TY - JOUR TI - Long term evolution of a dam reservoir subjected to regular flushing events AU - Guertault, L. AU - Camenen, B. AU - Peteuil, C. AU - Paquier, A. T2 - Advances in Geosciences AB - Abstract. An analysis of the long term morphological evolution of the Génissiat reservoir (France) is provided. First, a methodology for bathymetric data processing and reservoir sediment volume budget calculation is described. An estimation of global uncertainties in volume calculation is proposed. The reservoir bathymetric budget for several dam flushing events and interflush periods is presented, showing the global decrease of deposited sediment volume with time. The spatial dynamics of the reservoir subreaches is highlighted and typical patterns in flush and interflush periods are identified. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.5194/adgeo-39-89-2014 VL - 39 SP - 89-94 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84897465751&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - 1D modelling of fine sediments dynamics in a dam reservoir during a flushing event AU - Guertault, L AU - Camenen, B AU - Paquier, A AU - Peteuil, C C2 - 2014/// C3 - Reservoir Sedimentation - Special Session on Reservoir Sedimentation of the 7th International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, RIVER FLOW 2014 DA - 2014/// DO - 10.1201/b17397-19 SP - 147-154 PB - CRC Press UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84906862093&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Food Virology Collaborative: NoroCORE Tackles Foodborne Viruses AU - Gensel, C.L. AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Jaykus, L.A. T2 - Food Safety Magazine DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// VL - 20 IS - 2 ER - TY - CONF TI - Environmental Sampling of NC Tomato Production Systems for Salmonella spp AU - Ducharme, D. AU - Gunter, C. AU - Perkins-Veazie, P. AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Zheng, J. AU - Son, I. AU - Brown, E. AU - Bell, R. AU - Jaykus, L.A. T2 - 9th Annual NC State University Graduate Student Research Symposium C2 - 2014/3/26/ CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2014/3/26/ PY - 2014/3/26/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Detection and Characterization of Salmonella spp. and Correlation with Microbial Indicators in NC Tomato Production Environments AU - Ducharme, D. AU - Gunter, C. AU - Perkins-Veazie, P. AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Zheng, J. AU - Son, I. AU - Brown, E. AU - Bell, R. AU - Jaykus, L.A. T2 - 111th Annual Meeting American Society for Horticultural Science C2 - 2014/7/28/ CY - Orlando, FL DA - 2014/7/28/ PY - 2014/7/28/ UR - https://cdn.ymaws.com/ashs.org/resource/resmgr/Files/2014_program.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Environmental Reservoirs of Salmonella spp. in Field and Water Samples Associated with N.C. Tomato Production AU - Ducharme, D. AU - Gunter, C. AU - Perkins-Veazie, P. AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Zheng, J. AU - Son, I. AU - Brown, E. AU - Bell, R. AU - Jaykus, L.A. T2 - International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting C2 - 2014/8/3/ C3 - Field and Water Samples Associated with N.C. Tomato Production” CY - Indianapolis, IN DA - 2014/8/3/ PY - 2014/8/3/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Stakeholder Update: A Perspective from the Fresh Produce Industry AU - Simmons, O.D., III DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Viruses and Fresh Produce: Important Information that Every Producer Should Know! AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Jaykus, L.A. DA - 2014/12/2/ PY - 2014/12/2/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Viral Contamination of Berries: Information All Growers Should Know! AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Jaykus, L.A. DA - 2014/11/17/ PY - 2014/11/17/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Irrigation Water for Fresh Produce: Impacts to Food Safety AU - Simmons, O.D., III T2 - North Carolina Irrigation Society Meeting C2 - 2014/11/6/ CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2014/11/6/ PY - 2014/11/6/ ER - TY - CONF TI - The USDA-NIFA Food Virology Collaborative: NoroCORE AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Jaykus, L.A. T2 - Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference (ISSC), Gulf and South Atlantic Shellfish Sanitation Conference C2 - 2014/// DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluating the Hydrologic and Water Quality Performance of Infiltrating Wet Retention Ponds AU - Baird, Joshua AU - Hunt, III, William AU - Winston, Ryan T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 AB - Wet retention basins have typically been designed to capture and slowly release stormwater to mitigate peak flow rates and settle out particulate-bound pollutants. However, in locations with Hydrologic Soil Group A soils, such as much of Fayetteville, North Carolina, many wet retention basins may provide additional stormwater benefits through infiltration and evaporation. These benefits are not currently captured in the State of North Carolina's crediting system, wherein wet ponds are thought of as flow-through systems. Engineering designers in the area must line these basins with bentonite clay to prevent infiltration and to comply with the state water quality requirements. Intuitively, a device that infiltrates and reduces effluent volume while still reducing the peak flow rate of infrequent return interval storms could be a desirable practice. However, currently data are lacking to assess how well these infiltrating ponds function and no guidance exists as to how much pollutant removal credit to award. Two infiltrating wet retention basins were monitored in Fayetteville to assess the hydrologic and water quality performance. Results show both ponds have substantial volume reductions. Both ponds had a volume reduction of 100% during October. Median peak flow reductions were 99.2% and 99.7%. Despite minimal data, both ponds clearly are effective in removing TSS with median percent reductions of 67% and 84%. Median percent reductions for TN were 20% and 38%, and those for TP were 15% and 63%. However, due to the substantial volume reductions, the performance of each pond should be assessed based on loading and not solely on concentration reductions. Due to the substantial volume reductions, peak flow rate reductions, and potential for nutrient loading reduction, these devices could be an acceptable stormwater control measure. C2 - 2014/5/29/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 DA - 2014/5/29/ DO - 10.1061/9780784413548.017 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784413548 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413548.017 DB - Crossref ER - TY - RPRT TI - Long-term study of Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Restored Salt Marshes AU - Burchell, M.R. AU - Birgand, F. AU - Broome, S.W. AU - Shiau, Y. A3 - Piedmont-South Atlantic Coast Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit - USGS Ecosystems Mission Area DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M3 - U.S. Geologic Survey Final Report PB - Piedmont-South Atlantic Coast Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit - USGS Ecosystems Mission Area ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pyrolysis kinetic and product analysis of different microalgal biomass by distributed activation energy model and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry AU - Yang, Xuewei AU - Zhang, Rui AU - Fu, Juan AU - Geng, Shu AU - Cheng, Jay Jiayang AU - Sun, Yuan T2 - Bioresource Technology AB - To assess the energy potential of different microalgae, Chlorella sorokiniana and Monoraphidium were selected for studying the pyrolytic behavior at different heating rates with the analytical method of thermogravimetric analysis (TG), distributed activation energy model (DAEM) and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS). Results presented that Monoraphidium 3s35 showed superiority for pyrolysis at low heating rate. Calculated by DAEM, during the conversion rate range from 0.1 to 0.7, the activation energies of C. sorokiniana 21 were much lower than that of Monoraphidium 3s35. Both C. sorokiniana 21 and Monoraphidium 3s35 can produce certain amount (up to 20.50%) of alkane compounds, with 9-Octadecyne (C18H34) as the primary compound. Short-chain alkanes (C7–C13) with unsaturated carbon can be released in the pyrolysis at 500 °C for both microalgal biomass. It was also observed that the pyrolysis of C. sorokiniana 21 released more alcohol compounds, while Monoraphidium 3s35 produced more saccharides. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2014.04.040 VL - 163 SP - 335-342 J2 - Bioresource Technology LA - en OP - SN - 0960-8524 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2014.04.040 DB - Crossref KW - Microalgae KW - Biofuel KW - Pyrolysis KW - DAEM KW - Py-GC/MS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adsorptive removal of p-cresol using coconut shell-activated char AU - Zhu, Yiying AU - Kolar, Praveen T2 - Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering AB - Swine farming is a major contributor to the United States’ animal agriculture industry. However, it is also associated with several environmental pollutants, among which, p-cresol is one of the most odorous. In order to make swine husbandry more sustainable, its environmental impacts have to be minimized. Among several available environmental control technologies, adsorptive removal is perhaps the most effective, practical, simple, and easiest to retrofit. Hence, in this research, a highly adsorptive activated char was synthesized using coconut shells. Batch experiments were systematically carried out to investigate the adsorption performance of the prepared activated char for the removal of p-cresol from aqueous solutions. Effects of initial adsorbate concentration (25–500 mg L−1), agitation speed (0–200 rpm), solution pH (2–12), and adsorbent dosage (0.50–3 g 100 mL−1) were also investigated. Results suggest that the kinetic data followed a pseudo-second-order model and intra-particle diffusion was rate limiting during the entire adsorption process. The equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 30.23 mg g−1 at 293 K, 31.57 mg g−1 at 303 K and 32.77 mg g−1 at 313 K. Our results suggest that physiochemical-activated coconut char is highly effective in the mitigation of p-cresol. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1016/J.JECE.2014.08.022 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 2050-2058 J2 - Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering LA - en OP - SN - 2213-3437 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2014.08.022 DB - Crossref KW - p-Cresol KW - Adsorption KW - Coconut shell KW - Physiochemical activation KW - Zinc chloride KW - Activated char ER - TY - JOUR TI - DRAINMOD–DSSAT model for simulating hydrology, soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics, and crop growth for drained crop land AU - Negm, L.M. AU - Youssef, M.A. AU - Skaggs, R.W. AU - Chescheir, G.M. AU - Jones, J. T2 - Agricultural Water Management AB - Integrated agricultural systems modeling represents an effective research tool to meet the evolving challenges facing agricultural production and environmental quality. An integrated, process-based model was developed to simulate the impacts of the changing environment and different water and farming management practices on the hydrology, water quality, and crop growth and yield for artificially drained cropping systems. The new model; named DRAINMOD–DSSAT, was developed by integrating three different process based models: the hydrological model, DRAINMOD; the soil carbon and nitrogen (N) dynamics model; DRAINMOD-NII, and selected crop modules of the DSSAT–CSM model; CROPGRO and CERES-Maize. The integration of the three component models is implemented at the source code level and allows for daily interactions and feedback among simulated climatic conditions, soil water and nitrogen, and crop growth. DRAINMOD–DSSAT performance was evaluated using a 10-yr dataset collected from a corn–soybean production system on a subsurface drained field in Iowa, with corn receiving low, medium, and high N fertilization rates. The model was calibrated using the data collected from the high-N treatment, and validated for the other two treatments. Annual and monthly subsurface drainage outflows were predicted with modeling efficiencies (NSE) of 0.95 and 0.83, respectively. The NSE's for annual and monthly NO3–N mass losses were 0.87 and 0.70 for the high N-treatment, 0.93 and 0.86 for the medium N-treatment, 0.94 and 0.67 for the low N-treatment, respectively. Predicted and measured crop yields were accurately predicted with an absolute percent error less than 8% in 27 of the 30 simulated plot-years (3 plots × 10 yrs). Nitrogen removal in crop grain was reasonably predicted. This first model application suggested the potential capability of DRAINMOD–DSSAT of simulating the hydrology, water quality, and crop growth and yield for corn and soybean production on artificially drained fields in response to varying climatic conditions and nutrient management practices. Further research, using more intense field measurements, is needed to validate the model for its intended use. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1016/J.AGWAT.2014.02.001 VL - 137 SP - 30-45 J2 - Agricultural Water Management LA - en OP - SN - 0378-3774 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.AGWAT.2014.02.001 DB - Crossref KW - DRAINMOD KW - DRAINMOD-NII KW - DSSAT KW - CERES-Maize KW - CROPGRO agricultural system modeling KW - Drainage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microalgal biofuels from native biological resource of Pearl River Delta AU - Daroch, Maurycy AU - Jia, Zongchao AU - Shao, Cong AU - Guo, Hui AU - Liu, Ying AU - Cheng, Jay J. T2 - New Biotechnology DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1016/J.NBT.2014.05.1669 VL - 31 SP - S25 J2 - New Biotechnology LA - en OP - SN - 1871-6784 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.NBT.2014.05.1669 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Permeable Pavement and Filterra Performance at an Amtrak Station in North Carolina, USA AU - Anderson, A. R. AU - Smolek, A. P. AU - Hunt, W. F. T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 AB - Two proprietary stormwater treatment systems were continuously monitored for water quality and quantity at an Amtrak Station in Fayetteville, NC. A standalone Filterra® biofiltration unit and a permeable pavement-Filterra® treatment train (Filterra BioPave®) were evaluated for nitrogen and phosphorus parameters, sediment, metals, particle size, pH, and specific gravity, with further data to be collected until spring of 2014. Despite the fact that this study is currently ongoing, and final data is not available, the Filterra devices, on their own, appear to remove sediment and sediment-bound nitrogen and phosphorus well with percent removals of at least 45% for all solid species. Dissolved species were not removed as well, with some instances of export. One explanation for this behavior may be the lack of vegetation in the watershed. It is a mostly barren old asphalt lot, which sheds many particulate particles into the Filterra, but may not contribute plant matter, which would be a source of typical dissolved phosphorus and nitrogen. As a result of this possible lack of nutrients, the system did not "see" high loads entering. This would contribute to a lower percent removal, which is one negative toward the metric's use for SCM accreditation. While more data are still coming in, the BioPave system appears to be highly efficient in removing stormwater entirely, almost completely due to the infiltration ability of the permeable pavement system. Due to complications with BioPave Filterra effluent, it cannot yet be concluded how well the Filterra portion of this treatment train further cleans the water, but some preliminary evidence indicates that the double treatment of stormwater—both by a permeable pavement application, and a Filterra filtration system—would utilize different LID processes to clean stormwater further. The results of this field study may be used by Virginia and North Carolina to gain official acceptance in the individual states' best management practices manual with nutrient removals accredited to the systems if appropriate. C2 - 2014/5/29/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 DA - 2014/5/29/ DO - 10.1061/9780784413548.018 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784413548 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413548.018 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluating the Performance of Disconnected Downspouts on Existing and Amended Lawns as a Stormwater Control Measure AU - Carmen, N. B. AU - Hunt, W. F. AU - Anderson, A. R. T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 AB - Current trends in population growth and subsequent increased development are requiring engineers and designers to think of innovative solutions that maximize the effective use of land. An additional byproduct of increased development is increased impervious surface and therefore greater volume of stormwater runoff. One unrealized opportunity to treat stormwater within existing residential and small-scale commercial developments is to disconnect downspouts and release impervious surface runoff over lawns. Past research has been done on directing highway and parking lot runoff to vegetated filter strips for the purpose of infiltration and pollutant removal; however, no peer-reviewed study has researched whether directing residential rooftop runoff to release over lawn can substantially reduce runoff volumes though infiltration and thus reduce loading on downstream natural systems. This research compiles data from four paired residential downspout disconnection studies in Durham, North Carolina. The data collection spans two study periods. In the initial study period (January - October 2013), each site was designed to compare the performance of disconnected downspouts releasing water over existing lawn for one of three varying conditions: slope of lawn, length of lawn, or contributing roof area. Analysis of data from the initial study period shows 59 - 99% total volume reduction. The second study period (January - September 2014) will analyze the impact of tilling and soil amendments on the performance of downspout disconnection. C2 - 2014/5/29/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 DA - 2014/5/29/ DO - 10.1061/9780784413548.015 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784413548 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413548.015 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparing Stormwater Control Measure Effluent Quality with Road Runoff Management in Mind AU - Winston, Ryan J. AU - Lauffer, Matthew S. AU - Narayanaswamy, Karthik AU - McDaniel, Andrew H. AU - Lipscomb, Brian S. AU - Nice, Alex J. AU - Hunt, William F. T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 AB - Road runoff has been identified as a source of urban stormwater pollution. Bridges represent a special case, as they often directly discharge through deck drains near or into open water. As such, the runoff is usually not treated with a swale and filter strip, as it would be in the typical highway cross-section; recently, departments of transportation have begun using closed pipe drainage systems to deliver stormwater to a stormwater control measure (SCM) for treatment. This is a costly retrofit both in terms of up-front and long-term maintenance capital. Bridge runoff quality (in terms of nutrients, sediment, and heavy metals) was contrasted against effluent concentrations from six commonly used SCMs. Runoff quality samples from 41 different SCMs were collected and compared with those from 15 different bridges across the three ecoregions of North Carolina (mountains, piedmont, and coastal plain). SCMs examined in this study were permeable friction course (PFC) overlays, wet retention ponds (WP), bioretention cells (BRC), vegetated filter strips (VFS), constructed stormwater wetlands (CSW), and grassed swales (GS). Bridge runoff concentrations were statistically compared with SCM effluent concentrations; all SCMs were unable to produce statistically lower total nitrogen effluent concentrations than those from bridge runoff. For total phosphorus, all SCMs were shown to reduce bridge runoff concentrations, though only PFC, BRC, and WP did so significantly. For TSS, median effluent concentrations from the SCMs were significantly and substantially lower than those draining from bridges (>15 mg/L in all cases). Similar results were observed for copper, lead, and zinc; BRC, GS, and CSW were able to lower total metals concentrations significantly when compared with bridge runoff. Dissolved metal concentrations appeared difficult to reduce with current SCM technology. These results suggest that for certain pollutants, treatment of bridge runoff may yield improvement. However, the appropriateness of installing SCMs to treat bridge deck runoff must account for increased cost of closed pipe drainage systems beneath bridges and limited space in the right of way and weighed against the relative ease of retrofitting stormwater treatment infrastructure into other transportation corridors. C2 - 2014/5/29/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 DA - 2014/5/29/ DO - 10.1061/9780784413548.014 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784413548 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413548.014 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Modeling Hydrologic Performance of Permeable Pavement with DRAINMOD in North Carolina and Ohio AU - Smolek, A. P. AU - Hunt, W. F. AU - Winston, R. J. T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 AB - Variations in the hydrologic performance of permeable pavement can be due to several factors including gravel storage depth, drainage configuration, surface infiltration rate, and underlying soil type. A long-term hydrologic model is needed to better understand the influence of these factors on surface runoff, drainage, and exfiltration from permeable pavement systems. DRAINMOD is a widely accepted agricultural drainage model that can predict water table level, drainage, infiltration, and evapotranspiration continuously over long records of time. Past research has shown that DRAINMOD can be calibrated to accurately predict the hydrology of bioretention areas. Given that water movement through a permeable pavement cell is similar to a bioretention area, it is hypothesized that the model could also be calibrated to predict the hydrologic response from permeable pavement. Both stormwater control measures (SCMs) employ infiltration as the primary mechanism for peak flow attenuation and exfiltration for volume reduction. Drainage configurations for both SCMs are also analogous to the required DRAINMOD inputs. This study investigates the application of DRAINMOD to predict permeable pavement hydrology for a variety of different drainage configurations and underlying soil types. Three sites in North Carolina and one site in Ohio were monitored for rainfall, drainage outflow, and internal water level for a period of 9 to 12 months. The four sites have varying drainage configurations and underlying soils to represent a wide variety of permeable pavement applications. The model was calibrated for a period of 4 to 6 months at each site and validated for an additional 4 to 6 months. Results comparing the field-monitored and modeled volumes of drainage, surface runoff, and exfiltration/ET will be presented for each site. Preliminary results at the Boone, NC, site indicate success in predicting drainage volumes, with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies of 0.97 during the calibration period and 0.85 during the validation period. How the DRAINMOD outputs can be extended to predict the annual average water balance for varying drainage configurations and underlying soil types will also be discussed. C2 - 2014/5/29/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 DA - 2014/5/29/ DO - 10.1061/9780784413548.003 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784413548 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413548.003 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - One-dimensional flood inundation modeling and sediment transport characterization for a potential mining site in southern Virginia, USA C2 - 2014/// C3 - River Flow 2014 DA - 2014/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydraulic Modeling of Extreme Hydrologic Events: Case Study in Southern Virginia AU - Castro-Bolinaga, Celso F. AU - Diplas, Panayiotis T2 - Journal of Hydraulic Engineering AB - AbstractA comprehensive hydraulic modeling effort that was applied to two rural watersheds in southern Virginia is presented in this paper. The 10-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year storms and the probable maximum flood (PMF), are considered in this study with the objectives of assessing the impact of extreme hydrologic events through the generation of inundation maps, characterizing the sediment transport process under severe flooding conditions, and quantifying the uncertainty associated with the floodplains boundary roughness and its influence on the results. The employed methodology includes the construction of a river terrain model that combines geospatial and field-collected data, a calibration procedure based on regression equations and developed stage-discharge predictor curves, and unsteady flow simulations utilizing discharge hydrographs produced by an event-based hydrologic model. The results highlight the severe flooding conditions associated with the PMF and the necessity of considering it as the wors... DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000927 VL - 140 IS - 12 SP - 05014007 J2 - J. Hydraul. Eng. LA - en OP - SN - 0733-9429 1943-7900 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000927 DB - Crossref KW - Flood routing KW - Hydraulic models KW - One dimensional flow KW - River flow KW - Inundation mapping KW - Probable maximum flood KW - Sediment transport KW - Uncertainty analysis ER - TY - CONF TI - Using drones in agriculture: Unmanned aerial systems for agricultural remote sensing applications AU - Malveaux, C. AU - Hall, S. AU - Price, R.R. C2 - 2014/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014 DA - 2014/// VL - 6 SP - 4075-4079 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911465752&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Toxicity of Silver, Zinc Oxide, and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles to Red River Crayfish Procambarus clarkii in Mesocosm Studies AU - Farlow, J. AU - Hall, S.G. AU - Hayes, D. AU - Romaire, R. C2 - 2014/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014 DA - 2014/// VL - 6 SP - 4537-4542 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911482701&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel accelerometer-based sensor design for distribution pattern characterization in dry application AU - Amirani, M. AU - Barbosa, R.N. AU - Hall, S.G. T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13031/aea.30.10303 VL - 30 IS - 6 SP - 973-985 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84922346557&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Design of a semi-autonomous boat for measurements of coastal sedimentation and erosion AU - Smith, D. AU - Cross, L. AU - Rivet, J. AU - Hall, S. AB - Abstract. Measurement of sediment deposition and erosion in coastal areas is a challenge due to soft shifting sediments, but is critical to assessing loss or restoration of coastal sediments and wetlands. The aim of this project was to design and construct a semi-autonomous boat with water depth measuring capabilities. It was intended to map the depth of coastal wetlands to determine erosion rates and assess coastal restoration effects. Depth-measuring equipment was incorporated into an autonomous pontoon boat powered by solar panels. The propulsion system consisted of two paddlewheels and two-way motors to allow movement and positioning for measurements. Modifications included a lightweight, hard coating on the pontoons and powder-coating the frame to extend their usable life. A microcontroller controlled the boat and captured depth data from sensors and location data with a GPS system. The depth measuring system consisted of a pulley and counter system that completed each measurement in less than 45 seconds. This allowed the boat to take approximately 400 measurements per day. Net accuracy was approximately 3 cm in the tested configuration. The boat can continually measure the depth of specified areas in the wetlands; with this data, the change in depth can be monitored to see the effects of restoration projects. C2 - 2014/// C3 - IAHS-AISH Proceedings and Reports DA - 2014/// DO - 10.5194/piahs-367-447-2015 VL - 367 SP - 447-454 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84944688120&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - An analysis of energy consumption for algal biodiesel production: Comparing the literature with current estimates AU - Dassey, Adam J. AU - Hall, Steven G. AU - Theegala, Chandra S. T2 - Algal Research AB - Algae have significant potential compared to other biomass feedstocks to supplement current transportation fossil fuel usage. To determine the acceptability of algal biodiesel as a replacement for petroleum, a life cycle analysis (LCA) with parameters of aerial productivity, culturing, CO2 mitigation, water use, nutrient loading, biomass harvesting, lipid extraction, and energy conversion was explored on algae production in Louisiana. High and low energy estimates found in several published LCAs were compared to current realistic estimates and analyses completed by the authors. Considering a system with an aerial biomass productivity of 15 g/m2/day and cell lipid concentration of 20%, the energy inputs exceeded the outputs from biodiesel production by 53% under the most ideal conditions. However, slight increases in biomass productivities and lipid contents are anticipated to tilt the overall energy balance more favorably. Considering the current conservative estimates (for biomass productivity and lipid content), incorporation of value added processes such as wastewater treatment and biogas production from residual biomass, could improve the sustainability of the system, allowing it to potentially achieve a 13.2% energy surplus. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1016/j.algal.2013.12.006 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 89-95 J2 - Algal Research LA - en OP - SN - 2211-9264 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ALGAL.2013.12.006 DB - Crossref KW - Algal biodiesel KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Energy balance ER - TY - CONF TI - Optimizing biofiltration in a synergistic vertical aquaponics system to improve urban sustainability AU - Hall, S. AU - Constant, D. AU - Philippe, D. AU - Starring, H. AU - Beyer, D. AU - Patel, A. AU - Castillo, T. AU - Malone, R. C2 - 2014/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014 DA - 2014/// VL - 6 SP - 4524-4529 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911464205&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Development of an autonomous boat for sustainable aquatic plant biomass collection AU - Taylor, A. AU - Tykol, A. AU - Silvia, C. AU - Smith, D.D. AU - Cotlar, S. AU - Hall, S.G. C2 - 2014/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014 DA - 2014/// VL - 4 SP - 2747-2751 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911399273&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Design, development and testing of an engineered alligator culture facility AU - Malveaux, C. AU - Hall, S. AU - Husser, R. C2 - 2014/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014 DA - 2014/// VL - 6 SP - 4114-4118 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911498754&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Culturing coastal plants and animals for sustainable housing AU - Byrum, M. AU - Hall, S. AU - Erdman, J. AU - Sullivan, J. AU - Harrell, L. AU - Knott, C. AU - Bertrand, S. C2 - 2014/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014 DA - 2014/// VL - 6 SP - 4144-4151 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911491300&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Excel-Based Decision Support System for Supply Chain Design and Management of Biofuels AU - Acharya, Ambarish M. AU - Gonzales, Daniela S. AU - Eksioglu, Sandra D. AU - Arora, Sumesh T2 - International Journal of Operations Research and Information Systems AB - This article presents a Decision Support System (DSS) to aid managers with supply chain (SC) design and logistics management of biomass-for-biofuel production. These tools play a very important role in efficiently managing biomass-for-biofuel SCs and have the potential to reduce the cost of biofuels. The proposed model coordinates the long-term decisions of designing a SC with the medium term decisions of logistics management. This system has the ability to (a) identify locations and capacities for biorefineries, given the availability of biomass and costs; (b) estimate the minimum cost of delivering biofuels, which include transportation, investment, and processing costs; and (c) perform sensitivity analyses with respect to a number of parameters. Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is used to create the interface of the DSS, and Excel's CPLEX Add-In is used to solve the mathematical models. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.4018/ijoris.2014100102 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 26-43 LA - en OP - SN - 1947-9328 1947-9336 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijoris.2014100102 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The hydraulic conductivity structure of gravel-dominated vadose zones within alluvial floodplains AU - Miller, Ronald B. AU - Heeren, Derek M. AU - Fox, Garey A. AU - Halihan, Todd AU - Storm, Daniel E. AU - Mittelstet, Aaron R. T2 - Journal of Hydrology AB - The floodplains of many gravel-bed streams have a general stratigraphy that consists of a layer of topsoil covering gravel-dominated subsoil. Previous research has demonstrated that this stratigraphy can facilitate preferential groundwater flow through focused linear features, such as paleochannels, or gravelly regions within the vadose zone. These areas within the floodplain vadose zone may provide a route for interactions between the floodplain surface and alluvial groundwater, effectively extending the hyporheic zone across the floodplain during high stream stage. The objective of this research was to assess the structure and scale of texture heterogeneity within the vadose zone within the gravel subsoils of alluvial floodplains using resistivity data combined with hydraulic testing and sediment sampling of the vadose zone. Point-scale and broad-scale methodologies in combination can help us understand spatial heterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity without the need for a large number of invasive hydraulic tests. The evaluated sites in the Ozark region of the United States were selected due to previous investigations indicating that significant high conductivity flow zones existed in a matrix which include almost no clay content. Data indicated that resistivity corresponded with the fine content in the vadose zone and subsequently corresponds to the saturated hydraulic conductivity. Statistical analysis of resistivity data, and supported by data from the soil sampling and permeameter hydraulic testing, identified isolated high flow regions and zones that can be characterized as broad-scale high hydraulic conductivity features with potentially significant consequences for the migration of water and solutes and therefore are of biogeochemical and ecological significance. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.03.046 VL - 513 SP - 229-240 J2 - Journal of Hydrology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-1694 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.03.046 DB - Crossref KW - Electrical resistivity imaging KW - Floodplain KW - Gravel KW - Hydraulic conductivity KW - Permeameter KW - Vadose zone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying the erodibility of streambanks and hillslopes due to surface and subsurface forces AU - Al-Madhhachi, A.T. AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Hanson, G.J. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Abstract. The erosion rate of cohesive soils due to fluvial forces is usually computed using an excess shear stress model. However, no mechanistic approaches are available for incorporating additional forces, such as seepage, into the excess shear stress model parameters. Recent research incorporated subsurface (seepage) forces into a mechanistic detachment rate model for streambeds. The new detachment model, the Modified Wilson model, was based on two modified dimensional parameters (b0 and b1) that included seepage forces. The objective of this study was to modify the parameters (b0 and b1) to quantify the influence of seepage on erodibility of cohesive streambanks and to compare the results to those obtained from tests on horizontal beds. A new miniature version of a submerged jet erosion test device (“mini” JET) and a seepage column were utilized to derive the parameters of the Modified Wilson model for a silty sand soil and a clayey sand soil across a range of uniform seepage gradients. The experimental setup was intended to mimic a streambed and a streambank when the “mini” JET and seepage column were placed in vertical and horizontal orientations, respectively. The soils were packed in a standard mold at a uniform bulk density (1.5 to 1.6 Mg m-3) near the optimum water content. Seepage forces influenced the observed erosion with a non-uniform influence on b0 and b1 as functions of the hydraulic gradient and density. Expected theoretical differences between Wilson model parameters for streambanks and streambeds were not consistently observed for these erodible soils, most likely due to variability in streambed and streambank samples in terms of soil preparation, packing, and seepage gradient establishment. The influence of seepage forces can be predicted by the Modified Wilson model parameters in both vertical and horizontal experimental setups using JETs on soils without seepage. Additional research is needed on the behavior of several mechanistic soil parameters under the influence of seepage. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13031/trans.57.10416 VL - 57 IS - 1 SP - 1057-1069 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84988589120&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanistic Detachment Rate Model to Predict Soil Erodibility Due to Fluvial and Seepage Forces AU - Al-Madhhachi, A. T. AU - Fox, G. A. AU - Hanson, G. J. AU - Tyagi, A. K. AU - Bulut, R. T2 - Journal of Hydraulic Engineering AB - The erosion rate of cohesive soils is typically computed using an excess shear stress model based on the applied fluvial shear stress. However, no mechanistic approaches are available for incorporating additional forces, such as groundwater seepage into the excess shear stress model parameters. Seepage forces are known to be significant contributors to streambank erosion and failure. The objective of this research was to incorporate seepage forces into a mechanistic fundamental detachment rate model to improve the predictions of the erosion rate of cohesive soils. The new detachment model, which is referred to as the modified Wilson model, was based on two modified dimensional soil parameters (b0 and b1) that included seepage forces due to localized groundwater flow. The proposed model provided a general framework for studying the impact of soil properties, fluid characteristics, and seepage forces on cohesive soil erodibility. Equations were presented for deriving the material parameters from both flume experiments and jet erosion tests (JETs). In order to investigate the influence of seepage on erodibility, the erodibility of two cohesive soils (silty sand and clayey sand) was measured in flume tests and with a new miniature version of the JET device (mini JET). The soils were packed in three equal lifts in a standard mold (for JETs) and in a soil box (for flume tests) at a uniform bulk density (1.5 and 1.6 Mg/m3) near the soil’s optimum water content. A seepage column was utilized to induce a constant hydraulic gradient on the soils tested in the flume and with the mini JET. The modified Wilson model parameters, b0 and b1, were derived from the erosion rate data both with and without the influence of seepage from the flume and JETs. Seepage forces had a significant but nonuniform influence on the derived b0 and b1 as functions of the hydraulic gradient and soil density. The more fundamental detachment model can be used in place of the excess shear stress model with parameters that can be derived using JETs, transforming the modeling of cohesive soils for hillslopes, embankments, gullies, streambeds, and streambanks. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000836 VL - 140 IS - 5 SP - 04014010 J2 - J. Hydraul. Eng. LA - en OP - SN - 0733-9429 1943-7900 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000836 DB - Crossref KW - Seepage KW - Detachment rate model KW - Cohesive soils KW - Flume KW - Jet erosion test ER - TY - JOUR TI - Validation of a Quantitative Phosphorus Loss Assessment Tool AU - White, Michael J. AU - Storm, Daniel E. AU - Smolen, Michael D. AU - Busteed, Philip R. AU - Zhang, Hailin AU - Fox, Garey A. T2 - Journal of Environmental Quality AB - Pasture Phosphorus Management Plus (PPM Plus) is a tool that allows nutrient management and conservation planners to evaluate phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural fields. This tool uses a modified version of the widely used Soil and Water Assessment Tool model with a vastly simplified interface. The development of PPM Plus has been fully described in previous publications; in this article we evaluate the accuracy of PPM Plus using 286 field-years of runoff, sediment, and P validation data from runoff studies at various locations in Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Georgia. Land uses include pasture, small grains, and row crops with rainfall ranging from 630 to 1390 mm yr, with and without animal manure application. PPM Plus explained 68% of the variability in total P loss, 56% of runoff, and 73% of the variability of sediment yield. An empirical model developed from these data using soil test P, total applied P, slope, and precipitation only accounted for 15% of the variability in total P loss, which implies that a process-based model is required to account for the diversity present in these data. PPM Plus is an easy-to-use conservation planning tool for P loss prediction, which, with modification, could be applicable at the regional and national scales. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.2134/jeq2011.0434 VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 224-234 J2 - J. Environ. Qual. LA - en OP - SN - 0047-2425 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0434 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Linking freshmen and senior engineering design teams: Engaging early academic career students in engineering design AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Weckler, P.R. AU - Thomas, D.L. C2 - 2014/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014 DA - 2014/// VL - 1 SP - 435-442 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911864784&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of EPS block geofoam with internal drainage for sandy slopes subjected to seepage flow AU - Akay, O. AU - Özer, A.T. AU - Fox, G.A. C2 - 2014/// C3 - 10th International Conference on Geosynthetics, ICG 2014 DA - 2014/// UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84924942335&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating sediment and phosphorus loads from streambanks with and without riparian protection AU - Miller, Ronald B. AU - Fox, Garey A. AU - Penn, Chad J. AU - Wilson, Stuart AU - Parnell, Abigail AU - Purvis, Rebecca A. AU - Criswell, Kelsey T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - In some watersheds, the majority of the total sediment load to streams and rivers is from streambanks, but insufficient data exist on actual loading from this source and the potential protective effect of riparian protection in many watersheds. Using aerial imagery, video reconnaissance for unstable banks, and streambank phosphorus (P) sampling, this research studied streambanks throughout the Barren Fork Creek (BFC) watershed within Oklahoma to address four major objectives: (i) quantify the amount of streambank erosion and failure throughout the watershed, (ii) quantify the magnitude and the intra-site and inter-site spatial variability in streambank soil chemistry, water soluble phosphorus (WSP), and total phosphorus (TP), (iii) quantify the load of WSP and TP from streambanks in the watershed, and (iv) estimate the benefit of riparian management practices. Ten streambank study sites were selected on BFC, including seven sites with existing or historic riparian forest (historically protected, HP), and three with no riparian forest (historically unprotected, HUP). Median and mean streambank migration rates were 9.5 and 17.5 m for the HP sites compared to 37.6 and 49.2 m for the three HUP sites over the seven year period. Total WSP from streambanks on BFC from unprotected and failing banks was approximately 1.2 × 103 kg yr−1, which represented approximately 10% of the dissolved P load estimated from USGS gauges on BFC. The estimated TP load was approximately 9.0 × 104 kg TP yr−1, which exceeded the TP load estimated from gauge data, although TP is largely sediment-bound and thus subject to sediment transport dynamics such as floodplain deposition. Streambanks represented a considerable source of P, and riparian forest sites showed significantly lower rates of retreat. The methodology of using detailed P characterization, lateral retreat rates from aerial photography, and video reconnaissance to characterize bank stability was an effective approach for assessing the WSP and TP load contribution from streambanks. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.016 VL - 189 SP - 70-81 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0167-8809 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.016 DB - Crossref KW - Degree of phosphorus saturation KW - Riparian vegetation KW - Sediment KW - Streambank KW - Total phosphorus KW - Water soluble phosphorus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Laboratory soil piping and internal erosion experiments: Evaluation of a soil piping model for low-compacted soils AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Felice, R.G. AU - Midgley, T.L. AU - Wilson, G.V. AU - Al-Madhhachi, A.-S.T. T2 - Earth Surface Processes and Landforms AB - ABSTRACT Mechanistic models have been proposed for soil piping and internal erosion on well‐compacted levees and dams, but limited research has evaluated these models in less compacted (more erodible) soils typical of hillslopes and streambanks. This study utilized a soil box (50 cm long, 50 cm wide and 20 cm tall) to conduct constant‐head, soil pipe and internal erosion experiments for two soils (clay loam from Dry Creek and sandy loam from Cow Creek streambanks) packed at uniform bulk densities. Initial gravimetric moisture contents prior to packing were 10, 12 and 14% for Dry Creek soil and 8, 12, and 14% for Cow Creek soil. A 1‐cm diameter rod was placed horizontally along the length of the soil bed during packing and carefully removed after packing to create a continuous soil pipe. A constant head was maintained at the inflow end. Flow rates and sediment concentrations were measured from the pipe outlet. Replicate submerged jet erosion tests (JETs) were conducted to derive erodibility parameters for repacked samples at the same moisture contents. Flow rates from the box experiments were used to calibrate the mechanistic model. The influence of the initial moisture content was apparent, with some pipes (8% moisture content) expanding so fast that limited data was collected. The mechanistic model was able to estimate equivalent flow rates to those observed in the experiments, but had difficulty matching observed sediment concentrations when the pipes rapidly expanded. The JETs predicted similar erodibility coefficients compared to the mechanistic model for the more erodible cases but not for the less erodible cases (14% moisture content). Improved models are needed that better define the changing soil pipe cross‐section during supply‐ and transport‐limited internal erosion, especially for piping through lower compacted (more erodible) soils as opposed to more well‐compacted soils resulting from constructing levees and dams. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1002/esp.3508 VL - 39 IS - 9 SP - 1137-1145 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903981934&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - groundwater seepage KW - internal erosion KW - jet erosion test KW - piping KW - soil erodibility ER - TY - JOUR TI - Berm Method for Quantification of Infiltration at the Plot Scale in High Conductivity Soils AU - Heeren, Derek M. AU - Fox, Garey A. AU - Storm, Daniel E. T2 - Journal of Hydrologic Engineering AB - Measuring infiltration at the plot scale is difficult, especially for high hydraulic conductivity soils. At the plot scale, the infiltration rate is usually calculated by comparing surface runoff to rainfall. Direct measurement of infiltration beyond the point scale is typically limited to locations where land forming (e.g., infiltration pond) has been performed or fields with basin irrigation systems. The standard method for field measurement of point-scale infiltration is the double ring infiltrometer, which is limited in size (typically 30 cm diameter). In this research, a new method is proposed that uses a temporary berm constructed of a water-filled 15-cm diameter vinyl hose with the edges sealed to the soil using bentonite. The berm is capable of confining infiltration plot areas of various sizes (e.g., 1×1 and 3×3 m areas in this research). Water tanks with 0.8 and 4.9 m3 capacity were used to supply water to the plots by gravity flow. A constant head could be maintained within the plot using either an automatic float valve for lower infiltration rates or a manually operated gate valve for higher infiltration rates. Observation wells were installed outside the plots to monitor for water table rise and tracers that leached into the groundwater. Guidelines are provided for tank size and refilling frequency for conducting field experiments. The procedure was tested on soils ranging from silt loam to coarse gravel using 12 1×1 and 3×3 m plots at three alluvial floodplain sites. Measured infiltration rates ranged over two orders of magnitude (0.8–74 cm/h) and were typically greater than the estimated permeability of the limiting layer reported in soil surveys, suggesting the need for larger scale field measurements of infiltration rates. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000802 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 457-461 J2 - J. Hydrol. Eng. LA - en OP - SN - 1084-0699 1943-5584 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000802 DB - Crossref KW - Berm KW - Gravel KW - High conductivity soils KW - Infiltration KW - Plot scale ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bank undercutting and tension failure by groundwater seepage: Predicting failure mechanisms AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Felice, R.G. T2 - Earth Surface Processes and Landforms AB - ABSTRACT Groundwater seepage can lead to the erosion and failure of streambanks and hillslopes. Two groundwater instability mechanisms include (i) tension failure due to the seepage force exceeding the soil shear strength or (ii) undercutting by seepage erosion and eventual mass failure. Previous research on these mechanisms has been limited to non‐cohesive and low cohesion soils. This study utilized a constant‐head, seepage soil box packed with more cohesive (6% and 15% clay) sandy loam soils at prescribed bulk densities (1.30 to 1.70 Mg m −3 ) and with a bank angle of 90° to investigate the controls on failure mechanisms due to seepage forces. A dimensionless seepage mechanism (SM) number was derived and evaluated based on the ratio of resistive cohesion forces to the driving forces leading to instability including seepage gradients with an assumed steady‐state seepage angle. Tension failures and undercutting were both observed dependent primarily on the saturated hydraulic conductivity, effective cohesion, and seepage gradient. Also, shapes of seepage undercuts for these more cohesive soils were wider and less deep compared to undercuts in sand and loamy sand soils. Direct shear tests were used to quantify the geotechnical properties of the soils packed at the various bulk densities. The SM number reasonably predicted the seepage failure mechanism (tension failure versus undercutting) based on the geotechnical properties and assumed steady‐state seepage gradients of the physical‐scale laboratory experiments, with some uncertainty due to measurement of geotechnical parameters, assumed seepage gradient direction, and the expected width of the failure block. It is hypothesized that the SM number can be used to evaluate seepage failure mechanisms when a streambank or hillslope experiences steady‐state seepage forces. When prevalent, seepage gradient forces should be considered when analyzing bank stability, and therefore should be incorporated into commonly used stability models. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1002/esp.3481 VL - 39 IS - 6 SP - 758-765 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84898816798&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - factor of safety KW - undercutting KW - bank failure KW - seepage KW - streambank stability KW - pore-water pressure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of Isothermal Calorimetry to Phosphorus Sorption onto Soils in a Flow-through System AU - Penn, Chad AU - Heeren, Derek AU - Fox, Garey AU - Kumar, Ajay T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal AB - The degree, mechanisms, and kinetics of phosphorus (P) sorption onto soils can have a significant influence on leaching losses of P from soil. The objectives of this study were to measure the impact of retention time (RT) on P sorption in a flow-through system intended to simulate downward movement of a P solution through two different riparian soils, and determine if isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) can provide useful information reflective of flow-through results. Topsoil from two riparian/alluvial sites (Barren Fork and Clear Creek) was sampled and characterized for P concentrations and parameters related to P sorption. Flow-through P sorption experiments were conducted to examine the effect of RT and inflow P concentration on P sorption; this was compared to results of ITC experiments where the heat of reaction was measured with the addition of P to soils. Results of ITC experiments were reflective of both soil characterization and flow-through sorption in that the Barren Fork soil sorbed less P, but at a faster rate, compared to Clear Creek. Based on thermograms, the dominant P sorption reaction was ligand exchange onto Al/Fe oxides/hydroxides, with a lesser degree of precipitation. Phosphorus removal for both soils was limited by physical nonequilibrium instead of chemical nonequilibrium (sorption kinetics). The calorimetry approach presented can help provide soil-specific information on the risk of P inputs to leaching (degree of P sorption) under different conditions (flow rate or RT), and potential for desorption (P sorption mechanisms). DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2013.06.0239 VL - 78 IS - 1 SP - 147-156 J2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal LA - en OP - SN - 0361-5995 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.06.0239 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Finite element modeling of long-term phosphorus leaching through macropores in the Ozark ecoregion AU - Freiberger, R.P. AU - Heeren, D.M. AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Penn, C.J. AU - Eisenhauer, D.E. C2 - 2014/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014 DA - 2014/// VL - 3 SP - 1862-1881 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911473860&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Experimental testing of a new algorithm for analysis of vegetative filter strips with shallow water table effects AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Munoz-Carpena, R. AU - Purvis, R.A. C2 - 2014/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014 DA - 2014/// VL - 7 SP - 4934-4945 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911472062&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Divergence and flow direction as indicators of subsurface heterogeneity and stage-dependent storage in alluvial floodplains AU - Heeren, D.M. AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Fox, A.K. AU - Storm, D.E. AU - Miller, R.B. AU - Mittelstet, A.R. T2 - Hydrological Processes AB - Assuming homogeneity in alluvial aquifers is convenient, but limits our ability to accurately predict stream-aquifer interactions. Research is needed on (i) identifying the presence of focused, as opposed to diffuse, groundwater discharge/recharge to streams and (ii) the magnitude and role of large-scale bank and transient storage in alluvial floodplains relative to changes in stream stage. The objective of this research was to document and quantify the effect of stage-dependent aquifer heterogeneity and bank storage relative to changes in stream stage using groundwater flow divergence and direction. Monitoring was performed in alluvial floodplains adjacent to the Barren Fork Creek and Honey Creek in northeastern Oklahoma. Based on results from subsurface electrical resistivity mapping, observation wells were installed in high and low electrical resistivity subsoils. Water levels in the wells were recorded real time using pressure transducers (August to October 2009). Divergence was used to quantify heterogeneity (i.e. variation in hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and/or aquifer thickness), and flow direction was used to assess the potential for large-scale (100 m) bank or transient storage. Areas of localized heterogeneity appeared to act as divergence zones allowing stream water to quickly enter the groundwater system, or as flow convergence zones draining a large groundwater area. Maximum divergence or convergence occurred with maximum rates of change in flow rates or stream stage. Flow directions in the groundwater changed considerably between base and high flows, suggesting that the floodplains acted as large-scale bank storage zones, rapidly storing and releasing water during passage of a storm hydrograph. During storm events at both sites, the average groundwater direction changed by at least 90° from the average groundwater direction during baseflow. Aquifer heterogeneity in floodplains yields hyporheic flows that are more responsive and spatially and temporally complex than would be expected compared to more common assumptions of homogeneity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1002/hyp.9674 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 1307-1317 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84891737320&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - alluvial floodplains KW - direction KW - divergence KW - groundwater flow KW - heterogeneity KW - hydraulic gradient ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of EPS block geofoam with internal drainage for sandy slopes subjected to seepage flow AU - Akay, O. AU - Özer, A.T. AU - Fox, G.A. T2 - Geosynthetics International AB - ABSTRACT: Lightweight expanded polystyrene (EPS) block geofoam (geofoam block) is commonly used as a replacement of the heavy in situ soil during slope remediation in order to reduce driving forces. The design procedure requires the use of permanent drainage systems to alleviate hydrostatic pressures in geofoam block slope systems. In this study, small-scale laboratory lysimeter experiments investigated the behavior of a stabilized sandy slope with a geofoam block slope system experiencing seepage. An internal drainage system was incorporated by grooving dual drainage channels (weep holes) on the top and bottom side of the geofoam blocks. A lysimeter with dimensions of 60 cm height, 20 cm width, and 200 cm length was constructed in the laboratory. Slopes were constructed by compacting sand. The geofoam blocks (2.5 cm height, 5 cm width, and 15 cm length) were placed on the sandy slope face with an angle of 45° in ‘one row' and ‘two rows' configurations. The experiments were conducted under constant water pressure heads (25-, 38-, and 50-cm pressure head boundary conditions) in the water reservoir located at the opposite end of the lysimeter from the geofoam blocks. In general, the lightweight geofoam blocks could not resist earth and hydrostatic pressures under seepage. The back-slope was not self-stable under seepage conditions, and deep-seated global stability failures were observed, except for the remediated slope at the 25- and 38-cm pressure head boundary conditions. The internal drainage system was ineffective at dissipating piezometric pressures at the higher seepage gradients investigated at this lysimeter scale. Numerical slope stability modeling confirmed these observations, predicting a factor of safety below the critical value for global stability in cases where failure was observed. More elaborate geofoam block configurations and/or drainage systems should be used to increase resistance against global stability failure caused by higher seepage gradients. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1680/gein.14.00024 VL - 21 IS - 6 SP - 364-376 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84937540677&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Geosynthetics KW - Slope stability KW - EPS block geofoam KW - Seepage KW - Internal drainage KW - Stability modeling ER - TY - CONF TI - Bank stability and toe erosion (BSTEM) modeling of bank retreat and riparian tree root protection in composite streambanks AU - Daly, E.R. AU - Miller, R.B. AU - Fox, G.A. C2 - 2014/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014 DA - 2014/// VL - 2 SP - 1232-1249 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911915179&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new method for remediation of sandy slopes susceptible to seepage flow using EPS-block geofoam AU - Özer, A.T. AU - Akay, O. AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Bartlett, S.F. AU - Arellano, D. T2 - Geotextiles and Geomembranes AB - Using expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam (geofoam block) in slope remediation projects has drawn interest from the civil engineering sector for its ease of application and budget saving features. According to design precedence, all slope remediation applications that use geofoam blocks should incorporate permanent drainage systems to prevent instability of the lightweight geofoam blocks due to hydrostatic and seepage pressures. In this study, a new method for slope remediation using geofoam blocks was tested through physical laboratory experiments. For this purpose, a total of 24 lysimeter (dimensions of 60 cm height, 20 cm width, and 200 cm length) experiments (including duplicates) were conducted in which seepage through a geofoam block slope system were generated with three different constant water levels in the water reservoir of the lysimeter. Geofoam blocks (dimensions of 2.5 cm height, 5 cm width, and 15 cm length) were assembled to form embankment type configuration at the toe section of the sandy slopes. This study also included coupled numerical model simulations that were comprised of variably saturated flow modeling and slope stability modeling which could be implemented successfully for the global static failure analysis of the geofoam block slope system comprised of two mediums with different geotechnical characteristics. In addition to global static stability failure analysis, which involved conventional limit equilibrium analysis for the geofoam block slope system, hydrostatic sliding mechanism was investigated which provided insight into using an overburden concept to increase the resistance against horizontal driving forces. Experimental and numerical modeling results showed that the geofoam block slope system was stable even though the phreatic surface was above the bottom of the geofoam block assemblage. For this reason, the embankment type configuration tested in this study can be considered a viable remediation technique where seepage induced deep-seated global stability and hydrostatic sliding failures are a concern. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2014.01.003 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 166-180 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84896818124&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - EPS-block geofoam KW - Slope stability KW - Slope remediation KW - Hydrostatic sliding KW - Seepage ER - TY - CONF TI - Application of a transient storage zone model to soil pipeflow tracer injection experiments AU - Zhou, Y. AU - Wilson, G.V. AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Rigby, J.R. AU - Dabney, S.M. C2 - 2014/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014 DA - 2014/// VL - 1 SP - 423-434 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911940204&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping variability of soil water content and flux across 1-1000 m scales using the Actively Heated Fiber Optic method AU - Sayde, Chadi AU - Buelga, Javier Benitez AU - Rodriguez-Sinobas, Leonor AU - El Khoury, Laureine AU - English, Marshall AU - van de Giesen, Nick AU - Selker, John S. T2 - Water Resources Research AB - Abstract The Actively Heated Fiber Optic (AHFO) method is shown to be capable of measuring soil water content several times per hour at 0.25 m spacing along cables of multiple kilometers in length. AHFO is based on distributed temperature sensing (DTS) observation of the heating and cooling of a buried fiber‐optic cable resulting from an electrical impulse of energy delivered from the steel cable jacket. The results presented were collected from 750 m of cable buried in three 240 m colocated transects at 30, 60, and 90 cm depths in an agricultural field under center pivot irrigation. The calibration curve relating soil water content to the thermal response of the soil to a heat pulse of 10 W m −1 for 1 min duration was developed in the lab. This calibration was found applicable to the 30 and 60 cm depth cables, while the 90 cm depth cable illustrated the challenges presented by soil heterogeneity for this technique. This method was used to map with high resolution the variability of soil water content and fluxes induced by the nonuniformity of water application at the surface. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1002/2013wr014983 VL - 50 IS - 9 SP - 7302-7317 J2 - Water Resour. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0043-1397 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014983 DB - Crossref KW - soil moisture KW - water KW - DTS KW - fiber optics KW - soil water flux KW - irrigation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heated Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing: A Dual-Probe Heat-Pulse Approach AU - Benítez-Buelga, Javier AU - Sayde, Chadi AU - Rodríguez-Sinobas, Leonor AU - Selker, John S. T2 - Vadose Zone Journal AB - Implementation of the dual‐probe heat‐pulse (DPHP) approach for measurement of volumetric heat capacity ( C ) and water content (θ) with distributed temperature sensing heated fiber optic (FO) systems presents an unprecedented opportunity for environmental monitoring (e.g., simultaneous measurement at thousands of points). We applied uniform heat pulses along a FO cable and monitored the thermal response at adjacent cables. We tested the DPHP method in the laboratory using multiple FO cables at a range of spacings. The amplitude and phase shift in the heat signal with distance was found to be a function of the soil volumetric heat capacity. Estimations of C at a range of moisture contents (θ = 0.09– 0.34 m 3 m −3 ) suggest the feasibility of measurement via responsiveness to the changes in θ, although we observed error with decreasing soil water contents (up to 26% at θ = 0.09 m 3 m −3 ). Optimization will require further models to account for the finite radius and thermal influence of the FO cables. Although the results indicate that the method shows great promise, further study is needed to quantify the effects of soil type, cable spacing, and jacket configurations on accuracy. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2136/vzj2014.02.0014 VL - 13 IS - 11 SP - 0 LA - en OP - SN - 1539-1663 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2014.02.0014 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pyrolysis kinetics of algal consortia grown using swine manure wastewater AU - Sharara, Mahmoud A. AU - Holeman, Nathan AU - Sadaka, Sammy S. AU - Costello, Thomas A. T2 - Bioresource Technology AB - In this study, pyrolysis kinetics of periphytic microalgae consortia grown using swine manure slurry in two seasonal climatic patterns in northwest Arkansas were investigated. Four heating rates (5, 10, 20 and 40 °C min(-1)) were used to determine the pyrolysis kinetics. Differences in proximate, ultimate, and heating value analyses reflected variability in growing substrate conditions, i.e., flocculant use, manure slurry dilution, and differences in diurnal solar radiation and air temperature regimes. Peak decomposition temperature in algal harvests varied with changing the heating rate. Analyzing pyrolysis kinetics using differential and integral isoconversional methods (Friedman, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose) showed strong dependency of apparent activation energy on the degree of conversion suggesting parallel reaction scheme. Consequently, the weight loss data in each thermogravimetric test was modeled using independent parallel reactions (IPR). The quality of fit (QOF) for the model ranged between 2.09% and 3.31% indicating a good agreement with the experimental data. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.111 VL - 169 SP - 658-666 KW - Microalgae KW - Phycoremediation KW - Pyrolysis KW - TGA KW - Kinetic modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermogravimetric Analysis of Swine Manure Solids Obtained from Farrowing, and Growing-Finishing Farms AU - Sharara, Mahmoud AU - Sadaka, Samy T2 - Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems AB - The modern trend of increasing the number of pigs at production sites led to a noticeable surplus of manure. Separation of manure solids provides an avenue of their utility via thermochemical conversion techniques. Therefore, the goal of this paper was to assess the physical and thermal properties of solid separated swine manure obtained from two different farms, i.e., farrowing, and growing-finishing, and to determine their pyrolysis kinetic parameters. Swine manure solids were dried and milled prior to assessing their properties. Differential and integral isoconversional methods (Friedman, and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa) were used to determine the apparent activation energy as a function of the conversion ratio. Significant differences were observed in the proximate, ultimate composition between both manure types. The higher heating value (HHV) for the manure solids from farrowing, and growing-finishing farms reached 16.6 MJ/kg and 19.4 MJ/kg, respectively. The apparent activation energy computed using Friedman and FWO methods increased with the increase in the degree of conversion. Between 10% and 40% degrees of conversion, the average activation energies, using Friedman method, were103 and 116 kJ/mol for the farrowing and growing-finishing manure solids, respectively. On the other hand, the same activation energies, calculated from FWO method, were 98 and 104 kJ/mol, for solid manure obtained from farrowing and growing-finishing farms, respectively. The findings in this study will assist in the effort to optimize thermochemical conversion processes to accommodate swine waste. This could, in turn, minimize swine production impacts on the surrounding ecologies and provide sustainable energy and biochar streams. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.4236/jsbs.2014.41008 VL - 04 IS - 01 SP - 75-86 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance assessment of an allothermal auger gasification system for on-farm grain drying AU - Sadaka, Samy AU - Sharara, Mahmoud AU - Ubhi, Gagandeep T2 - Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of pyrolysis temperature and production conditions on switchgrass biochar for use as a soil amendment AU - Ashworth, Amanda Joy AU - Sadaka, Sammy S AU - Allen, Fred L AU - Sharara, Mahmoud A AU - Keyser, Patrick D T2 - BioResources DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 7622-7635 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of biochar from switchgrass carbonization AU - Sadaka, Samy AU - Sharara, Mahmoud AU - Ashworth, Amanda AU - Keyser, Patrick AU - Allen, Fred AU - Wright, Andrew T2 - Energies DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 548-567 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Yield Effects of Two Southern Leaf Blight Resistance Loci in Maize Hybrids AU - Santa-Cruz, Jose H. AU - Kump, Kristen L. AU - Arellano, Consuelo AU - Goodman, Major M. AU - Krakowsky, Matthew D. AU - Holland, James B. AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. T2 - Crop Science AB - ABSTRACT In this study we examined the effects of two quantitative trait loci (QTL) for southern leaf blight (SLB) resistance on several agronomic traits including disease resistance and yield. B73–3B and B73–6A are two near‐isogenic lines (NILs) in the background of the maize ( Zea mays L.) inbred B73, each carrying one introgression (called 3B and 6A respectively) encompassing a QTL for SLB resistance. Sets of isohybrid triplets were developed by crossing B73, B73–3B, and B73–6A to several inbred lines. A subset of these triplets for which the B73–3B and/or B73–6A hybrid was significantly more SLB resistant than the B73 check hybrid was selected and assessed in multi‐environment yield trials with and without disease. In the presence of SLB, 3B was associated with an approximately 3% yield increase over B73. 6A was associated with a yield advantage in the presence of SLB in specific pedigrees where the 6A resistance phenotype was highly expressed. Results suggested that both introgressions might confer a yield cost in the absence of SLB, but only introgression 6A was associated with a statistically significant reduction. We present evidence to suggest that the yield cost is associated with the resistance phenotype rather than with linkage drag. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2013.08.0553 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 882 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84898430312&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Genome-Wide Association Study of the Maize Hypersensitive Defense Response Identifies Genes That Cluster in Related Pathways AU - Olukolu, Bode A. AU - Wang, Guan-Feng AU - Vontimitta, Vijay AU - Venkata, Bala P. AU - Marla, Sandeep AU - Ji, Jiabing AU - Gachomo, Emma AU - Chu, Kevin AU - Negeri, Adisu AU - Benson, Jacqueline AU - Nelson, Rebecca AU - Bradbury, Peter AU - Nielsen, Dahlia AU - Holland, James B. AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Johal, Gurmukh T2 - PLoS Genetics AB - Much remains unknown of molecular events controlling the plant hypersensitive defense response (HR), a rapid localized cell death that limits pathogen spread and is mediated by resistance (R-) genes. Genetic control of the HR is hard to quantify due to its microscopic and rapid nature. Natural modifiers of the ectopic HR phenotype induced by an aberrant auto-active R-gene (Rp1-D21), were mapped in a population of 3,381 recombinant inbred lines from the maize nested association mapping population. Joint linkage analysis was conducted to identify 32 additive but no epistatic quantitative trait loci (QTL) using a linkage map based on more than 7000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genome-wide association (GWA) analysis of 26.5 million SNPs was conducted after adjusting for background QTL. GWA identified associated SNPs that colocalized with 44 candidate genes. Thirty-six of these genes colocalized within 23 of the 32 QTL identified by joint linkage analysis. The candidate genes included genes predicted to be in involved programmed cell death, defense response, ubiquitination, redox homeostasis, autophagy, calcium signalling, lignin biosynthesis and cell wall modification. Twelve of the candidate genes showed significant differential expression between isogenic lines differing for the presence of Rp1-D21. Low but significant correlations between HR-related traits and several previously-measured disease resistance traits suggested that the genetic control of these traits was substantially, though not entirely, independent. This study provides the first system-wide analysis of natural variation that modulates the HR response in plants. DA - 2014/8/28/ PY - 2014/8/28/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004562 VL - 10 IS - 8 SP - e1004562 J2 - PLoS Genet LA - en OP - SN - 1553-7404 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004562 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Southern leaf blight disease severity is correlated with decreased maize leaf epiphytic bacterial species richness and the phyllosphere bacterial diversity decline is enhanced by nitrogen fertilization AU - Manching, Heather C. AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Stapleton, Ann E. T2 - Frontiers in Plant Science AB - Plant leaves are inhabited by a diverse group of microorganisms that are important contributors to optimal growth. Biotic and abiotic effects on plant growth are usually studied in controlled settings examining response to variation in single factors and in field settings with large numbers of variables. Multi-factor experiments with combinations of stresses bridge this gap, increasing our understanding of the genotype-environment-phenotype functional map for the host plant and the affiliated epiphytic community. The maize inbred B73 was exposed to single and combination abiotic and the biotic stress treatments: low nitrogen fertilizer and high levels of infection with southern leaf blight (causal agent Cochliobolus heterostrophus). Microbial epiphyte samples were collected at the vegetative early-season phase and species composition was determined using 16S ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis. Plant traits and level of southern leaf blight disease were measured late-season. Bacterial diversity was different among stress treatment groups (P< 0.001). Lower species richness—alpha diversity--was correlated with increased severity of southern leaf blight disease when disease pressure was high. Nitrogen fertilization intensified the decline in bacterial alpha diversity. While no single bacterial ribotype was consistently associated with disease severity, small sets of ribotypes were good predictors of disease levels. Difference in leaf bacterial-epiphyte diversity early in the season were correlated with plant disease severity, supporting further tests of microbial epiphyte-disease correlations for use in predicting disease progression. DA - 2014/8/15/ PY - 2014/8/15/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2014.00403 VL - 5 IS - AUG J2 - Front. Plant Sci. OP - SN - 1664-462X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00403 DB - Crossref ER - TY - RPRT TI - Backyard composting of yard, garden and food discards AU - Sherman, R. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M1 - AG‐791 SN - AG‐791 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Current and Potential Benefits of Mass Earthworm Culture AU - Lowe, Christopher N. AU - Butt, Kevin R. AU - Sherman, Rhonda L. T2 - Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms AB - Of the 6000 earthworm species, most can be subdivided into litter (compost)-dwelling species or soil-dwelling species. Litter-dwelling species are small, easily cultivated, and of enormous use in processing organic materials; they simultaneously produce a potential horticultural product (worm-worked material, or vermicompost) and also produce biomass as more earthworms. The latter are themselves a potential product for protein production (animal or human feed). Soil-dwelling earthworms require more careful culture, but their use in soil improvement schemes, enhancing selected agricultural systems, and ecotoxicological monitoring is now recognized and is becoming more widely established. Laboratory-based culture has been upscaled, and future practice will undoubtedly have a direct role in key areas of world food production and soil rehabilitation. Collectively, these seemingly insignificant animals can make a significant contribution to achieving sustainable human development. PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/b978-0-12-391453-8.00020-0 SP - 683-709 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780123914538 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-391453-8.00020-0 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drying temperature - duration impacts on moisture, carbon, and nitrogen losses from broiler litter AU - Liang, Weizhen AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Classen, John AU - Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna T2 - Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 16-23 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil microbial responses to elevated CO2 and O-3 in a nitrogen-aggrading agroecosystem AU - Cheng, L. AU - Booker, F. L. AU - Burkey, K. O. AU - Tu, C. AU - Shew, H. D. AU - Rufty, T. W. AU - Fiscus, E. L. AU - Deforest, J. L. AU - Hu, S. J. T2 - Carbon Capture and Storage: CO2 Management Technologies DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1201/b16845-14 SP - 277-307 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Use of trazodone to facilitate postsurgical confinement in dogs Response AU - Roe, S. C. AU - Sherman, B. L. AU - Gruen, M. E. AU - Hamilton, A. AU - Griffith, E. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 629-630 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In-chamber thermocatalytic tar cracking and syngas reforming using char-supported NiO catalyst in an updraft biomass gasifier AU - James, A. M. AU - Yuan, W. Q. AU - Boyette, M. D. AU - Wang, D. H. AU - Kumar, A. T2 - International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 7 IS - 6 SP - 91-97 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Experience of breathing carbon dioxide Response AU - Meyer, R. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. AU - Stikeleather, L. AU - Styles, D. K. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 1244-1245 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Channel complexity and nitrate concentrations drive denitrification rates in urban restored and unrestored streams AU - Tuttle, Alea K. AU - McMillan, Sara K. AU - Gardner, Angela AU - Jennings, Gregory D. T2 - ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AB - Stream restoration projects constructed in urbanizing watersheds provided an opportunistic setting to determine how channel bedform influenced nitrate removal by denitrification. We measured denitrification rates in streambed sediments seasonally at eight streams in North Carolina, USA to characterize the physicochemical drivers of nitrogen transformations in restored urban streams. Mean denitrification rates were highly variable (97 ± 58 to 585 ± 214 μmol m−2 h−1) and most significantly influenced by nitrate concentrations; baseflow nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 1.07 mg/L. A multiple linear regression approach also revealed the importance of channel complexity, water depth and temperature, which together with nitrate concentrations explained 60% of the variability among sites and seasons. Controlling for nutrient limitation, we observed significantly greater denitrification rates in more geomorphically complex streams, particularly near grade control structures and in deep pools. However, these trends were not consistently observed across all sites, which suggest the added influence of watershed scale drivers (e.g., urban hydrology) as well as reach scale drivers including the design, construction and age of the restoration project. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.09.066 VL - 73 SP - 770-777 SN - 1872-6992 KW - Restoration KW - Nitrogen KW - Denitrification KW - Urban ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioretention function under climate change scenarios in North Carolina, USA AU - Hathaway, J. M. AU - Brown, R. A. AU - Fu, J. S. AU - Hunt, W. F. T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AB - The effect of climate change on stormwater controls is largely unknown. Evaluating such effects is important for understanding how well resiliency can be built into urban watersheds by implementing these systems. Bioretention areas with varied media depths, in situ soil types, drainage configurations, and surface infiltration capabilities have previously been monitored, modelled, and calibrated using the continuous simulation model, DRAINMOD. In this study, data from downscaled climate projections for 2055 through 2058 were utilized in these models to evaluate changes in system hydrologic function under two climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5). The results were compared to those generated using a “Base” scenario of observed data from 2001 to 2004. The results showed a modest change in the overall water balance of the system. In particular, the frequency and magnitude of overflow from the systems substantially increased under the climate change scenarios. As this represents an increase in the amount of uncontrolled, untreated runoff from the contributing watersheds, it is of particular concern. Further modelling showed that between 9.0 and 31.0 cm of additional storage would be required under the climate change scenarios to restrict annual overflow to that of the base scenario. Bioretention surface storage volume and infiltration rate appeared important in determining a system’s ability to cope with increased yearly rainfall and higher rainfall magnitudes. As climate change effects vary based on location, similar studies should be performed in other locations to determine localized effects on stormwater controls. DA - 2014/11/27/ PY - 2014/11/27/ DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.037 VL - 519 SP - 503-511 SN - 1879-2707 KW - Bioretention KW - Biofilter KW - Hydrology KW - Climate change KW - Water balance KW - DRAINMOD ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of trazodone to facilitate postsurgical confinement in dogs AU - Gruen, Margaret E. AU - Roe, Simon C. AU - Griffith, Emily AU - Hamilton, Alexandra AU - Sherman, Barbara L. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To investigate the safety and efficacy of oral administration of the serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor trazodone hydrochloride to facilitate confinement and calming after orthopedic surgery in dogs.Prospective open-label clinical trial.36 client-owned dogs that underwent orthopedic surgery.Starting the day after surgery, dogs were administered trazodone (approx 3.5 mg/kg [1.6 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) with tramadol (4 to 6 mg/kg [1.8 to 2.7 mg/lb], PO, q 8 to 12 h) for pain management. After 3 days, administration of tramadol was discontinued, and the trazodone dosage was increased (approx 7 mg/kg [3.2 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) and maintained for at least 4 weeks. If needed, trazodone dosage was increased (7 to 10 mg/kg [3.2 to 4.5 mg/lb], PO, q 8 h). Owners completed electronic surveys rating their dogs' confinement tolerance, calmness or hyperactivity level, and responses to specific provocative situations prior to surgery and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after surgery and at the postsurgery evaluation (at 8 to 12 weeks).Most (32/36 [89%]) of owners reported that their dogs, when given trazodone during the 8 to 12 weeks following orthopedic surgery, improved moderately or extremely with regard to confinement tolerance and calmness. Trazodone was well tolerated, even in combination with NSAIDs, antimicrobials, and other medications; no dogs were withdrawn from the study because of adverse reactions. Owner-reported median onset of action of trazodone was 31 to 45 minutes, and median duration of action was ≥ 4 hours.Results suggested that oral administration of trazodone was safe and efficacious and may be used to facilitate confinement and enhance behavioral calmness of dogs during the critical recovery period following orthopedic surgery. DA - 2014/8/1/ PY - 2014/8/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.245.3.296 VL - 245 IS - 3 SP - 296-301 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limits on the reproducibility of marker associations with southern leaf blight resistance in the maize nested association mapping population AU - Bian, Yang AU - Yang, Qin AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Wisser, Randall J. AU - Holland, James B. T2 - BMC GENOMICS AB - A previous study reported a comprehensive quantitative trait locus (QTL) and genome wide association study (GWAS) of southern leaf blight (SLB) resistance in the maize Nested Association Mapping (NAM) panel. Since that time, the genomic resources available for such analyses have improved substantially. An updated NAM genetic linkage map has a nearly six-fold greater marker density than the previous map and the combined SNPs and read-depth variants (RDVs) from maize HapMaps 1 and 2 provided 28.5 M genomic variants for association analysis, 17 fold more than HapMap 1. In addition, phenotypic values of the NAM RILs were re-estimated to account for environment-specific flowering time covariates and a small proportion of lines were dropped due to genotypic data quality problems. Comparisons of original and updated QTL and GWAS results confound the effects of linkage map density, GWAS marker density, population sample size, and phenotype estimates. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of changing each of these parameters individually and in combination to determine their relative impact on marker-trait associations in original and updated analyses.Of the four parameters varied, map density caused the largest changes in QTL and GWAS results. The updated QTL model had better cross-validation prediction accuracy than the previous model. Whereas joint linkage QTL positions were relatively stable to input changes, the residual values derived from those QTL models (used as inputs to GWAS) were more sensitive, resulting in substantial differences between GWAS results. The updated NAM GWAS identified several candidate genes consistent with previous QTL fine-mapping results.The highly polygenic nature of resistance to SLB complicates the identification of causal genes. Joint linkage QTL are relatively stable to perturbations of data inputs, but their resolution is generally on the order of tens or more Mbp. GWAS associations have higher resolution, but lower power due to stringent thresholds designed to minimize false positive associations, resulting in variability of detection across studies. The updated higher density linkage map improves QTL estimation and, along with a much denser SNP HapMap, greatly increases the likelihood of detecting SNPs in linkage with causal variants. We recommend use of the updated genetic resources and results but emphasize the limited repeatability of small-effect associations. DA - 2014/12/5/ PY - 2014/12/5/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1068 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1471-2164 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84924290940&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Quantitative trait loci KW - Nested association mapping KW - Disease resistance KW - Genome wide association study KW - Zea mays ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of carbon dioxide administration for on-site mass depopulation of swine in response to animal health emergencies AU - Meyer, Robert E. AU - Morrow, W. E. Morgan AU - Stikeleather, Larry F. AU - Baird, Craig L. AU - Rice, J. Mark AU - Byrne, Haleh AU - Halbert, Burt V. AU - Styles, Darrel K. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - apid methods for on-site swine depopulation are re-quired in the event of an animal health emergency in North America. The term animal health emergency, as used in this context, includes a wide range of poten-tial situations such as disease outbreaks, contamination with chemicals (eg, dioxin) or radionuclides (eg, cesi-um-137), and adverse animal welfare conditions creat-ed by transportation restrictions that severely limit feed deliveries and animal movement. As described by the AVMA, mass depopulation refers to methods by which large numbers of animals must be destroyed quickly and efficiently with as much consideration given to the welfare of the animals as practicable, but where the cir -cumstances and tasks facing those performing depopu-lation are understood to be extenuating. DA - 2014/4/15/ PY - 2014/4/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.244.8.924 VL - 244 IS - 8 SP - 924-933 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding pH and Ionic Strength Effects on Aluminum Sulfate-Induced Microalgae Flocculation AU - Cui, Y. AU - Yuan, W. AU - Cheng, J. T2 - APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1007/s12010-014-0957-4 VL - 173 IS - 7 SP - 1692-1702 SN - 1559-0291 KW - DLVO KW - Microalgae KW - Flocculation KW - Aluminum sulfate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structural integrity affects nitrogen removal activity of granules in semi-continuous reactors AU - Mota, Cesar R. AU - Head, Melanie A. AU - Williams, Jon C. AU - Eland, Lucy AU - Cheng, Jay J. AU - Reyes, Francis L., III T2 - BIODEGRADATION DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// DO - 10.1007/s10532-014-9712-3 VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - 923-934 SN - 1572-9729 KW - Fluorescence in situ hybridization KW - Aerobic granules KW - Structure KW - Flocs KW - Nitrification KW - Denitrification KW - Particle size ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal variability of Kuroshio intrusion northeast of Taiwan Island as revealed by self-organizing map AU - Yuqi, Yin AU - Xiaopei, Lin AU - Yizhen, Li AU - Xiangming, Zeng T2 - CHINESE JOURNAL OF OCEANOLOGY AND LIMNOLOGY DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// DO - 10.1007/s00343-015-4017-x VL - 32 IS - 6 SP - 1435-1442 SN - 1993-5005 KW - Kuroshio intrusion KW - self-organizing map KW - mesoscale eddies ER - TY - JOUR TI - Screening, Growth Medium Optimisation and Heterotrophic Cultivation of Microalgae for Biodiesel Production AU - Jia, Zongchao AU - Liu, Ying AU - Daroch, Maurycy AU - Geng, Shu AU - Cheng, Jay J. T2 - APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1007/s12010-014-0954-7 VL - 173 IS - 7 SP - 1667-1679 SN - 1559-0291 KW - Microalgae KW - Heterotrophic cultivation KW - Oil accumulation KW - Algal biodiesel ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship Between Mechanical Thresholds and Limb Use in Dogs With Coxofemoral Joint OA-Associated Pain and the Modulating Effects of Pain Alleviation From Total Hip Replacement on Mechanical Thresholds AU - Tomas, Andrea AU - Marcellin-Little, Denis J. AU - Roe, Simon C. AU - Motsinger-Reif, Alison AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - Objectives To compare von Frey mechanical quantitative sensory thresholds (mQST vF ) between pelvic limbs in dogs before unilateral total hip replacement (THR) surgery; to correlate ground reaction forces (GRF) with mQST vF ; to assess changes in mQST vF after THR surgery. Study Design Prospective clinical study. Animals Dogs (n = 44). Methods mQST vF and GRF measured using a pressure sensitive walkway were evaluated before, and 3, 6, and 12 months after, unilateral THR. Measurements were recorded from the affected (operated) pelvic limb (APL) and the non‐operated pelvic limb (NPL). Random effects analysis and forwards stepwise linear regression models were used to evaluate the influence of time since surgery and patient factors on mQST vF thresholds. Results There were no significant correlations between mQST vF data and age, bodyweight or the GRF variables. Preoperative mQST vF measured at the APL and NPL did not differ ( P = .909). mQST vF thresholds increased significantly after 12 months in NPL ( P = .047) and APL ( P = .001). In addition to time, APL mQST vF values were significantly affected by sex (higher in males, P = .010) and body condition score (higher in leaner dogs, P = .035) and NPL mQST vF values by sex ( P = .038). Conclusion Successful unilateral THR results in decreased central sensitization after 12 months. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12160.x VL - 43 IS - 5 SP - 542-548 SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling a continuous flow ultraviolet Light Emitting Diode reactor using computational fluid dynamics AU - Jenny, Richard M. AU - Simmons, Otto D., III AU - Shatalov, Max AU - Ducoste, Joel J. T2 - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE AB - The use of ultraviolet (UV) light for water treatment disinfection has become increasingly popular due to its ability to inactivate chlorine-resistant microorganisms without the production of known disinfection by-products. Currently, mercury-based lamps are the most commonly used UV disinfection source; however, these lamps are toxic if broken during installation or by foreign object strike during normal operation. In addition, disposal of degraded, hazardous mercury lamps can be challenging in rural and developing countries for point-of-use (POU) drinking water disinfection applications. UV Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) offer an alternative, non-toxic UV source that will provide design flexibility due to their small size, longer operating life, and fewer auxiliary electronics than traditional mercury-based lamps. Modeling of UV reactor performance has been a significant approach to the engineering of UV reactors in drinking water treatment. Yet, no research has been performed on the experimental and modeling of a continuous flow UV-LED reactor. A research study was performed to validate a numerical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a continuous flow UV-LED water disinfection process. Reactor validation consisted of the following: (1) hydraulic analysis using tracer tests, (2) characterization of the average light distribution using chemical actinometry, and (3) microbial dose–response and inactivation using biodosimetry. Results showed good agreement between numerical simulations and experimental testing. Accuracy of fluid velocity profile increased as flow rate increased from 109 mL/min to 190 mL/min, whereas chemical actinometry saw better agreement at the low flow rate. Biodosimetry testing was compared only at the low flow rate and saw good agreement for log inactivation of bacteriophage Qβ and MS-2 at 92% and 80% UV transmittance (UVT). The results from this research can potentially be used for the design of alternative point-of-use drinking water disinfection reactors in developing countries using UV LEDs. DA - 2014/9/6/ PY - 2014/9/6/ DO - 10.1016/j.ces.2014.05.020 VL - 116 SP - 524-535 SN - 1873-4405 KW - Drinking water disinfection KW - UV Light Emitting Diodes KW - Numerical model KW - Chemical actinometry KW - Biodosimetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions between fungal growth, substrate utilization, and enzyme production during solid substrate cultivation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on cotton stalks AU - Shi, Jian AU - Chinn, Mari S. AU - Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna R. T2 - Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering DA - 2014/6/8/ PY - 2014/6/8/ DO - 10.1007/s00449-014-1224-3 VL - 37 IS - 12 SP - 2463-2473 J2 - Bioprocess Biosyst Eng LA - en OP - SN - 1615-7591 1615-7605 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-014-1224-3 DB - Crossref KW - Cotton stalk KW - Pretreatment KW - Bioethanol KW - Phanerochaete chrysosporium KW - Kinetics KW - Solid substrate cultivation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global sensitivity analysis of DRAINMOD-FOREST, an integrated forest ecosystem model AU - Tian, Shiying AU - Youssef, Mohamed A. AU - Amatya, Devendra M. AU - Vance, Eric D. T2 - HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES AB - Global sensitivity analysis is a useful tool to understand process-based ecosystem models by identifying key parameters and processes controlling model predictions. This study reported a comprehensive global sensitivity analysis for DRAINMOD-FOREST, an integrated model for simulating water, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) cycles and plant growth in lowland forests. The analysis was carried out for multiple long-term model predictions of hydrology, biogeochemistry, and plant growth. Results showed that long-term mean hydrological predictions were highly sensitive to several key plant physiological parameters. Long-term mean annual soil organic C content and mineralization rate were mainly controlled by temperature-related parameters for soil organic matter decomposition. Mean annual forest productivity and N uptake were found to be mainly dependent upon plant production-related parameters, including canopy quantum use efficiency and carbon use efficiency. Mean annual nitrate loss was highly sensitive to parameters controlling both hydrology and plant production, while mean annual dissolved organic nitrogen loss was controlled by parameters associated with its production and physical sorption. Parameters controlling forest production, C allocation, and specific leaf area highly affected long-term mean annual leaf area. Results of this study could help minimize the efforts needed for calibrating DRAINMOD-FOREST. Meanwhile, this study demonstrates the critical role of plants in regulating water, C, and N cycles in forest ecosystems and highlights the necessity of incorporating a dynamic plant growth model for comprehensively simulating hydrological and biogeochemical processes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2014/7/15/ PY - 2014/7/15/ DO - 10.1002/hyp.9948 VL - 28 IS - 15 SP - 4389-4410 SN - 1099-1085 KW - global sensitivity analysis KW - forest ecosystem model KW - DRAINMOD-FOREST KW - forest hydrology KW - biogeochemistry KW - plant growth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficient production of triacylglycerols rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by osmo-heterotrophic marine protists AU - Liu, Ying AU - Tang, Jie AU - Li, Jingjing AU - Daroch, Maurycy AU - Cheng, Jay J. T2 - APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1007/s00253-014-6032-9 VL - 98 IS - 23 SP - 9643-9652 SN - 1432-0614 KW - Thraustochytrids KW - Culture optimization KW - DHA KW - Lipid composition KW - Fermentation ER - TY - JOUR TI - The farm to biorefinery continuum: A techno-economic and LCA analysis of ethanol production from sweet sorghum juice AU - Caffrey, Kevin R. AU - Veal, Matthew W. AU - Chinn, Mari S. T2 - Agricultural Systems AB - This paper describes the economic, environmental, and energy issues of the farm to biorefinery continuum related to production of ethanol from soluble sugars recovered from sweet sorghum using the BE3 (bioenergy economics, energy, and environmental) model methodology. A comparative analysis of five process configurations was conducted to determine how process decentralization affects the total production system. An increased integration of on-farm processing resulted in a moderate increase in the breakeven sales price of ethanol ($0.08/L), however the substantial increase in value-added agricultural practices (approximately 180%) can offer greater returns to the farm operation. Benefits outside the scope of this analysis related to decentralized processing include: increased rural development, reductions in transportation requirements, additional income to farmers, and dissipation of some environmental impacts. Using a single parameter sensitivity analysis for those process configurations the greatest economic impacts were found to be related to conversion efficiency, crop yield, and press efficiency. Conservative values were used throughout the process modeling procedure (e.g. crop yield, Brix level of juice, conversion efficiency, and by-product usage), yet with system optimization, breakeven sales price could be significantly decreased. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1016/j.agsy.2014.05.016 VL - 130 SP - 55-66 J2 - Agricultural Systems LA - en OP - SN - 0308-521X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2014.05.016 DB - Crossref KW - Value-added agriculture KW - Bioenergy KW - Life cycle assessment KW - Techno-economic evaluation KW - Energy audit ER - TY - JOUR TI - RTK GPS and automatic steering for peanut digging AU - Roberson, Gary AU - Jordan, D. L. T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture AB - <italic>Abstract. </italic> Peanut harvesting is a two-stage process. In the first stage, a digger-shaker-inverter implement is used to plow peanut from the ground. In the second stage, a combine is used to thresh peanut pods from the vines. Yield loss can be significant, especially during the digging stage where the implement may not be properly aligned over the rows of peanut. In this study, RTK-based automatic steering was compared to manual steering to determine the potential for reduced yield losses. In addition, peanut response to the plant growth regulator prohexadione calcium was compared to a non-treated peanut to determine if reduced yield losses were obtainable. Prohexadione calcium regulator did not improve yield significantly. However, use of RTK based automatic steering was significant, increasing harvested yield by 510 kg/ha or 11%. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13031/aea.30.10432 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 405–409 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maintenance versus Maturation: Constructed Storm-Water Wetland’s Fifth-Year Water Quality and Hydrologic Assessment AU - Merriman, Laura S. AU - Hunt, William F., III T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering AB - Constructed storm-water wetlands (CSWs) have become popular storm water control measures (SCMs) in low-lying coastal environments, offering a hybrid between larger detention practices (wet ponds) and newer green infrastructure technologies. However, it is relatively rare that CSWs are monitored once the practice has aged 4 years, causing some concern among stakeholders about the long-term performance of CSWs. The specific objective of this research was to investigate the effects that wetland maturation and lack of maintenance have on the ability of a 5-year-old CSW to mitigate hydrology and improve water quality. A CSW was monitored from 2012–2013 that had not been maintained since construction in the spring of 2007. Since then, it has established as a diverse and healthy ecosystem. The monitoring results were compared with the results of a study conducted at the same site for a 1-year period immediately following construction (2007–2008). In 2007–2008, runoff volumes were reduced 54% and peak discharges 80%; whereas in 2012–2013, no change was observed in volume, and peak discharges were reduced by 64%. The stark difference in hydrologic mitigation was attributed to less availability of design volume in 2012–2013 because of (1) organic detritus accumulation during the intervening 5 years measured to be 7 cm; (2) modest siltation; and (3) an upward water-table adjustment owing to differing average antecedent dry periods. The 2012–2013 hydrologic performance of this CSW was similar to other CSWs (that were 2 years of age) studied in North Carolina, indicating that ecological systems should be monitored for performance after the point of establishment (2–3 years) for regulatory purposes. Overall nitrogen event mean concentration (EMCs) were reduced as the wetland matured, but not for total phosphorus (TP), as the effluent concentrations increased from 2007–2008 to 2012–2013. CSW maturation seemed to outweigh the lack of maintenance for both nitrogen treatment and stabilization of internal sediment. Maintenance (removal/replacement of forebay sediments and detritus material) need was apparent, however, for TP treatment and hydrologic mitigation. This appeared to be the only form of maintenance that would have been needed in the last 6 years for an SCM treating a 47-ha watershed. In comparison to the other practices, namely bioretention and permeable pavement, similar CSWs may have much lower operation and maintenance costs. This may make CSWs a viable option in areas where little resources exist for SCM maintenance. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000861 VL - 140 IS - 10 SP - 05014003 J2 - J. Environ. Eng. LA - en OP - SN - 0733-9372 1943-7870 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000861 DB - Crossref KW - Storm water KW - Runoff KW - Sediment KW - Urban KW - Storm-water wetland KW - Nitrogen KW - Phosphorus KW - Maintenance KW - Wetland maturation KW - SCM KW - Green infrastructure ER - TY - JOUR TI - DRAINMOD-DSSAT Simulation of the Hydrology, Nitrogen Dynamics, and Plant Growth of a Drained Corn Field in Indiana AU - Negm, Lamyaa M. AU - Youssef, Mohamed A. AU - Skaggs, Richard W. AU - Chescheir, George M. AU - Kladivko, Eileen J. T2 - JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING AB - DRAINMOD-DSSAT is an integrated model recently developed to simulate the hydrology, water quality, and crop growth for artificially drained croplands. DRAINMOD-DSSAT is an advanced research tool that contributes to increasing productivity, reducing cost, and enhancing sustainability of crop production on high water table soils with artificial drainage. In this study, the performance of the model was evaluated using a six-year data set (1985–1990) collected from a subsurface drained agricultural research site in Indiana in the United States. Subsurface drains were installed at three different spacings (5, 10, and 20 m). During the simulation period, all treatments were planted to corn receiving high preplant N-fertilization rates. Rainfall patterns varied significantly among the years. DRAINMOD-DSSAT predictions of monthly and annual drainage flow, and nitrate losses, were in good agreement with measured values. Similarly, variations in corn yield patterns were well captured by the model across different treatments. Other crop growth-related variables and soil-N process rates were reasonably predicted compared with values reported in the literature. These results demonstrated the potential of DRAINMOD-DSSAT to simulate different components of an agricultural system involving different management practices and subjected to variable climatic conditions. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000738 VL - 140 IS - 8 SP - SN - 1943-4774 KW - Drainage KW - Agricutural system modeling KW - Crop production KW - Water quality KW - DSSAT KW - DRAINMOD ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon dioxide system for on-farm euthanasia of pigs in small groups AU - Rice, M. AU - Baird, C. AU - Stikeleather, L. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. AU - Meyer, R. T2 - Journal of Swine Health and Production DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 248-254 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioaerosol concentrations and emissions from tunnel-ventilated high-rise layer houses in north carolina AU - Hu, D. AU - Wang-Li, L. AU - Simmons, O.D. AU - Classen, J.J. AU - Osborne, J.A. AU - Byfield, G.E. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Abstract. In this study, concentrations of bacteria and fungi were measured in two high-rise, tunnel-ventilated egg production houses in North Carolina during winter, spring, and summer using Andersen six-stage samplers. Average concentrations of culturable airborne bacteria and fungi ranged from 2.2 × 105 colony forming units (CFU) m-3 to 1.1 × 106 CFU m-3 and from 1.5 × 103 to 2.8 × 103 CFU m-3, respectively. In-house bacterial concentrations significantly differed over the three seasons but did not vary by time of day. In-house fungal concentrations were not significantly different over seasons or at different times of day. Among all influencing factors, indoor air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and house ventilation rate (Q) had significant impacts on in-house bioaerosol concentrations. Bacterial concentrations were significantly higher on the second floor of the high-rise layer house, while fungal concentrations were not significantly different on the two floors. Emission rates of both bacteria and fungi were highest in summer, possibly due to the elevated ventilation rates during the summer season. The findings of this study advance our knowledge about bioaerosol concentrations and emissions as impacted by various factors in egg production facilities. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.13031/trans.57.10489 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 915-925 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84924343014&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recommendations to Mitigate Potential Sources of Error in Preparation of Biomass Sorghum Samples for Compositional Analyses Used in Industrial and Forage Applications AU - Whitfield, Matthew B. AU - Chinn, Mari S. AU - Veal, Matthew W. T2 - BioEnergy Research DA - 2014/6/3/ PY - 2014/6/3/ DO - 10.1007/s12155-014-9476-y VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 1561-1570 J2 - Bioenerg. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 1939-1234 1939-1242 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-014-9476-y DB - Crossref KW - Sweet sorghum KW - Forage sorghum KW - Physical properties KW - Fermentable sugars KW - Biofuel KW - Lignocellulose ER - TY - JOUR TI - POSTEMERGENCE CONTROL OF MICROSTEGIUM VIMINEUM ON RIPARIAN RESTORATION SITES WITH AQUATIC-USE REGISTERED HERBICIDES AU - Hall, Karen R. AU - Spooner, Jean AU - Richardson, Robert J. AU - Hoyle, Steve T. AU - Frederick, Douglas J. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Microstegium vimineum is an invasive grass introduced from Asia that has spread throughout riparian areas of the eastern United States threatening native riparian vegetation. Postemergence ( POST ) herbicides registered for aquatic use were evaluated for control of M. vimineum on two riparian restoration sites in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina. This study found that standard and lower than standard rates of diquat, fluridone, flumioxazin, glyphosate, imazamox, and imazapyr reduced weed stem density and biomass at 6 and 30 weeks after treatment ( WAT ). Both rates of bispyribac and penoxsulam provided less control of M. vimineum . Visual ratings showed both rates of diquat, flumioxazin, imazamox, and imazapyr controlled 63‐100% of M. vimineum at 6 WAT and 84‐100% at 30 WAT . Fluridone and glyphosate provided slightly less control. Bispyribac and penoxsulam treatments provided less control at 6 and 30 WAT compared to the other treatments. Plots treated with both rates of diquat, flumioxazin, imazamox, and imazapyr were nearly devoid of all vegetation at 30 WAT . Recommendations include POST application of lower than standard rates of diquat, flumioxazin, fluridone, glyphosate, imazamox, and imazapyr on riparian restoration sites infested with M. vimineum . Immediate vegetation management measures including temporary and permanent plant cover should be employed on treated sites where weeds are completely eradicated to prevent erosion. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1111/jawr.12210 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 533-542 SN - 1752-1688 KW - herbicides KW - invasive plant KW - exotic plant control KW - stiltgrass KW - Microstegium vimineum KW - restoration KW - streams KW - riparian ecology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metrics for assessing thermal performance of stormwater control measures AU - Wardynski, Brad J. AU - Winston, Ryan J. AU - Line, Daniel E. AU - Hunt, William F. T2 - ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AB - Urban runoff can impact the thermal regime of surface waters and degrade valuable aquatic ecosystems. Some stormwater control measures (SCMs) have been shown to mitigate the effects of thermally-enriched runoff, but previous studies lacked consistency when characterizing the thermal behavior of SCMs. Ecologically-relevant parameters such as maximum outflow temperature, duration of temperatures exceeding thresholds for coldwater species, and thermal load have all been considered in past research. Standard metrics that properly represent the downstream impacts of urban stormwater were needed. This paper evaluated thermal metrics to provide designers and regulators with catchment-scale methods for assessing thermal performance and compliance. It was concluded that multiple metrics must be employed to account for both thermal load and biologically-based reference temperature limits. Metrics for temperature evaluations were broken out by data requirements. When only SCM temperature data are available, event mean temperature estimation appears to be the most rigorous metric. Groundwater temperature may also be employed as a surrogate metric for SCM discharge temperatures if conservative protection of coldwater stream health is desired. When SCM temperature and flow data exist, thermal load reductions should be explored. Efficacy of the low impact development (LID) strategy for temperature mitigation (retaining onsite greater than the 95th percentile storm event) was evaluated using field-collected permeable pavement data. Based on these data, retaining the 95th percentile storm event was determined to be an effective technique for thermal protection of surface waters. However, the most rigorous metrics involve long-term temperature and flow data from local reference streams. The best metric currently available is the uniform continuous above threshold (UCAT) method, in which it is necessary to consider continuous exposure duration when comparing against biological thresholds. These analyses can be tailored to specific species of interest within a targeted ecoregion. Combined with thermal load and mixing analysis in-stream, the UCAT method can provide a real-world estimation of the impacts of development. Additionally, evaluation of mixing zones in-stream should also be employed to adequately assess thermal impacts. However, these methods are the most data intensive. The metrics discussed in this paper can be used to inform new and existing design methodologies for regulating stormwater temperature, duration, and thermal load. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.07.068 VL - 71 SP - 551-562 SN - 1872-6992 KW - Temperature KW - Best management practice KW - BMP KW - Stormwater control measure KW - SCM KW - Trout KW - Salmon KW - Urbanization KW - Metrics ER - TY - JOUR TI - INFLUENCE OF RESTORATION AGE AND RIPARIAN VEGETATION ON REACH-SCALE NUTRIENT RETENTION IN RESTORED URBAN STREAMS AU - McMillan, Sara K. AU - Tuttle, Alea K. AU - Jennings, Gregory D. AU - Gardner, Angela T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract In urban watersheds, stormwater inputs largely bypass the buffering capacity of riparian zones through direct inputs of drainage pipes and lowered groundwater tables. However, vegetation near the stream can still influence instream nutrient transformations via maintenance of streambank stability, input of woody debris, modulation of organic matter sources, and temperature regulation. Stream restoration seeks to mimic many of these functions by engineering channel complexity, grading stream banks to reconnect incised channels, and replanting lost riparian vegetation. The goal of this study was to quantify these effects by measuring nitrate and phosphate uptake in five restored streams in Charlotte and Raleigh, North Carolina, with a range of restoration ages. Using nutrient spiraling methods, uptake velocity of nitrate (0.02‐3.56 mm/min) and phosphate (0.14‐19.1 mm/min) was similar to other urban restored streams and higher than unimpacted forested streams with variability influenced by restoration age and geomorphology. Using a multiple linear regression approach, reach‐scale phosphate uptake was greater in newly restored sites, which was attributed to assimilation by algal biofilms, whereas nitrate uptake was highest in older sites potentially due to greater channel stability and establishment of microbial communities. The patterns we observed highlight the influence of riparian vegetation on energy inputs (e.g., heat, organic matter) and thereby on nutrient retention. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1111/jawr.12205 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 626-638 SN - 1752-1688 KW - stream restoration KW - riparian zones KW - nitrogen KW - phosphorus KW - nutrient retention ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glucan Yield from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Big Bluestem as Affected by Ecotype and Planting Location Along the Precipitation Gradient of the Great Plains AU - Zhang, Ke AU - Johnson, Loretta AU - Yuan, Wenqiao AU - Pei, Zhijian AU - Chang, Shing I. AU - Wang, Donghai T2 - BIOENERGY RESEARCH DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1007/s12155-014-9477-x VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 799-810 SN - 1939-1242 KW - Big bluestem KW - Pretreatment KW - Enzymatic hydrolysis KW - Ecotype KW - Reciprocal common garden ER - TY - JOUR TI - GROUNDWATER NITRATE CONCENTRATION REDUCTIONS IN A RIPARIAN BUFFER ENROLLED IN THE NC CONSERVATION RESERVE ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM AU - Wiseman, Jacob D. AU - Burchell, Michael R. AU - Grabow, Garry L. AU - Osmond, Deanna L. AU - Messer, T. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Riparian buffers have been used for many years as a best management practice to decrease the effects of nonpoint pollution from watersheds. The NC Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program ( NC CREP ) has established buffers to treat groundwater nitrate‐nitrogen ( NO 3 − ‐N) from agricultural sources in multiple river basins. A maturing 46 m wide riparian buffer enrolled in NC CREP was studied to determine its effectiveness in reducing groundwater NO 3 − ‐N concentrations from a cattle pasture fertilized with poultry litter. Three monitoring blocks that included groundwater quality wells, water table wells, and soil redox probes, were established in the buffer. NO 3 − ‐N concentrations decreased significantly across the buffer in all of the monitoring blocks with mean reductions of 76‐92%. Many biological processes, including denitrification and plant uptake, may have been responsible for the observed NO 3 − ‐N reductions but could not be differentiated in this study. However, mean reductions in Cl − concentrations ranged from 48‐65% through the blocks, which indicated that dilution was an important factor in observed NO 3 − ‐N reductions. These findings should be carefully considered for future buffer enrollments when assigning nitrogen removal credits. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1111/jawr.12209 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 653-664 SN - 1752-1688 KW - riparian buffer KW - CREP KW - nitrate KW - denitrification KW - dilution KW - nitrogen ER - TY - JOUR TI - FIELD TESTING THE RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT MODEL ON A RIPARIAN BUFFER IN THE NORTH CAROLINA UPPER COASTAL PLAIN AU - Tilak, Amey S. AU - Burchell, Michael R., II AU - Youssef, Mohamed A. AU - Lowrance, Richard R. AU - Williams, Randy G. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract The riparian ecosystem management model ( REMM ) was field tested using five years (2005‐2009) of measured hydrologic and water quality data on a riparian buffer located in the Tar‐Pamlico River Basin, North Carolina. The buffer site received NO 3 ‐N loading from an agricultural field that was fertilized with inorganic fertilizer. Field results showed the buffer reduced groundwater NO 3 ‐N concentration moving to the stream over a five‐year period. REMM was calibrated hydrologically using daily field‐measured water table depths ( WTD s), and with monthly NO 3 ‐N concentrations in groundwater wells. Results showed simulated WTD s and NO 3 ‐N concentrations in good agreement with measured values. The mean absolute error and Willmott's index of agreement for WTD s varied from 13‐45 cm and 0.72‐0.92, respectively, while the root mean square error and Willmott's index of agreement for NO 3 ‐N concentrations ranged from 1.04‐5.92 mg/l and 0.1‐0.86, respectively, over the five‐year period. REMM predicted plant nitrogen (N) uptake and denitrification were within ranges reported in other riparian buffer field studies. The calibrated and validated REMM was used to simulate 33 years of buffer performance at the site. Results showed that on average the buffer reduced NO 3 ‐N concentrations from 12 mg/l at the field edge to 0.7 mg/l at the stream edge over the simulation period, while the total N and NO 3 ‐N load reductions from the field edge to the stream were 77 and 82%, respectively. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1111/jawr.12208 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 665-682 SN - 1752-1688 KW - water quality KW - riparian buffers KW - nonpoint source pollution KW - nutrients KW - riparian ecosystem management model ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Comparative Evaluation of In Vitro Mechanical Properties of Different Designs of Epoxy-Pin External Skeletal Fixation Systems AU - Roe, Simon AB - Veterinary SurgeryVolume 43, Issue 7 p. 897-898 Letter to the Editor Comparative Evaluation of In Vitro Mechanical Properties of Different Designs of Epoxy-Pin External Skeletal Fixation Systems Simon Roe BVSc, PhD, Diplomate ACVS, Simon Roe BVSc, PhD, Diplomate ACVS Small Animal Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27609Search for more papers by this author Simon Roe BVSc, PhD, Diplomate ACVS, Simon Roe BVSc, PhD, Diplomate ACVS Small Animal Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27609Search for more papers by this author First published: 21 August 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12266.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES 1 Tyagi SK, Aithal HP, Kinjavdekar P, et al: Comparative evaluation of in vitro mechanical properties of different designs of epoxy-pin external skeletal fixation systems. Vet Surg 2014; 43: 355–360 2 Ferretti A: The application of the Ilizarov technique to veterinary medicine, in A Branchi-Maiocchi, J Aronson (eds): Operative principles of Ilizarov. Milan, Italy, Medi Surgical Video, 1991, pp 551–570 3 Rajput RK: Strength of materials, mechanics of solids (ed 3). New Delhi, S-Chand Co, 2006 Volume43, Issue7October 2014Pages 897-898 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12266.x SP - 897-898 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of water budgets and the hydrologic performance of a created mitigation wetland-A modeling approach AU - Petru, Bradley J. AU - Chescheir, George M. AU - Ahn, Changwoo T2 - ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AB - The study used a water balance model (DRAINMOD) to compute water budgets of a mitigation wetland created in the Piedmont region of Virginia. The calibration of the model was conducted with automated well data collected during the 17 month monitoring period along with precipitation, temperature, soil physical properties (soil water characteristic curve and saturated hydraulic conductivity) and estimated site characteristics (surface roughness and surface storage). The model was tested for two areas, one nondisturbed and the other disturbed, by construction practices commonly adopted for a mitigation wetland created in the region. A third model was created to represent the disturbed boundary conditions (wetland design), but substituted soil data observed at the nondisturbed study area. DRAINMOD successfully predicted the hydrologic regimes of both nondisturbed and disturbed areas. The model of the nondisturbed area could not accurately predict hydrology of the disturbed area. More importantly, the model of the disturbed area with the soils data from the nondisturbed area could not accurately predict the hydrology of the disturbed area. The models were used to evaluate a set of performance criteria across a 60-year (1952 to 2011) simulation period. Ponding for longer than 60 consecutive days during the growing season occurred at the disturbed study area in 39 out of 60 years and these conditions lasted the entire growing season (219 days) in multiple years. Prolonged inundation of the surface for longer than 100 consecutive days took place in at least 15 of the years simulated compared to two years in the nondisturbed model. The modified disturbed model (using nondisturbed soil data) satisfied jurisdictional hydrology more frequently compared to the disturbed model (33 years versus 22 years, respectively) and prolonged inundation was limited to 8 years during the simulation period with the longest single event lasting 168 consecutive days. The differences were attributed to the reduced drainable porosity and vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity in the disturbed wetland area which translated to a demand for surface storage in order to achieve accurate model calibration and jurisdictional wetland hydrology. The study shows that disturbance to key soil properties will require surface storage to achieve jurisdictional hydrology, and that construction practices can result in longer durations of ponding during the growing season, thus potentially altering the habitat type for the wetland from what was originally designed (e.g., from a forested wetland to open water or emergent habitats). DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.08.001 VL - 71 SP - 667-676 SN - 1872-6992 KW - Wetland hydrology KW - Soil disturbance KW - Water budget model KW - Wetland mitigation KW - Created wetlands KW - DRAINMOD ER - TY - JOUR TI - pH-induced flocculation, indirect electrocoagulation, and hollow fiber filtration techniques for harvesting the saltwater microalga Dunaliella AU - Mixson, Stephanie M. AU - Stikeleather, Larry F. AU - Simmons, Otto D., III AU - Wilson, Cameron W. AU - Burkholder, JoAnn M. T2 - Journal of Applied Phycology DA - 2014/1/9/ PY - 2014/1/9/ DO - 10.1007/s10811-013-0232-z VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 1701-1709 J2 - J Appl Phycol LA - en OP - SN - 0921-8971 1573-5176 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0232-z DB - Crossref KW - Biofuel KW - Dunaliella KW - pH-induced flocculation KW - Electrocoagulation KW - Fatty acids (FAs) KW - Hollow fiber filtration KW - Lipids ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil Carbon, Nitrogen and Microbial Dynamics of Pasturelands: Impacts of Grazing Intensity and Planting Systems AU - Yi, Wang AU - Wen-Xia, Duan AU - Tu, C. AU - Washburn, S. AU - Lei, Cheng AU - Hu, S. T2 - PEDOSPHERE AB - Management intensity critically influences the productivity and sustainability of pasture systems through modifying soil microbes, and soil carbon (C) and nutrient dynamics; however, such effects are not well understood yet in the southeastern USA. We examined the effects of grazing intensity and grass planting system on soil C and nitrogen (N) dynamics, and microbial biomass and respiration in a long-term field experiment in Goldsboro, North Carolina, USA. A split-plot experiment was initiated in 2003 on a highly sandy soil under treatments of two grass planting systems (ryegrass rotation with sorghum-sudangrass hybrid and ryegrass seeding into a perennial bermudagrass stand) at low and high grazing densities. After 4 years of continuous treatments, soil total C and N contents across the 0–30 cm soil profile were 24.7% and 17.5% higher at the high than at the low grazing intensity, likely through promoting plant productivity and C allocation belowground as well as fecal and urinary inputs. Grass planting system effects were significant only at the low grazing intensity, with soil C, N, and microbial biomass and respiration in the top 10 cm being higher under the ryegrass/bermudagrass than under the ryegrass/sorghum-sudangrass hybrid planting systems. These results suggest that effective management could mitigate potential adverse effects of high grazing intensities on soil properties and facilitate sustainability of pastureland. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1016/s1002-0160(14)60027-8 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 408-416 SN - 2210-5107 KW - C allocation KW - grass species KW - microbial respiration KW - microbial biomass KW - pastureland sustainability KW - plant productivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of industrial sweetpotatoes for ethanol production and anthocyanins extraction AU - Diaz, Joscelin T. AU - Chinn, Mari S. AU - Truong, Van-Den T2 - INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS AB - A simultaneous saccharification fermentation (SSF) system was studied for ethanol production in flour industrial sweetpotato (ISP) feedstocks (lines: white DM02-180 and purple NC-413) as an integrated cost saving process, and to examine the feasibility of extracting anthocyanins from flour purple ISPs under a simultaneous extraction and fermentation (SEF) system. Furthermore, a separate hydrolysis fermentation (SHF) configuration was carried out to establish a baseline in sugar consumption and ethanol production from the ISP lines. The thermotolerant ethanol producing yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus NCYC 851 and the mesophilic Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ethanol Red were evaluated, using commercial alpha amylases for hydrolysis of available ISP starch to sugars. Fermentation by S. cerevisiae during SHF had an ethanol yield of 0.32 g/g dry ISP, a 1.1-fold increase above that produced by K. marxianus. Subsequent studies showed that ethanol yield could be increased in a SSF system with a maximum ethanol yield of 0.39 g/g dry ISP achieved, a 15% increase compared with using a SHF system when S. cerevisiae was used. Simultaneous extraction and fermentation of flour purple-fleshed NC-413 ISPs was studied to evaluate the effect of pH on extraction of total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA) and ethanol production. On average, maximum ethanol yield ranged from 0.31 to 0.34 g/g dry ISP and TMA concentration ranged from 45 to 64 mg cyanidin-3-glu/100 g dry powder (10–22 mg/100 g fresh weight) with the greatest ethanol production coming from non-adjusted pH fermentations. The highest anthocyanin recovery, 64 mg cyanidin-3-glu/100 g dry powder was obtained at 35 °C and pH 4.5 using S. cerevisiae Ethanol Red. This study showed the feasibility of extracting anthocyanins and producing ethanol simultaneously in one unit operation without the need of purified solvents. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.07.032 VL - 62 SP - 53-60 SN - 1872-633X KW - Ipomoea batatas KW - Kluyveromyces marxianus KW - Saccharomyces cerevisiae KW - Antioxidants KW - Fermentation KW - Starch KW - Sweet potato ER - TY - JOUR TI - Major ionic compositions of fine particulate matter in an animal feeding operation facility and its vicinity AU - Li, Qian-Feng AU - Wang-Li, Lingjuan AU - Liu, Zifei AU - Jayanty, R.K.M. AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Bloomfield, Peter T2 - Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association AB - Animal feeding operations (AFOs) produce particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants. Investigation of the chemical composition of PM2.5 inside and in the local vicinity of AFOs can help to understand the impact of the AFO emissions on ambient secondary PM formation. This study was conducted on a commercial egg production farm in North Carolina. Samples of PM2.5 were collected from five stations, with one located in an egg production house and the otherfour located in the vicinity ofthe farm alongfour wind directions. The major ions of NH4+, Na+, K+, SO4(2-), Cl-, and NO3- were analyzed using ion chromatography (IC). In the house, the mostly abundant ions were SO4(2-), Cl-, and K+. At ambient stations, SO4(2-), and NH4+ were the two most abundant ions. In the house, NH4+, SO4(2-), and NO3- accounted for only 10% of the PM2.5 mass; at ambient locations, NH4+, SO4(2-), and NO3- accounted for 36-41% of the PM2.5 mass. In the house, NH4+ had small seasonal variations indicating that gas- phase NH3. was not the only major force driving its gas-particle partitioning. At the ambient stations, NH4+ had the highest concentrations in summer In the house, K+, Na+, and Cl- were highly correlated with each other In ambient locations, SO4(2-) and NH4+ had a strong correlation, whereas in the house, SO4(2-) and NH4+ had a very weak correlation. Ambient temperature and solar radiation were positively correlated with NH4+ and SO4(2-). This study suggests that secondary PM formation inside the animal house was not an important source of PM2.5. In the vicinity, NH3 emissions had greater impact on PM2.5 formation. DA - 2014/10/20/ PY - 2014/10/20/ DO - 10.1080/10962247.2014.942442 VL - 64 IS - 11 SP - 1279-1287 J2 - Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association LA - en OP - SN - 1096-2247 2162-2906 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2014.942442 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Archaeal Tetraether Free-Standing Planar Membranes in a PDMS- and PCB-Based Fluidic Platform AU - Ren, Xiang AU - Liu, Kewei AU - Zhan, Qingwei AU - Noh, Hongseok AU - Kumbur, E. Caglan AU - Yuan, Wenqiao Wayne AU - Zhou, Jack G. AU - Chong, Parkson Lee-Gau T2 - ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES AB - The polar lipid fraction E (PLFE) isolated from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius contains exclusively bipolar tetraether lipids, which are able to form extraordinarily stable vesicular membranes against a number of chemical, physical, and mechanical stressors. PLFE liposomes have thus been considered appealing biomaterials holding great promise for biotechnology applications such as drug delivery and biosensing. Here we demonstrated that PLFE can also form free-standing “planar” membranes on micropores (∼100 μm) of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin films embedded in printed circuit board (PCB)-based fluidics. To build this device, two novel approaches were employed: (i) an S1813 sacrificial layer was used to facilitate the fabrication of the PDMS thin film, and (ii) oxygen plasma treatment was utilized to conveniently bond the PDMS thin film to the PCB board and the PDMS fluidic chamber. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, we found that the dielectric properties of PLFE planar membranes suspended on the PDMS films are distinctly different from those obtained from diester lipid and triblock copolymer membranes. In addition to resistance (R) and capacitance (C) that were commonly seen in all the membranes examined, PLFE planar membranes showed an inductance (L) component. Furthermore, PLFE planar membranes displayed a relatively large membrane resistance, suggesting that, among the membranes examined, PLFE planar membrane would be a better matrix for studying channel proteins and transmembrane events. PLFE planar membranes also exhibited a sharp decrease in phase angle with the frequency of the input AC signal at ∼1 MHz, which could be utilized to develop sensors for monitoring PLFE membrane integrity in fluidics. Since the stability of free-standing planar lipid membranes increases with increasing membrane packing tightness and PLFE lipid membranes are more tightly packed than those made of diester lipids, PLFE free-standing planar membranes are expected to be considerably stable. All these salient features make PLFE planar membranes particularly attractive for model studies of channel proteins and transmembrane events and for high-throughput drug screening and artificial photosynthesis. This work can be extended to nanopores of PDMS thin films in microfluidics and eventually aid in membrane-based new lab-on-a-chip applications. DA - 2014/8/13/ PY - 2014/8/13/ DO - 10.1021/am502613x VL - 6 IS - 15 SP - 12618-12628 SN - 1944-8252 KW - archaeal bipolar tetraether lipids KW - free-standing planar membranes KW - fluidics KW - PDMS film KW - electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transglutaminase and high pressure effects on heat-induced gelation of Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) surimi AU - Zhu, Zhiwei AU - Lanier, Tyre C. AU - Farkas, Brian E. AU - Li, BianSheng T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING AB - Abstract A prior high pressure processing (HPP) treatment has previously been shown to enhance subsequent (at atmospheric pressure) low temperature ‘setting’ (glutamyl-lysine, non-disulfide protein crosslinking) induced by transglutaminase (TGase; endogenous or added microbial enzyme). This enhanced setting induces greater gel strength and deformability of subsequently cooked surimi gels. We sought to determine if 25 °C incubation carried out simultaneous with, rather than following, HPP might similarly induce a setting effect on subsequently cooked gels. Pollock surimi pastes (± added microbial TGase) were subjected to HPP 200, 300, or 400 MPa; at 5 °C (little or no setting effect expected during HPP at this temperature) for 30 min or at 25 °C (optimal setting temperature for pollock pastes) for 30, 60, or 120 min. Pastes were then directly cooked (90 °C for 20 min) ( pressure P °C/time  > C), or first allowed to undergo setting at atmospheric pressure (25 °C for 30, 60, or 120 min), followed by cooking (90 °C 20 min) ( pressure P °C/time  > S time  > C). With no microbial TGase added to the raw paste (e.g., endogenous TGase only), 300MPa P 5°C/30min  > S 25°C/120min  > C induced highest gel fracture stress and strain. The same treatment but with HPP at 200 or 400 MPa gave only slightly lower fracture stress (gel strength). Increasing the temperature of the HPP treatment to 25 °C ( 300MPa P 25°C/30min  > S 25°C/120min  > C), even with longer HPP time ( 300MPa P 25°C/60 or 120min  > C), gave weaker gels, similar to those obtained by setting and cooking without a prior HPP treatment (S 25°C/60min  > C). Thus, attempting to induce TGase crosslinking by setting at 25 °C during HPP treatment actually seemed detrimental to gel strength development. However, when HPP was carried out at 25 °C and microbial TGase was added, gel strength and deformability (fracture stress, strain) were enhanced above that of all other treatments tested. All treatments containing microbial TGase evidenced enhanced protein polymerization. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a more dense and fibrous structure in such gels, and reduction of free thiol (SH) groups was noted as a result of microbial TGase addition. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.01.022 VL - 131 SP - 154-160 SN - 1873-5770 KW - High pressure KW - Transglutaminase KW - Setting KW - Heat-induced gelation KW - Alaska pollock KW - Surimi ER - TY - JOUR TI - Technical Note: Alternative in-stream denitrification equation for the INCA-N model AU - Etheridge, J. R. AU - Birgand, F. AU - Burchell II, M. R. AU - Lepistö, A. AU - Rankinen, K. AU - Granlund, K. T2 - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences AB - Abstract. The Integrated Catchment model for Nitrogen (INCA-N) is a semi-distributed, process based model that has been used to model the impacts of land use, climate, and land management changes on hydrology and nitrogen loading. An observed problem with the INCA-N model is reproducing low nitrate–nitrogen concentrations during the summer growing season in some catchments. In this study, the current equation used to simulate the rate of in-stream denitrification was replaced with an alternate equation that uses a mass transfer coefficient and the stream bottom area. The results of simulating in-stream denitrification using the two different methods were compared for a one year simulation period of the Yläneenjoki catchment in Finland. The alternate equation (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.61) simulated concentrations during the periods of the growing season with the lowest flow that were closer to the observed concentrations than the current equation (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.60), but the results were mixed during other portions of the year. The results of the calibration and validation of the model using the two equations show that the alternate equation will simulate lower nitrate–nitrogen concentrations during the growing season when compared to the current equation, but promote investigation into other errors in the model that may be causing inaccuracies in the modeled concentrations. DA - 2014/4/16/ PY - 2014/4/16/ DO - 10.5194/hess-18-1467-2014 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 1467-1473 J2 - Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 1607-7938 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1467-2014 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal and interannual variability in Gulf of Maine hydrodynamics: 2002-2011 AU - Li, Yizhen AU - He, Ruoying AU - McGillicuddy, Dennis J., Jr. T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - In situ observations including long-term moored meteorological and oceanographic measurements and multi-year gulf-wide ship survey data are used to quantify interannual variability of surface wind, river runoff, and hydrographic conditions in the Gulf of Maine during summers 2002-2011. The cumulative upwelling index shows that upwelling (downwelling)-favorable wind conditions were most persistent in 2010 (2005) over the 10-year study period. River discharge was highest in 2005; peak runoff occurred in early April in 2010 as opposed to late April to middle May in other years. Moored time series show that coastal water temperature was 0.5-2 °C warmer than average in summer 2010, and about 2 °C colder than average in 2004. Coastal salinity in April 2010 was the lowest in the 10-year study period. Both moored Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) current measurements and dynamic height/geostrophic velocity calculations based on gulf-wide ship survey data show May-June 2010 had one of the weakest alongshore transports in the western Gulf of Maine during the 10-year study period, likely associated with intrusions of warm slope water and fresher-than-usual Scotian Shelf water. Comparisons of coastal currents to the Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) closure maps resulting from A. fundyense blooms suggest a linkage between alongshore transport and the downstream extent of toxicity. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.03.001 VL - 103 SP - 210-222 SN - 1879-0100 KW - Gulf of Maine KW - Upwelling index KW - River discharge KW - Hydrography KW - Interannual variability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Corn, cotton, and peanut response to tillage and subsurface drip irrigation in north carolina AU - Jordan, D. L. AU - Johnson, P. D. AU - Grabow, G. L. AU - Corbett, T. T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - Determining response of agronomic crops to subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) in conventional and reduced tillage systems is important in defining utility of SDI. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to define interactions of SDI and tillage with respect to yield and economic return of corn ( Zea mays L.), cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), and peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) planted in rotation. Research was conducted in two 4‐yr periods (2007–2010 and 2008–2011) in North Carolina using continuous strip tillage vs. continuous conventional tillage without irrigation or with SDI using a crop sequence of 1 yr of cotton, 2 yr of corn, followed by 1 yr of peanut. Corn, cotton, and peanut yields increased with SDI compared with no irrigation regardless of tillage system. Cotton and peanut yields were not affected by tillage system or the interaction of tillage and irrigation; corn yield was affected by this interaction. In the second year of corn, yield and economic return were higher in conventional tillage with SDI than strip tillage with SDI. Economic return for the sum of crops in the rotation was affected by the interaction of irrigation and tillage. Economic return was higher in both periods during each year corn was grown under SDI compared with non‐irrigated corn while higher economic returns for cotton and peanut under SDI were noted in one of two periods. When pooled over periods, crops, and tillage, economic return for SDI was US$1,552 ha −1 higher than non‐irrigated production over 4 yr. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2134/agronj13.0486 VL - 106 IS - 3 SP - 962-967 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coastal connectivity in the Gulf of Maine in spring and summer of 2004-2009 AU - Li, Yizhen AU - He, Ruoying AU - Manning, James P. T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - Coastal ocean connectivity associated with the Gulf of Maine (GOM) surface flows in spring and summer seasons of 2004–2009 is studied using surface numerical particle tracking based on realistic regional ocean circulation hindcast solutions. Seven initial particle release sites are selected in key gulf regions often affected by harmful algal (Alexandrium fundyense) blooms, including Massachusetts Bay, the western GOM coastal area, the eastern GOM coastal area, the Bay of Fundy, Wilkinson Basin, the Jordan Basin, and a region seaward of Penobscot Bay. Surface particles are released every 5 days between February 1st and August 1st in each year, and the variability in their trajectories on interannual time scales is quantified by Lagrangian probability density function calculations. Coastal connectivity is further quantified using a connectivity matrix, identifying source and destination functions. Our results suggest that the interannual variability in coastal connectivity has strong impact on the spatial distribution of A. fundyense blooms in each year. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.01.037 VL - 103 SP - 199-209 SN - 1879-0100 KW - Gulf of Maine KW - Coastal circulation KW - Connectivity KW - Lagrangian PDFs KW - Interannual variability KW - Source and destination strengths ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using in situ ultraviolet-visual spectroscopy to measure nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and suspended solids concentrations at a high frequency in a brackish tidal marsh AU - Etheridge, J. Randall AU - Birgand, François AU - Osborne, Jason A. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Burchell, Michael R., II AU - Irving, Justin T2 - Limnology and Oceanography: Methods AB - The collection of high frequency water quality data are key to making the next leap in hydrological and biogeochemical sciences. Commercially available in situ ultraviolet‐visual (UV‐Vis) spectrometers make possible the long‐term collection of absorption spectra multiple times per hour. This technology has proven useful for measuring nitrate, dissolved organic carbon, and total suspended solids in many environments, but has not been tested in tidal marsh conditions where upstream freshwater mixes with estuarine waters, resulting in rapid changes in concentrations and salinity. These three parameters encompass only a portion of the nutrients that are of interest in these systems. To test the potential of spectroscopy to measure these and other nutrient concentrations, spectrometers were installed in a constructed brackish tidal marsh and absorbance spectra were compared to lab analyses for coinciding discrete samples. Variable selection techniques, including partial least squares regression, lasso regression, and stepwise regression, were used to develop models with which nitrate, total kjeldahl nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, phosphate, total phosphorus, total suspended solids, and salinity in brackish marsh waters can be predicted from UV‐Vis spectrometer measurements. Significant relationships between the absorption spectra and the laboratory measured concentrations were observed for all of the parameters. Phosphate and total phosphorus were the only nutrients which had R2 values less than 0.86 for their best calibrations. This study shows the potential to collect multiple water quality parameters at a high frequency in brackish waters using in situ spectrometers and gives the tools to replicate this analysis in all environments. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.4319/lom.2014.12.10 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 10-22 J2 - Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods LA - en OP - SN - 1541-5856 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.10 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toward a Synthesis: Lessons from Thirteen Cropland Watershed-Scale Studies AU - Woods, Brad R. AU - Luloff, A. E. AU - Osmond, Deanna AU - Hoag, Dana T2 - SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES AB - To integrate lessons from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Institute of Food and Agriculture–Conservation Effects Assessment Project (NIFA CEAP) program, key informant (KI) interviews were conducted in all 13 project areas. The purpose of these interviews was to supplement technical information about watersheds, their contaminants, modeling, economics, and key findings. We interviewed a wide range of people to develop a systematic look at individual project results, synthesize meanings, and derive principles useful in guiding future watershed management. Findings revealed common themes, which tended to align with KI categories, regardless of location. For instance, farmers and ranchers often understood water quality problems as well as federal and state personnel and university employees do. Conservation adoption by farmers was related to perceived need, cost, and convenience of the practice, as well as practice specifics and individual situations. Possible implications of these findings are advanced. DA - 2014/4/1/ PY - 2014/4/1/ DO - 10.1080/08941920.2013.861551 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 341-357 SN - 1521-0723 KW - watershed KW - adoption KW - key informant KW - conservation KW - agriculture KW - qualitative KW - fertilizer KW - farmers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial and temporal variability of SST and ocean color in the Gulf of Maine based on cloud-free SST and chlorophyll reconstructions in 2003-2012 AU - Li, Yizhen AU - He, Ruoying T2 - REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB - The spatial and temporal variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) is examined using daily, cloud-free Data INterpolating Empirical Orthogonal Function (DINEOF) reconstructions during 2003–2012. The utility of the DINEOF SST and Chl-a is demonstrated through direct comparisons with buoy- and ship-based observations. EOF analyses of cloud-free products are further used to quantify the SST and Chl-a variability on seasonal to inter-annual timescales. The first mode of SST is dominated by an annual cycle in response to net surface heat flux, with SST lagging surface flux by ~ 57 days. The second mode of SST underscores interactions between GOM, the Scotian Shelf, and the slope sea in response to the basin scale atmospheric forcing represented by the North Atlantic Oscillation. The third mode correlates well with the evolution of Scotian Shelf-slope frontal displacement. The first EOF mode of Chl-a is dominated by a winter–spring bloom and a fall bloom, with a spatial distribution modified by the tidal mixing that facilitates nutrient delivery from the deep ocean. The second EOF mode is likely associated with a winter bloom in the warm slope sea, where the low-frequency variations of second modes of SST and Chl-a are in phase, suggesting a possible coupling between physical and biological responses to atmospheric forcing. The third mode of the Chl-a is likely associated with freshening events associated with advection of the Scotian Shelf Water, which enhance stratifications in the eastern GOM. DA - 2014/3/25/ PY - 2014/3/25/ DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2014.01.019 VL - 144 SP - 98-108 SN - 1879-0704 KW - Gulf of Maine KW - Chlorophyll bloom KW - Sea surface temperature KW - North Atlantic Oscillation KW - EOF analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of rainwater harvesting systems on nutrient and sediment concentrations in roof runoff AU - DeBusk, Kathy M. AU - Hunt, William F., III T2 - WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-WATER SUPPLY AB - Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems have the unique ability to contribute to stormwater management goals via mitigation of runoff volumes and peak flow rates. Additionally, collecting and storing runoff via RWH systems can potentially provide water quality benefits due to physical and chemical processes that occur within the storage tank. This study quantified the water quality improvement provided by storing rooftop runoff via RWH systems at four sites in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. Roof runoff and extraction spigot samples were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen species and total phosphorus. Roof concentrations were significantly greater than spigot concentrations for all constituents except TSS, indicating the ability of RWH systems to significantly lower nutrient concentrations of incoming roof runoff. Lack of significant TSS reduction was likely attributable to low, ‘irreducible’ concentrations of TSS in the roof runoff. The use of additional filtration components prior to the extraction spigot could aid in lowering spigot TSS concentrations. The findings presented herein contend that stormwater benefits associated with RWH are not only limited to hydrologic mitigation, but also include reductions in concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus species. Thus, it is recommended that pollutant removal credit be assigned to these systems when used as stormwater control measures. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2166/ws.2013.191 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 220-229 SN - 1606-9749 KW - nutrients KW - rainwater harvesting KW - rooftop runoff KW - sediment KW - stormwater control measure (SCM) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating irrigation applied and nitrogen leached using different smart irrigation technologies on bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) AU - Dobbs, N. A. AU - Migliaccio, K. W. AU - Li, Y. C. AU - Dukes, M. D. AU - Morgan, K. T. T2 - Irrigation Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 193-203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of surface texturing on microalgal cell attachment to solid carriers AU - Cui, Y. AU - Yuan, W. Q. AU - Cao, J. T2 - International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 82-91 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of NIRS models to predict composition of enzymatically processed sweetpotato AU - Diaz, Joscelin T. AU - Veal, Matthew W. AU - Chinn, Mari S. T2 - Industrial Crops and Products AB - This study was conducted to develop calibration models to predict the major constituents (moisture, protein, fiber, alcohol insoluble solids (AIS), and starch) of enzymatically processed sweetpotatoes using a non-destructive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique. Prediction of these constituents is of interest since starch content can be used to estimate crop potential and efficiency of processing enzymes used to convert starch into valuable products needed for industrial applications. Wet chemistry procedures are expensive, laborious, and time consuming; however, NIRS is a reliable and fast tool that can be used to quantify components and identify composition changes occurring during sweetpotato processing. Freeze-dried samples of sweetpotato roots (clones: NC-413, DM02-180, and Covington) were scanned over the near infrared wavelengths at different stages of processing (unprocessed material, wet samples after liquefaction, and wet samples after saccharification) and chemically analyzed. Calibration models were established by Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis and developed to predict moisture, AIS, protein, fiber, and starch content. Spectral range and the number of MLR factors were examined in a stepwise manner that yielded the lowest standard error of calibration (SEC) and highest correlation coefficient of determination (R2). Calibration models based on all sweetpotato clones adequately predicted moisture, AIS, and starch compounds in unprocessed and processed treatments. Protein was successfully predicted with 99% confidence for unprocessed material and an approximate quantitative prediction in processed treatments (R2 = 0.69). Fiber was predicted with 85% confidence for Covington sweetpotato and with 65% for both NC-413 and DM02-180 sweetpotato clones. Starch was successfully predicted with 91% and 97% confidence for unprocessed and processed treatments, respectively. Our results indicated that NIRS technique is a tool able to rapidly predict with reasonable accuracy the composition of different constituents present in sweetpotato samples before and during its processing to value-added products. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.012 VL - 59 SP - 119-124 J2 - Industrial Crops and Products LA - en OP - SN - 0926-6690 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.012 DB - Crossref KW - Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) KW - Ipomoea batatas KW - Hydrolysis KW - Starch KW - Protein KW - Fiber ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Chronic kidney disease in cats AU - Lascelles, B. D. X. AU - Gruen, M. AU - Vaden, S. AU - Hansen, B. AU - Roe, S. AU - Hardie, L. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 775-776 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of a rainwater harvesting system for pollutant mitigation at a commercial location in Raleigh, NC, USA AU - Wilson, Corinne E. AU - Hunt, William F., III AU - Winston, Ryan J. AU - Smith, Patrick T2 - WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-WATER SUPPLY AB - Low Impact Development (LID) and Water Sensitive Urban Design have as one of their tenets the use of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems to provide water for use on site. Historically implemented in arid or semi-arid regions, RWH has recently surged in popularity in more humid regions, such as the southeastern USA, due to increased interest in water conservation during severe drought conditions. An LID commercial site in Raleigh, NC, incorporated RWH with other stormwater control measures to mitigate runoff quantity and improve runoff quality. A 57,900-liter RWH tank used for landscape irrigation was monitored to determine influent and effluent water quality. Samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), nitrite-nitrate (NOX), orthophosphate (Ortho-P) and total suspended solids (TSS). Low concentrations were observed for all pollutants monitored; for example, influent and effluent TP concentrations were 0.02 and 0.03 mg/L, respectively. Statistical testing showed significant increases in TAN and organic nitrogen (ON) concentrations by 33 and 38%, respectively, from inflow to outflow. NOX and TSS concentrations decreased significantly by 23 and 55%, respectively. Concentrations of all other pollutants were not significantly different between the inflow and outflow. Influent concentrations to the RWH tank were less than previously published rainfall pollutant concentrations, indicating potentially irreducible concentrations onsite. While a single case study, this RWH system appears to offer some pollutant mitigation, especially for TSS. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2166/ws.2013.200 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 283-290 SN - 1606-9749 KW - irrigation KW - Low Impact Development KW - North Carolina KW - nutrient management KW - rainwater harvesting KW - stormwater management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance P uptake and alter plant morphology in the invasive plant Microstegium vimineum AU - Lee, Marissa R. AU - Tu, Cong AU - Chen, Xin AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1007/s10530-013-0562-4 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 1083-1093 SN - 1573-1464 KW - Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi KW - Invasion KW - Japanese stiltgrass KW - Phosphorus uptake KW - Plant morphology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ammonia concentrations and modeling of inorganic particulate matter in the vicinity of an egg production facility in Southeastern USA AU - Li, Qian-Feng AU - Wang-Li, Lingjuan AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Jayanty, R. K. M. AU - Bloomfield, Peter T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1007/s11356-013-2417-z VL - 21 IS - 6 SP - 4675-4685 SN - 1614-7499 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84895876258&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Equilibriummodel KW - Egg production KW - Ammonia KW - Particulatematter KW - Inorganic aerosol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acidifier application rate impacts on ammonia emissions from US roaster chicken houses AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Grimes, Jesse L. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, Edgar O. AU - Westerman, Philip W. T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Due to its potential environmental and public health impacts, emissions of ammonia (NH3) as well as several other gases from US livestock farms may be regulated. Broiler houses are important sources of NH3 emissions. However, there are no emissions data from roaster (8–12 wk old broilers, ∼4 kg ea.) houses. Producers treat the litter in broiler houses with acidifiers, such as sodium bisulfate (SBS, NaHSO4) to reduce ammonia production and protect bird health. However, there is very little data on the effect of acidifiers, particularly at high application rates on ammonia emissions. The impact of different SBS application rates [High (0.95–1.46 kg m−2, whole house), Medium (0.73 kg m−2, whole house), Low (0.37–0.49 kg m−2, whole house), and Control (0.37–0.49 kg m−2, brood chamber)] on ammonia emissions was evaluated in commercial roaster houses over 22 months spanning eight flocks. Ammonia emission from each fan was measured with an acid scrubber that operated only when the fan operated. Emissions were calculated using >95% measured data with the rest being estimated using robust methods. Exhaust ammonia–N concentrations were inversely correlated with the SBS application rates. Emission rates on animal unit (AU, where 1 AU = 500 kg live-mass) basis (ER, g d−1 AU−1) were reduced by 27, 13, and 5%, respectively, in the High, Medium, and Low treatments vs. the Control treatment (mean: 100 g d−1 AU−1, range: 86–114 g d−1 AU−1). Emission rates for the Control treatment measured in this study on roasters were mostly higher than ERs in the literature. Differences in ERs are not only due to diet, environmental and management conditions, but also due to measurement methods. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.044 VL - 92 SP - 576-583 SN - 1873-2844 KW - Broiler KW - Litter amendment KW - Acid trap KW - Impingers KW - Bubblers KW - Emission rate KW - Ventilation ER - TY - JOUR TI - A char-supported nano-nio catalyst for biomass syngas cleanup and conditioning AU - Wang, D. AU - Yuan, W. AU - Wang, D. AU - Kumar, A. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 57 IS - 1 SP - 93-101 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transpired solar collector duct for tempering air in North Carolina turkey brooder barn and swine nursery AU - Love, Chris D. AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Grimes, Jesse L. AU - Willits, Daniel W. T2 - SOLAR ENERGY AB - Abstract Transpired solar collector (TSC) ducts were installed at a swine nursery and a turkey brooder farm in eastern North Carolina (NC), USA. Each farm had a Test (TSC duct-equipped) and an identical, adjacent Control treatment. Five swine herds and six turkey brooder flocks were monitored over two heating seasons (2010–2012). Propane uses were reduced by 55 and 27 L/m 2 -yr, respectively, in the swine and turkey barns; reductions were highly variable among herds or flocks and the modest reductions were due to warm weather and use of attic ventilation. Over a 14-d period, both the swine and turkey TSC units increased ambient temperature in the barns by ∼6 °C with a maximum increase of 22.5 °C in the turkey TSC. In the swine and turkey houses, calculated energy additions by the TSC were 433 and 81 MJ/yr-m 2 of collector surface area, or 16 and 3 L/m 2 , respectively, of propane saved. Calculated propane savings were much lower than measured values. Short-term efficiencies were higher in the swine TSC (>61%) vs. the turkey TSC (39–50%) probably due to the lower face velocity of the turkey TSC which increased collector heat losses. While barn CO 2 , RH, and temperature values were unaffected by the TSC, it was unclear why animal performance in the Test treatment was better. Simple payback periods for the TSC ducts at both farms were favorable ( DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1016/j.solener.2013.11.028 VL - 102 SP - 308-317 SN - 0038-092X KW - Solar heating KW - UTC KW - Propane saving KW - Simple payback period ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of acidification of liquid whey protein concentrate on the flavor of spray-dried powder AU - Park, Curtis W. AU - Bastian, Eric AU - Farkas, Brian AU - Drake, MaryAnne T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Off-flavors in whey protein negatively influence consumer acceptance of whey protein ingredient applications. Clear acidic beverages are a common application of whey protein, and recent studies have demonstrated that beverage processing steps, including acidification, enhance off-flavor production from whey protein. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of preacidification of liquid ultrafiltered whey protein concentrate (WPC) before spray drying on flavor of dried WPC. Two experiments were performed to achieve the objective. In both experiments, Cheddar cheese whey was manufactured, fat-separated, pasteurized, bleached (250 mg/kg of hydrogen peroxide), and ultrafiltered (UF) to obtain liquid WPC that was 13% solids (wt/wt) and 80% protein on a solids basis. In experiment 1, the liquid retentate was then acidified using a blend of phosphoric and citric acids to the following pH values: no acidification (control; pH 6.5), pH 5.5, or pH 3.5. The UF permeate was used to normalize the protein concentration of each treatment. The retentates were then spray dried. In experiment 2, 150 μg/kg of deuterated hexanal (D12-hexanal) was added to each treatment, followed by acidification and spray drying. Both experiments were replicated 3 times. Flavor properties of the spray-dried WPC were evaluated by sensory and instrumental analyses in experiment 1 and by instrumental analysis in experiment 2. Preacidification to pH 3.5 resulted in decreased cardboard flavor and aroma intensities and an increase in soapy flavor, with decreased concentrations of hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, decanal, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide compared with spray drying at pH 6.5 or 5.5. Adjustment to pH 5.5 before spray drying increased cabbage flavor and increased concentrations of nonanal at evaluation pH values of 3.5 and 5.5 and dimethyl trisulfide at all evaluation pH values. In general, the flavor effects of preacidification were consistent regardless of the pH to which the solutions were adjusted after spray drying. Preacidification to pH 3.5 increased recovery of D12-hexanal in liquid WPC and decreased recovery of D12-hexanal in the resulting powder when evaluated at pH 6.5 or 5.5. These results demonstrate that acidification of liquid WPC80 to pH 3.5 before spray drying decreases off-flavors in spray-dried WPC and suggest that the mechanism for off-flavor reduction is the decreased protein interactions with volatile compounds at low pH in liquid WPC or the increased interactions between protein and volatile compounds in the resulting powder. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.3168/jds.2013-7877 VL - 97 IS - 7 SP - 4043-4051 SN - 1525-3198 KW - spray-dried whey powder KW - off-flavor KW - pre-acidification KW - whey protein concentrate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil biological properties, soil losses and corn yield in long-term organic and conventional farming systems AU - Larsen, Erika AU - Grossman, Julie AU - Edgell, Joshua AU - Hoyt, Greg AU - Osmond, Deanna AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH AB - Topsoil losses through surface runoff have severe implications for farmers, as well as surrounding ecosystems and waterbodies. However, integrating management systems that enhance soil organic matter (SOM) can stabilize the soil surface from erosion. Little is known about how differences in both tillage and cropping system management affect carbon and subsequent sediment losses in horticultural fields, particularly in the humid climate of the southeast. Research was conducted in the Appalachian Mountains in Mills River, NC on a fine-sandy loam Acrisol from 2010 to 2012 on long-term plots established in 1994. Project objectives included to: (1) quantify labile and total organic matter based on tillage and cropping system practices, (2) determine if relationships exist between SOC ad sediment losses, and (3) determine long-term management and tillage impacts on total organic matter lost via runoff. We hypothesized that organic management and reduced tillage would lead to increased soil carbon, which subsequently reduce losses as soil is stabilized. Organic no tillage and conventional till treatments contained on average 14.34 and 6.80 g kg−1 total carbon (TC) respectively, with the organic no till treatments containing twice the quantity of TC and light fraction particulate organic matter (LPOM) in the upper 15 cm as compared with the conventionally tilled treatments, and four times the quantity of microbial biomass carbon (MBC). LPOM and HPOM, the heavier fraction of POM, did not differ in the organic till and conventional no till treatments.Data support our hypothesis that organic production in combination with no tillage increases C pools (both total and labile) as compared with tilled conventional plots. However, organic no till treatments produced sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) yields less than 50% of that of conventional treatments, attributed to weed competition and lack of available N. No tillage treatments lost two to four times less soil C via surface runoff than tilled systems. Additionally, we found that as total soil C increased, suspended solids lost through surface runoff decreased. Overall, our results indicate tillage to be an important factor in enhancing soil C and decreasing soil loss through surface runoff. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1016/j.still.2014.02.002 VL - 139 SP - 37-45 SN - 1879-3444 KW - Particulate organic matter KW - Sediment loss KW - No tillage KW - Carbon loss KW - Organic agriculture KW - Microbial biomass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Residual indicator bacteria in autosampler tubing: a field and laboratory assessment AU - Hathaway, J. M. AU - Hunt, W. F. AU - Guest, R. M. AU - McCarthy, D. T. T2 - WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Microbial contamination in surface waters has become a worldwide cause for concern. As efforts are made to reduce this contamination, monitoring is integral to documenting and evaluating water quality improvements. Autosamplers are beneficial in such monitoring efforts, as large data sets can be generated with minimized effort. The extent to which autosamplers can be utilized for microbial monitoring is largely unknown due to concerns over contamination. Strict sterilization regimes for components contacting the water being sampled are difficult, and sometimes logistically implausible, when utilizing autosamplers. Field experimentation showed contamination of fecal coliform in autosamplers to be more of a concern than that of Escherichia coli. Further study in a controlled laboratory environment suggested that tubing configuration has a significant effect on residual E. coli concentrations in sampler tubing. The amount of time that passed since the last sample was collected from a given sampler (antecedent dry weather period – DWP) tubing was also a significant factor. At a DWP of 7 days, little to no contamination was found. Thus, simple protocols such as providing positive drainage of tubing between sample events and programming samplers to include rinses will reduce concerns of contamination in autosamplers. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2166/wst.2014.035 VL - 69 IS - 5 SP - 1120-1126 SN - 1996-9732 KW - autosamplers KW - contamination KW - E. coli KW - fecal coliform KW - field monitoring KW - indicator bacteria ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reducing uncertainty in the calibration and validation of the INCA-N model by using soft data AU - Etheridge, J. Randall AU - Lepisto, Ahti AU - Granlund, Kirsti AU - Rankinen, Katri AU - Birgand, Francois AU - Burchell, Michael R., II T2 - HYDROLOGY RESEARCH AB - Process-based nutrient models are increasingly used to determine the impact of future changes in land use, agriculture production practices and climate on the quantity and timing of nutrients reaching surface waters. Calibration of catchment-scale models to observed conditions can be difficult due to parameter uncertainty and the heterogeneity of catchment processes. Soft data, i.e. knowledge of processes gained through experimentation, have been suggested as one method of reducing uncertainty and producing a more accurate model of the processes that occur in a catchment. In this work, the Integrated Catchment model for Nitrogen was calibrated and validated for the Yläneenjoki catchment in south-western Finland by incorporating soft data. The calibration for 2003–2008 produced an adequate model of the in-stream nitrate concentrations (R2 = 0.45, NS = 0.42). However, model validation using data from 1997–2002 showed that the simulated in-stream nitrate concentrations were above the observed concentrations throughout the entire period (R2 = 0.34, NS &lt; 0). These results show that soft data can be used to constrain model parameters, resulting in a more accurate model of the catchment, but do not guarantee the best validation results as the simulated processes may not occur at the same time and rate as they did in the catchment. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2166/nh.2013.039 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 73-88 SN - 2224-7955 KW - catchment KW - modeling KW - nitrogen KW - soft data ER - TY - JOUR TI - Niobium oxide catalyst for delignification of switchgrass for fermentable sugar production AU - Ansanay, Yane AU - Kolar, Praveen AU - Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna R. AU - Cheng, Jay J. T2 - INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS AB - In this research, niobium oxide, a solid acid catalyst was evaluated as a pretreatment agent for delignification of Alamo switchgrass. The objectives were to determine the effects of temperature, catalyst loading, and pretreatment time on delignification and enzymatic hydrolysis of switchgrass and evaluate reusability of the catalyst. Batch experiments were performed using a Box–Behnken statistical model to study the effects of temperature, pretreatment time, and catalyst loading followed by hydrolysis using Cellic®Ctec2 (Novozymes). Niobium oxide was able to reduce total lignin concentrations up to 44.6 ± 0.97%. Hydrolysis experiments performed for 72 and 168 h (7% enzyme loading) indicated that a maximum glucose yield of 0.169 g g−1 (59.94% conversion)–0.196 g g−1 (77.51% conversion) was obtained. Catalyst reusability studies suggested that niobium oxide was able to pretreat four separate batches of switchgrass without losing activity. Niobium oxide is expected to serve as a reusable pretreatment catalyst and make ethanol production inexpensive and environmentally friendly. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.11.044 VL - 52 SP - 790-795 SN - 1872-633X KW - Switchgrass KW - Pretreatment KW - Niobium oxide KW - Delignification KW - Enzymatic hydrolysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring Seasonality in Escherichia coli and Fecal Coliform Ratios in Urban Watersheds AU - Hathaway, J. M. AU - Krometis, L. H. AU - Hunt, W. F. T2 - Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering AB - As regulators in the United States develop plans to mitigate microbial pollution via the design of total maximum daily load (TMDL) plans, historical data sets are often used to establish existing conditions for watersheds. Due to the revision of guidance recommending Escherichia coli (E. coli) as the preferred target indicator species in surface-water quality-monitoring programs, historical fecal-coliform concentration data are often used to estimate E. coli concentrations and loadings. Data from Raleigh and Durham, North Carolina, suggest the ratio of E. coli to fecal coliform (EC/FC) varies significantly by season throughout the year (p<0.05). These seasonal differences are not accounted for in most translator equations, which assume a single linear relationship between E. coli and fecal coliform regardless of season. These observations imply that seasonal translator equations may more accurately reflect the relationship between fecal coliforms and E. coli, and would thus result in the development of more accurate and effective TMDL plans. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000700 VL - 140 IS - 4 SP - 04014003 J2 - J. Irrig. Drain Eng. LA - en OP - SN - 0733-9437 1943-4774 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000700 DB - Crossref KW - Storm water KW - Indicator bacteria KW - Runoff KW - Fecal coliform KW - Total maximum daily load (TMDL) KW - Watershed KW - Seasonality KW - E. coli ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of rotational infrastructure within pasture-raised pig operations on ground cover, soil nutrient distribution, and bulk density AU - Bordeaux, C. AU - Grossman, J. AU - White, J. AU - Osmond, D. AU - Poore, M. AU - Pietrosemoli, S. T2 - JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AB - Interest in pasture-based pork products has increased significantly in recent years. However, nitrogen (N) losses resulting from these systems are common due to importation of feed, high stocking rates, and pig behavior. This study was conducted to evaluate soil inorganic N, soil-test phosphorus (STP), ground cover, and compaction changes as impacted by rotational shade, water, and feed structures in a pasture-raised pig operation over two 12-week pig occupations. Shade and watering structures were rotated weekly for 12 weeks within a rotational (mobile) scheme; data were compared to a stationary structure system as well as to a managed hay operation with no pigs. Soil samples were acquired from subplots and analyzed for distribution of inorganic N concentrations among main plot treatments, including nitrate (NO3), ammonium (NH4), and STP values. Soil inorganic N concentrations were higher in exterior subplot positions than in interior positions. This pattern was not maintained after a second pig group occupied the plots. Soil test phosphorus was unaffected by either pig occupation. Ground cover percentages were higher in control (hay) treatments than for pig treatments, however no difference was found between mobile and stationary structure treatments in either pig occupation. Soil compaction, as measured by soil bulk density, was found to be higher under permanent shade structure locations as compared to mobile and control treatments. Mobile and control compaction levels were not different for the second occupation, utilizing a more intensive sampling scheme, suggesting a benefit to the rotation of shade, water and feed infrastructure. The weekly rotation of infrastructure performed during both occupations was both labor intensive and time consuming. The observed lack of improvement in nutrient distribution to a rotational infrastructure may limit its utility in pastured-pig systems. However, further options are available that would allow the production of pasture-raised pigs while minimizing associated nutrient loading and pasture degradation. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2489/jswc.69.2.120 VL - 69 IS - 2 SP - 120-130 SN - 1941-3300 KW - ground cover KW - nutrient KW - pasture KW - pig KW - soil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biomechanical Evaluation of the Influence of an Intramedullary Pin on the Stability of a Feline Ilial Fracture Model Stabilized With a Bone Plate AU - Krebs, Renee C. AU - Roe, Simon C. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Marcellin-Little, Denis J. AU - Trumpatori, Brian J. AU - Spodnick, Gary T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - Objective To compare the mechanical properties of feline ilial fractures stabilized with either a plate (P), or a plate and IM pin (P + P). Study Design Mechanical study. Sample Population Cadaveric cat pelvii (n = 10). Methods Feline ilial fractures (n = 20) stabilized with either P or P + P were subjected to 100 nondestructive load cycles, then loaded to failure. Deformation after cycling, yield load and displacement, stiffness and load at 2 mm of displacement were compared between groups. Results There were no significant differences between groups for any of the parameters. Variability of data was much larger for the P + P group. Conclusions No biomechanical advantage was demonstrated. The P + P constructs were not significantly stronger than plates alone in this acutely loaded cadaveric model. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12091.x VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 114-119 SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimal foraging by an aphid parasitoid affects the outcome of apparent competition AU - Prado, S. G. AU - Frank, S. T2 - Ecological Entomology AB - Apparent competition is an indirect, negative interaction occurring between two or more host species, mediated by a shared parasitoid. Host species' population growth rates, parasitoid attack rates, and parasitoid population size can mediate the outcomes of apparent competition. It has also been suggested that optimal foraging by a natural enemy can influence the outcome of apparent competition, resulting in increased suppression of the optimal host. While this has been shown in theory, to date no studies have empirically tested the link between parasitoid optimal foraging behaviour and the outcome of apparent competition. The present study examined how optimal foraging behaviour influences the outcome of apparent competition in an aphid banker plant system. First, Aphidius colemani V iereck's preference for Myzus persicae S ulzer or Rhopalosiphum padi L ., the non‐pest host on the banker plant, was examined, and then the difference in M. persicae suppression in the presence and absence of R. padi was assessed. It was found that optimal foraging behaviour led female A. colemani to prefer M. persicae over R. padi , due to increased offspring survival and female size. Consequently, optimally foraging A. colemani parasitised significantly more M. persicae in the presence of both aphid hosts than in the presence of M. persicae alone. Understanding the interaction between optimal foraging and apparent competition has important implications for biological control of arthropod pests and could help to predict the outcome of biological control programmes. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1111/een.12093 VL - 39 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2012-2013 AU - Berthiller, F. AU - Burdaspal, P. A. AU - Crews, C. AU - Iha, M. H. AU - Krska, R. AU - Lattanzio, V. M. T. AU - MacDonald, S. AU - Malone, R. J. AU - Maragos, C. AU - Solfrizzo, M. AU - Stroka, J. AU - Whitaker, T. B. T2 - WORLD MYCOTOXIN JOURNAL AB - This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2012 and mid-2013. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. A wide range of analytical methods for mycotoxin determination in food and feed were developed last year, in particular immunochemical methods and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based methods. After a section on sampling and sample preparation, due to the rapid spread and developments in the field of LC-MS/MS multimycotoxin methods, a separate section has been devoted to this area of research. It is followed by a section on mycotoxins in botanicals and spices, before continuing with the format of previous reviews in this series with dedicated sections on method developments for the individual mycotoxins. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.3920/wmj2013.1637 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 3-33 SN - 1875-0796 KW - aflatoxin KW - Alternaria toxins KW - ergot alkaloids KW - fumonisin KW - ochratoxin KW - patulin KW - trichothecene KW - zearalenone KW - sampling KW - multimycotoxin KW - botanicals KW - method development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermal properties of big bluestem as affected by ecotype and planting location along the precipitation gradient of the Great Plains AU - Zhang, Ke AU - Johnson, Loretta AU - Nelson, Richard AU - Yuan, Wenqiao AU - Pei, Zhijian AU - Sun, Xiuzhi S. AU - Wang, Donghai T2 - ENERGY AB - The objective of this research was to study the effect of ecotype and planting location on thermal properties of big bluestem. Three big bluestem ecotypes (CKS, EKS, ILL) and a cultivar (KAW) were harvested in 2010 from four locations (Colby, Hays, and Manhattan, KS; and Carbondale, IL) and were evaluated for their specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, HHV (high heating value), and proximate contents. All populations revealed a large variation in specific heat (2.35–2.62 kJ/kg/K), thermal conductivity (77.85–99.06 × 10−3 W/m/K), thermogravimetric analysis as weight loss during the heating process (71–73%), and HHV (17.64–18.67 MJ/kg). Specific heat of the big bluestem was significantly affected by planting location, ecotype, and interaction between location and ecotype. Planting location had stronger influence on specific heat than ecotype. Specific heat increased as temperature increased, and a linear correlation model for specific heat prediction was developed as a function of temperature. Ecotype, planting location, and the interaction of ecotype and planting location did not have a significant effect on thermal conductivity; however, density and particle size showed a completely opposite relationship on thermal conductivity. Both planting location and ecotype significantly affected HHV. Among all environmental factors, potential evapotranspiration had the most significant effect on thermal properties. DA - 2014/1/1/ PY - 2014/1/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.energy.2013.11.071 VL - 64 SP - 164-171 SN - 1873-6785 KW - Big bluestem KW - Ecotype KW - Environment KW - Thermal properties KW - Proximate contents ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effect of Feed Solids Concentration and Inlet Temperature on the Flavor of Spray Dried Whey Protein Concentrate AU - Park, Curtis W. AU - Bastian, Eric AU - Farkas, Brian AU - Drake, Mary Anne T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that unit operations in whey protein manufacture promote off‐flavor production in whey protein. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feed solids concentration in liquid retentate and spray drier inlet temperature on the flavor of dried whey protein concentrate (WPC). Cheddar cheese whey was manufactured, fat‐separated, pasteurized, bleached (250 ppm hydrogen peroxide), and ultrafiltered (UF) to obtain WPC80 retentate (25% solids, wt/wt). The liquid retentate was then diluted with deionized water to the following solids concentrations: 25%, 18%, and 10%. Each of the treatments was then spray dried at the following temperatures: 180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C. The experiment was replicated 3 times. Flavor of the WPC80 was evaluated by sensory and instrumental analyses. Particle size and surface free fat were also analyzed. Both main effects (solids concentration and inlet temperature) and interactions were investigated. WPC80 spray dried at 10% feed solids concentration had increased surface free fat, increased intensities of overall aroma, cabbage and cardboard flavors and increased concentrations of pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, decanal, (E)2‐decenal, DMTS, DMDS, and 2,4‐decadienal ( P < 0.05) compared to WPC80 spray dried at 25% feed solids. Product spray dried at lower inlet temperature also had increased surface free fat and increased intensity of cardboard flavor and increased concentrations of pentanal, (Z)4‐heptenal, nonanal, decanal, 2,4‐nonadienal, 2,4‐decadienal, and 2‐ and 3‐methyl butanal ( P < 0.05) compared to product spray dried at higher inlet temperature. Particle size was higher for powders from increased feed solids concentration and increased inlet temperature ( P < 0.05). An increase in feed solids concentration in the liquid retentate and inlet temperature within the parameters evaluated decreased off‐flavor intensity in the resulting WPC80. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1111/1750-3841.12279 VL - 79 IS - 1 SP - C19-C24 SN - 1750-3841 KW - flavor KW - free fat KW - whey protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Storage Method Impacts on Ammonia Flux from Broiler Cake and Acid Scrubbers for High Ammonia Concentration Measurements AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Yao, Haiyan AU - Osborne, Jason A. T2 - WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1007/s11270-013-1840-6 VL - 225 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1573-2932 KW - Poultry KW - Litter KW - Stockpile KW - Emission KW - Cover KW - Boric acid scrubber KW - Scrubber efficiency ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving Anaerobic Codigestion of Corn Stover Using Sodium Hydroxide Pretreatment AU - You, Zhaoyang AU - Wei, Taoyuan AU - Cheng, Jay J. T2 - ENERGY & FUELS AB - NaOH pretreatment of corn stover was investigated for anaerobic codigestion of corn stover with swine manure to shorten digestion time and improve biogas yield. Different NaOH concentration (2%, 4%, and 6%) at various temperatures (20 °C, 35 °C, and 55 °C) and 3 h of pretreatment time were tested for corn stover pretreatment. A C/N ratio of 25:1 in the substrates (corn stover and swine manure) was employed in the codigestion test. The results showed that the lignin removal rate of 54.57% to 79.49% was achieved through the NaOH pretreatment. The highest biogas production rate was obtained from the corn stover pretreated at 6% NaOH at 35 °C produced for 3 h, which was 34.59% higher than that from the untreated raw corn stover. The increase of methane yield was from 276 to 350 mL/g VS. On the average, the reducing sugar content of corn stover decreased to 126.7 mg/g after digestion. Digestion time (T80) of pretreated corn stover was shortened from 18 days to 12–13 days. NaOH pretreatment not only effectively shortened the digestion time for anaerobic codigestion of corn stover with swine manure by removing the lignin from the corn stover but also improved biogas yield of corn stover. The pretreatment condition of 6% NaOH at 35 °C for 3 h is recommended for the pretreatment of corn stover. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1021/ef4016476 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 549-554 SN - 1520-5029 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamic interactive educational diabetes simulations using the World Wide Web: An experience of more than 15 years with AIDA online AU - Lehmann, E. D. AU - DeWolf, D. K. AU - Novotny, C. A. AU - Reed, K. AU - Gotwals, R. R. T2 - International Journal of Endocrinology DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ammonia Fate and Transport Mechanisms in Broiler Litter AU - Liang, Wei-zhen AU - Classen, John J. AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna T2 - WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1007/s11270-013-1812-x VL - 225 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1573-2932 KW - Poultry litter KW - Ammonia sorption KW - Dissociation constant KW - Henry's Law constant ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disruption of microalgal cells using high-frequency focused ultrasound AU - Wang, Meng AU - Yuan, Wenqiao AU - Jiang, Xiaoning AU - Jing, Yun AU - Wang, Zhuochen T2 - BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of high-frequency focused ultrasound (HFFU) in microalgal cell disruption. Two microalgal species including Scenedesmus dimorphus and Nannochloropsis oculata were treated by a 3.2-MHz, 40-W focused ultrasound and a 100-W, low-frequency (20kHz) non-focused ultrasound (LFNFU). The results demonstrated that HFFU was effective in the disruption of microalgal cells, indicated by significantly increased lipid fluorescence density, the decrease of cell sizes, and the increase of chlorophyll a fluorescence density after treatments. Compared with LFNFU, HFFU treatment was more energy efficient. The combination of high and low frequency treatments was found to be even more effective than single frequency treatment at the same processing time, indicating that frequency played a critical role in cell disruption. In both HFFU and LFNFU treatments, the effectiveness of cell disruption was found to be dependent on the cell treated. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.11.054 VL - 153 SP - 315-321 SN - 1873-2976 KW - Microalgae KW - Ultrasound KW - Cell disruption KW - Lipid extraction ER - TY - JOUR TI - SOIL MICROBIAL RESPONSES TO ELEVATED CO2 AND O-3 IN A NITROGEN-AGGRADING AGROECOSYSTEM AU - Cheng, Lei AU - Booker, Fitzgerald L. AU - Burkey, Kent O. AU - Tu, Cong AU - Shew, H. David AU - Rufty, Thomas W. AU - Fiscus, Edwin L. AU - Deforest, Jared L. AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE: CO2 MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES AB - Climate change factors such as elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and ozone (O₃) can exert significant impacts on soil microbes and the ecosystem level processes they mediate. However, the underlying mechanisms by which soil microbes respond to these environmental changes remain poorly understood. The prevailing hypothesis, which states that CO₂- or O₃-induced changes in carbon (C) availability dominate microbial responses, is primarily based on results from nitrogen (N)-limiting forests and grasslands. It remains largely unexplored how soil microbes respond to elevated CO₂ and O₃ in N-rich or N-aggrading systems, which severely hinders our ability to predict the long-term soil C dynamics in agroecosystems. Using a long-term field study conducted in a no-till wheat-soybean rotation system with open-top chambers, we showed that elevated CO₂ but not O₃ had a potent influence on soil microbes. Elevated CO₂(1.5×ambient) significantly increased, while O₃ (1.4×ambient) reduced, aboveground (and presumably belowground) plant residue C and N inputs to soil. However, only elevated CO₂ significantly affected soil microbial biomass, activities (namely heterotrophic respiration) and community composition. The enhancement of microbial biomass and activities by elevated CO₂ largely occurred in the third and fourth years of the experiment and coincided with increased soil N availability, likely due to CO₂-stimulation of symbiotic N₂ fixation in soybean. Fungal biomass and the fungi∶bacteria ratio decreased under both ambient and elevated CO₂ by the third year and also coincided with increased soil N availability; but they were significantly higher under elevated than ambient CO₂. These results suggest that more attention should be directed towards assessing the impact of N availability on microbial activities and decomposition in projections of soil organic C balance in N-rich systems under future CO₂ scenarios. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0021377 SP - 277-307 ER -