TY - JOUR TI - Anhydrous Ammonia Pretreatment of Corn Stover and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Glucan from Pretreated Corn Stover AU - Yang, Minliang AU - Zhang, Weitao AU - Rosentrater, Kurt T2 - Fermentation AB - As a promising alternative of fossil fuel, ethanol has been widely used. In recent years, much attention has been devoted to bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. In previous research, it is found that the pretreatment method named low-moisture anhydrous ammonia (LMAA) has the advantage of high conversion efficiency and less washing requirements. The purpose of this study was to explore the optimal conditions by employing the LMAA pretreatment method. Corn stover was treated under three levels of moisture content: 20, 50, 80 w.b.% (wet basis), and three levels of particle size: <0.09, 0.09–2, >2 mm; it was also ammoniated with a loading rate of 0.1g NH3/g biomass (dry matter). Ammoniated corn stover was then subjected to different pretreatment times (24, 96, 168 h) and temperatures (20, 75, 130 °C). After pretreatment, compositional analysis and enzymatic digestibility were conducted to determine the highest glucose yield. As a result, the highest glucose yield was obtained under the condition of 96 h and 75 °C with 50 w.b.% and 0.09–2 mm of corn stover. The main findings of this study could improve the efficiency of bioethanol production processing in the near future. DA - 2017/2/17/ PY - 2017/2/17/ DO - 10.3390/fermentation3010009 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 9 J2 - Fermentation LA - en OP - SN - 2311-5637 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation3010009 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Small-scale low-moisture anhydrous ammonia (LMAA) pretreatment of corn stover AU - Yang, Minliang AU - Rosentrater, Kurt A. T2 - Biomass and Bioenergy AB - With many economic benefits, corn-based ethanol has been widely used in recent years. Cellulosic ethanol, however, require pretreatment to break down lingo-cellulosic structures prior to fermentation. Among all the pretreatment reagents that have been used, ammonia has proven to be one of the most effective, because it can readily delignify, swell, and preserve the polysaccharides. The purpose of this study was to determine optimal conditions (i.e. highest glucose yield) using the low-moisture anhydrous ammonia (LMAA) pretreatment process. In this experiment, corn stover was prepared with different moisture contents (20% w.b., 50% w.b., 80% w.b.) and particle sizes (9–30 mesh, 30–144 mesh). Corn stover was ammoniated for 30 min. Ammoniated corn stover was then subjected to different incubation times (24 h, 75 h, and 144 h) under different temperatures (20 °C, 70 °C, 120 °C). After that, compositional analyses, including moisture content, ash content, carbohydrates, and lignin content, were conducted. Enzymatic digestibility tests were also conducted. Results from this study will be used to improve the efficiency of pretreatment processing. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.12.013 VL - 97 SP - 38-42 J2 - Biomass and Bioenergy LA - en OP - SN - 0961-9534 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.12.013 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rheological, pasting and microstructural studies of dairy protein–starch interactions and their application in extrusion-based products: A review AU - Kumar, L. AU - Brennan, M.A. AU - Mason, S.L. AU - Zheng, H. AU - Brennan, C.S. T2 - Starch/Staerke AB - The two biopolymers protein and starch are used to enhance the textural properties of food and play a key role in the formulation of novel food structures. In this paper, the interactions between dairy proteins and starch are discussed with a focus on the recent development on the rheological, pasting, and microstructural properties of these systems. Fortification of extruded cereal based snacks with dairy proteins leads to nutritious and energy dense snack foods. Milk proteins and starch interactions, and their effects on physiochemical and functional properties of extruded products are also explored in this review. Processing parameters of the extrusion process and feed characteristics affect final product quality and act as an important contributor in the determination of overall product texture. Fortification with dairy proteins may result in an acceptable quality of extrusion based ready to eat (RTE) snack foods. This review article will help food technologists to design and predict a product's behaviour during processing and final texture of a starch–protein based food system. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1002/star.201600273 VL - 69 IS - 1-2 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85006415334&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Dairy protein KW - Extrusion KW - Protein-starch interactions KW - Rheology KW - Starch ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of Ingesting a Flavonoid-Rich Supplement On the Human Metabolome and Concentration of Urine Phenolics AU - Nieman, David C. AU - Ramamoorthy, Sivapriya AU - Kay, Colin D. AU - Goodman, Courtney L. AU - Capps, Christopher R. AU - Shue, Zachary L. AU - Heyl, Nicole AU - Grace, Mary H. AU - Lila, Mary Ann T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - A variety of polyphenol‐rich supplements (juices, extracts, purified flavonoids) have been tested at low to high doses for varying lengths of time, typically with study participants at high disease risk. Results have been mixed, perhaps because of short dosing periods, low subject numbers, and the lack of focus on whole body metabolic responses. This study evaluated the effect of ingesting a flavonoid‐rich supplement (329 mg/d) on total urine phenolics and shifts in plasma metabolites in overweight/obese female adults using untargeted, global metabolomics procedures. Participants (N=103, 18–65 y, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were randomized to flavonoid or placebo groups for 12 weeks, with blood and 24‐h urine samples collected pre‐study, 4‐ and 12‐weeks in a parallel design. Supplements were prepared as chewable tablets, and included vitamin C, wild bilberry fruit extract, green tea leaf extract, quercetin, caffeine, and omega 3 fatty acids. One serving (4 chewable tablets) contained 50 kilocalories, 100 mg vitamin C, 60 mg n3‐PUFA (24 mg docosahexaenoic acid, 36 mg eicosapentaenoic acid), 107 mg caffeine, and 329 mg total flavonoids. Analysis of pre‐ and post‐study 3‐day food records revealed the flavonoid supplement increased dietary intake by 217% (138±23.0 to 437±20.1 mg/day) compared to placebo (interaction effect, p<0.001). At 4‐weeks, urine total phenolics increased 24% in the flavonoid group above placebo, with similar changes at 12‐weeks (interaction effect, P=0.041). Groups did not differ in traditional markers of inflammation (IL‐6, MCP‐1, CRP) or oxidative stress (oxLDL, FRAP). Metabolomics data indicated shifts in 63 plasma metabolites in the flavonoid versus placebo group, with 70% of these from the lipid and xenobiotics super pathways. The largest fold changes were measured for three gut‐derived phenolics including 3‐methoxycatechol sulfate, 3‐(3‐hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid sulfate, and 1,2,3‐benzenetriol sulfate (interaction effects, p≤0.050). Small group differences in 29 metabolites from the lipid super pathway were more than likely related to the combined influence of green tea extract and caffeine. This randomized clinical trial of overweight/obese women showed that 12‐weeks ingestion of a mixed flavonoid‐nutrient supplement was associated with a corresponding increase in urine total phenolics and gut‐derived phenolic metabolites. The lack of change in traditional measures of inflammation and oxidative stress in this study is consistent with other 10‐ to 12‐week polyphenol supplementation investigations, and supports the strategy of using metabolomics procedures to better define physiological responses in humans. Support or Funding Information Supported by funding from Reoxcyn Innovation Group LLC, Salt Lake City, UT DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.972.26 VL - 31 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 972.26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic analysis of provitamin A carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin concentration and relationship with other carotenoids in maize grain (Zea mays L.) AU - Venado, Rafael E. AU - Owens, Brenda F. AU - Ortiz, Darwin AU - Lawson, Tyler AU - Mateos-Hernandez, Maria AU - Ferruzzi, Mario G. AU - Rocheford, Torbert R. T2 - Molecular Breeding DA - 2017/9/22/ PY - 2017/9/22/ DO - 10.1007/S11032-017-0723-8 VL - 37 IS - 10 J2 - Mol Breeding LA - en OP - SN - 1380-3743 1572-9788 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11032-017-0723-8 DB - Crossref KW - Carotenoids KW - beta-Cryptoxanthin KW - Quantitative trait loci (QTL) KW - Provitamin A KW - Colorimeter KW - Visual score KW - Ratios ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of diabetes on plasma pharmacokinetics and brain bioavailability of grape polyphenols and their phase II metabolites in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat AU - Chen, Tzu-Ying AU - Ferruzzi, Mario G. AU - Wu, Qing-Li AU - Simon, James E. AU - Talcott, Stephen T. AU - Wang, Jun AU - Ho, Lap AU - Todd, George AU - Cooper, Bruce AU - Pasinetti, Giulio M. AU - Janle, Elsa M. T2 - Molecular Nutrition & Food Research AB - The effect of diabetes on the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and brain distribution of grape polyphenols and select metabolites was studied in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat model.(ZDF) rats and their lean controls (LN) were dosed with a Standardized Grape Polyphenol (SGP) Mixture consisting of grape seed extract, Concord grape juice and resveratrol (RES) by oral gavage for 10 days. An 8-h pharmacokinetic study was performed. After 24 h, a second dose of SGP was administered and 1 h later animals were sacrificed and brain tissue was harvested. Plasma, urine, and brain tissue were analyzed for grape polyphenols. ZDF rats exhibited significantly diminished Cmax for all catechin, epicatechin, quercetin and resveratrol conjugated metabolites. Bioavailability was significantly lower in ZDF rats for methylated flavan-3-ol, RES, and quercetin metabolites. Significantly lower levels of metabolites of RES, quercetin, and flavan-3-ols were found in brains of ZDF rats. There was no significant difference between ZDF and LN in anthocyanins in plasma and no anthocyanins were detectable in brain extracts. ZDF rats showed significantly higher urinary excretion for all polyphenols.Diabetes may alter the overall bioavailability of some polyphenols in plasma and brain in part due to higher urinary clearance. DA - 2017/8/14/ PY - 2017/8/14/ DO - 10.1002/MNFR.201700111 VL - 61 IS - 10 SP - 1700111 J2 - Mol. Nutr. Food Res. LA - en OP - SN - 1613-4125 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.201700111 DB - Crossref KW - Bioavailability KW - Brain KW - Diabetes KW - Grape polyphenols KW - Pharmacokinetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Phenolic Extracts from Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla Bark AU - Jiang, Ping AU - Xiong, Jia AU - Wang, Fei AU - Grace, Mary H. AU - Lila, Mary Ann AU - Xu, Rui T2 - Journal of Chemistry AB - This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of different extracts and fractions from Eucalyptus. grandis × urophylla bark (EB) against α -glucosidase and α -amylase enzyme activities. The ethyl acetate extract (EB-E) showed the highest activity among others. Seven fractions were derived from EB-E; among them EB-E-7 showed the highest significant inhibition of both enzymes, with IC 50 of 1.40±0.18 and 1.72±0.12 μ g/mL, respectively. EB-E and its active fraction EB-E-7 showed highest contents of total phenolics: 178.79±4.68 and 920.4±5.46 mg GAEag −1 , respectively. HPLC-MS analysis of EB-E-7 revealed the presence of ellagic acid, quercetin-glucuronide, quercetin-3- α -rhamnopyranoside, and ellagic acid rhamnoside as major compounds, together with smaller concentrations of myricetin-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-hexoside, myricetin-3- α -arabinofuranoside, and isorhamnetin. Therefore, the phenolic compounds from Eucalyptus grandis × E. urograndis bark potently inhibited α -amylase and α -glucosidase activity, having potential in prevention of hyperglycemia. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1155/2017/8516964 VL - 2017 SP - 1-7 UR - https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8516964 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein-bound polyphenols create “ghost” band artifacts during chemiluminescence-based antigen detection AU - Plundrich, Nathalie AU - Lila, Mary Ann AU - Foegeding, Edward AU - Laster, Scott T2 - F1000Research AB - Antigen detection during Western blotting commonly utilizes a horseradish peroxidase-coupled secondary antibody and enhanced chemiluminescent substrate. We utilized this technique to examine the impact of green tea-derived polyphenols on the binding of egg white protein-specific IgE antibodies from allergic human plasma to their cognate antigens. Our experiments unexpectedly showed that green tea-derived polyphenols, when stably complexed with egg white proteins, caused “ghost” band formation in the presence of horseradish peroxide. This study suggests that caution should be taken when evaluating polyphenol-bound proteins by enhanced chemiluminescence Western blotting using horseradish peroxidase and demonstrates that protein-bound polyphenols can be a source of “ghost” band artifacts on Western blots. DA - 2017/5/26/ PY - 2017/5/26/ DO - 10.12688/f1000research.10622.2 VL - 6 SP - 254 UR - https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10622.2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polyphenol-enriched berry extracts naturally modulate reactive proteins in model foods AU - Lila, Mary Ann AU - Schneider, Maggie AU - Devlin, Amy AU - Plundrich, Nathalie AU - Laster, Scott AU - Foegeding, E. Allen T2 - Food & Function AB - Healthy foods like polyphenol-rich berries and high quality edible proteins are in demand in today's functional food marketplace, but it can be difficult to formulate convenient food products with physiologically-relevant amounts of these ingredients and still maintain product quality. In part, this is because proteins can interact with other food ingredients and precipitate destabilizing events, which can disrupt food structure and diminish shelf life. Proteins in foods can also interact with human receptors to provoke adverse consequences such as allergies. When proteins and polyphenols were pre-aggregated into stable colloidal particles prior to use as ingredients, highly palatable food formulations (with reduced astringency of polyphenols) could be prepared, and the overall structural properties of food formulations were significantly improved. All of the nutritive and phytoactive benefits of the proteins and concentrated polyphenols remained highly bioavailable, but the protein molecules in the particle matrix did not self-aggregate into networks or react with other food ingredients. Both the drainage half-life (a marker of structural stability) and the yield stress (resistance to flow) of model foams made with the protein-polyphenol particles were increased in a dose-dependent manner. Of high significance in this complexation process, the reactive allergenic epitopes of certain proteins were effectively blunted by binding with polyphenols, attenuating the allergenicity of the food proteins. Porcine macrophages produced TNF-α proinflammatory cytokine when provoked with whey protein, but, this response was blocked completely when the cells were stimulated with particles that complexed whey protein with cinnamon-derived polyphenols. Cytokine and chemokine production characteristic of allergic reactions were blocked by the polyphenols, allowing for the potential creation of hypoallergenic protein-berry polyphenol enriched foods. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1039/C7FO00883J VL - 8 IS - 12 SP - 4760-4767 J2 - Food Funct. LA - en OP - SN - 2042-6496 2042-650X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7FO00883J DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein-bound polyphenols create “ghost” band artifacts during chemiluminescence-based antigen detection [version 1; referees: awaiting peer review] AU - Plundrich, Nathalie AU - Lila, Mary Ann AU - Foegeding, Edward AU - Laster, Scott T2 - F1000Research AB - Antigen detection during Western blotting commonly utilizes a horseradish peroxidase-coupled secondary antibody and enhanced chemiluminescent substrate. We utilized this technique to examine the impact of green tea-derived polyphenols on the binding of egg white protein-specific IgE antibodies from allergic human plasma to their cognate antigens. Our experiments unexpectedly showed that green tea-derived polyphenols, when stably complexed with egg white proteins, caused hyperactivation of horseradish peroxidase resulting in the appearance of white "ghost" bands. This study suggests that caution should be taken when evaluating polyphenol-bound proteins by enhanced chemiluminescence Western blotting using horseradish peroxidase and demonstrates that protein-bound polyphenols can be a source of "ghost" band artifacts on Western blots. DA - 2017/3/13/ PY - 2017/3/13/ DO - 10.12688/f1000research.10622.1 VL - 6 IS - 254 SP - 254 UR - https://f1000research.com/articles/6-254/v1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Les systèmes CRISPR-Cas comme arme contre les bactéries pathogènes AU - Bikard, David AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe T2 - Biologie Aujourd'hui AB - CRISPR-Cas systems (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) are the adaptive immune system of bacteria and archaea. They target foreign genetic elements thanks to small RNAs able to guide Cas nucleases to destroy them. These nucleases can be reprogrammed to target chromosomal sequences rather than invasive genetic elements. Whereas targeting the genome of eukaryotic cells enables the efficient genesis of mutations, DNA breaks induced by Cas nucleases are lethal in bacteria. This property can be used in the development of novel antimicrobial strategies. CRISPR-Cas systems can be delivered to target bacteria using bacteriophage capsids in order to specifically eliminate bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes or virulence factors. These technologies enable the development of novel tools based on CRISPR-Cas systems to specifically eliminate pathogenic bacteria and precisely modify the composition of various microbiomes. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1051/JBIO/2018004 VL - 211 IS - 4 SP - 265-270 J2 - Biologie Aujourd'hui OP - SN - 2105-0678 2105-0686 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/JBIO/2018004 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome Editing of Food-Grade Lactobacilli To Develop Therapeutic Probiotics AU - Pijkeren, Jan-Peter AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe T2 - Microbiology Spectrum AB - Lactic acid bacteria have been used historically for food manufacturing mainly to ensure preservation via fermentation. More recently, lactic acid bacteria have been exploited to promote human health, and many strains serve as industrial workhorses. Recent advances in microbiology and molecular biology have contributed to understanding the genetic basis of many of their functional attributes. These include dissection of biochemical processes that drive food fermentation, and identification and characterization of health-promoting features that positively impact the composition and roles of microbiomes in human health. Recently, the advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based technologies has revolutionized our ability to manipulate genomes, and we are on the cusp of a broad-scale genome editing revolution. Here, we discuss recent advances in genetic alteration of food-grade bacteria, with a focus on CRISPR-associated enzyme genome editing, single-stranded DNA recombineering, and the modification of bacteriophages. These tools open new avenues for the genesis of next-generation biotherapeutic agents with improved genotypes and enhanced health-promoting functional features. DA - 2017/10/3/ PY - 2017/10/3/ DO - 10.1128/microbiolspec.bad-0013-2016 VL - 5 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Repurposing CRISPR-Cas systems as DNA-based smart antimicrobials AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Ousterout, David G T2 - Cell and Gene Therapy Insights DA - 2017/2/8/ PY - 2017/2/8/ DO - 10.18609/cgti.2017.008 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 63-72 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immune Loss as a Driver of Coexistence During Host-Phage Coevolution AU - Weissman, Jake L AU - Holmes, Rayshawn AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Moineau, Sylvain AU - Fagan, William F AU - Levin, Bruce AU - Johnson, Philip L F AB - Abstract Bacteria and their viral pathogens face constant pressure for augmented immune and infective capabilities, respectively. Under this reciprocally imposed selective regime, we expect to see a runaway evolutionary arms race, ultimately leading to the extinction of one species. Despite this prediction, in many systems host and pathogen coexist with minimal coevolution even when well-mixed. Previous work explained this puzzling phenomenon by invoking fitness tradeoffs, which can diminish an arms race dynamic. Here we propose that the regular loss of immunity by the bacterial host can also produce host-phage coexistence. We pair a general model of immunity with an experimental and theoretical case study of the CRISPR-Cas immune system to contrast the behavior of tradeoff and loss mechanisms in well-mixed systems. We find that, while both mechanisms can produce stable coexistence, only immune loss does so robustly within realistic parameter ranges. DA - 2017/2/3/ PY - 2017/2/3/ DO - 10.1101/105908 VL - 2 UR - https://doi.org/10.1101/105908 ER - TY - JOUR TI - QnAs with Rodolphe Barrangou AU - Nair, Prashant T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - The past decade in biological research might well be christened the age of CRISPR, a once-curious feature of bacterial genomes that spawned a handy tool for editing genes. Using CRISPR-based tools, researchers are making leaps in basic clinical research, and biotechnology companies are racing to launch trials of gene therapies for an array of diseases. Yet the immediate gains from this game-changing technique might spring from its application to agriculture. Hornless dairy cattle, drought-resistant wheat, and nonbrowning mushrooms are merely the harbingers of an approaching agricultural revolution, says Rodolphe Barrangou, a molecular biologist and food scientist at North Carolina State University. Barrangou’s foresight stems from his long familiarity with CRISPR. More than a decade ago, while working at the Danish food ingredient manufacturer Danisco (now DuPont), Barrangou furnished experimental proof for the notion that CRISPR confers a form of adaptive immunity that helps bacteria fend off invading viruses. For this crucial insight into the fundamental biology of CRISPR, Barrangou was honored with 2017 National Academy of Sciences Award in molecular biology. PNAS spoke to Barrangou about his wide-ranging work on CRISPR. Rodolphe Barrangou. Image courtesy of North Carolina State University (Raleigh, NC). > PNAS:CRISPR entered the spotlight when its potential as a genome editor became apparent, but your tryst with it began more than a decade ago while working with Philippe Horvath in the food industry. Those efforts led to a milestone 2007 article in Science , in which you demonstrated that bacteria use CRISPR-Cas systems as a form of adaptive immunity against viruses (1). Could you take our readers down memory lane? > Barrangou:For a long time, people didn’t really have a clue what these repeated DNA sequences—the CRISPR arrays—in … DA - 2017/7/3/ PY - 2017/7/3/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1710348114 VL - 114 IS - 28 SP - 7183-7184 ER - TY - JOUR TI - On the global CRISPR array behavior in class I systems AU - Toms, Alice AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe T2 - Biology Direct AB - Much effort is underway to build and upgrade databases and tools related to occurrence, diversity, and characterization of CRISPR-Cas systems. As microbial communities and their genome complements are unearthed, much emphasis has been placed on details of individual strains and model systems within the CRISPR-Cas classification, and that collection of information as a whole affords the opportunity to analyze CRISPR-Cas systems from a quantitative perspective to gain insight into distribution of CRISPR array sizes across the different classes, types and subtypes. CRISPR diversity, nomenclature, occurrence, and biological functions have generated a plethora of data that created a need to understand the size and distribution of these various systems to appreciate their features and complexity.By utilizing a statistical framework and visual analytic techniques, we have been able to test several hypotheses about CRISPR loci in bacterial class I systems. Quantitatively, though CRISPR loci can expand to hundreds of spacers, the mean and median sizes are 40 and 25, respectively, reflecting rather modest acquisition and/or retention overall. Histograms uncovered that CRISPR array size displayed a parametric distribution, which was confirmed by a goodness-of fit test. Mapping the frequency of CRISPR loci on a standardized chromosome plot revealed that CRISPRs have a higher probability of occurring at clustered locations along the positive or negative strand. Lastly, when multiple arrays occur in a particular system, the size of a particular CRISPR array varies with its distance from the cas operon, reflecting acquisition and expansion biases.This study establishes that bacterial Class I CRISPR array size tends to follow a geometric distribution; these CRISPRs are not randomly distributed along the chromosome; and the CRISPR array closest to the cas genes is typically larger than loci in trans. Overall, we provide an analytical framework to understand the features and behavior of CRISPR-Cas systems through a quantitative lens.This article was reviewed by Eugene Koonin (NIH-NCBI) and Uri Gophna (Tel Aviv University). DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017/12// DO - 10.1186/s13062-017-0193-2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advances in Industrial Biotechnology Using CRISPR-Cas Systems AU - Donohoue, Paul D. AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - May, Andrew P. T2 - Trends in Biotechnology AB - The term 'clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats' (CRISPR) has recently become synonymous with the genome-editing revolution. The RNA-guided endonuclease CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), in particular, has attracted attention for its promise in basic research and gene editing-based therapeutics. CRISPR-Cas systems are efficient and easily programmable nucleic acid-targeting tools, with uses reaching beyond research and therapeutic development into the precision breeding of plants and animals and the engineering of industrial microbes. CRISPR-Cas systems have potential for many microbial engineering applications, including bacterial strain typing, immunization of cultures, autoimmunity or self-targeted cell killing, and the engineering or control of metabolic pathways for improved biochemical synthesis. In this review, we explore the fundamental characteristics of CRISPR-Cas systems and highlight how these features can be used in industrial settings. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.07.007 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 134–146 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the use of malic acid decarboxylase-deficient starter culture in NaCl-free cucumber fermentations to reduce bloater incidence AU - Zhai, Y. AU - Pérez-Díaz, I.M. AU - Diaz, J.T. AU - Lombardi, R.L. AU - Connelly, L.E. T2 - Journal of Applied Microbiology AB - Accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in cucumber fermentations is known to cause hollow cavities inside whole fruits or bloaters, conducive to economic losses for the pickling industry. This study focused on evaluating the use of a malic acid decarboxylase (MDC)‐deficient starter culture to minimize CO2 production and the resulting bloater index in sodium chloride‐free cucumber fermentations brined with CaCl2. Attempts to isolate autochthonous MDC‐deficient starter cultures from commercial fermentations, using the MD medium for screening, were unsuccessful. The utilization of allochthonous MDC‐deficient starter cultures resulted in incomplete utilization of sugars and delayed fermentations. Acidified fermentations were considered, to suppress the indigenous microbiota and favour proliferation of the allochthonous MDC‐deficient Lactobacillus plantarum starter cultures. Inoculation of acidified fermentations with L. plantarum alone or in combination with Lactobacillus brevis minimally improved the conversion of sugars. However, inoculation of the pure allochthonous MDC‐deficient starter culture to 107 CFU per ml in acidified fermentations resulted in a reduced bloater index as compared to wild fermentations and those inoculated with the mixed starter culture. Although use of an allochthonous MDC‐deficient starter culture reduces bloater index in acidified cucumber fermentations brined with CaCl2, an incomplete conversion of sugars is observed. Economical losses due to the incidence of bloaters in commercial cucumber fermentations brined with CaCl2 may be reduced utilizing a starter culture to high cell density. DA - 2017/12/21/ PY - 2017/12/21/ DO - 10.1111/jam.13625 VL - 124 IS - 1 SP - 197-208 J2 - J Appl Microbiol LA - en OP - SN - 1364-5072 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.13625 DB - Crossref KW - fermented foods KW - lactic acid bacteria KW - Lactobacillus KW - microbial physiology KW - nonthermal processes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bacteria and Bioactivity in Holder Pasteurized and Shelf-Stable Human Milk Products AU - Lima, Hope K. AU - Wagner-Gillespie, Montana AU - Perrin, Maryanne T. AU - Fogleman, April D. T2 - CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NUTRITION AB - Background: Historically, Holder pasteurization has been used to pasteurize donor human milk available in a hospital setting. There is extensive research that provides an overview of the impact of Holder pasteurization on bioactive components of human milk. A shelf-stable (SS) human milk product, created using retort processing, recently became available; however, to our knowledge, little has been published about the effect of retort processing on human milk. Objective: We aimed to assess the ability of retort processing to eliminate bacteria and to quantify the difference in lysozyme and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) activity between Holder pasteurized (HP) and SS human milk. Methods: Milk samples from 60 mothers were pooled. From this pool, 36 samples were taken: 12 samples were kept raw, 12 samples were HP, and 12 samples were retort processed to create an SS product. All samples were analyzed for total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, Bacillus cereus, sIgA activity, and lysozyme activity. Raw samples served as the control. Results: One raw sample and 3 HP samples contained B. cereus at the time of culture. There were no detectable bacteria in SS samples at the time of culture. Raw samples had significantly greater lysozyme and sIgA activity than HP and SS samples (P < 0.0001). HP samples retained significantly more lysozyme and sIgA activity (54% and 87%, respectively) than SS samples (0% and 11%, respectively). Conclusions: Human milk processed using Holder pasteurization should continue to be screened for the presence of B. cereus. Clinicians should be aware of the differences in the retention of lysozyme and sIgA activity in HP and SS products when making feeding decisions for medically fragile or immunocompromised infants to ensure that patients are receiving the maximum immune protection. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.3945/cdn.117.001438 VL - 1 IS - 8 SP - SN - 2475-2991 KW - heat processing KW - infant nutrition KW - donor human milk KW - commercial sterilization KW - shelf-stable human milk ER - TY - JOUR TI - Anthocyanins in metabolic health and disease AU - Overall, J. AU - Lila, M. A. AU - Komarnytsky, S. T2 - Nutrigenomics and proteomics in health and disease: towards a systems-level understanding of gene-diet interactions, 2nd edition DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// SP - 92-124 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensory Character of Cheese and Its Evaluation AU - Drake, Mary A. AU - Delahunty, Conor M. T2 - CHEESE: CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS AND MICROBIOLOGY, VOL 1-2, 4TH EDITION AB - A remarkable variety of cheeses are made in all parts of the world where milk is produced. Cheeses are consumed for their highly regarded nutritional value, and enjoyed for their complex and varied eating quality. The sensory characteristics of cheeses, which determine their eating quality, are properties that are perceived by the human senses predominantly during consumption. These properties can be described as appearance characteristics, flavor characteristics, and texture characteristics. However, cheeses are complex foods, produced using milk from different animals, by many different techniques, and are presented in a variety of sizes, shapes, packages, or coatings. Some cheeses are produced in small quantities, such as farmhouse types, are sold in local markets, and are consumed by a relatively small number of people. Others are produced in large quantity in very large automated facilities, may find their way to markets in many different countries, and are consumed by very many people. Some cheeses are ripened or matured for years before they are consumed; others are consumed young or unripened. Cheeses may have molds of different types growing on their surface, may be pierced to allow blue molds to grow within the cheese, or include ingredients such as herbs and/or spices. This considerable diversity in cheesemaking practice, and the number of stages that any single cheese undergoes during its production, results in a wide variety of cheeses each of which has complex sensory characteristics. Sensory evaluation of cheese is absolutely necessary to determine the relative merits of cheesemaking procedures and the influence of composition on specific sensory characteristics of cheese. Sensory evaluation is also needed to determine the influence of sensory characteristics on the eating quality of cheese and its consumer acceptability. However, the complexity of cheese presents a considerable challenge for its sensory evaluation. This chapter will focus on human perception of sensory characteristics, on the advantages and disadvantages of sensory evaluation methods, on the intensity and quality of the sensory characteristics of cheeses, and on the relationships between cheesemaking, cheese composition, cheese sensory characteristics, and consumer acceptability of cheese. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1016/b978-0-12-417012-4.00020-x SP - 517-545 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using CRISPR-Cas systems as antimicrobials AU - Bikard, David AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe T2 - CURRENT OPINION IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - Although CRISPR-Cas systems naturally evolved to provide adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea, Cas nucleases can be co-opted to target chromosomal sequences rather than invasive genetic elements. Although genome editing is the primary outcome of self-targeting using CRISPR-based technologies in eukaryotes, self-targeting by CRISPR is typically lethal in bacteria. Here, we discuss how DNA damage introduced by Cas nucleases in bacteria can efficiently and specifically lead to plasmid curing or drive cell death. Specifically, we discuss how various CRISPR-Cas systems can be engineered and delivered using phages or phagemids as vectors. These principles establish CRISPR-Cas systems as potent and programmable antimicrobials, and open new avenues for the development of CRISPR-based tools for selective removal of bacterial pathogens and precise microbiome composition alteration. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1016/j.mib.2017.08.005 VL - 37 SP - 155-160 SN - 1879-0364 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polyphenols isolated from Acacia mearnsii bark with anti-inflammatory and carbolytic enzyme inhibitory activities AU - Jia, Xiong AU - Grace, Mary H. AU - Esposito, Debora AU - Komarnytsky, Slavko AU - Fei, Wang AU - Lila, Mary Ann T2 - CHINESE JOURNAL OF NATURAL MEDICINES AB - The present study was designed to characterize the polyphenols isolated from Acacia mearnsii bark crude extract (B) and fractions (B1-B7) obtained by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) and evaluate their anti-inflammatory and carbolytic enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) inhibitory activities. Fractions B4, B5, B6, B7 (total phenolics 850.3, 983.0, 843.9, and 572.5 mg·g−1, respectively; proanthocyanidins 75.7, 90.5, 95.0, and 44.8 mg·g−1, respectively) showed significant activities against reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) production, and expression of pro-inflammatory genes interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. All the extracts suppressed α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, two primary enzymes responsible for carbohydrate digestion. A. mearnsii bark samples possessed significantly stronger inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase enzyme (IC50 of 0.4−1.4 μg·mL−1) than the pharmaceutical acarbose (IC50 141.8 μg·mL−1). B6 and B7 (IC50 17.6 and 11.7 μg·mL−1, respectively) exhibited α-amylase inhibitory activity as efficacious as acarbose (IC50 15.4 μg·mL−1). Moreover, B extract, at 25 µg·mL−1, significantly decreased the non-mitochondrial oxidative burst that is often associated with inflammatory response in human monocytic macrophages. DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017/11// DO - 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30015-3 VL - 15 IS - 11 SP - 816-824 SN - 1875-5364 KW - Acacia mearnsii KW - Proanthocyanidins KW - Anti-inflammatory KW - alpha-Amylase KW - alpha-Glucosidase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Norovirus Binding to Ligands Beyond Histo-Blood Group Antigens AU - Almand, Erin A. AU - Moore, Matthew D. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann T2 - FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are commonly accepted as the cellular receptors for human norovirus. However, some human noroviruses have been found not to bind any HBGA ligand, suggesting potential additional co-factors. Some ligands have been found to bind noroviruses and have the potential to be additional cellular receptors/attachment factors for human norovirus or inhibitors of the HBGA interaction. The studies identifying these largely characterize different chemical, human, food or bacterial components and their effect on norovirus binding and infection, although the mechanism of interaction is unknown in many cases. This review seeks to supplement the already well-covered HBGA-norovirus literature by covering non-HBGA human norovirus ligands and inhibitors to provide investigators with a more comprehensive view of norovirus ligands. DA - 2017/12/21/ PY - 2017/12/21/ DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02549 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1664-302X KW - norovirus KW - histo-blood group antigens KW - virus-bacteria interaction KW - transkingdom KW - enteric virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Guest editorial: CRISPRcas9: CRISPR-Cas systems: at the cutting edge of microbiology AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Bikard, David T2 - Current Opinion in Microbiology DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1016/j.mib.2017.09.015 VL - 37 SP - vii-viii ER - TY - JOUR TI - CRISPR-based engineering of next-generation lactic acid bacteria AU - Hidalgo-Cantabrana, Claudio AU - O'Flaherty, Sarah AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe T2 - CURRENT OPINION IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - The advent of CRISPR-based technologies has opened new avenues for the development of next-generation food microorganisms and probiotics with enhanced functionalities. Building off two decades of functional genomics studies unraveling the genetic basis for food fermentations and host–probiotic interactions, CRISPR technologies offer a wide range of opportunities to engineer commercially-relevant Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. Endogenous CRISPR–Cas systems can be repurposed to enhance gene expression or provide new features to improve host colonization and promote human health. Alternatively, engineered CRISPR–Cas systems can be harnessed to genetically modify probiotics and enhance their therapeutic potential to deliver vaccines or modulate the host immune response. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1016/j.mib.2017.05.015 VL - 37 SP - 79-87 SN - 1879-0364 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Arsenic Resistance-Associated Listeria Genomic Island LGI2 Exhibits Sequence and Integration Site Diversity and a Propensity for Three Listeria monocytogenes Clones with Enhanced Virulence AU - Lee, Sangmi AU - Ward, Todd J. AU - Jima, Dereje D. AU - Parsons, Cameron AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - In the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, arsenic resistance is encountered primarily in serotype 4b clones considered to have enhanced virulence and is associated with an arsenic resistance gene cluster within a 35-kb chromosomal region, Listeria genomic island 2 (LGI2). LGI2 was first identified in strain Scott A and includes genes putatively involved in arsenic and cadmium resistance, DNA integration, conjugation, and pathogenicity. However, the genomic localization and sequence content of LGI2 remain poorly characterized. Here we investigated 85 arsenic-resistant L. monocytogenes strains, mostly of serotype 4b. All but one of the 70 serotype 4b strains belonged to clonal complex 1 (CC1), CC2, and CC4, three major clones associated with enhanced virulence. PCR analysis suggested that 53 strains (62.4%) harbored an island highly similar to LGI2 of Scott A, frequently (42/53) in the same location as Scott A (LMOf2365_2257 homolog). Random-primed PCR and whole-genome sequencing revealed seven novel insertion sites, mostly internal to chromosomal coding sequences, among strains harboring LGI2 outside the LMOf2365_2257 homolog. Interestingly, many CC1 strains harbored a noticeably diversified LGI2 (LGI2-1) in a unique location (LMOf2365_0902 homolog) and with a novel additional gene. With few exceptions, the tested LGI2 genes were not detected in arsenic-resistant strains of serogroup 1/2, which instead often harbored a Tn554-associated arsenic resistance determinant not encountered in serotype 4b. These findings indicate that in L. monocytogenes, LGI2 has a propensity for certain serotype 4b clones, exhibits content diversity, and is highly promiscuous, suggesting an ability to mobilize various accessory genes into diverse chromosomal loci.IMPORTANCEListeria monocytogenes is widely distributed in the environment and causes listeriosis, a foodborne disease with high mortality and morbidity. Arsenic and other heavy metals can powerfully shape the populations of human pathogens with pronounced environmental lifestyles such as L. monocytogenes Arsenic resistance is encountered primarily in certain serotype 4b clones considered to have enhanced virulence and is associated with a large chromosomal island, Listeria genomic island 2 (LGI2). LGI2 also harbors a cadmium resistance cassette and genes putatively involved in DNA integration, conjugation, and pathogenicity. Our findings indicate that LGI2 exhibits pronounced content plasticity and is capable of transferring various accessory genes into diverse chromosomal locations. LGI2 may serve as a paradigm on how exposure to a potent environmental toxicant such as arsenic may have dynamically selected for arsenic-resistant subpopulations in certain clones of L. monocytogenes which also contribute significantly to disease. DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017/11// DO - 10.1128/aem.01189-17 VL - 83 IS - 21 SP - SN - 1098-5336 KW - Listeria monocytogenes KW - arsenic resistance KW - genomic island KW - heavy metal resistance KW - hypervirulent clones ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lactobacillus acidophilus Metabolizes Dietary Plant Glucosides and Externalizes Their Bioactive Phytochemicals AU - Theilmann, Mia C. AU - Goh, Yong Jun AU - Nielsen, Kristian Fog AU - Klaenhammer, Todd R. AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Abou Hachem, Maher T2 - MBIO AB - ABSTRACT Therapeutically active glycosylated phytochemicals are ubiquitous in the human diet. The human gut microbiota (HGM) modulates the bioactivities of these compounds, which consequently affect host physiology and microbiota composition. Despite a significant impact on human health, the key players and the underpinning mechanisms of this interplay remain uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrate the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus on mono- and diglucosyl dietary plant glycosides (PGs) possessing small aromatic aglycones. Transcriptional analysis revealed the upregulation of host interaction genes and identified two loci that encode phosphotransferase system (PTS) transporters and phospho-β-glucosidases, which mediate the uptake and deglucosylation of these compounds, respectively. Inactivating these transport and hydrolysis genes abolished or severely reduced growth on PG, establishing the specificity of the loci to distinct groups of PGs. Following intracellular deglucosylation, the aglycones of PGs are externalized, rendering them available for absorption by the host or for further modification by other microbiota taxa. The PG utilization loci are conserved in L. acidophilus and closely related lactobacilli, in correlation with versatile growth on these compounds. Growth on the tested PG appeared more common among human gut lactobacilli than among counterparts from other ecologic niches. The PGs that supported the growth of L. acidophilus were utilized poorly or not at all by other common HGM strains, underscoring the metabolic specialization of L. acidophilus . These findings highlight the role of human gut L. acidophilus and select lactobacilli in the bioconversion of glycoconjugated phytochemicals, which is likely to have an important impact on the HGM and human host. IMPORTANCE Thousands of therapeutically active plant-derived compounds are widely present in berries, fruits, nuts, and beverages like tea and wine. The bioactivity and bioavailability of these compounds, which are typically glycosylated, are altered by microbial bioconversions in the human gut. Remarkably, little is known about the bioconversion of PGs by the gut microbial community, despite the significance of this metabolic facet to human health. Our work provides the first molecular insights into the metabolic routes of diet relevant and therapeutically active PGs by Lactobacillus acidophilus and related human gut lactobacilli. This taxonomic group is adept at metabolizing the glucoside moieties of select PG and externalizes their aglycones. The study highlights an important role of lactobacilli in the bioconversion of dietary PG and presents a framework from which to derive molecular insights into their metabolism by members of the human gut microbiota. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1128/mbio.01421-17 VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - SN - 2150-7511 UR - https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01421-17 KW - Lactobacillus KW - beta-glucoside KW - bioavailability KW - gut microbiota KW - phytochemical KW - polydatin KW - polyphenols KW - resveratrol KW - xenobiotic metabolism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization and Exploitation of CRISPR Loci in Bifidobacterium longum AU - Hidalgo-Cantabrana, Claudio AU - Crawley, Alexandra B. AU - Sanchez, Borja AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe T2 - FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - Diverse CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity in many bacteria and most archaea, via a DNA-encoded, RNA-mediated, nucleic-acid targeting mechanism. Over time, CRISPR loci expand via iterative uptake of invasive DNA sequences into the CRISPR array during the adaptation process. These genetic vaccination cards thus provide insights into the exposure of strains to phages and plasmids in space and time, revealing the historical predatory exposure of a strain. These genetic loci thus constitute a unique basis for genotyping of strains, with potential of resolution at the strain-level. Here, we investigate the occurrence and diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems in the genomes of various Bifidobacterium longum strains across three sub-species. Specifically, we analysed the genomic content of 66 genomes belonging to B. longum subsp. longum, B. longum subsp. infantis and B. longum subsp. suis, and identified 25 strains that carry 29 total CRISPR-Cas systems. We identify various Type I and Type II CRISPR-Cas systems that are widespread in this species, notably I-C, I-E and II-C. Noteworthy, Type I-C systems showed extended CRISPR arrays, with extensive spacer diversity. We show how these hypervariable loci can be used to gain insights into strain origin, evolution and phylogeny, and can provide discriminatory sequences to distinguish even clonal isolates. By investigating CRISPR spacer sequences, we reveal their origin and implicate phages and prophages as drivers of CRISPR immunity expansion in this species, with redundant targeting of select prophages. Analysis of CRISPR spacer origin also revealed novel PAM sequences. Our results suggest that CRISPR-Cas immune systems are instrumental in mounting diversified viral resistance in Bifidobacterium longum, and show that these sequences are useful for typing across three subspecies. DA - 2017/9/26/ PY - 2017/9/26/ DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01851 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1664-302X KW - CRISPR-Cas systems KW - genotyping KW - probiotics KW - Bifidobacterium longum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development, and genetic and metabolic characterization of new tomato mutants with enhanced and deficient carotenoid content AU - Dan, Yinghui AU - Yousef, Gad AU - Campbell, Faith N. AU - Phelps, Drake W. AU - Burnett, Callie AU - Kekkonen, Anni AU - Shockley, Alexa AU - Lila, Mary Ann T2 - JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a valuable vegetable crop rich in health-protective carotenoids, but breeding improvements are limited by its narrow genetic diversity. New mutants with enhanced and deficient carotenoid content in a single genetic background of tomato cv. MicroTom were developed via chemical mutagenesis. Genetic and metabolic analyses showed that mutant DC260, which exhibited fruit color alteration from red to deep red interlaced with orange color, had significant (P < 0.05) increases of lycopene (up to 42.8%) and ß-carotene (up to 61.5%) compared with control plants. Pearson correlation analysis of M1 and M2 generations in DC260 revealed that fruit color alteration was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with lycopene (coefficient = 0.55) and ß-carotene content (coefficient = 0.63). The fruit color alteration of DC260 was controlled by a single gene at a heterozygous locus. In contrast, mutant DC107 and DC624, which exhibited fruit color alteration from red to orange-yellow, was significantly (P < 0.05) carotenoid-deficient with up to 346.3-, 10.8-, and 185.2- fold reductions of lycopene, ß-carotene, and total carotenoids, respectively, compared with the control plants. Carotenoid deficiency in DC170 and DC624 was responsible for the fruit color alteration and was controlled by a dominant gene at a homozygous locus. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1080/14620316.2017.1301223 VL - 92 IS - 5 SP - 475-483 SN - 2380-4084 KW - Carotenoid KW - lycopene KW - -carotene KW - Solanum lycopersicum KW - mutagenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alterations to metabolically active bacteria in the mucosa of the small intestine predict anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities of grape seed extract in mice AU - Griffin, Laura E. AU - Witrick, Katherine A. AU - Klotz, Courtney AU - Dorenkott, Melanie R. AU - Goodrich, Katheryn M. AU - Fundaro, Gabrielle AU - McMillan, Ryan P. AU - Hulver, Matthew W. AU - Ponder, Monica A. AU - Neilson, Andrew P. T2 - FOOD & FUNCTION AB - Grape seed extract changes small intestinal gut microbiota composition. DA - 2017/10/1/ PY - 2017/10/1/ DO - 10.1039/c7fo01236e VL - 8 IS - 10 SP - 3510-3522 SN - 2042-650X ER - TY - JOUR TI - A 100-Year Review: Sensory analysis of milk AU - Schiano, A. N. AU - Harwood, W. S. AU - Drake, M. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Evaluation of the sensory characteristics of food products has been, and will continue to be, the ultimate method for evaluating product quality. Sensory quality is a parameter that can be evaluated only by humans and consists of a series of tests or tools that can be applied objectively or subjectively within the constructs of carefully selected testing procedures and parameters. Depending on the chosen test, evaluators are able to probe areas of interest that are intrinsic product attributes (e.g., flavor profiles and off-flavors) as well as extrinsic measures (e.g., market penetration and consumer perception). This review outlines the literature pertaining to relevant testing procedures and studies of the history of sensory analysis of fluid milk. In addition, evaluation methods outside of traditional sensory techniques and future outlooks on the subject of sensory analysis of fluid milk are explored and presented. DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017/12// DO - 10.3168/jds.2017-13031 VL - 100 IS - 12 SP - 9966-9986 SN - 1525-3198 KW - sensory analysis KW - flavor KW - fluid milk ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vitamin A AU - Debelo, Hawi AU - Novotny, Janet A. AU - Ferruzzi, Mario G. T2 - ADVANCES IN NUTRITION DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017/11// DO - 10.3945/an.116.014720 VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - 992-994 SN - 2156-5376 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) in the biopharmaceutical industry for real-time determination of critical process parameters and integration of advanced feedback control strategies using MIDUS control AU - Vann, Lucas AU - Sheppard, John T2 - JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Control of biopharmaceutical processes is critical to achieve consistent product quality. The most challenging unit operation to control is cell growth in bioreactors due to the exquisitely sensitive and complex nature of the cells that are converting raw materials into new cells and products. Current monitoring capabilities are increasing, however, the main challenge is now becoming the ability to use the data generated in an effective manner. There are a number of contributors to this challenge including integration of different monitoring systems as well as the functionality to perform data analytics in real-time to generate process knowledge and understanding. In addition, there is a lack of ability to easily generate strategies and close the loop to feedback into the process for advanced process control (APC). The current research aims to demonstrate the use of advanced monitoring tools along with data analytics to generate process understanding in an Escherichia coli fermentation process. NIR spectroscopy was used to measure glucose and critical amino acids in real-time to help in determining the root cause of failures associated with different lots of yeast extract. First, scale-down of the process was required to execute a simple design of experiment, followed by scale-up to build NIR models as well as soft sensors for advanced process control. In addition, the research demonstrates the potential for a novel platform technology that enables manufacturers to consistently achieve “goldenbatch” performance through monitoring, integration, data analytics, understanding, strategy design and control (MIDUS control). MIDUS control was employed to increase batch-to-batch consistency in final product titers, decrease the coefficient of variability from 8.49 to 1.16%, predict possible exhaust filter failures and close the loop to prevent their occurrence and avoid lost batches. DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017/12// DO - 10.1007/s10295-017-1984-2 VL - 44 IS - 12 SP - 1589-1603 SN - 1476-5535 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of obesity and repeated exposure on pharmacokinetic response to grape polyphenols in humans AU - Novotny, Janet A. AU - Chen, Tzu-Ying AU - Terekhov, Anton I. AU - Gebauer, Sarah K. AU - Baer, David J. AU - Ho, Lap AU - Pasinetti, Giulio M. AU - Ferruzzi, Mario G. T2 - MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH AB - Scope Evidence suggests that dietary pattern may affect polyphenol absorption and/or metabolism. Further, obesity is associated with lower circulating nutrients, though the reason is unclear. We investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) response of polyphenols in obese/overweight versus lean individuals before and after repeated dosing of grape polyphenols. Methods and results A pilot study was conducted in which PK challenges were administered before and after 10 days of repeated dosing with polyphenols. Volunteers (6 lean, 6 overweight/obese) consumed resveratrol, grape seed extract, and grape juice (2125 mg total polyphenols) daily. On days 1 and 11, blood samples were collected for 6 h after the polyphenol dose and analyzed for deconjugated catechin, epicatechin, resveratrol, and quercetin. Area under the plasma polyphenol mass by time curves (AUCs) were greater for catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin on day 11 versus day 1 for low BMI individuals ( p = 0.039) but not high BMI individuals. Further, AUCs were greater for epicatechin and resveratrol for low versus high BMI individuals ( p = 0.041), with a similar trend for catechin ( p = 0.065), on day 11 but not day 1. Conclusion These results suggest that that obesity and repeated exposure may modify polyphenol absorption and/or metabolism in humans. DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017/11// DO - 10.1002/mnfr.201700043 VL - 61 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1613-4133 KW - Bioavailability KW - BMI KW - Catechin KW - Epicatechin KW - Polyphenol KW - Quercetin KW - Resveratrol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short communication: Sensitive detection of norbixin in dried dairy ingredients at concentrations of less than 1 part per billion AU - Carter, B. G. AU - Park, C. W. AU - Drake, M. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Norbixin is the water-soluble carotenoid in annatto extracts used in the cheese industry to color Cheddar cheese. The purpose of norbixin is to provide cheese color, but norbixin is also present in the whey stream and contaminates dried dairy ingredients. Regulatory restrictions dictate that norbixin cannot be present in dairy ingredients destined for infant formula or ingredients entering different international markets. Thus, there is a need for the detection and quantification of norbixin at very low levels in dried dairy ingredients to confirm its absence. A rapid method for norbixin evaluation exists, but it does not have the sensitivity required to confirm norbixin absence at very low levels in compliance with existing regulations. The current method has a limit of detection of 2.7 μg/kg and a limit of quantification of 3.5 μg/kg. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to extract and concentrate norbixin for quantification in dried dairy ingredients below 1 μg/kg (1 ppb). A reverse-phase solid-phase extraction column step was applied in the new method to concentrate and quantify norbixin from liquid and dried WPC80 (whey protein concentrate with 80% protein), WPC34 (WPC, 34% protein), permeate, and lactose. Samples were evaluated by both methods for comparison. The established method was able to quantify norbixin in whey proteins and permeates (9.39 μg/kg to 2.35 mg/kg) but was unable to detect norbixin in suspect powdered lactose samples. The newly developed method had similar performance to the established method for whey proteins and permeates but was also able to detect norbixin in powdered lactose samples. The proposed method had a >90% recovery in lactose samples and a limit of detection of 28 ppt (ng/kg) and a limit of quantification of 94 ppt (ng/kg). The developed method provides detection and quantification of norbixin for dairy ingredients that have a concentration of <1 ppb. DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017/11// DO - 10.3168/jds.2017-13095 VL - 100 IS - 11 SP - 8754-8758 SN - 1525-3198 KW - norbixin KW - annatto KW - whey KW - high performance liquid chromatography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Penicillin-binding protein encoded by pbp4 is involved in mediating copper stress in Listeria monocytogenes AU - Parsons, Cameron AU - Costolo, Ben AU - Brown, Phillip AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS AB - Listeria monocytogenes raises major food safety and public health concerns due to its potential for severe foodborne disease and persistent colonization of food processing facilities. Copper is often employed to control pathogens in agriculture and is increasingly used in healthcare facilities, but mechanisms mediating tolerance of L. monocytogenes to copper remain poorly understood. A mariner-based mutant library of L. monocytogenes 2011L-2858, implicated in the 2011 listeriosis outbreak via whole cantaloupe, was screened for growth at sublethal levels of copper yielding mutant G2B4 with decreased copper tolerance. The transposon was localized in pbp4 (lmo2229 homolog), encoding a penicillin-binding protein (PBP). In addition to reduced copper tolerance, G2B4 exhibited increased susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics, reduced biofilm formation and reduced virulence in the Galleria mellonella model. Mutant phenotypes were fully restored upon genetic complementation of G2B4 with intact pbp4. Findings provide the first evidence for the role of a PBP in copper tolerance of L. monocytogenes and suggest that pbp4 may be a suitable target to enable the use of lower levels of copper or enhance the effectiveness of levels currently in use. Given the wide distribution of PBPs and their highly conserved nature, this could have profound impacts in regard to ecology and control of L. monocytogenes and other microorganisms. DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017/10// DO - 10.1093/femsle/fnx207 VL - 364 IS - 20 SP - SN - 1574-6968 KW - Listeria monocytogenes KW - copper homeostasis KW - virulence KW - biofilm KW - penicillin-binding protein KW - beta-lactam antibiotic resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Observations and Conversations: Home Preparation of Infant Formula Among a Sample of Low-Income Mothers in the Southeastern US AU - Ellison, Rebecca G. AU - Greer, Betty P. AU - Burney, Janie L. AU - Goodell, L. Suzie AU - Bower, Katherine B. AU - Nicklas, Jennifer C. AU - Lou, Zixin AU - Kavanagh, Katherine F. T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR AB - Explore infant formula preparation attitudes and beliefs among low-income, formula-feeding, Southeastern US mothers.Cross-sectional study using in-home observations and in-depth interviews.Participant homes.Thirteen low-income mothers of normal birth weight, healthy, term infants aged ≤3 months, who were predominantly feeding powdered or from-concentrate formula.Reading formula preparation instructions; order of added ingredients; leveling powdered formula scoop(s); adding cereal or other ingredients to bottles.Perceptions of formula preparation or manipulation.Descriptive statistics described sample characteristics and home observation variables. Thematic analysis of in-depth interviews revealed the following major themes: formula preparation can be intimidating; expressions of complex heuristic perceptions about formula preparation; cost and convenience motivate maternal behaviors; and infant cues override recommendations. Data from qualitative and quantitative activities were triangulated.Behaviors, including improper reconstitution and modifications/additions to prepared formula (eg, infant cereal) were observed during home observations and/or described during in-depth interviews. Inconsistencies were detected between observed behaviors (eg, adding too much water to the bottle) and those reported during in-depth interviews (eg, stating over-dilution could be detrimental to the infant's health).Targeting knowledge or skills gaps and behavioral motivators in the formula-feeding population could positively affect infant-feeding practices that occur outside of recommendations. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1016/j.jneb.2017.04.027 VL - 49 IS - 7 SP - 579-+ SN - 1878-2620 KW - infant formula KW - maternal behaviors KW - infant feeding KW - motivators KW - attitudes KW - WIC ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigating the Effect of Growth Phase on the Surface-Layer Associated Proteome of Lactobacillus acidophilus Using Quantitative Proteomics AU - Klotz, Courtney AU - O'Flaherty, Sarah AU - Goh, Yong Jun AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe T2 - FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - Bacterial surface-layers (S-layers) are semi-porous crystalline arrays that self-assemble to form the outermost layer of some cell envelopes. S-layers have been shown to act as scaffolding structures for the display of auxiliary proteins externally. These S-layer associated proteins have recently gained attention in probiotics due to their direct physical contact with the intestinal mucosa and potential role in cell proliferation, adhesion, and immunomodulation. A number of studies have attempted to catalog the S-layer associated proteome of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM under a single condition. However, due to the versatility of the cell surface, we chose to employ a multiplexing-based approach with the intention of accurately contrasting multiple conditions. In this study, a previously described lithium chloride isolation protocol was used to release proteins bound to the L. acidophilus S-layer during logarithmic and early stationary growth phases. Protein quantification values were obtained via TMT (tandem mass tag) labeling combined with a triple-stage mass spectrometry (MS3) method. Results showed significant growth stage-dependent alterations to the surface-associated proteome while simultaneously highlighting the sensitivity and reproducibility of the technology. Thus, this study establishes a framework for quantifying condition-dependent changes to cell surface proteins that can easily be applied to other S-layer forming bacteria. DA - 2017/11/8/ PY - 2017/11/8/ DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02174 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1664-302X KW - Lactobacillus KW - probiotic KW - cell surface KW - S-layer KW - quantitative proteomics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Establishing Standards on Colors from Natural Sources AU - Simon, James E. AU - Decker, Eric A. AU - Ferruzzi, Mario G. AU - Giusti, M. Monica AU - Mejia, Carla D. AU - Goldschmidt, Mark AU - Talcott, Stephen T. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - Abstract Color additives are applied to many food, drug, and cosmetic products. With up to 85% of consumer buying decisions potentially influenced by color, appropriate application of color additives and their safety is critical. Color additives are defined by the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) as any dye, pigment, or substance that can impart color to a food, drug, or cosmetic or to the human body. Under current U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, colors fall into 2 categories as those subject to an FDA certification process and those that are exempt from certification often referred to as “natural” colors by consumers because they are sourced from plants, minerals, and animals. Certified colors have been used for decades in food and beverage products, but consumer interest in natural colors is leading market applications. However, the popularity of natural colors has also opened a door for both unintentional and intentional economic adulteration. Whereas FDA certifications for synthetic dyes and lakes involve strict quality control, natural colors are not evaluated by the FDA and often lack clear definitions and industry accepted quality and safety specifications. A significant risk of adulteration of natural colors exists, ranging from simple misbranding or misuse of the term “natural” on a product label to potentially serious cases of physical, chemical, and/or microbial contamination from raw material sources, improper processing methods, or intentional postproduction adulteration. Consistent industry‐wide safety standards are needed to address the manufacturing, processing, application, and international trade of colors from natural sources to ensure quality and safety throughout the supply chain. DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017/11// DO - 10.1111/1750-3841.13927 VL - 82 IS - 11 SP - 2539-2553 SN - 1750-3841 KW - adulteration KW - food additives KW - food safety KW - natural colors KW - synthetic colors ER - TY - JOUR TI - Consumer Perception of Retail Pork Bacon Attributes Using Adaptive Choice-based Conjoint Analysis and Maximum Differential Scaling AU - McLean, K. G. AU - Hanson, D. J. AU - Jervis, S. M. AU - Drake, M. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - Abstract Bacon is one of the most recognizable consumer pork products and is differentiated by appearance, flavor, thickness, and several possible product claims. The objective of this study was to explore the attributes of retail bacon that influence consumers to purchase and consume bacon. An Adaptive Choice‐Based Conjoint (ACBC) survey was designed for attributes of raw American‐style bacon. An ACBC survey (N = 1410 consumers) and Kano questioning were applied to determine the key attributes that influenced consumer purchase. Attributes included package size, brand, thickness, label claims, flavor, price, and images of the bacon package displaying fat:lean ratio. Maximum Difference Scaling (MaxDiff) was used to rank appeal of 20 different bacon images with variable fat:lean ration and slice shape. The most important attribute for bacon purchase was price followed by fat:lean appearance and then flavor. Three consumer clusters were identified with distinct preferences. For 2 clusters, price was not the primary attribute. Understanding preferences of distinct consumer clusters will enable manufacturers to target consumers and make more appealing bacon. Practical Applications Adaptive Choice‐Based Conjoint (ACBC) is a research technique that allows consumers to react to assembled products and identify product attributes that they prefer. Kano questions allow researchers to look at the individual aspects of a product and understand consumer sentiment and expectations towards those product qualities while Maximum Difference scaling allows consumers to directly rank single attributes of a product relative to one another. A combination of these 3 approaches can provide key understandings on consumer perception of retail bacon allowing companies to optimize and maximize their development and advertising resources. DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017/11// DO - 10.1111/1750-3841.13934 VL - 82 IS - 11 SP - 2659-2668 SN - 1750-3841 KW - bacon KW - conjoint analysis KW - consumer liking ER - TY - JOUR TI - Teacher Perceptions of Multilevel Policies and the Influence on Nutrition Education in North Carolina Head Start Preschools AU - Peterson, Amanda D. AU - Goodell, L. Suzanne AU - Hegde, Archana AU - Stage, Virginia C. T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR AB - Objective To develop a theory that explains the process of how teachers' perception of multilevel policies may influence nutrition education (NE) teaching strategies in Head Start preschools. Design Semistructured telephone interviews. Setting North Carolina Head Start preschools. Participants Thirty-two Head Start teachers. Phenomenon of Interest All interviews were transcribed verbatim. Following a grounded theory approach, authors coded interview data for emergent themes. Analysis Two primary themes emerged during analysis, including teachers' policy perceptions and teacher-perceived influence of policy on NE. Results A theoretical model was developed to explain how teachers' perceptions of policies influenced NE (eg, teaching strategies) in the classroom. Teachers discussed multiple policy areas governing their classrooms and limiting their ability to provide meaningful and consistent NE. How teachers perceived the level of regulation in the classroom (ie, high or low) influenced the frequency with which they used specific teaching strategies. Conclusion and Implications Despite federal policies supporting the provision of NE, teachers face competing priorities in the classroom (eg, school readiness vs NE) and policies may conflict with standardized NE curricula. To understand how Head Start centers develop local policies, additional research should investigate how administrators interpret federal and state policies. DA - 2017/5// PY - 2017/5// DO - 10.1016/j.jneb.2017.01.003 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 387-+ SN - 1878-2620 KW - Head Start program KW - preschool children KW - policy KW - teaching KW - qualitative research ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recombinase polymerase amplification: a promising point-of-care detection method for enteric viruses AU - Moore, Matthew D. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann T2 - FUTURE VIROLOGY AB - Viral enteric disease imposes a considerable public health and economic burden globally in both humans and livestock. Because enteric viruses are highly transmissible and resistant to numerous control strategies, making early in-field or point-of-care detection is important. There are problems with ligand-based detection strategies (e.g., sensitivity, false positive/negatives) for virus detection. Traditional amplification-based strategies are sensitive, but not as portable or rapid. Recombinase polymerase amplification is a new isothermal technique that utilizes bacterial genome repair enzymes to rapidly amplify target sequences. This report reviews the use of recombinase polymerase amplification for virus detection, showing that the method has favorable fundamental properties supporting its promise for rapid point-of-care detection of enteric viruses. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.2217/fvl-2017-0034 VL - 12 IS - 8 SP - 421-429 SN - 1746-0808 KW - detection KW - enteric virus KW - in-field KW - point-of-care KW - recombinase polymerase amplification ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lumbee traditional medicine: Neuroprotective activities of medicinal plants used to treat Parkinson's disease-related symptoms AU - Jacquet, Aurelie de Rus AU - Timmers, Michael AU - Ma, Sin Ying AU - Thieme, Andrew AU - McCabe, George P. AU - Vest, Jay Hansford C. AU - Lila, Mary Ann AU - Rochet, Jean-Christophe T2 - JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY AB - Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence in surviving neurons of Lewy body inclusions enriched with aggregated forms of the presynaptic protein α-synuclein (aSyn). Although current therapies provide temporary symptomatic relief, they do not slow the underlying neurodegeneration in the midbrain. In this study, we analyzed contemporary herbal medicinal practices used by members of the Lumbee tribe to treat PD-related symptoms, in an effort to identify safe and effective herbal medicines to treat PD. The aims of this study were to (i) document medicinal plants used by Lumbee Indians to treat PD and PD-related symptoms, and (ii) characterize a subset of plant candidates in terms of their ability to alleviate neurotoxicity elicited by PD-related insults and their potential mechanisms of neuroprotection. Interviews of Lumbee healers and local people were carried out in Pembroke, North Carolina, and in surrounding towns. Plant samples were collected and prepared as water extracts for subsequent analysis. Extracts were characterized in terms of their ability to induce activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response in cortical astrocytes. An extract prepared from Sambucus caerulea flowers (elderflower extract) was further examined for the ability to induce Nrf2-mediated transcription in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes and primary midbrain cultures, to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction, and to alleviate rotenone- or aSyn-mediated neurotoxicity. The ethnopharmacological interviews resulted in the documentation of 32 medicinal plants used to treat PD-related symptoms and 40 plants used to treat other disorders. A polyphenol-rich extract prepared from elderflower activated the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response in cortical astrocytes, iPSC-derived astrocytes, and primary midbrain cultures, apparently via the inhibition of Nrf2 degradation mediated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Furthermore, the elderflower extract rescued mitochondrial functional deficits in a neuronal cell line and alleviated neurotoxicity elicited by rotenone and aSyn in primary midbrain cultures. These results highlight potential therapeutic benefits of botanical extracts used in traditional Lumbee medicine, and they provide insight into mechanisms by which an elderflower extract could suppress neurotoxicity elicited by environmental and genetic PD-related insults. DA - 2017/7/12/ PY - 2017/7/12/ DO - 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.021 VL - 206 SP - 408-425 SN - 1872-7573 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro hypoallergenic potential of peanut protein-polyphenol aggregate particles AU - Plundrich, N. J. AU - Bansode, R. R. AU - Williams, L. L. AU - Lila, M. A. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Health modifying regions in the oat (Avena sativa) genome responsible for beneficial effects on immune and gastrointestinal health AU - Bussler, W. W. AU - Dezego, K. AU - Bowen, M. AU - Buige, A. AU - Esposito, D. AU - Lila, M. A. AU - Komarnytsky, S. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Escherichia coli O157:H7 Acid Sensitivity Correlates with Flocculation Phenotype during Nutrient Limitation AU - Kay, Kathryn L. AU - Breidt, Frederick AU - Fratamico, Pina M. AU - Baranzoni, Gian M. AU - Kim, Gwang-Hee AU - Grunden, Amy M. AU - Oh, Deog-Hwan T2 - FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains vary in acid resistance; however, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that result in strain specific differences. Among 25 STEC O157:H7 strains tested, 7 strains flocculated when grown statically for 18 h in minimal salts medium at 37°C, while 18 strains did not. Interestingly, the flocculation phenotype (cells came out of suspension) was found to correlate with degree of acid sensitivity in an assay with 400 mM acetic acid solution at pH 3.3 targeting acidified foods. Strains exhibiting flocculation were more acid sensitive and were designated FAS, for flocculation acid sensitive, while the acid resistant strain designated PAR for planktonic acid resistant. Flocculation was not observed for any strains during growth in complex medium (Luria Bertani broth). STEC strains B201 and B241 were chosen as representative FAS (2.4 log reduction) and PAR (0.15 log reduction) strains, respectively, due to differences in acid resistance and flocculation phenotype. Results from electron microscopy showed evidence of fimbriae production in B201, whereas fimbriae were not observed in B241.Curli fimbriae production was identified through plating on Congo red differential medium, and all FAS strains showed curli fimbriae production. Surprisingly, 5 PAR strains also had evidence of curli production. Transcriptomic and targeted gene expression data for B201 and B241indicated that csg and hde (curli and acid induced chaperone genes, respectively) expression positively correlated with the phenotypic differences observed for these strains. These data suggest that FAS strains grown in minimal medium express curli, resulting in a flocculation phenotype. This may be regulated by GcvB, which positively regulates curli fimbriae production and represses acid chaperone proteins. RpoS and other regulatory mechanisms may impact curli fimbriae production, as well. These findings may help elucidate mechanisms underlying differences among STEC strains in relating acid resistance and biofilm formation. DA - 2017/7/26/ PY - 2017/7/26/ DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01404 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1664-302X KW - STEC KW - acid resistance KW - nutrient limitation KW - curli KW - GcvB ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training on exercise performance and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress AU - Zwetsloot, K. A. AU - Nieman, D. C. AU - Knab, A. AU - John, C. S. AU - Lomiwes, D. D. AU - Hurst, R. D. AU - Gillitt, N. D. AU - Lila, M. A. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Systematic Review of the Use of Social Media for Food Safety Risk Communication AU - Overbey, Katie N. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann AU - Chapman, Benjamin J. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - This article covers the current published literature related to the use of social media in food safety and infectious disease communication. The aim was to analyze literature recommendations and draw conclusions about how best to utilize social media for food safety risk communication going forward. A systematic literature review was conducted, and 24 articles were included for analysis. The inclusion criteria were (i) original peer-reviewed articles and (ii) primary focus on communication through social media about food safety and/or infectious diseases. Studies were coded for themes about social media applications, benefits, limitations, and best practices. Trust and personal beliefs were important drivers of social media use. The wide reach, immediacy, and information gathering capacities of social media were frequently cited benefits. Suggestions for social media best practices were inconsistent among studies, and study designs were highly variable. More evidence-based suggestions are needed to better establish guidelines for social media use in food safety and infectious disease risk communication. The information gleaned from this review can be used to create effective messages for shaping food safety behaviors. DA - 2017/9// PY - 2017/9// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-345 VL - 80 IS - 9 SP - 1537-1549 SN - 1944-9097 KW - Foodborne illness KW - Food safety KW - Infectious disease KW - Social media ER - TY - JOUR TI - Satisfying America's Fruit Gap: Summary of an Expert Roundtable on the Role of 100% Fruit Juice AU - Byrd-Bredbenner, Carol AU - Ferruzzi, Mario G. AU - Fulgoni, Victor L., III AU - Murray, Robert AU - Pivonka, Elizabeth AU - Wallace, Taylor C. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - Abstract The 2015 to 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) recognize the role of 100% fruit juice in health and in helping people meet daily fruit recommendations and state that 100% fruit juice is a nutrient‐dense beverage that should be a primary choice, along with water and low‐fat/fat‐free milk. The DGAs note that children are consuming 100% fruit juice within recommendations (that is, 120 to 180 mL/d for children aged 1 to 6 y and 236 to 355 mL/d for children aged 7 to 18 y). Evidence shows that compared to nonconsumers, those who consume 100% fruit juice come closer to meeting daily fruit needs and have better diet quality. In children, 100% fruit juice is associated with increased intakes of nutrients such as vitamin C, folate, and potassium. When consumed within the DGA recommendations, 100% fruit juice is not associated with overweight/obesity or childhood dental caries and does not compromise fiber intake. Preliminary data suggest that polyphenols in some 100% fruit juices may inhibit absorption of naturally occurring sugars. Given its role in promoting health and in helping people meet fruit needs, experts participating in a roundtable discussion agreed that there is no science‐based reason to restrict access to 100% fruit juice in public health nutrition policy and programs such as the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Reducing or eliminating 100% fruit juice could lead to unintended consequences such as reduced daily fruit intake and increased consumption of less nutritious beverages (for example, sugar‐sweetened beverages). DA - 2017/7// PY - 2017/7// DO - 10.1111/1750-3841.13754 VL - 82 IS - 7 SP - 1523-1534 SN - 1750-3841 KW - dietary guidelines KW - diet quality KW - 100% fruit juice KW - nutrient intake KW - nutrition policy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein-polyphenol particles for delivering structural and health functionality AU - Foegeding, E. Allen AU - Plundrich, Nathalie AU - Schneider, Margaret AU - Campbell, Caroline AU - Lila, Mary Ann T2 - FOOD HYDROCOLLOIDS AB - Dietary proteins and polyphenols contribute both nutritive and extra-nutritional (disease-preventing and metabolism-enhancing) benefits, and can participate in food structure formation and stabilization. There is a desire to increase consumption of proteins and polyphenols based on health considerations, and one approach is to form protein-polyphenol particles that combine both health and structural functionality in food products. The roles of proteins and polyphenols individually, or when bound together, are discussed in terms of health benefits (nutrition, disease prevention, satiety, allergy alleviation) and impact on food structure. The overall goal should be a rational design of protein-polyphenol particles to ensure a positive contribution to food quality, protein nutrition, and delivery of a health-relevant dose of polyphenols to the gastrointestinal tract. DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017/11// DO - 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.05.024 VL - 72 SP - 163-173 SN - 1873-7137 KW - Protein KW - Polyphenols KW - Colloidal aggregates KW - Health, and Structural Functionality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phenolics from Whole Grain Oat Products as Modifiers of Starch Digestion and Intestinal Glucose Transport AU - Li, Min AU - Koecher, Katie AU - Hansen, Laura AU - Ferruzzi, Mario G. T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - Four oat varieties and three product forms (porridge, cereal, and snack bar) were assessed to determine the impact of oat phenolics on starch digestibility and intestinal glucose transport. α-Amylase activity was enhanced by 20 GAE μM (gallic acid equivalent) of phenolics extracted from oat (96.7-118%, p < 0.05), while it was modestly inhibited at 500 GAE μM (83.0-95.4%). Maltose hydrolysis was reduced (49.6-82.4%, p < 0.05), albeit with high IC50 values (500-940 GAE μM). Free and bound oat phenolic extracts dose-dependently attenuated transport of d-glucose-1,2,3,4,5,6,6-d7 by Caco-2 monolayers over 60 min. Oat foods were then subjected to a coupled in vitro digestion/Caco-2 intestinal cell model to determine relevance to whole food systems. Digestive release of glucose was similar among products; however, glucose transport was significantly reduced from digesta of GMI 423 porridge and puffed cereal by 34% ± 12% and 20% ± 10% (p < 0.05) at 60 min. Results suggest phenolics might be a factor modulating glycemic response of oat products. DA - 2017/8/16/ PY - 2017/8/16/ DO - 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02171 VL - 65 IS - 32 SP - 6831-6839 SN - 1520-5118 KW - oat phenolics KW - avenanthramides KW - LC-MS KW - Caco-2 KW - alpha-amylase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Keys to successful grant writing AU - Jaykus, L. A. T2 - Journal of Food Science DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 82 IS - 7 SP - 1511-1512 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drivers of choice for fluid milk versus plant-based alternatives: What are consumer perceptions of fluid milk? AU - McCarthy, K. S. AU - Parker, M. AU - Ameerally, A. AU - Drake, S. L. AU - Drake, M. A. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - Fluid milk consumption has declined for decades while consumption of nondairy alternatives has increased. A better understanding of why consumers purchase fluid milk or nondairy alternatives is needed to assist increased sales of milk or maintain sales without further decline. The objective of this study was to determine the extrinsic attributes that drive purchase within each product category. The second objective was to determine the personal values behind the purchase of each beverage type to give further understanding why particular attributes are important. An online conjoint survey was launched with 702 dairy consumers, 172 nondairy consumers, and 125 consumers of both beverages. Individual means-end chain interviews were conducted with fluid milk consumers (n = 75), plant-based alternative consumers (n = 68), and consumers of both beverages (n = 78). Fat content was the most important attribute for dairy milk followed by package size and label claims. Consumers of fluid milk preferred 1 or 2% fat content, gallon, or half-gallon packaging, conventionally pasteurized store-brand milk. Sugar level was the most important attribute for plant-based beverages, followed by plant source and package size. Almond milk was the most desirable plant source, and half-gallon packaging was the most preferred packaging. Means-end chain interviews results suggested that maintaining a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle was important to all consumer groups. Lactose free was an important attribute for plant-based alternative consumers and consumers of both dairy and nondairy. A distinguishing characteristic of those who only drank nondairy plant-based alternatives was that plant-based beverages contributed to a goal to consume less animal products, beliefs about animal mistreatment, and perceived lesser effect on the environment than fluid milk. Unique to fluid milk consumers was that fluid milk was perceived as a staple food item. These results suggest that the dairy industry should focus on the nutrition value of milk and educating consumers about misconceptions regarding dairy milk. Future beverage innovation should include the development of lactose-free milk that is also appealing to consumers in flavor. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.3168/jds.2016-12519 VL - 100 IS - 8 SP - 6125-6138 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biofilm formation by Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel under either mono- or dual-species multi-strain conditions and resistance of sessile communities to sub-lethal chemical disinfection AU - Gkana, Eleni N. AU - Giaouris, Efstathios D. AU - Doulgeraki, Agapi I. AU - Kathariou, Sophia AU - Nychas, George-John E. T2 - FOOD CONTROL AB - Intercellular interactions encountered within and between different bacterial species are believed to play key roles in both biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. In this study, Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus (3 strains per species) were left to form biofilms on stainless steel coupons incubated at 20 °C for 144 h (i.e. 6 days), in periodically renewable growth medium, under either mono- or dual-species conditions. Subsequently, the developed sessile communities were exposed for 6 min to sub-lethal concentrations of: (i) benzalkonium chloride (BC, 50 ppm), (ii) sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, 10 ppm), or (iii) peroxyacetic acid (PAA, 10 ppm). The dominance of each strain in the mono- and dual-species biofilm communities, both before and after disinfection, was monitored by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results revealed that dual-species conditions led to a significant (ca. 10-fold) reduction in the number of sessile cells for both species, compared to mono-species ones, with interspecies interactions however found to not exert any significant effect on the disinfection resistance of each species as a whole. However, PFGE analysis revealed that the different strains here employed behaved differently with regard to biofilm formation and disinfection resistance, with this effect to be also strongly dependent on the culture conditions (mono-/dual-species) and the disinfectant applied. Such results expand our knowledge on multi-species biofilms formed by foodborne pathogenic bacteria and could hopefully be helpful in our efforts to develop effective elimination strategies and thus improve food safety. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.038 VL - 73 SP - 838-846 SN - 1873-7129 KW - Biofilms KW - Salmonella Typhimurium KW - MRSA Staphylococcus aureus KW - Sub-lethal chemical disinfection KW - Bacterial interactions KW - Resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of the lubrication behavior of whey protein model foods using tribology in linear and elliptical movement AU - Campbell, Caroline L. AU - Foegeding, E. Allen AU - Velde, Fred T2 - JOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES AB - Abstract Lubrication is an important factor in the sensory evaluation of food products. Tribology provides a theoretical framework and instrumental methods for evaluating frictional properties between two moving surfaces and the lubrication behavior of products between these surfaces. Relating frictional measurements to sensory properties detected during oral processing requires careful and pertinent choices in surface materials and testing conditions. The aims of this study were to investigate: (a) differences in lubrication behavior of a range of food textures and (b) the differences between linear and elliptical movement and added saliva to understand the contribution of food structure to friction. Six whey protein model food samples, ranging in texture from fluid to semisolid to soft solid, were analyzed using a pin on disk tribometer to determine the coefficient of friction (COF) across a range of sliding speeds. The samples were analyzed in their initial form and post‐oral processing ( n = 4) in both linear and elliptical movements. Elliptical movement slightly decreased coefficients of friction and extended the shape of the friction curve. Increases in test food viscosity decreased the COF but differences in viscosity were not apparent when test foods were mixed with saliva. Data correction for viscosity shifted the friction curves horizontally, indicating that lubrication had a greater impact upon friction than viscosity. This study provides initial insights for further comparison of linear and elliptical movement with a variety of sample compositions. Practical applications Sensory perception of smoothness and creaminess are often major contributors to overall hedonic food liking and are a major reason why products high in fat and sugar are more highly preferred over other foods. These parameters are influenced by friction and lubrication between the tongue, palate, teeth, food products, and saliva during oral processing. Tribology provides an instrumental method to evaluate friction between moving surfaces that mimic oral surfaces and the lubrication behavior of foods. Trends in frictional measurements can be correlated with sensory ratings of the same foods to better understand why preferences exist for certain foods or food compositions and how to effectively improve the acceptability and enjoyment of healthier foods. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.1111/jtxs.12278 VL - 48 IS - 4 SP - 335-341 SN - 1745-4603 KW - lubrication KW - oral processing KW - texture KW - tribology KW - whey protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Winterization strategies for bulk storage of cucumber pickles AU - Diaz, Joscelin T. AU - Pérez-Díaz, Ilenys M. AU - Simunovic, Josip AU - Sandeep, K.P. T2 - Journal of Food Engineering AB - Cucumbers are commercially fermented and stored in bulk in outdoor open top fiberglass tanks. During winter, snow and ice that accumulates around and on top of tanks influence heat transfer in an unpredictable manner, often compromising quality. This study evaluates the performance of inexpensive and resilient fermentation tank insulation and provides an estimate of heat loss associated with strategies for storage and preservation of fermented cucumbers during winter. Three insulation configurations were explored: conical top-cover, flat top-cover, and perimeter insulation. Changes in temperature during storage were experimentally studied in different tank configurations. A mathematical model was developed to simulate temperature profiles and heat loss in an idealized fermentation/storage vessel. Comparisons of the insulated tank configurations suggested a significant difference in temperature between a flat cover and uncovered tank when exposed to temperatures characteristic of the spring season in Pinconning, MI. DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017/11// DO - 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.03.027 VL - 212 SP - 12-17 J2 - Journal of Food Engineering LA - en OP - SN - 0260-8774 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.03.027 DB - Crossref KW - Mathematical modeling KW - Bulk storage of pickles KW - Fermented cucumbers KW - Calcium chloride KW - Heat loss ER - TY - JOUR TI - The S-layer Associated Serine Protease Homolog PrtX Impacts Cell Surface-Mediated Microbe-Host Interactions of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM AU - Johnson, Brant R. AU - O'Flaherty, Sarah AU - Goh, Yong Jun AU - Carroll, Ian AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Klaenhammer, Todd R. T2 - FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - Health-promoting aspects attributed to probiotic microorganisms, including adhesion to intestinal epithelia and modulation of the host mucosal immune system, are mediated by proteins found on the bacterial cell surface. Notably, certain probiotic and commensal bacteria contain a surface (S-) layer as the outermost stratum of the cell wall. S-layers are non-covalently bound semi-porous, crystalline arrays of self-assembling, proteinaceous subunits called S-layer proteins (SLPs). Recent evidence has shown that multiple proteins are non-covalently co-localized within the S-layer, designated S-layer associated proteins (SLAPs). In Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, SLP and SLAPs have been implicated in both mucosal immunomodulation and adhesion to the host intestinal epithelium. In this study, a S-layer associated serine protease, PrtX (prtX, lba1578), was deleted from the chromosome of L. acidophilus NCFM. Compared to the parent strain, the PrtX-deficient strain (∆prtX) demonstrated increased autoaggregation, an altered cellular morphology, and pleiotropic increases in adhesion to mucin and fibronectin, in vitro. Furthermore, ∆prtX demonstrated increased in vitro immune stimulation of IL-6, IL-12, and IL-10 compared to wild-type, when exposed to mouse dendritic cells. Finally, in vivo colonization of germ-free mice with ∆prtX led to an increase in epithelial barrier integrity. The absence of PrtX within the exoproteome of a ∆prtX strain caused morphological changes, resulting in a pleiotropic increase of the organisms' immunomodulatory properties and interactions with some intestinal epithelial cell components. DA - 2017/6/30/ PY - 2017/6/30/ DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01185 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1664-302X KW - serine protease KW - S-layer KW - S-layer associated proteins KW - Lactobacillus KW - probiotic KW - intestinal barrier integrity KW - mucin KW - fibronectin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stable Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto on the Outer Banks of North Carolina AU - Levine, J. F. AU - Apperson, C. S. AU - Levin, M. AU - Kelly, T. R. AU - Kakumanu, M. L. AU - Ponnusamy, L. AU - Sutton, H. AU - Salger, S. A. AU - Caldwell, J. M. AU - Szempruch, A. J. T2 - ZOONOSES AND PUBLIC HEALTH AB - The spirochaete (Borrelia burgdorferi) associated with Lyme disease was detected in questing ticks and rodents during a period of 18 years, 1991-2009, at five locations on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) was collected at varied intervals between 1991 and 2009 and examined for B. burgdorferi. The white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), house mouse (Mus musculus) marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris), marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris), eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) and six-lined racerunner (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus) were live-trapped, and their tissues cultured to isolate spirochaetes. Borrelia burgdorferi isolates were obtained from questing adult I. scapularis and engorged I. scapularis removed from P. leucopus, O. palustris and S. floridanus. The prevalence of B. burgdorferi infection was variable at different times and sites ranging from 7 to 14% of examined questing I. scapularis. Mitochondrial (16S) rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis from 65 adult I. scapularis identified 12 haplotypes in two major clades. Nine haplotypes were associated with northern/Midwestern I. scapularis populations and three with southern I. scapularis populations. Sixteen isolates obtained from tick hosts in 2005 were confirmed to be B. burgdorferi by amplifying and sequencing of 16S rRNA and 5S-23S intergenic spacer fragments. The sequences had 98-99% identity to B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strains B31, JD1 and M11p. Taken together, these studies indicate that B. burgdorferi sensu stricto is endemic in questing I. scapularis and mammalian tick hosts on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.1111/zph.12302 VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 337-354 SN - 1863-2378 KW - Borrelia burgdorferi KW - Ixodes scapularis KW - Peromyscus leucopus KW - Oryzomys palustris KW - Sylvilagus palustris KW - Outer Banks KW - North Carolina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Signatures of anthocyanin metabolites identified in humans inhibit biomarkers of vascular inflammation in human endothelial cells AU - Warner, E. F. AU - Smith, M. J. AU - Zhang, Q. Z. AU - Raheem, K. S. AU - O'Hagan, D. AU - O'Connell, M. A. AU - Kay, Colin T2 - Molecular Nutrition & Food Research AB - Scope The physiological relevance of contemporary cell culture studies is often perplexing, given the use of unmetabolized phytochemicals at supraphysiological concentrations. We investigated the activity of physiologically relevant anthocyanin metabolite signatures, derived from a previous pharmacokinetics study of 500 mg 13C5-cyanidin-3-glucoside in eight healthy participants, on soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human endothelial cells. Methods and results Signatures of peak metabolites (previously identified at 1, 6, and 24 h post-bolus) were reproduced using pure standards and effects were investigated across concentrations ten-fold lower and higher than observed mean (<5 μM) serum levels. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated VCAM-1 was reduced in response to all treatments, with maximal effects observed for the 6 and 24 h profiles. Profiles tested at ten-fold below mean serum concentrations (0.19–0.44 μM) remained active. IL-6 was reduced in response to 1, 6, and 24 h profiles, with maximal effects observed for 6 h and 24 h profiles at concentrations above 2 μM. Protein responses were reflected by reductions in VCAM-1 and IL-6 mRNA, however there was no effect on phosphorylated NFκB-p65 expression. Conclusion Signatures of anthocyanin metabolites following dietary consumption reduce VCAM-1 and IL-6 production, providing evidence of physiologically relevant biological activity. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1002/mnfr.201700053 VL - 61 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of Ingesting a Flavonoid-Rich Supplement on the Metabolome and Concentration of Urine Phenolics in Overweight/Obese Women AU - Nieman, David C. AU - Ramamoorthy, Sivapriya AU - Kay, Colin D. AU - Goodman, Courtney L. AU - Capps, Christopher R. AU - Shue, Zack L. AU - Heyl, Nicole AU - Grace, Mary H. AU - Lila, Mary A. T2 - JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH AB - This study evaluated the effect of ingesting a flavonoid-rich supplement (329 mg/d) on total urine phenolics and shifts in plasma metabolites in overweight/obese female adults using untargeted metabolomics procedures. Participants (N = 103, 18-65 y, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were randomized to flavonoid (F) or placebo (P) groups for 12 weeks with blood and 24 h urine samples collected prestudy and after 4 and 12 weeks in a parallel design. Supplements were prepared as chewable tablets and included vitamin C, wild bilberry fruit extract, green tea leaf extract, quercetin, caffeine, and omega 3 fatty acids. At 4 weeks, urine total phenolics increased 24% in F versus P with similar changes at 12 weeks (interaction effect, P = 0.041). Groups did not differ in markers of inflammation (IL-6, MCP-1, CRP) or oxidative stress (oxLDL, FRAP). Metabolomics data indicated shifts in 63 biochemicals in F versus P with 70% from the lipid and xenobiotics superpathways. The largest fold changes in F were measured for three gut-derived phenolics including 3-methoxycatechol sulfate, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid sulfate, and 1,2,3-benzenetriol sulfate (interaction effects, p ≤ 0.050). This randomized clinical trial of overweight/obese women showed that 12 weeks ingestion of a mixed flavonoid nutrient supplement was associated with a corresponding increase in urine total phenolics and gut-derived phenolic metabolites. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00196 VL - 16 IS - 8 SP - 2924-2935 SN - 1535-3907 KW - dietary supplement KW - metabolomics KW - polyphenol KW - obesity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of a Campylobacter coli methyltransferase targeting adenines at GATC sites AU - Dutta, V. AU - Altermann, E. AU - Crespo, M. D. AU - Olson, J. W. AU - Siletzky, R. M. AU - Kathariou, S. T2 - FEMS Microbiology Letters AB - Campylobacter coli can infect humans and colonize multiple other animals, but its host-associated genes or adaptations are poorly understood. Adenine methylation at GATC sites, resulting in MboI resistance of genomic DNA, was earlier frequently detected among C. coli from swine but not among turkey-derived isolates. The underlying genetic basis has remained unknown. Comparative genome sequence analyses of C. coli 6461, a swine-derived strain with MboI-resistant DNA, revealed two chromosomal ORFs, 0059 and 0060, encoding a putative DNA methyltransferase and a conserved hypothetical protein, respectively, which were lacking from the genome of the turkey-derived C. coli strain 11601, which had MboI-susceptible DNA. To determine whether ORF0059 mediated MboI resistance and hence encoded a putative N6-adenine DNA methyltransferase, the gene was cloned immediately upstream of a chloramphenicol resistance cassette (cat) and a PCR fragment harboring ORF0059-cat was transformed into C. coli 11601. The transformants had MboI-resistant DNA, suggesting a direct role of this gene in methylation of adenines at GATC sites. In silico analyses suggested that the ORF0059-ORF0060 cassette was more frequent among C. coli from swine than certain other sources (e.g. cattle, humans). Potential impacts of ORF0059-mediated methylation on C. coli host preference and other adaptations remain to be elucidated. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1093/femsle/fnw268 VL - 364 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A decade of discovery: CRISPR functions and applications AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Horvath, Philippe T2 - NATURE MICROBIOLOGY AB - This year marks the tenth anniversary of the identification of the biological function of CRISPR–Cas as adaptive immune systems in bacteria. In just a decade, the characterization of CRISPR–Cas systems has established a novel means of adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea and deepened our understanding of the interplay between prokaryotes and their environment, and CRISPR-based molecular machines have been repurposed to enable a genome editing revolution. Here, we look back on the historical milestones that have paved the way for the discovery of CRISPR and its function, and discuss the related technological applications that have emerged, with a focus on microbiology. Lastly, we provide a perspective on the impacts the field has had on science and beyond. In this Review Article, Horvath and Barrangou describe the discovery of CRISPR–Cas systems as mechanisms of adaptive immunity in prokaryotes and explore the technological applications that have emerged from studying these molecular machines. DA - 2017/7// PY - 2017/7// DO - 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.92 VL - 2 IS - 7 SP - SN - 2058-5276 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Virus-bacteria interactions: An emerging topic in human infection AU - Almand, E. A. AU - Moore, M. D. AU - Jaykus, L. A. T2 - Viruses-Basel DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 9 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The application of near-infrared spectroscopy in beer fermentation for online monitoring of critical process parameters and their integration into a novel feedforward control strategy AU - Vann, Lucas AU - Layfield, Johnathon B. AU - Sheppard, John D. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING AB - Traditional methods used in the analysis of fermentation media suffer from a number of limitations. The search for more rapid and efficient methods has led to the development and application of near-infrared spectroscopy. Near-infrared spectroscopy has been applied successfully in a variety of industrial processes: agricultural, food, chemical and pharmaceutical, generally in the areas of raw material quality control but also including intermediate and finished product testing. The present research explores its potential for online fermentation monitoring of total cell count (TCC), specific gravity (SG), free amino nitrogen (FAN) and percentage alcohol by volume (% v v−1) in a 300 L pilot-scale validation batch. Models that were generated from three calibration batches for each of these constituents exhibited overall favourable standard error of cross validation (SECV) and fit of predicted vs actual cross validated results (SECV, R2): SG (0.00072, 0.995), ethanol (0.17% v v−1, 0.990), FAN (16.5 mg L−1, 0.886) and TCC (1.24 × 106 cells mL−1, 0.640). The data that was most relevant to cell metabolism was determined to be sugar consumption rate, ethanol production rate, yield of ethanol and fermentation lag time. These ‘critical performance parameters’ were incorporated into a novel feed-forward control strategy where yeast pitching rate was modified based on values of the critical performance parameters from the previous batch. Use of this feed-forward strategy demonstrated how brewers can utilize near-infrared monitoring for quality assurance through early detection of shifts in fermentation performance. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling DA - 2017/7// PY - 2017/7// DO - 10.1002/jib.440 VL - 123 IS - 3 SP - 347-360 SN - 2050-0416 KW - NIRS KW - fermentation KW - quality improvement KW - process monitoring KW - feed-forward control ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Potential of Systems Biology to Discover Antibacterial Mechanisms of Plant Phenolics AU - Rempe, Caroline S. AU - Burris, Kellie P. AU - Lenaghan, Scott C. AU - Stewart, C. Neal, Jr. T2 - FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - Drug resistance of bacterial pathogens is a growing problem that can be addressed through the discovery of compounds with novel mechanisms of antibacterial activity. Natural products, including plant phenolic compounds, are one source of diverse chemical structures that could inhibit bacteria through novel mechanisms. However, evaluating novel antibacterial mechanisms of action can be difficult and is uncommon in assessments of plant phenolic compounds. With systems biology approaches, though, antibacterial mechanisms can be assessed without the bias of target-directed bioassays to enable the discovery of novel mechanism(s) of action against drug resistant microorganisms. This review article summarizes the current knowledge of antibacterial mechanisms of action of plant phenolic compounds and discusses relevant methodology. DA - 2017/3/16/ PY - 2017/3/16/ DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00422 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1664-302X KW - antimicrobials KW - mechanism of action KW - membrane KW - metabolic processes KW - microbial structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of Neutral Electrolyzed Water for Inactivation of Human Norovirus AU - Moorman, Eric AU - Montazeri, Naim AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Persistence on surfaces and resistance to many conventional disinfectants contribute to widespread transmission of norovirus. We examined the efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW; pH 7) for inactivation of human NoV GII.4 Sydney in suspension (ASTM method 1052-11) and on stainless steel surfaces (ASTM method 1053-11) with and without an additional soil load. The impact of the disinfectant on viral capsid was assessed using reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR; with an RNase pretreatment), SDS-PAGE, transmission electron microscopy, and a histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) receptor-binding assay. These studies were done in parallel with those using Tulane virus (TuV), a cultivable human NoV surrogate. Neutral electrolyzed water at 250 ppm free available chlorine produced a 4.8- and 0.4-log10 reduction in NoV genome copy number after 1 min in suspension and on stainless steel, respectively. Increasing the contact time on surfaces to 5, 10, 15, and 30 min reduced human NoV genomic copies by 0.5, 1.6, 2.4, and 5.0 log10 and TuV infectious titers by 2.4, 3.0, 3.8, and 4.1 log10 PFU, respectively. Increased soil load effectively eliminated antiviral efficacy regardless of testing method and virus. Exposure to NEW induced a near complete loss of receptor binding (5 ppm, 30 s), degradation of VP1 major capsid protein (250 ppm, 5 min), and increased virus particle aggregation (150 ppm, 30 min). Neutral electrolyzed water at 250 ppm shows promise as an antinoroviral disinfectant when used on precleaned stainless steel surfaces.IMPORTANCE Norovirus is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Transmission occurs by fecal-oral or vomitus-oral routes. The persistence of norovirus on contaminated environmental surfaces exacerbates its spread, as does its resistance to many conventional disinfectants. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antinoroviral efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW), a novel chlorine-based disinfectant that can be used at reduced concentrations, making it more environmentally friendly and less corrosive than bleach. An industrial-scale electrochemical activation device capable of producing relatively stable electrolyzed water at a wide pH range was used in this study. Experiments showed that 250 ppm NEW effectively eliminated (defined as a 5-log10 reduction) human norovirus GII.4 Sydney (epidemic strain) on clean stainless steel surfaces after a 30-min exposure. Supporting studies showed that, like bleach, NEW causes inactivation by disrupting the virus capsid. This product shows promise as a bleach alternative with antinoroviral efficacy. DA - 2017/8// PY - 2017/8// DO - 10.1128/aem.00653-17 VL - 83 IS - 16 SP - SN - 1098-5336 KW - disinfection KW - environmental contamination KW - norovirus KW - public health KW - surrogate KW - virus inactivation ER - TY - JOUR TI - A plate-based histo-blood group antigen binding assay for evaluation of human norovirus receptor binding ability AU - Moore, Matthew D. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann T2 - ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Human norovirus is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Although two in vitro cultivation methods have been reported, they cannot provide mechanistic insights into viral inactivation. Receptor-binding assays supplement these assays and give insight into capsid integrity. We present a streamlined version of a receptor-binding assay with minimal time-to-result while maintaining accuracy and high throughput. We validate assay performance for physical and chemical inactivation treatments of a norovirus GII.4 capsid. The assay produces a high positive/negative ratio (25.3 ± 4.9) in <2.5 h and has a limit of detection of 0.1 μg/ml capsid. This method is a valuable additional tool for understanding human norovirus inactivation. DA - 2017/9/15/ PY - 2017/9/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.ab.2017.06.012 VL - 533 SP - 56-59 SN - 1096-0309 KW - Norovirus KW - Disinfection KW - Capsid functionality KW - Histo-blood group antigens KW - Receptor binding assay ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wild blueberry polyphenol-protein food ingredients produced by three drying methods: Comparative physico-chemical properties, phytochemical content, and stability during storage AU - Correia, Roberta AU - Grace, Mary H. AU - Esposito, Debora AU - Lila, Mary Ann T2 - FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - Particulate colloidal aggregate food ingredients were prepared by complexing wheat flour, chickpea flour, coconut flour and soy protein isolate with aqueous wild blueberry pomace extracts, then spray drying, freeze drying, or vacuum oven drying to prepare dry, flour-like matrices. Physico-chemical attributes, phytochemical content and stability during storage were compared. Eighteen anthocyanins peaks were identified for samples. Spray dried matrices produced with soy protein isolate had the highest concentration of polyphenols (156.2 mg GAE/g) and anthocyanins (13.4 mg/g) and the most potent DPPH scavenging activity (714.1 μmoles TE/g). Spray dried blueberry polyphenols complexed with protein were protected from degradation during 16 weeks at 4 °C and 20 °C. Soy protein isolate more efficiently captured and stabilized wild blueberry pomace phytochemicals than other protein sources. Overall, spray drying the blueberry extracts complexed with protein proved to be an environment-friendly strategy to produce stable functional ingredients with multiple applications for the food industry. DA - 2017/11/15/ PY - 2017/11/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.042 VL - 235 SP - 76-85 SN - 1873-7072 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.042 KW - Soy protein isolate KW - By-products KW - Spray drying KW - Phenolics KW - Shelf life ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of homogenization pressure on the flavor and flavor stability of whole milk powder AU - Park, Curtis W. AU - Drake, MaryAnne T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Flavor is one of the key factors that can limit the application and shelf life of dried dairy ingredients. Many off-flavors are caused during ingredient manufacture that carry through into ingredient applications and decrease consumer acceptance. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of homogenization pressure on the flavor and flavor stability of whole milk powder (WMP). Whole milk powder was produced from standardized pasteurized whole milk that was evaporated to 50% solids (wt/wt), homogenized in 2 stages with varying pressures (0/0, 5.5/1.4, 11.0/2.8, or 16.5/4.3 MPa), and spray dried. Whole milk powder was evaluated at 0, 3, and 6 mo of storage at 21°C. Sensory properties were evaluated by descriptive analysis. Volatile compounds were analyzed by sorptive stir bar extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fat globule size in condensed whole milk and particle size of powders were measured by laser diffraction. Surface free fat, inner free fat, and encapsulated fat of WMP were measured by solvent extractions. Phospholipid content was measured by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–evaporative light scattering. Furosine in WMP was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Increased homogenization pressure decreased cardboard and painty flavors, volatile lipid oxidation compound concentrations, fat globule size in condensed milk, surface free fat, and inner free fat in WMP. Encapsulated fat increased and phospholipid-to-encapsulated fat ratio decreased with higher homogenization pressure. Surface free fat in powders increased cardboard flavor and lipid oxidation. These results indicate that off-flavors were decreased with increased homogenization pressures in WMP due to the decrease in free fat. To decrease off-flavor intensities in WMP, manufacturers should carefully evaluate these parameters during ingredient manufacture. DA - 2017/7// PY - 2017/7// DO - 10.3168/jds.2017-12544 VL - 100 IS - 7 SP - 5195-5205 SN - 1525-3198 KW - homogenization KW - flavor KW - whole milk powder ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of hand-hygiene interventions on infectious disease-associated absenteeism in elementary schools: A systematic literature review AU - Wang, Zhangqi AU - Lapinski, Maria AU - Quilliam, Elizabeth AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann AU - Fraser, Angela T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL AB - Hand-hygiene interventions are widely used in schools but their effect on reducing absenteeism is not well known.The aim of our literature review was to determine whether implementation of a hand-hygiene intervention reduced infectious disease-associated absenteeism in elementary schools. The eligible studies (N = 19), published between 1996 and 2014, were summarized and the methodologic quality of each was assessed.Our review indicated evidence is available to show hand-hygiene interventions had an effect on reducing acute gastrointestinal illness-associated absenteeism but inadequate evidence is available to show an effect on respiratory illness-associated absenteeism.The methodologic quality assessment of eligible studies revealed common design flaws, such as lack of randomization, blinding, and attrition, which must be addressed in future studies to strengthen the evidence base on the effect of hand-hygiene interventions on school absenteeism. DA - 2017/6/1/ PY - 2017/6/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.01.018 VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - 682-689 SN - 1527-3296 KW - Acute gastroenteritis KW - Respiratory illness KW - Health education KW - Hand washing KW - Children ER - TY - JOUR TI - The development of a lexicon for cashew nuts AU - Griffin, L. E. AU - Dean, L. L. AU - Drake, M. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES AB - Abstract A lexicon of flavor and texture terms was developed to describe the sensory characteristics of cashew nuts. A highly trained and experienced descriptive analysis panel ( n = 10, ages 22–58 each with at least 60 hr of descriptive work in nuts) was used to create the lexicon for cashews. After initial identification and discussion of terms, 22 flavor terms, 4 texture terms, and 3 feeling factors to describe the sensory attributes of cashews were identified. The lexicon was validated by demonstrating that the panel could detect differences among 18 different cashew samples, including raw, oil‐roasted, dry‐roasted, skin‐on, store‐brand, national‐brand, and rancid types when using the identified lexicon. The differences in products were analyzed using analysis of variance and principal component analysis. Differences in flavor and texture were observed across all product categories and the lexicon was validated. Practical applications The lexicon is intended for use in cashew research and by the cashew industry as a way for communicating differences in cashew flavor and texture in a common language. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1111/joss.12244 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1745-459X ER - TY - JOUR TI - One-step isolation of carnosic acid and carnosol from rosemary by centrifugal partition chromatography AU - Grace, Mary H. AU - Qiang, Yin AU - Sang, Shengmin AU - Lila, Mary Ann T2 - JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE AB - Journal of Separation ScienceVolume 40, Issue 5 p. 1057-1062 RESEARCH ARTICLE One-step isolation of carnosic acid and carnosol from rosemary by centrifugal partition chromatography Mary H. Grace, Mary H. Grace Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorYin Qiang, Yin Qiang Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, NC, USA School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorShengmin Sang, Shengmin Sang Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorMary Ann Lila, Corresponding Author Mary Ann Lila mlila@ncsu.edu Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, NC, USA Correspondence Dr. Mary Ann Lila, Director, Plants for Human Health Institute, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA. Email: mlila@ncsu.edu Fax: 704-250-5409Search for more papers by this author Mary H. Grace, Mary H. Grace Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorYin Qiang, Yin Qiang Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, NC, USA School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorShengmin Sang, Shengmin Sang Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorMary Ann Lila, Corresponding Author Mary Ann Lila mlila@ncsu.edu Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, NC, USA Correspondence Dr. Mary Ann Lila, Director, Plants for Human Health Institute, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA. Email: mlila@ncsu.edu Fax: 704-250-5409Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 December 2016 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201601063Citations: 12 Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflict of interest. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Carnosic acid and carnosol are the main bioactive components responsible for the significant antioxidant activity of Rosmarinus officinalis. Nevertheless, they are known for their instability in solutions. Separation of both compounds from crude rosemary extract was successfully achieved by one-step centrifugal partition chromatography without any degradation. A two-phase solvent system, hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (3:2:3:2 v/v) was run on a preparative scale applying the elution–extrusion technique in descending mode. A 900 mg quantity of the crude extract containing 39.7% carnosic acid and 12.3% carnosol was loaded onto a 500 mL column, rotating at 1800 rpm. Carnosic acid and carnosol were obtained at purities of 96.1 ± 1% and 94.4 ± 0.9%, with recoveries of 94.3 ± 4.4% and 94.8 ± 2.3%, respectively. The compounds were identified by mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, and comparison with authentic standards. Citing Literature Supporting Information Filename Description jssc5269-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx43.9 KB Table S1. LC-IT-TOF-ESI-MS and MS/MS of compounds detected in rosemary extract in the negative ion mode. Figure 1S. Standard curve of carnosic acid authentic reference Figure 2S. Standard curve for carnosol authentic reference Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. Volume40, Issue5March 2017Pages 1057-1062 RelatedInformation DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1002/jssc.201601063 VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 1057-1062 SN - 1615-9314 KW - carnosic acid KW - carnosol KW - centrifugal partition chromatography KW - Rosmarinus officinalis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbial Load of Fresh Produce and Paired Equipment Surfaces in Packing Facilities Near the US and Mexico Border AU - Newman, Kira L. AU - Bartz, Faith E. AU - Johnston, Lynette AU - Moe, Christine L. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann AU - Leon, Juan S. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Several produce-associated outbreaks have been linked to the packing facility. Equipment surfaces may be an important source of contamination. The goal was to assess whether the microbial load of packing facility surfaces is associated with the microbial load of produce. From November 2000 to December 2003, 487 matched produce (14 types) and equipment surfaces (six production steps) were sampled from eight packing facilities in the United States near the border with Mexico and enumerated for aerobic plate counts (APC), Escherichia coli , Enterococcus, and coliforms. Bivariate correlations were assessed by Spearman's ρ, and adjusted associations were assessed by multilevel mixed linear regression models. In general, the microbial load both increased and decreased on produce (0.2 to 1.0 log CFU/g) and equipment surfaces (0.5 to 3.0 log CFU/cm2) across production steps. Equipment surface and produce microbial loads were correlated, but correlations varied from none to high depending on the equipment surface. For example, significant correlations (P < 0.01) included APC (ρ = 0.386) and Enterococcus (ρ = 0.562) with the harvest bin, E. coli (ρ = 0.372) and Enterococcus (ρ = 0.355) with the merry-go-round, Enterococcus (ρ = 0.679) with rinse cycle equipment, APC (ρ = 0.542) with the conveyer belt, and for all indicators with the packing box (ρ = 0.310 to 0.657). After controlling for crop type, sample replicate group, and sample location, there were significant positive associations between the log concentration of Enterococcus on produce and the harvest bin (β = 0.259, P < 0.01) and the rinse cycle (β = 0.010, P = 0.01), and between the log concentration of all indicators on produce and the packing box (β = 0.155 to 0.500, all P < 0.01). These statistically significant associations between microbial loads on packing facility surfaces and fresh produce confirm the importance of packing facility sanitation to protect produce quality and safety. DA - 2017/4// PY - 2017/4// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-365 VL - 80 IS - 4 SP - 582-589 SN - 1944-9097 KW - Equipment KW - Farm KW - Microbial indicator KW - Packing KW - Produce ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metabolic Effects of Berries with Structurally Diverse Anthocyanins AU - Overall, John AU - Bonney, Sierra A. AU - Wilson, Mickey AU - Beermann, Arnold AU - Grace, Mary H. AU - Esposito, Debora AU - Lila, Mary Ann AU - Komarnytsky, Slavko T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES AB - Overconsumption of energy dense foods and sedentary lifestyle are considered as major causes of obesity-associated insulin resistance and abnormal glucose metabolism. Results from both cohort studies and randomized trials suggested that anthocyanins from berries may lower metabolic risks, however these reports are equivocal. The present study was designed to examine effects of six berries with structurally diverse anthocyanin profiles (normalized to 400 µg/g total anthocyanin content) on development of metabolic risk factors in the C57BL/6 mouse model of polygenic obesity. Diets supplemented with blackberry (mono-glycosylated cyanidins), black raspberry (acylated mono-glycosylated cyanidins), blackcurrant (mono- and di-glycosylated cyanidins and delphinidins), maqui berry (di-glycosylated delphinidins), Concord grape (acylated mono-glycosylated delphinidins and petunidins), and blueberry (mono-glycosylated delphinidins, malvidins, and petunidins) showed a prominent discrepancy between biological activities of delphinidin/malvidin-versus cyanidin-type anthocyanins that could be explained by differences in their structure and metabolism in the gut. Consumption of berries also resulted in a strong shift in the gastrointestinal bacterial communities towards obligate anaerobes that correlated with decrease in the gastrointestinal luminal oxygen and oxidative stress. Further work is needed to understand mechanisms that lead to nearly anoxic conditions in the gut lumens, including the relative contributions of host, diet and/or microbial oxidative activity, and their implication to human health. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.3390/ijms18020422 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - SN - 1422-0067 KW - berry KW - gut microbiome KW - obesity KW - inflammation KW - functional food ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inter- and intra-seasonal changes in anthocyanin accumulation and global metabolite profiling of six blueberry genotypes AU - Timmers, Michael A. AU - Grace, Mary H. AU - Yousef, Gad G. AU - Lila, Mary Ann T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS AB - Anthocyanin content in six blueberry genotypes was evaluated across two harvest seasons. Three southern highbush (hybrids of Vaccinium corymbosum) genotypes (Legacy, Sampson, SHF2B1-21:3) showed a dramatic and almost linear increase in total anthocyanin content across each harvest season, with an increase of up to 20 mg/g dry weight (DW). The three rabbiteye (V. virgatum) genotypes (Ira, Montgomery, Onslow) showed no trend in anthocyanin content, fluctuating by up to 15 mg/g DW. The relative proportions of each individual anthocyanin were also investigated. Rabbiteye genotypes contained higher percentages of cyanidin glycosides than the southern highbush genotypes, while the reverse was found for the levels of delphinidin glycosides present. For southern highbush genotypes, the percentages of malvidin and delphinidin glycosides were inversely proportional across each harvest season. Principal component analysis on the data obtained by HPLC–MS of the crude extracts clearly separated rabbiteyes and southern highbush into two discrete sets based on global metabolite profiling. Within the southern highbush grouping, genotypes were easily distinguished from one another across each harvest season, due to their separation on the scores plot, indicating that each genotype had distinctly different metabolite profile, whereas each of the rabbiteye genotypes overlapped on the scores plot, indicating commonalities in metabolite profiles. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.02.019 VL - 59 SP - 105-110 SN - 1096-0481 KW - Anthocyanin KW - HPLC KW - PCA KW - Blueberry KW - Metabolite profile KW - Genotype and seasonal variations KW - Food analysis KW - Food composition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deletion of Lipoteichoic Acid Synthase Impacts Expression of Genes Encoding Cell Surface Proteins in Lactobacillus acidophilus AU - Selle, Kurt AU - Goh, Yong J. AU - Johnson, Brant R. AU - Sarah, O’Flaherty AU - Andersen, Joakim M. AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Klaenhammer, Todd R. T2 - Frontiers in Microbiology AB - Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM is a well-characterized probiotic microorganism, supported by a decade of genomic and functional phenotypic investigations. L. acidophilus deficient in lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major immunostimulant in Gram-positive bacteria, has been shown to shift immune system responses in animal disease models. However, the pleiotropic effects of removing LTA from the cell surface in lactobacilli are unknown. In this study, we surveyed the global transcriptional and extracellular protein profiles of two strains of L. acidophilus deficient in LTA. Twenty-four differentially expressed genes specific to the LTA-deficient strains were identified, including a predicted heavy metal resistance operon and several putative peptidoglycan hydrolases. Cell morphology and manganese sensitivity phenotypes were assessed in relation to the putative functions of differentially expressed genes. LTA-deficient L. acidophilus exhibited elongated cellular morphology and their growth was severely inhibited by elevated manganese concentrations. Exoproteomic surveys revealed distinct changes in the composition and relative abundances of several extracellular proteins and showed a bias of intracellular proteins in LTA-deficient strains of L. acidophilus. Taken together, these results elucidate the impact of ltaS deletion on the transcriptome and extracellular proteins of L. acidophilus, suggesting roles of LTA in cell morphology and ion homeostasis as a structural component of the Gram positive cell wall. DA - 2017/4/11/ PY - 2017/4/11/ DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00553 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Yield and Consumer Acceptability of 'Evangeline' Sweetpotato for Production in North Carolina AU - Barkley, Susan L. AU - Schultheis, Jonathan R. AU - Chaudhari, Sushila AU - Johanningsmeier, Suzanne D. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Truong, Van-Den AU - Monks, David W. T2 - HORTTECHNOLOGY AB - Studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 to compare Evangeline to various sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batatas ) varieties (Bayou Belle, Beauregard, Bonita, Covington, NC05-198, and Orleans) for commercial production in North Carolina. In another study, microwaved and oven-baked ‘Evangeline’ and ‘Covington’ sweetpotato roots were subjected to analysis of chemical and physical properties [color, dry matter (DM), texture, and sugar] and to sensory evaluation for determining consumer acceptance. ‘NC05-198’ produced the highest no. 1 grade sweetpotato 600 bushels [bu (50 lb)] per acre and total marketable storage root yield was similar to ‘Bayou Belle’ and ‘Beauregard’ (841, 775, and 759 bu/acre, respectively). No. 1 and marketable root yields were similar between ‘Orleans’ and ‘Beauregard’. However, ‘Orleans’ produced more uniform roots than ‘Beauregard’, in which the latter had higher cull production. ‘Evangeline’ was comparable to no. 1 yield of ‘Bayou Belle’, ‘Orleans’, and ‘Covington’, which indicates the ability of this variety to produce acceptable yields in North Carolina conditions. ‘Covington’ had slightly higher DM than ‘Evangeline’, but instrumental texture analysis showed that these varieties did not differ significantly in firmness after cooking. However, microwaved roots were measurably firmer than oven-baked roots for both varieties. In this study, ‘Evangeline’ had higher levels of fructose and glucose, with similar levels of sucrose and maltose to ‘Covington’. Consumers (n = 100) indicated no difference between varieties in their “just about right” moisture level, texture, and flavor ratings, but showed a preference for Evangeline flesh color over Covington. Consumers in this study preferred oven-baked over microwaved sweetpotato (regardless of variety) and indicated that Evangeline is as acceptable as the standard variety Covington when grown in the North Carolina environment. DA - 2017/4// PY - 2017/4// DO - 10.21273/horttech03533-16 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 281-290 SN - 1943-7714 KW - consumer liking KW - sweet potato KW - Ipomoea batatas KW - microwave KW - oven-baked KW - sensory attributes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Virucidal Activity of Fogged Chlorine Dioxide-and Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Disinfectants against Human Norovirus and Its Surrogate, Feline Calicivirus, on Hard-to-Reach Surfaces AU - Montazeri, Naim AU - Manuel, Clyde AU - Moorman, Eric AU - Khatiwada, Janak R. AU - Williams, Leonard L. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann T2 - FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses in the United States. Norovirus is shed in high numbers in the feces and vomitous of infected individuals. Contact surfaces contaminated with bodily fluids harboring infectious virus particles serve as vehicles for pathogen transmission. Environmental stability of NoV and its resistance to many conventional disinfectants necessitate effective inactivation strategies to control the spread of virus. We investigated the efficacy of two commercial disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide (7.5%) and a chlorine dioxide (0.2%)-surfactant-based product using a fogging delivery system against human NoV GI.6 and GII.4 Sydney strains as well as the cultivable surrogate, feline calicivirus (FCV) dried on stainless steel coupons. Log10 reductions in human NoV and FCV were calculated utilizing RNase RT-qPCR and infectivity (plaque) assay, respectively. An improved antiviral activity of hydrogen peroxide as a function of disinfectant formulation concentration in the atmosphere was observed against both GII.4 and FCV. At 12.4 ml/m3, hydrogen peroxide achieved a respective 2.5±0.1 and 2.7±0.3 log10 reduction in GI.6 and GII.4 NoV genome copies, and a 4.3±0.1 log10 reduction in infectious FCV within 5 min. At the same disinfectant formulation concentration, chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product resulted in a respective 1.7±0.2, 0.6±0.0 and 2.4±0.2 log10 reduction in GI.6, GII.4 and FCV within 10 min; however, increasing the disinfectant formulation concentration to 15.9 ml/m3 negatively impacted its efficacy. Fogging uniformly delivered the disinfectants throughout the room, and effectively decontaminated viruses on hard-to-reach surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide delivered by fog showed promising virucidal activity against FCV by meeting the U.S. EPA 4-log10 reduction criteria for an anti-noroviral disinfectant; however, fogged chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product did not achieve a 4-log10 inactivation. Future investigation aimed at optimizing decontamination practices is warranted. DA - 2017/6/8/ PY - 2017/6/8/ DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01031 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1664-302X KW - hydrogen peroxide KW - chlorine dioxide KW - fogged disinfectant KW - norovirus inactivation KW - surface disinfection KW - public health ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of vitamin concentrates on the flavor of pasteurized fluid milk AU - Yeh, E. B. AU - Schiano, A. N. AU - Jo, Y. AU - Barbano, D. M. AU - Drake, M. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Fluid milk consumption in the United States continues to decline. As a result, the level of dietary vitamin D provided by fluid milk in the United States diet has also declined. Undesirable flavor(s)/off flavor(s) in fluid milk can negatively affect milk consumption and consumer product acceptability. The objectives of this study were to identify aroma-active compounds in vitamin concentrates used to fortify fluid milk, and to determine the influence of vitamin A and D fortification on the flavor of milk. The aroma profiles of 14 commercial vitamin concentrates (vitamins A and D), in both oil-soluble and water-dispersible forms, were evaluated by sensory and instrumental volatile compound analyses. Orthonasal thresholds were determined for 8 key aroma-active compounds in skim and whole milk. Six representative vitamin concentrates were selected to fortify skim and 2% fat pasteurized milks (vitamin A at 1,500–3,000 IU/qt, vitamin D at 200–1,200 IU/qt, vitamin A and D at 1,000/200–6,000/1,200 IU/qt). Pasteurized milks were evaluated by sensory and instrumental volatile compound analyses and by consumers. Fat content, vitamin content, and fat globule particle size were also determined. The entire experiment was done in duplicate. Water-dispersible vitamin concentrates had overall higher aroma intensities and more detected aroma-active compounds than oil-soluble vitamin concentrates. Trained panelists and consumers were able to detect flavor differences between skim milks fortified with water-dispersible vitamin A or vitamin A and D, and unfortified skim milks. Consumers were unable to detect flavor differences in oil-soluble fortified milks, but trained panelists documented a faint carrot flavor in oil-soluble fortified skim milks at higher vitamin A concentrations (3,000–6,000 IU). No differences were detected in skim milks fortified with vitamin D, and no differences were detected in any 2% milk. These results demonstrate that vitamin concentrates may contribute to off flavor(s) in fluid milk, especially in skim milk fortified with water-dispersible vitamin concentrates. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.3168/jds.2017-12613 VL - 100 IS - 6 SP - 4335-4348 SN - 1525-3198 KW - milk KW - vitamin fortification KW - flavor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moving from molecules, to structure, to texture perception AU - Foegeding, E. Allen AU - Stieger, Markus AU - Velde, Fred T2 - FOOD HYDROCOLLOIDS AB - The two main food biopolymers, proteins and polysaccharides, are used in many foods to form structures that are the basis of product identity and quality. One of the main factors determining food quality is texture. A simplistic view of food is that molecules are assembled into structures, and the breakdown of structures during oral processing determines texture. There have been great advancements in understanding mechanisms for how proteins and polysaccharides assemble into structures, and factors determining the mechanical properties of the structures. In contrast, the understanding of how breakdown of structures during oral processing produces specific textural properties is still incomplete. Structuring processes based on protein-polysaccharide mixtures and emulsion gels are evaluated regarding structure formation and texture perception. It is shown that these systems can be designed to modulate specific textural properties. Finally, future trends in this area are discussed. DA - 2017/7// PY - 2017/7// DO - 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.11.009 VL - 68 SP - 31-42 SN - 1873-7137 KW - Protein KW - Polysaccharide KW - Emulsion KW - Texture KW - Structure KW - Oral processing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contamination of Fresh Produce by Microbial Indicators on Farms and in Packing Facilities: Elucidation of Environmental Routes AU - Bartz, Faith E. AU - Lickness, Jacquelyn Sunshine AU - Heredia, Norma AU - Aceituno, Anna Fabiszewski AU - Newman, Kira L. AU - Hodge, Domonique Watson AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann AU - Garcia, Santos AU - Leon, Juan S. T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - To improve food safety on farms, it is critical to quantify the impact of environmental microbial contamination sources on fresh produce. However, studies are hampered by difficulties achieving study designs with powered sample sizes to elucidate relationships between environmental and produce contamination. Our goal was to quantify, in the agricultural production environment, the relationship between microbial contamination on hands, soil, and water and contamination on fresh produce. In 11 farms and packing facilities in northern Mexico, we applied a matched study design: composite samples (n = 636, equivalent to 11,046 units) of produce rinses were matched to water, soil, and worker hand rinses during two growing seasons. Microbial indicators (coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and somatic coliphage) were quantified from composite samples. Statistical measures of association and correlations were calculated through Spearman's correlation, linear regression, and logistic regression models. The concentrations of all microbial indicators were positively correlated between produce and hands (ρ range, 0.41 to 0.75; P < 0.01). When E. coli was present on hands, the handled produce was nine times more likely to contain E. coli (P < 0.05). Similarly, when coliphage was present on hands, the handled produce was eight times more likely to contain coliphage (P < 0.05). There were relatively low concentrations of indicators in soil and water samples, and a few sporadic significant associations were observed between contamination of soil and water and contamination of produce. This methodology provides a foundation for future field studies, and results highlight the need for interventions surrounding farmworker hygiene and sanitation to reduce microbial contamination of farmworkers' hands.IMPORTANCE This study of the relationships between microbes on produce and in the farm environment can be used to support the design of targeted interventions to prevent or reduce microbial contamination of fresh produce with associated reductions in foodborne illness. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1128/aem.02984-16 VL - 83 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1098-5336 KW - environmental microbiology KW - food-borne pathogens KW - produce ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptation in Caco-2 Human Intestinal Cell Differentiation and Phenolic Transport with Chronic Exposure to Blackberry (Rubus sp.) Extract AU - Redan, Benjamin W. AU - Albaugh, George P. AU - Charron, Craig S. AU - Novotny, Janet A. AU - Ferruzzi, Mario G. T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - As evidence mounts for a health-protective role of dietary phenolics, the importance of understanding factors influencing bioavailability increases. Recent evidence has suggested chronic exposure to phenolics may impact their absorption and metabolism. To explore alterations occurring from chronic dietary exposure to phenolics, Caco-2 cell monolayers were differentiated on Transwell inserts with 0-10 μM blackberry (Rubus sp.) total phenolics extracts rich in anthocyanins, flavonols, and phenolic acids. Following differentiation, apical to basolateral transport of phenolics was assessed from an acute treatment of 100 μM blackberry phenolics from 0 to 4 h. Additionally, differences in gene expression of transport and phase II metabolizing systems including ABC transporters, organic anion transporters (OATs), and uridine 5'-diphospho (UDP) glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) were probed. After 4 h, 1 μM pretreated monolayers showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the percentage of cumulative transport including less epicatechin (42.1 ± 0.53), kaempferol glucoside (23.5 ± 0.29), and dicaffeoylquinic acid (31.9 ± 0.20) compared to control. Finally, significant (P < 0.05) alterations in mRNA expression of key phase II metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins were observed with treatment. Therefore, adaptation to blackberry extract exposure may impact intestinal transport and metabolism of phenolics. DA - 2017/4/5/ PY - 2017/4/5/ DO - 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00027 VL - 65 IS - 13 SP - 2694-2701 SN - 1520-5118 KW - anthocyanins KW - bioavailability KW - blackberry KW - Caco-2 KW - phenolics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vitamin Fortification of Fluid Milk AU - Yeh, Eileen B. AU - Barbano, David M. AU - Drake, MaryAnne T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - Vitamin concentrates with vitamins A and D are used for fortification of fluid milk. Although many of the degradation components of vitamins A and D have an important role in flavor/fragrance applications, they may also be source(s) of off-flavor(s) in vitamin fortified milk due to their heat, oxygen, and the light sensitivity. It is very important for the dairy industry to understand how vitamin concentrates can impact flavor and flavor stability of fluid milk. Currently, little research on vitamin degradation products can be found with respect to flavor contributions. In this review, the history, regulations, processing, and storage stability of vitamins in fluid milk are addressed along with some hypotheses for the role of vitamin A and D fortification on flavor and stability of fluid milk. DA - 2017/4// PY - 2017/4// DO - 10.1111/1750-3841.13648 VL - 82 IS - 4 SP - 856-864 SN - 1750-3841 KW - fluid milk KW - light oxidation KW - vitamin A KW - vitamin D KW - vitamin fortification ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Current State of Macrolide Resistance in Campylobacter spp.: Trends and Impacts of Resistance Mechanisms AU - Bolinger, Hannah AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Campylobacter spp., especially Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli , are leading bacterial foodborne pathogens worldwide. In the United States, an estimated 0.8 million cases of campylobacteriosis occur annually, mostly involving C. jejuni . Campylobacteriosis is generally self-limiting, but in severe cases, treatment with antibiotics may be mandated. The increasing incidence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter has rendered macrolides such as erythromycin and azithromycin the drugs of choice for human campylobacteriosis. The prevalence of macrolide resistance in C. jejuni remains low, but macrolide resistance can be common in C. coli . Substitutions in the 23S rRNA gene, specifically A2075G, and less frequently A2074C/G, remain the most common mechanism for high-level resistance to macrolides. In C. jejuni , resistance mediated by such substitutions is accompanied by a reduced ability to colonize chickens and other fitness costs, potentially contributing to the low incidence of macrolide resistance. Interestingly, similar fitness impacts have not been noted in C. coli . Also noteworthy is a novel mechanism first reported in 2014 for a C. coli isolate from China and mediated by erm (B) harbored on multidrug resistance genomic islands. The incidence of erm (B) appears to reflect clonal expansion of certain strains, and whole-genome sequencing has been critical to the elucidation of erm (B)-associated macrolide resistance in Campylobacter spp. With the exception of one report from Spain, erm (B)-mediated macrolide resistance has been restricted to Campylobacter spp., mostly C. coli , of animal and human origin from China. If erm (B)-mediated macrolide resistance does not confer fitness costs in C. jejuni , the range of this gene may expand in C. jejuni , threatening to compromise treatment effectiveness for severe campylobacteriosis cases. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1128/aem.00416-17 VL - 83 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1098-5336 KW - Campylobacter KW - Campylobacter coli KW - Campylobacter jejuni KW - erm(B) KW - erythromycin KW - macrolide KW - multidrug resistance KW - resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stakeholder views of breastfeeding education in schools: a systematic mixed studies review of the literature AU - Singletary, Nicola AU - Chetwynd, Ellen AU - Goodell, L. Suzanne AU - Fogleman, April T2 - INTERNATIONAL BREASTFEEDING JOURNAL AB - Breastfeeding provides numerous health benefits for mothers and infants, but worldwide breastfeeding rates fall below recommendations. As part of efforts to increase breastfeeding initiation and duration, the World Health Organization and UNICEF UK recommend educational interventions to increase awareness and positive attitudes towards breastfeeding beginning during the school years. Breastfeeding education in the school setting offers the opportunity to improve the knowledge base, address misconceptions, and positively influence beliefs and attitudes for students from a wide range of socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive narrative review of the literature regarding student and teacher (stakeholder) views of breastfeeding and breastfeeding education programs in schools to inform future research in the area.Articles were located through a systematic search of online databases and journals using the following keywords in various combinations: (1) breastfeeding, lactation, breast-feeding, "bottle feeding", "infant feeding" (2) student, educator, teacher, "school administrator" and (3) schools, "secondary education", "primary education", "K-12", "high school", "middle school", "elementary school", education, adolescents, curriculum, and a manual search of article references. Studies were screened for inclusion against specific criteria and included papers were assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT).This review suggests that adolescents have a deficit in breastfeeding knowledge and express negative conceptions about breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is being discussed in some school environments, but the extent of lessons and the specific messages that teachers communicate have not been explored. Students appear to be interested in receiving more information about breastfeeding, especially if delivered by health professionals or breastfeeding mothers. The majority of teachers are supportive of incorporating breastfeeding education in family and consumer sciences, sexual education, and health classes; however, time constraints and limited knowledge of infant feeding recommendations may be barriers to implementation of appropriate lesson plans.Students generally support and are receptive to breastfeeding education; however, research on educator attitudes, knowledge, and experiences are necessary for appropriate implementation of breastfeeding education in varying school settings around the world. DA - 2017/3/27/ PY - 2017/3/27/ DO - 10.1186/s13006-017-0106-0 VL - 12 SP - SN - 1746-4358 KW - Breastfeeding KW - Infant feeding KW - Education KW - Schools KW - Stakeholders KW - Students KW - Teachers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein-bound Vaccinium fruit polyphenols decrease IgE binding to peanut allergens and RBL-2H3 mast cell degranulation in vitro AU - Plundrich, Nathalie J. AU - Bansode, Rishipal R. AU - Foegeding, E. Allen AU - Williams, Leonard L. AU - Lila, Mary Ann T2 - FOOD & FUNCTION AB - Peanut allergy is a worldwide health concern. In this study, the natural binding properties of plant-derived polyphenols to proteins was leveraged to produce stable protein-polyphenol complexes comprised of peanut proteins and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) or lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) pomace polyphenols. Protein-bound and free polyphenols were characterized and quantified by multistep extraction of polyphenols from protein-polyphenol complexes. Immunoblotting was performed with peanut-allergic plasma to determine peanut protein-specific IgE binding to unmodified peanut protein, or to peanut protein-polyphenol complexes. In an allergen model system, RBL-2H3 mast cells were exposed to peanut protein-polyphenol complexes and evaluated for their inhibitory activity on ionomycin-induced degranulation (β-hexosaminidase and histamine). Among the evaluated polyphenolic compounds from protein-polyphenol complex eluates, quercetin, - in aglycone or glycosidic form - was the main phytochemical identified to be covalently bound to peanut proteins. Peanut protein-bound cranberry and blueberry polyphenols significantly decreased IgE binding to peanut proteins at p < 0.05 (38% and 31% decrease, respectively). Sensitized RBL-2H3 cells challenged with antigen and ionomycin in the presence of protein-cranberry and blueberry polyphenol complexes showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in histamine and β-hexosaminidase release (histamine: 65.5% and 65.8% decrease; β-hexosaminidase: 60.7% and 45.4% decrease, respectively). The modification of peanut proteins with cranberry or blueberry polyphenols led to the formation of peanut protein-polyphenol complexes with significantly reduced allergenic potential. Future trials are warranted to investigate the immunomodulatory mechanisms of these protein-polyphenol complexes and the role of quercetin in their hypoallergenic potential. DA - 2017/4/1/ PY - 2017/4/1/ DO - 10.1039/c7fo00249a VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 1611-1621 SN - 2042-650X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kinetics of color development of peanuts during dry roasting using a batch roaster AU - Shi, Xiaolei AU - Sandeep, K. P. AU - Davis, Jack P. AU - Sanders, Timothy H. AU - Dean, Lisa L. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING AB - Abstract The kinetics of color development during peanut roasting were investigated at roasting temperatures from 149 to 204°C which produced Hunter L color values of 25–65. Preliminary and equivalent roasting trials were conducted using a batch roaster simulating the parameters of an industrial continuous belt roaster. Hunter L and b values of the roasted peanuts were fitted well to first‐order models (mean R 2 > 0.93). The activation energy calculated from the first‐order model of the L and b values ranged from 1.0 to 1.1 × 10 8 J/kg mol. High‐temperature roasting decreased the uniformity of color development from seed to seed and throughout of the kernel. A z c value of 37.6°C was calculated using the first‐order model of the L values. The cook values were 11.5–23.6, 24.5–31.6, and 41.5–57.5 min for light, medium, and dark roasting, respectively. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1111/jfpe.12498 VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - SN - 1745-4530 KW - peanuts KW - reaction kinetics KW - roast color KW - roasting KW - time temperature modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro Hypoallergenicity of Peanut Protein-Blueberry Polyphenol Aggregate Particles AU - Plundrich, Nathalie AU - Bansode, Rishipal AU - Williams, Leonard AU - Lila, Mary Ann T2 - JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AB - The effector phase of the peanut (PN) allergic reaction involves crosslinking of PN allergen epitopes with PN-specific IgE located on mast cell and basophil surfaces causing them to degranulate and to release inflammatory compounds. Plant-derived polyphenolic compounds are able to bind to proteins. In this study, stable aggregate particles comprised of PN proteins and blueberry pomace polyphenols were investigated for their allergen response potential by binding to IgE in vitro. Peanut protein-blueberry pomace polyphenol aggregate particles were created by complexing lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) pomace polyphenols with roasted PN flour. Particles containing 5 to 40% polyphenols were created. For the detection of PN-specific IgE binding by PN proteins, immunoblotting was performed with pooled plasma from seven PN-allergic individuals. RBL-2H3 mast cells were exposed to aggregate particles or PN flour and evaluated for markers of degranulation (β-hexosaminidase and histamine). IgE binding capacity to PN proteins in aggregate particles was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the 15, 30 and 40% polyphenol samples by 21, 30 and 31% compared to uncomplexed PN proteins, respectively. Anti-DNP-IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells challenged with DNP-BSA and Ionomycin in the presence of aggregate particles were evaluated for their release of β-hexosaminidase and histamine. Aggregate particles with lower %polyphenol concentrations appeared to mitigate Ionomycin induced-degranulation. Results suggest the modification of PN proteins with blueberry pomace polyphenols led to the formation of aggregate particles with reduced allergenic potential. Future trials are warranted to investigate the immunomodulatory mechanisms of the aggregate particles. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.455 VL - 139 IS - 2 SP - AB139-AB139 SN - 1097-6825 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Compression Heating of Selected Polymers During High-Pressure Processing AU - Casulli, K. E. AU - Dhakal, S. AU - Sandeep, K. P. AU - Balasubramaniam, V. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING AB - Abstract Pressure‐assisted thermal processing is an innovative technology, which has been discussed for sterilization of low‐acid foods for over a decade. This approach can result in improved product quality from rapid temperature increase during pressurization and temperature decrease during depressurization. Five plastics (high‐density polyethylene, low‐density polyethylene, polyamide, polypropylene and polystyrene) were evaluated for their compression heating characteristics from initial temperatures of 25, 50 and 75°C. Samples were pressurized to 600 MPa with a laboratory‐scale high pressure kinetic testing unit. Temperature and pressure were recorded as a function of time. Samples showed temperature increases as a function of pressure and initial temperature. For initial temperatures of 25, 50 and 75°C, low‐density polyethylene showed transient temperature increases of 5.65 ± 0.03°C, 6.44 ± 0.07°C and 7.41 ± 0.07°C per 100 MPa pressure increase, respectively. Polystyrene had the least transient temperature increase of 4.31 ± 0.02°C, 4.39 ± 0.02°C and 4.53 ± 0.02°C per 100 MPa pressure increase, respectively. All polymers tested generally have greater heat of compression than water, protein and carbohydrates, but lower than those of fatty food substances. Practical Applications Thermal gradients in pressure vessels can cause nonuniformity in the microbial and enzyme inactivation, as well as nutrient and organoleptic quality retention, achieved in foods during pressure assisted thermal processing. Packaging materials, insulation and carrier baskets may be made of plastic polymers. Only limited studies documented heat of compression values of different polymers as a function of pressure and heat. Knowledge gained from this study will help to improve temperature uniformity within a pressure vessel. Improved understanding compression heating behavior of plastic polymers will aid in pressure vessel design and implementing and validating pressure processes. DA - 2017/4// PY - 2017/4// DO - 10.1111/jfpe.12417 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - SN - 1745-4530 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CRISPR-Cas Technologies and Applications in Food Bacteria AU - Stout, Emily AU - Klaenhammer, Todd AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL 8 AB - Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins form adaptive immune systems that occur in many bacteria and most archaea. In addition to protecting bacteria from phages and other invasive mobile genetic elements, CRISPR-Cas molecular machines can be repurposed as tool kits for applications relevant to the food industry. A primary concern of the food industry has long been the proper management of food-related bacteria, with a focus on both enhancing the outcomes of beneficial microorganisms such as starter cultures and probiotics and limiting the presence of detrimental organisms such as pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. This review introduces CRISPR-Cas as a novel set of technologies to manage food bacteria and offers insights into CRISPR-Cas biology. It primarily focuses on the applications of CRISPR-Cas systems and tools in starter cultures and probiotics, encompassing strain-typing, phage resistance, plasmid vaccination, genome editing, and antimicrobial activity. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1146/annurev-food-072816-024723 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 413-437 SN - 1941-1421 KW - probiotics KW - cultures KW - strain-typing KW - phage resistance KW - plasmid vaccination KW - antimicrobial KW - genome editing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Anthocyanins and Flavanones Are More Bioavailable than Previously Perceived: A Review of Recent Evidence AU - Kay, Colin D. AU - Pereira-Caro, Gema AU - Ludwig, Iziar A. AU - Clifford, Michael N. AU - Crozier, Alan T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL 8 AB - This review considers recent investigations on the bioavailability of anthocyanins and flavanones. Both flavonoids are significant dietary components and are considered to be poorly bioavailable, as only low levels of phase II metabolites appear in the circulatory system and are excreted in urine. However, when lower molecular weight phenolic and aromatic ring-fission catabolites, produced primarily by the action of the colonic microbiota, are taken into account, it is evident that anthocyanins and flavanones are much more bioavailable than previously envisaged. The metabolic events to which these flavonoids are subjected as they pass along the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed into the circulatory system prior to their rapid elimination by renal excretion are highlighted. Studies on the impact of other food components and the probiotic intake on flavonoid bioavailability are summarized, as is the bioactivity of metabolites and catabolites assayed using a variety of in vitro model systems. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-025636 VL - 8 SP - 155-180 SN - 1941-1421 KW - anthocyanins KW - flavanones KW - bioavailability KW - bioactivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Extracellular Cell-Attached Pullulanase Confers Branched alpha-Glucan Utilization in Human Gut Lactobacillus acidophilus AU - Moller, Marie S. AU - Goh, Yong Jun AU - Rasmussen, Kasper Bowig AU - Cypryk, Wojciech AU - Celebioglu, Hasan Ufuk AU - Klaenhammer, Todd R. AU - Svensson, Birte AU - Abou Hachem, Maher T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Of the few predicted extracellular glycan-active enzymes, glycoside hydrolase family 13 subfamily 14 (GH13_14) pullulanases are the most common in human gut lactobacilli. These enzymes share a unique modular organization, not observed in other bacteria, featuring a catalytic module, two starch binding modules, a domain of unknown function, and a C-terminal surface layer association protein (SLAP) domain. Here, we explore the specificity of a representative of this group of pullulanases, Lactobacillus acidophilus Pul13_14 ( La Pul13_14), and its role in branched α-glucan metabolism in the well-characterized Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, which is widely used as a probiotic. Growth experiments with L. acidophilus NCFM on starch-derived branched substrates revealed a preference for α-glucans with short branches of about two to three glucosyl moieties over amylopectin with longer branches. Cell-attached debranching activity was measurable in the presence of α-glucans but was repressed by glucose. The debranching activity is conferred exclusively by La Pul13_14 and is abolished in a mutant strain lacking a functional La Pul13_14 gene. Hydrolysis kinetics of recombinant La Pul13_14 confirmed the preference for short-branched α-glucan oligomers consistent with the growth data. Curiously, this enzyme displayed the highest catalytic efficiency and the lowest K m reported for a pullulanase. Inhibition kinetics revealed mixed inhibition by β-cyclodextrin, suggesting the presence of additional glucan binding sites besides the active site of the enzyme, which may contribute to the unprecedented substrate affinity. The enzyme also displays high thermostability and higher activity in the acidic pH range, reflecting adaptation to the physiologically challenging conditions in the human gut. IMPORTANCE Starch is one of the most abundant glycans in the human diet. Branched α-1,6-glucans in dietary starch and glycogen are nondegradable by human enzymes and constitute a metabolic resource for the gut microbiota. The role of health-beneficial lactobacilli prevalent in the human small intestine in starch metabolism remains unexplored in contrast to colonic bacterial residents. This study highlights the pivotal role of debranching enzymes in the breakdown of starchy branched α-glucan oligomers (α-limit dextrins) by human gut lactobacilli exemplified by Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, which is one of the best-characterized strains used as probiotics. Our data bring novel insight into the metabolic preference of L. acidophilus for α-glucans with short α-1,6-branches. The unprecedented affinity of the debranching enzyme that confers growth on these substrates reflects its adaptation to the nutrient-competitive gut ecological niche and constitutes a potential advantage in cross-feeding from human and bacterial dietary starch metabolism. DA - 2017/6// PY - 2017/6// DO - 10.1128/aem.00402-17 VL - 83 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1098-5336 KW - glycoside hydrolase family 13 KW - human gut microbiota KW - starch KW - starch binding modules ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival and Growth of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria in Refrigerated Pickle Products AU - Fan, Sicun AU - Breidt, Fred AU - Price, Robert AU - Perez-Diaz, Ilenys T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - Abstract We examined 10 lactic acid bacteria that have been previously characterized for commercial use as probiotic cultures, mostly for dairy products, including 1 Pediococcus and 9 Lactobacilli . Our objectives were to develop a rapid procedure for determining the long‐term survivability of these cultures in acidified vegetable products and to identify suitable cultures for probiotic brined vegetable products. We therefore developed assays to measure acid resistance of these cultures to lactic and acetic acids, which are present in pickled vegetable products. We used relatively high acid concentrations (compared to commercial products) of 360 mM lactic acid and 420 mM acetic acid to determine acid resistance with a 1 h treatment. Growth rates were measured in a cucumber juice medium at pH 5.3, 4.2, and 3.8, at 30 °C and 0% to 2% NaCl. Significant differences in acid resistance and growth rates were found among the 10 cultures. In general, the acid resistant strains had slower growth rates than the acid sensitive strains. Based on the acid resistance data, selected cultures were tested for long‐term survival in a simulated acidified refrigerated cucumber product. We found that one of the most acid resistant strains ( Lactobacillus casei ) could survive for up to 63 d at 4 °C without significant loss of viability at 10 8 CFU/mL. These data may aid in the development of commercial probiotic refrigerated pickle products. DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.1111/1750-3841.13579 VL - 82 IS - 1 SP - 167-173 SN - 1750-3841 KW - acetic acid KW - acid resistance KW - lactic acid KW - probiotic KW - refrigerated pickles ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel Cadmium Resistance Determinant in Listeria monocytogenes AU - Parsons, Cameron AU - Lee, Sangmi AU - Jayeola, Victor AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can cause severe disease (listeriosis) in susceptible individuals. It is ubiquitous in the environment and often exhibits resistance to heavy metals. One of the determinants that enables Listeria to tolerate exposure to cadmium is the cadAC efflux system, with CadA being a P-type ATPase. Three different cadA genes (designated cadA1 to cadA3 ) were previously characterized in L. monocytogenes . A novel putative cadmium resistance gene ( cadA4 ) was recently identified through whole-genome sequencing, but experimental confirmation for its involvement in cadmium resistance is lacking. In this study, we characterized cadA4 in L. monocytogenes strain F8027, a cadmium-resistant strain of serotype 4b. By screening a mariner-based transposon library of this strain, we identified a mutant with reduced tolerance to cadmium and that harbored a single transposon insertion in cadA4 . The tolerance to cadmium was restored by genetic complementation with the cadmium resistance cassette ( cadA4C ), and enhanced cadmium tolerance was conferred to two unrelated cadmium-sensitive strains via heterologous complementation with cadA4C . Cadmium exposure induced cadA4 expression, even at noninhibitory levels. Virulence assessments in the Galleria mellonella model suggested that a functional cadA4 suppressed virulence, potentially promoting commensal colonization of the insect larvae. Biofilm assays suggested that cadA4 inactivation reduced biofilm formation. These data not only confirm cadA4 as a novel cadmium resistance determinant in L. monocytogenes but also provide evidence for roles in virulence and biofilm formation. IMPORTANCE Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular foodborne pathogen causing the disease listeriosis, which is responsible for numerous hospitalizations and deaths every year. Among the adaptations that enable the survival of Listeria in the environment are the abilities to persist in biofilms, grow in the cold, and tolerate toxic compounds, such as heavy metals. Here, we characterized a novel determinant that was recently identified on a larger mobile genetic island through whole-genome sequencing. This gene ( cadA4 ) was found to be responsible for cadmium detoxification and to be a divergent member of the Cad family of cadmium efflux pumps. Virulence assessments in a Galleria mellonella model suggested that cadA4 may suppress virulence. Additionally, cadA4 may be involved in the ability of Listeria to form biofilms. Beyond the role in cadmium detoxification, the involvement of cadA4 in other cellular functions potentially explains its retention and wide distribution in L. monocytogenes . DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.1128/aem.02580-16 VL - 83 IS - 5 SP - SN - 1098-5336 KW - Listeria monocytogenes KW - cadmium resistance KW - cadA KW - biofilm KW - virulence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Milk fat threshold determination and the effect of milk fat content on consumer preference for fluid milk AU - McCarthy, K. S. AU - Lopetcharat, K. AU - Drake, M. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Milk consumption in the United States has been in decline since the 1960s. Milk fat plays a critical role in sensory properties of fluid milk. The first objective of this study was to determine the change in percent milk fat needed to produce a detectable or just noticeable difference (JND) to consumers in skim, 1%, 2%, and whole milks. The second objective was to evaluate how milk fat affected consumer preferences for fluid milk. Threshold tests were conducted to determine the JND for each reference milk (skim, 1%, 2%, and whole milk), with a minimum of 60 consumers for each JND. The JND was determined for milks by visual appearance without tasting and tasting without visual cues. Serving temperature effect (4, 8, or 15°C) on tasting JND values were also investigated. The established JND values were then used to conduct ascending forced-choice preference tests with milks. Consumers were assigned to 3 groups based on self-reported milk consumption: skim milk drinkers (n = 59), low-fat milk drinkers (consumed 1% or 2% milk, n = 64), and whole milk drinkers (n = 49). Follow-up interviews were conducted where consumers were asked to taste and explain their preference between milks that showed the most polarization within each consumer segment. Descriptive sensory analysis was performed on the milks used in the follow-up interviews to quantify sensory differences. Visual-only JND were lower than tasting-only JND values. Preference testing revealed 3 distinct preference curves among the consumer segments. Skim milk drinkers preferred skim milk and up to 2% milk fat, but disliked milk higher in fat due to it being “too thick,” “too heavy,” “flavor and texture like cream,” “too fatty,” and “looks like half and half.” Low-fat milk drinkers preferred 2% milk up to 3.25% (whole milk), but then disliked higher milk fat content. Whole milk drinkers preferred whichever milk was higher in milk fat regardless of how high the fat content was, distinct from skim and low-fat milk drinkers. The findings of this study provide insights on sensory characteristics of milk fat in fluid milk and consumer sensory perception of these properties. These results also provide insights on how the industry might adjust milk fat references for adjusting milk sensory properties to increase milk preference and remain within the standards of identity of milk. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.3168/jds.2016-11417 VL - 100 IS - 3 SP - 1702-1711 SN - 1525-3198 KW - milk fat KW - just noticeable difference KW - milk ER - TY - JOUR TI - Laboratory silo type and inoculation effects on nutritional composition, fermentation, and bacterial and fungal communities of oat silage AU - Romero, J. J. AU - Zhao, Y. AU - Balseca-Paredes, M. A. AU - Tiezzi, F. AU - Gutierrez-Rodriguez, E. AU - Castillo, M. S. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - The objectives were to evaluate (1) the use of 2 types of experimental silos (S) to characterize whole-crop oat (Avena sativa L.) silage with or without addition of an inoculant (I), and (2) the effect of inoculation on the microbial community structure of oats ensiled using only plastic bucket silos (BKT). From each of 6 sections in a field, oats were harvested, treated (INO) or not (CON) with inoculant, packed into 19-L BKT or vacuum bags (BG), and ensiled for 217 d. The inoculant added contained Lactobacillus buchneri and Pediococcus pentosaceus (4 × 105 and 1 × 105 cfu/g of fresh oats, respectively). The experimental design was a complete randomized design replicated 6 times. Treatment design was the factorial combination of 2 S × 2 I. Some differences existed between BG versus BKT at silo opening (217 d), including a decreased CP (7.73 vs. 7.04 ± 0.247% of DM) and ethanol (1.93 vs. 1.55 ± 0.155) and increased lactic acid (4.28 vs. 3.65 ± 0.241), respectively. Also, WSC and mold counts were reduced in BG versus BKT for CON (1.78 vs. 2.70 ± 0.162% of DM and 0.8 vs. 2.82 ± 0.409 log cfu/fresh g) but not for INO (∼1.53 and 1.55), respectively. Application of INO increased DM recovery (96.1 vs. 92.9 ± 0.63%), aerobic stability (565 vs. 133 ± 29.2 h), acetic acid (2.38 vs. 1.22 ± 0.116% of DM), and reduced NDF (65.0 vs. 67.0 ± 0.57), ADF (36.7 vs. 38.1 ± 0.60), ethanol (0.63 vs. 2.85 ± 0.155), and yeast counts (1.10 vs. 4.13 ± 0.484 log cfu/fresh g) in INO versus CON, respectively. At d 0, no differences were found for S and I on the nutritional composition and background microbial counts. Leuconostocaceae (82.9 ± 4.27%) and Enterobacteriaceae (15.2 ± 3.52) were the predominant bacterial families and unidentified sequences were predominant for fungi. A higher relative abundance of the Davidiellaceae fungal family (34.3 vs. 19.6 ± 4.47) was observed in INO versus CON. At opening (217 d), INO had a lower relative abundance of Leuconostocaceae (42.3 vs. 95.8 ± 4.64) and higher Lactobacillaceae (57.4 vs. 3.9 ± 4.65) versus CON. Despite several differences were found between BKT and BG, both techniques can be comparable for characterizing effects of INO on the most basic measures used in silage evaluation. The use of inoculant improved oat silage quality partially by a shift in the bacterial community composition during ensiling, which mainly consisted of an increased relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae and reduction of Leuconostocaceae relative to CON. DA - 2017/3// PY - 2017/3// DO - 10.3168/jds.2016-11642 VL - 100 IS - 3 SP - 1812-1828 SN - 1525-3198 KW - silage KW - inoculant KW - mini-silo type KW - 16S and ITS1 sequencing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incidence and titer of viral infections within soybean cyst nematode culture collections and field populations AU - Ruark, C. AU - Koenning, S. AU - Davis, E. AU - Opperman, C. AU - Lommel, S. AU - Mitchum, M. G. AU - Sit, T. T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// VL - 107 IS - 1 SP - 7-7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals AU - Azcarate-Peril, M. Andrea AU - Ritter, Andrew J. AU - Savaiano, Dennis AU - Monteagudo-Mera, Andrea AU - Anderson, Carlton AU - Magness, Scott T. AU - Klaenhammer, Todd R. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Directed modulation of the colonic bacteria to metabolize lactose effectively is a potentially useful approach to improve lactose digestion and tolerance. A randomized, double-blind, multisite placebo-controlled trial conducted in human subjects demonstrated that administration of a highly purified (>95%) short-chain galactooligosaccharide (GOS), designated "RP-G28," significantly improved clinical outcomes for lactose digestion and tolerance. In these individuals, stool samples were collected pretreatment (day 0), after GOS treatment (day 36), and 30 d after GOS feeding stopped and consumption of dairy products was encouraged (day 66). In this study, changes in the fecal microbiome were investigated using 16S rRNA amplicon pyrosequencing and high-throughput quantitative PCR. At day 36, bifidobacterial populations were increased in 27 of 30 of GOS subjects (90%), demonstrating a bifidogenic response in vivo. Relative abundance of lactose-fermenting Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, and Lactobacillus were significantly increased in response to GOS. When dairy was introduced into the diet, lactose-fermenting Roseburia species increased from day 36 to day 66. The results indicated a definitive change in the fecal microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals, increasing the abundance of lactose-metabolizing bacteria that were responsive to dietary adaptation to GOS. This change correlated with clinical outcomes of improved lactose tolerance. DA - 2017/1/17/ PY - 2017/1/17/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1606722113 VL - 114 IS - 3 SP - E367-E375 SN - 0027-8424 KW - prebiotic KW - GOS KW - lactose intolerance KW - microbiome ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expanding the CRISPR Toolbox: Targeting RNA with Cas13b AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Gersbach, Charles A. T2 - MOLECULAR CELL AB - In this issue of Molecular Cell, Smargon et al., 2017Smargon A. Cox D.B.T. Pyzocha N.K. Zheng K. Slaymaker I.M. Gootenberg J.S. Abudayyeh O.A. Essletzbichler P. Shmakov S. Makarova K.S. et al.Mol. Cell. 2017; 65 (this issue): 618-630Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (306) Google Scholar unearth Cas13b from type VI-B CRISPR-Cas immune systems and characterize its RNA-guided, RNA-targeting activity, including regulation by the novel co-factors Csx27 and Csx28, as well as non-specific collateral RNA damage. In this issue of Molecular Cell, Smargon et al., 2017Smargon A. Cox D.B.T. Pyzocha N.K. Zheng K. Slaymaker I.M. Gootenberg J.S. Abudayyeh O.A. Essletzbichler P. Shmakov S. Makarova K.S. et al.Mol. Cell. 2017; 65 (this issue): 618-630Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (306) Google Scholar unearth Cas13b from type VI-B CRISPR-Cas immune systems and characterize its RNA-guided, RNA-targeting activity, including regulation by the novel co-factors Csx27 and Csx28, as well as non-specific collateral RNA damage. CRISPR and associated sequences (Cas) together constitute CRISPR-Cas systems that provide adaptive immunity against invasive nucleic acids via DNA-encoded, RNA-mediated, sequence-specific targeting. Several molecular machines derived from CRISPR-Cas systems have been very successfully repurposed as technologies for editing the genome, controlling the transcriptome, and altering the epigenome (Barrangou and Doudna, 2016Barrangou R. Doudna J.A. Nat. Biotechnol. 2016; 34: 933-941Crossref PubMed Scopus (537) Google Scholar). Indeed, Cas9 has enabled the democratization of genome editing in the past 3 years, with great promise for versatile cell engineering. Despite the transformative impact of CRISPR-based technologies in recent years, only a small fraction of CRISPR-Cas systems have yet to be explored in any detail. Consequently, several recent efforts have focused on mining microbial genomes to unearth programmable Cas effector proteins able to expand the molecular biology toolkit, with recent additions such as Cpf1 (now Cas12a) (Zetsche et al., 2015Zetsche B. Gootenberg J.S. Abudayyeh O.O. Slaymaker I.M. Makarova K.S. Essletzbichler P. Volz S.E. Joung J. van der Oost J. Regev A. et al.Cell. 2015; 163: 759-771Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2500) Google Scholar), C2c2 (now Cas13a) (Shmakov et al., 2015Shmakov S. Abudayyeh O.O. Makarova K.S. Wolf Y.I. Gootenberg J.S. Semenova E. Minakhin L. Joung J. Konermann S. Severinov K. et al.Mol. Cell. 2015; 60: 385-397Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (714) Google Scholar), CasX, and CasY (Burstein et al., 2016Burstein D. Harrington L.B. Strutt S.C. Probst A.J. Anantharaman K. Thomas B.C. Doudna J.A. Banfield J.F. Nature. 2016; (Published online December 22, 2016)https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21059Crossref Scopus (323) Google Scholar). The featured study by Smargon et al., 2017Smargon A. Cox D.B.T. Pyzocha N.K. Zheng K. Slaymaker I.M. Gootenberg J.S. Abudayyeh O.A. Essletzbichler P. Shmakov S. Makarova K.S. et al.Mol. Cell. 2017; 65 (this issue): 618-630Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (306) Google Scholar reports that Cas13b (previously C2c6) from type VI-B CRISPR-Cas systems is an RNA-guided RNase with an idiosyncratic mechanism of action that could be repurposed to target RNA in a programmable manner (Figure 1). In the past decade, CRISPR-Cas systems have been established as the drivers of adaptive immunity in bacteria and repurposed as a revolutionary genome-editing technology (Barrangou and Doudna, 2016Barrangou R. Doudna J.A. Nat. Biotechnol. 2016; 34: 933-941Crossref PubMed Scopus (537) Google Scholar). Our appreciation for the natural diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems has yielded several rounds of classification and nomenclature evolution, and there are currently two major classes distinguished by single versus complexed effector proteins, which are further divided into six major types and 19 subtypes (Makarova et al., 2015Makarova K.S. Wolf Y.I. Alkhnbashi O.S. Costa F. Shah S.A. Saunders S.J. Barrangou R. Brouns S.J. Charpentier E. Haft D.H. et al.Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2015; 13: 722-736Crossref PubMed Scopus (1462) Google Scholar, Shmakov et al., 2017Shmakov S. Smargon A. Scott D. Cox D. Pyzocha N. Yan W. Abudayyeh O.O. Gootenberg J.S. Makarova K.S. Wolf Y.I. et al.Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2017; (Published online January 23, 2017)https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.184Crossref PubMed Scopus (555) Google Scholar). The most effective strategy to uncover the next Cas effector protein is to develop sophisticated and creative in silico analyses to parse through the ever-increasing numbers of sequenced microbial genomes. To find a new subtype of CRISPR-Cas systems, Smargon et al., 2017Smargon A. Cox D.B.T. Pyzocha N.K. Zheng K. Slaymaker I.M. Gootenberg J.S. Abudayyeh O.A. Essletzbichler P. Shmakov S. Makarova K.S. et al.Mol. Cell. 2017; 65 (this issue): 618-630Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (306) Google Scholar used a computational database mining approach to search for single large effector proteins associated with CRISPR arrays that did not contain the nearly universal markers cas1 and cas2 and identified Cas13b. Two distinct classes were detected repeatedly among a total of 105 genomic loci identified and were particularly enriched in Bacteriodetes, such as Porphyromonas and Prevotella. Though Cas13b has a novel sequence, it carries two HEPN domains (RxxxxH), somewhat similar to the architecture of Cas13a, the signature RNase from the type VI-A CRISPR-Cas system (Shmakov et al., 2015Shmakov S. Abudayyeh O.O. Makarova K.S. Wolf Y.I. Gootenberg J.S. Semenova E. Minakhin L. Joung J. Konermann S. Severinov K. et al.Mol. Cell. 2015; 60: 385-397Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (714) Google Scholar, Shmakov et al., 2017Shmakov S. Smargon A. Scott D. Cox D. Pyzocha N. Yan W. Abudayyeh O.O. Gootenberg J.S. Makarova K.S. Wolf Y.I. et al.Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2017; (Published online January 23, 2017)https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.184Crossref PubMed Scopus (555) Google Scholar). Genetically, the CRISPR array is reminiscent of other class 2 systems, with a 36 nt, partially palindromic repeat sequence and spacers with homology to phage genome sequences. Mechanistically, two mature CRISPR RNA (crRNA) species were identified, a “short” 66 nt crRNA and a “long” 118 nt crRNA with an extended CRISPR repeat portion. After porting the systems into E. coli, Smargon et al., 2017Smargon A. Cox D.B.T. Pyzocha N.K. Zheng K. Slaymaker I.M. Gootenberg J.S. Abudayyeh O.A. Essletzbichler P. Shmakov S. Makarova K.S. et al.Mol. Cell. 2017; 65 (this issue): 618-630Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (306) Google Scholar showed knockdown of essential genes when Cas13b was heterologously expressed with targeted crRNAs. By studying strongly depleted sequences, Smargon et al., 2017Smargon A. Cox D.B.T. Pyzocha N.K. Zheng K. Slaymaker I.M. Gootenberg J.S. Abudayyeh O.A. Essletzbichler P. Shmakov S. Makarova K.S. et al.Mol. Cell. 2017; 65 (this issue): 618-630Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (306) Google Scholar revealed that heavily targeted sequences are typically flanked by a peculiar double-sided protospacer flanking sequence (PFS), akin to the protospacer-associated motif (PAM). Focusing on the Bergeyella zoohelcum BzCas13b, Smargon et al., 2017Smargon A. Cox D.B.T. Pyzocha N.K. Zheng K. Slaymaker I.M. Gootenberg J.S. Abudayyeh O.A. Essletzbichler P. Shmakov S. Makarova K.S. et al.Mol. Cell. 2017; 65 (this issue): 618-630Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (306) Google Scholar showed sequence-specific single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) targeting. Furthermore, this activity was associated with non-specific RNA cleavage, dubbed “collateral” RNase activity, albeit only in the presence of target RNA, similar to what has been previously described for Cas13a (Abudayyeh et al., 2016Abudayyeh O.O. Gootenberg J.S. Konermann S. Joung J. Slaymaker I.M. Cox D.B. Shmakov S. Makarova K.S. Semenova E. Minakhin L. et al.Science. 2016; 353: aaf5573Crossref PubMed Scopus (1146) Google Scholar, East-Seletsky et al., 2016East-Seletsky A. O’Connell M.R. Knight S.C. Burstein D. Cate J.H. Tjian R. Doudna J.A. Nature. 2016; 538: 270-273Crossref PubMed Scopus (592) Google Scholar). HEPN-dependent interference was confirmed by resistance against lytic phage MS2, with reduced plaque formation in the presence of targeting spacers, involving conserved catalytic arginines and histidines (R116/H121 and R1177/H1182). Additionally, the study investigated other novel cas genes they found typically associated with cas13b, Csx27, and Csx28, which were determined to be a repressor and an enhancer of Cas13b activity, respectively. Mechanistically, the absence of the nearly universal CRISPR markers cas1 and cas2 is intriguing given their implication in novel spacer acquisition during the immunization process, though they could be provided in trans given the frequent occurrence of other CRISPR-Cas systems in genomes that carry cas13b. This is somewhat contradictory with the typical orthogonality of different CRISPR-Cas systems, and future studies should investigate whether Cas1 and Cas2 can interact with type VI-B CRISPR arrays and determine how acquisition occurs in this subtype. The potential for cross-reactivity of acquisition machinery across systems may help with understanding the currently mysterious mechanisms of immunization. Arguably the most novel insight provided by this new system is the discovery of the co-regulatory molecules Csx27 and Csx28. The dual control options afforded by Csx27 inhibition and Csx28 activation of Cas13b beg the question as to whether there is control of cas13b transcription prior to interference and/or post-transcriptional control by direct interaction with Cas13b (or possibly crRNA) following invasive RNA targeting. Smargon et al., 2017Smargon A. Cox D.B.T. Pyzocha N.K. Zheng K. Slaymaker I.M. Gootenberg J.S. Abudayyeh O.A. Essletzbichler P. Shmakov S. Makarova K.S. et al.Mol. Cell. 2017; 65 (this issue): 618-630Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (306) Google Scholar’s demonstration of Csx27- and Csx28-based regulation in non-native hosts from heterologous systems indicates that the latter is at least one contributing factor, but this should certainly be a necessary area of future work. The mechanism of Csx27 and Csx28 action also determines how they might interplay with the putative target phages, including potential roles in the rise of phage resistance via invader transcript destruction or possibly triggering of host death via collateral RNA targeting. The former would enable the host to thrive, whereas the latter would drive suicide of infected cells for the benefit of the rest of the population, akin to the abortive infection system. It will be important to define the role of these new regulatory control systems in determining the cellular outcome of Cas13b activity and the impact at the population levels for both hosts and phages. Additionally, similar to recent analyses of Cas9 and other Cas effector proteins, biochemical and structural studies will also be necessary, to provide critical insights into their biology, as well as a basis to enhance their functions and optimize their activity and specificity by engineering. Given the potential repurposing of these molecular machines in eukaryotes, it is intriguing to ponder how effectively and specifically RNA targeting will be for either RNA-virus eradication or promoting programmed cell death by exploiting collateral RNase activity. Actually, it is still unclear whether this system naturally targets RNA viruses and/or the RNA transcripts of DNA viruses. Although CRISPR-Cas systems are potent antivirals by nature, they could also be reprogrammed to drive the death of the host when it is desirable to do so. Indeed, an endogenous lethal self-targeting pathway could be hijacked to drive cell suicide by exploiting the collateral RNA damage mechanism, leading to systemic RNA degradation and programmed cell death. This is reminiscent of the repurposing of self-targeting CRISPR-Cas systems as antimicrobials (Gomaa et al., 2014Gomaa A.A. Klumpe H.E. Luo M.L. Selle K. Barrangou R. Beisel C.L. MBio. 2014; 5: e00928-13Crossref PubMed Scopus (245) Google Scholar). Overall, this study illustrates how mining dark matter in obscure bacterial genomes is continuing to yield novel Cas-based molecular machines that advance our understanding of the interplay between bacteria and their predators and open new avenues for the development of new tools that expand the molecular biology toolbox for genome, transcriptome, and epigenome engineering. R.B. and C.A.G. are inventors on patents related to CRISPR-Cas systems and their various uses. R.B. is a co-founder and SAB member of Intellia Therapeutics and Locus Biosciences; C.A.G. is a co-founder and SAB member of Locus Biosciences and Element Genomics. Cas13b Is a Type VI-B CRISPR-Associated RNA-Guided RNase Differentially Regulated by Accessory Proteins Csx27 and Csx28Smargon et al.Molecular CellJanuary 5, 2017In BriefSmargon et al. identify and characterize two class 2 type VI-B CRISPR systems lacking Cas1 and Cas2 and containing the RNA-guided RNase Cas13b, differentially regulated by Csx27 and Csx28. Through an E. coli essential gene screen they show that Cas13b RNA targeting is dependent on a double-sided PFS and RNA accessibility. Full-Text PDF Open Archive DA - 2017/2/16/ PY - 2017/2/16/ DO - 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.002 VL - 65 IS - 4 SP - 582-584 SN - 1097-4164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a Surface Sampling Method for Recovery of Human Noroviruses Prior to Detection Using Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR AU - Tung-Thompson, Grace AU - Escudero-Abarca, Blanca I. AU - Outlaw, Janie AU - Ganee, Arnaud AU - Cassard, Sylvanie AU - Mabilat, Claude AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Human noroviruses are the most common cause of acute viral gastroenteritis, and the environmental persistence of these viruses contributes to their transmissibility. Environmental sampling is thus an important tool for investigating norovirus outbreaks and for assessing the effectiveness of cleaning and decontamination regimens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a sampling material (wipes) for their efficacy at recovering human norovirus from hard surfaces and foods. Dilutions of a human norovirus GII.4 stool specimen derived from an outbreak were applied to hard surfaces (stainless steel and ceramic) and the surfaces of representative foods (green pepper, apple, tomato, and cheese). The viruses were recovered at various times postinoculation using the wipes, followed by RNA extraction and reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Recovery efficiency ranged from 74% to almost 100% for all artificially inoculated hard surfaces and for most fresh produce surfaces. Less efficient recovery was observed for cheese. Viral RNA could be recovered from select surfaces for up to 7 days postinoculation, with a <1 log reduction in genome copy number. In field tests, 24 (11%) of 210 environmental samples collected during winter 2012 from restrooms in North Carolina were presumptively positive for human norovirus, and six of these samples were confirmed as GII.4 by sequencing. These wipes may be a valuable tool for investigations of norovirus outbreaks and studies of norovirus prevalence. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-276 VL - 80 IS - 2 SP - 231-236 SN - 1944-9097 KW - Norovirus KW - Sampling KW - Surfaces KW - Wipes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of a disinfectant containing silver dihydrogen citrate against GI.6 and GII.4 human norovirus AU - Manuel, C. S. AU - Moore, M. D. AU - Jaykus, L. -A. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AB - Human norovirus is a major public health burden and is resistant to numerous sanitizers and disinfectants. In this study, we tested the efficacy of an antimicrobial product containing a blend of silver ions and citric acid (silver dihydrogen citrate; SDC) against GI.6 and GII.4 HuNoV.Pure® hard surface disinfectant (Pure Bioscience, El Cajon, CA) was evaluated using ASTM International virucidal suspension and stainless steel carrier assays. The effect of SDC (or citrate alone) exposure on viral integrity was evaluated using RT-qPCR, transmission electron microscopy, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/Western blot analysis and a receptor-binding assay. Suspension assays showed a 4·0 log10 reduction in RNA copy number within 5 min, while carrier assays showed a 2·0-3·0 log10 reduction in 30 min. Incorporating a simulated soil load into the sample matrix significantly reduced product efficacy. Treated particles displayed deformation and aggregation, a 50% reduction in viral capsid protein band intensity, and an 80% reduction in histo-blood group antigen receptor-binding ability.Our results suggest that SDC acts exclusively on the viral capsid, and shows efficacy against HuNoV when used on precleaned surfaces.This study sheds light on the mechanisms and efficacy of a novel antimicrobial against HuNoV. Our results suggest: (i) silver ions exclusively target the viral capsid, and not the RNA genome; (ii) citrate is not crucial for HuNoV capsid deformation. DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.1111/jam.13331 VL - 122 IS - 1 SP - 78-86 SN - 1365-2672 KW - antimicrobials KW - disinfection KW - environmental KW - food safety KW - norovirus KW - viruses ER - TY - JOUR TI - If You Don't Know, Ask! Using Expert Knowledge to Determine What Content Is Needed in an Undergraduate Food Quality Management and Control Course AU - Joyner, Helen S. AU - Stevenson, Clinton D. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE EDUCATION AB - Abstract Quality management and quality control of food products are critical to producing food that is safe to consume and has consistent quality and sensory attributes. The extent to which undergraduate students are equipped with competencies in quality management/control, in theory, has a direct connection with their career potential to ensure food products and/or services meet the expectations of consumers and society. However, the most important quality management/control competencies for undergraduate food science students have yet to be identified. The objective of this study was to determine key knowledge and skills in quality management/control needed by food science graduates. A modified Delphi method was used to gather consensus on these knowledge and skills from experts in food quality management/control. Surveys were used to establish a framework of the most relevant quality management/control concepts for undergraduate food science students to learn and organize these concepts into core domains according to their relative importance. A course outline for teaching an undergraduate course on food quality management/control was developed that detailed relevant topics and depth of coverage for each of these topics. The needs assessment method used in this study to align course content with food industry's needs may be used for a wide variety of course topics. DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.1111/1541-4329.12101 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 19-27 SN - 1541-4329 KW - competency-based KW - needs assessment KW - quality assurance KW - quality control KW - workforce readiness ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for Detection of Epidemic Human Noroviruses AU - Moore, Matthew D. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - Abstract Human norovirus is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Rapid detection could facilitate control, however widespread point-of-care testing is infrequently done due to the lack of robust and portable methods. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a novel isothermal method which rapidly amplifies and detects nucleic acids using a simple device in near real-time. An RT-RPA assay targeting a recent epidemic human norovirus strain (GII.4 New Orleans) was developed and evaluated in this study. The assay successfully detected purified norovirus RNA from multiple patient outbreak isolates and had a limit of detection of 3.40 ± 0.20 log 10 genomic copies (LGC), which is comparable to most other reported isothermal norovirus amplification methods. The assay also detected norovirus in directly boiled stool, and displayed better resistance to inhibitors than a commonly used RT-qPCR assay. The assay was specific, as it did not amplify genomes from 9 non-related enteric viruses and bacteria. The assay detected norovirus in some samples in as little as 6 min, and the entire detection process can be performed in less than 30 min. The reported RT-RPA method shows promise for sensitive point-of-care detection of epidemic human norovirus, and is the fastest human norovirus amplification method to date. DA - 2017/1/9/ PY - 2017/1/9/ DO - 10.1038/srep40244 VL - 7 SP - SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a Reality-Based Multimedia Case Study Teaching Method and its Effect on Students' Planned Food Safety Behaviors AU - Alberts, Caitlin M. AU - Stevenson, Clinton D. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE EDUCATION AB - Abstract There is opportunity to decrease the frequency of foodborne illnesses by improving food safety competencies and planned behaviors of college students before they begin careers in the food industry. The objectives of this study were to (1) develop a multimedia case study teaching method that provides real world context for food science education; and (2) evaluate the extent to which it improves the intentions of students to implement food safety management systems upon entering the workforce, as well its impact on knowledge gains and students’ abilities to understand complex concepts. The target audience consisted of all participants in an upper‐level undergraduate food safety management systems course ( n = 17). A pretest and posttest survey research instrument was developed to measure knowledge gains and also students’ food safety intentions using the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Students experienced significant gains in knowledge, attitude, and intention after completion of the course ( P < 0.05). One hundred percent of students agreed that the interactive videos aided in their understanding of food safety concepts. A paired t test suggested that both behavioral control beliefs and attitudes of students toward food safety management significantly increased ( P < 0.5) after completion of the case study. These results suggest that integrating multimedia case studies into food science education may enhance food safety behaviors. DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.1111/1541-4329.12095 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 10-18 SN - 1541-4329 KW - case study KW - food science KW - food safety KW - theory of planned behavior KW - video ER - TY - JOUR TI - alpha-Amylase and alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory activities of phenolic extracts from Eucalyptus grandis x E-urophylla Bark AU - Jiang, P. AU - Xiong, J. AU - Wang, F. AU - Grace, M. H. AU - Lila, M. A. AU - Xu, R. T2 - Journal of Chemistry DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Whey protein-pectin soluble complexes for beverage applications AU - Wagoner, Ty B. AU - Foegeding, E. Allen T2 - FOOD HYDROCOLLOIDS AB - There is a strong interest in the consumption of beverages containing whey proteins due to implications in health outcomes such as increased satiety and metabolic regulation. However, low thermal stability limits the conditions under which whey protein beverages can be formulated. Studies have shown that at a narrow pH range near the protein isoelectric points, whey proteins and polysaccharides self assemble into soluble complexes (SCs) that exhibit unique functionality. This study investigated the formation and thermal stability of SCs under conditions relevant to beverage applications. Complexes were formed at pH 5 using whey protein isolate (WPI; 1–6% w/w) and high-methoxyl pectin (HMP; 0.125–0.75% w/w) and then heat-set at 85 °C for 25 min. Hydrodynamic properties, particle size distribution, ζ–potential, and dispersion viscosity were evaluated before and after heat-setting. Mean particle diameter ranged from 300 to 715 nm for unheated SCs, and 230 nm to 1 μm for heat-set SCs. Heat-setting SCs led to a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in intrinsic viscosity from 93.6 mL/g to 79.5 mL/g, suggesting conformational changes that favor a smaller hydrodynamic size. Dispersions of SCs exhibited decreased apparent viscosity, consistent with the lower intrinsic viscosity and smaller particle size. Heat-set SCs (4% WPI, 0.5% HMP) remained as sub-micron particles (d = 303–829 nm) after pH adjustment (pH 4–7) and thermal processing (142 °C for 6 s), indicating that WPI and HMP can be heat-set into complexes with enhanced colloidal stability in beverage applications. DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.08.027 VL - 63 SP - 130-138 SN - 1873-7137 KW - Whey protein KW - Polysaccharides KW - Rheology KW - Complexes KW - Beverages KW - Thermal stability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute Fetal Demise with First Trimester Maternal Infection Resulting from Listeria monocytogenes in a Nonhuman Primate Model AU - Wolfe, Bryce AU - Wiepz, Gregory J. AU - Schotzko, Michele AU - Bondarenko, Gennadiy I. AU - Durning, Maureen AU - Simmons, Heather A. AU - Mejia, Andres AU - Faith, Nancy G. AU - Sampene, Emmanuel AU - Suresh, Marulasiddappa AU - Kathariou, Sophia AU - Czuprynski, Charles J. AU - Golos, Thaddeus G. T2 - MBIO AB - Infection with Listeria monocytogenes during pregnancy is associated with miscarriage, preterm birth, and neonatal complications, including sepsis and meningitis. While the risk of these conditions is thought to be greatest during the third trimester of pregnancy, the determinants of fetoplacental susceptibility to infection, the contribution of gestational age, and the in vivo progression of disease at the maternal-fetal interface are poorly understood. We developed a nonhuman primate model of listeriosis to better understand antecedents of adverse pregnancy outcomes in early pregnancy. Four pregnant cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) received a single intragastric inoculation between days 36 and 46 of gestation with 107 CFU of an L. monocytogenes strain isolated from a previous cluster of human listeriosis cases that resulted in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Fecal shedding, maternal bacteremia, and fetal demise were consistently noted within 7 to 13 days. Biopsy specimens of maternal liver, spleen, and lymph node displayed variable inflammation and relatively low bacterial burden. In comparison, we observed greater bacterial burden in the decidua and placenta and the highest burden in fetal tissues. Histopathology indicated vasculitis, fibrinoid necrosis, and thrombosis of the decidual spiral arteries, acute chorioamnionitis and villitis in the placenta, and hematogenous infection of the fetus. Vascular pathology suggests early impact of L. monocytogenes infection on spiral arteries in the decidua, which we hypothesize precipitates subsequent placentitis and fetal demise. These results demonstrate that L. monocytogenes tropism for the maternal reproductive tract results in infection of the decidua, placenta, and the fetus itself during the first trimester of pregnancy.IMPORTANCE Although listeriosis is known to cause significant fetal morbidity and mortality, it is typically recognized in the third trimester of human pregnancy. Its impact on early pregnancy is poorly defined. Here we provide evidence that exposure to L. monocytogenes in the first trimester poses a greater risk of fetal loss than currently appreciated. Similarities in human and nonhuman primate placentation, physiology, and reproductive immunology make this work highly relevant to human pregnancy. We highlight the concept that the maternal immune response that protects the mother from serious disease is unable to protect the fetus, a concept relevant to classic TORCH (toxoplasmosis, other, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes) infections and newly illuminated by current Zika virus outbreaks. Studies with this model, using the well-understood organism L. monocytogenes, will permit precise analysis of host-pathogen interactions at the maternal-fetal interface and have broad significance to both recognized and emerging infections in the setting of pregnancy. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1128/mbio.01938-16 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2150-7511 ER - TY - JOUR TI - On the demand for agritourism: a cursory review of methodologies and practice AU - Santeramo, Fabio Gaetano AU - Barbieri, Carla T2 - TOURISM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT AB - During the last decades agritourism has expanded tremendously worldwide given visitors’ increased interest to appreciate the life in the countryside and farmers’ need to enhance their revenues from different economic activities. Despite such enlarged agritourism development, scant information is available on the state of its demand at both national and international levels. Given such a need, we cursorily reviewed the range of econometric methods employed to evaluate the demand of agritourism, summarizing the salient findings in their application. Our assessment shows that current studies provide a limited characterization of the agritourism demand, especially in terms of methods utilized and information compiled. We suggest that a broader set of economic approaches are needed to control for existing bias and model flaws, and to isolate the features and amenities pulling visitors to agritourism destinations. We also suggest expanding economic studies to fully capture the impact of increased agritourism demand in surrounding communities. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017/// DO - 10.1080/21568316.2015.1137968 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 139-148 SN - 2156-8324 KW - Agritourism KW - demand KW - stated preference KW - revealed preference KW - tourism flow ER - TY - JOUR TI - Human norovirus binding to select bacteria representative of the human gut microbiota AU - Almand, Erin A. AU - Moore, Matthew D. AU - Outlaw, Janie AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Recent reports describe the ability of select bacterial strains to bind human norovirus, although the specificity of such interactions is unknown. The purpose of this work was to determine if a select group of bacterial species representative of human gut microbiota bind to human norovirus, and if so, to characterize the intensity and location of that binding. The bacteria screened included naturally occurring strains isolated from human stool (Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., Bacillus spp., Enterococcus faecium and Hafnia alvei) and select reference strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae). Binding in PBS was evaluated to three human norovirus strains (GII.4 New Orleans 2009 and Sydney 2012, GI.6) and two surrogate viruses (Tulane virus and Turnip Crinkle Virus (TCV)) using a suspension assay format linked to RT-qPCR for quantification. The impact of different overnight culture media prior to washing on binding efficiency in PBS was also evaluated, and binding was visualized using transmission electron microscopy. All bacteria tested bound the representative human norovirus strains with high efficiency (<1 log10 of input virus remained unbound or <10% unbound and >90% binding efficiency) (p>0.05); there was selective binding for Tulane virus and no binding observed for TCV. Binding efficiency was highest when bacteria were cultured in minimal media (<1 log10 of input virus remained unbound, so >90% bound), but notably decreased when cultured in enriched media (1-3 log10 unbound or 0.01 -<90% bound)) (p<0.05). The norovirus-bacteria binding occurred around the outer cell surfaces and pili structures, without apparent localization. The findings reported here further elucidate and inform the dynamics between human noroviruses and enteric bacteria with implications for norovirus pathogenesis. DA - 2017/3/3/ PY - 2017/3/3/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0173124 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers exhibit adaptation in the transport and metabolism of flavan-3-ols with chronic exposure to both isolated flavan-3-ols and enriched extracts AU - Redan, Benjamin W. AU - Chegeni, Mohammad AU - Ferruzzi, Mario G. T2 - FOOD & FUNCTION AB - Chronic exposure to commonly consumed flavonoids changes their transport and metabolism in a small intestinal cell model. DA - 2017/1/1/ PY - 2017/1/1/ DO - 10.1039/c6fo01289b VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 111-121 SN - 2042-650X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate projections of spatial variations in coastal storm surges along the Gulf of Mexico and US east coast AU - Yao, Zhigang AU - Xue, Zuo AU - He, Ruoying AU - Bao, Xianwen AU - Xie, Jun AU - Ge, Qian T2 - JOURNAL OF OCEAN UNIVERSITY OF CHINA DA - 2017/2// PY - 2017/2// DO - 10.1007/s11802-017-3012-6 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 1-7 SN - 1993-5021 KW - storm surge KW - sea surface winds KW - climate change KW - regional ocean ER - TY - JOUR TI - 1,2,4-Triazolidine-3-thiones as Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics against Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii AU - Huggins, William M. AU - Minrovic, Bradley M. AU - Corey, Brendan W. AU - Jacobs, Anna C. AU - Melander, Roberta J. AU - Sommer, Roger D. AU - Zurawski, Daniel V. AU - Melander, Christian T2 - ACS MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS AB - With only two new classes of antibiotics developed in the last 40 years, novel antibiotics are desperately needed to combat the growing problem of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug resistant bacteria, particularly Gram-negative bacteria. Described in this letter is the synthesis and antibiotic activity of 1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thiones as narrow spectrum antibiotics. Optimization of the 1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thione scaffold identified a small molecule with potent antibiotic activity against multiple strains of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. This small molecule also shows single dose, in vivo activity in a Galleria mellonella infection model with A. baumannii and represents a promising start in the development of a class of drugs that can target this bacterial pathogen. DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00296 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 27-31 SN - 1948-5875 KW - antibiotic resistance KW - antibiotics KW - Acinetobacter baumannii ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in phenolic content of commercial potato varieties through industrial processing and fresh preparation AU - Furrer, Amber AU - Cladis, Dennis P. AU - Kurilich, Anne AU - Manoharan, Ramesh AU - Ferruzzi, Mario G. T2 - FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - Reported content and process stability of phenolics in potato products is inconsistent. Changes in phenolic content of select varieties through fresh and industrial preparation/reconstitution were assessed. Total chlorogenic acids (CQAs) ranged from 43 to 953 mg/100 g dw and were more concentrated in pigmented compared to white/yellow-fleshed potatoes. Anthocyanin (ANC) content ranged from 18.6 to 22.9 mg/100 g dw and were mainly present in the flesh of pigmented potatoes. Retention of phenolics through commercial processing ranged from 49 to 85% for pigmented varieties and 32–55% for white/yellow. CQA levels were reduced through processing but to a greater extent in white relative to pigmented potatoes. ANCs were well retained through industrial processing of pigmented potatoes (79–129%). Levels of CQA were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in some industrially versus freshly processed products but not for all products. While some differences exist, overall, industrially processed potato products compare favorably to fresh preparation in levels and recovery of phenolics. DA - 2017/3/1/ PY - 2017/3/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.126 VL - 218 SP - 47-55 SN - 1873-7072 KW - Potato KW - Potato products KW - Phenolics KW - Chlorogenic acid KW - Anthocyanin KW - Processing stability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of peanuts after dry roasting, oil roasting, and blister frying AU - Shi, Xiaolei AU - Davis, Jack P. AU - Xia, Zhoutong AU - Sandeep, K. P. AU - Sanders, Timothy H. AU - Dean, Lisa O. T2 - LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Peanuts were systematically deep fried, blister fried, or dry roasted at 177 °C to Hunter L-values of 53.0 ± 1.0, 48.5 ± 1.0, and 43.0 ± 1.0, corresponding to light, medium, and dark roasting, respectively. Thermal modifications of the epidermal and parenchyma cells were observed in the scanning electron microscopic images for processed peanuts, compared to raw peanuts. Peanut microstructure was most extensively damaged by blister frying, followed by deep frying, and then dry roasting. The moisture content decreased with increased surface color, due to more moisture loss with longer heat processing time. For light roasting, blister fried peanuts had significantly higher moisture contents than the deep fried and dry roasted peanuts, while for medium and dark roasting, blister fried had lower moistures than the other two. Descriptive sensory analysis was able to distinguish the flavor and texture profiles of peanuts prepared by different roasting methods. In storage testing throughout 16 weeks, peroxide value measurements indicated the blister fried peanuts had the longest shelf life, followed by the dry roasted, and then the deep fried. Descriptive sensory analysis proved that the rate of the loss of roast peanut flavor during storage was faster in dry roasted peanuts followed by blister fried and deep fried. DA - 2017/1// PY - 2017/1// DO - 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.09.030 VL - 75 SP - 520-528 SN - 1096-1127 KW - Peanut KW - Oil roasting KW - Dry roasting KW - Microstructure KW - Shelf life ER -