TY - JOUR TI - Age, growth, and reproduction of dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) caught off the coast of North Carolina AU - Schwenke, K.L. AU - Buckel, J.A. T2 - Fishery Bulletin DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// VL - 106 IS - 1 SP - 82–92 ER - TY - CONF TI - Using a coupled wave and ocean circulation modeling system to investigate the impacts of Hurricane Isabel AU - Armstrong, BN AU - Warner, JC AU - He, R C2 - 2008/// C3 - AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Historic 2005 toxic bloom of Alexandrium fundyense in the western Gulf of Maine: 2. Coupled biophysical numerical modeling AU - He, Ruoying AU - McGillicuddy, Dennis J AU - Keafer, Bruce A AU - Anderson, Donald M T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 113 IS - C7 ER - TY - CONF TI - Using a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST) Modeling System to investigate impacts of storms on coastal systems AU - Warner, J AU - Armstrong, B AU - He, R AU - Zambon, J C2 - 2008/// C3 - AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Saharan dust and phosphatic fidelity: A three-dimensional biogeochemical model of Trichodesmium as a nutrient source for red tides on the West Florida Shelf AU - Lenes, JM AU - Darrow, BA AU - Walsh, JJ AU - Prospero, JM AU - He, R AU - Weisberg, RH AU - Vargo, GA AU - Heil, CA T2 - Continental Shelf Research DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 28 IS - 9 SP - 1091-1115 ER - TY - CONF TI - Investigation of Coastal Ocean Response to Landfalling hurricane using Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave Sediment Transport (COAWST) Model: Realistic Hindcast AU - He, R AU - Warner, JC AU - Armstrong, B AU - Zambon, JB C2 - 2008/// C3 - AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gulf of Maine harmful algal bloom in summer 2005--Part 2: Coupled bio-physical numerical modeling AU - He, Ruoying AU - McGillicuddy, Dennis J AU - Keafer, Bruce A AU - Anderson, Donald M T2 - Journal of geophysical research DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 113 IS - C7 ER - TY - THES TI - Tectonic Geomorphology above Mediterranean Subduction Zones: Northeastern Apennines of Italy and Crete, Greece AU - Wegmann, K.W. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// SP - 169 M3 - Ph.D. Dissertation PB - Lehigh University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel AU - Elchos, B.L. AU - Scheftel, J.M. AU - Cherry, B. AU - Debess, E.E. AU - Hopkins, Hunter L. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Williams, C.J. AU - Bell, M.R. AU - Dvorak, G.D. AU - Flora, C.A. AU - Hofmann, J. AU - Pavlin, B.I. AU - Samples, O.M. AU - Snow, J.L. AU - Stinson-Dixon, R.E. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 2008/8/1/ PY - 2008/8/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.233.3.415 VL - 233 IS - 3 SP - 415–432 ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of T-RFLP Analysis to Categorize the Microbial Diversity in Native Bivalve Streams in a North Carolina River Basin AU - Bucci, J AU - Caldwell, JM AU - Szempruch, AJ AU - Levine, JF T2 - NC Society For Microbiology C2 - 2008/10// CY - Greensboro, North Carolina DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// ER - TY - MGZN TI - Photo of Wilson Bay AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - NC Alumni Magazine, Talking Trash DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// M1 - spring ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of the Algal Toxin Domoic Acid AU - Litaker, R. Wayne AU - Stewart, Thomas N. AU - Eberhart, Bich-Thuy L. AU - Wekell, John C. AU - Trainer, Vera L. AU - Kudela, Raphael M. AU - Miller, Peter E. AU - Roberts, Alice AU - Hertz, Cassandra AU - Johnson, Tyler A. AU - Frankfurter, Greg AU - Smith, G. Jason AU - Schnetzer, Astrid AU - Schumacker, Joe AU - Bastian, Jonnette L. AU - Odell, Anthony AU - Gentien, Patrick AU - Gal, Dominique Le AU - Hardison, D. Ransom AU - Tester, Patricia A. T2 - Journal of Shellfish Research AB - Domoic acid (DA) is a potent toxin produced by bloom-forming phytoplankton in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, which is responsible for causing amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans. ASP symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and in more severe cases confusion, loss of memory, disorientation, and even coma or death. This paper describes the development and validation of a rapid, sensitive, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test kit for detecting DA using a monoclonal antibody. The assay gives equivalent results to those obtained using standard high performance liquid chromatography, fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl high performance liquid chromatography, or liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry methods. It has a linear range from 0.1–3 ppb and was used successfully to measure DA in razor clams, mussels, scallops, and phytoplankton. The assay requires approximately 1.5 h to complete and has a standard 96-well format where each strip of eight wells is removable and can be stored at 4°C until needed. The first two wells of each strip serve as an internal control eliminating the need to run a standard curve. This allows as few as 3 or as many as 36 duplicate samples to be run at a time enabling real-time sample processing and limiting degradation of DA, which can occur during storage. There was minimal cross-reactivity in this assay with glutamine, glutamic acid, kainic acid, epi- or iso-DA. This accurate, rapid, cost-effective, assay offers environmental managers and public health officials an effective tool for monitoring DA concentrations in environment samples. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.2983/0730-8000-27.5.1301 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - 1301-1310 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000-27.5.1301 KW - ASP KW - domoic acid poisoning KW - ELISA KW - mussels KW - scallops KW - razor clams KW - test kit ER - TY - CHAP TI - Evaluating PAH Biodegradation Relative to Total Bacterial Carbon Demand in Coastal Ecosystems: Are PAHs Truly Recalcitrant? AU - Boyd, T.J. AU - Smith, D.C. AU - Apple, J.K. AU - Hamdan, L.J. AU - Osburn, C.L. AU - Montgomery, M.T T2 - Microbial Ecology Research Trends A2 - Van Dijk, T. PY - 2008/// SP - 1–38 PB - NOVA Science Publishers Inc ER - TY - JOUR TI - Altruism spillovers: Are behaviors in context-free experiments predictive of altruism toward a naturally occurring public good? AU - Laury, Susan K. AU - Taylor, Laura O. T2 - Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization AB - This paper addresses the external validity of experiments investigating the characteristics of altruism in the voluntary provision of public goods. We conduct two related experiments that allow us to examine whether individuals who act more altruistically in the context-free environment are also more likely to act altruistically toward a naturally occurring public good. We find that laboratory behavior can be predictive of contributions toward naturally occurring goods, but not in a uniform way. In fact, parametric measures of altruism do a poor job of predicting which subjects are most likely to contribute to a naturally occurring public good. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1016/j.jebo.2005.05.011 VL - 65 IS - 1 SP - 9-29 J2 - Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization LA - en OP - SN - 0167-2681 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2005.05.011 DB - Crossref KW - altruism KW - experiments KW - external validity ER - TY - BOOK TI - Cultures of contamination: Legacies of pollution in Russia and the U.S AU - Kinsella, William J. AU - Edelstein, Michael R. AU - Tysiachniouk, Maria AU - Smirnova, Lyudmila V. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1080/19409419.2008.10756712 VL - 1 PB - Informa UK Limited SE - 230–234 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19409419.2008.10756712 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A three-dimensional biophysical model of Karenia brevis dynamics on the west Florida shelf: A look at physical transport and potential zooplankton grazing controls AU - Milroy, Scott P. AU - Dieterle, Dwight A. AU - He, Ruoying AU - Kirkpatrick, Gary J. AU - Lester, Kristen M. AU - Steidinger, Karen A. AU - Vargo, Gabriel A. AU - Walsh, John J. AU - Weisberg, Robert H. T2 - Continental Shelf Research AB - Abstract The development of accurate predictive models of toxic dinoflagellate blooms is of great ecological importance, particularly in regions that are most susceptible to their detrimental effects. This is especially true along the west Florida shelf (WFS) and coast, where episodic bloom events of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis often wreak havoc on the valuable commercial fisheries and tourism industries of west Florida. In an effort to explain the dynamics at work within the maintenance and termination phases of a red tide, a simple three-dimensional coupled biophysical model was used in the analysis of the October 1999 red tide offshore Sarasota, Florida. Results of the numerical experiments indicate that: (1) measured and modeled flowfields were capable of transporting the observed offshore inoculum of K. brevis to within 16 km of the coastal boundary; (2) background concentrations (1000 cells L−1) of K. brevis could grow to a red tide of over 2×106 cells L−1 in little more than a month, assuming an estuarine initiation site with negligible offshore advection, no grazing losses, negligible competition from other phytoplankton groups, and no nutrient limitation; (3) maximal grazing pressure could not prevent the initiation of a red tide or cause its termination, assuming no other losses to algal biomass and a zooplankton community ingestion rate similar to that of Acartia tonsa; and (4) the light-cued ascent behavior of K. brevis served as an aggregational mechanism, concentrating K. brevis at the 55 μE m−2 s−1 isolume when mean concentrations of K. brevis exceeded 100,000 cells L−1. Further improvements in model fidelity will be accomplished by the future inclusion of phytoplankton competitors, disparate nutrient availability and limitation schemes, a more realistic rendering of the spectral light field and the attendant effects of photo-inhibition and compensation, and a mixed community of vertically-migrating proto- and metazoan grazers. These model refinements are currently under development and shall be used to aid progress toward an operational model of red tide forecasting along the WFS. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1016/j.csr.2007.04.013 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 112-136 J2 - Continental Shelf Research LA - en OP - SN - 0278-4343 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.04.013 DB - Crossref KW - mathematical models KW - red tides KW - algal blooms KW - phytoplankton KW - Karenia brevis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Narratives, Rhetorical Genres, and Environmental Conflict: Responses to Schwarze's “Environmental Melodrama” AU - Kinsella, William J. AU - Bsumek, Peter K. AU - Walker, Gregg B. AU - Kinsella, William J. AU - Check, Terence AU - Rai Peterson, Tarla AU - Schwarze, Steve T2 - Environmental Communication AB - The appearance of Steven Schwarze's essay, “Environmental Melodrama” (Schwarze, 2006) as the lead article in a recent issue of The Quarterly Journal of Speech marks an important moment of recognition for environmental communication scholarship. Schwarze's essay demonstrates how studies of environmental rhetoric can contribute to rhetorical theory more generally, while addressing practical questions regarding the rhetorical aspects of environmental conflict. The contributors to this forum respond to Schwarze's arguments, drawing in part upon their own case studies of rhetorical action and narrative in environmental conflict. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1080/17524030801980242 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 78-109 J2 - Environmental Communication LA - en OP - SN - 1752-4032 1752-4040 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17524030801980242 DB - Crossref KW - Climate Change KW - Comedy KW - Conflict KW - Crisis KW - Kairos KW - Identification KW - Irony KW - Kenneth Burke KW - Melodrama KW - Rhetoric ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seismic identification of along-axis hydrothermal flow on the East Pacific Rise AU - Tolstoy, M. AU - Waldhauser, F. AU - Bohnenstiehl, D. R. AU - Weekly, R. T. AU - Kim, W.-Y. T2 - Nature DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1038/nature06424 VL - 451 IS - 7175 SP - 181-184 J2 - Nature LA - en OP - SN - 0028-0836 1476-4687 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06424 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ocean urea fertilization for carbon credits poses high ecological risks AU - Glibert, Patricia M. AU - Azanza, Rhodora AU - Burford, Michele AU - Furuya, Ken AU - Abal, Eva AU - Al-Azri, Adnan AU - Al-Yamani, Faiza AU - Andersen, Per AU - Anderson, Donald M. AU - Beardall, John AU - Berg, G. Mine AU - Brand, Larry AU - Bronk, Deborah AU - Brookes, Justin AU - Burkholder, JoAnn M. AU - Cembella, Allan AU - Cochlan, William P. AU - Collier, Jackie L. AU - Collos, Yves AU - Diaz, Robert AU - Doblin, Martina AU - Drennen, Thomas AU - Dyhrman, Sonya AU - Fukuyo, Yasuwo AU - Furnas, Miles AU - Galloway, James AU - Granéli, Edna AU - Ha, Dao Viet AU - Hallegraeff, Gustaaf AU - Harrison, John AU - Harrison, Paul J. AU - Heil, Cynthia A. AU - Heimann, Kirsten AU - Howarth, Robert AU - Jauzein, Cécile AU - Kana, Austin A. AU - Kana, Todd M. AU - Kim, Hakgyoon AU - Kudela, Raphael AU - Legrand, Catherine AU - Mallin, Michael AU - Mulholland, Margaret AU - Murray, Shauna AU - O’Neil, Judith AU - Pitcher, Grant AU - Qi, Yuzao AU - Rabalais, Nancy AU - Raine, Robin AU - Seitzinger, Sybil AU - Salomon, Paulo S. AU - Solomon, Caroline AU - Stoecker, Diane K. AU - Usup, Gires AU - Wilson, Joanne AU - Yin, Kedong AU - Zhou, Mingjiang AU - Zhu, Mingyuan T2 - Marine Pollution Bulletin AB - The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, a region of rich marine biodiversity, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons. Urea is preferentially used as a nitrogen source by some cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, many of which are neutrally or positively buoyant. Biological pumps to the deep sea are classically leaky, and the inefficient burial of new biomass makes the estimation of a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere questionable at best. The potential for growth of toxic dinoflagellates is also high, as many grow well on urea and some even increase their toxicity when grown on urea. Many toxic dinoflagellates form cysts which can settle to the sediment and germinate in subsequent years, forming new blooms even without further fertilization. If large-scale blooms do occur, it is likely that they will contribute to hypoxia in the bottom waters upon decomposition. Lastly, urea production requires fossil fuel usage, further limiting the potential for net carbon sequestration. The environmental and economic impacts are potentially great and need to be rigorously assessed. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.03.010 VL - 56 IS - 6 SP - 1049-1056 J2 - Marine Pollution Bulletin LA - en OP - SN - 0025-326X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.03.010 DB - Crossref KW - urea dumping KW - ocean fertilization KW - carbon credits KW - Sulu Sea KW - carbon sequestration KW - harmful algae KW - toxic dinoflagellates KW - cyanobacteria KW - hypoxia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: A scientific consensus AU - Heisler, J. AU - Glibert, P.M. AU - Burkholder, J.M. AU - Anderson, D.M. AU - Cochlan, W. AU - Dennison, W.C. AU - Dortch, Q. AU - Gobler, C.J. AU - Heil, C.A. AU - Humphries, E. AU - Lewitus, A. AU - Magnien, R. AU - Marshall, H.G. AU - Sellner, K. AU - Stockwell, D.A. AU - Stoecker, D.K. AU - Suddleson, M. T2 - Harmful Algae AB - In January 2003, the US Environmental Protection Agency sponsored a "roundtable discussion" to develop a consensus on the relationship between eutrophication and harmful algal blooms (HABs), specifically targeting those relationships for which management actions may be appropriate. Academic, federal, and state agency representatives were in attendance. The following seven statements were unanimously adopted by attendees based on review and analysis of current as well as pertinent previous data: 1) Degraded water quality from increased nutrient pollution promotes the development and persistence of many HABs and is one of the reasons for their expansion in the U.S. and the world; 2) The composition - not just the total quantity - of the nutrient pool impacts HABs; 3) High biomass blooms must have exogenous nutrients to be sustained; 4) Both chronic and episodic nutrient delivery promote HAB development; 5) Recently developed tools and techniques are already improving the detection of some HABs, and emerging technologies are rapidly advancing toward operational status for the prediction of HABs and their toxins; 6) Experimental studies are critical to further the understanding of the role of nutrients in HAB expression, and will strengthen prediction and mitigation of HABs; and 7) Management of nutrient inputs to the watershed can lead to significant reduction in HABs. Supporting evidence and pertinent examples for each consensus statement is provided herein. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.006 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 3-13 J2 - Harmful Algae LA - en OP - SN - 1568-9883 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.006 DB - Crossref KW - Eutrophication KW - Harmful algal blooms KW - HABs KW - Management of nutrients KW - Nutrient loading KW - Nutrient composition KW - Nutrient pollution KW - US EPA KW - Water quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tidal marshes as a source of optically and chemically distinctive colored dissolved organic matter in the Chesapeake Bay AU - Tzortziou, Maria AU - Neale, Patrick J. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Megonigal, J. Patrick AU - Maie, Nagamitsu AU - Jaffé, Rudolf T2 - Limnol. Oceangr. AB - The role of tidal marshes as a source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) for adjacent estuarine waters was studied in the Rhode River subestuary of the Chesapeake Bay. Water in a tidal creek draining brackish, high‐elevation marshes was sampled every hour during several semidiurnal tidal cycles in order to examine the tidal exchange of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Water leaving the marsh during ebbing tide was consistently enriched in DOC compared to water entering the marsh during flooding tide. There was a net DOC export from the marsh to the estuary during seasons of both low and high marsh plant biomass. Optical analysis demonstrated that, in addition to contributing to the carbon budgets, the marsh had a strong influence on the estuary’s CDOM dynamics. Marsh‐exported CDOM had optical properties that were consistently and markedly different from those of CDOM in the adjacent estuary. Specifically, marsh CDOM had: (1) considerably stronger absorption, (2) larger DOC‐specific absorption, (3) lower exponential spectral slope, (4) larger fluorescence signal, (5) lower fluorescence per unit absorbance, and (6) higher fluorescence at wavelengths >400 nm. These optical characteristics are indicative of relatively complex, high‐molecular‐weight, aromatic‐rich DOM, and this was confirmed by results of molecular‐weight‐distribution analysis. Our findings illustrate the importance of tidal marshes as sources of optically and chemically distinctive dissolved organic compounds, and their influence on CDOM dynamics, DOC budgets, and, thus, photochemical and biogeochemical processes, in adjacent estuarine ecosystems. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.4319/lo.2008.53.1.0148 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 148-159 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bacterial production and microbial food web structure in a large arctic river and the coastal Arctic Ocean AU - Vallières, Catherine AU - Retamal, Leira AU - Ramlal, Patricia AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Vincent, Warwick F. T2 - Journal of Marine Systems AB - Globally significant quantities of organic carbon are stored in northern permafrost soils, but little is known about how this carbon is processed by microbial communities once it enters rivers and is transported to the coastal Arctic Ocean. As part of the Arctic River-Delta Experiment (ARDEX), we measured environmental and microbiological variables along a 300 km transect in the Mackenzie River and coastal Beaufort Sea, in July–August 2004. Surface bacterial concentrations averaged 6.7 × 105 cells mL− 1 with no significant differences between sampling zones. Picocyanobacteria were abundant in the river, and mostly observed as cell colonies. Their concentrations in the surface waters decreased across the salinity gradient, dropping from 51,000 (river) to 30 (sea) cells mL− 1. There were accompanying shifts in protist community structure, from diatoms, cryptophytes, heterotrophic protists and chrysophytes in the river, to dinoflagellates, prymnesiophytes, chrysophytes, prasinophytes, diatoms and heterotrophic protists in the Beaufort Sea. Size-fractionated bacterial production, as measured by 3H–leucine uptake, varied from 76 to 416 ng C L− 1 h− 1. The contribution of particle-attached bacteria (> 3 µm fraction) to total bacterial production decreased from > 90% at the Mackenzie River stations to < 20% at an offshore marine site, and the relative importance of this particle-based fraction was inversely correlated with salinity and positively correlated with particulate organic carbon concentrations. Glucose enrichment experiments indicated that bacterial metabolism was carbon limited in the Mackenzie River but not in the coastal ocean. Prior exposure of water samples to full sunlight increased the biolability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mackenzie River but decreased it in the Beaufort Sea. Estimated depth-integrated bacterial respiration rates in the Mackenzie River were higher than depth-integrated primary production rates, while at the marine stations bacterial respiration rates were near or below the integrated primary production rates. Consistent with these results, PCO2 measurements showed surface water supersaturation in the river (mean of 146% of air equilibrium values) and subsaturation or near-saturation in the coastal sea. These results show a well-developed microbial food web in the Mackenzie River system that will likely convert tundra carbon to atmospheric CO2 at increasing rates as the arctic climate continues to warm. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.12.002 VL - 74 IS - 3-4 SP - 756-773 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increased Capacity for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mineralization in Bioirrigated Coastal Marine Sediments AU - Montgomery, Michael T. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Furukawa, Yoko AU - Gieskes, Joris M. T2 - Bioremediation Journal AB - ABSTRACT Bioirrigation of marine sediments by benthic infauna has the potential to increase both the rate and depth of bacterial mineralization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by recirculating oxygenated bottom water into sediment burrows. Rates of heterotrophic bacterial production and mineralization of PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene) were measured in sections of sediment cores sampled from stations in San Diego Bay. Data suggest that rates of PAH biodegradation and bacterial heterotrophy were influenced by bioirrigation by benthic infauna. PAH mineralization and heterotrophic production were higher in core sections where sulfide was not detected relative to core sections containing sulfide. Depth-integrated capacity of the upper 17 cm of sediment to mineralize PAHs was 4 to 10 times higher at the station with bioirrigation coefficients that increased with depth. Remedial dredging of sediments to remove contaminant mass (and presumable lower ecological risk) will also remove benthic infauna. Removal of infauna and the subsequent lowering of bioirrigation in surface sediments would be expected to lower the capacity of intrinsic PAH bioremediation. This could cause local increases in ambient PAH concentration and consequently increase the ecological risk at the site and potentially degrade the health of the ecosystem by removing a sink for PAHs. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1080/10889860802060469 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 98-110 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stomach Perforation in Tiger Salamanders, (Ambystoma tigrinum), after Nightcrawler (Lumbricus terrestvis) Consumption AU - Henson-Ramsey, Heather AU - Harms, Craig AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery AB - ABSTRACT This report describes two separate occurrences of stomach perforation and morbidity in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) after consumption of a whole live nightcrawler (Lumbricus terrestris). Nightcrawlers are commonly fed to captive tiger salamanders, however, they are non-native and are therefore not natural prey species. Additionally, the typical response of nightcrawlers to noxious environments, mucus production and burrowing, may facilitate gastric perforation in predators. These findings suggest that it may be safer to feed portions rather than whole earthworms to salamanders. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.5818/1529-9651.18.3-4.127 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 127-129 J2 - Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery LA - en OP - SN - 1529-9651 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651.18.3-4.127 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea visual capacities and potential reduction of bycatch by pelagic longline fisheries AU - Crognale, MA AU - Eckert, SA AU - Levenson, DH AU - Harms, CA T2 - Endangered Species Research AB - ESR Endangered Species Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials ESR 5:249-256 (2008) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00112 Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea visual capacities and potential reduction of bycatch by pelagic longline fisheries Michael A. Crognale1,*, Scott A. Eckert2, David H. Levenson3, Craig A. Harms4 1University of Nevada, Reno, Dept. of Psychology and Program in Biomedical Engineering, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA 2Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST), Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences Marine Laboratory, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA 3National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California 92037, USA 4Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, USA *Email: mcrognale@unr.edu ABSTRACT: Leatherback and other marine turtles are classified as Critically Endangered or Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), largely due to anthropogenic factors (e.g. poaching, habitat destruction and incidental mortality in fisheries). A need to understand the visual capacities of marine turtles has arisen from mortality caused by attraction of these turtles to chemiluminescent lights used by swordfish longline fisheries. Finding light sources that do not attract turtles, but enhance swordfish catch, could remove a major source of anthropogenic mortality to the Critically Endangered leatherback sea turtle. Using field-adapted non-invasive electrophysiology (corneal electroretinogram), we determined that leatherback spectral sensitivities differ significantly from those of green and loggerhead turtles with peak sensitivity in the shorter wavelengths. Leatherback temporal sensitivities also differ greatly from those of green turtles and peak at lower frequencies. Our results show that while leatherback and swordfish spectral sensitivities are similar, temporal response frequencies are very different. This difference provides a possible means to reduce the attraction of leatherbacks to swordfish longline gear by switching to electroluminescent attractants that use rapidly flickering light sources. Light sources flickered at >16 Hz should be difficult for leatherbacks to detect as flickering, while remaining readily seen as flickering by swordfish. KEY WORDS: Leatherback · Spectral and temporal sensitivity · Bycatch reduction · Fisheries ·Electroretinogram · Photopigments · Flicker Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Crognale MA, Eckert SA, Levenson DH, Harms CA (2008) Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea visual capacities and potential reduction of bycatch by pelagic longline fisheries. Endang Species Res 5:249-256. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00112 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in ESR Vol. 5, No. 2-3. Online publication date: December 23, 2008 Print ISSN: 1863-5407; Online ISSN: 1613-4796 Copyright © 2008 Inter-Research. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3354/esr00112 VL - 5 SP - 249-256 J2 - Endang. Species Res. LA - en OP - SN - 1863-5407 1613-4796 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00112 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental and socioeconomic dynamics of the Indian Ocean tsunami in Penang, Malaysia AU - Horton, B. AU - Bird, M. AU - Birkland, T. AU - Cowie, S. AU - Eong, O.J. AU - Hawkes, A. AU - Khoon, G.W. AU - Law, L. AU - Macgregor, C. AU - Shau-hwai, A.T. AU - Sa, T.T. AU - Yasin, Z. T2 - Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography AB - This paper addresses some of the environmental and socioeconomic dimensions of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on Penang, Malaysia. We aim to offer wide access to unique and perishable data, while at the same time providing insight to ongoing debates about hazards, vulnerability and social capital. Our social survey examines some of the dynamics that shaped the tsunami impact, response and recovery process. While in terms of lives lost Penang may not conform to arguments surrounding vulnerable environments, the recovery process is more marked by social disparities in terms of the ability to access resources. Our physical survey records local topography, flow depth and flow direction, and charts the differential impact of the tsunami. Yet measuring hazards is not a straightforward process, and relies on reflexive methodologies and eyewitness accounts. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1467-9493.2008.00342.x VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 307-324 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-56349164264&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - emergency response KW - Malaysia KW - tsunami KW - vulnerability KW - social capital ER - TY - BOOK TI - Open source GIS: A GRASS GIS approach AU - Neteler, M. AU - Mitasova, H. AB - With this third edition of Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach, we enter the new era of GRASS6, the first release that includes substantial new code developed by the International GRASS Development DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1007/978-0-387-68574-8 SE - 1-406 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84892062276&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - Chapter Ten Free and Open Source Geospatial Tools for Environmental Modelling and Management AU - Jolma, A. AU - Ames, D.P. AU - Horning, N. AU - Mitasova, H. AU - Neteler, M. AU - Racicot, A. AU - Sutton, T. AB - Geospatial (geographical) software systems (GIS) are used for creating, viewing, managing, analysing and utilising geospatial data. Geospatial data can include socioeconomic, environmental, geophysical, and technical data about the Earth and societal infrastructure and it is pivotal in environmental modelling and management (EMM). Desktop, web-based, and embedded geospatial systems have become an essential part of EMM, providing pre- or post-processing of geospatial data, analysis and visualisation of results or a graphical user interface (GUI). Many local, regional, national, and international efforts are underway to create geospatial data infrastructures and tools for viewing and using geospatial data. When environmental attribute data is linked to these infrastructures, powerful tools for environmental management are instantly created. The growing culture of free/libre and open source software (FOSS) provides an alternative approach to software development for the field of GIS (FOSS4G). To provide an overview of FOSS4G for EMM, we analyse platforms, software stacks, and EMM workflows. In the FOSS world the barriers to interoperability are low and thus the software stack tends to be thicker than in the proprietary platform. The FOSS4G world thrives on the evolution of software stacks and platforms. We provide examples of software stacks built from current FOSS4G that support EMM workflows and highlight the advantages of FOSS4G solutions including opportunities to redistribute resulting modelling tools freely to end-users and to support general goals of openness and transparency with respect to modelling tools. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/S1574-101X(08)00610-8 VL - 3 SE - 163-180 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-51449107965&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identity, community, and risk: Some constitutive consequences of environmental melodrama AU - Kinsella, W. T2 - Environmental Communication DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 90-93 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forum: Narratives, rhetorical genres, and environmental conflict: Responses to Schwarze's "Environmental melodrama" AU - Kinsella, W. T2 - Environmental Communication DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 78-109 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Annual Information Exchange -- Statistical Report of State Park Operations: 2006-07 AU - Leung, Y.-F AU - Siderelis, C. AU - Hoffbeck, D. A3 - Raleigh, NC: National Association of State Park Directors DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// PB - Raleigh, NC: National Association of State Park Directors ER - TY - JOUR TI - On Behavioral-Environmental Economics AU - Shogren, Jason F. AU - Taylor, Laura O. T2 - REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND POLICY AB - Traditional environmental and resource economics uses rational choice theory to guide the evaluation of alternative policy options to correct market failure. Behavioral economics, however, has challenged this conventional mindset by showing how people frequently make choices and state values that deviate from the presumption of rationality, i.e., behavioral failures. This article explores the potential of behavioral economics to advance the science of environmental and resource economics. We address four questions: (1) How can behavioral failures affect thinking about environmental policy? (2) When are behavioral failures relevant to the science of environmental economics? (3) Is behavioral failure just another form of market failure? (4) Do we have a new behavioral-environmental second best problem? We conclude that the evidence from behavioral economics remains insufficient to support the wholesale rejection of rational choice theory within environmental and resource economics. But this does not mean anomalous behavior is non-existent; nature's goods and services frequently lack the active market-like arbitrage needed to encourage consistent and rational choice. We believe it is crucial to identify the economic circumstances, institutional designs, and social contexts in which rational choice theory works and those where it fails to capture observed behavior. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1093/reep/rem027 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 26-44 SN - 1750-6824 ER - TY - CONF TI - Molecular alteration of three forms of vitellogenins and their product yolk proteins during oocyte growth and maturation in grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) AU - Amano, H. AU - Fujita, T. AU - Hiramatsu, N. AU - Kagawa, H. AU - Sawaguchi, S. AU - Matsubara, T. AU - Sullivan, C. V. AU - Hara, A. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Cybium DA - 2008/// VL - 32 SP - 156-158 M1 - 2 ER - TY - CONF TI - Estrogen regulation of multiple vitellogenin and estrogen receptor genes and of the growth hormone-insulin like growth factor axis in tilapia AU - Davis, L. AU - Hiramatsu, N. AU - Sullivan, C. AU - Hirano, T. AU - Grau, E. G. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Cybium DA - 2008/// VL - 32 SP - 242-243 M1 - 2 ER - TY - CONF TI - Differential production and uptake of dual vitellogenins in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) AU - Hiramatsu, N. AU - Inoue, M. AU - Ideuchi, H. AU - Fujita, T. AU - Amano, H. AU - Matsubara, T. AU - Sullivan, C. V. AU - Hara, A. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Cybium DA - 2008/// VL - 32 SP - 260-260 M1 - 2 ER - TY - CONF TI - Deduced primary structures of three vitellogenins and specific binding to putative multiple ovarian receptors in white perch (Morone americana) AU - Reading, B. J. AU - Hiramatsu, N. AU - Matsubara, T. AU - Hara, A. AU - Sullivan, C. V. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Cybium DA - 2008/// VL - 32 SP - 159-161 M1 - 2 ER - TY - CONF TI - Controlled accumulation of multiple vitellogenins into oocytes during vitellogenesis in the barfin flounder, Verasper moseri AU - Sawaguchi, S. AU - Ohkuio, N. AU - Amano, H. AU - Hiramatsu, N. AU - Hara, A. AU - Sullivan, C. V. AU - Matsubara, T. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Cybium DA - 2008/// VL - 32 SP - 262-262 M1 - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hemolymph as a nonlethal and minimally invasive source for DNA for molecular systematic studies of freshwater mussels AU - Raley, M. E. AU - Levine, J. F. AU - Bogan, A. E. T2 - Tentacle. The Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Mollusc Specialist Group DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 14 SP - 33–34 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Continuous Flow Microwave-Assisted Processing and Aseptic Packaging of Purple-Fleshed Sweetpotato Purees AU - Steed, L. E. AU - Truong, V. -D. AU - Simunovic, J. AU - Sandeep, K. P. AU - Kumar, P. AU - Cartwright, G. D. AU - Swartzel, K. R. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT: Pumpable purees from purple‐flesh sweetpotatoes (PFSP) were subjected to microwave heating using a 60 kW, 915 MHz continuous flow system, followed by aseptic packaging in flexible containers to obtain a shelf‐stable product. Initial test runs were conducted using a 5 kW 915 MHz microwave system to measure dielectric in‐line properties and examine the puree temperature profiles. The results demonstrated uniformity in heating of the puree at sterilization temperatures (>121 °C), and the dielectric constants and loss factors were within the range of published values for orange‐fleshed sweetpotato purees. The pilot‐scale test runs in a 60 kW microwave unit produced shelf‐stable puree packages stable at room temperature. Polyphenolic content of the PFSP purees were evaluated and the results showed that while total phenolics increased (5.9%) and total monomeric anthocyanins slightly decreased (14.5%) with microwave application, antioxidant activity determined by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays did not significantly change as a result of microwave processing. Color values showed that microwave‐processed samples differed from fresh puree in saturation and hue angle, but not in overall color change. PFSP purees increased in gel strength when microwave processed, packaged, and stored, but the gel could be easily disrupted into flowable purees. Overall, high‐quality retention can be obtained by microwave processing and aseptic packaging of PFSP purees so that they can be used as functional food ingredients. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00950.x VL - 73 IS - 9 SP - E455-E462 SN - 1750-3841 KW - anthocyanins KW - antioxidant capacity KW - aseptic processing KW - Ipomoea batatas KW - microwave sterilization KW - sweetpotato purees KW - total phenolics ER - TY - JOUR TI - The FOODBANCS project: Introduction and sinking fluxes of organic carbon, chlorophyll-a and phytodetritus on the western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf AU - Smith, Craig R. AU - Mincks, Sarah AU - DeMaster, David J. T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - The impact of the highly seasonal Antarctic primary production cycle on shelf benthic ecosystems remains poorly evaluated. Here we describe a times-series research project on the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) shelf designed to evaluate the seafloor deposition, and subsequent ecological and biogeochemical impacts, of the summer phytoplankton bloom along a transect crossing the Antarctic shelf near Anvers Island. During this project, entitled Food for Benthos on the Antarctic Continental Shelf (FOODBANCS), we deployed replicate sediment traps 150–170 m above the seafloor (total water-column depth of 590 m) on the central shelf from December 1999 to March 2001, recovering trap samples every 3–4 months. In addition, we used a seafloor time-lapse camera system, as well as video surveys conducted at 3–4 months intervals, to monitor the presence and accumulation of phytodetritus at the sediment–water interface. The fluxes of particulate organic carbon and chlorophyll-a into sediment traps (binned over 3–4 month intervals) showed patterns consistent with seasonal variability, with average summer fluxes during the first year exceeding winter fluxes by a factor of ∼2–3. However, inter-annual variability in summer fluxes was even greater than seasonal variability, with 4–10-fold differences in the flux of organic carbon and chlorophyll-a between the summer seasons of 1999–2000 and 2000–2001. Phytodetrital accumulation at the shelf floor also exhibited intense inter-annual variability, with no visible phytodetritus from essentially December 1999 to November 2000, followed by pulsed accumulation of 1–2 cm of phytodetritus over a ∼30,000 km2 shelf area by March 2001. Comparisons with other studies suggest that the levels of inter-annual variability we observed are typical of the Antarctic shelf over decadal time scales. We conclude that fluxes of particulate organic carbon, chlorophyll-a and phytodetritus to WAP-shelf sediments vary intensely on seasonal to inter-annual time scales, yielding dramatic temporal variability in the flux of food for detritivores to the Antarctic shelf floor. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.06.001 VL - 55 IS - 22-23 SP - 2404-2414 SN - 1879-0100 KW - Pelagic-benthic coupling KW - Organic carbon flux KW - Phytodetritus KW - Antarctic benthos KW - Sediment traps KW - Time series ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing the FOODBANCS hypothesis: Seasonal variations in near-bottom particle flux, bioturbation intensity, and deposit feeding based on Th-234 measurements AU - McClintic, Mark A. AU - DeMaster, David J. AU - Thomas, Carrie J. AU - Smith, Craig R. T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - Naturally occurring 234Th (24-d half-life) was used on the West Antarctic continental shelf to evaluate temporal variations in the flux of particulate material reaching the seabed, bioturbation intensity, the seasonal continuity of feeding by benthic fauna, and trends in particle selection during ingestion for six common detritivores (four surface deposit feeders and two subsurface deposit feeders). These measurements were made at three stations during the five FOODBANCS cruises (December 1999, March, June, and October 2000, and March 2001) to assess the nature of pelagic–benthic coupling on the shelf and to evaluate the seabed as a potential food bank for deposit feeders when surface primary production is minimal. Two summer regimes were sampled (March 2000 and March 2001) with the latter exhibiting a distinct 1–2-cm-thick phytodetritus layer in nearly all sediment core samples. At site B, the 234Th fluxes into the near-bottom (150/170 mab) sediment traps were indistinguishable for the December–March 2000, March–June 2000, and June–October 2000 sampling intervals (fluxes ranging from 170 to 280 dpm m−2 d−1). However, the sediment-trap 234Th flux measured for the October 2000–March 2001 interval (1000 dpm m−2 d−1) was ∼5-fold greater than during the other three sampling periods, consistent with the deposition of a phytodetritus layer. The steady-state 234Th fluxes derived from seabed inventories at site B were 2.4–2.7 times greater than the sediment-trap 234Th fluxes, indicating substantial scavenging of this particle-reactive radiotracer in the bottom 150 m of the water column and/or lateral transport near the seabed. The seabed 234Th inventories at the three stations showed no variation during the first four cruises, but were significantly greater during cruise FB-V (March 2001), when the phytodetritus layer occurred. Based on 234Th distributions in the seabed, bioturbation intensities (quantified using the diffusive mixing coefficient, Db) varied from 0.5 to 97 cm2 yr−1. Mixing coefficients were significantly lower during FB-II than during FB-III, but no other time comparisons were statistically significant (p>0.05). 234Th Dbs showed no distinct seasonality, and no correlation with either organic carbon flux into the sediment traps or 234Th inventory in the seabed. The four surface deposit feeders examined, an echiuran worm and three holothurians (Protelpidia murrayi, Bathyplotes fuscivinculum, and Peniagone vignoni), exhibited greater particle selection for recently deposited sediment during ingestion than the two subsurface deposit feeders studied (a head-down deposit feeding holothurian, Molpadia musculus, and an irregular urchin, Amphipneustes lorioli). All six deposit feeders contained excess 234Th activity in gut sediments during all five cruises, indicating sediment ingestion year round, even during the austral winter. The lack of seasonal variation in bioturbation intensity and the demonstration of year-round feeding in deposit feeders are consistent with the hypothesis that the seafloor sediments accumulate labile organic matter produced during periods of high primary production and that deposit feeders utilize this food source as a food bank on a year-round basis. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.06.003 VL - 55 IS - 22-23 SP - 2425-2437 SN - 1879-0100 KW - Bioturbation KW - Antarctic shelf KW - Th-234 (or Th-234) KW - Deposit feeder KW - Particle selection KW - Particle flux ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preface and brief synthesis for the FOODBANCS volume AU - Smith, Craig R. AU - DeMaster, David J. T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - In this volume we present results from the FOODBANCS Project, which examined the fate and benthic community impact of summer bloom material on the West Antarctic Peninsula shelf floor. The project involved a 5-cruise, 15-month time-series program in which sediment-trap moorings, core sampling, radiochemical profiling, sediment respirometry, bottom photography, and bottom trawling were used to evaluate: (1) seafloor deposition and lability of POC, (2) patterns of labile POC consumption and sediment mixing by benthos, and (3) seasonal and inter-annual variations in biotic abundance, biomass, reproductive condition, recruitment, and sediment community respiration. We find that the seafloor flux and accumulation of particulate organic carbon on the West Antarctic Peninsula shelf exhibit intense seasonal and interannual variability. Nonetheless, many key benthic processes, including organic-matter degradation, bioturbation, deposit feeding, and faunal abundance, reproduction and recruitment, show relatively muted response to this intense seasonal and inter-annual variability in export flux. We thus hypothesize that benthic ecosystems on the Antarctic shelf act as “low-pass” filters, and may be extremely useful in resolving the impacts of climatic change over periods of years to decades in Antarctic Peninsula region. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.08.001 VL - 55 IS - 22-23 SP - 2399-2403 SN - 1879-0100 KW - Pelagic-benthic coupling KW - Climate change KW - Organic carbon flux KW - Antarctic benthos KW - Sediment food bank ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mixotrophy, a major mode of nutrition for harmful algal species in eutrophic waters AU - Burkholder, JoAann M. AU - Glibert, Patricia M. AU - Skelton, Hayley M. T2 - HARMFUL ALGAE AB - Historically most harmful algal species (HAS) have been thought to be strictly phototrophic. Mixotrophy, the use of phototrophy and heterotrophy in combination, has been emphasized as operative mainly in nutrient-poor habitats as a mechanism for augmenting nutrient supplies. Here we examine an alternate premise, that many harmful algae which thrive in eutrophic habitats are mixotrophs that respond both directly to nutrient inputs, and indirectly through high abundance of bacterial and algal prey that are stimulated by the elevated nutrients. From review and synthesis of the available data, mixotrophy occurs in all HAS examined thus far in the organic substrate- and prey-rich habitats of eutrophic estuarine and marine coastal waters. Where data are available comparing phototrophy versus mixotrophy, mixotrophy in eutrophic habitats generally is significant in nutrient acquisition and growth of HAS and, therefore, likely important in the development and maintenance of their blooms. In eutrophic habitats phagotrophic mixotrophs, in particular, have been shown to attain higher growth than when in phototrophic mode. Yet for many HAS, quantitative data about the role of mixotrophy in nutrition, growth, and blooms are lacking, especially relating laboratory information to natural field assemblages, so that the relative importance of photosynthesis, dissolved organic nutrients, and ingestion of prey largely remain unknown. Research is needed to assess simultaneously the roles of phototrophy, osmotrophy and phagotrophy in the nutritional ecology of HAS in eutrophic habitats, spanning bloom initiation, development and senescence. From these data, models that include the role of mixotrophy can be developed to gain more realistic insights about the nutritional factors that control harmful algae in eutrophic waters, and to strengthen predictive capability in predicting their blooms. An overall forecast that can be tested, as well, is that harmful mixotrophic algae will become more abundant as their food supplies increase in many estuaries and coastal waters that are sustaining chronic, increasing cultural eutrophication. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.010 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 77-93 SN - 1878-1470 KW - Eutrophication KW - Harmful algae KW - Mixotrophy KW - Nutrients KW - Osmatrophy KW - Phagotrophy KW - Phototroph ER - TY - JOUR TI - MORTALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH SEPSIS, PARASITISM, AND DISSEMINATED ROUND CELL NEOPLASIA IN YELLOW-LIPPED SEA KRAITS (LATICAUDA COLUBRINA) AU - Chinnadurai, Sathya K. AU - Brown, Danielle L. AU - Van Wettere, Arnaud AU - Tuttle, Allison D. AU - Fatzinger, Michael H. AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Harms, Craig A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - This case series describes multiple mortalities associated with sepsis, neoplasia, and endoparasitism in yellow-lipped sea kraits (Laticauda colubrina) at an exhibit aquarium. Over a 2-yr period, the facility kept 42 L colubrina, of which 38 died and 19 were suitable for necropsy and histopathology. The common clinical syndrome seen in these animals consisted of partial to compete anorexia, increased time spent "hauled-out" on land, intermittent regurgitation, chronic lethargy, and weight loss. Few animals died without premonitory signs. Nutritional support and treatment for presumptive parasitism and sepsis were unsuccessful. The mortality seen in this collection of sea kraits could be placed into three groups; one group of animals (n=9) died of sepsis secondary to necrotizing enteritis or pneumonia; one group (n=6) remained apparently healthy for over 1 yr and then died with multifocal granulomas and sepsis; and the last group (n=3) died as a result of multicentric lymphoid neoplasia with secondary sepsis. The unifying factor in the majority of these cases is the presence of septicemia as the proximate cause of death. Based on the clinical picture, it is presumed that an immunosuppressive event, such as transport, captivity stress, or possible concurrent viral infection, resulted in a septic event and death. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1638/2008-0018.1 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 626-630 SN - 1937-2825 KW - Laticauda colubrina KW - neoplasia KW - parasite KW - sepsis KW - yellow-tipped sea krait ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of seasonal phytodetritus deposition on biogenic silica dissolution in marine sediments-Potential effects on preservation AU - Gallinari, M. AU - Ragueneau, O. AU - DeMaster, D. J. AU - Hartnett, H. AU - Rickert, D. AU - Thomas, C. T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - The deposition of fresh phytoplankton detritus (phytodetritus) following phytoplankton blooms may influence biogenic silica (BSi) dissolution in marine sediments. We studied BSi dissolution properties before, during, and after periods of phytodetritus deposition during time-series field programs in the abyssal North Atlantic (the BENGAL project), and on the West Antarctic Peninsula Shelf (the FOODBANCS project). Dissolution experiments, performed by means of flow-through reactors, showed temporal variations in the dissolution properties of BSi in the sediment column after phytodetritus deposition. This non-steady-state character of benthic silica dynamics is an important aspect of pelagic–benthic coupling. The last FOODBANCS cruise occurred after a phytodetritus deposition event, and yielded high pore-water dissolved silica (DSi) concentrations and DSi effluxes in the upper centimetres of the sediment column, suggesting a rapid turnover of recently deposited siliceous material. Higher dissolution rates were measured in the phytodetritus-rich sediments relative to surface sediments collected during previous seasons on earlier FOODBANCS cruises. During the BENGAL project, high dissolution rates were measured at depth in the sediment column only after a summer phytodetritus deposition event. In the highly detrital sediment matrix of the abyssal North Atlantic Ocean, resolution of increased dissolution rates and experimental artefacts of the flow-through reactors can be difficult because of the low abundance of BSi. Depending on the sediment matrix, bioturbation can play a crucial role in transporting fresh BSi particles to depth, where DSi concentrations are close to experimentally determined BSi solubilities. The potential impacts of such processes on BSi preservation are discussed. We suggest that future models of BSi early diagenesis should include the rapid mixing of freshly deposited particles if we want to describe further the preservation of BSi in marine sediments. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.06.005 VL - 55 IS - 22-23 SP - 2451-2464 SN - 1879-0100 KW - Biogenic silica KW - Dissolution KW - Phytodetritus KW - Flow-through reactors ER - TY - JOUR TI - Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Examining linkages from selected coastal regions of the United States AU - Anderson, Donald M. AU - Burkholder, Joann M. AU - Cochlan, William P. AU - Glibert, Patricia M. AU - Gobler, Christopher J. AU - Heil, Cynthia A. AU - Kudela, Raphael M. AU - Parsons, Michael L. AU - Rensel, J. E. Jack AU - Townsend, David W. AU - Trainer, Vera L. AU - Vargo, Gabriel A. T2 - HARMFUL ALGAE AB - Coastal waters of the United States (U.S.) are subject to many of the major harmful algal bloom (HAB) poisoning syndromes and impacts. These include paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) and various other HAB phenomena such as fish kills, loss of submerged vegetation, shellfish mortalities, and widespread marine mammal mortalities. Here, the occurrences of selected HABs in a selected set of regions are described in terms of their relationship to eutrophication, illustrating a range of responses. Evidence suggestive of changes in the frequency, extent or magnitude of HABs in these areas is explored in the context of the nutrient sources underlying those blooms, both natural and anthropogenic. In some regions of the U.S., the linkages between HABs and eutrophication are clear and well documented, whereas in others, information is limited, thereby highlighting important areas for further research. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.017 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 39-53 SN - 1878-1470 KW - Eutrophication KW - Harmful algal blooms (HABs) KW - Nitrogen KW - Nutrients KW - Phosphorus KW - Red tides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: A scientific consensus AU - Heisler, J. AU - Glibert, P. M. AU - Burkholder, J. M. AU - Anderson, D. M. AU - Cochlan, W. AU - Dennison, W. C. AU - Dortch, Q. AU - Gobler, C. J. AU - Heil, C. A. AU - Humphries, E. AU - Lewitus, A. AU - Magnien, R. AU - Marshall, H. G. AU - Sellner, K. AU - Stockwell, D. A. AU - Stoecker, D. K. T2 - Harmful Algae DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 3-13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disturbance-induced 'spill-in' of Caribbean spiny lobster to marine reserves AU - Eggleston, David B. AU - Parsons, Darren M. T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 371:213-220 (2008) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07699 Disturbance-induced ‘spill-in’ of Caribbean spiny lobster to marine reserves David B. Eggleston1,2,*, Darren M. Parsons1,3 1North Carolina State University, Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA 2North Carolina State University, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, 303 College Circle, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, USA 3National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 99940, Auckland, New Zealand *Email: eggleston@ncsu.edu ABSTRACT: Marine reserves have the potential to enhance fisheries productivity by increasing total spawning potential or by spillover, the migration of juveniles and adults from reserves to non-reserve areas. Spillover has been the focus of many studies and has been an important argument in promoting the benefits of marine reserves to gain public support. Few studies, however, have examined mechanisms for colonization or migrations into marine reserves. The present study provides direct field evidence that disturbance from a sport diving fishery can elevate the abundance of Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus in nearby marine reserves—particularly in reserves containing relatively high densities of non-disturbed lobsters—presumably through conspecific attraction where lobsters follow chemical cues to undisturbed sites in marine reserves. Population redistribution following fishery disturbance has implications for marine reserve design and application. For example, risk-averse fishery management strategies might locate reserves adjacent to intensely fished areas to enhance spill-in of mobile species. KEY WORDS: Animal behavior · Caribbean spiny lobster · Disturbance · Fisheries management · Sociality · Marine protected areas · Marine reserves · Predation · Spill-in · Spillover · Sport divers Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Eggleston DB, Parsons aDM (2008) Disturbance-induced ‘spill-in’ of Caribbean spiny lobster to marine reserves. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 371:213-220. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07699 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 371. Online publication date: November 19, 2008 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2008 Inter-Research. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3354/meps07699 VL - 371 SP - 213-220 SN - 1616-1599 KW - Animal behavior KW - Caribbean spiny lobster KW - Disturbance KW - Fisheries management KW - Sociality KW - Marine protected areas KW - Marine reserves KW - Predation KW - Spill-in KW - Spillover KW - Sport divers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distribution of axial lava domes along a superfast overlapping spreading center, 27-32 degrees S on the East Pacific Rise AU - Bohnenstiehl, D. R. AU - Howell, J. K. AU - Hey, R. N. T2 - GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS AB - Deep‐towed DSL‐120 bathymetric data are used to investigate the pattern of lava dome formation along a superfast spreading portion of the southern East Pacific Rise (EPR), including the overlapping limbs of a giant (120 × 120 km) propagator near 29°S. Along the 670 km of the axis surveyed, 1172 small domes were identified using a closed contour algorithm. Their abundance, defined by spatial density, is well correlated with the along‐axis relief of the ridge crest. Where the western and eastern limbs plunge toward the overlap zone, densities are high (3–6 km −2 ); however, where the axial depth profile is shallow and flat, densities are comparably low (0.4 km −2 ). Volcanic domes within the low abundance areas are characterized by lower ratios of height to basal radius (0.15 versus 0.22), smaller maximum heights (18 versus 40 m), and a larger relative percentage of small versus large mounds. The zone of high dome abundance encompasses the overlapping limbs of the rift and extends more than 100 km to the north and south beyond the overlap zone. Domes form dominantly during low effusion rate, point‐source eruptions, which suggests that discontinuous melt lenses underlie the ridge axis proximal to the overlapper. Conversely, fissure‐fed sheet flows dominate along the more distal segments, implying the presence of a more continuous axial magma lens. Throughout the survey area, dome abundance increases systematically near second‐order segment boundaries. Within the high abundance zone, some third‐order offsets also correlate with increased dome production, but local peaks in abundance are not tied exclusively to higher‐order ridge offsets. Where dome abundance is low, domes are clustered tightly near second‐order offsets and there is no increase in dome abundance near third‐order segment boundaries. DA - 2008/12/12/ PY - 2008/12/12/ DO - 10.1029/2008gc002158 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1525-2027 KW - seamounts KW - lava domes KW - propagating rifts ER - TY - JOUR TI - C-14 as a tracer of labile organic matter in Antarctic benthic food webs AU - Purinton, Brett L. AU - DeMaster, David J. AU - Thomas, Carrie J. AU - Smith, Craig R. T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - 14C measurements were made on surface plankton, particle-trap material, surface sediment, benthic invertebrate gut contents, and body tissue samples to assess the effectiveness of this radioisotope as a tracer of labile organic carbon in Antarctic benthic food webs. Samples were collected on five cruises to the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) shelf between November 1999 and March 2001 as part of the Food for Benthos on the ANtarctic Continental-Shelf (FOODBANCS) Project. The 14C contents of the body tissues from a variety of deposit feeders (−126±13 per mil) were substantially enriched relative to the surface sediment (−234±13 per mil) and statistically similar to the organic matter collected in plankton tows (−135±10 per mil), indicating that recently produced marine plankton are the primary source of nutrition for these deposit feeders on the West Antarctic shelf. Selective ingestion was the primary feeding strategy used by echiuran worms and certain holothurians (i.e. Peniagone vignoni) for incorporating labile organic carbon into their tissues as demonstrated by the large differences (105±13 per mil) between surface sediment and gut content 14C activities. In contrast, digestive and/or assimilatory selection was the predominant strategy used by an irregular urchin (Amphipneustes lorioli) and several other holothurians (Protelpidia murrayi, Bathyplotes fuscivinculum and the head-down conveyor belt feeder, Molpadia musculus), as demonstrated by large differences (42±7 per mil) between the 14C activities of their foregut or whole-gut organic contents and their body tissues. Despite large fluctuations in carbon export from the euphotic zone, benthic feeding strategies remained essentially constant over the 15-month sampling period. No seasonal variation was evident in either the 14C abundance of the deposit-feeder body tissues, or in the 14C abundance of their gut contents. The mean 14C abundance in the body tissues of the two sub-surface deposit feeders (A. lorioli and M. musculus; mean=−136.2±8.5 per mil) was distinct (p=0.0008) from the mean 14C abundance in the body tissues of the four surface deposit feeders (echiuran worm, P. vignoni, P. murrayi, and B. fusciviculum; −122.6±12.3 per mil). The mean 14C abundance of the gut contents from the sub-surface deposit feeders (−178.0±18.6 per mil) also was significantly depleted (p=0.0009) relative to that of the surface deposit feeders (−149.5±26.6 per mil). The 14C measurements proved to be a much more sensitive tracer for tracking labile organic carbon during ingestive and assimilatory processes than the stable isotopes of carbon or nitrogen. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.06.004 VL - 55 IS - 22-23 SP - 2438-2450 SN - 1879-0100 KW - FOODBANCS KW - Labile organic matter KW - Radiocarbon KW - Feeding strategies of deposit feeders KW - West Antarctic Peninsula Continental Shelf KW - Benthic carbon cycling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Benthic oxygen fluxes and denitrification rates from high-resolution porewater profiles from the Western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf AU - Hartnett, Hilairy AU - Boehme, Susan AU - Thomas, Carrie AU - DeMaster, David AU - Smith, Craig T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - Benthic fluxes of dissolved oxygen and nitrate were calculated from high-resolution porewater profiles collected on the continental margin of the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Profiles were collected in four seasons between March 2000 and February 2001 as part of the FOODBANCS program. Oxygen consumption rates ranged from 0.92 to 3.11 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 over the course of the year with an average annual oxygen consumption rate of 1.74 mmol O2 m−2 d−1. The oxygen fluxes follow a trend similar to the particulate carbon export flux with smaller fluxes during the winter and larger fluxes during the spring bloom period. However, the range in oxygen fluxes is substantially smaller than the range in the particulate carbon export. Denitrification rates ranged from 0.66 to 1.46 mmol N m−2 d−1, and the average annual denitrification rate was 1.29 mmol N m−2 d−1. The O2 consumption and denitrification rates are of similar magnitude to rates measured on other deep (∼500 m) continental margins. Denitrification rates are strongly coupled to nitrification rates, with coupled nitrification–denitrification accounting for more than 80% of the total denitrification rate in these sediments. The Antarctic continental-margin sediment denitrification rates correspond to ∼3–5 Tg N yr−1, and thus these continental-margin sediments account for roughly 1–2% of the global sediment denitrification signal. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.06.002 VL - 55 IS - 22-23 SP - 2415-2424 SN - 1879-0100 KW - Benthic flux KW - Denitrification KW - Oxygen consumption KW - Carbon oxidation KW - Biogeochemistry KW - Respiration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advances and insights in the complex relationships between eutrophication and HABs: Preface to the special issue AU - Glibert, Patricia M. AU - Burkholder, JoAnn M. AU - Graneli, Edna AU - Anderson, Donald M. T2 - HARMFUL ALGAE AB - Dinoflagellate algal blooms (DABs), with Lingulodinium polyedrum as the dominant species, have increased over the past few years in coastal areas off Baja California, Mexico. Vertical and temporal variability of particulate cadmium (Cdp), dissolved Cd (Cdd), PO43 − and Cdd/PO43 − were investigated during two intense DABs of L. polyedrum that occurred during the fall of 2011 and 2012 in Todos Santos Bay. Results were then, compared with data gathered in the absence of algal blooms during the autumn of 2013. In both algal blooms, L. polyedrum tended to be concentrated near the surface throughout the duration; however, during DAB 2011 the number of cells was twice as abundant ([10.0 ± 8.0] × 105 cells L− 1) as in DAB 2012 ([5.0 ± 4.4] × 105 cells L− 1). During DAB 2011, Cdp increased significantly (up to 1.02 ± 0.99 nmol kg− 1) and was positively correlated with the cell abundance of L. polyedrum, suggesting that this dinoflagellate is able to assimilate and concentrate Cdd. Likewise, Cdd (up to 0.71 ± 0.17 nM) increased in the days of highest cell abundance, which could be attributed to uptake and subsequent regeneration of Cdd resulting from the remineralization of organic particulate matter produced during the bloom, as well as with the presence of organic ligands secreted by L. polyedrum that could keep Cdd in solution. During DAB 2011, dissolved Cdd/PO43 − ratios exhibited high vertical and temporal variability in the upper 5 m of the water column, but remained virtually constant near the bottom, suggesting a depth-dependent decoupling between these two dissolved components during the bloom development. Given the observed differences in the vertical and temporal variability of Cdd, Cdp, and PO43 − between these two intense DABs, we propose the existence of an abundance threshold of approximately 106 cells L− 1 of L. polyedrum above which Cd and PO43 − significantly increased due to remineralization in coastal waters during the bloom development. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.020 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 1-2 SN - 1568-9883 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flux and fate of small mountainous rivers derived sediments into the Taiwan Strait AU - Liu, J. P. AU - Liu, C. S. AU - Xu, K. H. AU - Milliman, J. D. AU - Chiu, J. K. AU - Kao, S. J. AU - Lin, S. W. T2 - MARINE GEOLOGY AB - High-resolution CHIRP sonar profiles across the Taiwan Strait reveal a large silt–sand-dominated deltaic clinoform, up to 50-m thick, overlying the postglacial transgressive sea floor across the southeastern, central, and northern strait. Delta-like configuration and internal depositional sequences indicate a northwestward progradation from western Taiwan, primarily from the Choshui (Zhuoshui) River. Grain-size and mineral data confirm the sediment's Taiwanese derivation. The CHIRP profiles, together with existing radiocarbon and geomagnetic dates, suggest that the clinoform has formed over the past 10 kyr. The estimated volume of 375 km3 of sediment (mainly sand and silt) suggests a mean annual accumulation of 60 × 106 t/yr. Presumably much of fine mud delivered by Taiwanese rivers has been washed away by the local currents, and escaped either northeastward into the Southern Okinawa Trough or southward into the South China Sea. Numerous shallow borings onshore over the central western Taiwan coastal plain reveal an additional 350 km3 of fluvial sediment that has accumulated over the past 10 kyr. The combined onshore–offshore Holocene accumulation, together with an unknown amount of finer sediment that escapes the system, indicates that the long-term sediment flux from Western Taiwanese rivers exceeds 100 × 106 t/yr, which is not different from the present-day combined annual discharges from the Choshui, Tsengwen, Ehrjen and Wu rivers into the Taiwan Strait. DA - 2008/12/20/ PY - 2008/12/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.margeo.2008.09.007 VL - 256 IS - 1-4 SP - 65-76 SN - 1872-6151 KW - Taiwan Strait KW - Choshui River KW - subaqueous delta KW - hyperpycnal KW - Chirp Sonar ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic benefits of remediating the Sheboygan River, Wisconsin area of concern AU - Braden, J. B. AU - Won, D. AU - Taylor, L. O. AU - Mays, N. AU - Cangelosi, A. AU - Patunru, A. A. T2 - Journal of Great Lakes Research AB - This study estimates the economic benefits of remediation in the Sheboygan River, WI Area of Concern (AOC) using two distinct empirical methods. The methodology parallels that described by Braden et al. (2008). The results are mixed. Using hedonic analysis of property sales, for owner-occupied homes within a 5-mile radius of the Sheboygan River AOC, the overall estimated loss of value is $158 million (8% of market value). Of this total, only $49 million in losses for homes closest to the upper river segment has strong statistical support. The impacts are greatest proportionally for properties closest to the AOC. A survey-based method yields a mean estimate of $218 million (10% of property value) in willingness to pay for full cleanup of the AOC. If remediation were to induce recovery of property values, then the local communities could benefit through increased property tax revenues. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/s0380-1330(08)71608-3 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 649-660 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic benefits of remediating the Buffalo River, New York area of concern AU - Braden, J. B. AU - Taylor, L. O. AU - Won, D. AU - Mays, N. AU - Cangelosi, A. AU - Patunru, A. A. T2 - Journal of Great Lakes Research AB - This study estimates the economic benefits of remediation in the Buffalo River, NY Area of Concern (AOC) using two distinct empirical methods. One method analyzes the effects of proximity to the AOC on prices in the residential property market. The second uses a choice survey of recent home purchasers concerning the characteristics of homes and the river. After controlling for numerous structural, community, and spatial effects, the market analysis shows that single-family residential property prices south of the river are depressed due to their proximity to the AOC by $118 million (5.4% of total market value). The impacts are greater for properties closer to the AOC. Prices to the north of the AOC do not appear to be affected. Recovery of $118 million in property value losses could produce approximately $4.7 million/year in new property tax revenues. Considering only the area for which the market study shows price discounts, the survey-based estimates reveal a willingness to pay (WTP) for full cleanup of the AOC of approximately $250 million (14% of median-based market value). The reasons for discrepancies between the results of the two methods is a matter for further research. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/s0380-1330(08)71607-1 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 631-648 ER - TY - CONF TI - Shell repair techniques in chelonians AU - Lewbart, G. A. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Proceedings of the 30th annual meeting of the Gopher Tortoise Council DA - 2008/// SP - 28-29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of live freshwater mussels (Unionidae) AU - Holliman, F. Michael AU - Davis, Denise AU - Bogan, Arthur E. AU - Kwak, Thomas J. AU - Cope, W. Gregory AU - Levine, Jay F. T2 - INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract. We examined the soft tissues of live freshwater mussels, Eastern elliptio Elliptio complanata , via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), acquiring data with a widely available human whole‐body MRI system. Anatomical features depicted in the profile images included the foot, stomach, intestine, anterior and posterior adductor muscles, and pericardial cavity. Noteworthy observations on soft tissue morphology included a concentration of lipids at the most posterior aspect of the foot, the presence of hemolymph‐filled fissures in the posterior adductor muscle, the presence of a relatively large hemolymph‐filled sinus adjacent to the posterior adductor muscle (at the ventral‐anterior aspect), and segmentation of the intestine (a diagnostic description not reported previously in Unionidae). Relatively little is known about the basic biology and ecological physiology of freshwater mussels. Traditional approaches for studying anatomy and tissue processes, and for measuring sub‐lethal physiological stress, are destructive or invasive. Our study, the first to evaluate freshwater mussel soft tissues by MRI, clarifies the body plan of unionid mussels and demonstrates the efficacy of this technology for in vivo evaluation of the structure, function, and integrity of mussel soft tissues. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2008.00143.x VL - 127 IS - 4 SP - 396-402 SN - 1744-7410 KW - MRI KW - morphology KW - bivalve KW - soft tissue KW - unionid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Koi health AU - Lewbart, G. A. T2 - Ponds DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// IS - Summer 2008 SP - 48-55 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cryotherapy for removal of a premaxillary mass from a chain pickerel using an over-the-counter wart remover AU - Harms, C. A. AU - Christian, L. S. AU - Burrus, O. AU - Hopkins, W. B. AU - Pandiri, A. K. R. AU - Law, M. AU - Wolf, K. N. AU - Butler, C. M. AU - Lewbart, G. A. T2 - Exotic DVM DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 15-17 ER - TY - CONF TI - Advanced clinical diagnostics for invertebrates AU - Lewbart, G. A. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Proceedings of the AVMA Annual Conference DA - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - AXENIC CULTIVATION OF THE HETEROTROPHIC DINOFLAGELLATE PFIESTERIA SHUMWAYAE AND OBSERVATIONS ON FEEDING BEHAVIOR AU - Skelton, Hayley M. AU - Burkholder, JoAnn M. AU - Parrow, Matthew W. T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY AB - Pfiesteria shumwayae Glasgow et J. M. Burkh. [= Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae (Glasgow et J. M. Burkh.) Litaker, Steid., P. L. Mason, Shields et P. A. Tester] is a heterotrophic dinoflagellate commonly found in temperate, estuarine waters. P. shumwayae can feed on other protists, fish, and invertebrates, but research on the biochemical requirements of this species has been restricted by the lack of axenic cultures. An undefined, biphasic culture medium was formulated that supported the axenic growth of two of three strains of P. shumwayae . The medium contained chicken egg yolk as a major component. Successful growth depended on the method used to sterilize the medium, and maximum cell yields (10 4 · mL −1 ) were similar to those attained in previous research when P. shumwayae was cultured with living fish or microalgae. Additionally, P. shumwayae flagellate cells ingested particles present in the biphasic medium, allowing detailed observations of feeding behavior. This research is an initial step toward a chemically defined axenic culture medium and determination of P. shumwayae metabolic requirements. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00601.x VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - 1614-1624 SN - 1529-8817 KW - axenic culture KW - dinoflagellate KW - heterotrophic KW - Pfiesteria KW - phagotrophy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbial Concentrations on Fresh Produce Are Affected by Postharvest Processing, Importation, and Season AU - Ailes, Elizabeth C. AU - Leon, Juan S. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann AU - Johnston, Lynette M. AU - Clayton, Haley A. AU - Blanding, Sarah AU - Kleinbaum, David G. AU - Backer, Lorraine C. AU - Moe, Christine L. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - In the United States, the proportion of foodborne illness outbreaks associated with consumption of contaminated domestic and imported fresh fruits and vegetables (produce) has increased over the past several decades. To address this public health concern, the goal of this work was to identify and quantify factors associated with microbial contamination of produce in pre- and postharvest phases of the farm-to-fork continuum. From 2000 to 2003, we collected 923 samples of 14 types of produce (grown in the southern United States or in the northern border states of Mexico) from 15 farms and eight packing sheds located in the southern United States. To assess microbial quality, samples were enumerated for Escherichia coli, total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, and total Enterococcus. Most produce types had significantly higher microbial concentrations when sampled at the packing shed than when sampled at the farm. In addition, we observed seasonal differences in the microbial concentrations on samples grown in the United States, with higher mean indicator concentrations detected in the fall (September, October, and November). We developed a predictive, multivariate logistic regression model to identify and quantify factors that were associated with detectable concentrations of E. coli contamination on produce. These factors included produce type (specifically, cabbage or cantaloupe), season of collection (harvested in the fall), and packing step (bin, box, conveyor belt, or turntable). These results can be used to identify specific mechanisms of produce contamination and propose interventions that may decrease the likelihood of produce-associated illness. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-71.12.2389 VL - 71 IS - 12 SP - 2389-2397 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella species detection in captive, stranded and free-ranging cetaceans AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Maggi, Ricardo G. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Clemons-Chevis, Connie L. AU - Solangi, Mobashir AU - Rotstein, David S. AU - Fair, Patricia A. AU - Hansen, Larry J. AU - Hohn, Aleta A. AU - Lovewell, Gretchen N. AU - McLellan, William A. AU - Pabst, D. Ann AU - Rowles, Teri K. AU - Schwacke, Lori H. AU - Townsend, Forrest I. AU - Wells, Randall S. T2 - Veterinary Research AB - We present prevalence of Bartonella spp. for multiple cohorts of wild and captive cetaceans. One hundred and six cetaceans including 86 bottlenose dolphins (71 free-ranging, 14 captive in a facility with a dolphin experiencing debility of unknown origin, 1 stranded), 11 striped dolphins, 4 harbor porpoises, 3 Risso's dolphins, 1 dwarf sperm whale and 1 pygmy sperm whale (all stranded) were sampled. Whole blood (n = 95 live animals) and tissues (n = 15 freshly dead animals) were screened by PCR (n = 106 animals), PCR of enrichment cultures (n = 50 animals), and subcultures (n = 50 animals). Bartonella spp. were detected from 17 cetaceans, including 12 by direct extraction PCR of blood or tissues, 6 by PCR of enrichment cultures, and 4 by subculture isolation. Bartonella spp. were more commonly detected from the captive (6/14, 43%) than from free-ranging (2/71, 2.8%) bottlenose dolphins, and were commonly detected from the stranded animals (9/21, 43%; 3/11 striped dolphins, 3/4 harbor porpoises, 2/3 Risso's dolphins, 1/1 pygmy sperm whale, 0/1 dwarf sperm whale, 0/1 bottlenose dolphin). Sequencing identified a Bartonella spp. most similar to B. henselae San Antonio 2 in eight cases (4 bottlenose dolphins, 2 striped dolphins, 2 harbor porpoises), B. henselae Houston 1 in three cases (2 Risso's dolphins, 1 harbor porpoise), and untyped in six cases (4 bottlenose dolphins, 1 striped dolphin, 1 pygmy sperm whale). Although disease causation has not been established, Bartonella species were detected more commonly from cetaceans that were overtly debilitated or were cohabiting in captivity with a debilitated animal than from free-ranging animals. The detection of Bartonella spp. from cetaceans may be of pathophysiological concern. DA - 2008/8/23/ PY - 2008/8/23/ DO - 10.1051/vetres:2008036 VL - 39 IS - 6 SP - 59 SN - 0928-4249 1297-9716 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2008036 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rheological and Textural Properties of Pacific Whiting Surimi Gels As Influenced by Chicken Plasma AU - Rawdkuen, Saroat AU - Benjakul, Soottawat AU - Visessanguan, Wonnop AU - Lanier, Tyre C. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES AB - Rheological properties of Pacific whiting surimi, in the absence and presence of chicken plasma (CP) at different levels (0.3–3.0%, w/w), were studied by dynamic rheological (small strain) and torsion fracture measurements, respectively. The surimi paste exhibited two major distinctive rheological transitions during heating (1°C/min) from 20 to 90°C with peaks observed at 33 and 56°C. The abrupt loss of G′ upon heating from 47 to 57°C, and the occurrence of small peak of phase angle at the same temperature range were prevented by the addition of CP. Nevertheless, the final G′ of the surimi paste added with CP was lower than that of the control. But shear fracture stress of both kamaboko and modori gels increased as the CP levels increased and shear strain increased with the addition of CP up to 2% (P < 0.05). CP inhibited the degradation of myosin heavy chains (MHC) caused by endogenous proteinases as indicated by more retained MHC and lowered TCA-soluble peptide content. Whiteness of gels decreased somewhat with increasing CP levels. CP, thus, could be a helpful additive for improving gelling properties of Pacific whiting surimi DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/10942910701624744 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 820-832 SN - 1532-2386 KW - Chicken plasma KW - Gelation KW - Kamaboko KW - Modori KW - Rheology KW - Surimi ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of Road Crossings on Fish Movement and Community Structure AU - Vander Pluym, Jenny L. AU - Eggleston, David B. AU - Levine, Jay F. T2 - Journal of Freshwater Ecology AB - ABSTRACT We quantified the impact of four commonly used road crossings (bridge, arch culvert, box culvert, and pipe culvert) on stream fish community structure and movement in the Piedmont region of the Cape Fear River basin of North Carolina, USA during summer 2004. We focused on non-perched crossings, which did not present a physical barrier to fish movement. With the exception of species richness, all response variables (fish population size, species diversity, fish index of biotic integrity, and conditional percentage of movement) did not vary significantly with crossing type, position (upstream and downstream), or month. Streams with arch culverts contained significantly higher species richness than streams with bridges. The general lack of stream fish abundance and diversity responses to road crossings may be due to the insensitivity of stream fish community variables to anthropogenic effects, the insensitivity of fish communities to the presence of crossings, the overall resilience of fish communities, or the shifting baseline theory (fish communities having shifted to a different community prior to sampling). Triple-pass electrofishing results suggest that these road crossings had no detectable effect on fish abundance or diversity. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1080/02705060.2008.9664244 VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 565-574 J2 - Journal of Freshwater Ecology LA - en OP - SN - 0270-5060 2156-6941 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2008.9664244 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating upper ocean phosphate concentrations using ARGO float temperature profiles AU - Kamykowski, Daniel T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS AB - The ARGO free-drifting profiling float array, with >3125 floats deployed between 60°N and 60°S latitudes at about 3° resolution as of May 2008 and each float profiling through 2000 m every 10 days, provides a comprehensive four-dimensional view of temperature and salinity in the world ocean. The resulting dataset complements satellite-based sea surface temperature (SST) measurements and similarly will complement future satellite-based sea surface salinity measurements. Although plans exist to add biogeochemical sensors to future floats, cost and depth restrictions may limit comprehensive upgrades to a fraction of all floats deployed after 2008. Temperature–nutrient (TN) relationships provide a mechanism to estimate nutrient concentrations from temperature to supplement sparser nutrient concentration measurements potentially obtained using non-chemical approaches like ISUS-based nitrate. Both negative and positive aspects of applying a temperature–phosphate (TP) linear regression matrix with global coverage (70°N and 70°S) are examined. The TP linear regression matrix was derived by combining an existing 1° latitude and longitude table of phosphate depletion temperatures (PDT) or X-intercepts with representative TP linear regression slopes derived from the GEOSECS dataset. Temperatures from datasets with associated latitude and longitude coordinates and, in some cases, measured phosphate concentrations ([PO4]) were matched with calculated TP linear regression slopes and Y-intercepts in the global matrix with 1° resolution using MSExcel Lookup worksheet functions to calculate TP-estimated [PO4]. The mean deviation of TP-estimated [PO4] <3.0 μM from measured [PO4] is 0.18±0.18 μM at Hawaii (HOT) and 0.04±0.08 μM at Bermuda (BATS) time series stations and 0.28±0.27 μM over all considered World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) stations representing the different ocean basins. In general, TP-estimated [PO4] represents measured [PO4] more accurately in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere. For the World Ocean Atlas 2005 (WOA05), a TP-estimated [PO4] map based on annual statistical mean SST approximates an annual statistical mean measured [PO4] map in overall geographic pattern but less so in absolute concentration. ARGO 0–10 m temperature data and derived TP-estimated [PO4] maps from all 2006 compare more favorably with the WOA05 annual statistical mean SST and measured [PO4] maps. For winter 2006, ARGO 0–10 m temperature and derived TP-estimated [PO4] maps favorably compare with MODIS mean SST and derived TP-estimated [PO4] maps. ARGO 30–50 m and 75–100 m temperatures from winter 2006 and derived TP-estimated [PO4] demonstrate that the ARGO dataset provides a subsurface nutrient complement to nutrient inferences based on MODIS SST. The TP-estimated [PO4] approach is responsive to changing conditions since the independent variable, temperature, integrates ambient environmental variability as expressed in the vertical thermal structure at the time of the ARGO profile. TP-estimated [PO4] can enhance the interpretation of developing ARGO-based ecosystem applications by providing more specific estimates of nutrient availability than temperature alone. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.dsr.2008.05.017 VL - 55 IS - 11 SP - 1580-1589 SN - 1879-0119 KW - Subsurface drifters KW - Nutrients (mineral) KW - Near-surface layer KW - Thermocline KW - Oceans KW - 60 degrees N-60 degrees S ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Reef Fish Catch per Unit Effort and Total Mortality between the 1970s and 2005-2006 in Onslow Bay, North Carolina AU - Rudershausen, Paul J. AU - Williams, Erik H. AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. AU - Potts, Jennifer C. AU - Manooch, Charles S., III T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Abstract Stock assessments indicate many reef fish species have declined in size and abundance in the Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern coast of the United States. However, commercial fishers often state that stock assessments do not match their observations. We compared fishery‐independent catch per unit effort (CPUE) and species composition data between the 1970s and 2005‐2006 for reef fishes in the vicinity of Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Additionally, total mortality ( Z ) was estimated by means of a length‐based catch‐curve analysis. Effort (drops) by rod and reel focused on three sites, two inshore (30 m deep) and one offshore (125 m). The CPUE was compared between periods within each site and larger area (inshore, offshore). The CPUEs of red porgy Pagrus pagrus , vermilion snapper Rhomboplites aurorubens , black sea bass Centropristis striata , and gray triggerfish Balistes capriscus were greater in the 1970s than in 2005‐2006 at specific capture sites. Conversely, the CPUEs of red grouper Epinephelus morio , white grunt Haemulon plumieri , and bank sea bass C. ocyura were greater in 2005‐2006 than in the 1970s. The CPUEs of snowy grouper E. niveatus , blueline tilefish Caulolatilus microps , and gag Mycteroperca microlepis remained steady or increased between periods. Estimates of Z for snowy grouper, blueline tilefish, red porgy, white grunt, and vermilion snapper were generally greater in 2005‐2006 than in the 1970s. Apex species caught in the 1970s but not in 2005‐2006 included red snapper Lutjanus campechanus , silk snapper L. vivanus , warsaw grouper E. nigritus , and speckled hind E. drummondhayi . Catch rates and composition may have differed owing to differences in captains' skills and electronics despite efforts to standardize the fishing methods between periods. Estimates of total mortality are generally inconsistent with fisher observations and agree with recent stock assessments concluding that important reef species are overfished. Altogether, our results suggest that fishing and possibly other variables have affected the abundance and mortality of major species in this fishery. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1577/T07-159.1 VL - 137 IS - 5 SP - 1389-1405 SN - 1548-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Age-Dependent Tag Return Model for Estimating Mortality and Selectivity of an Estuarine-Dependent Fish with High Rates of Catch and Release AU - Bacheler, Nathan M. AU - Hightower, Joseph E. AU - Paramore, Lee M. AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Abstract Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus support commercial and recreational fisheries in North Carolina, but the stock was overfished in the 1980s because fishing was unregulated. Subsequent fishery regulations increased subadult survival into adult age‐classes, but overall stock status is difficult to assess because of migration to ocean waters, prohibited harvest of older fish, and relative importance of catch and release. We analyzed 24 years of tagging data from the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries to assess the effects of two regulation changes (effected in 1991 and 1998) on fishing mortality rate ( F ) and selectivity (SEL) patterns of red drum. We used an age‐dependent tag return model that accounted for both harvest and catch‐and‐release fishing. Using external estimates of natural mortality ( M ) and annual tag retention rate, we obtained precise estimates of annual F ; an overall tag reporting rate (λ); and fate‐specific, age‐specific, and regulation‐period‐specific SEL. Estimated F of fully selected red drum was high and variable before 1991 (mean F = 2.38) but decreased in magnitude and variability after 1991. A dome‐shaped pattern of SEL was observed for harvested fish in all regulation periods; maximum SEL occurred at age 2, when red drum were of harvestable size and found in more‐accessible estuarine waters. Selectivity for caught‐and‐released red drum generally decreased for younger ages and increased for older ages in later regulation periods. The λ was estimated at 18% and was generally insensitive to changes in the inputs of M or tag retention rate. As catch‐and‐release fishing increases, tag return models may be important tools for studying fish populations, as long as practical issues, such as λ, tag loss, timing of tagging, and hooking and tagging mortality, are addressed. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1577/T07-146.1 VL - 137 IS - 5 SP - 1422-1432 SN - 1548-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uncertainties in the oxygen isotopic composition of barium sulfate induced by coprecipitation of nitrate AU - Michalski, Greg AU - Kasem, Michelle AU - Rech, Jason A. AU - Adieu, Sabine AU - Showers, William S. AU - Genna, Bernie AU - Thiemens, Mark T2 - RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY AB - Coprecipitation of nitrate and sulfate by barium has probably resulted in significant error in numerous studies dealing with the oxygen isotopic composition of natural sulfates using chemical/thermal conversion of BaSO(4) and analysis by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. In solutions where NO(3) (-)/SO(4) (2-) molar ratios are above 2 the amount of nitrate coprecipitated with BaSO(4) reaches a maximum of approximately 7% and decreases roughly linearly as the molar ratio decreases. The fraction of coprecipitated nitrate appears to increase with decreasing pH and is also affected by the nature of the cations in the precipitating solution. The size of the oxygen isotope artifact in sulfate depends both on the amount of coprecipitated nitrate and the delta(18)O and Delta(17)O values of the nitrate, both of which can be highly variable. The oxygen isotopic composition of sulfate extracted from atmospheric aerosols or rain waters are probably severely biased because photochemical nitrate is usually also present and it is highly enriched in (18)O (delta(18)O approximately 50-90 per thousand) and has a large mass-independent isotopic composition (Delta(17)O approximately 20-32 per thousand). The sulfate delta(18)O error can be 2-5 per thousand with Delta(17)O artifacts reaching as high as 4.0 per thousand. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1002/rcm.3687 VL - 22 IS - 19 SP - 2971-2976 SN - 1097-0231 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simultaneous application of microbial transglutaminase and high hydrostatic pressure to improve heat induced gelation of pork plasma AU - Fort, N. AU - Lanier, T. C. AU - Amato, P. M. AU - Carretero, C. AU - Saguer, E. T2 - MEAT SCIENCE AB - The effects of treating porcine plasma with microbial tranglutaminase (MTGase) under high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) were studied as a means of improving its gel-forming properties when subsequently heated at pH 5.5, near the pH of meats. Plasma containing varying levels of commercial MTGase was pressurized (400 MPa, room temperature, pH 7) for different times, and adjusted to pH 5.5 prior to heating to induce gelation. MTGase-treatment under HHP led to greater enhancement of heat-induced plasma gel properties as compared to control samples. The greatest improvements were achieved by pressurising plasma with 43.3 U MTGase/g protein for 30 min, thereby achieving recoveries of 49% and 63% in fracture force (gel strength) and fracture distance (gel deformability) of the subsequently heat-induced gels, respectively, relative to gel properties obtained by heating untreated plasma at physiological conditions (pH 7.5). DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.02.009 VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 939-943 SN - 0309-1740 KW - porcine plasma KW - MTGase KW - HHP KW - gelling properties KW - acidic conditions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recruitment of juvenile red drum in North Carolina: Spatiotemporal patterns of year-class strength and validation of a seine survey AU - Bacheler, Nathan M. AU - Paramore, Lee M. AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. AU - Scharf, Frederick S. T2 - NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract Sixteen years of data from a North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries seining survey were analyzed to assess the validity of the survey, describe spatial and temporal patterns in recruitment of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, and evaluate factors that potentially contribute to recruitment variation. Overall, 11,817 age‐0 red drum (total length = 11–104 mm) were collected in the survey during 1991–2006. Annual estimates of red drum recruitment were variable over time and showed no long‐term trend. The dome‐shaped catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE) pattern of all annual cohorts indicated that the seine survey captured peak abundance levels each year; the spatial coverage of the survey also appeared to be adequate. Regional correlations within North Carolina were strongest for areas that were adjacent to one another, and the North Carolina statewide index was not correlated with indices from Florida or Texas, suggesting that factors controlling recruitment of red drum operate at a scale of tens to hundreds of kilometers. Age‐0 red drum were caught at temperatures ranging from 8.5°C to 33.5°C and at salinities from 0.0 to 34.7 practical salinity units (psu; 1 psu ≈ 1‰). A generalized additive model explained only 8.1% of the variation in age‐0 abundance, suggesting that early juvenile abundance cannot be predicted with these abiotic factors. Variation in loss rates of age‐0 red drum appeared to be independent of variation in cohort density. The CPUE of age‐0 red drum was correlated with harvest of age‐2 fish 2 years later, suggesting that additional modification of year‐class strength after the early juvenile stage is moderate or weak. Results of this study have improved our understanding of red drum recruitment patterns while simultaneously validating the seine survey. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1577/M07-144.1 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 1086-1098 SN - 1548-8675 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prophylactic ovariosalpingectomy using a prefemoral approach in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) AU - Minter, L. J. AU - Landry, M. M. AU - Lewbart, G. A. T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - Veterinary RecordVolume 163, Issue 16 p. 487-488 Short Communication Prophylactic ovariosalpingectomy using a prefemoral approach in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) L. J. Minter MS, DVM, L. J. Minter MS, DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorM.M. Landry DVM, M.M. Landry DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorG.A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DipACZM, G.A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DipACZM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author L. J. Minter MS, DVM, L. J. Minter MS, DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorM.M. Landry DVM, M.M. Landry DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorG.A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DipACZM, G.A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DipACZM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 October 2008 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.163.16.487Citations: 10Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References Brannian R. E. (1984)A soft tissue laparotomy technique in turtles. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 185, 1416– 1417 Bridges V. Kopral C. Johnson R. (2001) The Reptile and Amphibian Communities in the United States. Fort Collins, USDA/APHIS/VS Center for Emerging Issues, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health. pp 11– 14 Denardo D. (2006) Dystocia. In Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Ed D. R. Mader . Philidelphia, W. B. Saunders. pp 787– 792 De Voe R. Geissler K. Elmore S. Rotstein D. Lewbart G. Guy J. (2004) Ranavirus-associated morbidity and mortality in a group of captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35, 534– 543 Divers S. J. (1999) Clinical evaluation of reptiles. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 2, 291– 331 Fiskett R. A. (2005)Increasing efficiency and profitability of the exotic pet practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 8, 475– 486 Gould W. J. Yaegar A. E. Glennon J. C. (1992) Surgical correction of an intestinal obstruction in a turtle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 200, 705– 706 Holladay S. D. Wolf J. C. Smith S. A. Jones D. E. Robertson J. L. (2001) Aural abscesses in wild-caught box turtles (Terrapene carolina): possible role of organochlorine-induced hypovitaminosis A. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 48, 99– 106 Innis C. J. Boyer T. H. (2002) Chelonian reproductive disorders. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 5, 555– 578 Innis C. J. Hernandez-Divers S. Martinez-Jimenez D. (2007) Coelioscopic-assisted prefemoral oophorectomy in chelonians. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230, 1049– 1052 Lewbart G. A. Kishimori J. Christian L. S. (2005) The North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team: a model for a successful wild-reptile clinic. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 32, 377– 381 McArthur S. D. J. (2000)A review of 10 cases of follicular stasis in Testudo species. Proceedings of the British Veterinary Zoological Society 2000 Meeting. Burford, UK, May 13 to 14, 2000. pp 44– 60 Mader D. R. Bennett R. A. Funk R. S. Fitzgerald K. T. Vera R. Hernandez-Divers S. J. (2006) Surgery. In Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Ed D. R. Mader . Philidelphia, W. B. Saunders. pp 581– 630 Nutter F. B. Lee D. D. Stamper M. A. Lewbart G. A. Stoskopf M. K. (2000) Hemiovariosalpingectomy in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). Veterinary Record 146, 78– 80 Willer C. J. Lewbart G. A. Lemons C. (2003) Aural abscesses in wild eastern box turtles, Terrapene carolina carolina, from North Carolina: aerobic bacterial isolates and distribution of lesions. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 13, 4– 9 Citing Literature Volume163, Issue16October 2008Pages 487-488 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2008/10/18/ PY - 2008/10/18/ DO - 10.1136/vr.163.16.487 VL - 163 IS - 16 SP - 487-488 SN - 0042-4900 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of cyclic feeding on compensatory growth of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxitilis) foodfish and water quality in production ponds AU - Turano, Marc J. AU - Borski, Russell J. AU - Daniels, Harry V. T2 - AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AB - An 18-week study was conducted in 12, 0.1 ha ponds to evaluate the impacts of cyclic feeding regimes on hybrid striped bass (HSB) foodfish production and pond water quality. Approximately 840 HSB [mean weight (std.); 91.08 g (8.18)] were stocked into each pond (8400 fish ha−1; 3360 fish acre−1) and fed according to one of three feeding regimes. The three feeding regimes included a control (fed twice daily to apparent satiation), and cycles of 3 weeks feed deprivation followed by 3 or 6 weeks of feeding to apparent satiation (3/3 and 3/6 respectively). Compensatory growth (CG) was observed in both cyclic feeding treatments; however, the response was insufficient for the fish to completely regain lost weight. Final mean weight of control fish (477.9 g) exceeded (P<0.05) that of fish receiving the two cyclic treatments: 3/6 (404.7 g) and 3/3 (353.8 g). Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish in the 3/3 treatment increased during all three refeeding periods, and was significantly greater than controls during weeks 9–12 and weeks 15–18, which represent the refeeding phase of the second and third feeding cycles. Specific growth rate for fish in the 3/6 treatment was significantly higher than controls only during the first 3 weeks of the first feeding cycle. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor were highly responsive measures that closely followed the metabolic state of fish on the feeding cycle. Of the water quality variables measured, total phosphorus was 32% lower in ponds receiving cyclic feeding versus control ponds. Soluble reactive phosphorus was 41% and 24% lower in ponds offered the 3/3 and 3/6 cyclic feeding treatments, respectively, although, significant differences (P<0.10) were only observed between control and 3/3 treatment ponds. Overall, CG was observed in HSB foodfish grown in ponds, although 3 weeks of feed deprivation was excessive and did not allow for complete growth compensation. Weight loss during feed deprivation was influenced by pond water temperatures. Early season feed deprivation did not cause as much weight loss as during the second cycle later in the season. Further studies on shorter deprivation periods applied during moderate to low water temperatures are needed to identify feeding regimes that minimize weight loss and result in a complete CG response. DA - 2008/10/13/ PY - 2008/10/13/ DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02023.x VL - 39 IS - 14 SP - 1514-1523 SN - 1355-557X KW - compensatory growth KW - feed deprivation KW - hybrid striped bass KW - water quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Catch rates and selectivity among three trap types in the US South Atlantic black sea bass commercial trap fishery AU - Rudershausen, Paul J. AU - Baker, M. Scott, Jr. AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. T2 - NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract We compared selectivity and catch rates of black sea bass Centropristis striata between two experimental trap types: back‐panel traps (50.8‐mm‐mesh back panels; 38.1‐mm mesh in all other panels), which represent the new legal minimum mesh configuration; and all‐panel traps (50.8‐mm mesh in all panels), which are electively used by a subset of fishers. Catches in both experimental trap types were compared with catches in control traps (38.1‐mm mesh in all panels). Traps were fished from October 2006 to March 2007 in waters 12–30 m deep in Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Correlation analyses were used to examine postrelease condition of discarded black sea bass in relation to fish density in traps and capture depth. We found that mean catch rates of sublegal‐sized black sea bass (<254 mm total length) were lower for control traps than for both experimental traps and were lower for back‐panel traps than for all‐panel traps; however, catch rates of legal‐sized fish were not different among trap types. Median black sea bass size increased with trap mesh size. Modeled selectivity for each experimental trap type was relatively knife‐edged (i.e., characterized by a narrow selection range); both experimental trap types caught smaller proportions of sublegal‐sized fish and higher proportions of legal‐sized fish than did control traps. Estimated immediate mortality rates of black sea bass discards were 3.7 (control), 1.1 (back panel), and 0.7% (all panel). Less‐favorable release condition was positively correlated with fish density and depth. Combining immediate discard mortality over observed depths (common depths for this fishery) and losses from observable barotrauma, the assumed mortality rate of discarded black sea bass in the U.S. South Atlantic commercial trap fishery (15%) may be too high. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1577/M07-159.1 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 1099-1107 SN - 1548-8675 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Back-trajectory analysis and source-receptor relationships: Particulate matter and nitrogen isotopic composition in rainwater AU - Occhipinti, Chris AU - Aneja, Viney P. AU - Showers, William AU - Niyogi, Dev T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION AB - The southeastern portion of North Carolina features a dense crop and animal agricultural region; previous research suggests that this agricultural presence emits a significant portion of the state's nitrogen (i.e., oxides of nitrogen and ammonia) emissions. These findings indicate that transporting air over this region can affect nitrogen concentrations in precipitation at sites as far as 50 mi away. The study combined nitrate nitrogen isotope data with back-trajectory analysis to examine the relationship between regional nitrogen emission estimates independent of pollutant concentration information. In 2004, the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used to determine potential sources of nitrogen in rainwater collected at an urban receptor site in Raleigh, NC. The delta 15N isotope ratio signatures of each sample were used to further differentiate between sources of the rainwater nitrate. This study examined the importance of pollution sources, including animal agricultural activity, and meteorology on rainfall chemistry as well as the implications in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) formation. Samples that transited the dense crop and animal (swine) agricultural region of east-southeastern North Carolina (i.e., the source region) had lower delta 15N isotope ratios in the nitrate ion (average = -2.1 +/- 1.7 per thousand) than those from a counterpart nonagricultural region (average = 0.1 +/- 3 per thousand.) An increase in PM2.5 concentrations in the urban receptor site (yearly average = 15.1 +/- 5.8 microg/m3) was also found to correspond to air transport over the dense agricultural region relative to air that was not subjected to such transport (yearly average = 11.7 +/- 5.8 microg/m3). DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.3155/1047-3289.58.9.1215 VL - 58 IS - 9 SP - 1215-1222 SN - 1047-3289 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute toxicity and tissue distributions of malathion in Ambystoma tigrinum AU - Henson-Ramsey, H. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. AU - Levine, J. F. AU - Taylor, S. K. AU - Shea, D. AU - Stoskopf, M. K. T2 - ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1007/s00244-007-9091-4 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 481-487 SN - 1432-0703 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Valve Gape Response to Turbidity in Two Freshwater Bivalves (Corbicula flumineaandLampsilis radiata) AU - Bucci, John P. AU - Showers, William J. AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Usry, Brian T2 - Journal of Freshwater Ecology AB - ABSTRACT In a laboratory study with a simulated storm event, we found a significant difference (p<0.05) in valve gape response to the turbidity between Corbicula fluminea and Lampsilis radiata. Valves of C. fluminea opened more intensively during the peak turbidity period and closed significantly more during a following chronic turbidity period. L. radiata exhibited little change in valve gape response with change in turbidity. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1080/02705060.2008.9664229 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 479-483 J2 - Journal of Freshwater Ecology LA - en OP - SN - 0270-5060 2156-6941 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2008.9664229 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial and temporal variability of streambed hydraulic conductivity in West Bear Creek, North Carolina, USA AU - Genereux, David P. AU - Leahy, Scott AU - Mitasova, Helena AU - Kennedy, Casey D. AU - Corbett, D. Reide T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AB - The hydraulic conductivity (K) of the streambed is an important variable influencing water and solute exchange between streams and surrounding groundwater systems. However, there are few detailed data on spatial variability in streambed K and almost none on temporal variability. The spatial and temporal variability of streambed K in a North Carolina stream were investigated with 487 field measurements of K over a 1-year period. Measurements were made bimonthly from December 2005 to December 2006 at 46 measurement locations in a 262.5 m reach (the “large reach”). To give a more detailed picture of spatial variability, closely-spaced one-time measurements were made in two 62.5 m reaches (the “small reaches”, one investigated in July 2006 and the other in August 2006) that were part of the large reach. Arithmetic mean K for the large reach was ∼16 m/day (range was 0.01 to 66 m/day). Neither K nor lnK was normally distributed, and K distributions appeared somewhat bimodal. There was significant spatial variability over horizontal length scales of a few m. Perhaps the clearest feature within this variability was the generally higher K in the center of the channel. This feature may be an important control on water and chemical fluxes through the streambed (e.g., other measurements show generally higher water seepage velocity, but lower porewater nitrate concentration, in the center of the streambed). Grain size analysis of streambed cores showed that layers of elevated fines (silt + clay) content were less common in the center of the channel (overall, the streambed was about 94% sand). Results also suggest a modest but discernable difference in average streambed K upstream and downstream of a small beaver dam: K was about 23% lower upstream, when the dam was present during the first few months of the study. This upstream/downstream difference in K disappeared after the dam collapsed, perhaps in response to re-mobilization of fine sediments or leaf matter that had accumulated in quiet waters ponded on the upstream side of the dam. Temporal variability was significant and followed a variety of different patterns at the 46 measurement locations in the large reach. Temperature data show that variation in streambed and groundwater temperature was not an important cause of the observed temporal variability in K. Measurements of changes in the elevation of the streambed surface suggest erosion and deposition played an important role in causing the observed temporal variability in streambed K (of which the change described above following collapse of the beaver dam was a special case), though other potentially time-varying factors (e.g., gas content, bioturbation, or biofilms in the streambed) were not explicitly addressed and cannot be ruled out as contributors to the temporal variability in streambed K. Temporal variability in streambed K merits additional study as a potentially important control on temporal variability in the magnitudes and spatial patterns of water and solute fluxes between groundwater and surface water. From the data available it seems appropriate to view streambed K as a dynamic attribute, variable in both space and time. DA - 2008/9/5/ PY - 2008/9/5/ DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.017 VL - 358 IS - 3-4 SP - 332-353 SN - 1879-2707 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-48849088675&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - hydraulic conductivity KW - streambed KW - permeameter KW - semi-variogram KW - erosion KW - grain size ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toxicity of aqueous fullerene in adult and larval Fundulus heteroclitus AU - Blickley, Twyla Michelle AU - McClellan-Green, Patricia T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY AB - Abstract Aqueous suspensions of fullerene aggregates (aqua‐nC 60 ) were used to investigate the movement of carbon‐based nanomaterials in a marine water column and to determine their effects on different life stages of a marine teleost. Fullerene aggregates formed precipitates as a result of mixing in natural seawater, and levels of aqua‐nC 60 were significantly increased in bottom waters after 24 h. Exposure of Fundulus heteroclitus embryos, larvae, and adults to increasing concentrations of aqua‐nC 60 resulted in very little mortality, and no median lethal concentrations could be calculated at ≤ 10 mg/L. Aggregates of aqua‐nC 60 did adhere to the chorion but did not affect development of the embryos or their hatching success. Movements of aqua‐nC 60 through the chorion and into the embryo tended to increase with higher exposure levels; however, the concentrations were extremely low and did not differ significantly. Larvae exposed to increasing concentrations of aqua‐nC 60 exhibited a significant dose‐dependent increase in total glutathione (GSH). This was accompanied by a decreasing trend in lipid peroxidation (LPO), but LPO was not statistically different between treatments. Adult F. heteroclitus exposed to increasing concentrations of aqua‐nC 60 exhibited an increase in total GSH in liver tissue but not in the gill. No significant effects on LPO were observed in either tissue. Thus, we conclude that aqua‐nC 60 affects the oxidative stress response of F. heteroclitus and that increased antioxidant defenses provide some physiological tolerance for these materials. Environmental factors influencing uptake, metabolism, and physiological response following exposure, however, need further investigation. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1897/07-632.1 VL - 27 IS - 9 SP - 1964-1971 SN - 1552-8618 KW - fullerene KW - glutathione KW - chorion KW - nanoparticle KW - toxicity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is federalism the reason for policy failure in Hurricane Katrina? AU - Birkland, Thomas AU - Waterman, Sarah T2 - PUBLIUS-THE JOURNAL OF FEDERALISM AB - Governmental responses to Hurricane Katrina are generally cited as policy failures. Media and popular analyses focus on the federal government's policy failures in hazard preparedness, response, and recovery. Meanwhile, disaster experts realize that disaster response is a shared intergovernmental responsibility. We examine the federal nature of natural disaster policy in the US to consider whether federalism, or other factors, had the greatest influence on the failures in Katrina. We find that some policy failures are related to policy design considerations based in federalism, but that the national focus on homeland security and the concomitant reduction in attention to natural hazards and disasters, are equally, if not more complicit, in the erosion of government disaster management capacity that was revealed in Hurricane Katrina. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1093/publius/pjn020 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 692-714 SN - 0048-5950 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-58849091799&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Frequency-magnitude distribution of microearthquakes beneath the 9 degrees 50 ' N region of the East Pacific Rise, October 2003 through April 2004 AU - Bohnenstiehl, D. R. AU - Waldhauser, F. AU - Tolstoy, M. T2 - GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS AB - Relocated hypocentral data from a 7‐month deployment (October 2003 to April 2004) of ocean bottom seismometers provide an opportunity to map microearthquake frequency‐magnitude distributions (FMDs) along the 9°49–52′N region on the East Pacific Rise. These analyses, which incorporate more than 9000 earthquakes, represent the first investigation of the 3‐D spatial and temporal patterns of FMDs along any mid‐ocean ridge spreading center. The data are described well by a Gutenberg‐Richter model, indicating a power law or fractal relationship between earthquake size and frequency. The scaling exponent, or b value, shows significant spatial variability, exceeding a value of 2.0 at the shallowest depths on axis and dropping below 1.0 away from the axial trough. This spatial pattern is consistent with an inverse relationship between b value and ambient stress conditions, with the lowest stress levels at shallow depths and relatively high stress levels (or low pore pressures) observed away from the axial zone. Intermediate b values are observed on‐axis above the ridge system's melt lens; however, within this region there also exists significant spatial variability. This indicates that stress conditions and/or structural heterogeneity may vary at subkilometer scales within the hydrothermal circulation cell. Although the observational period is characterized by increasing seismicity rates, building toward an eruptive episode in January 2006, the first‐order spatial pattern of b values is sustained, with no overall temporal trend. As a byproduct of this b value analysis, the detection capabilities of the array are assessed empirically. DA - 2008/10/21/ PY - 2008/10/21/ DO - 10.1029/2008gc002128 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1525-2027 KW - b values KW - microearthquakes KW - hydrothermal circulation KW - East Pacific Rise KW - mid-ocean ridge seismicity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of an adaptive nudging scheme in air quality forecasting in China AU - Xu, Xiangde AU - Xie, Lian AU - Cheng, Xinghong AU - Xu, Jianming AU - Zhou, Xiuji AU - Ding, Guoan T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY AB - Abstract A major challenge for air quality forecasters is to reduce the uncertainty of air pollution emission inventory. Error in the emission data is a primary source of error in air quality forecasts, much like the effect of error in the initial conditions on the accuracy of weather forecasting. Data assimilation has been widely used to improve weather forecasting by correcting the initial conditions with weather observations. In a similar way, observed concentrations of air pollutants can be used to correct the errors in the emission data. In this study, a new method is developed for estimating air pollution emissions based on a Newtonian relaxation and nudging technique. Case studies for the period of 1–25 August 2006 in 47 cities in China indicate that the nudging technique resulted in improved estimations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions in the majority of these cities. Predictions of SO2 and NO2 concentrations in January, April, August, and October using the emission estimations derived from the nudging technique showed remarkable improvements over those based on the original emission data. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1175/2008JAMC1737.1 VL - 47 IS - 8 SP - 2105-2114 SN - 1558-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved inactivation of nonenveloped enteric viruses and their surrogates by a novel alcohol-based hand sanitizer AU - Macinga, David R. AU - Sattar, Syed A. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann AU - Arbogast, James W. T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - Norovirus is the leading cause of food-related illness in the United States, and contamination of ready-to-eat items by food handlers poses a high risk for disease. This study reports the in vitro (suspension test) and in vivo (fingerpad protocol) assessments of a new ethanol-based hand sanitizer containing a synergistic blend of polyquaternium polymer and organic acid, which is active against viruses of public health importance, including norovirus. When tested in suspension, the test product reduced the infectivity of the nonenveloped viruses human rotavirus (HRV), poliovirus type 1 (PV-1), and the human norovirus (HNV) surrogates feline calicivirus (FCV) F-9 and murine norovirus type 1 (MNV-1) by greater than 3 log(10) after a 30-s exposure. In contrast, a benchmark alcohol-based hand sanitizer reduced only HRV by greater than 3 log(10) and none of the additional viruses by greater than 1.2 log(10) after the same exposure. In fingerpad experiments, the test product produced a 2.48 log(10) reduction of MNV-1 after a 30-s exposure, whereas a 75% ethanol control produced a 0.91 log(10) reduction. Additionally, the test product reduced the infectivity titers of adenovirus type 5 (ADV-5) and HRV by > or =3.16 log(10) and > or =4.32 log(10), respectively, by the fingerpad assay within 15 s; and PV-1 was reduced by 2.98 log(10) in 30 s by the same method. Based on these results, we conclude that this new ethanol-based hand sanitizer is a promising option for reducing the transmission of enteric viruses, including norovirus, by food handlers and care providers. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1128/AEM.00487-08 VL - 74 IS - 16 SP - 5047-5052 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disaster policy and politics: Emergency management and homeland security AU - Birkland, Thomas A. T2 - Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management AB - Article Review of Disaster Policy and Politics: Emergency Management and Homeland Security was published on August 19, 2008 in the journal Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management (volume 5, issue 1). DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2202/1547-7355.1470 VL - 5 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multiple vitellogenin-derived yolk proteins in gray mullet (Mugil cephalus): Disparate proteolytic patterns associated with ovarian follicle maturation AU - Amano, Haruna AU - Fujita, Toshiaki AU - Hiramatsu, Naoshi AU - Kagawa, Hirohiko AU - Matsubara, Takahiro AU - Sullivan, Craig V. AU - Hara, Akihiko T2 - MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT AB - Abstract Disparate proteolytic patterns of yolk proteins, derived from three types of vitellogenin (VgA, VgB, and VgC), were observed in gray mullet. Immuno‐biochemical analyses of extracts obtained from vitellogenic ovaries (VO) and ovulated eggs (OE) confirmed that a large proportion of VgA‐derived lipovitellin (LvA) was degraded into free amino acids (FAAs) during ovarian follicle maturation. The maturation‐associated alteration of VgB‐derived Lv (LvB) involved only limited proteolysis; the heavy and light LvB chains were dissociated into at least three and one polypeptide fragments, respectively. The native mass of VgC‐derived Lv (LvC) exhibited little difference between VO and OE, although it was apparent that the LvC was ‘nicked’ during maturation, resulting in the appearance of several bands in OE. Similar analyses confirmed that VgA‐derived β′‐component (β′‐cA) and VgB‐derived β′‐c (β′‐cB) decreased during maturation in both quantity and native mass, while phosvitin derived from either VgA (PvA) or VgB (PvB) appeared to be degraded into FAAs. The pattern of maturation‐associated proteolysis of mullet yolk proteins is similar to that reported for other marine teleosts spawning pelagic eggs. However, the depository ratio of the three distinct types of Lv in the mullet VO appeared to be different from that estimated for another marine pelagophil, the barfin flounder. These results support a recent paradigm regarding the significance of Vg multiplicity upon successive physiological events in this group of fishes including the hydration of maturing oocytes, the acquisition of proper egg buoyancy, and the generation of requisite nutrient stocks for each stage of embryogenesis and larval development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 1307–1317, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1002/mrd.20864 VL - 75 IS - 8 SP - 1307-1317 SN - 1098-2795 KW - vitellogenin KW - egg yolk proteins KW - gray mullet KW - pelagic egg KW - ovarian follicle maturation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Juvenile fish densities in Florida Keys mangroves correlate with landscape characteristics AU - Drew, C. Ashton AU - Eggleston, David B. T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 362:233-243 (2008) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07430 Juvenile fish densities in Florida Keys mangroves correlate with landscape characteristics C. Ashton Drew1,*, David B. Eggleston2 1Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, 127 David Clark Labs, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7617, USA 2Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, 2800 Faucette Drive, Room 1125 Jordan Hall, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA *Email: cadrew@ncsu.edu ABSTRACT: Ecological patterns and processes are often scale-dependent. Understanding organisms’ perceptions of and responses to landscape heterogeneity and connectivity is essential for effective conservation and management. We used multiple regression models with backward elimination to test relationships between juvenile fish density and diversity, quantified visually by snorkelers, and site- (100s m) and landscape-scale (1 km) habitat characteristics of mangroves in the Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge (GWHNWR) in the lower Florida Keys, USA. We compared site and landscape model performance using Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and adjusted R2 values. Our results demonstrate the following: (1) juvenile fish density in mangrove backreef habitats correlated with landscape characteristics; (2) relationships between fish density and site or landscape characteristics differed greatly among species; and (3) juvenile fish diversity was not strongly correlated to either site or landscape characteristics. We therefore advise caution when (1) selecting fish species and sites for experiments to test nursery habitat hypotheses given the scale- and species-specific relationships between fish and mangrove habitats observed in the present study, and (2) implementing conservation strategies based upon habitat surrogates or quotas (e.g. protect 20% of mangrove habitat to conserve fish species) because landscape context might strongly, and uniquely, influence individual fish species’ juvenile density. In light of our results, we argue in support of landscape analyses and individual-based modeling as useful tools to prioritize conservation of backreef nursery habitats. KEY WORDS: Backreef habitats · Nursery role · Habitat quality · Spatial scale · Conservation · Coral reef fish · Landscape ecology Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Drew CA, Eggleston DB (2008) Juvenile fish densities in Florida Keys mangroves correlate with landscape characteristics. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 362:233-243. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07430 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 362. Online publication date: June 30, 2008 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2008 Inter-Research. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3354/meps07430 VL - 362 SP - 233-243 SN - 1616-1599 KW - backreef habitats KW - nursery role KW - habitat quality KW - spatial scale KW - conservation KW - coral reef fish KW - landscape ecology ER - TY - JOUR TI - A numerical study of storm surge in the Cape Fear River Estuary and adjacent coast AU - Xia, Meng AU - Xie, Lian AU - Pietrafesa, Leonard J. AU - Peng, Machuan T2 - JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH AB - The Cape Fear River Estuary (CFRE) region is a coastal domain that has experienced considerable threats and impacts from tropical cyclones. It is also an important nursery for juvenile fish, crabs, shrimp, and other biological species. Thus, predictions about the physical responses of the CFRE system to extreme weather events are important to the protection of life and property and to the economical well-being of local residents. In this study, the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) is used to simulate tropical cyclone storm–induced surge, inundation, and coastal circulation in the CFRE and the adjacent Long Bay using a three-level nesting approach. Hindcasts of the hydrodynamic responses of the CFRE system to historic events were performed for Hurricanes Fran, Floyd, Bertha, and Charley. Comparisons were also made for the modeling results and the observations. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2112/06-0795.1 VL - 24 IS - 4C SP - 159-167 SN - 1551-5036 KW - Cape Fear KW - storm surge KW - POM ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sonication of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton: Application to treatment of ballast water AU - Holm, Eric R. AU - Stamper, David M. AU - Brizzolara, Robert A. AU - Barnes, Laurie AU - Deamer, Nora AU - Burkholder, JoAnn M. T2 - MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN AB - We investigated the effect of high power ultrasound, at a frequency of 19 kHz, on the survival of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton, in order to obtain estimates of effective exposure times and energy densities that could be applied to design of ultrasonic treatment systems for ballast water. Efficacy of ultrasonic treatment varied with the size of the test organism. Zooplankton required only 3–9 s of exposure time and 6–19 J/mL of ultrasonic energy to realize a 90% reduction in survival. In contrast, decimal reduction times for bacteria and phytoplankton ranged from 1 to 22 min, and decimal reduction energy densities from 31 to 1240 J/mL. Our results suggest that stand-alone ultrasonic treatment systems for ballast water, operating at 19–20 kHz, may be effective for planktonic organisms >100 μm in size, but smaller planktonic organisms such as phytoplankton and bacteria will require treatment by an additional or alternative system. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.007 VL - 56 IS - 6 SP - 1201-1208 SN - 1879-3363 KW - ultrasound KW - ballast water treatment KW - bacteria KW - phytoplankton KW - zooplankton ER - TY - JOUR TI - Secondary amyloidosis and renal failure in a captive California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) AU - Chinnadurai, Sathya K. AU - Van Wettere, Arnaud AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - DeVoe, Ryan S. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - A 16-yr-old, captive-born, female California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) was evaluated for intermittent lethargy, partial anorexia, and polydipsia of 2 wk duration. The animal was immobilized for physical examination. It was in thin body condition, with multifocal mucosal ulcerations over the caudal and ventral tongue. Blood was collected for hematology, serum chemistry, and leptospirosis serology. Serum chemistry revealed severe azotemia, mild hyperglycemia, and severe hyperphosphatemia. The animal went into cardiac arrest during recovery from anesthesia and died. On histopathology, abundant amorphous, finely fibrillar, eosinophilic material was deposited in the kidneys, and smaller amounts of the same material were found in the splenic and pancreatic vessels; these findings are consistent with systemic secondary amyloidosis. The animal also had chronic nephritis, which, coupled with renal amyloidosis, resulted in renal failure and death. Systemic amyloidosis should be considered as an additional differential diagnosis for renal failure in California sea lions. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1638/2007-0096R.1 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 274-278 SN - 1937-2825 KW - California sea lion KW - renal failure KW - secondary amyloidosis KW - Zalophus californianus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overcoming issues associated with the scale-up of a continuous flow microwave system for aseptic processing of vegetable purees AU - Kumar, P. AU - Coronel, P. AU - Truong, V. D. AU - Simunovic, J. AU - Swartzel, K. R. AU - Sandeep, K. P. AU - Cartwright, G. T2 - FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL AB - Continuous flow microwave heating is a promising alternative to conventional heating for aseptic processing of low-acid vegetable purees. However, non-uniform temperature distribution and control of processing parameters are the major hurdles in the implementation of continuous flow microwave heating. This study was undertaken to overcome issues associated with the scale-up of a continuous flow microwave system from pilot plant scale to industrial scale and to conduct extended run times of 8 h based on the procedure developed. Dielectric properties and cross-sectional temperature profiles were measured during processing of green pea puree and carrot puree from 20 to 130 °C in a 5-kW continuous flow microwave system. During processing of green peas, cross-sectional temperature differences of 8.6 and 5 °C were observed at the outlet for center temperatures of 50 and 130 °C respectively. These temperature differences were 32.9 and 3.6 °C for carrot puree. For process scale-up, green pea puree and carrot puree were processed in a 60-kW microwave system with the objective of successful operation for at least 8 h. Static mixers, installed at the exit of each of the microwave applicators, improved temperature uniformity for both purees. Successful completion of processing the purees for 8 h in the 60-kW microwave system showed the potential for the scale-up of a continuous flow microwave system from pilot plant scale to industrial scale. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/j.foodres.2007.11.004 VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 454-461 SN - 1873-7145 KW - aseptic processing KW - microwave heating KW - vegetable purees KW - scale-up ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ocean urea fertilization for carbon credits poses high ecological risks AU - Glibert, P. M. AU - Azanza, R. AU - Burford, M. AU - Furuya, K. T2 - Marine Pollution Bulletin DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 56 IS - 6 SP - 1049-1056 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating inorganic nitrogen and rye-crimson clover mixture fertilization of spring broccoli and lettuce by (15)Nitrogen tracing and mass balance AU - Holness, Rickie L. AU - Reddy, Muchha R. AU - Crozier, Carl R. AU - Niedziela, Carl E., Jr. T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AB - ABSTRACT Broccoli (Brassica oleraceaL. var. italica) and lettuce (Latuca sativaL.) were grown under greenhouse conditions with nitrogen (N) from a cover crop mixture of rye (Secale cerealeL.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatumL.) and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Individual cover crop species were produced with non-enriched or enriched (5 atom % NH4 15NO3) Hoagland Nutrient Solutions resulting in enriched rye [0.799% atom % 15N, 24:1 carbon (C):N ratio] and enriched clover (0.686% atom % 15N, 19:1 C:N ratio). Cover crops were applied as an equal mixture of rye and clover at 1884, 3768, and 5652 kg·ha− 1 dry weight to supply 26, 52, and 78 kg·ha− 1 N. Enriched materials were only applied at the 3768 kg·ha− 1 rate, either as enriched rye plus non-enriched clover or non-enriched rye plus enriched clover. Additional treatments consisted of an unfertilized control and three NH4NO3 fertilizer rates; 112, 224, and 336 kg·ha− 1 N for broccoli and 70, 140, and 210 kg·ha− 1 N for lettuce. Combination treatments were the standard cover crop rate (3768 kg·ha− 1) plus the lowest N fertilizer rate for each vegetable. Cover crops did not increase yield of either broccoli or lettuce, and contributed only 17% of the N in broccoli and 15% of the N in lettuce. The majority of cover crop 15N remained in the soil: 54.8% and 81.3% of rye and clover N, respectively, after broccoli harvest; and 68.1% and 79.2% of rye and clover N, respectively, after lettuce harvest. Broccoli plant tissue recoveries were 8.0% of the rye and 11.0 % of the clover 15N; while lettuce plant tissue recoveries were 6.3% (rye) and 4.1% (clover). Broccoli yield could not be assessed due to lack of floret development, but dry matter accumulation was maximized at 224 kg·ha− 1N. Lettuce yield and fertilizer N recovery efficiency (by mass balance) was maximized at 140 g·ha− 1 N. Keywords: 15N recovery Brassica oleracea var. italica broccolicovers cropscrimson cloverfertilizer N erecovery Latuca sativa lettuceryeN uptake Secale cereale, spring vegetables Trifolium incarnatum ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Financial support for this study was provided by the NCA & TSU Agricultural Research Program (Evans-Allen Funds). The authors acknowledge the assistance of Howard Sanford, NCSU for N15 analysis; Dr. W.A.R.N. Fernando for statistical analysis and manuscript review; Dr. V. Shirley, P. Nouri, H. Parks and Pam Britt for sample analysis the samples and maintenance of the crops in the greenhouse; and Pamela E. Puryear of the Tobacco Literature Service for reference identification. This paper is a portion of a thesis submitted by R.L. Holness. The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement of the products named, or criticism of similar ones not mentioned. Notes zUnless otherwise indicated, the cover crops are an equal mixture by weight of non-enriched clover and rye. yThis treatment was an equal mixture by weight of non-enriched clover plus 15N enriched rye. xThis treatment was an equal mixture by weight of 15N enriched clover plus non-enriched rye. v The ANOVA for residual soil inorganic N in broccoli was not significant at P ≤ 0.05. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/01904160802097359 VL - 31 IS - 6 SP - 1033-1045 SN - 1532-4087 KW - N-15 recovery KW - Brassica oleracea var. italica KW - broccoli KW - covers crops KW - crimson clover KW - fertilizer N erecovery KW - Latuca sativa KW - lettuce KW - rye KW - N uptake KW - Secale cereale KW - spring vegetables KW - Trifolium incarnatum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design of conservative simulated particles for validation of a multiphase aseptic process AU - Jasrotia, A. K. S. AU - Simunovic, J. AU - Sandeep, K. P. AU - Palazoglu, T. K. AU - Swartzel, K. R. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - Simulated food particles with conservative (fast moving and slow heating) properties are required for validation of multiphase aseptic processing for production of shelf-stable low-acid foods. The validation process requires simulated particles to contain residence time tags, thermosensitive implants, and/or bioloads for temperature detection, time-temperature integration, and bactericidal efficacy confirmation. Conservative particle design (CPD) software was used to determine the wall thickness required for conservative behavior of such particles made with polypropylene (PP) and polymethylpentene (PMP) of wall thickness 1 mm (0.0393 inches) and 2 mm (0.0787 inches) containing tube inserts. Thermocouples were inserted in the simulated and real food particles and the particles were heated up to 127 degrees C under pressurized (24 psi) conditions. Based on the heating rates of the real and simulated particles, an appropriate simulated particle was identified for each type of real food particle. This would allow a food processor to use these designed particles with an appropriate tube insert (diameter) to validate an aseptic process for a multiphase food containing any or all the above tested food materials. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00772.x VL - 73 IS - 5 SP - E193-E201 SN - 0022-1147 KW - critical particle KW - conservative particle design KW - multiphase aseptic processing KW - time-temperature history KW - validation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sorption of ferric iron from ferrioxamine B to synthetic and biogenic layer type manganese oxides AU - Duckworth, Owen W. AU - Bargar, John R. AU - Sposito, Garrison T2 - GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA AB - Siderophores are biogenic chelating agents produced in terrestrial and marine environments that increase the bioavailability of ferric iron. Recent work has suggested that both aqueous and solid-phase Mn(III) may affect siderophore-mediated iron transport, but scant information appears to be available about the potential roles of layer type manganese oxides, which are relatively abundant in soils and the oligotrophic marine water column. To probe the effects of layer type manganese oxides on the stability of aqueous Fe–siderophore complexes, we studied the sorption of ferrioxamine B [Fe(III)HDFOB+, an Fe(III) chelate of the trihydroxamate siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB)] to two synthetic birnessites [layer type Mn(III,IV) oxides] and a biogenic birnessite produced by Pseudomonas putida GB-1. We found that all of these predominantly Mn(IV) oxides greatly reduced the aqueous concentration of Fe(III)HDFOB+ at pH 8. Analysis of Fe K-edge EXAFS spectra indicated that a dominant fraction of Fe(III) associated with the Mn(IV) oxides is not complexed by DFOB as in solution, but instead Fe(III) is specifically adsorbed to the mineral structure at multiple sites, thus indicating that the Mn(IV) oxides displaced Fe(III) from the siderophore complex. These results indicate that layer type manganese oxides, including biogenic minerals, may sequester iron from soluble ferric complexes. We conclude that the sorption of iron–siderophore complexes may play a significant role in the bioavailability and biogeochemical cycling of iron in marine and terrestrial environments. DA - 2008/7/15/ PY - 2008/7/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.026 VL - 72 IS - 14 SP - 3371-3380 SN - 1872-9533 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-45849086926&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serum chemistry concentrations of captive woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly AU - Verstegen, Martin AU - Ferket, Peter R. AU - Stoskopf, Michael AU - Heugten, Eric T2 - ZOO BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Woolly monkeys ( Lagothrix sp.) are threatened species and numerous zoos have failed to sustain successful populations. The most common causes of death in captive woolly monkeys are related to pregnancy and hypertension. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate serum concentrations of a large number of captive woolly monkeys to establish baseline means and compare these concentrations with their closest related species to determine potential abnormalities. Serum analyses from 30 woolly monkeys housed at two institutions (Apenheul, The Netherlands and The Louisville Zoo, KY, USA) over 12 yr were collected. The statistical model included gender, age group (young, 0–4 yr of age; middle, 5–9 yr; and old, 10+ yr), and zoological institution. All panel result means were similar to previously reported concentrations for howler ( Alouatta sp.) and spider monkeys ( Ateles sp.) with the possible exception of alanine aminotransferase and γ‐glutamyl‐transferase being higher, whereas creatinine and phosphorus were lower. The serum glucose mean of 6.7 mmol/L is above the baseline range for humans and spider monkeys. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase, and sodium (Na) were higher in females and magnesium (Mg) was higher in males ( P <0.05). ALP, Mg, and phosphorus were highest ( P <0.05) and calcium and sodium tended to be highest ( P <0.10) in the oldest animals. Ferritin tended to be highest ( P <0.10) in the oldest animals. Albumin, ALP, chloride, Na, and total bilirubin were higher for Zoo A, whereas γ‐glutamyl‐transferase, glucose, and lactate dehydrogenase were lower for Zoo A ( P <0.05). Areas of potential woolly monkey health risk were noted and discussed. Future studies are needed to determine free‐ranging serum concentrations to elucidate parameters that contain aberrant concentrations and decrease health status. Zoo Biol 27:188–199, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1002/zoo.20176 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 188-199 SN - 1098-2361 KW - captive animal health KW - nonhuman primate KW - baseline serum concentrations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Saharan dust and phosphatic fidelity: A three-dimensional biogeochemical model of Trichodesmium as a nutrient source for red tides on the West Florida Shelf AU - Lenes, J. M. AU - Darrow, B. A. AU - Walsh, J. J. AU - Prospero, J. M. AU - He, R. AU - Weisberg, R. H. AU - Vargo, G. A. AU - Heil, C. A. T2 - CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH AB - The availability of iron within the surface waters of the broad, oligotrophic West Florida Shelf (WFS) controls periodic blooms of the pelagic marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. Summer delivery of Saharan dust provided adequate iron (Fe) to shift limitation of growth to the availability of phosphorus (P). Florida's rivers drain Miocene phosphorus deposits to provide the WFS with freshwater nutrient supplies at molar dissolved inorganic nitrogen/phosphate (DIN/PO4) ratios of <6. These diazotrophs draw upon ubiquitous stocks of dissolved nitrogen gas, once stimulated by Fe-deposition within P-replete waters of the WFS. An extensive in situ data set collected between 1998 and 2001 (NEGOM/ECOHAB) provided plankton taxonomy, hydrographic, nutrient, dissolved organic matter (DOM), pigment, and optical properties on the shelf. We constructed a three-dimensional numerical model to analyze the impact of iron fertilization of the diazotroph Trichodesmium and the resultant effect upon the elemental cycles of N, P, and Fe. The coupled physical and ecological models show that the wet deposition of Fe-rich Saharan dust was necessary to stimulate enough nitrogen fixation to initialize the toxic red tide (Karenia brevis) of ∼20 μg chl a l−1 that occurred in October 1999. The simulation suggests that the magnitude and longevity of the Trichodesmium population, and therefore this source of ‘new’ nitrogen, was controlled by both phosphorus and iron availability. DA - 2008/5/30/ PY - 2008/5/30/ DO - 10.1016/j.csr.2008.02.009 VL - 28 IS - 9 SP - 1091-1115 SN - 1873-6955 KW - nitrogen fixation KW - modeling KW - mineral dust KW - iron KW - phosphorus KW - Trichodesmium KW - red tide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential transport of harmful algae via relocation of bivalve molluscs AU - Hegaret, Helene AU - Shumway, Sandra E. AU - Wikfors, Gary H. AU - Pate, Susan AU - Burkholder, Joann M. T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 361:169-179 (2008) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07375 Potential transport of harmful algae via relocation of bivalve molluscs Hélène Hégaret1, Sandra E. Shumway1,*, Gary H. Wikfors2, Susan Pate3, JoAnn M. Burkholder3 1Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA 2Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration–National Marine Fisheries Service, Milford, Connecticut 06460, USA 3Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology (CAAE), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA *Corresponding author. Email: sandra.shumway@uconn.edu ABSTRACT: Aquaculture and restoration activities with bivalve molluscs often involve moving individuals from one body of water to another. Our study tests the hypothesis that harmful algae ingested by source populations of shellfish can be introduced into new environments by means of these shellfish relocations. Cultures of several harmful algal strains, including Prorocentrum minimum, Alexandrium fundyense, Heterosigma akashiwo, Aureococcus anophagefferens, Karenia mikimotoi and Alexandrium monilatum, were fed to various species of bivalve molluscs, Crassostrea virginica, Argopecten irradians irradians, Mercenaria mercenaria, Mytilus edulis, Mya arenaria, Venerupis philippinarum and Perna viridis, to assess the ability of the algal cells to pass intact though the digestive tracts of the shellfish and subsequently multiply in number. Ten individuals of each shellfish species were exposed for 2 d to a simulated harmful algal bloom at a natural bloom concentration. The shellfish were removed after exposure, and maintained for 2 further days in ultra-filtered seawater. Biodeposits (feces) were collected after 24 and 48 additional hours, and observed under light microscopy for the presence or absence of intact, potentially viable algal cells or temporary cysts. Subsamples of biodeposits were transferred into both algal culture medium and filtered seawater and monitored for algal growth. Intact cells of most harmful algal species tested were seen in biodeposits. Generally, harmful algae from the biodeposits collected in the first 24 h after transfer re-established growing populations, but algae could less often be recovered from the biodeposits collected after 48 h. These data provide evidence that transplanted bivalve molluscs may be vectors for the transport of harmful algae and that a short holding period in water without algae may mitigate this risk. Further, preliminary results indicate that emersion may also serve to mitigate the risk of transport. KEY WORDS: Bivalve mollusc · Harmful algal bloom · Toxic algae · Transport · Clam · Scallop · Oyster Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Hégaret H, Shumway SE, Wikfors GH, Pate S, Burkholder JM (2008) Potential transport of harmful algae via relocation of bivalve molluscs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 361:169-179. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07375 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 361. Online publication date: June 09, 2008 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2008 Inter-Research. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3354/meps07375 VL - 361 SP - 169-179 SN - 0171-8630 KW - bivalve mollusc KW - harmful algal bloom KW - toxic algae KW - transport KW - clam s KW - scallop KW - oyster ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytoplankton biomass distribution and identification of productive habitats within the Galapagos Marine Reserve by MODIS, a surface acquisition system, and in-situ measurements AU - Schaeffer, Blake A. AU - Morrison, John M. AU - Kamykowski, Daniel AU - Feldman, Gene C. AU - Xie, Lian AU - Liu, Yanyun AU - Sweet, William AU - McCulloch, Anita AU - Banks, Stuart T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - The Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) is one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. Phytoplankton are the base of the ecosystem food chain for many higher trophic organisms, so identifying phytoplankton biomass distribution is the first step in understanding the dynamic environment for effective management of the GMR. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and hyperspectral surface acquisition system derived chlorophyll, in-situ chlorophyll fluorescence, nitrate, salinity, and temperature were collected from March 2005 to the onset of a mild El Niño in November 2006. Islands in the eastern GMR, such as San Cristobal and Espanola, are the first to experience impacts of El Niño and southern migration of the Equatorial Front. Productive habitats were defined as surface waters with salinities > 34, temperatures < 24 °C, and chlorophyll a > 0.4 mg m− 3. Six temporally variable productive habitats identified were: west of Isabela Island, southwest of Floreana Island, south of Santa Cruz, between Santiago and Santa Cruz Islands, and on the eastern side near San Cristobal Island. Model results coupled with surface acquisition system derived chlorophyll indicated productive habitats may also occur for short periods and at a distance from islands such as when the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) and South Equatorial Current (SEC) collide over the seamounts north of Isabela Island. All productive habitats were related to topographic upwelling from the EUC into surface waters. DA - 2008/6/16/ PY - 2008/6/16/ DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2008.03.005 VL - 112 IS - 6 SP - 3044-3054 SN - 1879-0704 KW - chlorophyll a KW - MODIS KW - surface acquisition system KW - Galapagos Marine Reserve KW - phytoplankton KW - biomass KW - El Nino KW - productive habitats ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrate contamination in groundwater on an urbanized dairy farm AU - Showers, William J. AU - Genna, Bernard AU - McDade, Timothy AU - Bolich, Rick AU - Fountain, John C. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - Urbanization of rural farmland is a pervasive trend around the globe, and maintaining and protecting adequate water supplies in suburban areas is a growing problem. Identification of the sources of groundwater contamination in urbanized areas is problematic, but will become important in areas of rapid population growth and development. The isotopic composition of NO3 (δ15NNO3 and δ18O NO3), NH4 (δ15NNH4), groundwater (δ2Hwt and δ18Owt) and chloride/bromide ratios were used to determine the source of nitrate contamination in drinking water wells in a housing development that was built on the site of a dairy farm in the North Carolina Piedmont, U.S. The δ15NNO3 and δ18O NO3 compositions imply that elevated nitrate levels at this site in drinking well water are the result of waste contamination, and that denitrification has not significantly attenuated the groundwater nitrate concentrations. δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 compositions in groundwater could not differentiate between septic effluent and animal waste contamination. Chloride/bromide ratios in the most contaminated drinking water wells were similar to ratios found in animal waste application fields, and were higher than Cl/Br ratios observed in septic drain fields in the area. δ18Owt was depleted near the site of a buried waste lagoon without an accompanying shift in δ2Hwt suggesting water oxygen exchange with CO2. This water−CO2 exchange resulted from the reduction of buried lagoon organic matter, and oxidation of the released gases in aerobic soils. δ18Owt is not depleted in the contaminated drinking water wells, indicating that the buried dairy lagoon is not a source of waste contamination. The isotope and Cl/Br ratios indicate that nitrate contamination in these drinking wells are not from septic systems, but are the result of animal waste leached from pastures into groundwater during 35 years of dairy operations which did not violate any existing regulations. Statutes need to be enacted to protect the health of the homeowners that require well water to be tested prior to the sale of homes built on urbanized farmland. DA - 2008/7/1/ PY - 2008/7/1/ DO - 10.1021/es071551t VL - 42 IS - 13 SP - 4683-4688 SN - 0013-936X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of oxygen and temperature on growth and metabolic performance of Paralichthys lethostigma (Pleuronectiformes : Paralichthyidae) AU - Del Toro-Silva, F. M. AU - Miller, J. M. AU - Taylor, J. C. AU - Ellis, T. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY AB - In this study, we apply Fry's classification of environmental factors to demonstrate the limiting effects of oxygen and its interaction with temperature on the growth of juvenile P. lethostigma. We also evaluated the properties of two metabolic indices, marginal metabolic scope (MMS) and limiting oxygen concentration (LOC), as indicators of metabolic scope. We found that oxygen limitation has its greatest impact near the optimum temperature for growth of the species. At 29 °C a reduction from 6.00 mg/L to 4.00 mg/L caused a 50% reduction in growth rate while at 27 °C the reduction had no significant effect on growth rate. The results are particularly relevant because these temperatures and oxygen concentrations are commonly observed in nursery areas during summer months. At all temperatures fish from the lowest oxygen treatment (1.75 mg/L) had negative growth rates. Comparisons between daily oscillating oxygen treatments and constant treatments failed to demonstrate significant effects. At temperatures past the optimum, growth rates between the 6.00 mg/L and 4.00 mg/L treatments were not statistically different. LOC was significantly affected by temperature, oxygen, and their interaction. Estimates were positively correlated with oxygen treatment (R2 > 0.71) and negatively correlated with temperature at moderate and low oxygen concentrations (R2 > − 0.84). MMS was significantly affected by temperature and oxygen and was significantly correlated with oxygen treatment (R2 > − 0.91), but correlations with temperature were not as clear. In conclusion, oxygen and temperature interactions have significant effects on metabolic scope and growth rates of fish, well above the accepted hypoxia threshold of 2.00 mg/L and MMS has proved a useful estimator of the metabolic scope of the organism within an environment. DA - 2008/4/18/ PY - 2008/4/18/ DO - 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.01.019 VL - 358 IS - 2 SP - 113-123 SN - 1879-1697 KW - growth rate KW - hypoxia KW - metabolic scope KW - Paralichthys lethostigma KW - temperature interactions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of trimeric peptides that bind porcine parvovirus from mixtures containing human blood plasma AU - Heldt, Caryn L. AU - Gurgel, Patrick V. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann AU - Carbonell, Ruben G. T2 - BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AB - Virus contamination in human therapeutics is of growing concern as more therapeutic products from animal or human sources come into the market. All biopharmaceutical processes are required to have at least two distinct viral clearance steps to remove viruses. Most of these steps work well for enveloped viruses and large viruses, whether enveloped or not. That leaves a class of small non-enveloped viruses, like parvoviruses and hepatitis A, which are not easily removed by these typical steps. In this study, we report the identification of trimeric peptides that bind specifically to porcine parvovirus (PPV) and their potential use to remove this virus from process solutions. All of the trimeric peptides isolated completely removed all detectable PPV from buffer in the first nine column volumes, corresponding to a clearance of 4.5-5.5 log of infectious virus. When the virus was spiked into a more complex matrix consisting of 7.5% human blood plasma, one of the trimers, WRW, was able to remove all detectable PPV in the first three column volumes, after which human blood plasma began to interfere with the binding of the virus to the peptide resin. These trimer resins removed considerably more virus than weak ion exchange resins. The results of this work indicate that small peptide ligand resins have the potential to be used in virus removal processes where removal of contaminating virus is necessary to ensure product safety. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1021/bp070412c VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 554-560 SN - 1520-6033 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gender-specific expression of multiple estrogen receptors, growth hormone receptors, insulin-like growth factors and vitellogenins, and effects of 17 beta-estradiol in the male tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) AU - Davis, Lori K. AU - Pierce, Andrew L. AU - Hiramatsu, Naoshi AU - Sullivan, Craig V. AU - Hirano, Tetsuya AU - Grau, E. Gordon T2 - GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - Gender-specific expression of estrogen receptors (ER alpha and ER beta), growth hormone receptors (GHR1 and GHR2), insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and three vitellogenins (Vgs A-C) was examined in the liver, gonad, pituitary, and brain of sexually mature male, female, and 17 beta-estradiol (E2)-treated male tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Reflecting greater growth rate in male tilapia, hepatic expression of GHR1, GHR2, IGF-I and IGF-II as well as plasma IGF-I levels were higher in males than in females, whereas the expression of Vgs A-C and ER alpha was higher in females. On the other hand, expression of all genes measured was higher in the ovary than in testis. Forty eight hours after E2 injection (5 microg/g) into male fish, hepatic expression of most transcripts measured were altered to levels that were similar to those seen in females. The changes included decreased expression of GHR1, GHR2, IGF-I, and IGF-II, and increased expression of ER alpha and Vgs A-C. E2 treatment also increased Vg and decreased IGF-I in the plasma. Brain expression of ER alpha, ER beta, GHR1, and IGF-I was higher in females than in males, whereas pituitary expression of GHR2 and IGF-I was lower in females; only brain expression of GHR1 was increased by E2 treatment. These findings suggest that E2 stimulates Vg production primarily through activation of ER alpha and down-regulation of the GH/IGF-I axis, thus shifting energy from somatic growth towards vitellogenesis at the level of the liver. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.03.002 VL - 156 IS - 3 SP - 544-551 SN - 0016-6480 KW - insulin-like growth factor KW - vitellogenin KW - estrogen receptor KW - growth hormone receptor KW - 17 beta-estradiol KW - growth KW - reproduction KW - tilapia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effectiveness of icing as a postharvest treatment for control of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) AU - Melody, Kevin AU - Senevirathne, Reshani AU - Janes, Marlene AU - Jaykus, Lee Ann AU - Supan, John T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - The focus of this research was to investigate the efficacy of icing as a postharvest treatment for reduction of the levels of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in commercial quantities of shellstock oysters. The experiments were conducted in June and August of 2006 and consisted of the following treatments: (i) on-board icing immediately after harvest; (ii) dockside icing approximately 1 to 2 h prior to shipment; and (iii) no icing (control). Changes in the levels of pathogenic Vibrio spp. during wholesale and retail handling for 2 weeks postharvest were also monitored. On-board icing achieved temperature reductions in all sacks in accordance with the National Shellfish Sanitation Program standard, but dockside icing did not meet this standard. Based on one-way analysis of variance, the only statistically significant relationship between Vibrio levels and treatment occurred for samples harvested in August; in this case, the levels of V. vulnificus in the noniced oysters were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than were the levels in the samples iced on-board. When analyzing counts over the 14-day storage period, using factorial analysis, there were statistically significant differences in V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus levels by sample date and/or treatment (P < 0.05), but these relationships were not consistent. Treated (iced) oysters had significantly higher gaping (approximately 20%) after 1 week in cold storage than did noniced oysters (approximately 10%) and gaping increased significantly by day 14 of commercial storage. On-board and dockside icing did not predictably reduce the levels of V. vulnificus or V. parahaemolyticus in oysters, and icing negatively impacted oyster survival during subsequent cold storage. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-71.7.1475 VL - 71 IS - 7 SP - 1475-1480 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of sampling density and design on estimation of streambed attributes AU - Kennedy, Casey D. AU - Genereux, David P. AU - Mitasova, Helena AU - Corbett, D. Reide AU - Leahy, Scott T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AB - Underlying questions that are central to field studies of the groundwater–surface water interaction are the extent of error in means and spatial distributions of streambed attributes such as groundwater seepage rate or solute flux, and the relation of this error to the number and location of point measurements. To investigate these questions, spatially intensive point measurements of five streambed attributes were made in two 63-m long stream reaches in the North Carolina Coastal Plain: hydraulic conductivity (K), hydraulic head gradient between groundwater and stream water (J), nitrate concentration in streambed groundwater (C), and groundwater seepage (v = KJ) and nitrate flux (f = vC) through the streambed. In all, 10 datasets (2 reaches, 5 attributes), each with 54 closely-spaced point values, were created (540-point values in all). For each dataset, subsets of 8- to 40-point values were selected from the 54 available to evaluate the effects of sampling density (the number of point values per reach, or per m2 of streambed) and sampling design (the relative number of point values from the right side, left side, and center of the channel) on the mean and the spatial field of the streambed attribute. Specifically, we evaluated the following as a function of sampling density and sampling design: (1) the likelihood of error in the reach-average value of each streambed attribute, (2) the average magnitude of error and distribution of error in the reach-average value of each attribute, (3) the magnitude of error in the prediction of point values of each attribute, and (4) the geometry of interpolated surfaces of two attributes (K and f). In all cases, “error” in a value or interpolated surface based on a subset of points was taken as a deviation from the corresponding result based on the full dataset of 54 points. The probability (p) that error did not occur increased with sampling density for each sampling design and attribute in both reaches, though the effect of “diminishing returns” was evident for sampling densities greater than ∼24 points per reach (roughly 0.05–0.06 points per m2 of streambed). Relative to sampling density, sampling design had little effect on values of p. Average error in streambed attributes was generally small (⩽10%) and less than the 95% confidence limits about the reach-average values of the attributes. The ability to estimate unknown point values by interpolation among other point values was poor using both 12- and 36-point subsets, though results suggest the 24 additional known point values (in going from 12 to 36) were helpful in one case in which there was some degree of autocorrelation between the additional known values and the values to be predicted in the interpolation. Visual inspection of 130 contour maps showed that those based on 36-point values were far more realistic in appearance than those based on 12-point values (where the standard for “realistic” appearance was the contour maps based on the full datasets of 54-point values). DA - 2008/6/20/ PY - 2008/6/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.018 VL - 355 IS - 1-4 SP - 164-180 SN - 1879-2707 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-43949128733&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - streambed KW - groundwater KW - sampling KW - error KW - nitrate KW - hydraulic conductivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Controlling nitrogen release from farm ponds with a subsurface outflow device: Implications for improved water quality in receiving streams AU - Cope, W. Gregory AU - Bringolf, Robert B. AU - Mosher, Shad AU - Rice, James A. AU - Noble, Richard L. AU - Edwards, H. Clifton T2 - AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract The retention of nutrients in farm ponds has many potential benefits, including reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus (promoters of eutrophication) in receiving streams. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial subsurface pond outflow control device (Pond Management System™) on nutrient retention in farm ponds. Four ponds of similar size and water chemistry in the upper Tar River basin of North Carolina, USA were studied; three were equipped with the pond outflow control device and one was retained without a device (normal surface outflow) that served as a reference site. Water samples were collected monthly from each pond at 0.3 m intervals from the surface to 2.1 m at a fixed station adjacent to the pond standpipe and from the pond outflow pipe from March to October 2005. The water samples were analyzed for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), chlorophyll a, and a suite of other physicochemical variables. In ponds with the subsurface outflow device, the mean N concentrations in the outflow were substantially less (6.2–20.7%) than concentrations at the pond surface. Concentrations of N in the outflow were similar to N concentrations at intermediate pond depths (0.9–1.5 m), the depth of the outflow devices, indicating water was drawn from these depths and that N was being retained in the surface layers of the pond. Also, mean water temperatures were 1.1–1.9 °C cooler at intermediate depths compared to the surface, suggesting potential application of the outflow device for minimizing warm water outflows to receiving streams. These results provide evidence that under these conditions a subsurface pond outflow device can reduce nutrient release to receiving streams, thereby increasing overall stream water quality. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1016/j.agwat.2008.01.015 VL - 95 IS - 6 SP - 737-742 SN - 0378-3774 KW - nitrogen KW - nutrients eutrophication KW - best management practice KW - water quality KW - pond management ER - TY - JOUR TI - A gene expression signature of confinement in peripheral blood of red wolves (Canis rufus) AU - Kennerly, Erin AU - Ballmann, Anne AU - Martin, Stanton AU - Wolfinger, Russ AU - Gregory, Simon AU - Stoskopf, Michael AU - Gibson, Greg T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract The stresses that animals experience as a result of modification of their ecological circumstances induce physiological changes that leave a signature in profiles of gene expression. We illustrate this concept in a comparison of free range and confined North American red wolves ( Canis rufus ). Transcription profiling of peripheral blood samples from 13 red wolf individuals in the Alligator River region of North Carolina revealed a strong signal of differentiation. Four hundred eighty‐two out of 2980 transcripts detected on Illumina HumanRef8 oligonucleotide bead arrays were found to differentiate free range and confined wolves at a false discovery rate of 12.8% and P < 0.05. Over‐representation of genes in focal adhesion, insulin signalling, proteasomal, and tryptophan metabolism pathways suggests the activation of pro‐inflammatory and stress responses in confined animals. Consequently, characterization of differential transcript abundance in an accessible tissue such as peripheral blood identifies biomarkers that could be useful in animal management practices and for evaluating the impact of habitat changes on population health, particularly as attention turns to the impact of climate change on physiology and in turn species distributions. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03775.x VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - 2782-2791 SN - 1365-294X KW - conservation genetics KW - heterologous microarray KW - Illumina KW - pro-inflammatory response ER - TY - JOUR TI - Historic 2005 toxic bloom ofAlexandrium fundyensein the west Gulf of Maine: 1. In situ observations of coastal hydrography and circulation AU - He, Ruoying AU - McGillicuddy, Dennis J. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - An extensive Alexandrium fundyense bloom occurred along the coast of the Gulf of Maine in late spring and early summer 2005. To understand the physical aspects of bloom's initiation and development, in situ observations from both a coast‐wide ship survey and the coastal observing network were used to characterize coastal circulation and hydrography during that time period. Comparisons between these in situ observations and their respective long‐term means revealed anomalous ocean conditions during May 2005: waters were warmer and fresher coast‐wide owing to more surface heating and river runoff; coastal currents were at least 2 times stronger than their climatological means. Surface winds were also anomalous in the form of both episodic bursts of northeast winds and a downwelling‐favorable mean condition. These factors may have favored more vigorous along‐shore transport and nearshore aggregation of toxic A. fundyense cells (a red tide) in 2005. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1029/2007jc004601 VL - 113 IS - C7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Historic 2005 toxic bloom of Alexandrium fundyense in the western Gulf of Maine: 2. Coupled biophysical numerical modeling AU - He, Ruoying AU - McGillicuddy, Dennis J., Jr. AU - Keafer, Bruce A. AU - Anderson, Donald M. T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS AB - A coupled physical/biological modeling system was used to hindcast a massive Alexandrium fundyense bloom that occurred in the western Gulf of Maine in 2005 and to investigate the relative importance of factors governing the bloom's initiation and development. The coupled system consists of a state‐of‐the‐art, free‐surface primitive equation Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) tailored for the Gulf of Maine (GOM) using a multinested configuration, and a population dynamics model for A. fundyense. The system was forced by realistic momentum and buoyancy fluxes, tides, river runoff, observed A. fundyense benthic cyst abundance, and climatological nutrient fields. Extensive comparisons were made between simulated (both physical and biological) fields and in situ observations, revealing that the hindcast model is capable of reproducing the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the 2005 bloom. Sensitivity experiments were then performed to distinguish the roles of three major factors hypothesized to contribute to the bloom: (1) the high abundance of cysts in western GOM sediments; (2) strong ‘northeaster' storms with prevailing downwelling‐favorable winds; and (3) a large amount of fresh water input due to abundant rainfall and heavy snowmelt. Model results suggest the following. (1) The high abundance of cysts in western GOM was the primary factor of the 2005 bloom. (2) Wind‐forcing was an important regulator, as episodic bursts of northeast winds caused onshore advection of offshore populations. These downwelling favorable winds accelerated the alongshore flow, resulting in transport of high cell concentrations into Massachusetts Bay. A large regional bloom would still have happened, however, even with normal or typical winds for that period. (3) Anomalously high river runoff in 2005 resulted in stronger buoyant plumes/currents, which facilitated the transport of cell population to the western GOM. While affecting nearshore cell abundance in Massachusetts Bay, the buoyant plumes were confined near to the coast, and had limited impact on the gulf‐wide bloom distribution. DA - 2008/7/26/ PY - 2008/7/26/ DO - 10.1029/2007jc004602 VL - 113 IS - C7 SP - SN - 2169-9291 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of five clinical chemistry analyzers for use in health assessment in sea turtles AU - Wolf, Karen N. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Beasley, Jean F. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To compare blood biochemical values obtained from a handheld analyzer, 2 tabletop analyzers, and 2 diagnostic laboratories by use of replicate samples of sea turtle blood.Validation study.22 captive juvenile sea turtles.Sea turtles (18 loggerhead turtles [Caretta caretta], 3 green turtles [Chelonia mydas], and 1 Kemp's ridley turtle [Lepidochelys kempii]) were manually restrained, and a single blood sample was obtained from each turtle and divided for analysis by use of the 5 analyzers. Hematocrit and concentrations or activities of aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, glucose, total protein, albumin, BUN, uric acid, P, Ca, K, Na, Cl, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were determined. Median values for each analyte were compared among the analyzers.Significant differences were found among the analyzers for most values; however, data obtained from the 2 diagnostic laboratories were similar for all analytes. The magnitude of difference between the diagnostic laboratories and in-house units was > or = 10% for 10 of the 15 analytes.Variance in the results could be attributed in part to differences in analyzer methodology. It is important to identify the specific methodology used when reporting and interpreting biochemical data. Depending on the variable and specific case, this magnitude of difference could conceivably influence patient management. DA - 2008/8/1/ PY - 2008/8/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.233.3.470 VL - 233 IS - 3 SP - 470-475 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Compendium of veterinary standard precautions for zoonotic disease prevention in veterinary personnel - National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2008 AU - Elchos, B. L. AU - Scheftel, J. M. AU - Cherry, B. AU - DeBess, E. E. AU - Hopkins, S. G. AU - Levine, J. F. AU - Williams, C. J. AU - Bell, M. R. AU - Dvorak, G. D. AU - Flora, C. A. AU - Hofmann, J. AU - Pavlin, B. I. AU - Samples, O. M. AU - Snow, J. L. AU - Stinson-Dixon, R. E. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 233 IS - 3 SP - 415-432 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Benthic-pelagic coupling in sediment-associated populations of Karenia brevis AU - Sinclair, Geoffrey A. AU - Kamykowski, Daniel T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH AB - Nutrient delivery to populations of Karenia brevis in oligotrophic water columns in the Gulf of Mexico remains uncertain. Aggregations of K. brevis near the sediment–water interface suggest that cells derive nutrients from the sediment. Video of cells near the sediment suggest that cells either access nutrients that flux out of the sediment or migrate into the sediment pores where higher nutrient concentrations exist. Experiments tested K. brevis' ability to migrate into the sediment using chambers divided by a 100 μm mesh overlain with a thin layer of sediment. Since the diel vertical migration of K. brevis typically displays a nocturnal descent, experiments tested migration response at night in response to sub-sediment nutrient sources. The experiments suggest that while the sediment affects the progress of descending cells, migration occurs through thin layers of sediment and increases in response to elevated nutrient concentrations below the sediment. Since all cells found below the sediment had significantly higher C/N ratios than those remaining above the sediment, migration appears related to a cell's internal biochemical state. The vertical migration behavior of K. brevis may help alleviate bottom-up controls and permit populations to persist as vegetative cells near the sediment–water interface. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1093/plankt/fbn042 VL - 30 IS - 7 SP - 829-838 SN - 1464-3774 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water quality responses to simulated flow and nutrient reductions in the Cape Fear River Estuary and adjacent coastal region, North Carolina AU - Lin, Jing AU - Xie, Lian AU - Pietrafesa, Leonard J. AU - Xu, Honqzhou AU - Woods, Wendy AU - Mallin, Michael A. AU - Durako, Michael J. T2 - ECOLOGICAL MODELLING AB - In order to examine system responses to high river discharge events and nutrient loading variations from the drainage basin, a coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model was applied in the Cape Fear River Estuary (CFRE) and its adjacent coastal region. An empirical equation was introduced in the model to represent light limitation for phytoplankton growth due to chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Model results show that in the upper to middle estuary, light limitation controls phytoplankton growth while in the lower estuary phytoplankton growth appears to be limited by light intensity during high flow periods, but by nutrient availability during low flow periods. In the coastal ocean, nutrient availability is usually the dominant limiting factor for primary production. Two sensitivity model tests were conducted to predict the system response to reductions in nutrient loading from the drainage basin. By reducing river discharge, the model results show that phytoplankton growth was enhanced within CFRE due to alleviated light limitation and increased residence time. More nutrients were consumed within the CFRE, and less were exported to the coastal region. By reducing nutrient concentrations at the head of the estuary, chlorophyll a concentrations within the CFRE were decreased. Less nutrients were consumed within the CFRE, and only slightly less were exported to the coastal region. The supply of light limiting substances during high flow events acted against the effect of riverine nutrient enhancement on phytoplankton growth, creating a negative feedback mechanism. DA - 2008/4/10/ PY - 2008/4/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.10.026 VL - 212 IS - 3-4 SP - 200-217 SN - 1872-7026 KW - water quality KW - numerical modeling KW - nutrient flux KW - estuary KW - cape fear river ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial and temporal variations of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan, 1982-2005: A numerical study AU - Hsin, Yi-Chia AU - Wu, Chau-Ron AU - Shaw, Ping-Tung T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS AB - A 1/8° East Asian Marginal Seas model nested to a larger‐domain North Pacific Ocean model is implemented over a span of 24 years from 1982 to 2005 to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan. Between 22 and 25°N, the mean state and variability of the Kuroshio, such as the two paths observed in the trajectories of surface drifters southeast of Taiwan and the branching of the Kuroshio northeast of Taiwan, are well reproduced by the model. Southeast of Taiwan, the Kuroshio is mostly in the top 300 m in the inshore path but extends to 600 m in the offshore path. Northeast of Taiwan, the Kuroshio follows the shelf edge in the East China Sea but may branch along a path south of the Ryukyu Islands. The latter path often meanders southward, and a significant portion of the Kuroshio transport may be diverted to this path. The Kuroshio extends from the coast to 123–123.5°E between 22 and 25°N with currents reaching a depth of 1000 m at some latitudes. The Kuroshio transports averaged over five sections east of Taiwan are 28.4 ± 5.0 Sv and 32.7 ± 4.4 Sv with and without the contribution from the countercurrent, respectively. DA - 2008/4/3/ PY - 2008/4/3/ DO - 10.1029/2007jc004485 VL - 113 IS - C4 SP - SN - 2169-9291 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of age-1 striped bass predation on juvenile fish in western Albemarle Sound AU - Tuomikoski, Jack E. AU - Rudershausen, Paul J. AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. AU - Hightower, Joseph E. T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Abstract Historically, the fisheries for adult river herring (i.e., alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and blueback herring A. aestivalis ) and American shad A. sapidissima were economically important in Albemarle Sound, North Carolina. Stocks of these species are in decline, while stocks of striped bass Morone saxatilis have increased roughly 10‐fold in the Albemarle Sound‐Roanoke River since the early 1990s. The goal of this study was to quantify the predatory impact of age‐1 striped bass on age‐0 prey fishes by estimating striped bass consumption rates and comparing loss rates from predation with total prey loss rates using catch curves. Age‐1 striped bass and their potential prey were collected with beach and purse seines from western Albemarle Sound from spring to fall, 2002 and 2003. Commercially and ecologically important prey in one or both years included river herring, American shad, Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus , and yellow perch Perca flavescens . Predation by age‐1 striped bass had a marked effect on juvenile American shad densities in 2002 but little effect in 2003. Conversely, predation by age‐1 striped bass explained none of the loss in juvenile yellow perch in 2002 but accounted for nearly all of the loss early in 2003. In most cases, predation by age‐1 striped bass did not greatly influence juvenile alewife numbers. Juvenile blueback herring were preyed on during late summer and fall, but the predatory impact could not be confirmed because of apparent downstream emigration into the study area. Thus, for some species, these predator‐prey linkages are important in determining year‐class strength and should be incorporated into multispecies population models. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1577/T05-239.1 VL - 137 IS - 1 SP - 324-339 SN - 1548-8659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of the Effect of Varying Soil Organic Matter Content on the Bioavailability of Malathion to the Common Nightcrawler, Lumbricus terrestris L. AU - Henson-Ramsey, Heather AU - Shea, Damian AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne AU - Taylor, Sharon K. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology DA - 2008/1/19/ PY - 2008/1/19/ DO - 10.1007/s00128-007-9349-6 VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 220-224 J2 - Bull Environ Contam Toxicol LA - en OP - SN - 0007-4861 1432-0800 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9349-6 DB - Crossref KW - earthworm KW - malathion KW - bioavailability KW - soil organic matter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Three cases of gastric prolapse through the gill slit in sand tiger sharks, Carcharhinus taurus (Rafinesque) AU - Tuttle, A. D. AU - Burrus, O. AU - Burkart, M. A. AU - Scott, P. W. AU - Stoskopf, M. K. AU - Harms, C. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES AB - Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 31, Issue 4 p. 311-315 Three cases of gastric prolapse through the gill slit in sand tiger sharks, Carcharhinus taurus (Rafinesque) A D Tuttle, A D Tuttle Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorO Burrus, O Burrus North Carolina Aquarium, Roanoke Island, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM A Burkart, M A Burkart Roanoke Island Animal Clinic, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorP W Scott, P W Scott Zoo & Aquatic Veterinary Group, Biotope Ltd, Keanter, Winchester, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM K Stoskopf, M K Stoskopf Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorC A Harms, C A Harms Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author A D Tuttle, A D Tuttle Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorO Burrus, O Burrus North Carolina Aquarium, Roanoke Island, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM A Burkart, M A Burkart Roanoke Island Animal Clinic, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorP W Scott, P W Scott Zoo & Aquatic Veterinary Group, Biotope Ltd, Keanter, Winchester, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM K Stoskopf, M K Stoskopf Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorC A Harms, C A Harms Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 March 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00881.xCitations: 3 Dr C. Harms, Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA(e-mail: [email protected]) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume31, Issue4April 2008Pages 311-315 RelatedInformation DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00881.x VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 311-315 SN - 0140-7775 KW - eversion KW - gill slit KW - Photobacterium damsela KW - prolapse KW - sand tiger shark KW - stomach ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Chesapeake Bay blue crab (Callinectes sapidus): A multidisciplinary approach to responsible stock replenishment AU - Zohar, Yonathan AU - Hines, Anson H. AU - Zmora, Oded AU - Johnson, Eric G. AU - Lipcius, Romuald N. AU - Seitz, Rochelle D. AU - Eggleston, David B. AU - Place, Allen R. AU - Schott, Eric J. AU - Stubblefield, John D. AU - Chung, J. Sook T2 - REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE AB - The Chesapeake Bay has traditionally been one of North America's most productive fishing grounds, supporting the world's largest blue crab fishery. During the last several decades, fishing mortality and environmental degradation led to ∼ 70% drop in the bay's blue crab abundance, 84% decline in its spawning stock, and historically low levels of juvenile recruitment as well as nursery habitats being below carrying capacity. This situation makes the Chesapeake Bay blue crab an appropriate candidate for responsible stock enhancement. A multidisciplinary, multi-institutional program was developed to study the basic biology and life cycle of the blue crab, develop hatchery and nursery technologies for mass production of blue crab juveniles, and assess the potential of using cultured juveniles to enhance blue crab breeding stocks and, in turn, bay-wide abundance and harvests. Basic biology and culture studies enabled closing the life cycle of the blue crab in captivity. Juvenile crabs have been produced year round, with excellent survival. During 2002–2006, over 290,000 cultured crabs were tagged and experimentally released into the bay's nursery habitats. Cultured crabs survived as well as their wild counterparts, increased local populations at release sites by 50–250%, grew quickly to sexual maturity, mated, and migrated from the release sites to spawning grounds, contributing to the breeding stock as soon as 5 to 6 months post-release. Findings reported in this text and other articles in this volume are indicative of the feasibility of our approach of using hatchery juveniles to replenish the blue crab breeding stocks in the Chesapeake Bay. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/10641260701681623 VL - 16 IS - 1-3 SP - 24-34 SN - 1547-6553 KW - breeding stock restoration KW - hatchery KW - tag and recapture KW - release strategies KW - stock enhancement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Presumed hyperglycemic cataracts in a live-stranded minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) calf AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Lovewell, Gretchen N. AU - Rotstein, David S. T2 - MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE AB - Marine Mammal ScienceVolume 24, Issue 2 p. 388-397 Presumed hyperglycemic cataracts in a live-stranded minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) calf Craig A. Harms, Craig A. Harms Department of Clinical Sciences and Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGretchen N. Lovewell, Gretchen N. Lovewell United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorDavid S. Rotstein, David S. Rotstein NOAA Center for Marine Animal Health and Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996–4542, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author Craig A. Harms, Craig A. Harms Department of Clinical Sciences and Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGretchen N. Lovewell, Gretchen N. Lovewell United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorDavid S. Rotstein, David S. Rotstein NOAA Center for Marine Animal Health and Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996–4542, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: 27 December 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00182.xCitations: 3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume24, Issue2April 2008Pages 388-397 RelatedInformation DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00182.x VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 388-397 SN - 1748-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pilot evaluation of early juvenile blue crab stock enhancement using a replicated BACI design AU - Eggleston, David B. AU - Johnson, Eric G. AU - Kellison, G. Todd AU - Plaia, Gayle R. AU - Huggett, Cynthia L. T2 - REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE AB - We quantified whether local populations of early juvenile blue crabs (J1–2) could be enhanced through the translocation of crabs to underutilized nursery habitats, and if enhancement success, survival, and potential impacts of stocked crabs on their benthic prey varied in a density-dependent manner. Using plankton nets, ∼143,000 blue crab megalopae were collected as they ingressed into Pamlico Sound, NC. Of these, ∼13,800 early juvenile blue crabs (J1–2 stages) were then stocked at potential nursery sites relatively far removed (32–70 km) from their initial settlement areas using a replicated before-after control impact (BACI) experimental design. On average, there was negative enhancement success (−34%) five weeks after local crab enhancement, and no evidence of density-dependent enhancement success, mortality, or impact on potential crab prey. Poor stocking success was likely due to pelagic emigration from enhancement sites relative to controls. Attempts to assess the feasibility of stocking blue crabs at local scales of small coves should (i) probably not consider J1–2 stages because of their apparent propensity to emigrate from these areas, or (ii) further assess the effects of geomorphology and wind fetch of release sites on density-dependent emigration. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/10641260701681664 VL - 16 IS - 1-3 SP - 91-100 SN - 1547-6553 KW - BACI KW - blue crabs KW - density-dependence KW - stock enhancement KW - translocation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Importance of metapopulation connectivity to restocking and restoration of marine species AU - Lipcius, Romuald N. AU - Eggleston, David B. AU - Schreiber, Sebastian J. AU - Seitz, Rochelle D. AU - Shen, Jian AU - Sisson, Mac AU - Stockhausen, William T. AU - Wang, Harry V. T2 - REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE AB - Abstract We examine the impact of spatial processes on the efficacy of restocking in species with varying forms of population or metapopulation structure. Metapopulations are classified based on spatial complexity and the degree of connectedness between populations. Designation of effective restocking sites requires careful attention to metapopulation dynamics; populations in the metapopulation can differ dramatically in demography and connectivity, and the sites they occupy can vary in habitat quality. Source populations, which are optimal for restocking, can be distinct geographically and may be a small percentage of the metapopulation. Sink areas, where restocking is almost certain to be fruitless, can nonetheless serve as productive locations for habitat restoration since larvae from source reefs are likely to recruit to these areas. Effective restocking of metapopulations is most likely to be attained by selection of optimal source populations; inattention to metapopulation dynamics can doom restoration efforts with marine species. Keywords: metapopulation dynamicssource-sink dynamicsrestockingrestoration ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding was provided by (1) the Chesapeake Bay Office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through the Blue Crab Advanced Research Consortium, and (2) the Norfolk Office of the Army Corps of Engineers (D. Schulte, Program Manager). We are grateful to Senator Barbara Mikulski for support of the program. This is contribution 2865 from the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/10641260701812574 VL - 16 IS - 1-3 SP - 101-110 SN - 1547-6553 KW - metapopulation dynamics KW - source-sink dynamics KW - restocking KW - restoration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L AU - Shivappa, R B AU - Savan, R AU - Kono, T AU - Sakai, M AU - Emmenegger, E AU - Kurath, G AU - Levine, J F T2 - Journal of Fish Diseases AB - Abstract Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) is a rhabdovirus associated with systemic illness and mortality in cyprinids. Several diagnostic tests are available for detection of SVCV. However, most of these tests are time consuming and are not well adapted for field‐based diagnostics. In this study, a diagnostic tool for SVCV detection based on reverse transcription loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (RT‐LAMP) has been developed. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein (G) gene of SVCV North Carolina (NC) isolate, four sets (each set containing two outer and two inner) of primers were designed. Temperature and time conditions were optimized to 65 °C and 60 min, respectively, for LAMP and RT‐LAMP using one primer set. In vitro specificity was evaluated using four different strains of fish rhabdoviruses and RT‐LAMP was found to be specific to SVCV. Serial dilutions of SVCV NC isolate was used to evaluate the in vitro sensitivity of RT‐LAMP. Sensitivity of the assays was similar to RT‐PCR and detected SVCV even at the lowest dilution of 10 1 TCID 50 mL −1 . The ability of RT‐LAMP to detect SVCV from infected carp was also tested and the assay detected SVCV from all infected fish. The isothermal temperature requirements, high specificity and sensitivity, and short incubation time of the RT‐LAMP assay make it an excellent choice as a field diagnostic test for SVCV. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00894.x VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 249-258 J2 - J Fish Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0140-7775 1365-2761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00894.x DB - Crossref KW - detection KW - koi carp KW - loop mediated isothermal amplification KW - spring viraemia of carp virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental conditions, cyanobacteria and microcystin concentrations in potable water supply reservoirs in North Carolina, USA AU - Burkholder, J. M. AU - Touchette, B. W. AU - Allen, E. H. AU - Alexander, J. L. AU - Rublee, P. A. T2 - Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms: state of the science and research needs DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 619 SP - 293-294 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characteristics of climate change in the "significant impact zone" affected by aerosols over eastern China in warm seasons AU - XiaoHui, Shi AU - XiangDe, Xu AU - LiAn, Xie T2 - SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES D-EARTH SCIENCES DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1007/s11430-008-0044-1 VL - 51 IS - 5 SP - 730-739 SN - 1006-9313 KW - warm season KW - significant impact zone of aerosols KW - climate change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of molecular phylogenetics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains by multilocus sequence typing AU - Gonzalez-Escalona, Narjol AU - Martinez-Urtaza, Jaime AU - Romero, Jaime AU - Espejo, Romilio T. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann AU - DePaola, Angelo T2 - JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AB - Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important human pathogen whose transmission is associated with the consumption of contaminated seafood. There is a growing public health concern due to the emergence of a pandemic strain causing severe outbreaks worldwide. Many questions remain unanswered regarding the evolution and population structure of V. parahaemolyticus. In this work, we describe a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for V. parahaemolyticus based on the internal fragment sequences of seven housekeeping genes. This MLST scheme was applied to 100 V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from geographically diverse clinical (n = 37) and environmental (n = 63) sources. The sequences obtained from this work were deposited and are available in a public database (http://pubmlst.org/vparahaemolyticus). Sixty-two unique sequence types were identified, and most (50) were represented by a single isolate, suggesting a high level of genetic diversity. Three major clonal complexes were identified by eBURST analysis. Separate clonal complexes were observed for V. parahaemolyticus isolates originating from the Pacific and Gulf coasts of the United States, while a third clonal complex consisted of strains belonging to the pandemic clonal complex with worldwide distribution. The data reported in this study indicate that V. parahaemolyticus is genetically diverse with a semiclonal population structure and an epidemic structure similar to that of Vibrio cholerae. Genetic diversity in V. parahaemolyticus appears to be driven primarily by frequent recombination rather than mutation, with recombination ratios estimated at 2.5:1 and 8.8:1 by allele and site, respectively. Application of this MLST scheme to more V. parahaemolyticus strains and by different laboratories will facilitate production of a global picture of the epidemiology and evolution of this pathogen. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1128/JB.01808-07 VL - 190 IS - 8 SP - 2831-2840 SN - 1098-5530 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A factorial analysis of storm surge flooding in Barrow, Alaska AU - Lynch, Amanda H. AU - Lestak, Leanne R. AU - Uotila, Petteri AU - Cassano, Elizabeth N. AU - Xie, Lian T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - Abstract This paper describes work to improve the understanding of the broad range of factors affecting the occurrence of flooding in Barrow, Alaska, using as a basis the series of extreme events that have affected the community over the past 50 years. A numerical weather prediction model and a storm surge inundation model have been applied to the 21 case studies identified in National Weather Service data as high wind events. Based on this simulation work flow, a reduced-form model that adequately describes the flooding response has been developed. Specifically, it was found that when wind is forecast to be greater than 13 m s−1 (30 mph) for at least 20 h, this is the most accurate predictor of the possibility of damaging flood. It was found that wind direction, the magnitude of fetch to the sea ice edge (when present), and maximum wind speed were in contrast relatively small contributors to the likelihood of flooding. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1175/2007MWR2121.1 VL - 136 IS - 3 SP - 898-912 SN - 0027-0644 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of wave-current interactions on the storm surge and inundation in Charleston Harbor during Hurricane Hugo 1989 AU - Xie, Lian AU - Liu, Huiqing AU - Peng, Machuan T2 - OCEAN MODELLING AB - The effects of wave–current interactions on the storm surge and inundation induced by Hurricane Hugo in and around the Charleston Harbor and its adjacent coastal regions are examined by using a three-dimensional (3-D) wave–current coupled modeling system. The 3-D storm surge and inundation modeling component of the coupled system is based on the Princeton ocean model (POM), whereas the wave modeling component is based on the third-generation wave model, simulating waves nearshore (SWAN). The results indicate that the effects of wave-induced surface, bottom, and radiation stresses can separately or in combination produce significant changes in storm surge and inundation. The effects of waves vary spatially. In some areas, the contribution of waves to peak storm surge during Hurricane Hugo reached as high as 0.76 m which led to substantial changes in the inundation and drying areas simulated by the storm surge model. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.10.001 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 252-269 SN - 1463-5011 KW - storm surge KW - inundation KW - wind waves KW - wave-current interaction KW - Hurricane ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physical-biological interactions in the upper ocean - Preface AU - Yamazaki, Hidekatsu AU - Kamykowski, Daniel AU - Tandon, Amit T2 - JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.02.017 VL - 69 IS - 3-4 SP - 163-163 SN - 1879-1573 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid and sensitive detection of hepatitis A virus in representative food matrices AU - Papafragkou, Efstathia AU - Plante, Michelle AU - Mattison, Kirsten AU - Bidawid, Sabah AU - Karthikeyan, Kalavethi AU - Farber, Jeffrey M. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS AB - Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an important cause of foodborne disease worldwide. The detection of this virus in naturally contaminated food products is complicated by the absence of a reliable culture method, low levels of contamination, and the presence of matrix-associated compounds which inhibit molecular detection. In this study, we report a novel method to concentrate HAV from foods prior to the application of reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for detection. Specifically, we used cationically charged magnetic particles with an automated capture system (Pathatrix) to concentrate the virus from 25 g samples of artificially contaminated lettuce, strawberries, green onions, deli-turkey, oysters, and cake with frosting. Detection limits varied according to the product but in most cases, the virus could be consistently detected at input levels corresponding to 10(2)PFU/25 g food sample. For some products, detection was possible at levels as low as 10(-1)PFU/25 g. The assay was applied by a second independent laboratory and was also used to confirm viral contamination of produce items associated with a recent HAV outbreak. Parallel infectivity assays demonstrated that the cationically charged particles bound approximately 50% of the input virus. This is the first application of the automated magnetic capture technology to the concentration of viruses from foods, and it offers promise for facilitating the rapid detection of HAV from naturally contaminated products. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.08.024 VL - 147 IS - 1 SP - 177-187 SN - 0166-0934 KW - hepatitis A virus KW - food virology KW - viral extraction methods ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional response of sport divers to lobsters with application to fisheries management AU - Eggleston, David B. AU - Parsons, Darren M. AU - Kellison, G. Todd AU - Plaia, Gayle R. AU - Johnson, Eric G. T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - Fishery managers must understand the dynamics of fishers and their prey to successfully predict the outcome of management actions. We measured the impact of a two-day exclusively recreational fishery on Caribbean spiny lobster in the Florida Keys, USA, over large spatial scales (>100 km) and multiple years and used a theoretical, predator–prey functional response approach to identify whether or not sport diver catch rates were density-independent (type I) or density-dependent (type II or III functional response), and if catch rates were saturated (i.e., reached an asymptote) at relatively high lobster densities. We then describe how this predator–prey framework can be applied to fisheries management for spiny lobster and other species. In the lower Keys, divers exhibited a type-I functional response, whereby they removed a constant and relatively high proportion of lobsters (0.74–0.84) across all pre-fishing-season lobster densities. Diver fishing effort increased in a linear manner with lobster prey densities, as would be expected with a type-I functional response, and was an order of magnitude lower in the upper Keys than lower Keys. There were numerous instances in the upper Keys where the density of lobsters actually increased from before to after the fishing season, suggesting some type of “spill-in effect” from surrounding diver-disturbed areas. With the exception of isolated reefs in the upper Keys, the proportion of lobsters removed by divers was density independent (type-I functional response) and never reached saturation at natural lobster densities. Thus, recreational divers have a relatively simple predatory response to spiny lobster, whereby catch rates increase linearly with lobster density such that catch is a reliable indicator of abundance. Although diver predation is extremely high (∼80%), diver predation pressure is not expected to increase proportionally with a decline in lobster density (i.e., a depensatory response), which could exacerbate local extinction. Furthermore, management actions that reduce diver effort should have a concomitant and desired reduction in catch. The recreational diver–lobster predator–prey construct in this study provides a useful predictive framework to apply to both recreational and commercial fisheries, and on which to build as management actions are implemented. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1890/06-1409.1 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 258-272 SN - 1939-5582 KW - Biscayne National Park KW - Caribbean spiny lobster KW - density independence KW - fishery management KW - Florida Keys KW - USA KW - functional response KW - ovetfishing KW - predator-prey theory KW - recreational fishing impacts KW - scuba divers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water level variations in the Neuse and Pamlico Estuaries, North Carolina due to local and remote forcing AU - Reed, Robert E. AU - Dickey, David A. AU - Burkholder, Joann M. AU - Kinder, Carol A. AU - Brownie, Cavell T2 - ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE AB - Water level time series records from the Neuse and Pamlico River Estuaries were statistically compared to local and distant wind field data, water level records within the Pamlico Sound and also coastal ocean sites to determine the relative contribution of each time series to water levels in the Neuse and Pamlico Estuaries. The objectives of this study were to examine these time series data using various statistical methods (i.e. autoregressive, empirical orthogonal function analysis (EOF), exploratory data analysis (EDA)) to determine short- and long-time-scale variability, and to develop predictive statistical models that can be used to estimate past water level fluctuations in both the Neuse Estuary (NE) and Pamlico Estuary (PE). Short- and long-time-scale similarities were observed in all time series of estuarine, Pamlico Sound and subtidal coastal ocean water level and wind component data, due to events (nor'easters, fronts and tropical systems) and seasonality. Empirical orthogonal function analyses revealed a strong coastal ocean and wind field contribution to water level in the NE and PE. Approximately 95% of the variation was captured in the first two EOF components for water level data from the NE, sound and coastal ocean, and 70% for the PE, sound and coastal ocean. Spectral density plots revealed strong diurnal signals in both wind and water level data, and a strong cross correlation and coherency between the NE water level and the North/South wind component. There was good agreement between data and predictions using autoregressive statistical models for the NE (R2 = 0.92) and PE (R2 = 0.76). These methods also revealed significant autoregressive lags for the NE (days 1 and 3) and for the PE (days 1, 2 and 3). Significant departures from predictions are attributed to local meteorological and hydrological events. The autoregressive techniques showed significant predictive improvement over ordinary least squares methods. The results are considered within the context of providing long time-scale hindcast data for the two estuaries, and the importance of these data for multidisciplinary researchers and managers. DA - 2008/1/20/ PY - 2008/1/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.049 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 431-446 SN - 1096-0015 KW - water surface elevation KW - lagoonal estuary KW - autoregressive KW - empirical orthogonal function KW - Neuse Estuary KW - Pamlico Estuary KW - Pamlico Sound KW - North Carolina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selenium status and antibodies to selected pathogens in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in southern Minnesota AU - Wolf, Karen N. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne AU - Swanson, Christopher C. AU - Brinkman, Todd J. AU - Osborn, Robert G. AU - Tardiff, Jeannine A. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - To determine exposure to a variety of infectious diseases potentially important for native ungulates, livestock, and humans, serum samples from 114 (94 adults, 20 fawns) female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were collected during January 2000–03 from multiple locations in southeast (SE) and southwest (SW) Minnesota. Antibody prevalence was determined for the following pathogens: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Leptospira interrogans (six serovars), Anaplasma marginale, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella abortus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2. Samples collected in 2001 were screened for antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and whole blood was submitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi. In addition, serum selenium concentrations were evaluated for samples collected during 2001– 03. Antibody prevalence and selenium concentration were compared by age-class and geographic region. Antibodies to all of the infectious agents except A. marginale and B. abortus were detected; when detected, antibody prevalence was highest in adults. Deer collected from SE Minnesota had a higher antibody prevalence to B. burgdorferi than SW deer. Blood culture and PCR results for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi were negative. Antibodies against BVDV (combined types 1 and 2) were more prevalent (χ2=3.617, P≤0.029) in deer collected in SW (41%) than in SE (25%) Minnesota. No statistically significant differences in serum selenium concentrations were detected when data were analyzed by age-class or by geographic location. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.181 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 181-187 SN - 1943-3700 KW - infectious disease KW - Minnesota KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - selenium KW - serology KW - white-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reconstruction of sediment flux from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) to the sea since the 1860s AU - Wang, Houjie AU - Yang, Zuosheng AU - Wang, Yan AU - Saito, Yoshiki AU - Liu, J. Paul T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AB - The Changjiang (Yangtze River) has been effectively gauged since the 1950s and demonstrates the transformation of a river system due to intensified human activities in its drainage basin over the past 50 yr. However, the 50-yr measurements of water and sediment are inadequate to show the long-term trend of sediment flux from the river to the sea or to capture the transition from natural to human dominance over the sediment flux. In this study we used the existing water discharge and sediment load records (1950s–2005) at the Hankou gauging station, together with water discharge recorded since 1865 at the same station, to reconstruct the changes of sediment flux to the sea since the 1860s. We established rating curves between stream discharge and suspended sediment concentration from the recent 50-yr data sets, which show that human disturbances have had a substantial impact on rating parameters. The commissioning of dams and undertaking of soil-conservation works have decreased sediment supply, leading to a decrease in the rating coefficient a of the rating curve equation Cs = aQb. The decreases in suspended sediment concentration have increased the erosive power of the river, and hence increased the rating exponent b. In particular, the commissioning of the Three Gorges Reservoir in 2003 resulted in a further increase of b, and channel scour in the middle and lower reaches has increased sediment flux to the sea to a level higher than sediment supply from the upper reaches. Our results suggest that the rating curves derived from 1954 to 1968 data are appropriate for estimating sediment loads for the period from 1865 to 1953, since both were periods of minimal human disturbance. This approach provides a time series of sediment loads from 1865 to 2005 at Hankou gauging station, which yields a time series of sediment flux from the Changjiang to the sea over the past 140 yr. The estimated mean annual sediment flux to the sea between 1865 and 1968 was ∼488 Mt/yr, a comparable result to the previously published estimate from Milliman and Syvitski [Milliman, J.D., Syvitski, J.P.M., 1992. Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: the importance of small mountainous rivers. Journal of Geology 100, 525–544] and to that from an equation proposed by Syvitski and Morehead [Syvitski, J.P.M, Morehead, M.D., 1999. Estimating river-sediment discharge to the ocean: application to the Eel margin, northern California. Marine Geology 154, 13–28]. The long-term variation of annual sediment flux from the Changjiang to the sea shows a transition from a river system mostly dominated by nature (the monsoon-dominated period, 1865–1950s) to one strongly affected by human activities (the human-impacted period, 1950s–present). DA - 2008/2/1/ PY - 2008/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.005 VL - 349 IS - 3-4 SP - 318-332 SN - 1879-2707 KW - Changjiang (Yangtze River) KW - sediment flux KW - rating curves KW - human activities ER - TY - JOUR TI - Propofol anesthesia in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles AU - MacLean, Robert A. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Braun-McNeill, Joanne T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Rapid, safe, and effective methods of anesthetic induction and recovery are needed for sea turtles, especially in cases eligible for immediate release. This study demonstrates that intravenous propofol provides a rapid induction of anesthesia in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles and results in rapid recovery, allowing safe return to water shortly after the procedure. Forty-nine loggerhead sea turtles were recovered as local fishery by-catch in pound nets and transported to a surgical suite for laparoscopic sex determination. Treatment animals (n = 32) received 5 mg/kg propofol intravenously (i.v.) as a rapid bolus, whereas control animals (n = 17) received no propofol. For analgesia, all animals received a 4 ml infusion of 1% lidocaine, locally, as well as 2 mg/kg ketoprofen intramuscularly (i.m.). Physiologic data included heart and respiratory rate, temperature, and a single blood gas sample collected upon termination of the laparoscopy. Subjective data included jaw tone and ocular reflex: 3 (vigorous) to 0 (none detected). Anesthetic depth was scored from 1, no anesthesia, to 3, surgical anesthesia. Turtles receiving propofol became apneic for a minimum of 5 min with a mean time of 13.7 +/- 8.3 min to the first respiration. Limb movement returned at a mean time of 21.1 +/- 16.8 min. The treatment animals were judged to be sedated for approximately 30 min (mean anesthetic depth score > or = 1.5) when compared to controls. Median respiratory rates for treatment animals were slower compared to controls for the first 15 min, then after 35 min, they became significantly faster than the controls. Median heart rates of control animals became significantly slower than treatment animals between 40 and 45 min. Physiologic differences between groups persisted a minimum of 55 min. Possible explanations for heart rate and respiratory rate differences later in the monitoring period include a compensatory recovery of treatment animals from anesthesia-induced hypoxia and hypercapnia or, alternatively, an induced response of the nonsedated control animals. The animals induced with propofol were easier to secure to the restraint device and moved less during laparoscopy. In conclusion, propofol is a safe and effective injectable anesthetic for use in free-ranging loggerhead sea turtles that provides rapid induction and recovery. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.143 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 143-150 SN - 1943-3700 KW - anesthesia KW - Caretta caretta KW - free ranging KW - propofol KW - reptile KW - sea turtle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inactivation of bacterial pathogens in human milk by high-pressure processing AU - Viazis, S. AU - Farkas, B. E. AU - Jaykus, L. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Low-temperature, long-time (LTLT) pasteurization assures the safety of banked human milk; however, heat can destroy important nutritional biomolecules. High-pressure processing (HPP) shows promise as an alternative for pasteurization of breast milk. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of HPP for inactivation of selected bacterial pathogens in human milk. Human milk was inoculated with one of five pathogens (10(8) to 10(9) CFU/ml), while 0.1% peptone solution solutions with the same levels of each organism were used as controls. The samples were subjected to 400 MPa at 21 to 31 degrees C for 0 to 50 min or to 62.5 degrees C for 0 to 30 min (capillary tube method) to simulate LTLT pasteurization. Tryptic soy agar and selective media were used for enumeration. Traditional thermal pasteurization resulted in inactivation (> 7 log) of all pathogens within 10 min. In human milk and in peptone solution, a 6-log reduction was achieved after 30 min of HPP for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. After 30 min, S. aureus ATCC 25923 was reduced by 8 log and 6 log in human milk and peptone solution, respectively. Treatments of 4 and 7 min resulted in an 8-log inactivation of Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 12927 in human milk and peptone solution, respectively, while Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 required 2 min for an 8-log inactivation in human milk. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was inactivated by 8 log after 10 min in peptone solution and by 6 log after 30 min in human milk. These data suggest that HPP may be a promising alternative for pasteurization of human milk. Further research should evaluate the efficacy of HPP in the inactivation of relevant viral pathogens. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-71.1.109 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 109-118 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cell cycle behavior of laboratory and field populations of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis AU - Van Dolah, Frances M. AU - Leighfield, Tod A. AU - Kamykowski, Daniel AU - Kirkpatrick, Gary J. T2 - CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH AB - As a component of the ECOHAB Florida Regional Field Program, this study addresses cell cycle behavior and its importance to bloom formation of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis. The cell cycle of K. brevis was first studied by flow cytometry in laboratory batch cultures, and a laboratory mesocosm column, followed by field populations over the 5-year course of the ECOHAB program. Under all conditions studied, K. brevis displayed diel phased cell division with S-phase beginning a minimum of 6 h after the onset of light and continuing for 12–14 h. Mitosis occurred during the dark, and was generally completed by the start of the next day. The timing of cell cycle phases relative to the diel cycle did not differ substantially in bloom populations displaying radically different growth rates (μmin 0.17–0.55) under different day lengths and temperature conditions. The rhythm of cell cycle progression is independent from the rhythm controlling vertical migration, as similar cell cycle distributions are found at all depths of the water column in field samples. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of our current understanding of the dinoflagellate cell cycle and the development of improved models for K. brevis bloom growth. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1016/j.csr.2007.01.030 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 11-23 SN - 0278-4343 KW - in situ growth rate KW - circadian rhythm KW - harmful algal bloom KW - USA KW - Gulf of Mexico ER - TY - JOUR TI - A three-dimensional wind and behaviorally driven population dynamics model for Karenia brevis AU - Janowitz, G. S. AU - Kamykowski, D. AU - Liu, G. T2 - CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH AB - The time-dependent three-dimensional distribution of a population of Karenia brevis is explored through the use of an Eulerian model. The model combines a previously developed physiologically based behavioral model of these dinoflagellates with a simple model for a three-dimensional wind driven flow field over a variable-depth continental shelf. The behavioral model is simplified from that used in previous applications and sigma coordinates are utilized in the model. Model results indicate that even for the relatively weak wind driven currents used in our simulation a non-quantized population can develop into two spatially distinct quantized populations in a period as short as 1 day where, for present purposes, a quantized population is one in which all cells are at the same stage of the cell cycle. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1016/j.csr.2007.04.016 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 177-188 SN - 0278-4343 KW - continental shelf KW - dinoflagellate : behavior KW - modeling : population dynamics KW - west Florida shelf ER -