TY - RPRT TI - Raising earthworms successfully AU - Sherman, R. A3 - NC State Cooperative Extension DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M1 - AGW‐641/E04‐43936. PB - NC State Cooperative Extension SN - AGW‐641/E04‐43936. ER - TY - CONF TI - Improving MODFLOW’s RIVER package for unsaturated stream/aquifer flow AU - Fox, G.A. A2 - Ramirez, J.A. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Geophysical Union Hydrology Days DA - 2003/// SP - 56–67 ER - TY - CONF TI - Estimating streambed and aquifer parameters from a stream/aquifer analysis test AU - Fox, G.A. A2 - Ramirez, J.A. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Geophysical Union Hydrology Days DA - 2003/// SP - 68–79 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stream Aquifer Analysis Tests: Estimating Aquifer and Streambed Permeability AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Durnford, D.S. T2 - Colorado Water DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 5–7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Autonomous robotic vehicles AU - Hall, S.G. AU - Price, R.R. T2 - Resource: Engineering and Technology for Sustainable World DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 11-12 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037959753&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - PC Based Data Acquisition for a Solid Substrate Cultivation Deep Bed Reactor AU - Chinn, M. S. AU - Nokes, S. E. AU - Gates, R. S. T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture AB - This work describes an instrumentation and data acquisition system designed for a deep bed reactor used tocultivate Trichoderma longibrachiatum on wheat bran. The system allowed online measurements of substrate temperature,oxygen concentration within the reactor headspace, relative humidity and temperature of the inlet air, and inlet airflow rateswhile maintaining aseptic conditions and without disturbing the cultivation process. An error analysis for the instrumentationand data acquisition equipment was completed and provided insight into the reliability of the sensor readings. The collecteddata provided quantitative information about the reactor system dynamics which can be used to evaluate and applyenvironmental control schemes, gain knowledge on microbial growth characteristics, and develop and validate mathematicalmodels describing heat and mass transfer interactions. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.13094 VL - 19 IS - 2 SN - 1943-7838 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.13094 ER - TY - JOUR TI - TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF A SOLID SUBSTRATE CULTIVATION DEEP-BED REACTOR USING AN INTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER AU - Chinn, M. S. AU - Nokes, S. E. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - The solid substrate cultivation (SSC) process is often limited by rapid increases in temperature as a result of metabolicactivity and poor heat transfer properties of the solid substrate. High temperatures can adversely affect microbial growthand product formation. Reduction of substrate temperatures is important for improved productivity, yet effective and efficientcontrol of heat transfer in a deep-bed SSC reactor has proven difficult. An internal cooling water coil was incorporated intoa deep-bed reactor system and evaluated for its ability to reduce substrate temperature. Three operating treatments were investigated:cooling water circulation whenever the center bed temperature was above 30C, timed cooling water operationon 10 min on/off intervals from the start of cultivation, and timed operation on 10 min on/off intervals after the expected startof microbial exponential growth. Enzyme yield, peak temperature, and net rate of metabolic heat accumulation within thesubstrate bed were measured during the cultivation of Trichoderma longibrachiatum on wheat bran for xylanase production.The cooling water reduced the temperatures observed in the substrate bed by 5C on average and was effective in decreasingthe rate of heat accumulation in the bed. Within a 10 min time interval, the internal heat exchanger demonstrated a netdecrease in heat accumulation at an average rate of approximately 0.5C/min. Despite the decrease in temperatures observedwith the control strategies, the xylanase yields were not statistically different from the cultivations with no temperaturecontrol. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.15615 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 1741-1749 LA - en OP - SN - 2151-0059 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.15615 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a Controller Area Network Based Handheld Data Acquisition System for Identity Preservation AU - Darr, Matthew J. AU - Stombaugh, Timothy S. AU - Ward, Jason K. AU - Montross, Michael D. T2 - 2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003 AB - The development of a diverse, modular and portable system to accurately measure andrecord field operations is required to effectively bring identity preservation of crops to all farms andfarmers. A demonstration system has been built based on a worldwide standard communicationsprotocol and was evaluated for its ability to efficiently measure a variety of field operations andmanagement practices. The CAN Bus 2.0B communication protocol was used to record GPSlocation data, ground speed and simulated spraying system data. This data was compiled andstored in a form that was compatible with multiple software programs for the purposes of economicand agronomic analysis. All data was recorded on a Compaq IPAQ using specially-written software. Results showed that tracking identity preservation characteristics was feasible with thissystem. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.14928 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unsaturated hyporheic zone flow in stream/aquifer conjunctive systems AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Durnford, D.S. T2 - Advances in Water Resources AB - Saturated flow is typically assumed for seepage from a stream underlain by an alluvial aquifer. However, if the water table falls a sufficient distance below a semipervious streambed, the head losses in this less conductive layer will cause the region beneath the stream, or hyporheic zone, to become unsaturated. Hyporheic zone flow is defined loosely in this research as the flow that occurs underneath the streambed. Unsaturated flow transforms streams from constant head boundaries to constant flux boundaries, impacting the biogeochemistry in the hyporheic zone. The objective of this paper is to discuss the development and implications of unsaturated flow beneath the streambed. Conditions under which saturated or unsaturated flow occurs and the characteristics of each flow regime are discussed. Next, the effect of unsaturated flow is illustrated for the case of stream leakage induced by a well pumping from an aquifer that is hydraulically interacting with a partially penetrating stream. Prior analytical solutions for alluvial well depletions fail to model unsaturated flow between the streambed and water table. An approximating solution is proposed to estimate aquifer drawdown and stream depletion under saturated/unsaturated hyporheic zone flow conditions. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/S0309-1708(03)00087-3 VL - 26 IS - 9 SP - 989-1000 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0042739696&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Radiometric normalization of multi-temporal images based on image soil lines AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Sabbagh, G.J. AU - Searcy, S.W. T2 - Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 851-859 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0141790739&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Air Density on Cyclone Performance and System Design AU - Wang, L. AU - Buser, M.D. AU - Parnell, C.B. AU - Shaw, B.W. T2 - Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1193-1201 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0242287217&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inverted repeat of a heterologous 3′-untranslated region for high-efficiency, high-throughput gene silencing AU - Brummell, David A. AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Harpster, Mark H. AU - Palys, Joseph M. AU - Oeller, Paul W. AU - Gutterson, Neal T2 - The Plant Journal AB - Summary This report describes a method for the easy generation of inverted repeat constructs for the silencing of genes of unknown sequence which is applicable to high‐throughput studies. This improved procedure for high‐efficiency gene silencing is specific for a target gene, but does not require inverted repeat DNA of the target gene in the construct. The method employs an inverted repeat of the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of a heterologous gene, and has been demonstrated using the 3′‐UTR region of the nopaline synthase ( nos ) gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens , which is often used as the 3′‐UTR for transgene constructs. In a population of independent tomato primary transformants harboring a stably integrated polygalacturonase ( PG ) transgene driven by a constitutive promoter and linked to an inverted repeat of the nos 3′‐UTR, 51 of 56 primary transformants (91% of the population) showed highly effective post‐transcriptional silencing of the PG gene, with PG mRNA abundance in ripe fruit reduced by 98% or more. The method was also effective in Arabidopsis , where two different, relatively uncharacterized plant transcription factors were also targeted effectively. This method has the advantage of ease and rapidity in preparation of the constructs, since a gene of interest can be inserted into a binary vector already containing the promoter and the inverted nos domain in a single‐cloning step, and does not require any knowledge of the DNA sequence. The approach is suitable for high‐throughput gene silencing studies, where it is necessary to investigate the function of hundreds to thousands of uncharacterized genes. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01659.x VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 793-800 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037297007&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - double-stranded RNA KW - gene silencing KW - inverted repeat KW - nos KW - RNAi KW - siRNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Radiographic anatomy of the canine coxofemoral joint using the dorsal acetabular rim (DAR) view AU - Trumpatori, Brian J. AU - Mathews, Kyle G. AU - Roe, Simon R. AU - Robertson, Ian D. T2 - Veterinary Radiology Ultrasound AB - A radiographic study of the anatomy of the canine acetabulum was performed. The relationship between the area of dorsal acetabular rim that is subject to early damage in dogs with coxofemoral joint laxity, and the “DAR point” identified on dorsal acetabular rim (DAR) radiographic views was examined. Radiographs and digital photographs were made of the pelvis harvested from each of six skeletally mature dogs. Through analysis of these images, it was determined that in the standing animal, the DAR point is located 4–6 mm (or approximately 37°) caudal to the dorsal acetabular rim area that is prone to early damage in dogs with coxofemoral joint laxity. This study suggests that the DAR radiographic view may under‐represent changes to the dorsal acetabular rim in dogs with coxofemoral laxity. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00501.x VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - 526-532 SN - 1058-8183 1740-8261 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00501.x KW - dorsal acetabular rim KW - hip dysplasia KW - canine KW - radiography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Versatility key to wood waste, C&D debris recovery AU - Sherman, R. T2 - BioCycle DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - 30-34 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Texas transportation department accelerates highway use of compost AU - Sherman, R. T2 - BioCycle DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 44 IS - 7 SP - 24-28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Storm brings massive wood waste to North Carolina AU - Sherman, R. T2 - BioCycle DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 30 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Raising earthworms successfully AU - Sherman, R. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Raleigh, NC: Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - JOUR TI - Markets for blends and bags of compost AU - Sherman, R. T2 - BioCycle DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 44 IS - 8 SP - 45-50 ER - TY - JOUR TI - High volume restaurant makes composting leap AU - Sherman, R. T2 - BioCycle DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 44 IS - 8 SP - 28-32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring superior systems to manage manure AU - Sherman, R. T2 - BioCycle DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 32-37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Commercial food residuals initiative in North Carolina AU - Clayton, J. AU - Sherman, R. T2 - BioCycle DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - 28-30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arresting corrosion in compost structures AU - Sherman, R. T2 - BioCycle DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 44 IS - 11 SP - 45-50 ER - TY - CONF TI - Waste heat utilization in a greenhouse used for the removal of nutrients from a swine waste stream AU - Willits, D. H. AU - Marbis, J. M. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Peet, M. M. AU - Shearin, T. C2 - 2003/// C3 - ASAE annual International Meeting 2003, Las Vegas : The Riviera Hotel, July 27-30, 2003 DA - 2003/// VL - 034043 ER - TY - CONF TI - Utilization of nutrients in anaerobically-pretreated swine wastewater for greenhouse tomato production AU - Shearin, T. E. AU - Cheng, Jay AU - Peet, M. M. AU - Willits, D. H. AB - Swine waste treatment in North Carolina typically consists of an anaerobic lagoon and sprayfieldupon which crops are grown to utilize the nutrients. Currently, swine lagoon effluent must beapplied at agronomic rates to satisfy the crops nitrogen (N) needs. The majority of landapplication occurs in the summer months, when the weather is typically hot and dry. Agreenhouse tomato production system has been tested for more efficient utilization of nutrients inanaerobically-pretreated swine wastewater. Two 2,600-m2 greenhouses were constructed on a4,000-sow farm located in Johnston County, North Carolina. The swine wastewater was firsttreated in an Ambient Temperature Anaerobic Digester (ATAnD) and the effluent stored in astorage pond. Before being applied to 14,000 tomato plants in the greenhouses, the effluent wastreated in a nitrification biofilter to convert the ammonium (NH4+) into nitrate (NO3-) becausetomato plants prefer the latter as the nitrogen nutrient for their growth. Preliminary data indicatedthat the tomato greenhouses have used approximately 12 m3 of the effluent per day. Based on anaverage inorganic N (NH4+ plus NO3-) concentration of 123 mg/l in the biofilter effluent, thegreenhouses have utilized approximately 1.48 kg N/day. At the same time, the greenhousesproduced a daily yield of 711 kg of marketable fruit, sold at a gross price of $2.20/kg. Thepreliminary findings have shown that the utilization of nutrients in swine wastewater forgreenhouse tomato production is a viable alternative to the traditional system. In addition to thehigh daily N utilization rate, the fruit yields are comparable to conventional greenhouseproduction. Also, the utilization of the treated wastewater during the winter months decreases thepossibility of lagoon overflows and/or spills. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes IX : proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium, 12-15 October, 2003, Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.15240 SN - 1892769328 ER - TY - CONF TI - Population dynamics of nitrifying bacteria in intermittently-aerated reactors treating high nitrogen wastewater AU - Mota, C. R. AU - Hu, Z. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Reyes F. L., C2 - 2003/// C3 - WEFTEC.03 : Conference Program & Exhibitor Guide : 76th Annual Technial Exhibition and Conference : the water quality event : Los Angeles, October 11-15, 2003, Los Angeles Convention Center DA - 2003/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Detection of unusually high levels of nitrifying bacteria in reactors treating high nitrogen wastewater AU - Mota, C. R. AU - Hu, Z. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Reyes F. L., C2 - 2003/// C3 - American Society for Microbiology 103rd General Meeting, May 18-22, 2003, Washington, D.C DA - 2003/// SN - 1555812732 ER - TY - CONF TI - Outcomes based curriculum development in a new and emerging biomedical engineering program AU - McCord, M. G. AU - Blanchard, S. M. AU - Mente, P. L. AU - Nagle, H. T. AU - Spurlin, J. E. C2 - 2003/// C3 - American Society for Engineering Education DA - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of parameter uncertainty on DRAINMOD predictions: I. Hydrology and yield AU - Haan, P. K. AU - Skaggs, R. W. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - The computerbased hydrologic model DRAINMOD can be used to predict the effect of drainage design on therate of subsurface drainage and on crop yield. An uncertainty analysis was conducted to quantitatively assess the variabilityin model outputs caused by parameter uncertainty. The analysis was based on an experimental field at the Tidewater ResearchStation in Plymouth, North Carolina. As a first step in the uncertainty analysis, a sensitivity test was conducted to determinewhich parameters in the model have the most influence on the model objective functions. Firstorder approximation andMonte Carlo simulation were used to determine the effect of the uncertainty in the most sensitive parameters on theuncertainty in the model objective functions. Objective functions evaluated were: average annual subsurface drainagevolume; SEW30 (a measure of stress caused by excessive soil water in the top 30 cm) during the growing season; and relativeyield for both conventional and controlled drainage. Nine parameters found to significantly affect model output were usedin the uncertainty analysis. The firstorder approximation showed that in the case of conventional drainage, lateral saturatedhydraulic conductivity accounted for 81% of the uncertainty in terms of variance for predicted annual subsurface drainagevolume, 81% for growing season SEW30, and 71% for relative yield. For controlled drainage, lateral saturated hydraulicconductivity contributed 62% of the uncertainty in terms of the variance in predicted annual subsurface drainage volume,69% in growing season SEW30, and 62% in relative yield. The Monte Carlo simulation showed similar results. Improving theknowledge of these most influential parameters will help to reduce the uncertainty in DRAINMOD predictions for theseobjective functions. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.13968 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1061-1067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in a stream's physical and biological conditions following livestock exclusion AU - Line, D. E. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Runoff from dairy cow pastures can degrade the quality of surface waters. Weekly grab samples were collectedfor 7.5 years from a small stream draining a 56.7ha, mostly dairy cow pasture and analyzed for fecal coliform and enterococci(streptococci). In situ measurements of pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, conductivity, and turbidity were made during mostgrab sampling events. Fecal coliform and enterococci levels for samples collected during the 2.25 years prior to theinstallation of livestock exclusion fencing were more than 300% greater at the downstream monitoring station compared tothe upstream station. After fencing, fecal coliform and enterococci levels decreased 65.9% and 57.0%, respectively. Thedecreased bacteria levels were significantly different, indicating that livestock exclusion fencing was effective at reducingbacteria levels in the stream.

While the levels of dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and specific conductivity downstream relative to upstream followingfencing generally documented improved water quality, the changes were not statistically significant. Conversely, decreasesin turbidity and suspended sediment levels following fencing were significantly different.

Levels of most of the physical parameters and bacteria were not significantly different at the upstream monitoring sitefollowing the installation of the alternate water supply in the pasture upstream. Thus, the alternate water supply, withoutfencing, was not effective at improving water quality in the upper pasture. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.12979 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 287-293 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detecting mycotoxins in agricultural commodities AU - Whitaker, TB T2 - MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1385/MB:23:1:61 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 61-71 SN - 1559-0305 KW - sampling KW - mycotoxins KW - sampling variability KW - sample preparation variability KW - analytical variability KW - buyer's risk KW - false negatives KW - seller's risk KW - false positives KW - operating characteristic curve KW - sampling plan performance ER - TY - MPCT TI - Down the drain: How North Carolina communities manage stormwater runoff [videorecording] DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - 204 years of near infrared technology: 1800-2003 AU - McClure, WF T2 - JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AB - Near infrared spectroscopy has come of age. Today, it takes its place along side other major analytical technologies. Though it has inherent problems, its advantages make it an appealing tool for solving all sorts of analytical problems, for all sorts of samples, found in numerous fields, including food, agriculture, chemical, pharmaceuticals, textiles, polymers, cosmetics and medical—just to mention a few. Healthy, strong and still growing, NIR spectroscopy is a source of thrills and chills for many, whether from new measurement technology, chemometrics or from understanding and being able to express “old” ideas in fresher, clearer ways. a Modern NIR instruments integrate numerous technologies for determining absorbances at specific wavelengths: Monochromator, Fourier Transform, Filters [including, narrow-band interference filters, tilting filters, Acousto Optical Tunable Filters (AOTF) and Liquid Crystal Tunable Filters (LCTF)], Hadamard, Diode Emitters and Diode Arrays. Software for developing calibrations, utilising some types of classical and/or modern multivariate methods, is available with every commercial instrument. In addition, software vendors, independent of manufacturers, have designed and are marketing advanced chemometric packages for carrying out a variety of multivariate tasks, including mathematical spectral pretreatment, calibration and prediction, plus the implementation of process control statistics. The plethora of instruments and software has provided a sound basis for developing all sorts of applications throughout numerous fields. As a result, there are today more than 25,000 citations in the NIR literature and, since 1960, Medline alone has logged 2341 citations with NIR implications for the medical community, all tributes to the strength and viability of this fascinating spectroscopy. This review is a look at the big picture of NIR spectroscopy. It covers the field of NIR from the beginning to present day—204 years (1800–2003)—in six sections: Introduction, Reviews, Books, Instrumentation, Applications and Conclusions: Past, Present and Future. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1255/jnirs.399 VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 487-518 SN - 1751-6552 KW - near infrared KW - NIR KW - reviews KW - history KW - instrumentation KW - applications KW - chemometrics KW - commercialisation KW - future prospects ER - TY - JOUR TI - Riparian Ecosystem Management Model: Hydrology performance and sensitivity in the North Carolina Middle Coastal Plain AU - Dukes, M. D. AU - Evans, R. O. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - A riparian buffer installed along streams is one alternative that can be used to reduce the delivery of nitrogen,phosphorus, and sediment to the stream. The Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM) has been developed tosimulate surface and subsurface riparian buffer hydrology, sediment transport, litter and sediment interactions, vegetationgrowth, and soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics. For this model to accurately simulate transport and fate ofnutrients in the shallow groundwater beneath a riparian buffer, the subsurface hydrology component must be verified. Twoyears of field data were utilized to evaluate and test the sensitivity of the hydrology component of REMM in the North CarolinaMiddle Coastal Plain. Daily simulated water table depth was compared to observed water table depths across a 15 m widebuffer. The simulated water table depth was sensitive to hydrologic parameters such as groundwater inputs from the uplandinto zone 3, stream depth, and buffer slope. Average absolute errors between simulated and observed water table depth werefound to be 0.35 to 0.36 m, while relative errors ranged from 0.12 to 0.15 m. Simulated evapotranspiration (ET) was higherin zone 3 compared to zones 1 and 2, although all three zones were parameterized alike. Flow into the buffer from the streamis not simulated by REMM, although it occurred frequently during data collection. Estimates of ET should be improved forherbaceous and grass vegetation types to improve water table depth predictions. Also, for conditions where the streamcontributes flow to the groundwater, an additional component in REMM is necessary. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.15645 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 1567-1579 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Particle size impacts of subsurface-banded urea on nitrogen transformation in the laboratory AU - Shah, SB AU - Wolfe, ML T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - Replacing commercial urea granules (0.01–0.02 g) with urea pellets (1.5 g) could improve crop yield and reduce nitrogen (N) losses into the environment. Since urea particle size affects N transformations and, subsequently, N-loss pathways, laboratory studies were conducted to study the effects of subsurface-banded urea particle size or specific surface area (SSA) effects on dissolution, mechanism of dissolved urea movement, and N mineralization (urea hydrolysis and nitrification). To simulate subsurface banding, urea treatments were applied in a plane beneath the soil to Ross loam soil at volumetric soil moisture content (θv) of 31.4% (34 cbars) in all studies. At 50% dissolution, granules dissolved eight times faster than 1.5-g pellets. Molecular diffusion was likely the predominant mechanism of dissolved urea movement in both pellets and granules. Urea hydrolysis was significantly lower by 3.1% in 1.5-g pellets than in granules after 7 d. At 35 d, nitrification rate of the applied-N was 11% (significantly) lower in 1.5-g pellets than granules. Compared with granules, pellets dissolved slower and inhibited both urease and nitrifier activity to a greater extent; however, nitrification inhibition was likely the predominant mechanism that reduced nitrate availability for both uptake and loss. Hence, when granules and 1.5-g pellets are both subsurface-banded in the soil, slower nitrification in pellets could reduce the potential for N losses. However, greater benefits in terms of increased crop yield and N uptake and, potentially, reduced N losses are likely when surface-broadcast urea granules are replaced with subsurface-applied urea pellets. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1081/CSS-120020441 VL - 34 IS - 9-10 SP - 1245-1260 SN - 1532-2416 KW - pellet KW - granule KW - dissolution KW - urea hydrolysis KW - nitrification ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bench-scale biofilter for removing ammonia from poultry house exhaust AU - Shah, SB AU - Basden, TJ AU - Bhumbla, DK T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES AB - A bench-scale biofilter was evaluated for removing ammonia (NH3) from poultry house exhaust. The biofilter system was equipped with a compost filter to remove NH3 and calcium oxide (CaO) filter to remove carbon dioxide (CO2). Removal of NH3 and CO2 from poultry house exhaust could allow treated air with residual heat to be recirculated back into the poultry house to conserve energy during winter months. Apart from its use as a plant nutrient, NH3 removal from poultry house exhaust could lessen the adverse environmental impacts of NH3 emissions. Ammonia and CO2 were measured daily with gas detector tubes while temperatures in the poultry pen and compost filter were monitored to evaluate the thermal impact of the biofilter on treated air. During the first 37 days of the 54-day study, exhaust air from 33 birds housed in a pen was treated in the biofilter; for the final 17 days, NH3-laden exhaust, obtained by applying urea to the empty pen was treated in the biofilter. The biofilter system provided near-complete attenuation of a maximum short-term NH3 concentration of 73 ppm. During the last 17 days, with a mean influent NH3 concentration of 26 ppm, the biofilter provided 97% attenuation. The CaO filter was effective in attenuating CO2. Compared with a biofilter sized only for NH3 removal, an oversized biofilter would be required to provide supplemental heat to the treated air through exothermic biochemical reactions in the compost. The biofilter could conserve energy in poultry production and capture NH3 for use as plant nutrient. Based on this study, a house for 27,000 broilers would require a compost filter with a volume of approximately 34 m3. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1081/pfc-120016608 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 89-101 SN - 0360-1234 KW - energy KW - heating KW - compost KW - carbon dioxide KW - litter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen distribution in soils of constructed wetlands treating lagoon wastewater AU - Szogi, A. A. AU - Hunt, P. G. AU - Humenik, F. J. T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal AB - Constructed wetlands have the potential to be used for treatment of N‐rich livestock wastewater. Our objectives were to evaluate both the time effect and increasing N loading rates on soil N distribution and NH + 4 –N concentration in surface‐pore water of constructed wetlands. A 5‐yr study in North Carolina investigated two wetland systems that treated swine lagoon wastewater. Wetland System 1 was planted to a Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volkart ex Schinz & R. Keller, S. tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla, Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth, and Juncus effusus L. plant community, and Wetland System 2 was planted to a Typha angustifolia L., T. latifolia L., and Sparganium americanum Nutt. plant community. Nitrogen loading rates were increased annually from 0.6 to 2.7 g m −2 d −1 Soils were analyzed for total N annually. Surface‐pore water was sampled with equilibrators and analyzed for NH + 4 –N. Although the total N accumulation significantly increased with time in both systems, total soil N accumulation by depth did not differ significantly between systems. Distribution profiles in the surface‐pore water column showed that NH + 4 –N was transported upward into surface water at N loading rates from 1.2 to 2.7 g m −2 d −1 As total N loading rates increased annually in both wetland systems, soil pore water had higher levels of NH + 4 –N but N removal efficiency of the wetlands sharply decreased. Accumulation of high levels of NH + 4 –N (>200 mg L −1 ) in soil pore water could negatively affect long‐term ability of wetland systems to treat wastewater with high N levels. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2003.1943 VL - 67 IS - 6 SP - 1943-1951 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Near infrared technology for precision environmental measurements: Part 2. Determination of carbon in green grass tissue AU - Morimoto, S AU - McClure, WF AU - Crowell, B AU - Stanfield, DL T2 - JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AB - Composting is one of the most desirable techniques for reducing waste volume. To make good compost, the correct proportions of the elements carbon and nitrogen (30: 1 ratio) are important. In this paper, carbon quantification of green grass tissue using near infrared (NIR) technology was studied. Separate studies were conducted for the short-wavelength region (SWR = 700–1100 nm, a range that includes part of the visible spectrum) and long-wavelength region (LWR = 1100–2500 nm). Several spectral pretreatments (such as SNV, derivatives etc.) were implemented to optimise the stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and partial least squares (PLS) calibrations. PLS analysis was conducted for all pretreatments. Results showed that the 2 nd derivative of standard normal variate (SNV) pretreatment for the LWR and the SNV pretreatment for the SWR gave the best predictions. To simplify the PLS models, a weight index (WI), was defined as the absolute value of product between the regression vector from PLS analysis and the average spectrum. A simple PLS calibration was developed using selected peak wavelengths of regression vector with a minimum WI. The simple PLS models gave better results than the full PLS calibrations. According to this analysis, the C–H stretching of the first overtone at 1860 nm and the C–H stretching of the third overtone at 874 nm were the key bands for the SWR and LWR, respectively. SMLR analysis was performed on the same spectral data used in the PLS analysis. SMLR calibrations were developed using the key band chosen in PLS analysis. Although the performance of the calibrations were not as good as the PLS calibrations, the SMLR model produced acceptable calibrations for both the SWR and LWR. The simple fact that NIR technology can be used to determine both carbon and nitrogen very quickly makes it an ideal technology for monitoring material going into a composting operation. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1255/jnirs.372 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 257-267 SN - 0967-0335 KW - near infrared KW - NIR KW - short-wavelength KW - long-wavelength KW - grass KW - carbon KW - compost KW - environment KW - PLS KW - SMLR KW - pretreatment KW - multivariate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low-level nitrate export from confined dairy farming detected in North Carolina streams using delta N-15 AU - Karr, JD AU - Showers, WJ AU - Jennings, GD T2 - AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT AB - Animal waste-produced nitrate in streams can be detected with natural abundance nitrogen isotopes even when stream nitrate concentrations are low and derive predominantly from natural soil nitrate sources. The objective of this limited study was to demonstrate the utility of such an approach with a minimal number of samples and minimal supporting data. These constraints are important in terms of the usefulness of the small-scale isotopic approach as a component of long-term, large-scale watershed and river basin monitoring, given the expense of nitrate isotopic measurements. The study was able to identify a small animal waste nitrate export signal over a significant background signal of soil nitrate and possible fertilizer nitrate in the stream draining the site. During the course of a year, a second-order stream adjacent to a carefully managed research dairy farm near Raleigh, NC had mean nitrate–N of 0.4 mg l−1 with mean δ15N–NO3 values of +8.7‰ downstream of the farm. Secondary dairy lagoon liquids used for spray irrigation of nearby fields had a mean ammonium concentration of 87.5 mg l−1, and a mean δ15N of +20.7‰. A small, intermittent first-order stream draining the dairy sprayfields and emptying into the second-order stream had a mean nitrate–N level of 3.7 mg l−1 and mean δ15N–NO3 of +16.0‰. Even at the relatively low nitrate levels and slightly elevated δ15N–NO3 values of the second-order receiving stream, an observed increase in δ15N values with increasing nitrate concentration in this stream indicates that a small amount of animal waste-produced nitrate is being exported. This type of monitoring could be applied to many small watersheds as part of a larger watershed or river basin study where sampling density is constrained by logistical and economic factors. This is the case in the Neuse River Basin, where this study was an early part of a developing basin-wide Nitrogen Isotope Tracer Program. This type of monitoring can be particularly useful where identification of targets for reduction or stabilization of N export from livestock farms is desired, and the animal waste nitrate signal is superimposed on a larger natural background nitrate or fertilizer nitrate + natural background nitrate signal. DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1016/S0167-8809(02)00103-2 VL - 95 IS - 1 SP - 103-110 SN - 1873-2305 KW - nitrate KW - delta N-15 KW - water quality KW - animal waste KW - dairy farming ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth and feed utilization of captive wild black sea bass Centropristis striata at four different densities in a recirculating tank system AU - Copeland, KA AU - Watanabe, WO AU - Carroll, PM AU - Wheatley, KS AU - Losordo, TM T2 - JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY AB - Abstract A study to determine the effects of four stocking densities on growth and feed utilization of wild‐caught black sea bass Centropristis striata was conducted in a pilot‐scale recirculating tank system. The outdoor system consisted of 12 insulated fiberglass tanks (dia. = 1.85 m; vol. = 2.17 m 3 ) supported by biological filters, UV sterilizers, and heat pumps. Subadults ( N = 525; ×± SD = 249 ± 16.8 g) were stocked at densities of 4.6 fish/m 3 (1.18 kg/m 3 ), 16 fish/ m 3 (3.91 kg/m 3 ), 25.3 fish/m 3 (6.83 kg/m 3 ), and 36 fish/m 3 (7.95 kg1m 3 ), with three replicate tanks per treatment. Fish were grown under 35 ppt salinity, 21‐25 C, and under ambient photoperiod conditions. A commercial flounder diet containing 50% protein and 12% lipid was hand‐fed twice daily to satiation for 201 d. Mean (range) total ammonia‐nitrogen, 0.61 (0‐2.1) mg/L, nitrite‐nitrogen, 0.77 (0.04‐3.6) mg/L, and nitrate‐nitrogen 40.1 (0‐306) mg/L were significantly higher ( P < 0.0001) in the 25.3 and 36 fish/m 3 treatments than in the 4.6 and 16 fish/m 3 treatments [0.19 (0.05‐0.5), 0.1 (0.24‐0.63), and 11.9 (1.3‐82.2) mg/L, respectively]. However, there were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) in growth (RGR = 196.8‐243.1%; DWG = 2.55‐2.83 g/d; and SGR = 0.55‐0.61%/d), coefficient of variation of body weight (C wt V., = 0.24‐0.25), condition factor (K = 2.2‐2.4), feed consumption (FC = 1.45‐1.65%/d), and feed conversion ratio (FCR = 1.45‐1.52) among stocking densities. Final biomass densities on day 201 reached 3.48, 12.0, 21.1, and 27.2 kg/m 3 at stocking densities of 4.6, 16, 25.3, and 36 fish/m 3 , respectively. Survival (83.8‐99.1%) did not differ among treatments. Apparent net protein retention (ANPR) was significantly higher ( P < 0.005) for fish stocked at the lower densities of 4.6 and 16 fish/m3 (22.5‐23.7%) than for those stocked at 25.3 and 36 fish/m 3 (21‐20.1%). There were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) in apparent net energy retention (ANER = 55.9‐59.1 %) among stocking densities. Final whole body protein (15.3‐16.3%) and lipid (23.1‐26.4%) levels did not differ significantly ( P > 0.05) among treatments. The results demonstrated that growth, survival, and feed utilization were not impaired under stocking densities ranging from 4.6‐36 fish/m 3 (3.48‐27.2 kg/m3), despite a slight reduction in water quality at the higher densities. In addition, growth variation and final whole body protein and lipid levels were not influenced by these densities. The results suggest that black sea bass are tolerant of crowding and moderate variations in water quality during intensive culture in recirculating tank systems and that higher stocking densities are possible. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2003.tb00068.x VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 300-307 SN - 0893-8849 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of subsurface drain depth on nitrogen losses from drained lands AU - Skaggs, R. W. AU - Chescheir, G. M. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - A simulation study was conducted to determine effects of drain depth on nitrogen (N) loss in drainage water.Simulations were conducted for drain depths of 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 m for a Portsmouth sandy loam at Plymouth, NorthCarolina. A wide range of drain spacing was considered for each depth. Corn yields were predicted and an economic analysiswas conducted to determine the drain spacing giving maximum predicted profit for each depth. Results showed that nitrogenlosses from subsurface drains can be reduced by placing the drains at shallow depths. In order to satisfy agriculturalproduction requirements, shallow drains must be placed closer together than deeper drains. While predicted agriculturalprofits for the shallow drains are reduced somewhat compared to the deeper drains, overall profits are substantially increasedwhen the cost of removing N from drainage water is considered. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.12974 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 237-244 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Root-parasitic nematodes enhance soil microbial activities and nitrogen mineralization AU - Tu, C AU - Koenning, , SR AU - Hu, S T2 - MICROBIAL ECOLOGY DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1007/s00248-002-1068-2 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 134-144 SN - 1432-184X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating deoxynivalenol in shelled corn barge lots by measuring deoxynivalenol in corn screenings AU - Whitaker, T. B. AU - Richard, J. L. AU - Giesbrecht, F. G. AU - Slate, A. B. AU - Ruiz, N. T2 - Journal of AOAC International DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 86 IS - 6 SP - 1187-1192 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactive effects of controlled drainage and riparian buffers on shallow groundwater qaulity AU - Dukes, M. D. AU - Evans, R. O. AU - Gilliam, J. W. AU - Kunickis, S. H. T2 - Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering AB - As a result of recent surface water quality problems in North Carolina, riparian buffers and controlled drainage are being used to reduce the loss of nonpoint source nitrogen from agricultural fields. The effect of controlled drainage and riparian buffers as best management practices to reduce the loss of agricultural nonpoint source nitrogen from the middle coastal plain has not been well documented. The middle coastal plain is characterized by intensive agriculture on sandy soils with deeply incised or channelized streams. A 2-year study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of controlled drainage, riparian buffers, and a combination of both in the middle coastal plain of North Carolina. It was hypothesized that raising the water table near the ditch would enhance nitrate-nitrogen reduction through denitrification. On the sandy soils studied, controlled drainage did not effectively raise the water table near the ditch to a greater degree than observed on the free drainage treatment. Due to random treatment location, the free drainage treatment was installed along a ditch with a shallower impermeable layer compared to the impermeable layer on the controlled drainage treatments (2 m versus 3- to 4-m deep). This resulted in a perched or higher water table on the free drainage treatment. Over 17 storm events, the riparian buffer (free drainage) treatment had an average groundwater table depth of 0.92 m compared to 0.96 and 1.45 m for the combination (riparian buffer and controlled drainage) and controlled drainage treatments, respectively. Nitrate concentration decrease between the field wells and ditch edge wells averaged 29% (buffer only), 63% (buffer and controlled drainage), and 73% (controlled drainage only). Although apparently more nitrate was removed from the groundwater on the controlled drainage treatments, the controlled drainage treatment water table near the ditch was not raised closer to the ground surface compared to the free drainage treatment. Nitrate removal effectiveness was attributed to local soil and landscape properties, such as denitrification in deeper reduced zones of the soil profile. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2003)129:2(82) VL - 129 IS - 2 SP - 82-92 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determining optimum sample size for measuring body weight of silkworm, Bombyx mori AU - Ohura, M. AU - Li, M. AU - McClure, W. F. T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 737-741 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A statistical analysis of creaming variables impacting process cheese melt quality AU - Glenn, TA AU - Daubert, CR AU - Farkas, BE AU - Stefanski, LA T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY AB - Abstract Although many variables influence the melt quality of finished processed cheese, this investigation focused on mechanical and thermal energy transport involved during the creaming process. To simulate commercial processing, a pilot scale 10‐gallon (0.04m 3 ), dual ribbon blender was equipped with a thermal control system and a 0.75 hp (559.27 W) electrical motor. An experimental design consisted of three temperatures (75, 80, 85C), three mixing rates (50, 100,150 RPM), and six durations (1, 5, 10, 15, 25, 35 min). Quantified process variables included: process strain and thermal history, and total, instantaneous, and change in mechanical energy. The Schreiber melt test was used to examine the relationship between the processing parameters and melt performance. A statistical analysis revealed significant parameter estimates (P < 0.0001) for each quantified variable in a general linear model. The process cheese industry will gain insight into controlled manufacturing conditions to deliver desired melt functionality. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2003.tb00247.x VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 299-321 SN - 0146-9428 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling nitrogen transport in duckweed pond for secondary treatment of swine wastewater AU - Chaiprapat, S. AU - Cheng, J. Y. AU - Classen, John AU - Ducoste, J. AU - Liehr, S. K. T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.) AB - A mathematical model was developed to describe nitrogen transport in duckweed-covered static ponds for nutrient recovery from swine lagoon water. A finite difference technique was used to solve the partial differential equations describing the ammonia transport and concentration in the pond. The key parameters in the model include the diffusion coefficient of ammonium in the medium (D) and kinetic constant of nitrogen uptake by duckweed (k). Using one order of magnitude parameter variations, the simulations showed that the model was clearly much more sensitive to D than to k, indicating the process of nitrogen removal in a static pond by duckweed is diffusion limited. Laboratory testing was conducted with Spirodela punctata 7776, a duckweed strain, to calibrate the model. The calibration of the model with experimental data yielded a new ammonium transport coefficient (T) that is 85 times of D value. Model results showed good agreement with depth-wise experimental ammonium concentration and the model also demonstrates that intermittent mixing every 3 h can enhance ammonium uptake. Additionally, an apparent drop in pH near the duckweed mat at the surface was observed that may explain low rates of ammonia emission from duckweed ponds. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2003)129:8(731) VL - 129 IS - 8 SP - 731–739 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Hydrology and water quality of forested lands in eastern North Carolina AU - Chescheir, G. M. AU - Lebo, M. E. AU - Amatya, D. M. AU - Hughes, J. AU - Gilliam, J. W. AU - Skaggs, R. W. AU - Herrmann, R. B. CN - GB705 .N8 H935 2003 DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Raleigh, N.C. : N.C. Agricultural Research Service, N.C. State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of orifice-weir outlet on hydrology and water quality of a drained forested watershed AU - Amatya, D. M. AU - Skaggs, R. W. AU - Gilliam, J. W. AU - Hughes, J. H. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 130-142 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detecting reductions in sediment loads associated with Ohio's conservation reserve enhancement program AU - Richards, RP AU - Grabow, GL T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - ABSTRACT: Small systematic changes in loads or concentrations of water quality constituents are difficult to detect against the background of short term fluctuations (“noise”) that result from weather and climate effects. Minimum Detectable Change Analysis (MDCA) uses prior knowledge of a water quality constituent to determine how much change must occur (e.g., from implementation of conservation practices) for the change to be statistically significant. In this paper we use MDCA to determine whether the goal of the Ohio Lake Erie Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), to reduce sediment loads by an average of 6 percent over 10 years, represents a large enough change to be detected. We conclude that this amount of change is unlikely to be detected as statistically significant, even with the high frequency sampling program planned for evaluating it. The minimum detectable change ranges from about 7 to 9 percent for three different rivers. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03707.x VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 1261-1268 SN - 1093-474X KW - statistical analysis KW - water quality KW - watershed management KW - detecting change KW - suspended sediment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a permeable, 5 cm thick, polyethylene foam lagoon cover AU - Miner, J. R. AU - Humenik, F. J. AU - Rice, J. M. AU - Rashash, D. M. C. AU - Williams, C. AU - Robarge, W. AU - Harris, D. B. AU - Sheffield, R. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Anaerobic lagoons and liquid manure storage basins are widely used for the treatment and storage of livestockand poultry manure. Although relatively inexpensive to construct, these devices have been widely criticized based upon theirodor and ammonia release. A floating, permeable, composite cover manufactured from recycled polyethylene chips toppedwith a geotextile layer containing zeolite particles was evaluated under both laboratory and field conditions. Underlaboratory conditions, the cover was found essentially to eliminate odor release and to reduce ammonia emissions byapproximately 80%.

When installed on a 0.4 ha swine manure lagoon in eastern North Carolina, the cover survived severe storms and allowedeven intense rainfall to pass through without causing cover inundation. Under these field conditions, the cover was foundto reduce ammonia emissions approximately 80%. Odor emissions measured twice during one month of the study wereconsistently low in concentration and near neutral relative to quality, as determined by an analysis by a trained odor panel.Microbiological examination of the cover after four months of use showed an active population of aerobic bacteria andprotozoa; analysis showed that nitrifying, sulfide oxidizing, and methanotrophic bacteria were likely trophic components ofthe microbial populations observed. The surface of the cover became covered with an algal population within two weeks ofinstallation. This and other vegetative growth had no discernable impact on the performance of the cover. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.15442 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 1421-1426 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A method to predict soil saturation frequency and duration from soil color AU - He, X AU - Vepraskas, MJ AU - Lindbo, DL AU - Skaggs, RW T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Saturation frequency and duration must be estimated to determine if a site is a jurisdictional wetland, and such data also aid in assessing sites for on-site waste disposal. This study developed a method to estimate saturation frequency and duration by calibrating redoximorphic features to a 40-yr record of water table simulations in a catena of Atlantic Coastal Plain soils in North Carolina. Thirteen plots were established along a toposequence with moderately well-drained (Aquic Paleudults) and very poorly drained soils (Umbric Paleaquults) as end members. A hydrologic model (DRAINMOD) was calibrated for each plot. Redox potential measurements showed that an average of 21 consecutive days of continuous saturation was sufficient for Fe reduction to occur in the soils. Historic rainfall data were used in the DRAINMOD model to estimate the number of times each plot was saturated for 21 consecutive days or longer in each year of a 40-yr period. Redoximorphic features were significantly correlated with average number of saturation events computed to have occurred at depths of 45, 60, 75, and 90 cm across all soils. Relationships were linear and varied by depth when all soils were analyzed as a single population. The r2 values for relationships between redox depletions and saturation events were >0.85 for saturation occurring during the growing season, and were >0.75 for saturation events occurring at any time during the year. These relationships allow prediction of the likelihood that a soil will saturate for ≥21 d by simply estimating the percentage of redoximorphic features at a given depth. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2003.0961 VL - 67 IS - 3 SP - 961-969 SN - 0361-5995 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Standardisation of mycotoxin sampling procedures: an urgent necessity AU - Whitaker, TB T2 - FOOD CONTROL AB - A mycotoxin sampling plan is defined by the mycotoxin test procedure (sample size, sample preparation method, and analytical method) and the accept/reject limit. Because of the variability associated with each step of the mycotoxin test procedure, the true mycotoxin concentration of a bulk lot cannot be determined with 100% certainty. As a result, some lots will be misclassified by the sampling program. Some good lots will be rejected by the sampling plan (seller’s risk or false positives) and some bad lots will be accepted by the sampling plan (buyer’s risk or false negatives). The magnitude of these risks is directly related to the magnitude of the variability associated with the mycotoxin test procedure. It is difficult for an exporter to have an effective control program when regulatory limits and sample designs differ greatly among trading countries. In order to facilitate trade and provide protection for the consumer, it would be desirable for all trading countries to have the same mycotoxin limits and sample plan. While standardization of sampling plans among trading nations is important, any standardised sampling plan must be designed to minimize both the seller’s and buyer’s risks to the lowest possible levels that resources will allow. Reducing the variability of the mycotoxin test procedure will reduce both the buyer’s and seller’s risks. It is important to understand the sources of error in the mycotoxin test procedure so the errors can be effectively reduced. The sampling step usually is the largest source of error due to the extreme mycotoxin distribution among kernels in the lot. As an example, sampling (5 kg), sample preparation (USDA subsampling mill and 250 g subsample), and analysis (TLC) accounted for 83%, 9%, and 8% of the total aflatoxin testing error, respectively, when testing raw shelled peanuts for aflatoxin. Examples are given to show how increasing sample size reduces sampling error; increasing the fineness of grind and using larger subsamples reduces sample preparation error, and increasing the number of aliquots analyzed and using improved technology (HPLC versus TLC) decreases analytical error. International organizations such as FAO/WHO have used scientific techniques to evaluate and design aflatoxin sampling plans for raw shelled peanuts traded in the export market. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1016/S0956-7135(03)00012-4 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 233-237 SN - 1873-7129 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predictive toxicology: Benchmarking molecular descriptors and statistical methods AU - Feng, J AU - Lurati, L AU - Ouyang, H AU - Robinson, T AU - Wang, YY AU - Yuan, SL AU - Young, SS T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES AB - The development of drugs depends on finding compounds that have beneficial effects with a minimum of toxic effects. The measurement of toxic effects is typically time-consuming and expensive, so there is a need to be able to predict toxic effects from the compound structure. Predicting toxic effects is expected to be challenging because there are usually multiple toxic mechanisms involved. In this paper, combinations of different chemical descriptors and popular statistical methods were applied to the problem of predictive toxicology. Four data sets were collected and cleaned, and four different sets of chemical descriptors were calculated for the compounds in each of the four data sets. Three statistical methods (recursive partitioning, neural networks, and partial least squares) were used to attempt to link chemical descriptors to the response. Good predictions were achieved in the two smaller data sets; we found for large data sets that the results were less effective, indicating that new chemical descriptors or statistical methods are needed. All of the methods and descriptors worked to a degree, but our work hints that certain descriptors work better with specific statistical methods so there is a need for better understanding and for continued methods development. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1021/ci034032s VL - 43 IS - 5 SP - 1463-1470 SN - 0095-2338 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing ammonium ion dissociation constant in swine anaerobic lagoon liquid and deionized water AU - Arogo, J. AU - Westerman, P. W. AU - Liang, Z. S. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - The dissociation constant of ammonium ion both in deionized water and swine anaerobic lagoon liquid wasdetermined experimentally in a convective emission chamber at three temperatures (15.C, 25.C, and 35.C) commonlyexperienced in lagoons in the south and southeastern regions of the U.S. Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) salt was used to makethe solution for the deionized water tests. The dissociation constant (Kd) values obtained for NH4Cl in deionized waterapproximately doubled with every 10.C increase in liquid temperature from 15.C to 35.C. A similar trend was obtained forlagoon liquid in the 25.C to 35.C liquid temperature range, but the Kd values for the lagoon liquid were ~50% of those forNH4Cl in deionized water. However, at 15.C, the Kd value for the lagoon liquid was almost the same as for deionized water,and was 0.75 the lagoon liquid value at 25.C. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the Kd values of ammoniumion in anaerobic lagoon liquid was 50% of the value in deionized water at 25.C and 35.C, and 94% of the value at 15.C.This implies that for lagoons with characteristics similar to those of the anaerobic lagoon liquid reported in this study, theKd values (normally derived from NH4+ dissociation in deionized water) used in ammonia volatilization calculations shouldbe adjusted to a fraction of that in deionized water. More studies to determine the Kd values for lagoon liquids with differenttotal ammonia nitrogen concentrations and solid contents are needed. Studies should include the effects of temperature andperhaps distinguish between the effects of dissolved and suspended solids on the dissociation constant. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.15441 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 1415-1419 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rheological characterization of process cheese using tube viscometry AU - Leach, MR AU - Farkas, BE AU - Daubert, CR T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES AB - Abstract A rheological characterization of process cheese mix was performed using tube viscometry techniques at 15, 20, 25, and 30°C over the approximate shear rate range of 5–35 s−1. The shear rate range was chosen to correspond with a range germane to pilot scale process cheese production. As expected, the cheese mixture was shear thinning. Additionally, the viscosity of cheese mix substantially decreased as temperature increased, with a near tenfold decrease in viscosity from 15 to 30°C. At a shear rate of 7.5 s−1, the viscosity of the mixture at 15°C was 936.8 Pa s, while the viscosity at 30°C was 112.7 Pa s. Power law models were developed for each temperature. Generalized models for predicting apparent viscosity as a function of temperature and shear rate were developed using both a multiple linear regression equation and a modified Arrhenius‐type equation. The tube viscometry technique and subsequent models have applications to the prediction of flow behavior of highly viscous materials to aid in food process design. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1081/JFP-120017847 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 259-267 SN - 1094-2912 KW - process cheese KW - tube viscometry KW - rheology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overview of regulatory/policy/economic issues related to carbon dioxide AU - Leaf, D AU - Verolme, HJH AU - Hunt, WF T2 - ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL AB - This is an overview of Session 2c dealing with the regulatory, policy and economic issues related to carbon dioxide and its impact on global climate change. The information is taken from the two papers presented in this session (the U.S. Perspective by Dennis Leaf and the European Perspective by Hans J.H. Verolme) and from the panel discussion that took place at the end of the session. The overview focuses primarily on the policy responses of both the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) to changes in global atmospheric pollution. To a lesser extent, the progress of policy responses to these changes is discussed. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has been signed and ratified by over 180 countries. The UNFCCC contained no binding targets or timetables for emissions reductions. The Kyoto Protocol [United Nations. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. UNEP.IUC/99/10. Chatlelaine, Switzerland: United Nations Environment Programme's Information Unit for Conventions, for the Climate Change Secretariat, 1997] to the UNFCCC did contain targets and timetables for reductions of greenhouse gases on the part of developed countries. The US has signed but not ratified the Kyoto Protocol. The US has experienced some movement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions on the part of various levels of government, as well as the private sector. The UK's commitment to reducing green house gases is laid down in the UK Climate Change Programme 2000. The UK is a member of the European Union (EU). In this context, an example of EU-wide progress, the voluntary agreement with car manufacturers to reduce CO2 emissions in new vehicles, will be discussed. In addition, there will be some discussion on the UK CO2 trading scheme that created the first market in the world in April 2001. Overall, the policy process is constantly informed by scientific research. In the case of climate change, much of this work is carried out under the auspices of international scientific panels. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00161-7 VL - 29 IS - 2-3 SP - 303-310 SN - 0160-4120 KW - climate change KW - greenhouse gases KW - United Nations KW - Kyoto Protocol KW - policy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction to the regulatory/policy/economics section AU - Hunt, WF T2 - ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00188-5 VL - 29 IS - 2-3 SP - 287-288 SN - 0160-4120 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Information needs related to extension service and community outreach AU - Bottcher, RW T2 - ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL AB - Air quality affects everyone. Some people are affected by air quality impacts, regulations, and technological developments in several ways. Stakeholders include the medical community, ecologists, government regulators, industries, technology providers, academic professionals, concerned citizens, the news media, and elected officials. Each of these groups may perceive problems and opportunities differently, but all need access to information as it is developed. The diversity and complexity of air quality problems contribute to the challenges faced by extension and outreach professionals who must communicate with stakeholders having diverse backgrounds. Gases, particulates, biological aerosols, pathogens, and odors all require expensive and relatively complex technology to measure and control. Economic constraints affect the ability of regulators and others to measure air quality, and industry and others to control it. To address these challenges, while communicating air quality research results and concepts to stakeholders, three areas of information needs are evident. (1) A basic understanding of the fundamental concepts regarding air pollutants and their measurement and control is needed by all stakeholders; the Extension Specialist, to be effective, must help people move some distance up the learning curve. (2) Each problem or set of problems must be reasonably well defined since comprehensive solution of all problems simultaneously may not be feasible; for instance, the solution of an odor problem associated with animal production may not address atmospheric effects due to ammonia emissions. (3) The integrity of the communication process must be preserved by avoiding prejudice and protectionism; although stakeholders may seek to modify information to enhance their interests, extension and outreach professionals must be willing to present unwelcome information or admit to a lack of information. A solid grounding in fundamental concepts, careful and fair problem definition, and a resolute commitment to integrity and credibility will enable effective communication of air quality information to and among diverse stakeholders. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00166-6 VL - 29 IS - 2-3 SP - 337-340 SN - 0160-4120 KW - air quality KW - community outreach KW - education KW - extension KW - stakeholders KW - technology transfer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of bone diameter and eccentric loading on fatigue life of cortical screws used with interlocking nails AU - Aper, RL AU - Litsky, AS AU - Roe, SC AU - Johnson, KA T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To test the effects of bone diameter and eccentric loading on fatigue life of 2.7-mm-diameter cortical bone screws used for locking a 6-mm-diameter interlocking nail.Eighteen 2.7-mm-diameter cortical bone screws.A simulated bone model with aluminum tubing and a 6-mm-diameter interlocking nail was used to load screws in cyclic 3-point bending. Group 1 included 6 screws that were centrally loaded within 19-mm-diameter aluminum tubing. Group 2 included 6 screws that were centrally loaded within 31.8-mm-diameter aluminum tubing. Group 3 included 6 screws that were eccentrically loaded (5.5 mm from center) within 31.8-mm-diameter aluminum tubing. The number of cycles until screw failure and the mode of failure were recorded.An increase in the diameter of the aluminum tubing from 19 to 31.8 mm resulted in a significant decrease in the number of cycles to failure (mean +/- SD, 761,215 +/- 239,853 to 16,941 +/- 2,829 cycles, respectively). Within 31.8-mm tubing, the number of cycles of failure of eccentrically loaded screws (43,068 +/- 14,073 cycles) was significantly greater than that of centrally loaded screws (16,941 +/- 2,829 cycles).Within a bone, locking screws are subjected to different loading conditions depending on location (diaphyseal vs metaphyseal). The fatigue life of a locking screw centrally loaded in the metaphyseal region of bone may be shorter than in the diaphysis. Eccentric loading of the locking screw in the metaphysis may help to improve its fatigue life. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.569 VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 569-573 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Challenges of CAFO waste management AU - Cheng, Jay T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.) AB - JOUR to 5,000 and 2,000 mg/L, respectively!. Because of the large quantity and high contents of organic matter and nutrients, manure and wastewater from CAFOs have caused growing environmental concerns. The animal wastes have the potential to contribute pollutants such as nutrients, organic matter, pathogens, heavy metals, hormones, antibiotics, and ammonia to the environment. These pollutants can cause potential contamination to surface and groundwaters and negative impact to air quality if they are not properly managed. Currently, anaerobic-lagoon/sprayfield irrigation is the most widely used system for animal-waste management in the United States. In such a system, animal manure and wastewater are treated and temporarily stored in an anaerobic lagoon where organic matter is degraded, and the effluent and sludge of the lagoon are irrigated onto a cropland for nutrient utilization. Environmental concerns about the current waste management system include odor and ammonia emissions from the open lagoon and sprayfield, methane emission from the open lagoon, and accidental lagoon spills due to severe weather conditions. Finding solutions for these concerns can be quite challenging, understanding that effective solutions need to balance cost with environmental performance and operational ability of the farm enterprises. There have been considerable regulatory efforts to ameliorate the impacts of animal waste on air and water quality in the last two decades. A common characteristic of these efforts is the adaptation of the technologies widely used in the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters. However, the cost of many of these technologies ~e.g., aeration, typical nitrification/ denitrification process! is prohibitively too high for their application on animal-waste treatment. To minimize water quality and public health impacts from AFOs, the U.S. Department of Agriculture ~USDA! and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ~EPA! developed a unified national strategy for feed and manure management in AFOs in 1999 ~http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/finafost.htm!. According to the strategy, all AFO owners and operators are expected to develop and implement technically sound and economically feasible sitespecific comprehensive nutrient management plans ~CNMPs! including feed management, manure handling and storage, and land application of manure. In December 2002, the EPA published ‘‘Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations ~CAFO! Final Rule’’ ~http: //cfpub1.epa.gov/npdes/afo/cafofinalrule.cfm?program_id 57! to regulate CAFO waste management. All CAFOs have a mandatory duty to apply for a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ~NPDES! permit. NPDES permits under the authority of the Clean Water Act require CAFOs to develop CNMPs and to meet other conditions that minimize the threat to water quality and public health and otherwise ensure compliance with the requirements of the Clean Water Act. Only CAFOs that have successfully demonstrated no potential to discharge may avoid a permit. Considerable efforts have been made in the development of cost-effective, environmentally-friendly alternative technologies for CAFO waste management. A variety of anaerobic digesters Jiayang Cheng Associate Editor, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7625. E-mail: jay_cheng@ncsu.edu DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2003)129:5(391) VL - 129 IS - 5 SP - 391–392 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of cloth temperature on the cooling efficiency of shade cloths in greenhouses AU - Willits, D. H. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Tests were conducted to examine the role of cloth temperature in the cooling efficiency of shade cloths appliedto greenhouses. In the first test, shade cloths (with two thermocouples attached to each) were placed over a pair of smallwooden frames, supported by a single layer of clear polyethylene attached to each frame. Water was intermittently appliedto one of the shade cloths every other day. A 60% shade, black cloth was used for the first half of testing and a 40% shade,white cloth was used for the second half. A mathematical model was developed to describe the energy balance on the shadecloths. A second set of tests placed 50% shade, black plastic shade cloths (with six thermocouples attached to each) over two6.7 . 12.2 m, doublepolyethylene covered, Quonsetstyle greenhouses. Water was intermittently applied to one of thegreenhouses on an alternate basis every other day. The greenhouses were kept empty so that energy gain could be determinedby air temperature rise alone. Output from the thermal model was compared to data observed during the shade frame tests.Model output agreed well with the observed shade cloth and floor temperatures, except that floor temperatures under the wetwhite cloth were significantly overpredicted. The model and data showed a clear correlation between shade cloth temperatureand floor temperature. For the greenhouse tests, the data showed that energy gain was directly correlated with shade clothtemperature, and that shade cloth temperature was directly correlated with the frequency of water application. Neither setof tests showed radiation screening by the water film to be a major factor influencing cooling. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.13959 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1215-1221 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling moisture and chemical changes during bulk curing of flue-cured tobacco AU - Abubakar, Y. AU - Young, J. H. AU - Johnson, W. H. AU - Weeks, W. W. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Mathematical models to predict moisture content, chlorophyll, starch, and reducing sugar concentrations weredeveloped as a function of curing variables like temperature, initial moisture content, airflow rate, time, and initial chemicalconcentrations. The moisture removal model was based on a twoterm (liquid and vapor) thinlayer drying equation, whilechlorophyll, starch, and respiration models were based on firstorder rate equations. Several product parameters requiredin secondary equations were determined through regression and comparison of root mean square errors. The models werefitted to the experimental data collected during the first year of the experiments (1997) to determine the product parametersby minimizing root mean square errors. The models were then verified using the experimental data obtained in the secondyear of the experiments. The models will help predict effects of curing variables on rate of moisture removal and chemicalconcentrations in the cured tobacco leaf. This information will contribute to the optimization of the curing process in termsof process efficiency and product quality. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.13935 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1123-1134 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of parameter uncertainty on DRAINMOD predictions: II. Nitrogen loss AU - Haan, P. K. AU - Skaggs, R. W. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Reducing nitrate levels in sensitive coastal waters has become a national priority. Agriculture has been targetedas a significant contributor to this problem. Controlled drainage is recognized as one way to reduce nitrate losses fromagricultural fields requiring subsurface drainage. The computerbased hydrology model DRAINMOD can be used to predictthe effect of drainage design on the rate of subsurface drainage and the water quality related to nitrates in these waters. Anuncertainty analysis of the model was conducted to quantitatively assess the variability in the model predictions for averageannual nitrate loss through subsurface drainage, surface runoff, and denitrification caused by parameter uncertainty.Firstorder approximation and Monte Carlo simulation were used to estimate the effect of the uncertainty in the most sensitiveparameters (dispersivity, bulk density, % nitrogen uptake by corn, mineralization rate constant, and denitrification rateconstant) on the uncertainty in the model objective functions. The denitrification rate constant accounted for greater than70% of the uncertainty in terms of the variance for all objective functions under both conventional and controlled drainage.Reducing the uncertainty in influential parameters can reduce the uncertainty in DRAINMOD predictions for nitrate loss. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.13969 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1069-1075 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Perry' peanut AU - Isleib, TG AU - Rice, PW AU - Mozingo, RW AU - Bailey, JE AU - Mozingo, RW AU - Pattee, HE T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 43, Issue 2 p. 739-740 Registrations of Cultivar Registration of ‘Perry’ Peanut T.G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T.G. Isleib [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, Box 7629, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorP.W. Rice, P.W. Rice Dep. of Crop Science, Box 7629, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo, R.W. Mozingo Dep. of Crop Science, Box 7629, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629 Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorJ.E. Bailey, J.E. Bailey Dep. of Plant Pathology, Box 7616, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo, R.W. Mozingo Dep. of Crop Science, Box 7629, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629 Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorH.E. Pattee, H.E. Pattee USDA-ARS, Box 7625, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this author T.G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T.G. Isleib [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, Box 7629, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorP.W. Rice, P.W. Rice Dep. of Crop Science, Box 7629, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo, R.W. Mozingo Dep. of Crop Science, Box 7629, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629 Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorJ.E. Bailey, J.E. Bailey Dep. of Plant Pathology, Box 7616, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo, R.W. Mozingo Dep. of Crop Science, Box 7629, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629 Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorH.E. Pattee, H.E. Pattee USDA-ARS, Box 7625, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 2003 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.7390Citations: 14 Partial support for the development of NC 12C was provided by the N.C. Peanut Growers' Association, Inc., the N.C. Crop Improvement Association, the N.C. Foundation Seed Producers, Inc., and the USAID Peanut Collaborative Research Support Program. Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Beute M.K., Registration of NC 3033 peanut germplasm (Reg. No. GP 9). :. Crop Sci. (1976) 16, 887http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1976.0011183X001600060046x Carver W.A., Registration of Florigiant peanuts (Reg. No. 1). Crop Sci. (1969) 9, 849– 850 http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1969.0011183X000900060067x, Coffelt T.A., Registration of ‘VA 93B’ peanut. :. Crop Sci. (1994) 34, 1126http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400040060x, Gregory W.C., Registration of NC 2 peanuts (Reg. No. 5). Crop Sci. (1970) 10, 459– 460 http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1970.0011183X001000040058x Isleib T.G., a. Registration of ‘NC 12C’ peanut. :. Crop Sci. (1997) 37, 1976http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700060051x, Isleib T.G., b. Use of a laboratory colorimeter to measure pod brightness in virginia-type peanuts. Peanut Sci. (1997) 24, 81– 84 http://doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-24-2-4 Mozingo R.W. 1999. Peanut variety and quality evaluation results, 1999. I. Agronomic and grade data. Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ. Inf. Ser. No. 422. Mozingo R.W. 2000. Peanut variety and quality evaluation results, 1999. II. Quality data. Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ. Inf. Ser. No. 423. Mozingo R.W., Registration of VA 98R peanut. Crop Sci. (2000) 40, 1202– 1203 http://gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=agrocropsoil&KeyUT=000089410600060&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=523bbf5d2a868de7bbaeea0bc70ec0e4 Pattee H.E., Adjusting roast peanut scores for fruity attribute and non-optimum CIELAB L* values. J. Sens. Stud. (1990) 9, 353– 363 http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1994.tb00253.x Wynne J.C., Registration of ‘NC-V11’ peanut. Crop Sci. (1991) 31, 484– 485 http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183X003100020062x, Wynne J.C., Registration of NC 7 peanut (Reg. No. 22). :. Crop Sci. (1979) 19, 563http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1979.0011183X001900040037x, Wynne J.C., Registration of ‘NC 9’ peanut. :. Crop Sci. (1986) 26, 197http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1986.0011183X002600010051x Citing Literature Volume43, Issue2March–April 2003Pages 739-740 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2003.0739 VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 739-740 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - CONF TI - Optimization of nitrogen removal from anaerobically-pretreated swine wastewater in intermittent aeration tanks AU - Hu, Z. AU - Mota, C. R., III AU - Reyes F. L., AU - Cheng, J. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes IX : proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium, 12-15 October, 2003, Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2003/// VL - 9 SN - 1892769328 ER - TY - CONF TI - Ambient temperature anaerobic digester and greenhouse for swine waste treatment and bioresource recovery at Barham farm AU - Cheng, J. AU - Peet, M. M. AU - Willits, D. H. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings : North Carolina Animal Waste Management Workshop : Oct. 16-17, 2003, Sheraton Imperial Hotel, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina DA - 2003/// SN - 0966977025 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Anaerobic processes AU - Cheng, Jay T2 - Water Environment Research AB - Water Environment ResearchVolume 75, Issue 7 p. 505-535 Treatment SystemFree Access Anaerobic Processes Jiayang Cheng, Jiayang ChengSearch for more papers by this author Jiayang Cheng, Jiayang ChengSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 2003 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143003X141411AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume75, Issue72003 Literature ReviewSeptember-October 2003Pages 505-535 RelatedInformation DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2175/106143003x141411 VL - 75 IS - LR SP - 505–535 ER - TY - CONF TI - Utilizing a greenhouse tomato crop to recover bio-resources from swine waste AU - Harlow, C. AU - Peet, M. M. AU - Ponce, A. K. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Willits, D. H. AU - Casteel, M. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the ASHS centennial conference (Providence, Rhode Island) DA - 2003/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Utilization of treated swine wastewater for greenhouse tomato production AU - Cheng, J. AU - Shearin, T. E. AU - Peet, M. M. AU - Willits, D. H. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Wastewater reclamation and reuse IV : selected proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, held at Mexico City, 12-14 November 2003 DA - 2003/// VL - 4 SN - 1843394839 ER - TY - CONF TI - Swine wastewater treatment in an integrated system of anaerobic digestion and duckweed nutrient removal AU - Cheng, Jay AU - Liehr, S. AU - Lyerly, C. AB - Organics destruction and nutrient uptake in an integrated pilot system of anaerobic digestion andduckweed nutrient removal for swine wastewater treatment were monitored under field conditions. Raw swinewastewater of 100 gallons/day was first treated in a 1,000-gallon anaerobic digester with floating ballast rings.Organic compounds in the wastewater were digested to produce biogas. Many nutrients including nitrogen andphosphorus remain in the effluent of the anaerobic digester. Duckweed (Lemna gibba 8678) was grown inthree 1,000-gallon tanks to recover nutrients from the anaerobic effluent. The duckweed was periodicallyharvested and can be used as animal, poultry, and fish feed. This research provides an initial understanding ofthe attached-growth anaerobic digester and the characteristics exhibited by Lemna gibba in the treatment ofswine wastewater under conditions similar to those found in North Carolina. Both the anaerobic digester andthe duckweed tanks were run as completely mixed systems. The performance of the system was monitored by measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus(TP), ortho-phosphate-phosphorus, and pH in the influent and effluent of each treatment unit. C2 - 2003/// C3 - ASAE annual International Meeting 2003, Las Vegas : The Riviera Hotel, July 27-30, 2003 DA - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.13893 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermal and dielectric properties of sweetpotato puree AU - Fasina, OO AU - Farkas, BE AU - Fleming, HP T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES AB - Abstract Pureeing of sweetpotato (SP) is carried out to enhance the conversion of the roots into value‐added products. During processing, production and home utilization, the puree is often heated (conventional cooking or microwaved), hence the need to measure the corresponding properties of SP puree. Thermal (specific heat, thermal conductivity, density, and thermal diffusivity) and dielectric properties (dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor) of SP puree were determined within a temperature range of 5 to 80°C. Increase in temperature increased the specific heat (3.70–3.78 kJ/kg K), thermal conductivity (0.52–0.78 W/m K), and thermal diffusivity (1.98 × 10−7–4.25 × 10−7 m2/s) of SP puree. The density (705–485 kg/m3) of the puree decreased with temperature. Both temperature and frequency (900–2500 MHz) significantly affected the dielectric constant (60.5–73.0) and dielectric loss factor (16.5–29.5) of SP puree. At the two frequencies (915 and 2450 MHz) used in industrial food processing, calculations showed that the penetration depth was not significantly affected by temperature at 2450 MHz, while at 915 MHz, the penetration depth decreased with temperature. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1081/JFP-120021459 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 461-472 SN - 1094-2912 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crossflow filtration of brine from cucumber fermentation AU - Fasina, O. O. AU - Fleming, H. P. AU - Humphries, E. G. AU - Thompson, R. L. AU - Reina, L. R. T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture AB - Due to environmental concerns, pickle companies are considering ways of reclaiming the brine obtained fromcucumber fermentation. The removal of microbial cells is crucial in use of the brine in finished pickle products. The effectsof transmembrane pressure (41 to 166 kPa), feed flow rate (7.8 to 15.5 L/min), pore size (500,000 NWCO and 0.2 .m), andcell concentration (optical density of 0.171 to 1.170 at 640 nm) on permeate flux during the crossflow filtration of brineobtained from bulk fermentation of cucumber were studied. Results indicate that the microfiltration membranes exhibited alarge flux decline during the first 15 min of operation when challenged with the fermentation brine. The net decline inpermeate flux increased with transmembrane pressure, flow velocity, pore size, and cell concentration. Filtration throughfilter pore size of 0.2 .m or smaller effectively removed the microbial cells present in the brine. Only the transmembranepressure significantly affected the resistance of the cake formed at the filter surface. From the results obtained from the study,it is possible to use microfiltration to filter sediments and microbial cells from brine obtained from cucumber fermentation. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.12722 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 107-113 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cooling fan-ventilated greenhouses: A modelling study AU - Willits, DH T2 - BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING AB - A model for fan-ventilated greenhouse cooling is presented in which the primary heat transfer surfaces (cover/structure, canopy and floor) are represented as three parallel planes. Validation of the model was accomplished using data collected over 14 days. Agreement was good, with canopy temperatures over-predicted by only 0·1%, air temperatures in the canopy under-predicted by 0·5%, humidity of the canopy air under-predicted by 1·6% and transpiration rates under-predicted by 1·4%. Simulation runs suggest that when evaporative pad cooling is not used, little advantage is derived from increasing airflow rates beyond about 0·05 m3 m−2 s−1. When evaporative pad cooling is used, however, both air and canopy temperatures decline with increasing airflow rates up to 0·13 m3 m−2 s−1, the highest level considered. Increasing canopy size is predicted to be more influential in reducing air temperatures when evaporative pad cooling is used than when it is not, but its effect on canopy temperature is expected to be approximately the same whether or not evaporative pad cooling is used. With no evaporative pad cooling, the evapotranspiration coefficient (i.e., the ratio of energy used for transpiration to incoming solar energy) is predicted to range from 1·75 for an outside temperature of 36·8°C and an outside humidity ratios of 3·3 g kg−1 to 0·8 for an outside humidity ratio of 29·9 g kg−1 at the same temperature. With evaporative pad cooling, the coefficient is predicted to range from 0·6 to 0·8 at the same outside temperature and the same range of outside humidity ratios. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1016/S1537-5110(02)00270-2 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 315-329 SN - 1537-5110 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A review of ammonia emissions from confined swine feeding operations AU - Arogo, J. AU - Westerman, P. W. AU - Heber, A. J. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Ammonia emissions from swine feeding operations depend on the housing type; animal size, age, and type; manuremanagement, storage, and treatment; climatic variables; and manure utilization or land application techniques. Techniquesor methods for estimating or quantifying NH3 flux from a source to the atmosphere include nitrogen mass balance,micrometeorology, flux chambers, models, and emission factors. Of these techniques, emission factors, once established,provide the most convenience in estimating emissions. However,it is important to understand how a particular emission factoris determined and whether it accurately reflects a composite or average emission for all the variable conditons. Using anaverage ammonia emission factor multiplied by pig inventory to determine a regional or national ammonia emission inventorymay be misleading, especially in the U.S. where existing emission factors were developed using data from swine facilities inWestern Europe.

Housing, manure management practices, and climate vary among different regions of the U.S. and can be very differentfrom those in Western Europe. In addition, ammonia concentrations and emission estimations have been determined with avariety of methods, making it difficult to compare results. To determine representative ammonia emissions from confined swinefeeding operations, it is important that emission factors be specific enough to account for animal type and size, housingsystem, manure storage and treatment, land application, and climatic effects. This article describes the strengths andlimitations of emission factors as currently used and provides recommendations for determining realistic ammonia emissionfactors for swine feeding operations. Because of the limited nature of the data published in the literature, emission factorsfor different animal management systems could not be presented.

Regulators, consultants, cooperative extension personnel, and other leaders in the agricultural community with interestin ammonia emissions should be aware of the lack of reliable U.S. data available for calculating accurate emission factors.The scientific research community should standardize methods for measurement, calculation, and reporting of ammoniaemissions. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.13597 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 805-817 ER -