TY - JOUR TI - Weed Control in Southern Highbush Blueberry with S-metolachlor, Flumioxazin, and Hexazinone AU - Meyers, Stephen L. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Ballington, James R. AU - Jordan, David L. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRUIT SCIENCE AB - AbstractField studies were conducted in 2010, 2011, and 2012 at a commercial blueberry farm near Burgaw, NC to determine weed control and crop tolerance to S-metolachlor and flumioxazin alone or mixed with hexazinone. Herbicides were applied pre-budbreak and postharvest. Pre-budbreak applications consisted of hexazinone at 1.1 or 2.2 kg ai ha−1, S-metolachlor at 1.4 or 2.8 kg ai ha–1, and flumioxazin at 215 g ai ha–1 alone and tank mixes of hexazinone or flumioxazin plus S-metolachlor. Additional treatments consisted of flumioxazin (215 g ha–1), flumioxazin plus S-metolachlor (1.4 and 2.8 kg ha–1), or hexazinone (1.1 kg ha–1) plus S-metolachlor (1.4 and 2.8 kg ha–1) applied pre-budbreak and followed by (fb) a postharvest application of flumioxazin (215 g ha–1). Herbicide programs containing flumioxazin resulted in greater Maryland meadowbeauty control (73%) 5 to 6 weeks after treatment (WAT) than herbicide programs containing hexazinone at 1.1 or 2.2 kg ha–1 (37% and 39%, respectively). Needleleaf rosette... DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1080/15538362.2015.1072490 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 150-158 SN - 1553-8362 KW - Orchard floor management KW - weed control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of the Weed Maryland Meadowbeauty (Rhexia mariana L.) and Blueberry to Flumioxazin PRE AU - Coneybeer-Roberts, Meagan M. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRUIT SCIENCE AB - Field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 in North Carolina to determine the response of the weed Maryland meadowbeauty and blueberry to flumioxazin PRE (pre-emergence). No injury to non-bearing (blueberry plants not mature enough to produce fruit) or bearing (blueberry plants mature enough to produce fruit) blueberry from flumioxazin PRE was observed. In non-bearing blueberry, control of meadowbeauty was greater than 97% 90 DAT (days after treatment) with the registered rate of 0.42 kg ai ha–1 flumioxazin. Across two studies in bearing blueberry, a single application of flumioxazin at 0.42 kg ai ha–1 controlled meadowbeauty 79% to 92% 90 DAT. Flumioxazin at 0.21 kg ai ha–1 applied twice 60 d apart resulted in greater than 96% meadowbeauty control 90 d after the first application. Treatments of flumioxazin applied as a single application or two applications applied sequentially 60 d apart in bearing blueberry had yields ranging from 3150 to 6065 kg ha–1and 3551 to 5735 kg ha–1, respectively, and did not have a negative effect on blueberry yield regardless of application rate compared to the nontreated check. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1080/15538362.2015.1108895 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 301-309 SN - 1553-8362 KW - Herbicide tolerance KW - herbicide efficacy KW - yield ER - TY - JOUR TI - A High-Resolution Crystal Structure of a Psychrohalophilic alpha-Carbonic Anhydrase from Photobacterium profundum Reveals a Unique Dimer Interface AU - Somalinga, Vijayakumar AU - Buhrman, Greg AU - Arun, Ashikha AU - Rose, Robert B. AU - Grunden, Amy M. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Bacterial α–carbonic anhydrases (α-CA) are zinc containing metalloenzymes that catalyze the rapid interconversion of CO2 to bicarbonate and a proton. We report the first crystal structure of a pyschrohalophilic α–CA from a deep-sea bacterium, Photobacterium profundum. Size exclusion chromatography of the purified P. profundum α–CA (PprCA) reveals that the protein is a heterogeneous mix of monomers and dimers. Furthermore, an “in-gel” carbonic anhydrase activity assay, also known as protonography, revealed two distinct bands corresponding to monomeric and dimeric forms of PprCA that are catalytically active. The crystal structure of PprCA was determined in its native form and reveals a highly conserved “knot-topology” that is characteristic of α–CA’s. Similar to other bacterial α–CA’s, PprCA also crystallized as a dimer. Furthermore, dimer interface analysis revealed the presence of a chloride ion (Cl-) in the interface which is unique to PprCA and has not been observed in any other α–CA’s characterized so far. Molecular dynamics simulation and chloride ion occupancy analysis shows 100% occupancy for the Cl- ion in the dimer interface. Zinc coordinating triple histidine residues, substrate binding hydrophobic patch residues, and the hydrophilic proton wire residues are highly conserved in PprCA and are identical to other well-studied α–CA’s. DA - 2016/12/9/ PY - 2016/12/9/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0168022 VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Wick-Applied Glyphosate for Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Sweetpotato AU - Meyers, Stephen L. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Schultheis, Jonathan R. AU - Monks, David W. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at Clinton, NC to determine the effect of glyphosate applied POST via a Dixie wick applicator on Palmer amaranth control and sweetpotato yield and quality. In 2007, treatments consisted of glyphosate wicked sequentially 6 and 8 wk after transplanting (WAP) and glyphosate wicked sequentially 6 and 8 WAP followed by (fb) rotary mowing 9 WAP. In 2008, treatments consisted of glyphosate wicked once 4 or 7 WAP, wicked sequentially 4 and 7 WAP, mowed once 4 WAP, and mowed 4 WAP fb wicking 7 WAP. In 2008, Palmer amaranth control 6 WAP varied by location and averaged 10 and 58% for plots wicked 4 WAP. Palmer amaranth contacted by the wicking apparatus were controlled, but weeds shorter than the wicking height escaped treatment. Palmer amaranth control 9 WAP was greater than 90% for all treatments wicked 7 WAP. Competition prior to and between glyphosate treatments contributed to large sweetpotato yield losses. Treatments consisting of glyphosate 7 or 8 WAP (in 2007 and 2008, respectively) frequently had greater no. 1 and marketable yields compared to the weedy control. However, jumbo, no. 1, and marketable yields for all glyphosate and mowing treatments were generally less than half the hand-weeded check. Cracked sweetpotato roots were observed in glyphosate treatments and percent cracking (by weight) in those plots ranged from 1 to 12% for no. 1 roots, and 1 to 6% for marketable roots. Findings from this research suggest wicking might be useful in a salvage scenario, but only after currently registered preemergence herbicides and between-row cultivation have failed to control Palmer amaranth and other weed species below the sweetpotato canopy. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1614/wt-d-16-00024.1 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 765-772 SN - 1550-2740 KW - Root cracking KW - wick applicator ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Herbicide Timings for Palmer Amaranth Control in a Stale Seedbed Sweetpotato Production System AU - Coleman, Lauren B. AU - Chaudhari, Sushila AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Schultheis, Jonathan R. AU - Meyers, Stephen L. AU - Monks, David W. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Studies were conducted in a stale field production system in 2012 and 2013 to determine the effect of herbicide timing on Palmer amaranth control and ‘Covington’ sweetpotato yield and quality. Treatments consisted of flumioxazin at 72, 90, or 109 g ai ha −1 applied 45 d before transplanting (DBT) or 1 DBT, or sequentially the same rate at 45 DBT followed by (fb) 1 DBT; flumioxazin 109 g ha −1 applied 1 DBT fb S -metolachlor (800 g ai ha −1 ) at 0, 6 (± 1), or 10 d after treatment (DAT); flumioxazin at 72, 90, or 109 g ha −1 plus clomazone (630 g ai ha −1 ) applied 45 DBT fb S -metolachlor (800 g ha −1 ) applied 10 DAT; and fomesafen alone at 280 g ai ha −1 applied 45 DBT. Nontreated weed-free and weedy controls were included for comparison. Flumioxazin application time had a significant effect on Palmer amaranth control and sweetpotato yields, and the effect of flumioxazin rate was not significant. Treatments consisting of sequential application of flumioxazin 45 DBT fb 1 DBT or flumioxazin plus clomazone 45 DBT fb S -metolachlor 10 DAT provided the maximum Palmer amaranth control and sweetpotato yields (jumbo, No. 1, jumbo plus No. 1, marketable) among all treatments. Delayed flumioxazin application timings until 1 DBT allowed Palmer amaranth emergence on stale seedbeds and resulted only in 65, 62, 48, and 17% control at 14, 32, 68, and 109 DAT, respectively. POST transplant S -metolachlor applications following flumioxazin 1 DBT did not improve Palmer amaranth control, because the majority of Palmer amaranth emerged prior to S -metolachlor application. A control program consisting of flumioxazin 109 g ha −1 plus clomazone 630 g ha −1 at 45 DBT fb S -metolachlor 800 g ha −1 at 0 to 10 DAT provides an effective herbicide program for Palmer amaranth control in stale seedbed production systems in North Carolina sweetpotato. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1614/wt-d-15-00133.1 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 725-732 SN - 1550-2740 KW - Weed control KW - yield loss ER - TY - JOUR TI - Purification and characterization of a recombinant laccase-like multi-copper oxidase from Paenibacillus glucanolyticus SLM1 AU - Mathews, S. L. AU - Smithson, C. E. AU - Grunden, A. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of a novel bacterial laccase-like multi-copper oxidase (LMCO) from Paenibacillus glucanolyticus SLM1: a bacterium isolated from pulp and paper waste.A new bacterial LMCO gene (CuOx) from P. glucanolyticus SLM1 was identified and cloned into pET22b. The protein it encodes was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant P. glucanolyticus LMCO had a molecular weight of approximately 90 kDa and demonstrated oxidation of the LMCO substrates 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), catechol, and 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP), with the oxidation of ABTS occurring to the greatest extent (776 U mg-1 under optimal conditions of pH 7 and 40°C). Furthermore, recombinant P. glucanolyticus CuOx retained activity against ABTS in the presence of 1 mol l-1 NaCl, 50% dimethyl sulfoxide and 5% Tween-80 and can decolorize several types of dyes.This enzyme has a neutral pH optimum, is capable of decolorizing dyes, and is active in the presence salt, detergents and surfactant. The characteristics of this enzyme suggest that it could be used for a variety of industrial applications.This work characterizes a unique bacterial LMCO with activity higher than that of previously characterized fungal or bacterial LMCOs. This enzyme may have utility for industrial bleaching, treatment of dye effluent, and lignin removal. DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016/11// DO - 10.1111/jam.13241 VL - 121 IS - 5 SP - 1335-1345 SN - 1365-2672 KW - dye decolorization KW - laccase KW - lignin degradation KW - Paenibacillus glucanolyticus SLM1 KW - recombinant expression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbial diversity of extreme habitats in human homes AU - Savage, Amy M. AU - Hills, Justin AU - Driscoll, Kattherine AU - Fergus, Daniel J. AU - Grunden, Amy M. AU - Dunn, Robert R. T2 - PEERJ AB - High-throughput sequencing techniques have opened up the world of microbial diversity to scientists, and a flurry of studies in the most remote and extreme habitats on earth have begun to elucidate the key roles of microbes in ecosystems with extreme conditions. These same environmental extremes can also be found closer to humans, even in our homes. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing techniques to assess bacterial and archaeal diversity in the extreme environments inside human homes (e.g., dishwashers, hot water heaters, washing machine bleach reservoirs, etc.). We focused on habitats in the home with extreme temperature, pH, and chemical environmental conditions. We found a lower diversity of microbes in these extreme home environments compared to less extreme habitats in the home. However, we were nonetheless able to detect sequences from a relatively diverse array of bacteria and archaea. Habitats with extreme temperatures alone appeared to be able to support a greater diversity of microbes than habitats with extreme pH or extreme chemical environments alone. Microbial diversity was lowest when habitats had both extreme temperature and one of these other extremes. In habitats with both extreme temperatures and extreme pH, taxa with known associations with extreme conditions dominated. Our findings highlight the importance of examining interactive effects of multiple environmental extremes on microbial communities. Inasmuch as taxa from extreme environments can be both beneficial and harmful to humans, our findings also suggest future work to understand both the threats and opportunities posed by the life in these habitats. DA - 2016/9/13/ PY - 2016/9/13/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.2376 VL - 4 SP - SN - 2167-8359 KW - Community Ecology KW - Extreme environments KW - Human Homes KW - Interactive effects KW - Microbialdiversity KW - Temperature KW - pH KW - Chemical ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heat Unit Accumulation and Days to Anthesis Relationship in Tobacco Genotypes with an Introgressed QTL Affecting Leaf Number AU - Wells, Randy AU - Eickholt, David P. J. AU - Lewis, Ramsey AU - Vann, Matthew C. AU - Fisher, Loren R. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Plant breeders and crop managers would benefit from an increased ability to predict the requirements for onset of anthesis in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.). This study was performed to determine the relationship in the field between heat unit (HU) accumulation and the onset of anthesis in tobacco genotypes varying for the zygosity of an introgressed quantitative trait loci (QTL) designated as Many Leaves ( Ml ) affecting flowering team and leaf number. Three commercially important cultivars or breeding lines (Speight 168, K326, and NCTG‐61), their nearly isogenic homozygous ( MlMl ) and heterozygous ( Mlml ) counterparts, and three BC6F3 null‐segregant ( mlml ) lines, were evaluated at three locations and over 2 yr. Days to anthesis (DTA) and HU accumulation were determined. In each environment, the MlMl , Mlml , and mlml genotypes were found to be grouped according to the zygosity of the Ml trait, with the mlml genotypes flowering first followed by Mlml and MlMl genotypes, respectively. An exception to this trend was Speight 168 MlMl, which consistently fell within the Mlml grouping for DTA. No consistent relationships were observed between HU and DTA, which was highly variable among environments. Integrated HU (area under the HU curve) during the 28 d after transplanting (DAT) was positively associated ( R 2 = 0.98; P = 0.0001) with the range of DTA among all genotypes. Integrated HU was a better indicator of the pattern of HU attainment than merely the amount. Early HU exposure seemed important in determining the range in DTA amongst the genotypes examined. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2016.04.0278 VL - 56 IS - 6 SP - 3228-3236 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fomesafen Programs for Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Sweetpotato AU - Barkley, Susan L. AU - Chaudhari, Sushila AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Schultheis, Jonathan R. AU - Meyers, Stephen L. AU - Monks, David W. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 to determine the effect of fomesafen based Palmer amaranth control program in ‘Covington' and ‘Evangeline' sweetpotato cultivars. Treatments consisted of fomesafen pretransplant alone at 0.20, 0.28, 0.36, 0.42, 0.56, and 0.84 kg ai ha −1 or followed by (fb) S -metolachlor at 1.12 kg ai ha −1 0 to 7 d after transplanting (DAP), fomesafen at 0.28 kg ha −1 fb S -metolachlor at 1.12 kg ha −1 14 DAP, flumioxazin pretransplant at 0.105 kg ai ha −1 , S -metolachlor at 1.12 kg ha −1 0 to 7 DAP, clomazone at 0.63 kg ha −1 0 to 7 DAP, napropamide at 2.24 kg ha −1 0 to7 DAP, flumioxazin fb S -metolachlor 0 to 7 DAP, and flumioxazin fb clomazone fb S -metolachlor 14 DAP. Fomesafen pretransplant at 0.28 to 0.84 kg ha −1 alone or followed by S -metolachlor at 1.12 kg ha −1 0 to 7 DAP provided 80 to 100% Palmer amaranth control without reduction of yield and significant (< 13%) injury in Covington and Evangeline sweetpotato. Flumioxazin alone or fb S -metolachlor and flumioxazin fb clomazone fb S -metolachlor provided Palmer amaranth control (≥ 95%) with little injury (≤ 5%) and similar yield to the weed-free check. Clomazone alone did not cause injury, but controlled only 24 to 32% of Palmer amaranth at 50 DAP, which resulted in reduced no. 1, marketable, and total sweetpotato yield. Napropamide provided inconsistent control of Palmer amaranth in both years; therefore jumbo and total sweetpotato yield was reduced as compared to the weed-free check in 2012. Palmer amaranth control, sweetpotato cultivar tolerance, and yield in treatments with fomesafen fb S -metolachlor were similar to flumioxazin fb S -metolachlor. In conclusion, a herbicide program consisting of pretransplant fomesafen (0.28 to 0.42 kg ha −1 ) fb S -metolachlor (1.12 kg ha −1 ) is a potential option to control Palmer amaranth without causing significant injury and yield reduction in sweetpotato. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1614/wt-d-15-00150.1 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 506-515 SN - 1550-2740 KW - Application rate KW - crop tolerance KW - herbicide KW - weed control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Critical Period for Weed Control in Grafted and Nongrafted Fresh Market Tomato AU - Chaudhari, Sushila AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Gunter, Christopher C. AU - McGowen, Samuel J. AU - Louws, Frank J. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Field experiments were conducted to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in nongrafted ‘Amelia’ and Amelia grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ tomato rootstock grown in plasticulture. The establishment treatments (EST) consisted of two seedlings each of common purslane, large crabgrass, and yellow nutsedge transplanted at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 wk after tomato transplanting (WAT) and remained until tomato harvest to simulate weeds emerging at different times. The removal treatments (REM) consisted of the same weeds transplanted on the day of tomato transplanting and removed at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 WAT to simulate weeds controlled at different times. The beginning and end of the CPWC, based on a 5% yield loss of marketable tomato, was determined by fitting log-logistic and Gompertz models to the relative yield data representing REM and EST, respectively. In both grafted and nongrafted tomato, plant aboveground dry biomass increased as establishment of weeds was delayed and tomato plant biomass decreased when removal of weeds was delayed. For a given time of weed removal and establishment, grafted tomato plants produced higher biomass than nongrafted. The delay in establishment and removal of weeds resulted in weed biomass decrease and increase of the same magnitude, respectively, regardless of transplant type. The predicted CPWC was from 2.2 to 4.5 WAT in grafted tomato and from 3.3 to 5.8 WAT in nongrafted tomato. The length (2.3 or 2.5 wk) of the CPWC in fresh market tomato was not affected by grafting; however, the CPWC management began and ended 1 wk earlier in grafted tomato than in nongrafted tomato. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1614/ws-d-15-00049.1 VL - 64 IS - 3 SP - 523-530 SN - 1550-2759 KW - Competition KW - establishment KW - grafted tomato KW - interference KW - removal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of nitrogen and mepiquat chloride on cotton canopy reflectance measurements AU - Foote, W. AU - Edmisten, K. AU - Wells, R. AU - Collins, G. AU - Roberson, G. AU - Jordan, D. AU - Fisher, L. T2 - Journal of Cotton Science DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 1-7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Degradation of lignocellulose and lignin by Paenibacillus glucanolyticus AU - Mathews, Stephanie L. AU - Grunden, Amy M. AU - Pawlak, Joel T2 - INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION AB - Lignocellulose is an abundant renewable carbon source that has been used for fuel and chemical production. Lignocellulose refers to the plant cell wall and is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Lignin is a recalcitrant amorphous aromatic compound. Paenibacillus glucanolyticus SLM1, a facultative anaerobe that grows optimally at pH 9, was isolated from pulp mill waste. Initial characterization showed that this bacterium could degrade cellulose and hemicellulose and also suggested that it may be able to degrade lignin. This work examines the ability of P. glucanolyticus SLM1 and the type strain P. glucanolyticus 5162 to degrade lignocellulose, lignin, and aromatic lignin-related compounds using growth studies, dye degradation assays, GC–MS, and GPC. Our results show that both strains of P. glucanolyticus can degrade aromatic lignin-related compounds under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These strains can also degrade polymeric lignin under anaerobic conditions. However, only P. glucanolyticus SLM1 can also degrade polymeric lignin under aerobic conditions. DA - 2016/5// PY - 2016/5// DO - 10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.02.012 VL - 110 SP - 79-86 SN - 1879-0208 KW - Lignin degradation KW - Lignocellulose degradation KW - Paenibacillus glucanolyticus KW - Bioproducts ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-Term Management of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in Dicamba-Tolerant Cotton AU - Inman, Matthew D. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - York, Alan C. AU - Jennings, Katie M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Everman, Wesley J. AU - Bollman, Scott L. AU - Fowler, John T. AU - Cole, Richard M. AU - Soteres, John K. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Research was conducted from 2011 to 2014 to determine weed population dynamics and frequency of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth with herbicide programs consisting of glyphosate, dicamba, and residual herbicides in dicamba-tolerant cotton. Five treatments were maintained in the same plots over the duration of the experiment: three sequential POST applications of glyphosate with or without pendimethalin plus diuron PRE; three sequential POST applications of glyphosate plus dicamba with and without the PRE herbicides; and a POST application of glyphosate plus dicamba plus acetochlor followed by one or two POST applications of glyphosate plus dicamba without PRE herbicides. Additional treatments included alternating years with three sequential POST applications of glyphosate only and glyphosate plus dicamba POST with and without PRE herbicides. The greatest population of Palmer amaranth was observed when glyphosate was the only POST herbicide throughout the experiment. Although diuron plus pendimethalin PRE in a program with only glyphosate POST improved control during the first 2 yr, these herbicides were ineffective by the final 2 yr on the basis of weed counts from soil cores. The lowest population of Palmer amaranth was observed when glyphosate plus dicamba were applied regardless of PRE herbicides or inclusion of acetochlor POST. Frequency of GR Palmer amaranth was 8% or less when the experiment was initiated. Frequency of GR Palmer amaranth varied by herbicide program during 2012 but was similar among all herbicide programs in 2013 and 2014. Similar frequency of GR Palmer amaranth across all treatments at the end of the experiment most likely resulted from pollen movement from Palmer amaranth treated with glyphosate only to any surviving female plants regardless of PRE or POST treatment. These data suggest that GR Palmer amaranth can be controlled by dicamba and that dicamba is an effective alternative mode of action to glyphosate in fields where GR Palmer amaranth exists. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1614/ws-d-15-00058.1 VL - 64 IS - 1 SP - 161-169 SN - 1550-2759 KW - Herbicide resistance management KW - herbicide-resistant weeds KW - soil seedbank ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) Grafted onto Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Rootstock to Herbicides AU - Chaudhari, Sushila AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Gunter, Christopher C. AU - Basinger, Nicholas T. AU - Louws, Frank J. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Tomato rootstocks have been successfully used for eggplant production. However, the safety of herbicides registered in tomato has not been tested on grafted eggplant, which is a combination of tomato rootstock and eggplant scion. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine response of grafted eggplant on tomato rootstock to napropamide, metribuzin, halosulfuron, trifluralin, S -metolachlor, and fomesafen herbicides. In greenhouse experiments, herbicide treatments included pretransplant S -metolachlor (400 and 800 g ai ha −1 ), pre- or posttransplant metribuzin (140 and 280 g ai ha −1 ), and posttransplant halosulfuron (18 and 36 g ai ha −1 ). In field experiments, herbicide treatments included pretransplant fomesafen (280 and 420 g ai ha −1 ), halosulfuron (39 and 52 g ha −1 ), metribuzin (280 and 550 g ha −1 ), napropamide (1,120 and 2,240 g ai ha −1 ), S -metolachlor (800 and 1,060 g ha −1 ), and trifluralin (560 and 840 g ai ha −1 ). The eggplant cultivar ‘Santana' was used as the scion and nongrafted control, and two hybrid tomatoes ‘RST-04−106-T' and ‘Maxifort' were used as rootstocks for grafted plants. In both greenhouse and field experiments, there was no difference between grafted and nongrafted eggplant in terms of injury caused by herbicides. Metribuzin posttransplant at 140 and 280 g ha −1 caused 94 and 100% injury to grafted and nongrafted eggplant 4 wk after treatment. In field experiments, pretransplant fomesafen, napropamide, S -metolachlor, and trifluralin caused less than 10% injury and no yield reduction in grafted and nongrafted eggplant. However, metribuzin caused injury and yield reduction in both grafted and nongrafted eggplant. Metribuzin at 550 g ha −1 caused 60 and 81% plant stand loss in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Halosulfuron reduced yield 24% in both grafted and nongrafted eggplant compared to nontreated control in 2013 but did not reduce yield in 2014. The pretransplant S -metolachlor, napropamide, fomesafen, and trifluralin are safe to use on eggplant grafted onto tomato rootstock, and will be a valuable addition to the toolkit of eggplant growers. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016/// DO - 10.1614/wt-d-15-00079.1 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 207-216 SN - 1550-2740 KW - Application method KW - crop tolerance KW - grafting KW - rootstock ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancing Heat Tolerance of the Little Dogwood Cornus canadensis L.f. with Introduction of a Superoxide Reductase Gene from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus AU - Geng, Xing-Min AU - Liu, Xiang AU - Ji, Mikyoung AU - Hoffmann, William A. AU - Grunden, Amy AU - Xiang, Qiu-Yun J. T2 - FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be accelerated under various biotic and abiotic stresses causing lipid peroxidation, protein degradation, enzyme inactivation, and DNA damage. Superoxide reductase (SOR) is a novel antioxidant enzyme from Pyrococcus furiosus and is employed by this anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon for efficient detoxification of ROS. In this study, SOR was introduced into a flowering plant Cornus canadensis to enhance its heat tolerance and reduce heat induced damage. A fusion construct of the SOR gene and Green Fluorescent Protein gene (GFP) was introduced into C. canadensis using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Heat tolerance of the GFP-SOR expressing transgenic plants was investigated by observing morphological symptoms of heat injury and by examining changes in photosynthesis, malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline levels in the plants. Our results indicate that the expression of the P. furiosus SOR gene in the transgenic plants alleviated lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and photoinhibition of PS II, and decreased the accumulation of proline at 40°C. After a series of exposures to increasing temperatures, the SOR transgenic plants remained healthy and green whereas most of the non-transgenic plants dried up and were unable to recover. While it had previously been reported that expression of SOR in Arabidopsis enhanced heat tolerance, this is the first report of the successful demonstration of improved heat tolerance in a non-model plant resulting from the introduction of P. furiosus SOR. The study demonstrates the potential of SOR for crop improvement and that inherent limitations of plant heat tolerance can be ameliorated with P. furiosus SOR. DA - 2016/1/29/ PY - 2016/1/29/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2016.00026 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1664-462X KW - antioxidant enzyme KW - Cornus canadensis KW - genetic transformation KW - heat tolerance KW - Pyrococcus furiosus KW - reactive oxygen species (ROS) KW - superoxide reductase (SOR) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of abamectin loaded lignocellulosic matrices for the controlled release of nematicide for crop protection AU - Cao, Jing AU - Guenther, Richard H. AU - Sit, Tim L. AU - Lommel, Steven A. AU - Opperman, Charles H. AU - Willoughby, Julie A. T2 - CELLULOSE DA - 2016/2// PY - 2016/2// DO - 10.1007/s10570-015-0817-6 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 673-687 SN - 1572-882X KW - Lignocellulosic matrix KW - Controlled release KW - Abamectin KW - Lignin KW - Crop protection ER -