important predators of estuarine fish and can have a substantial impact on their recruitment. DA - 1999/2/1/ PY - 1999/2/1/ DO - 10.1139/f98-173 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 275-287 J2 - Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 0706-652X 1205-7533 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-173 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of alternative prey on cannibalism in age‐1 bluefish AU - Bell, G. W. AU - Buckel, J. A. AU - Stoner, A. W. T2 - Journal of Fish Biology AB - Age‐1 bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix were offered both age‐0 bluefish and age‐1 Atlantic silversides Menidia menidia in the following proportions: 0:1·0, 0·25:0·75, 0·5:0·5, 0·75:0·25, 1·0:0. Atlantic silversides were consumed in greater proportion than offered throughout all treatments suggesting strong selection for silversides. There was no evidence of prey‐switching. The behavioural processes leading to age‐1 bluefish selection of Atlantic silversides was investigated. The proportion of attacks on each prey species was distributed randomly, or slightly higher on age‐0 bluefish; however, capture success was greater on silversides than on age‐0 bluefish prey. Therefore, age‐1 bluefish did not actively select for silversides and the observed selection pattern is a result of passive processes. These findings suggest that prey switching between age‐0 bluefish and an alternative prey probably does not act as a stabilizing mechanism in the bluefish population and confirm the importance of capture success in determining piscivore selectivity patterns. DA - 1999/11// PY - 1999/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00734.x VL - 55 IS - 5 SP - 990-1000 J2 - Journal of Fish Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-1112 1095-8649 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00734.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - THES TI - Late Quaternary fluvial and tectonic evolution of the Clearwater River basin, western Olympic Mountains, Washington State AU - Wegmann, K.W. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// SP - 217 M3 - M.S. thesis PB - University of New Mexico ER - TY - CONF TI - Preliminary Report on Adult and Kitten Survival Time or Feral Cats in Managed Colonies in Randolph County AU - Nutter, F.B. AU - Levine, JF AU - Stoskopf, M T2 - Wildlife Disease Association C2 - 1999/8// CY - Athens, GA DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Wilson Bay Water Quality Initiative AU - Hargett, G. AU - Levine, J.F. A3 - NC Clean Water Management Trust Fund DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// PB - NC Clean Water Management Trust Fund ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and Analysis of Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas: Dare and Brunswick Counties, North Carolina AU - Overton, M.F. AU - Grenier, R.R., Jr. AU - Judge, E.K. AU - Fisher, J.S. T2 - Journal of Coastal Research DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 28 SP - 69–84 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The record of global change in mid-Cretaceous (Barremian-Albian) sections from the Sierra Madre, Northeastern, Mexico AU - Bralower, T.J. AU - CoBabe, E.A. AU - Clement, B. AU - Sliter, W.V. AU - Osburn, C.L. AU - Longoria, J. T2 - Journal of Foraminiferal Research DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 418–437 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Anesthesia in fish AU - Harms, C.A. T2 - Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 4 A2 - Fowler, M.E. A2 - Miller, R.E. PY - 1999/// SP - 158–163 PB - WB Saunders Co ER - TY - JOUR TI - Building a fish anesthesia delivery system AU - Lewbart, G.A. AU - Harms, C.A. T2 - Exotic DVM Magazine DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 25-28 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Review and evaluation of thermal sensors for use in testing firefighter protective clothing: Final report AU - Barker, R.L. AU - Hamouda, H. AU - Shalev, I. AU - Johnson, J. T2 - Response of high performance concrete to fire conditions : review of thermal property data and measurement techniques PY - 1999/// PB - Gaithersburg, MD : National Institute of Standards and Technology, Building and Fire Research Laboratory ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparison of heat sensors for use in evaluating the thermal protective performance of clothing materials AU - Barker, R. AU - Hamouda, H. AU - Johnson, J. AU - Shalev, I. AU - Bender, M. A2 - C.N. Nelson, A2 - Henry, N.W. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Performance of protective clothing: issues and priorities for the 21st century. Seventh volume DA - 1999/// PB - West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM SN - 9780803128699 ER - TY - MAP TI - Preliminary geologic map of the Loma Creston 7.5-min. quadrangle, Sandoval County, New Mexico AU - Chamberlin, R. M. AU - Pazzaglia, F. J. AU - Wegmann, K. W. AU - Smith, G. A. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// PB - New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating soil compaction with a portable electronic cone penetrometer AU - Crozier, C. R. AU - Heiniger, R. W. AU - Bishop, M. T2 - HortTechnology DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 440 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mutual prey of fish and humans: A comparison of biomass consumed by bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, with that harvested by fisheries AU - Buckel, J. A. AU - Fogarty, M. J. AU - Conover, D. O. T2 - Fishery Bulletin (Washington, D.C.) DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 97 IS - 4 SP - 776-785 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Foraging habits of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, on the U.S. East Coast continental shelf AU - Buckel, J. A. AU - Fogarty, M. J. AU - Conover, D. O. T2 - Fishery Bulletin (Washington, D.C.) DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 97 IS - 4 SP - 758-775 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of contaminated sediments on brown bullhead age structure, growth, and condition in a North Carolina tidal creek AU - Hightower, J. E. AU - Fleming, W. J. AU - Hayman, M. A. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Catfish 2000: Proceedings of the International Ictalurid Symposium DA - 1999/// SP - 161-172 PB - Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society ER - TY - JOUR TI - Discourse, power, and knowledge in the management of "big science": The production of consensus in a nuclear fusion research laboratory AU - Kinsella, W. J. T2 - Management Communication Quarterly AB - This article extends a Foucauldian view of power/knowledge to the archetypical knowledge-intensive organization, the scientific research laboratory. Although Foucault hesitated to extend his analytics of power to the so-called hard sciences, rhetorical and social studies of science provide a foundation for such an extension. The article describes the discursive production of power/knowledge at a “big science” laboratory conducting nuclear fusion research and illuminates a critical incident in which the fusion research “discipline” imposes normative “discipline” on individual scientists and research teams. Here scientific knowledge is not solely a product of data and theory but emerges from a discursive formation in which management practices and institutional context frame the relationship between knowledge and power. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1177/0893318999132001 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 171-208 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ozone application to color destruction of industrial wastewater: Part II: Modeling AU - Mock, B AU - Hamouda, H T2 - American Dyestuff Reporter DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 88 IS - 2 SP - 20-24 ER - TY - CONF TI - Analysis of the morphology of Oregon Inlet, NC since the construction of the terminal groin AU - Joyner, B. P. AU - Overton, M. F. AU - Fisher, J. S. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Coastal engineering 1998: Conference proceedings, June 22-26 1998, Falconer Hotel, Copenhagen, Denmark CN - TC203.5 .C6184 1999 DA - 1999/// PB - Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sinus venosus catheterization for repeated vascular access in the hybrid striped bass AU - Bakal, RS AU - Harms, CA AU - Khoo, LH AU - Stoskopf, MK T2 - JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH AB - Placement of vascular cannulae for repeated venous blood sampling has proven to be a useful technique in many fish species. The anatomy and size of the hybrid striped bass (striped bass Morone saxatilis ♀ × M. chrysops ♂) makes this procedure challenging in this species. The sinus venosus was determined to be the best site for catheter placement based on size, accessibility, and ability to stabilize the catheter within it. Catheterization of the sinus venosus with a 20-gauge × 3.8-cm flexible Teflon catheter was unsuccessful because the catheter folded on itself, occluding the lumen. Catheterization with an 18-gauge × 3.8-cm hypodermic needle was also unsuccessful because the sinus wall occluded the needle lumen when negative pressure was applied. However, 18-gauge × 3.8-cm intravascular needles remained patent in free-swimming fish for 2 weeks without major complications. An external fixation device to prevent migration of the catheter out of the sinus venosus and laceration of the sinus wall during normal swimming movements improved the technique. DA - 1999/6// PY - 1999/6// DO - 10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0187:svcfrv>2.0.co;2 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 187-191 SN - 1548-8667 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Review and evaluation of thermal sensors for use in testing firefighters protective clothing: Annual report AU - Barker, R. L. AU - Hamouda, H. AU - Shalev, I. AU - Johnson, J. C6 - 1999 Mar. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - An integrated approach: the future of graduate food safety education AU - Jaykus, L. A. AU - Ward, D. R. T2 - Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 14-17 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two forms of vitellogenin, yielding two distinct lipovitellins, play different roles during oocyte maturation and early development of barfin flounder, Verasper moseri, a marine teleost that spawns pelagic eggs AU - Matsubara, T AU - Ohkubo, N AU - Andoh, T AU - Sullivan, CV AU - Hara, A T2 - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AB - Two forms of vitellogenin (Vg), Vg A and Vg B, were identified in serum from estrogen-treated barfin flounder (Verasper moseri). Structural changes of lipovitellins (Lvs) derived from the two Vgs were examined during vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation. Two Lvs, vLv A and vLv B, were identified electrophoretically and immunologically in postvitellogenic oocytes. Each appeared to be composed of distinct heavy chains (vLvH A, M(r) 107,000, and vLvH B, M(r) 94,000) and light chains (vLvL A, M(r) 30,000, and vLvL B, M(r) 28,000) when analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Results from N-terminal amino acid sequencing and Western blotting using antisera to vLvH A and vLvH B verified that there are two Vg polypeptides in serum from estrogen-treated fish, Vg A (M(r) 168,000) and Vg B (M(r) 175,000), which give rise to vLvH A-vLvL A and vLvH B-vLvL B, respectively. N-terminal sequencing revealed two sequences for both phosvitin and beta'-component, supporting the concept of duality for all three classes of Vg-derived yolk proteins. During oocyte maturation, native dimeric vLv B was dissociated into a native M(r) 170,000 monomer (oLv B). Meanwhile, vLv A was extensively cleaved including complete degradation of vLvH A into free amino acids. We propose that the quantitative ratio of vLv A to vLv B in postvitellogenic oocytes regulates the buoyancy of the spawned pelagic eggs by controlling availability of free amino acids which function as osmotic effectors during oocyte hydration. The vLv A/vLv B ratio likely also controls the proportional availability of different types of nutrients, free amino acids versus Lv, for use during embryonic development. DA - 1999/9/1/ PY - 1999/9/1/ DO - 10.1006/dbio.1999.9365 VL - 213 IS - 1 SP - 18-32 SN - 1095-564X KW - vitellogenin KW - yolk protein KW - lipovitellin KW - phosvitin KW - beta '-component KW - vitellogenesis KW - yolk proteolysis KW - oocyte maturation KW - teleost ER - TY - JOUR TI - Subinertial response of the Gulf Stream system to Hurricane Fran of 1996 AU - Xie, L AU - Pietrafesa, LJ AU - Zhang, C T2 - GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS AB - The evidence of subinertial‐frequency (with periods from 2 days to 2 weeks) oceanic response to Hurricane Fran of 1996 is documented. Hurricane Fran traveled northward across the Gulf Stream and then over a cool‐core trough, known as the Charleston Trough, due east of Charleston, SC and in the lee of the Charleston Bump during the period 4–5 September, 1996. During the passage of the storm, the trough closed into a gyre to form an intense cool‐core cyclonic eddy. This cool‐core eddy had an initial size of approximately 130 km by 170 km and drifted northeastward along the Gulf Stream front at a speed of 13 to 15 km/day as a subinertial baroclinic wave. Superimposed on this subinertial‐frequency wave were near‐inertial frequency, internal inertia‐gravity waves formed in the stratified mixed‐layer base after the passage of the storm. The results from a three‐dimensional numerical ocean model confirm the existence of both near‐inertial and subinertial‐frequency waves in the Gulf Stream system during and after the passage of Hurricane Fran. Model results also showed that hurricane‐forced oceanic response can modify Gulf Stream variability at both near‐inertial and subinertial frequencies. DA - 1999/12/1/ PY - 1999/12/1/ DO - 10.1029/1999GL002359 VL - 26 IS - 23 SP - 3457-3460 SN - 0094-8276 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mixotrophy and nitrogen uptake by Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae) AU - Lewitus, AJ AU - Willis, BM AU - Hayes, KC AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB AU - Glibert, PM AU - Burke, MK T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY AB - The nutritional versatility of dinoflagellates is a complicating factor in identifying potential links between nutrient enrichment and the proliferation of harmful algal blooms. For example, although dinoflagellates associated with harmful algal blooms (e.g. red tides) are generally considered to be phototrophic and use inorganic nutrients such as nitrate or phosphate, many of these species also have pronounced heterotrophic capabilities either as osmotrophs or phagotrophs. Recently, the widespread occurrence of the heterotrophic toxic dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger et Burkholder, has been documented in turbid estuarine waters. Pfiesteria piscicida has a relatively proficient grazing ability, but also has an ability to function as a phototroph by acquiring chloroplasts from algal prey, a process termed kleptoplastidy. We tested the ability of kleptoplastidic P. piscicida to take up 15N-labeled NH, NO, urea, or glutamate. The photosynthetic activity of these cultures was verified, in part, by use of the fluorochrome, primulin, which indicated a positive relationship between photosynthetic starch production and growth irradiance. All four N substrates were taken up by P. piscicida, and the highest uptake rates were in the range cited for phytoplankton and were similar to N uptake estimates for phagotrophic P. piscicida. The demonstration of direct nutrient acquisition by kleptoplastidic P. piscicida suggests that the response of the dinoflagellate to nutrient enrichment is complex, and that the specific pathway of nutrient stimulation (e.g. indirect stimulation through enhancement of phytoplankton prey abundance vs. direct stimulation by saprotrophic nutrient uptake) may depend on P. piscicida’s nutritional state (phagotrophy vs. phototrophy). DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3561430.x VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 1430-1437 SN - 0022-3646 KW - cryptophytes KW - fish kills KW - harmful algal bloom KW - kleptoplastidy KW - nutrient loading KW - Pfiesteria piscicida KW - primulin KW - starch KW - toxic dinoflagellates ER - TY - JOUR TI - Macrofaunal processing of phytodetritus at two sites on the Carolina margin: in situ experiments using C-13-labeled diatoms AU - Levin, LA AU - Blair, NE AU - Martin, CM AU - DeMaster, DJ AU - Plaia, G AU - Thomas, CJ T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 182:37-54 (1999) - doi:10.3354/meps182037 Macrofaunal processing of phytodetritus at two sites on the Carolina margin: in situ experiments using 13C-labeled diatoms L. A. Levin1,*, N. E. Blair2, C. M. Martin1, D. J. DeMaster2, G. Plaia2, C. J. Thomas2 1Marine Life Research Group, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093-0218, USA 2Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA *E-mail: llevin@ucsd.edu ABSTRACT: Tracer experiments using 13C-labeled diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana were carried out at two 850 m sites (I off Cape Fear and III off Cape Hatteras) on the North Carolina, USA, slope to examine patterns of macrofaunal consumption of fresh phytodetritus. Experiments examined the influence of taxon, feeding mode, body size and vertical position within the sediment column on access to surficial organic matter. δ13C measurements were made on macrofaunal metazoans and agglutinating protozoans from background sediments and from sediment plots in which 13C-labeled diatoms were deposited and then sampled 0.3 h, 1 to 1.5 d, 3 mo and 14 mo later. Significant between-site differences were observed in background δ13C signatures of sediments, metazoans, and large, agglutinating protozoans, with values 2 to 3o/oo lower at Site III than at Site I. Background δ13C signatures also varied as a function of taxon and of vertical position in the sediment column at Site III. The background δ13C value of carnivores was higher than that of surface-deposit feeders among Site I annelids, but no annelid feeding-group differences were observed at Site III. δ13C data from short-term (1 to 1.5 d) experiments revealed rapid diatom ingestion, primarily by agglutinated protozoans and annelids at Site I and mainly by annelids at Site III. Selective feeding on diatoms was exhibited by paraonid polychaetes, especially Aricidea spp. Exceptionally high uptake and retention of diatom C also was observed in the maldanid Praxillella sp., the nereid Ceratocephale sp. and several other surface-deposit feeding polychaetes. After 14 mo, little of the diatom 13C remained at Site III, but high concentrations of the tracer were present in annelids and agglutinating protozoans at Site I. At both sites, non-annelid metazoans and subsurface-deposit feeding annelids exhibited the least uptake and retention of diatom C. Our hypotheses that large-bodied taxa and shallow-dwelling infauna should have greatest access to freshly deposited organic matter were not borne out. Some small, deep-dwelling taxa acquired label more readily than large or near-surface forms. Differences in tracer fates between sites reflected greater vertical mixing at Site III. These results indicate heterogeneity in benthic processes along the Carolina margin, but suggest that labile organic matter is consumed quickly at both sites. Because most of the taxa found to consume freshly deposited diatoms in these experiments are typical of bathyal settings, we infer that phytodetritus reaching the seabed in margin environments is rapidly processed by protozoan and metazoan components of the benthic fauna. KEY WORDS: Agglutinated protozoa · Bioturbation · δ13C · Deposit feeding · Continental slope · Macrofauna · Polychaete · Aricidea · Praxillella · Ceratocephale · Tracer Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 182. Publication date: June 11, 1999 Print ISSN:0171-8630; Online ISSN:1616-1599 Copyright © 1999 Inter-Research. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.3354/meps182037 VL - 182 SP - 37-54 SN - 0171-8630 KW - agglutinated protozoa KW - bioturbation KW - delta C-13 KW - deposit feeding KW - continental slope KW - macrofauna KW - polychaete KW - Aricidea KW - Praxillella KW - Ceratocephale KW - tracer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geotaxis/phototaxis and biochemical patterns in Heterocapsa (=Cachonina) illdefina (Dinophyceae) during diel vertical migrations AU - Kamykowski, D AU - Milligan, EJ AU - Reed, RE AU - Liu, WC T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY AB - Two separate experiments with Heterocapsa (= Cachonina ) illdefina Herman et Sweeney, one with and the other without water volume replacement, were performed in a 250‐L laboratory mesocosm (45‐cm diameter × 150‐cm height) to examine how diel vertical migration (DVM) relates to taxis sign and strength and to cellular biochemical state. Although only the cell population grown with water volume replacement maintained a division per day over the course of the experiment, periodic measurements during both experiments demonstrated that cells aggregating at the surface during the light period generally were deficient in all measured biochemical constituents compared to cells obtained from a midcolumn depth. More specifically, H. illdefina cells that aggregated at the surface during the light period in both experiments exhibited weakened positive geotaxis but strengthened positive phototaxis and were very deficient in lipid and free amino acid compared to midcolumn cells. Cells sampled at midcolumn during the light period exhibited similar but weaker taxes changes compared to surface samples, and geotaxis strength was inversely correlated with cell diameter, cellular DNA and protein content, and RNA/DNA ratio. In comparison, published data on Gymnodinium breve Davis, a harmful algal bloom species, showed that cells aggregating at the surface during the light period generally exhibited weakened negative geotaxis and strengthened positive phototaxis and were very deficient in lipid and chl a compared to midcolumn cells. Although the persistent tendency toward negative geotaxis was weaker in midcolumn subpopulations throughout the day, its strength was inversely correlated with cell diameter and cellular lipid content. The combined results for both species support a revised conceptual model of optimized DVM in autotrophic marine dinoflagellates incorporating generalized expressions of taxis and biochemical state of individual cells. DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3561397.x VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 1397-1403 SN - 1529-8817 KW - biochemical composition KW - diel vertical migration KW - dinoflagellates KW - geotaxis KW - Gymnodinium breve KW - Heterocapsa illdefina KW - phototaxis ER - TY - CHAP TI - Evaluating immunodeficiency disorders in captive wild animals AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. T2 - Zoo & wild animal medicine: Current therapy (4th ed.) A2 - M. E. Fowler, A2 - Miller, R. E. CN - SF996 .Z66 1999 PY - 1999/// SP - 58-62 PB - Philadelphia, Pa.: W.B. Saunders ER - TY - CHAP TI - Emerging viral infections in large cats AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. T2 - Zoo & wild animal medicine: Current therapy (4th ed.) A2 - M. E. Fowler, A2 - Miller, R. E. CN - SF996 .Z66 1999 PY - 1999/// SP - 401-410 PB - Philadelphia, Pa.: W.B. Saunders ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assimilating altimetric data into a South China Sea model AU - Wu, CR AU - Shaw, PT AU - Chao, SY T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS AB - Sea surface heights from the TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter are assimilated into a three‐dimensional primitive equation model to derive the circulation in the South China Sea. With data assimilation the model resolves not only the basin‐wide circulation but also a dipole off Vietnam and a low/high feature near the Luzon Strait. Mesoscale features are missing in the simulation without data assimilation because of poor resolution in the wind field and inadequate knowledge of the transport through the Luzon Strait. Compared to the case without data assimilation, data assimilation reduces the root mean square error between the simulated and observed sea surface heights by a factor of 2–3. Circulation derived from data assimilation under climatological conditions is contrasted with that during El Niño. In the normal winter of 1993–1994, flow at 50 m depth is strong and cyclonic. Flow at 900 m depth is cyclonic as well. The deep cyclone persists into the following summer. During the 1994–1995 El Niño winter, features in the flow field at 50 m depth either weaken or disappear, and circulation at 900 m depth is anticyclonic. In the summer of 1995 the dipole and the eastward jet off Vietnam at 50 m depth are missing, and the anticyclonic circulation at 900 m depth persists. Temperature at 65 m shows significant warming from fall 1994 to summer 1995. A weakened flow field and warming in the upper ocean are consistent with findings from earlier El Niño events. DA - 1999/12/15/ PY - 1999/12/15/ DO - 10.1029/1999JC900260 VL - 104 IS - C12 SP - 29987-30005 SN - 2169-9291 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The lurking perils of Pfiesteria AU - Burkholder, JM T2 - SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// DO - 10.1038/scientificamerican0899-42 VL - 281 IS - 2 SP - 42-49 SN - 1946-7087 ER - TY - PAT TI - Method and system for residence time measurement of simulated food particles in continuous thermal food processing and simulated food particles for use in same AU - Swartzel, K. R. AU - Simunovic, J. C2 - 1999/// DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of seedpiece spacing and population on yield, internal quality, and economic performance of Atlantic, Superior, and Snowden potato varieties in eastern North Carolina AU - Creamer, NG AU - Crozier, CR AU - Cubeta, MA T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1007/BF02853623 VL - 76 IS - 5 SP - 257-261 SN - 0003-0589 KW - stand establishment KW - heat necrosis KW - hollow heart KW - Solanum tuberosum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a quantitative video-based visualization method to characterize the flow behavior of food particulates in a model continuous aseptic sterilizer AU - Shefet, SM AU - Sheldon, BW AU - Farkas, BE AU - Swartzel, KR T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING AB - ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to develop a quantitative visualization tool for evaluating flow behavior of particles in a compartmented aseptic system or other flow systems. The three dimensional movement of polystyrene balls as influenced by ball diameter (0.95 and 1.90 cm), fluid flow rate (10, 20 and 30 L/min) and conveyor disk design (2 configurations) was recorded in a model heating apparatus and analyzed using motion analysis software. Ball speed and net‐to‐gross‐displacement ratio (NGDR) values were calculated for ball movement in the x;y and x;z planes. As carrier liquid flow rate increased, there was an associated increase in both the mean and standard deviation speed and NGDR values. In general, larger ball sizes yielded lower speed and NGDR values (i.e., less movement). A concave (bowl‐like) conveyor disk design as opposed to a 90° flat‐edge disk design yielded greater speed and NGDR values when carrier velocity was greater than 20 L/min. Speed and NGDR values having higher standard deviations were interpreted as having more compartmental mixing. Furthermore, speed and NGDR mean and standard deviations were highly correlated. The results of this study demonstrated the potential utility of the flow visualization method for quantitating the flow behavior of particles through tubes. Furthermore, this method should be of value to food process engineers in developing continuous aseptic processes for particulate‐containing foods. DA - 1999/7// PY - 1999/7// DO - 10.1111/j.1745-4530.1999.tb00477.x VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 141-160 SN - 0145-8876 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Close interactions between two pairs of heton-like vortices under sea ice AU - Chao, SY AU - Shaw, PT T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS AB - Close interactions between two pairs of vertically stacked counterrotating eddies under sea ice were investigated in numerical experiments. The numerical model contains a stratified ocean capped by an ice layer. Under the ice layer a shallow brine source produces a top cyclone and a submerged anticyclone, while a shallow freshening source generates a top anticyclone and a submerged cyclone. Ice‐exerted friction dissipates the top eddies in time, leaving submerged ones in lone existence. In this work, winning vortices are sought from a brine‐brine pair, a freshening‐brine pair, and a freshening‐freshening pair. Brine and freshening sources are made equal in strength to level the playing field. When closely paired, fission, an increase in the number of subsurface vortices, occurs from a brine‐brine pair and a freshening‐brine pair but not from a freshening‐freshening pair. Consequences of fission invariably increase the number of submerged anticyclones. A heuristic argument is given to explain this polarity. The strong interaction among closely packed eddies operates in timescales of tens of days, helping to explain the predominance of submerged anticyclones under the Arctic sea ice. DA - 1999/10/15/ PY - 1999/10/15/ DO - 10.1029/1999JC900210 VL - 104 IS - C10 SP - 23591-23605 SN - 2169-9291 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Application of landscape ecological principles to oyster reef habitat restoration AU - Eggleston, D. B. T2 - Oyster reef habitat restoration: a synopsis and synthesis of approaches A2 - M. W. Lukenbach, R. Mann A2 - Wesson, J. A. PY - 1999/// SP - 213-227 PB - Gloucester Point, VA: Virginia Institute of Marine Science Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - A multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of foodborne viruses AU - Rosenfield, SI AU - Jaykus, LA T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - A multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was developed for the simultaneous detection of the human enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Norwalk virus (NV). Poliovirus type 1 (PV1) was chosen as a model for the human enterovirus group. Three different sets of primers were used to produce three size-specific amplicons of 435 bp, 270 bp, and 192 bp for PV1, NV, and HAV, respectively. RT-PCR products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and amplicon identity was confirmed by Southern transfer followed by DNA hybridization using nonradioactive, digoxigenin-labeled internal probes. When tested on mixed, purified virus suspensions, the multiplex method achieved detection limits of < or = 1 infectious unit (PV1 and HAV) or RT-PCR-amplifiable unit (NV) for all viruses. With further streamlining efforts such as single tube amplification and liquid hybridization, multiplex PCR offers advantages over cell culture methodology and monoplex PCR because it allows for rapid and cost-effective detection of several human enteric viruses in a single reaction tube. DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-62.10.1210 VL - 62 IS - 10 SP - 1210-1214 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Twenty-five years of ecosystem development of constructed Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) marshes AU - Craft, C. AU - Reader, J. AU - Sacco, J. N. AU - Broome, S. W. T2 - Ecological Applications AB - Wetland creation and restoration are frequently used to replace ecological functions and values lost when natural wetlands are degraded or destroyed. On many sites, restoration of ecological attributes such as secondary production, habitat/species diversity, and wetland soil characteristics do not occur within the first decade, and no long-term studies exist to document the length of time required to achieve complete restoration of wetland dependent functions and values. Characteristics of community structure (macrophyte aboveground biomass, macro-organic matter [MOM], benthic invertebrates) and ecosystem processes (soil development, organic C, N, and P accumulation) of two constructed Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) marshes (established 1971 and 1974) and paired natural S. alterniflora marshes in North Carolina were periodically measured during the past 25 yr. On constructed marshes, the macrophyte community developed quickly, and within 5 to 10 yr, aboveground biomass and MOM were equivalent to or exceeded corresponding values in natural marshes. After 15–25 yr, benthic infauna density and species richness were greater than in the natural marshes. Soil bulk density decreased, and organic C and total N increased over time in constructed marshes, but after 25 yr, soil organic C and N reservoirs were much smaller than in a 2000-yr-old natural marsh. Organic C accumulation was similar in constructed and natural marshes with 12–24% of the net primary production buried annually. Nitrogen accumulation was much higher in constructed marshes (7–12 g·m−2·yr−1) than in natural marshes (2–5 g·m−2·yr−1), reflecting the open biogeochemical cycles and paucity of N in these young ecosystems. Different ecological attributes develop at different rates, with primary producers achieving equivalence during the first 5 yr, followed by the benthic infauna community 5–10 yr later. Accumulation of soil nutrients to levels similar to those of reference marshes may require more time. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.2307/2641405 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 1405-1419 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systemwide modeling of wind and density driven circulation in Croatan-Albemarle-Pamlico Estuary System part I: Model configuration and testing AU - Xie, L. AU - Pietrafesa, L. J. T2 - Journal of Coastal Research DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 1163-1177 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Purification and characterization of proteinase from Atlantic menhaden muscle AU - Choi, YJ AU - Cho, YJ AU - Lanier, TC T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT: Two proteinases (A and B) were isolated from Atlantic menhaden muscle with molecular weights of 112,000 and 90,500 daltons, respectively. Proteinase B had higher activity than A for protein substrates except casein; proteinase B had no caseinolytic activity. Both proteinases hydrolyzed synthetic substrates such as Z‐Phe‐Arg‐NMecand TAME, but not BAEE and BAPNA. Optimum Z‐Phe‐Arg‐NMec hydrolyzing activity was shown at pH 7.4, 40 to 50 °C for both proteinases A and B. Activities of A and B in the presence of 3.0% NaCl were reduced to 71.2% and 62.2%, respectively. Both proteinases were inhibited by 1 mM TLCK, 1 mM benzamidine, 1% egg white, and 1% bovine plasma hydrolysate. Proteinases A and B are most likely tryptic serine type proteinases. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15909.x VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 772-775 SN - 0022-1147 KW - Atlantic menhaden KW - proteinase KW - trypsin KW - serine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Purification and characterization of alkaline proteinase front Atlantic menhaden muscle AU - Choi, YJ AU - Lanier, TE AU - Lee, HG AU - Cho, YJ T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - Two alkaline proteinases (A and B) were isolated and found to be composed of homogeneous subunits. These proteinases, A and B, were concentrated 62.9-and 986.5-fold compared to the crude muscle extract, with molecular weights of 707,000 and 450,000, respectively. Both are probably serine type proteinases, and optimum caseinolytic activity was shown at pH 8.0 and 55 °C. Both degraded actomyosin under similar conditions. Enzyme A had higher thermal stability than B. The residual activities of A and B in 3.6% NaCl solution were 95% and 85%. These data suggest that these proteinases are involved in the softening of menhaden surimi gels which occurs during heating at 50 to 70 °C. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15908.x VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 768-771 SN - 0022-1147 KW - Atlantic menhaden KW - alkaline proteinase KW - gel strength KW - serine proteinase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pressure-induced denaturation of muscle proteins and its prevention by sugars and polyols AU - Ashie, INA AU - Lanier, TC AU - MacDonald, GA T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT: Muscle tissues from four fish species (poikilotherms) that originated from different habitats and from beef (homeotherm) were subjected to pressures, ranging from 50 to 200 MPa, with or without pressure‐shift freezing. The extent of denaturation was measured as residual Ca 2+ ‐ATPase activity. The ability of various sugars and polyols to protect the proteins from denaturation was also evaluated. Stability of proteins from the different species seemed to vary primarily according to body/habitat temperature. Sugars and polyols increased muscle protein stability, and sorbitol was the most effective. The degree of protection was, however, markedly reduced during pressure‐assisted freezing. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15919.x VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 818-822 SN - 0022-1147 KW - muscle proteins KW - protection KW - denaturation KW - high pressure KW - Ca2+-ATPase activity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of vitellogenin in temperate basses (Genus Morone): Plasma and in vitro analyses AU - Heppell, SA AU - Jackson, LF AU - Weber, GM AU - Sullivan, CV T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Blood levels of the egg yolk precursor vitellogenin (VTG) can be used as a definitive marker for the onset and progress of maturation in female teleosts. In the present study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure VTG in blood plasma from three species of temperate basses. The antigen capture, competitive ELISA is based on a rabbit antiserum raised against striped bass Morone saxatilis VTG and uses purified striped bass VTG as standard and in the final antigen capture step. The assay was validated for detecting VTG in the plasma of maturing female striped bass, white perch M. americana and white bass M. chrysops. Serial dilutions of blood plasma from vitellogenic females of all three species yielded VTG curves that paralleled the standard curve in the ELISA, whereas no cross reactivity was observed for plasma obtained from males of any Morone species. The working range of the ELISA was 33–1,118 ng/mL (90–10% of binding), and the intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (100 × SD/mean) at 50% binding were 3.8% (N = 20) and 5.94% (N = 4), respectively. Complete recovery (detection) in the ELISA was verified for a known quantity of VTG added to male striped bass plasma. Changes in plasma VTG concentrations during the annual reproductive cycle of female striped bass were measured both by ELISA and an established radial immunodiffusion assay (RIDA) based on the same antiserum and standard. Vitellogenin was detected in maturing females 7–8 months prior to spawning and the correlation between individual VTG values measured by ELISA and the RIDA was very high (r2 = 0.95). The highly sensitive and precise VTG ELISA should allow aquaculture and fisheries biologists to evaluate the gender and maturational status of individual fish of any Morone species during most of the year. Finally, VTG was detected by ELISA in incubation medium following culture of white perch liver fragments with 1 × 10−6 M estradiol-17β, providing the basis for an in vitro method to study the physiology and toxicology of vitellogenesis in temperate basses. DA - 1999/5// PY - 1999/5// DO - 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0532:ELIAEO>2.0.CO;2 VL - 128 IS - 3 SP - 532-541 SN - 1548-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Annual reproductive cycle of the common snook: Endocrine correlates of maturation AU - Roberts, SB AU - Jackson, LF AU - King, W AU - Taylor, RG AU - Grier, WJ AU - Sullivan, CV T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Wild common snook Centropomus undecimalis were captured off the Gulf coast of Florida over a 2-year period and sampled for serum and gonad tissue to characterize their annual reproductive cycle. During the summer months, levels of the sex steroid hormones estradiol-17β (E2) and testosterone (T) in females were significantly elevated above basal winter values. Mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) was also significantly elevated in females during summer. In addition, fish whose ovaries contained oocytes in vitellogenic and final maturation stages had elevated levels of alkali-labile protein phosphorus (ALPP), an indirect measure of the egg yolk precursor, vitellogenin. Peak levels of E2, T, and ALPP were measured in females during the spawning season (late summer) when GSI was also maximal. Circulating levels of T and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in males were also higher in the summer months than at any other time of the year. Males showed an increase in GSI over basal winter values during the summer months, with patterns of change similar to those of circulating androgen profiles. The highest androgen levels and GSI were measured in males during the spawning season when a high degree of sperm duct formation was evident histologically. Collectively, these data provide a basis for future evaluation and control of reproductive function in cultured common snook and in environmental studies of this species. DA - 1999/5// PY - 1999/5// DO - 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0436:ARCOTC>2.0.CO;2 VL - 128 IS - 3 SP - 436-445 SN - 1548-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reporter gene assay for fish-killing activity produced by Pfiesteria piscicida AU - Fairey, ER AU - Edmunds, JSG AU - Deamer-Melia, NJ AU - Glasgow, H AU - Johnson, FM AU - Moeller, PR AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Ramsdell, JS T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES AB - Collaborative studies were performed to develop a functional assay for fish-killing activity produced by Pfiesteria piscicida. Eight cell lines were used to screen organic fractions and residual water fraction by using a 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-(2-4)]-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cytotoxicity assay. Diethyl ether and a residual water fraction were cytotoxic to several cell lines including rat pituitary (GH(4)C(1)) cells. Residual water as well as preextracted culture water containing P. piscicida cells induced c-fos-luciferase expressed in GH(4)C(1) cells with a rapid time course of induction and sensitive detection. The reporter gene assay detected activity in toxic isolates of P. piscicida from several North Carolina estuaries in 1997 and 1998 and may also be suitable for detecting toxic activity in human and animal serum. DA - 1999/9// PY - 1999/9// DO - 10.2307/3434655 VL - 107 IS - 9 SP - 711-714 SN - 0091-6765 KW - assay KW - c-fos KW - GH(4)C(1) KW - Pfiesteria piscicida KW - pituitary KW - toxin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Problems and possible solutions concerning radiocarbon dating of surface marine sediments, Ross Sea, Antarctica AU - Andrews, JT AU - Domack, EW AU - Cunningham, WL AU - Leventer, A AU - Licht, KJ AU - Jull, AJT AU - DeMaster, DJ AU - Jennings, AE T2 - QUATERNARY RESEARCH AB - Radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometric (AMS) dates on the acid-insoluble fraction from 38 core tops from the western Ross Sea, Antarctica, are used to address these questions: (1) What are the apparent ages of sediments at or close to the present sediment/water interface? (2) Is there a statistically significant pattern to the spatial distribution of core top ages? and (3) Is there a “correction factor” that can be applied to these age determinations to obtain the best possible Holocene (downcore) chronologies? Ages of core top sediments range from 2000 to 21,000 14 C yr B.P. Some “old” core top dates are from piston cores and probably represent the loss of sediment during the coring process, but some core top samples >6000 14 C yr B.P. may represent little or no Holocene deposition. Four possible sources of variability in dates ≤6000 14 C yr B.P. ( n = 28) are associated with (1) different sample preparation methods, (2) different sediment recovery systems, (3) different geographic regions, and (4) within-sample lateral age variability. Statistical analysis on an a posteriori design indicates that geographic area is the major cause of variability; there is a difference in mean surface sediment age of nearly 2000 yr between sites in the western Ross Sea and sites east of Ross Bank in south-central Ross Sea. The systematic variability in surface age between areas may be attributed to: (a) variable sediment accumulation rates (SAR) (surface age is inversely related to SAR), (b) differences in the percentage of reworked ( dead ) carbon between each area, and/or (c) differences in the CO 2 exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere. DA - 1999/9// PY - 1999/9// DO - 10.1006/qres.1999.2047 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - 206-216 SN - 0033-5894 KW - radiocarbon dating KW - Ross Sea KW - marine surface KW - sediments ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nucleic acid persistence in heat-killed Escherichia coli O157 : H7 from contaminated skim milk AU - McKillip, JL AU - Jaykus, LA AU - Drake, M T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR using primers targeting 16S rRNA sequences in Escherichia coli O157:H7 were applied to monitor the stability of rDNA and rRNA in cells killed by mild heat treatment (60 degrees C) in skim milk. Serial dilutions of purified RNA and DNA from E. coli O157:H7 in skim milk were amplified by RT-PCR or PCR, respectively, before heat treatment and at time points 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after heating. In general, DNA-PCR provided stronger amplification signals compared to RT-PCR at the corresponding time points with the same PCR primer set, indicating a lower efficiency of RNA amplification compared to that of DNA. Ribosomal RNA and rDNA could be amplified by RT-PCR or PCR from both viable and dead cells throughout the 48-h posttreatment holding period. For RT-PCR, amplification signals decreased in intensity with increased holding time, while the efficiency of amplification of DNA sequences from dead cells remained fairly stable throughout the study. DNA persistence was greater than that of rRNA following cell death by mild heat treatment in skim milk. Skim milk did not appear to accelerate nucleic acid degradation. While rRNA was less stable than DNA, its detection by RT-PCR may not be appropriate as an exclusive indicator of cell viability in minimally processed foods. DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-62.8.839 VL - 62 IS - 8 SP - 839-844 SN - 0362-028X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Computer simulations of wind-induced estuarine circulation patterns and estuary-shelf exchange processes: The potential role of wind forcing on larval transport AU - Xie, L AU - Eggleston, DB T2 - ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE AB - Wind and density (salinity) driven circulation patterns in the Croatan-Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System (CAPES), North Carolina and its interaction with shelf waters via inlets were investigated using the three-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model (POM). This study examines the sensitivity of three-dimensional flow within the CAPES and the exchange of water mass between the CAPES and continental shelf to eight different wind directions. The results indicate that stochastic wind forcing could interact with the topography of coastline and the geographic locations of inlet sources of larvae, to produce spatiotemporal variation in larval supply to potential estuarine nursery habitats. Larval transport between Pamlico, Croatan and Albemarle Sounds, and exchange between estuary and shelf can have horizontal and vertical variations. Thus, three dimensional models coupled with information on larval vertical migration behavior, are required to explain inshore migration and settlement patterns of estuarine-dependent finfish and crustaceans. DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// DO - 10.1006/ecss.1999.0498 VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - 221-234 SN - 0272-7714 KW - inlet KW - estuary KW - nursery habitats KW - wind forcing KW - modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - A quantitative risk assessment for Bacillus cereus emetic disease associated with the consumption of Chinese-style rice AU - McElroy, DM AU - Jaykus, LA AU - Foegeding, PM T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY AB - Journal of Food SafetyVolume 19, Issue 3 p. 209-229 A QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR BACILLUS CEREUS EMETIC DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONSUMPTION OF CHINESE-STYLE RICE DANA M. McELROY, DANA M. McELROY Department of Food Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 2 7695-7624Search for more papers by this authorLEE-ANN JAYKUS, LEE-ANN JAYKUS Department of Food Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 2 7695-7624Search for more papers by this authorPEGGY M. FOEGEDING, PEGGY M. FOEGEDING Department of Food Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 2 7695-7624Search for more papers by this author DANA M. McELROY, DANA M. McELROY Department of Food Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 2 7695-7624Search for more papers by this authorLEE-ANN JAYKUS, LEE-ANN JAYKUS Department of Food Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 2 7695-7624Search for more papers by this authorPEGGY M. FOEGEDING, PEGGY M. FOEGEDING Department of Food Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 2 7695-7624Search for more papers by this author First published: 03 April 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1999.tb00246.xCitations: 18AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume19, Issue3October 1999Pages 209-229 RelatedInformation DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1999.tb00246.x VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 209-229 SN - 1745-4565 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison between two tagging techniques with notes on juvenile tarpon ecology in Puerto Rico AU - Zerbi, A. AU - Aliaume, C. AU - Miller, J. M. T2 - Bulletin of Marine Science DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 64 IS - 1 SP - 9-19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weaning success of southern flounder juveniles: Effect of changeover period and diet type on growth and survival AU - Daniels, HV AU - Hodson, RG T2 - NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE AB - Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of changeover period duration and diet type (dry versus semimoist) on growth and survival of postmetamorphic southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma during weaning from live feed onto formulated feeds. In the first study, feeding with live brine shrimp Artemia sp. was abruptly stopped after changeover periods of 5, 10, 15, and 20 d. A changeover period of 20 d resulted in significantly higher (P < 0.05) survival (mean ± SE: 65.2 ± 2.5%) than for the 5, 10, and 15-d treatments (28.8 ± 15.5%, 30 ± 11.2%, and 40.0 ± 12.4%, respectively). Overall growth was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the other treatments or the control (live brine shrimp). In the second study, feeding with live brine shrimp was gradually reduced from 100% to 0% over a 12-d changeover period. Brine shrimp were replaced with either a dry feed or a semimoist feed. Survival of fish fed either the dry feed (71.1 ± 30.1%) or the semimoist feed (71.1 ± 15.4%) was not significantly different from fish in the control treatment (93.3 ± 6.7%). Optimum growth and survival of postmetamorphic southern flounder during weaning requires a changeover period of 20 d when the use of live feed is abruptly ceased, but this period can be shortened when gradual weaning is employed and when diets with greater acceptability are used. DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0047:WSOSFJ>2.0.CO;2 VL - 61 IS - 1 SP - 47-50 SN - 1522-2055 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Semianalytic Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer algorithms for chlorophyll a and absorption with bio-optical domains based on nitrate-depletion temperatures AU - Carder, KL AU - Chen, FR AU - Lee, ZP AU - Hawes, SK AU - Kamykowski, D T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS AB - This paper describes algorithms for retrieval of chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton and gelbstoff absorption coefficients for the Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) or sensors with similar spectral channels. The algorithms are based on a semianalytical, bio‐optical model of remote sensing reflectance, R rs (λ). The R rs (λ) model has two free variables, the absorption coefficient due to phytoplankton at 675 nm, a ϕ (675), and the absorption coefficient due to gelbstoff at 400 nm, a g (400). The R rs model has several parameters that are fixed or can be specified based on the region and season of the MODIS scene. These control the spectral shapes of the optical constituents of the model. R rs (λ i ) values from the MODIS data processing system are placed into the model, the model is inverted, and a ϕ (675), a g (400), and chlorophyll a are computed. The algorithm also derives the total absorption coefficients a (λ i ) and the phytoplankton absorption coefficients a ϕ (λ i ) at the visible MODIS wavelengths. MODIS algorithms are parameterized for three different bio‐optical domains: (1) high photoprotective pigment to chlorophyll ratio and low self‐shading, which for brevity, we designate as “unpackaged”; (2) low photoprotective pigment to chlorophyll ratio and high self‐shading, which we designate as “packaged”; and (3) a transitional or global‐average type. These domains can be identified from space by comparing sea‐surface temperature to nitrogen‐depletion temperatures for each domain. Algorithm errors of more than 45% are reduced to errors of less than 30% with this approach, with the greatest effect occurring at the eastern and polar boundaries of the basins. DA - 1999/3/15/ PY - 1999/3/15/ DO - 10.1029/1998jc900082 VL - 104 IS - C3 SP - 5403-5421 SN - 2169-9291 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sea surface height variations in the South China Sea from satellite altimetry AU - Shaw, PT AU - Chao, SY AU - Fu, LL T2 - OCEANOLOGICA ACTA AB - Abstract Sea surface elevation in the South China Sea is examined in the Topex/Poseidon altimeter data from 1992 to 1995. Sea level anomalies are smoothed along satellite tracks and in time with tidal errors reduced by harmonic analysis. The smoothed data are sampled every ten days with an along-track separation of about 40 km. The data reveal significant annual variations in sea level. In winter, low sea level is over the entire deep basin with two local lows centred off Luzon and the Sunda Shelf. In summer, sea level is high off Luzon and off the Sunda Shelf, and a low off Vietnam separates the two highs. The boundary between the Vietnam low and Sunda high coincides with the location of a jet leaving the coast of Vietnam described in earlier studies. Principal component analysis shows that the sea level variation consists mainly of two modes, corresponding well to the first two modes of the wind stress curl. Mode 1 represents the oscillation in the southern basin and shows little inter-annual variation. The mode 2 oscillation is weak in the southern basin and is strongest off central Vietnam. During the winters of 1992–1993 and 1994–1995 and the following summers, the wind stress curl is weak, and the mode 2 sea level variation in the northern basin is reduced, resulting in weaker winter and summer gyres. Weakening of the Vietnam low in summer implies diminishing of the eastward jet leaving the coast of Vietnam. The results are consistent with model simulations. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1016/S0399-1784(99)80028-0 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 1-17 SN - 0399-1784 KW - South China Sea KW - sea level KW - wind stress curl KW - altimetry KW - Topex Poseidon ER - TY - JOUR TI - Science ethics and its role in early suppression of the Pfiesteria issue AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB T2 - HUMAN ORGANIZATION DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.17730/humo.58.4.976098q356672751 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - 443-455 SN - 1938-3525 KW - dinoflagellates KW - environmental health KW - media KW - Pfiesteria KW - science ethics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Review: Marine ecology - Emerging marine diseases - Climate links and anthropogenic factors AU - Harvell, CD AU - Kim, K AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Colwell, RR AU - Epstein, PR AU - Grimes, DJ AU - Hofmann, EE AU - Lipp, EK AU - Osterhaus, ADME AU - Overstreet, RM AU - Porter, JW AU - Smith, GW AU - Vasta, GR T2 - SCIENCE AB - Mass mortalities due to disease outbreaks have recently affected major taxa in the oceans. For closely monitored groups like corals and marine mammals, reports of the frequency of epidemics and the number of new diseases have increased recently. A dramatic global increase in the severity of coral bleaching in 1997-98 is coincident with high El Niño temperatures. Such climate-mediated, physiological stresses may compromise host resistance and increase frequency of opportunistic diseases. Where documented, new diseases typically have emerged through host or range shifts of known pathogens. Both climate and human activities may have also accelerated global transport of species, bringing together pathogens and previously unexposed host populations. DA - 1999/9/3/ PY - 1999/9/3/ DO - 10.1126/science.285.5433.1505 VL - 285 IS - 5433 SP - 1505-1510 SN - 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organism responses to habitat fragmentation and diversity: Habitat colonization by estuarine macrofauna AU - Eggleston, DB AU - Elis, WE AU - Etherington, LL AU - Dahlgren, CP AU - Posey, MH T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY AB - Ecologists increasingly recognize that their choice of spatial scales may influence greatly their interpretation of ecological systems, and that small changes in the patchiness of habitat resources can produce abrupt, sometimes dramatic shifts in distribution and abundance patterns of a species. Moreover, identification of scale- and habitat-dependent ecological patterns are central to management efforts aimed at predicting the response of organisms to the increasing threat of habitat fragmentation. We used habitat plots containing artificial seagrass, oyster shell, and a mixture of seagrass and shell, placed on unstructured seafloor for 14 days in Back Sound, North Carolina, USA to examine the interactive effects of patch size, habitat diversity and experimental site on colonization by assemblages of estuarine macrofauna. We tested three a priori predictions of the general hypothesis that macrofaunal colonization is scale- and habitat-dependent: (1) colonization (per unit area) will be higher in small patches than in large ones; (2) small macrofauna will show a stronger response to habitat patchiness at a given scale than large macrofauna; and (3) colonization by estuarine macrofauna will be higher in habitat plots containing a mixture of seagrass and oyster shell compared to monotypic plots. Macrofauna responded to habitat patchiness in a complex manner that varied according to habitat type, experimental site, species, taxon, functional group, and animal body size (small: 500 μm–2 mm; large: >2 mm). Of the five out of seven response variables where we observed a significant patch size effect, grass shrimp (Palaemonidae sp.) and small, mobile crustaceans (i.e., amphipods and isopods) were the only taxonomic or functional groups whose densities were higher in small (0.25 m2) than large (1 m2) patches, as predicted. Moreover, there was a disproportionate reduction in macrofaunal abundance and diversity in small patches of oyster shell compared to seagrass and mixed habitat treatments; this pattern was significant for both the total density and numbers of small species but not for large macrofauna. The total density and number of macrofaunal species was not higher in the mixed habitat treatment compared to seagrass or oyster shell. Our study demonstrates that an organism's response to habitat patchiness is dependent upon species, taxa, functional group, and animal body size, and that an organism's response is further modified by habitat type. The patterns observed in this study highlight the importance of scale- and habitat-dependent responses by mobile organisms to complex benthic habitats, and, because of the disproportionate reduction in faunal density and diversity in small versus large patches of oyster shell, heightens concern over the negative impacts to biodiversity through large-scale fragmentation of subtidal oyster reefs in certain regions. DA - 1999/3/31/ PY - 1999/3/31/ DO - 10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00192-0 VL - 236 IS - 1 SP - 107-132 SN - 0022-0981 KW - colonization KW - Crassostrea virginica KW - fragmentation KW - marine benthos KW - grass shrimp KW - habitat selection KW - palaemonidae KW - patchiness KW - recruitment KW - Zostera marina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field immobilization and euthanasia of American opossum AU - Stoskopf, MK AU - Meyer, RE AU - Jones, M AU - Baumbarger, DO T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Seventeen recently trapped opossum, Didelphis virginiana, (median weight 2.45 kg; range = 1.6–5.0 kg; quartiles = 1.8–3.3 kg) were immobilized with either telazol (15 or 30 mg/kg) or a mixture of medetomidine (100 μg/ kg), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg), and ketamine HCl (10 mg/kg) based on estimated weights. Anesthetized animals were subjected to cardiac puncture for blood withdrawal and toe pinch. Euthanasia was accomplished by intracardiac administration of 1 ml of concentrated pentobarbital sodium/phenytoin solution. Weights were underestimated for 14 of 17 animals, but were within 0.5 kg of the actual weight. Both drug combinations provided rapid and calm immobilization. Median time to recumbency for the medetomidine–butorphanol–ketamine group (n = 5) was 6 min (range = 4–10 min; quartiles = 6 and 8 min). The median time to recumbency was not statistically different for the low (n = 6) and high dose (n = 6) telazol groups, 3 and 3.5 min respectively (quartiles 3; 3.5 and 4; 5.5 min). The stronger heart beat with telazol immobilization facilitated cardiac puncture. All five animals administered the medetomidine–butorphanol–ketamine mixture and three of six animals given the low telazol dose reacted to cardiac puncture. Only one of six animals given the estimated 30 mg/kg dose of telazol reacted slightly to cardiac puncture. We conclude that 30 mg/kg telazol provides sufficient immobilization and analgesia to allow accurate cardiac puncture of the opossum if the procedure is performed within 5 to 10 min of recumbency. Intracardiac administration of concentrated pentobarbital sodium/phenytoin solution followed by bilateral thoracotomy provides appropriate euthanasia suitable for field situations. DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-35.1.145 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 145-149 SN - 0090-3558 KW - American opossum KW - Didelphis virginiana KW - euthanasia KW - medetomidine KW - pentobarbital KW - phenytoin KW - telazol KW - tiletamine KW - zolazepam ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potato production on wide beds: Impact on held and selected soil physical characteristics AU - Mundy, C AU - Creamer, NG AU - Crozier, CR AU - Wilson, LG T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1007/BF02910004 VL - 76 IS - 6 SP - 323-330 SN - 1874-9380 KW - Solanum tuberosum KW - soil moisture KW - soil temperature KW - yield KW - compaction KW - Atlantic KW - North Carolina KW - cone index ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrient and pH stratification with conventional and no-till management AU - Crozier, CR AU - Naderman, GC AU - Tucker, MR AU - Sugg, RE T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - Abstract This study investigated changes in soil test results associated with sampling depths in fields managed with conventional tillage, no‐till for less than 3 years, no‐till for 3 to 6 years, and no‐till for more than 6 years. Soil samples from depths of 0–5, 0–10, 0–20, and 10–20 cm were collected from 59 fields with different tillage histories from several geologic regions, and analyzed by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture soil test laboratory. Some nutrient stratification was noted in all tillage categories. Soil test phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) concentrations were significantly higher in the 0–10 cm depth than in the 10–20 cm depth. Stratification probably results from the prevalence of tillage with disks, chisel plows or subsoilers, which do not mix the soil thoroughly. With the adoption of no‐till methods, stratification becomes even more pronounced. Our data suggest that stratification in pH, calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), and sulfur (S) is more likely for fields in the early stages of no‐till (less than 6 years) than in longer‐term no‐till. In fields managed with no‐till for less than 3 years or for 3 to 6 years, pH and Ca, Mn, and copper (Cu) concentrations were higher and the S concentration was lower in the surface 0–10 cm layer than in the underlying 10–20 cm soil layer. These differences were not significant for fields managed with no‐till for more than 6 years or with conventional tillage. In fields with low P or K levels, higher nutrient concentrations near the surface result in lower fertilizer rate recommendations with shallower sampling depths. The overall pH effect across geologic regions was very small, generally 0.1 to 0.2 pH unit, so lime recommendation did not vary significantly with sampling depth in most cases. For monitoring changes in plant nutrient and heavy metal concentrations over time, sampling no‐till fields requires even more attention to depth than for conventionally tilled fields. DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.1080/00103629909370184 VL - 30 IS - 1-2 SP - 65-74 SN - 1532-2416 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An expanded Eulerian model of phytoplankton environmental response AU - Janowitz, GS AU - Kamykowski, D T2 - ECOLOGICAL MODELLING AB - An Eulerian approach to modeling plankton physiological responses to environmental factors is developed wherein the time history of cell exposure to two external environmental fields over specified time intervals are utilized as independent variables along with position and time to help characterize the cell population. We seek to find the concentration of cells per unit volume as a function of depth, time, and the time histories of exposure to PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) as it influences internal cellular carbon through phototsynthesis and to nitrate as it influences internal cellular nitrogen through nutrient assimilation. The response under consideration here, vertical swimming, is taken to depend on historical exposure to the external PAR and nitrate fields. The model can be readily extended to other external fields and to more than the one historical time scale here associated with each external field. This type of model joins Lagrangian models as most beneficial when phytoplankton physiology responds to environmental factors in a nonlinear fashion, i.e. when the mean response does not depend on the mean exposure. A simple example is discussed and the impact of wind-driven mixing is explored. DA - 1999/6/15/ PY - 1999/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00037-X VL - 118 IS - 2-3 SP - 237-247 SN - 0304-3800 KW - Eulerian KW - model KW - PAR KW - nitrate KW - swimming ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to reciprocal cross hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops x M-saxatilis eggs and larvae AU - Harcke, JE AU - Daniels, HV T2 - JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY AB - Journal of the World Aquaculture SocietyVolume 30, Issue 4 p. 496-500 Free to Read Acute Toxicity of Ammonia and Nitrite to Reciprocal Cross Hybrid Striped Bass Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis Eggs and Larvae Joanne E. Harcke, Joanne E. Harcke North Carolina State University, Department of Zoology, Vernon James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Road, Plymouth, North Carolina 27962 USASearch for more papers by this authorHarry V. Daniels, Corresponding Author Harry V. Daniels North Carolina State University, Department of Zoology, Vernon James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Road, Plymouth, North Carolina 27962 USACorresponding authorSearch for more papers by this author Joanne E. Harcke, Joanne E. Harcke North Carolina State University, Department of Zoology, Vernon James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Road, Plymouth, North Carolina 27962 USASearch for more papers by this authorHarry V. Daniels, Corresponding Author Harry V. Daniels North Carolina State University, Department of Zoology, Vernon James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Road, Plymouth, North Carolina 27962 USACorresponding authorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 April 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00998.xCitations: 16AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume30, Issue4December 1999Pages 496-500 RelatedInformation DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00998.x VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 496-500 SN - 0893-8849 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of a mutant strain for evaluating processing strategies to inactivate Vibrio vulnificus in oysters AU - Dombroski, CS AU - Jaykus, LA AU - Green, DP AU - Farkas, BE T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Vibrio vulnificus is a ubiquitous marine bacterium frequently isolated from shellfish and associated with severe and often fatal disease in humans. Various control strategies to reduce the disease risk associated with V. vulnificus contamination in shellfish have been proposed. However, evaluating the efficacy of these control strategies is complicated because of the difficulty in distinguishing V. vulnificus from the high levels of background environmental Vibrio spp. The purpose of this research was to develop a model indicator V. vulnificus strain that could be readily differentiated from background microflora and used to facilitate the evaluation of processing efficacy. A spontaneous nalidixic acid-resistant strain of V. vulnificus (Vv-NA) was prepared from a wild-type parent (Vv-WT) using selective plating techniques. Vv-NA was very similar to Vv-WT with respect to biochemical characteristics, appearance on selective plating media, detection limits using most probable number and polymerase chain reaction, and growth rate. In comparative freeze inactivation studies on pure cultures, Vv-WT and Vv-NA had similar freeze inactivation profiles at -20 degrees C (conventional freezing), at -85 degrees C (cold blast freezing), and in liquid nitrogen (cryogenic freezing). In oyster homogenates artificially inoculated with Vv-NA, the organism was inactivated 95 to 99% after freezing, irrespective of freezing temperature. Thermal inactivation comparisons of pure cultures of Vv-WT and Vv-NA using the capillary tube method revealed statistically significant differences in D values at 47 degrees C (2.2 versus 3.0 min, respectively) and 50 degrees C (0.83 versus 0.56 min, respectively), but nearly identical values at 52 degrees C (0.21 versus 0.22 min, respectively). However, these D values were notably higher than those reported by other investigators and hence provided a conservative means by which to evaluate thermal inactivation. In oyster homogenates seeded with Vv-NA, D values of 1.3+/-0.09 min and 0.41+/-0.01 min were obtained at 46 degrees C and 48 degrees C, respectively. This study demonstrated that Vv-NA is readily enumerated and could be used as a surrogate for evaluating the degree of V. vulnificus inactivation provided by freezing and thermal treatments of oyster homogenates. DA - 1999/6// PY - 1999/6// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-62.6.592 VL - 62 IS - 6 SP - 592-600 SN - 0362-028X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections AU - Stamper, M. A. AU - Papich, M. G. AU - Lewbart, G. A. AU - May, S. B. AU - Plummer, D. D. AU - Stoskopf, M. K. T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 32-35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pfiesteria toxin and learning performance AU - Levin, ED AU - Simon, BB AU - Schmechel, DE AU - Glasgow, HB AU - Deamer-Melia, NJ AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Moser, VC AU - Jensen, K AU - Harry, GJ T2 - NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY AB - Pfiesteria piscicida is an estuarine dinoflagellate involved with fish kills along the east coast of the United States. We previously documented a radial-arm maze learning deficit in rats exposed to Pfiesteria that may be related to cognitive deficits seen in humans after accidental Pfiesteria exposure. The current study elucidated important behavioral parameters of this deficit. There were six dose groups. Forty (10/group) adult female Sprague–Dawley rats were injected (SC) with a single dose of Pfiesteria taken from aquarium-cultured Pfiesteria (35,600, 106,800, or 320,400 Pfiesteria cells/kg of rat body weight or a cell-free filtrate of the 106,800 cells/kg dose). One control group (N = 10) was injected with saline and one (N = 10) with aquarium water not containing Pfiesteria. Half of the rats in each group were tested on an 8-arm radial maze in a standard test room, and the other half were tested on the radial maze in a sound-attenuating chamber. In the standard maze room, there was a significant effect of Pfiesteria (p < 0.05) impairing choice accuracy improvement over the first six sessions of training among rats administered 106,800, 320,400, and the 106,800 cells/kg filtered sample. In contrast, there was no indication of an effect of Pfiesteria when the rats were tested on the same configuration radial maze in the sound-attenuating chamber. After 18 sessions of training in one room, the rats were switched for six sessions of testing in the other room and finally were switched back to their original room for three sessions. There was a significant Pfiesteria-induced deficit when the rats were tested in the standard test room but not when they were tested in the sound-attenuating chamber. When the Pfiesteria-exposed rats were initially switched from the sound-attenuating chamber to the standard test room they performed significantly worse than controls, whereas Pfiesteria-treated rats switched from the standard test room to the sound-attenuating chamber did not perform differently from controls. These results suggest that the Pfiesteria-induced learning impairment may result from the negative impact of distracting stimuli. At the time of the learning impairment, no overt Pfiesteria-related effects were seen using a functional observational battery and no overall response latency effects were seen, indicating that the Pfiesteria-induced choice accuracy deficit was not due to generalized debilitation. In the initial use of the figure-8 maze in this line of research, the rats in the same Pfiesteria treatment groups that showed significant deficits in the radial-arm maze showed greater declines in activity rates in a 1-h figure-8 locomotor activity test. Both the 106,800 and 320,400 Pfiesteria cells/kg groups showed significantly greater linear trends of activity decline relative to tank water-treated controls. This reflected an initial slight hyperactivity in the Pfiesteria-treated animals followed by a decrease to control levels. Pfiesteria effects in the figure-8 maze and in early radial-arm maze training may be useful in a rapid screen for identifying the critical toxin(s) of Pfiesteria in future studies. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1016/S0892-0362(98)00041-5 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 215-221 SN - 0892-0362 KW - Pfiesteria piscicida KW - learning KW - radial-arm maze KW - activity KW - figure-8 maze ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kleptoplastidy in the toxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae) AU - Lewitus, AJ AU - Glasgow, HB AU - Burkholder, JM T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY AB - The ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger et Burkholder has a complex life cycle with several heterotrophic flagellated and amoeboid stages. A prevalent flagellated form, the nontoxic zoospore stage, has a proficient grazing ability, especially on cryptophyte prey. Although P. piscicida zoospores lack the genetic capability to synthesize chloroplasts, they can obtain functional chloroplasts from algal prey (i.e. kleptoplastidy), as demonstrated here with a cryptophyte prey. Zoospores grown with Rhodomonas sp. Karsten CCMP757 (Cryptophyceae) grazed the cryptophyte population to minimal densities. After placing the cultures in near darkness where cryptophyte recovery was restricted and further prey ingestion did not occur, the time‐course patterns in growth, prey chloroplast content·zoospore −1 , and prey nucleus content·zoospore −1 were followed. Ingested chloroplasts were selectively retained in the dinoflagellate, as indicated by the decline and, ultimately, near absence of cryptophyte nuclei in plastid‐containing zoospores. Chloroplasts retained inside P. piscicida cells for at least a week were photosynthetically active, as indicated by starch accumulation and microscope‐autoradiographic measurements of bicarbonate uptake. Recognition that P. piscicida can function as a phototroph broadens our perspective of the physiological ecology of the dinoflagellate because it suggests that, at least during part of its life cycle, P. piscicida ’s growth and survival might be affected by photoregulation and nutritional control of photosynthesis. DA - 1999/4// PY - 1999/4// DO - 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520303.x VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 303-312 SN - 0022-3646 KW - cryptophytes KW - fish kills KW - harmful algae KW - kleptoplastidy KW - Pfiesteria piscicida KW - photosynthesis KW - toxic dinoflagellates ER - TY - JOUR TI - High pressure effects on gelation of surimi and turkey breast muscle enhanced by microbial transglutaminase AU - Ashie, INA AU - Lanier, TC T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT High pressure effects on the strength (stress) and elasticity/deformability (strain) of surimi and turkey breast meat gels containing microbial transglutaminase (TGase) were evaluated. Pressurization of muscle proteins at 4°C prior to incubation at 25°C or 40°C (setting) increased gel strength 2–3 fold in uncooked surimi gels, but not in uncooked turkey gels. However, pressurization at 40°C or 50°C prior to setting increased the strength of turkey gels. Similar effects of prior pressurization, but of lesser magnitude, occurred in gels formed by directly or subsequently (following setting) cooking at 90°C. SDS‐PAGE confirmed that myosin crosslinking occurred due to TGase activity during the setting treatment, which had survived prior pressure treatment. High pressure rendered protein substrates more accessible to TGase thereby enhancing intermolecular cross‐link formation and gel strength. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15115.x VL - 64 IS - 4 SP - 704-708 SN - 0022-1147 KW - Alaska pollock KW - surimi KW - turkey breast KW - high pressure KW - transglutaminase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Foraging and agonistic activity co-occur in free-ranging blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus): observation of animals by ultrasonic telemetry AU - Clark, ME AU - Wolcott, TG AU - Wolcott, DL AU - Hines, AH T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY AB - To define the temporal and spatial patterns of agonism and foraging activity in blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), we monitored five free-ranging animals in the Rhode River subestuary of the central Chesapeake Bay by ultrasonic telemetry during the summers of 1991–93. The interdependence between the two activities was of special interest. High crab densities have been associated with more frequent aggressive interactions and decreased foraging success in previous laboratory studies. High crab population density is correlated with increased frequency of aggression-related injury (autotomy) and cannibalism in the field. Consequently, we predicted that as crabs aggregate to clam patches during feeding periods in the field, the level of aggressive interactions would increase. In early trials, we collected data on location and agonistic activity (the stereotypical spreading of the chelae in the `meral spread' threat display) of crabs moving freely in the estuary by using single-channel telemetry transmitters. With subsequent technological advancements, we received simultaneous data on agonism and feeding. Crabs exhibited a diel pattern of agonism with peaks in threat display occurring in mornings and sometimes in evenings. Crabs fitted with single-channel telemetry transmitters were observed interacting aggressively most often at times previously identified as feeding periods, although the highest levels of agonism came slightly later than periods associated with the highest levels of feeding. Simultaneous telemetry of the two behaviors indicated that periods of increased agonism and feeding overlapped. Feeding activity tended to wane as threat activity increased, consistent with the hypothesis that aggressive interference impairs foraging. DA - 1999/1/31/ PY - 1999/1/31/ DO - 10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00129-4 VL - 233 IS - 1 SP - 143-160 SN - 0022-0981 KW - agonism KW - Callinectes sapidus KW - Chesapeake Bay KW - foraging KW - ultrasonic telemetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fish kills, bottom-water hypoxia, and the toxic Pfiesteria complex in the Neuse River and Estuary AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Mallin, MA AU - Glasgow, HB T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - A recent paper by Paerl et al. 'Ecosystem responses to internal and watershed organic matter loading: consequences for hypoxia in the eutrophying Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA' (1998; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 166:17-25) makes the statement that increased nitrogen loading to the Neuse River Estuary has led to algal blooms which produced organic matter loads capable of causing extensive hypoxic and anoxic conditions that, in turn, have induced widespread mortality of resident finand shellfish (p l?) . In this Comment we demonstrate that Paerl et al.'s central conclusion about finfish kills is not supported either by their data or by any statistical analysis, despite invoking predictability ('Results and discussion', p 20-24, Paerl et al. 1998). The paper contains numerous misinterpretations and misuse of literature citations. Paerl et al. also made serious errors of omission, germane from the perspective of science ethics, in failing to cite peerreviewed, published information that attributed other causality to various fish kills that they described. When attempting to make the difficult step from correlation to implication of causality in a field setting, the available evidence for multiple causative factors should be considered-especially when dealing with a topic that has significant implications for policy makers, scientists, and the general public. Accordingly, formal correction of the Paerl et al. paper is necessary because of the authors' (1) lack of depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) data to support any of their conclusions about kills of surface-schooling fish, (2) use of unrecorded or nonexistent fish kill data, as well as misconveyance of fish kills as reported in the State database upon which they relied, (3) apparent lack of understanding about the behavior of resident fish population~, (4) misuse of literature citations, (5) omission of a large body of peer-reviewed, published information on the same fish kills (1995-1996), and (6) lack of any supporting statistical analyses to demonstrate relationships among field dissolved oxygen, nutrient, and fish kill data. Lack of supporting dissolved oxygenlfish kill data and literature. The only DO data that Paerl et al. presented were from the bottom water. A much more complete database (laboratory of J.M.B. & H.B.G.; summary reports covering the period 1993 through 1996, available from the Division of Water Quality [DWQ] of the North Carolina Department of Environment & Natural Resources [NC DENR]) than that discussed by Paerl et al. contains information for physical, chemical, and biological factors on the mesohaline Neuse. This area (Fig. 1) includes the segments addressed in Paerl et al. and the segments where major fish kills historically have occurred in that estuary. Here we compare Paerl et al.'s contentions, based on biweekly data from 6 to 8 mainstem Neuse stations, with the data of our State-certified laboratory, including DO depth profiles. We report weekly data from 6 stations in the mainstem, mesohaline Neuse (Flanners Beach/Kennel Beach to MinnesottKherry Point), as well as data from freshwater segments following a major storm in late summer 1996. These data show that in summers of averageprecipitation years without hurricanes, hypoxic waters in the Neuse Estuary generally were constrained to the bottom third of the water column (Figs. 2 to 4 of this paper; hypoxia considered as in Paerl et al.). Paerl et al. stated that they used a fish kill database from NC DWQ (formerly the Division of Environmental Management [DEM] of the NC Department of Environment, Health & Natural Resources [NC DEHNR]) as DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.3354/meps179301 VL - 179 SP - 301-310 SN - 0171-8630 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating biological significance of chemical exposure to fish using a bioenergetics-based stressor-response model AU - Beyers, DW AU - Rice, JA AU - Clements, WH T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES AB - We demonstrate how contaminant exposure-response relationships can be integrated with a bioenergetics model to estimate the biological significance of sublethal exposure under fluctuating environmental conditions. The integrated bioenergetics-based stressor-response model (SRM) was evaluated by comparing observed and predicted growth of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to several dieldrin concentrations and by conducting sensitivity analyses. Predictions of the SRM suggest that energetic effects of exposure of largemouth bass to ambient concentrations of dieldrin in lakes at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge are not biologically significant because the amount of energy lost by resident fish is small compared with variation in food consumption. Furthermore, influence of dieldrin exposure is small compared with the effects of a natural stressor like water temperature. The SRM provides a general framework for integrating laboratory-derived exposure-response relationships with ecological processes to determine the biological significance of multiple stressors in a natural environment. Comparisons of relative effects of anthropogenic and natural stressors can be used to assess potential costs and benefits of alternative ecosystem management strategies. DA - 1999/5// PY - 1999/5// DO - 10.1139/cjfas-56-5-823 VL - 56 IS - 5 SP - 823-829 SN - 1205-7533 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating physiological cost of chemical exposure: integrating energetics and stress to quantify toxic effects in fish AU - Beyers, DW AU - Rice, JA AU - Clements, WH AU - Henry, CJ T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES AB - We present empirical support for a conceptual framework in which chemical contaminants are considered as sources of physiological stress to fish. Physiological stress was quantified in terms of energy by measuring routine metabolism, food consumption, activity, and growth rates of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin. Regression analysis was used to estimate models that describe the response of each endpoint as a function of dieldrin concentration and duration of exposure. Metabolic rate, consumption, and growth were influenced by chemical exposure. At short durations of exposure (1-4 days), metabolic rate of exposed fish was depressed compared with controls, but at a longer duration (16 days), metabolic rate increased as a function of concentration. Food consumption and growth rates of fish exposed for 16 days declined as dieldrin concentration increased. The response of each endpoint was consistent with predictions of the general adaptation syndrome. Energetic costs of contaminant-induced changes in metabolism and food consumption can be integrated with a bioenergetics model to demonstrate biological significance of chemical exposure in a natural environment. DA - 1999/5// PY - 1999/5// DO - 10.1139/cjfas-56-5-814 VL - 56 IS - 5 SP - 814-822 SN - 0706-652X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioturbation and particle transport in Carolina slope sediments: A radiochemical approach AU - Fornes, WL AU - DeMaster, DJ AU - Levin, LA AU - Blair, NE T2 - JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH AB - In situ tracer experiments investigated short-term sediment mixing processes at two Carolina continental margin sites (water depth = 850 m) characterized by different organic C fluxes, 234 Th mixing coefficients (D b ) and benthic assemblages. Phytoplankton, slope sediment, and sand-sized glass beads tagged with 210 Pb, 113 Sn, and 228 Th, respectively, were placed via submersible at the sediment-water interface at both field sites (Site I off Cape Fear, and Site III off Cape Hatteras). Experimental plots were sampled at 0, 1.5 days, and 90 days after tracer emplacement to examine short-term, vertical transport. Both sites are initially dominated by nonlocal mixing. Transport to the bottom of the surface mixed layer at both sites occurs more rapidly than 234 Th-based D b values predict; after 1.5 days, tagged particles were observed 5 cm below the sediment-water interface at Site I and 12 cm below at Site III. Impulse tracer profiles after 90 days at Site III exhibit primarily diffusive distributions, most likely due to a large number of random, nonlocal mixing events. The D b values determined from 90-day particle tagging experiments are comparable to those obtained from naturally occurring 234 Th profiles (∼100-day time scales) from nearby locations. The agreement between impulse tracer mixing coefficients and steady-state natural tracer mixing coefficients suggests that the diffusive analogue for bioturbation on monthly time scales is a realistic and useful approach. Tracer profiles from both sites exhibit some degree of particle selective mixing, but the preferential transport of the more labile carbon containing particles only occurred 30% of the time. Consequently, variations in the extent to which age-dependent mixing occurs in marine sediments may depend on factors such as faunal assemblage and organic carbon flux. DA - 1999/3// PY - 1999/3// DO - 10.1357/002224099321618245 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - 335-355 SN - 1543-9542 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wastewater utilization: A place for managed wetlands - Review AU - Humenik, FJ AU - Szogi, AA AU - Hunt, PG AU - Broome, S AU - Rice, M T2 - ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES AB - Con~mlctcd wc:~laI1~ arc: being \I~c:3.0.CO;2-6 VL - 79 IS - 5 SP - 786-791 SN - 0022-5142 KW - blue crab meat KW - colorimetry KW - meat discoloration KW - reflectance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal sulfate deposition and export patterns for a small Appalachian watershed AU - Edwards, PJ AU - Gregory, JD AU - Allen, HL T2 - WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION DA - 1999/2// PY - 1999/2// DO - 10.1023/A:1005087421791 VL - 110 IS - 1-2 SP - 137-155 SN - 0049-6979 KW - inputs KW - outputs KW - seasonal accumulations KW - seasonal deficits KW - soil leachate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Safety and efficacy of the Environmental Products Group Masterflow Aquarium Management System with Aegis Microbe Shield (TM) AU - Lewbart, GA AU - Stoskopf, MK AU - Losordo, T AU - Geyer, J AU - Owen, J AU - Smith, DW AU - Law, M AU - Altier, C T2 - AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING AB - This study investigated the safety and efficacy of the EPG Masterflow Aquarium Management System with Aegis Microbe Shield™ (EPG-MAMS). Four different species of fish were used in the study. Ten fish of each species were placed in 75 l aquariums containing the EPG filter media, a commercially available filter media (Whisper®) and an aquarium with no filter material. At the end of the 45 day trial three fish from each tank were sacrificed and preserved in formalin for histopathology. Water quality parameters were routinely monitored. The EPG filter media was compared with the Whisper® filter media for efficacy against Aeromonas salmonicida using a shaker flask microbiological assay. The EPG filter proved to be clinically and histopathologically safe and reduced to some degree the number of A. salmonicida suspended in water in an in vitro study. DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.1016/S0144-8609(98)00043-0 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 93-98 SN - 0144-8609 KW - Environmental Products Group KW - Masterflow Aquarium Management System KW - Aegis Microbe Shield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deposition and modification of a flood layer on the northern California shelf: lessons from and about the fate of terrestrial particulate organic carbon AU - Leithold, EL AU - Hope, RS T2 - MARINE GEOLOGY AB - The 1995 flood of the Eel River in northern California provided an opportunity to follow the short-term history of riverine particulate matter on a continental shelf. Particulate organic carbon, including both vascular plant debris and soil carbon, was utilized as a tracer of the distribution and modification of the shelf flood deposit. These components were sorted during initial emplacement of the deposit, both in the river plume and in the benthic boundary layer. During the 8 months following the flood, lateral transport, shallow burial, and bioturbation contributed to spatial changes in the amount and character of carbon in the flood deposit. Study of the deposit suggests that this and previous flood layers may be preserved in the shelf and upper slope stratigraphic record as clay-rich beds with relatively high carbon to nitrogen ratios and more negative δ13C values than background, non-flood sediment. Concentrations of vascular plant debris are locally characteristic of such layers, and may serve as distinctive stratigraphic markers. Investigation of organic carbon in the 1995 flood layer on the Eel River shelf provides insight into the fate of terrestrial particulate carbon on continental margins in general. Flooding of the Eel River, and of similar river systems draining mountainous terrains, introduces large quantities of terrestrial carbon to the marine environment and may favor the preservation of both terrestrial and marine carbon. The abundant woody vascular plant debris discharged during floods is especially likely to survive oxidation and sulfate reduction in the shallower zones of the seabed. This study reveals the dominant role that physical and biological processes may play in attenuating the terrestrial organic-carbon signal on shelves over monthly to yearly time scales. DA - 1999/2// PY - 1999/2// DO - 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00112-1 VL - 154 IS - 1-4 SP - 183-195 SN - 0025-3227 KW - organic carbon KW - flood deposit KW - continental margin KW - Eel River ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) vitellogenin: purification, characterization and use for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of female maturity in three species of grouper AU - Heppell, SA AU - Sullivan, CV T2 - FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY DA - 1999/5// PY - 1999/5// DO - 10.1023/A:1007730816797 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 361-374 SN - 1573-5168 KW - maturity KW - maturity schedule KW - Nassau KW - red hind KW - reproduction KW - vitellogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) vitellogenin: purification, characterization and quantitative immunoassay for the detection of estrogenic compounds AU - Parks, LG AU - Cheek, AO AU - Denslow, ND AU - Heppell, SA AU - McLachlan, JA AU - LeBlanc, GA AU - Sullivan, CV T2 - COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY AB - The egg yolk precursor protein, vitellogenin (VTG), was purified from blood plasma of 17beta-estradiol (E2)-treated male fathead minnows (Pimephales promnelas) by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-agarose. A rabbit antiserum was raised against their blood plasma and then adsorbed with plasma from untreated (control) males to render the antiserum specific to VTG. The adsorbed antiserum was used to detect fathead minnow VTG (fVTG) in Western and dot blotting experiments and in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antiserum recognised fVTG as a approximately 156 kDa protein in plasma from vitellogenic females and E2-injected males but not untreated males. Its identity was confirmed by analysis of: (1) amino acid composition; (2) an internal amino acid sequence; (3) reactivity to the homologous antiserum; and (4) recognition by monoclonal antibodies prepared against the VTG from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus). Specificity of the homologous antiserum to fVTG was confirmed by Western blotting of serially diluted plasma from vitellogenic females. Utility of the antiserum and purified fVTG for detecting exposure of male fathead minnows to estrogenic compounds was verified using a dot blotting immunoassay of fVTG and detected by chemiluminescence. Adult male fish were exposed to various concentrations of E2 (10(-8), 10(-9) and 10(-10) M) in their rearing water and plasma assayed for the presence of VTG at different time points (2, 7, 14 and 21 days). A competitive, antibody-capture, quantitative ELISA was then developed based on the purified fVTG and its respective antiserum. The ELISA was validated by demonstrating parallel binding slopes of dilution curves prepared with plasma from E2-injected males, vitellogenic females, and aqueous egg extracts as compared with purified fVTG standard. Plasma concentrations of VTG as low as 3 ng ml(-1) were detected in the ELISA, for which inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were both less than 5%. Furthermore, plasma from control males was unreactive with the fVTG antiserum. The VTG ELISA could be useful for the detection of estrogenic properties associated with certain compounds and could be easily incorporated into standard laboratory toxicity assays using this species. DA - 1999/6// PY - 1999/6// DO - 10.1016/s0742-8413(99)00010-9 VL - 123 IS - 2 SP - 113-125 SN - 1878-1659 KW - enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) KW - fathead minnow KW - vitellogenin KW - estrogenic compounds KW - 17 beta-estradiol KW - toxicology KW - reproduction KW - ovary ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coping with uncertainty AU - Rice, J. A. T2 - Fisheries DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 24 IS - 7 SP - 44 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Broodstock management and spawning of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma AU - Smith, TIJ AU - McVey, DC AU - Jenkins, WE AU - Denson, MR AU - Heyward, LD AU - Sullivan, CV AU - Berlinsky, DL T2 - AQUACULTURE AB - Collaborative studies are underway in South Carolina (SC) and North Carolina (NC) to control reproduction of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Although cultured broodstock are being developed, work to date has been with wild caught adults held in captivity for at least 1 year. Shortly after capture, wild adults should be treated to control diseases and parasites, especially Amyloodinium sp. and fish lice, Argulus sp. Induced spawning using only photothermal control has not occurred, but GnRHa implants have been successfully used to induce ovulation and allow strip-spawning. In addition, during 1997, photothermal conditioning coupled with 100 μg GnRHa implants resulted in successful tank-spawning. During a 99-day period, eggs were collected on 64 days and lowering temperature was shown to inhibit spawning. On days that spawning occurred, mean number of eggs collected was 277,844 (±177,714) and mean fertility was 32.8% (±25.2%). Total number of eggs collected was 17,782,000. Females used in the study were ≥5 years old while the males were ≥3 years old. Fish had been in captivity for ≥1.5 years. The spawning success achieved using the combination of photothermal conditioning and GnRHa implants resulted in less stress to the fish, higher egg production and an extended spawning period. Use of photothermal conditioning coupled with tank-spawning techniques should allow year-round spawning of southern flounder. This should facilitate more rapid development of a culture technology for this species. DA - 1999/6/1/ PY - 1999/6/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00053-8 VL - 176 IS - 1-2 SP - 87-99 SN - 0044-8486 KW - reproduction KW - spawning KW - Paralichthys lethostigma KW - broodstock KW - photothermal conditioning KW - hormone implants ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bovine plasma protein functions in surimi gelation compared with cysteine protease inhibitors AU - Kang, IS AU - Lanier, TC T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT: The protease inhibitory activity of bovine plasma protein (BPP) and its gel strengthening effect on Pacific whiting surimi were compared with E‐64 [L‐trans‐epoxysuccinylleucylamido (4‐guanidio) butane], iodoacetic acid (IAA), and a recombinant soybean cystatin (RSC). In terms of inhibitory activity, as low as 1.2 mM E‐64,37.7 mM IAA, or 17.9 mg RSC were equivalent to 1% BPP. To produce the same gel strength as the 1% BPP‐treated surimi, 10 times that level of E‐64 and RSC were required, while 100 times that level of IAA did not increase the gel stress as effectively. Thus, plasma contributed to enhanced gelation of Pacific whiting surimi by inhibition of fish protease and also by other gel‐enhancing factors in the plasma. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15924.x VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 842-846 SN - 0022-1147 KW - bovine plasma KW - surimi KW - gelation KW - cysteine protease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abundance of Gulf sturgeon in the Apalachicola River, Florida AU - Zehfuss, KP AU - Hightower, JE AU - Pollock, KH T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Gulf sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi a subspecies of Atlantic sturgeon A. oxyrinchus were once abundant in coastal rivers of the eastern Gulf of Mexico but have declined substantially due to habitat loss and overexploitation. Because relatively little is known about their population status in the Apalachicola River, Florida, we used capture–recapture data collected during 1982–1991 to assess the population of Gulf sturgeon at the Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam, which limits upstream migration. We estimated that about 100 fish greater than 45 cm total length were present below the dam, although the estimates were biased to an unknown degree because of violations of capture–recapture model assumptions. To obtain a less biased estimate, we conducted an intensive 10-week capture–recapture experiment in 1993 that accounted for most of the assumption violations. We also used radiotelemetry to test the assumption that the population remained closed to immigration and emigration during sampling. The 1993 results also indicated a population of about 100 Gulf sturgeon below the dam; however, movement in and out of the sampling area occurred, so the population at the dam was not closed. Using simulation, we found that Jolly–Seber and Schnabel capture–recapture models were generally unbiased when fish had a high probability of returning to the study area after temporary emigration. However, when fish had a low probability of returning to the study area after temporary emigration, substantial bias occurred in both models. Length composition data from 1982 to 1991 and for 1993 suggested that low recruitment may account for the failure of the population to rebuild. We recommend identifying all areas of concentration of Gulf sturgeon in the Apalachicola River and developing a standardized sampling program for monitoring this threatened species. DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0130:AOGSIT>2.0.CO;2 VL - 128 IS - 1 SP - 130-143 SN - 1548-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of two sizes of hybrid striped bass for introduction into small ponds AU - Neal, JW AU - Rice, JA AU - Noble, RL T2 - NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE AB - Abstract Private recreational fisheries in small impoundments provide a potential new market for the growing industry producing hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis. We estimated growth, condition, and survival of hybrid striped bass (female striped bass × male white bass M. chrysops) in two small ponds with established fisheries for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and bluegill Lepomis macrochirus that eventually experienced severe weather-induced fish kills 266 d and 348 d after stocking. Both ponds were stocked with 40 phase 2 (120–169 mm total length, TL) and 22 phase 3 (241–344 mm TL) hybrid striped bass/ha. Growth and condition were monitored from introduction until the occurrence of fish kills. Fish collections immediately following the kills allowed minimum estimates of survival for time at large before each event. Mean growth rates were near 0.35 mm/d for phase 2 hybrids and ranged from 0.13 to 0.21 mm/d for phase 3 hybrids. Mean relative weight (Wr ), which at the time of stocking was optim... DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0074:EOTSOH>2.0.CO;2 VL - 61 IS - 1 SP - 74-78 SN - 1548-8454 ER -