TY - CONF TI - The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA): Implementation of the Produce Safety and Preventive Controls Rules and a Plan to Meet the Training Requirements AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Ducharme, D.T. AU - Gutierrez-Rodriguez, E. T2 - State Extension Conference C2 - 2015/12/7/ CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2015/12/7/ PY - 2015/12/7/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Identifying Risks in a Fresh Produce Packing House AU - Gutierrez-Rodriguez, E. AU - Chapman, B. AU - Strawn, L. AU - Ducharme, D.T. AU - Gunter, C. AU - MacMullan, A. AU - Simmons, O.D., III T2 - Southeast Fruit and Vegetable Expo C2 - 2015/1/8/ DA - 2015/1/8/ PY - 2015/1/8/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Agricultural Biodiversity within North Carolina Tomato Production Systems Associated with Serotypes and Environmental Reservoirs of Salmonella spp AU - Ducharme, D.D. AU - Gunter, C.C. AU - Perkins-Veazie, P. AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Zheng, J. AU - Son, I. AU - Brown, E.W. AU - Bell, R.L. AU - Jaykus, L.A. T2 - International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting C2 - 2015/7/25/ CY - Portland, OR DA - 2015/7/25/ PY - 2015/7/25/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Ecology, distribution, persistence and diversity of salmonellae isolated from the Coastal Plains, Piedmont and Mountain regions of North Carolina AU - Ducharme, D. AU - Zheng, J. AU - Reed, E. AU - Ferreira, C.M. AU - Burrows, E.W. AU - Wang, C.Y. AU - Son, I. AU - Muruvanda, T. AU - Keys, C.E. AU - Melka, D. AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Perkins-Veazie, P. AU - Brown, E.W. AU - Bell, R.L. AU - Gunter, C.C. T2 - 115th American Society for Microbiology General Meeting C2 - 2015/5/30/ CY - New Orleans, LA DA - 2015/5/30/ PY - 2015/5/30/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - High Pathogenic Avian Influenza: Sources, Fate, and Transport in the Environment AU - Simmons, O.D., III DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Irrigation Water: Updates to Pending FSMA Regulations and a NC Case Study AU - Simmons, O.D., III DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - USDA-NIFA Food Virology Collaborative Executive Board Update: Activity 5.5 Outreach to the Molluscan Shellfish Industry AU - Simmons, O.D., III DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) Water Testing Requirements AU - Simmons, O.D., III DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Noroviruses: Some Facts to Ponder Before Having Lunch! AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Jaykus, L.A. DA - 2015/5/6/ PY - 2015/5/6/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - A Fresh Produce Update AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Gunter, C. AU - Ducharme, D.T. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// ER - TY - CONF TI - A Collaborative Approach to Voluntary Watershed Restoration in Coastal North Carolina AU - Carey, Erin S. AU - Page, Jonathan L. AU - Shew, Roger D. AU - Hunt, III, William F. T2 - International Low Impact Development 2015 AB - The Cape Fear region in North Carolina has long been recognized for its scenic location, clear ocean waters, and productive tidal creeks. Like many coastal communities, an increase in the popularity of this region has resulted in a rush of traditional development over the last four decades. Impervious roads, parking lots, roofs, and sidewalks have replaced pine forests and sandy dunes, and stormwater volumes entering the local tidal creeks have increased dramatically. By the 1980s, water quality in local tidal creeks was in decline. As the decades passed, the local creeks experienced progressive shellfishing closures that have since become typical for the region. By 2010 a vast majority of the waters previously open to shellfishing had been closed permanently, with additional areas open only conditionally and outside of predetermined rain events. C2 - 2015/1/12/ C3 - International Low Impact Development Conference 2015 DA - 2015/1/12/ DO - 10.1061/9780784479025.041 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784479025 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479025.041 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatiotemporal Variations of Bioaerosols in the Vicinity of an Animal Feeding Operation Facility in the US AU - Hu, Di AU - Wang-Li, Lingjuan AU - Simmons III, Otto D. AU - Classen, John J. AU - Osborne, Jason A. T2 - Journal of Environmental Protection AB - Bioaerosol emissions from animal feeding operation (AFO) facilities are of increasing interest due to the magnitude of the emissions and their potential health effect on local communities. There is limited information about fate and transport of AFO bioaerosol emissions. In this study, concentrations of airborne bacteria and fungi were measured at four ambient stations in four wind directions surrounding an egg production farm through winter, spring and summer using Andersen six-stage samplers. Mean concentrations of ambient bacteria and fungi ranged from 8.7 × 102 CFU m-3 to 1.3 × 103 CFU m-3 and from 2.8 × 102 CFU m-3 to 1.4 × 103 CFU m-3, respectively. Ambient bacterial concentrations were not significantly different over the seasons, while ambient fungal concentrations were the highest in summer and the lowest in winter. There were significant differences between downwind and upwind bacterial concentrations (p < 0.0001). Downwind bacterial and fungal concentrations responded differently to the influencing factors. Bacterial concentrations were quadratically correlated with wind vector (combined effects of wind speed and direction) and emission rate, were positively correlated with temperature, and were negatively correlated with solar radiation. Fungal concentrations were positively correlated with temperature, RH, and emission rate, and were negatively correlated with wind vector. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.4236/jep.2015.66056 VL - 06 IS - 06 SP - 614-627 J2 - JEP OP - SN - 2152-2197 2152-2219 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2015.66056 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heuristic optimization of a continuous flow point-of-use UV-LED disinfection reactor using computational fluid dynamics AU - Jenny, Richard M. AU - Jasper, Micah N. AU - Simmons, Otto D., III AU - Shatalov, Max AU - Ducoste, Joel J. T2 - Water Research AB - Alternative disinfection sources such as ultraviolet light (UV) are being pursued to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia, while simultaneously reducing the risk of exposure to carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. UV-LEDs offer a UV disinfecting source that do not contain mercury, have the potential for long lifetimes, are robust, and have a high degree of design flexibility. However, the increased flexibility in design options will add a substantial level of complexity when developing a UV-LED reactor, particularly with regards to reactor shape, size, spatial orientation of light, and germicidal emission wavelength. Anticipating that LEDs are the future of UV disinfection, new methods are needed for designing such reactors. In this research study, the evaluation of a new design paradigm using a point-of-use UV-LED disinfection reactor has been performed. ModeFrontier, a numerical optimization platform, was coupled with COMSOL Multi-physics, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package, to generate an optimized UV-LED continuous flow reactor. Three optimality conditions were considered: 1) single objective analysis minimizing input supply power while achieving at least (2.0) log10 inactivation of Escherichia coli ATCC 11229; and 2) two multi-objective analyses (one of which maximized the log10 inactivation of E. coli ATCC 11229 and minimized the supply power). All tests were completed at a flow rate of 109 mL/min and 92% UVT (measured at 254 nm). The numerical solution for the first objective was validated experimentally using biodosimetry. The optimal design predictions displayed good agreement with the experimental data and contained several non-intuitive features, particularly with the UV-LED spatial arrangement, where the lights were unevenly populated throughout the reactor. The optimal designs may not have been developed from experienced designers due to the increased degrees of freedom offered by using UV-LEDs. The results of this study revealed that the coupled optimization routine with CFD was effective at significantly decreasing the engineer's design decision space and finding a potentially near-optimal UV-LED reactor solution. DA - 2015/10// PY - 2015/10// DO - 10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.031 VL - 83 SP - 310-318 J2 - Water Research LA - en OP - SN - 0043-1354 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.031 DB - Crossref KW - Drinking water disinfection KW - UV Light Emitting Diodes KW - Numerical model KW - Numerical optimization KW - Biodosimetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stormwater control measure (SCM) maintenance considerations to ensure designed functionality AU - Blecken, Godecke-Tobias AU - Hunt, William F., III AU - Al-Rubaei, Ahmed Mohammed AU - Viklander, Maria AU - Lord, William G. T2 - Urban Water Journal AB - Great investment is made in the design and installation of stormwater control measures (SCMs). Substantial research investment, too, is made to optimise the performance of SCMs. However, once installed, SCMs often suffer from lack of maintenance or even outright neglect. Key maintenance needs for wet ponds, constructed stormwater wetlands, bioretention, infiltration practices, permeable pavement, swales, and rainwater harvesting systems are reviewed with many tasks, such as the cleaning of pre-treatment areas and the preservation of infiltration surfaces, being common maintenance themes among SCMs. Consequences of lacking maintenance are illustrated (mainly insufficient function or failure). Probable reasons for neglect include insufficient communication, unclear responsibilities, lack of knowledge, financial barriers, and decentralised measures. In future designs and research, maintenance (and lack thereof) should be considered. Assessing the performance of SCMs conservatively and including safety factors may prevent consequences of under-maintenance; and requiring regular inspection may help to enforce sufficient maintenance. DA - 2015/11/26/ PY - 2015/11/26/ DO - 10.1080/1573062X.2015.1111913 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 278-290 J2 - Urban Water Journal LA - en OP - SN - 1573-062X 1744-9006 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2015.1111913 DB - Crossref KW - Stormwater KW - maintenance KW - inspection KW - LID KW - WSUD KW - asset management KW - SCMs KW - long-term function ER - TY - JOUR TI - Degradation of microcystin-LR by highly efficient AgBr/Ag3PO4/TiO2 heterojunction photocatalyst under simulated solar light irradiation AU - Wang, Xin AU - Utsumi, Motoo AU - Yang, Yingnan AU - Li, Dawei AU - Zhao, Yingxin AU - Zhang, Zhenya AU - Feng, Chuanping AU - Sugiura, Norio AU - Cheng, Jay Jiayang T2 - Applied Surface Science AB - A novel photocatalyst AgBr/Ag3PO4/TiO2 was developed by a simple facile in situ deposition method and used for degradation of mirocystin-LR. TiO2 (P25) as a cost effective chemical was used to improve the stability of AgBr/Ag3PO4 under simulated solar light irradiation. The photocatalytic activity tests for this heterojunction were conducted under simulated solar light irradiation using methyl orange as targeted pollutant. The results indicated that the optimal Ag to Ti molar ratio for the photocatalytic activity of the resulting heterojunction AgBr/Ag3PO4/TiO2 was 1.5 (named as 1.5 BrPTi), which possessed higher photocatalytic capacity than AgBr/Ag3PO4. The 1.5 BrPTi heterojunction was also more stable than AgBr/Ag3PO4 in photocatalysis. This highly efficient and relatively stable photocatalyst was further tested for degradation of the hepatotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR). The results suggested that MC-LR was much more easily degraded by 1.5 BrPTi than by AgBr/Ag3PO4. The quenching effects of different scavengers proved that reactive h+ and •OH played important roles for MC-LR degradation. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1016/J.APSUSC.2014.10.078 VL - 325 SP - 1-12 J2 - Applied Surface Science LA - en OP - SN - 0169-4332 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.APSUSC.2014.10.078 DB - Crossref KW - Microcystin-LR KW - Methyl orange KW - AgBr/Ag3PO4 KW - TiO2 KW - Photocatalysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of Drawdown Period on Overflow Volume and Pollutant Treatment for Detention-Based Stormwater Control Measures in Raleigh, North Carolina AU - Smolek, Alessandra P. AU - Hunt, William F., III AU - Grabow, Garry L. T2 - Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment AB - The drawdown rate of detention-based stormwater control measures (SCMs) influences both the treatment capability of the device and the volume of runoff that becomes untreated overflow. Currently, hydrologic design goals set by the North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources and other mid-Atlantic U.S. state agencies (e.g., those in Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania) require stormwater practices to treat, e.g., 90% of stormwater runoff (or similar). This equates to a 10% overflow volume, defined as the percentage of inflow volume that bypasses the SCM and therefore receives minimal treatment. For detention-based SCMs, this design goal is met by sizing the outlet to release runoff generated from the water quality event (in North Carolina, either 25 or 38 mm) over a required minimum period of 2 days. Previous studies have not shown whether rainfall patterns in North Carolina and other east coast United States states justify a 2-day drawdown rate of the water quality event to limit the annual average overflow volume to 10%. To investigate this, rainfall patterns in Raleigh, North Carolina, were evaluated from Years 2001 to 2010 to determine the fraction of untreated overflow that would result from various design configurations and their associated drawdown periods. Overflow volumes were calculated on an hourly basis by a simple model routing stormwater runoff through a theoretical constructed stormwater wetland (CSW) sized to release the water quality event over drawdown periods of 12 and 18 h, 1 day, 36 h, and 2–5 days. A 2-day drawdown period resulted in an annual average overflow volume of 11.7%, exceeding the design goal of 10%, although not significantly (p=0.1702). A more simplistic approach quantifying overflow volume based on rainfall data determined that 20.1% of rainfall depths are associated with storm events in the Raleigh–Durham area exceeding 25 mm. Both methods suggest that for the Raleigh–Durham area, if a 2-day drawdown is used for the 25-mm water quality event, less than 90% of stormwater runoff will be treated. To ensure that 90% of all runoff received some treatment, the 25-mm water quality event drawdown time would need to be reduced to 36 h. Any reduction in drawdown time, while creating storage space in the SCM for subsequent events, necessarily reduces treatment efficiency by decreasing time for sedimentation and other biogeochemical nutrient removal processes to occur. If a 15% average overflow volume was acceptable, analyses indicate that drawdown periods up to 3 days could be used. Lengthening the drawdown period to 3 days enables more treatment of captured runoff and in a CSW could yield an additional 3–5% nitrogen and phosphorus load reduction, despite the slightly higher bypass volume. DA - 2015/5// PY - 2015/5// DO - 10.1061/JSWBAY.0000798 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 05015001 J2 - J. Sustainable Water Built Environ. LA - en OP - SN - 2379-6111 2379-6111 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000798 DB - Crossref KW - Hydraulic retention time KW - Stormwater wetlands KW - Overflow volume KW - North Carolina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Runoff Quality and Quantity from a Commercial Low-Impact and Conventional Development in Raleigh, North Carolina AU - Wilson, C. E. AU - Hunt, W. F. AU - Winston, R. J. AU - Smith, P. T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering AB - Urbanization and its associated increased impervious footprint lead to stream impairment through erosion, flooding, and augmented pollutant loads. Low-impact development (LID) focuses on disconnecting impervious areas, increasing infiltration and evapotranspiration, and treating storm water on site through the use of storm water control measures (SCMs). In this study, a conventional development (centralized storm-water management) and an adjoining infiltration-based LID commercial site in Raleigh, North Carolina, were compared with respect to hydrology and water quality. The conventional development [2.76 ha, 61% directly connected impervious area (DCIA)] and the LID (2.53 ha, 84% DCIA) had underlying hydrologic soil group B soils. The LID was treated by a mix of green (aboveground) and grey (underground) infrastructure including an underground detention chamber and infiltration gallery, underground and aboveground cisterns, and aboveground swales and bioretention; the conventional development was treated with a dry detention basin and swales. Inflow and outflow runoff volumes and peak flows were normalized by DCIA. For the 47 hydrologic storms monitored, runoff coefficients of 0.02 at the LID site and 0.49 at the conventional site were recorded. The conventional development had an 11-fold higher median peak flow rate than the LID site. For the three storms more intense than the 10-year, 5-min average recurrence interval (ARI) event, the conventional site Qp was an average of 7.7 times higher than that of the LID. Flow proportional, composite water-quality samples were analyzed for total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), nitrite-nitrate nitrogen (NOX), organic nitrogen (ON), orthophosphate (Ortho-P), and total suspended solids (TSS). Generally, no significant difference in pollutant event mean concentrations (EMCs) was observed between sites. For the 20 water-quality storms sampled, the LID site produced pollutant loadings that were less than 5% of those at the conventional site for all species studied. Results demonstrated highly effective and space-saving solutions when green and grey infrastructure are merged, which is often the case when constructing on high land-cost properties. The exceptional results from this LID were due to (1) an overdesigned system capable of capturing the 77-mm storm, rather than a typical 25-mm storm, and (2) the high infiltration capacity of the type B soils coupled with a high driving head (∼3 m). DA - 2015/2// PY - 2015/2// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000842 VL - 141 IS - 2 SP - 05014005 J2 - J. Environ. Eng. LA - en OP - SN - 0733-9372 1943-7870 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000842 DB - Crossref KW - Low impact development KW - Green infrastructure KW - Grey infrastructure KW - Stormwater management KW - Runoff KW - Nutrients KW - Infiltration KW - North Carolina KW - Hydrology KW - Peak flow ER - TY - CONF TI - A coupled modelling effort to study the fate of contaminated sediments downstream of the Coles Hill deposit, Virginia, USA AB - Abstract. This paper presents the preliminary results of a coupled modelling effort to study the fate of tailings (radioactive waste-by product) downstream of the Coles Hill uranium deposit located in Virginia, USA. The implementation of the overall modelling process includes a one-dimensional hydraulic model to qualitatively characterize the sediment transport process under severe flooding conditions downstream of the potential mining site, a two-dimensional ANSYS Fluent model to simulate the release of tailings from a containment cell located partially above the local ground surface into the nearby streams, and a one-dimensional finite-volume sediment transport model to examine the propagation of a tailings sediment pulse in the river network located downstream. The findings of this investigation aim to assist in estimating the potential impacts that tailings would have if they were transported into rivers and reservoirs located downstream of the Coles Hill deposit that serve as municipal drinking water supplies. C2 - 2015/3/3/ C3 - Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences DA - 2015/3/3/ DO - 10.5194/piahs-367-272-2015 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-272-2015 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Archaeal Tetraether Free Standing Lipid Membranes in a PDMS and PCB based Fluidic Platform AU - Chong, Parkson AU - Ren, Xiang AU - Noh, Hongseok AU - Kumbur, Caglan AU - Yuan, Wenqiao AU - Zhou, Jack T2 - Biophysical Journal AB - The polar lipid fraction E (PLFE) isolated from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius contains exclusively bipolar tetraether lipids, which are able to form extraordinarily stable vesicular membranes against a number of chemical, physical and mechanical stressors. In this study, we demonstrated that PLFE can also form free-standing “planar” membranes on micro-pores (∼100 micrometer) of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin films embedded in printed circuit board (PCB)-based fluidics. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), we found that the dielectric properties of PLFE planar membranes suspended on the PDMS films are distinctly different from those obtained from diester lipid and triblock copolymer membranes. In addition to resistance (R) and capacitance (C) that were seen in all the membranes examined, PLFE planar membranes showed an inductance (L) component. Furthermore, PLFE planar membranes displayed a relatively large membrane resistance, suggesting that, among the membranes examined, PLFE planar membrane would be a better matrix for studying channel proteins and transmembrane events. PLFE planar membranes also exhibited a sharp decrease in phase angle with the frequency of the input AC signal at ∼1 MHz, which could be utilized to develop sensors for monitoring PLFE membrane integrity in fluidics. Since the stability of free-standing planar lipid membranes increases with increasing membrane packing tightness and PLFE lipid membranes are more tightly packed than those made of diester lipids, PLFE free-standing planar membranes are expected to be considerably stable. All these salient features make PLFE planar membranes particularly attractive for model studies of channel proteins and transmembrane events and for high-throughput drug screening. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1016/J.BPJ.2014.11.2655 VL - 108 IS - 2 SP - 485a-486a J2 - Biophysical Journal LA - en OP - SN - 0006-3495 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.BPJ.2014.11.2655 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Statistical comparison of the green seeker NDVI scanner to NIR camera system could the NIR camera replace the green seeker for some applications AU - Malveaux, C. AU - Price, R. AU - Hall, S.G. C2 - 2015/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015 DA - 2015/// VL - 6 SP - 4740-4753 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951827589&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of semi-autonomous multicopters to assess coastal bioengineered reefs and habitat AU - Hall, S.G. AU - Malveaux, C. C2 - 2015/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015 DA - 2015/// VL - 4 SP - 2997-3002 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951990128&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Guidance algorithms for multiple cooperative autonomous aquatic vehicles AU - Smith, D.D. AU - Hall, S. C2 - 2015/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015 DA - 2015/// VL - 4 SP - 3142-3148 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84952024820&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Development of an efficient irrigation and leaching control system AU - Smith, D. AU - Beasley, J. AU - Davis, S. AU - Thiessen, M. AU - Bordelon, D. AU - Hall, S.G. C2 - 2015/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015 DA - 2015/// VL - 4 SP - 2820-2826 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951928885&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Coastal bioengineered reefs as a sustainable technique for coastal land building and habitat restoration AU - Hall, S.G. AU - Thomas, M. AU - Steyer, J. C2 - 2015/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015 DA - 2015/// VL - 1 SP - 34-41 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951270903&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Consolidated bioprocessing for biofuel production: recent advances AU - Chinn, Mari AU - Mbaneme, Veronica T2 - Energy and Emission Control Technologies AB - Consolidated bioprocessing for biofuel production: recent advances Veronica Mbaneme-Smith Mari S Chinn Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Abstract: Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), the combination of saccharolytic enzyme production and secretion, hydrolysis of polysaccharides, and fermentation of available sugars within a single-unit operation, improves cellulose conversion efficiency and decreases lignocellulosic biomass processing costs for producing biofuels and value-added products. Clostridium thermocellum, an anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium is a significant biocatalyst aspirant for CBP, due to its native cellulolytic and ethanologenic capabilities. This review highlights strain development/modification, metabolic engineering, and process improvements associated with CBP in the context of using C. thermocellum as a model biocatalyst to reduce operating expenditures and inhibitory effects for enhanced biofuels production. In addition, opportunities in using a microbial consortia and biofilms are discussed. As an overview of recent advances in CBP technologies to convert lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels, this review gives researchers a platform for future development of efficient and sustainable CBP approaches. Keywords: Clostridium thermocellum, cellulosome, anaerobic, cellulolytic, ethanol DA - 2015/5// PY - 2015/5// DO - 10.2147/eect.s63000 VL - 5 SP - 23 J2 - EECT LA - en OP - SN - 2253-2218 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/eect.s63000 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil pipe flow tracer experiments: 2. Application of a streamflow transient storage zone model AU - Zhou, Yan AU - Wilson, G. V. AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Rigby, J.R. AU - Dabney, S.M. T2 - Hydrological Processes AB - Abstract Soil pipes are important subsurface flow pathways in many soil erosion phenomena. However, limited research has been performed on quantifying and characterizing their flow and transport characteristics. The objectives of this research were to determine the applicability of a streamflow model with transient storage in deriving flow and transport characteristics of soil pipes. Tracer data from pulse inputs were collected in four different soil pipes after a fluorescein dye was injected in the upstream end of each soil pipe network in three branches (west, middle, and east) of a main catchment and a back catchment in Goodwin Creek Experimental Watershed in Mississippi. Multiple sampling stations were positioned along each soil pipe network. The transient storage zone model OTIS‐P was executed inversely to estimate transport parameters by soil pipe reach such as the soil pipe cross‐sectional area ( A ), soil storage zone cross‐sectional area ( A s ), and exchange rate between the soil pipe and the soil storage zone ( α s ). Model convergence was achieved, and simulated breakthrough curves of the reaches were in good agreement with actual tracer data for eight of the nine reaches of the three branches of the Main Catchment and five of the seven reaches of the Back Catchment soil pipe. Simulation parameters for the soil pipe networks were similar to the range of values reported for flow and transport characteristics commonly observed in streams. Inversely, estimated soil pipe flow velocities were higher with increased tortuosity, which led to a smaller cross‐sectional areas predicted for the soil pipe flowpaths, while other parameters were not sensitive to tortuosity. In general, application of One‐Dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage‐P to this unique soil pipe condition suggested larger transient storage ( A s and α s ) compared with most stream systems. This was hypothesized to be because of relatively higher ratio of the wetted perimeter to flow area in the soil pipe, the hydraulic roughness of the soil pipe, potential retention in collapsed portions of the pipe, and interaction with smaller preferential flow systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2015/11/21/ PY - 2015/11/21/ DO - 10.1002/HYP.10712 VL - 30 IS - 8 SP - 1280-1291 J2 - Hydrol. Process. LA - en OP - SN - 0885-6087 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/HYP.10712 DB - Crossref KW - solute transport KW - tracer injection KW - preferential flow KW - pipe network KW - breakthrough curve KW - tortuosity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequence data for Clostridium autoethanogenum using three generations of sequencing technologies AU - Utturkar, Sagar M AU - Klingeman, Dawn M AU - Bruno-Barcena, José M AU - Chinn, Mari S AU - Grunden, Amy M AU - Köpke, Michael AU - Brown, Steven D T2 - Scientific Data AB - During the past decade, DNA sequencing output has been mostly dominated by the second generation sequencing platforms which are characterized by low cost, high throughput and shorter read lengths for example, Illumina. The emergence and development of so called third generation sequencing platforms such as PacBio has permitted exceptionally long reads (over 20 kb) to be generated. Due to read length increases, algorithm improvements and hybrid assembly approaches, the concept of one chromosome, one contig and automated finishing of microbial genomes is now a realistic and achievable task for many microbial laboratories. In this paper, we describe high quality sequence datasets which span three generations of sequencing technologies, containing six types of data from four NGS platforms and originating from a single microorganism, Clostridium autoethanogenum. The dataset reported here will be useful for the scientific community to evaluate upcoming NGS platforms, enabling comparison of existing and novel bioinformatics approaches and will encourage interest in the development of innovative experimental and computational methods for NGS data. DA - 2015/4/14/ PY - 2015/4/14/ DO - 10.1038/SDATA.2015.14 VL - 2 IS - 1 J2 - Sci Data LA - en OP - SN - 2052-4463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/SDATA.2015.14 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variability of fluvial erodibility parameters for streambanks on a watershed scale AU - Daly, Erin R. AU - Fox, Garey A. AU - Al-Madhhachi, Abdul-Sahib T. AU - Storm, Daniel E. T2 - Geomorphology AB - Typically the erosion rate of cohesive soils is modeled using the excess shear stress equation, which includes two soil parameters: the erodibility coefficient (kd) and the critical shear stress (τc). Alternatively, a mechanistic detachment rate model, the Wilson model, was recently developed to predict the erosion rate of cohesive soils, also based on two soil parameters: b0 and b1. The Wilson model is proposed as advantageous in terms of being a more mechanistic, fundamentally based erosion equation. The objective of this research was to derive the excess shear stress model parameters (kd and τc) from field jet erosion tests (JETs) on numerous streambanks across the Illinois River watershed in Oklahoma to investigate (i) erodibility parameter variability or uniformity at a river basin scale, (ii) correlations between the derived parameters and soil texture, (iii) influence of solution technique on the estimated erodibility parameters, and (iv) the applicability of predictive relationships between kd and τc. The second objective was to demonstrate the applicability of the mechanistic Wilson model using field JET data and to investigate correlations between the excess shear stress model parameters, kd and τc, and the Wilson model parameters, b0 and b1. Erodibility parameters for streambanks of varying soil texture were measured using a miniature version of the JET device (mini JET). Data from the JETs were used to derive the erodibility parameters using a Blaisdell and scour depth approach. Soil samples were acquired at locations of the JETs to quantify particle size distribution, average particle size (d50) and bulk density. No significant relationships existed between kd or τc and bulk density, d50, percent clay, silt, or sand, or percent clay-silt. Existing empirical relationships should be used with caution considering the variability between the results observed in this research and previous relationships proposed in the literature. Strong correlations were observed between b0 and kd (R2 = 0.62 to 0.89) and between b1 and τc (R2 = 0.31 to 0.96). Therefore, the Wilson model parameters closely resemble the empirical excess shear stress parameters. DA - 2015/2// PY - 2015/2// DO - 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.016 VL - 231 SP - 281-291 J2 - Geomorphology LA - en OP - SN - 0169-555X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2014.12.016 DB - Crossref KW - Erodibility KW - Excess shear stress model KW - Fluvial resistance KW - Streambank erosion KW - Wilson model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling streambank erosion and failure along protected and unprotected composite streambanks AU - Daly, Erin R. AU - Miller, Ronald B. AU - Fox, Garey A. T2 - Advances in Water Resources AB - Streambank retreat can be a significant contributor to total sediment and nutrient loading to streams. Process-based bank stability models, such as the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM), have been used to determine critical factors affecting streambank erosion and failure such as riparian vegetation and to estimate retreat rates over time. BSTEM has been successfully applied on a number of cohesive streambanks, but less so on composite banks consisting of both cohesive and noncohesive soils in highly sinuous streams. Composite streambanks can exhibit rapid and episodic bank retreat. The objectives of this research were twofold: (i) develop and apply simplified procedures for estimating root cohesion based on above- and below-ground biomass estimates and (ii) systematically apply BSTEM to a series of 10 composite streambanks distributed along the Barren Fork Creek in eastern Oklahoma to assess model sensitivity to root cohesion and model performance in predicting retreat. This research aimed to document the influence of riparian conservation practices on bank retreat rates and evaluated simplistic methods for incorporating such practices into such process-based models. Sites modeled included historically unprotected sites with no riparian vegetation and historically protected sites with riparian vegetation present during all or part of the 2003 to 2010 study period. The lateral retreat ranged from 4.1 to 74.8 m across the 10 sites and was largest at the historically unprotected sites in which retreat averaged 49.2 m. Protected sites had less bank retreat but with more variability in retreat rates per year. With calibration focused on the erodibility parameters, the model was able to match both the observed total amount of retreat as well as the timing of retreat at both the protected and unprotected sites as derived from aerial imagery. During calibration BSTEM was not sensitive to the specific value of the soil cohesion or the additional soil cohesion added due to roots for the cohesive topsoil layer, suggesting that the proposed simplified techniques could be used to estimate root cohesion values. The BSTEM modeling also provided an advantageous assessment tool for evaluating retreat rates compared to in situ bank retreat measurements due to the magnitude and episodic nature of streambank erosion and failures. Process-based models, such as BSTEM, may be necessary to incrementally model bank retreat in order to quantify actual streambank retreat rates and understand mechanisms of failure for the design of stabilization projects. DA - 2015/7// PY - 2015/7// DO - 10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.01.004 VL - 81 SP - 114-127 J2 - Advances in Water Resources LA - en OP - SN - 0309-1708 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ADVWATRES.2015.01.004 DB - Crossref KW - Bank stability KW - BSTEM KW - Composite streambanks KW - Fluvial erosion KW - Root cohesion ER - TY - CONF TI - Variability of Fluvial Erodibility Parameters on a Site Scale AU - Daly, E. R. AU - Fox, G. A. AU - Enlow, H. K. T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015 AB - The jet erosion test (JET) is one of the most commonly used in situ methods of measuring erodibility parameters (critical shear stress, τc, and erodibility coefficient, kd) of cohesive soils. Several factors can influence the erodibility of cohesive soils, but the influence of these factors is not captured by conducting a few JETs at one discrete point in time and at one location on a streambank. Current practice largely ignores the parameter, spatial, and temporal relationships in erodibility. Furthermore, in many cases the erodibility parameters are not characterized in situ, but estimated empirically with relationships that may not be good predictors for all streambanks. Building upon previous studies, the objectives were to address variability in JET-derived erodibility parameters at a site scale and across a range of soil erodibility with respect to soil parameter correlations, temporal variability, spatial variability, and testing variability. Also, this research estimated the number of JETs required to accurately characterize erodibility. A total of 74 JETs were conducted within visually homogeneous streambank layers at three sites in Oklahoma along with measurements of soil physical parameters such as texture, bulk density, and moisture content. At the site-scale τc and kd varied by up to three orders of magnitude. While there were correlations between the erodibility parameters and measured soil parameters, there were no reliable relationships with strong predictive capabilities at any of the sites for any of the soil parameters. Also, there were no significant multiple linear regressions to predict τc and kd based on more than one soil parameter. Conducting three to five JETs per soil layer on a streambank typically provided an order of magnitude estimate of the erodibility parameters. Because the parameters were log-normally distributed, using empirical equations to predict erosion properties based on soil characteristics will likely contain high uncertainty and thus should be used with caution. This research exemplifies the need to conduct in situ measurements using the JET. C2 - 2015/5/14/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015 DA - 2015/5/14/ DO - 10.1061/9780784479162.182 SP - 1859-1871 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784479162 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479162.182 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Site-scale variability of streambank fluvial erodibility parameters as measured with a jet erosion test AU - Daly, E. R. AU - Fox, G. A. AU - Enlow, H. K. AU - Storm, D. E. AU - Hunt, S. L. T2 - Hydrological Processes AB - Abstract The erosion rate of cohesive streambanks is typically modelled using the excess shear stress equation, dependent on two erodibility parameters: critical shear stress and erodibility coefficient. The jet erosion test (JET) has become the most common method for estimating these erodibility parameters in situ . Typically, results from a few JETs are averaged to acquire a single set of parameters for characterizing a streambank layer; however, this may be inadequate for accurately characterizing erodibility. The research objectives were to investigate the variability of JET results from assumed homogeneous streambank layers and to estimate the number of JETs required to accurately characterize erodibility for use in predictive models. On three unique streambanks in Oklahoma and across a range of erodibility, 20 to 30 JETs were conducted over a span of three days at each site. Unique to this research, each JET was analysed using the Blaisdell, scour depth and iterative solutions. The required sample size to accurately estimate the erodibility parameters depended on the JET solution technique, the parameter being estimated, and the degrees of precision and confidence. Conducting three to five JETs per soil layer on a streambank typically provided an order of magnitude estimate of the erodibility parameters. Because the parameters were log‐normally distributed, using empirical equations to predict erosion properties based on soil characteristics will likely contain high uncertainty and thus should be used with caution. This study exemplifies the need to conduct in situ measurements using the JET to accurately characterize streambank resistance to fluvial erosion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2015/7/22/ PY - 2015/7/22/ DO - 10.1002/hyp.10547 VL - 29 IS - 26 SP - 5451-5464 J2 - Hydrol. Process. LA - en OP - SN - 0885-6087 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/HYP.10547 DB - Crossref KW - cohesive soil erosion KW - erodibility KW - excess shear stress equation KW - sample size KW - soil variability KW - streambank erosion ER - TY - CONF TI - Nonlinear Detachment Model for Soil Erodibility: Application and Incorporation into a Streambank Erosion and Stability Model AU - Khanal, A. AU - Klavon, K. AU - Fox, G. A. AU - Daly, E. R. T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015 AB - Cohesive sediment transport is typically modeled for channels, levees, spillways, earth dams, and internal erosion using a linear excess shear stress approach. However, mechanistic nonlinear detachment models, such as the Wilson Model, have recently been proposed in the literature. The objective of this research was to determine the suitability of linear and nonlinear detachment models for cohesive sediment transport using three applicable data sets: (1) a rill erodibility study across a limited range of shear stress (0 to 10 Pa), (2) a hole erosion test across an extended range of shear stress (10 to 60 Pa), and (3) streambank erodibility as quantified by jet erosion tests for the linear excess shear stress equation and the nonlinear Wilson Model across a small range of shear stress (2.5 to 7.5 Pa). The Wilson Model was incorporated into the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM) as an option for simulating fluvial erosion and used to simulate bank retreat in the streambank erodibility study. Using these three case studies, it was determined that the nonlinear, mechanistic detachment model was more applicable across a wider range in applied shear stress. The use of the nonlinear detachment model also alleviates questions about the most appropriate solution technique for jet erosion tests in deriving erodibility parameters. In situ tests may confine the collection of erosion rate data in terms of the applied shear stress, and therefore, users of these techniques should be aware of the nonlinear behavior of cohesive sediment detachment especially at higher shear stress. C2 - 2015/5/14/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015 DA - 2015/5/14/ DO - 10.1061/9780784479162.173 SP - 1769-1780 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784479162 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479162.173 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linking first-year and senior engineering design teams: Engaging early academic career students in engineering design AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Weckler, P. AU - Thomas, D. T2 - Advances in Engineering Education DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 4 IS - 3 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84928342080&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Predicted influence of eastern redcedar removal on water quantity and quality using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) AU - Lisenbee, W. AU - Fox, G. AU - Zou, C. AU - Storm, D. AU - Penn, C. AU - Stebler, E. AU - Mittelstet, A. C2 - 2015/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015 DA - 2015/// VL - 1 SP - 534-543 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951266363&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Pipeflow experiments to quantify pore-water pressure buildup due to pipe clogging AU - Wanger, M.M. AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Wilson, G.V. C2 - 2015/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015 DA - 2015/// VL - 1 SP - 204-217 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951293420&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heterogeneity of Infiltration Rates in Alluvial Floodplains as Measured with a Berm Infiltration Technique AU - Heeren, D.M. AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Storm, D.E. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Abstract. Hydrologic heterogeneities (e.g., macropores and gravel outcrops) in floodplains are hypothesized to play an integral role in impacting flow and leaching between the soil surface and shallow alluvial aquifers, which are intricately connected to streams. Infiltration is often assumed to be uniform, but this neglects the spatial variability common in anisotropic, heterogeneous alluvial floodplain soils. The objective of this research was to quantify infiltration and hydraulic conductivity across a range of scales (point to 100 m2) using a berm infiltration technique. Plot-scale leaching experiments were performed across a range of soil types at each of three floodplain sites in northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas. Plots maintained a constant head of 2 to 9 cm for up to 52 h. Effective saturated hydraulic conductivity (Keff), based on plot-scale infiltration rates and a one-dimensional Darcy flow equation, ranged between 0.6 and 68 cm h-1 and varied considerably even within a single floodplain. The Keff was also calculated at the point scale using particle size distributions and Retention Curve (RETC). Point-scale estimates were significantly lower than plot-scale Keff and also failed to capture the variability of Keff. The estimated permeability of the limiting layer reported in soil surveys was consistent with point-scale estimates of Keff but was lower than plot-scale Keff at most sites. Tension infiltrometers showed that macropores accounted for approximately 84% to 99% of the total saturated hydraulic conductivity. The plot scale (1 to 100 m2) generally appears to be within the representative elementary volume (REV), but drift in Keff occurs beyond the REV due to changing geomorphic formations. Plot-scale infiltration tests are recommended over point-scale estimates, although only small plots (1 m × 1 m) are necessary. DA - 2015/6/22/ PY - 2015/6/22/ DO - 10.13031/trans.58.11056 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 733-745 SN - 2151-0032 2151-0040 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.58.11056 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does mechanistic modeling of filter strip pesticide mass balance and degradation processes affect environmental exposure assessments? AU - Muñoz-Carpena, Rafael AU - Ritter, Amy AU - Fox, Garey A. AU - Perez-Ovilla, Oscar T2 - Chemosphere AB - Vegetative filter strips (VFS) are a widely adopted practice for limiting pesticide transport from adjacent fields to receiving waterbodies. The efficacy of VFS depends on site-specific input factors. To elucidate the complex and non-linear relationships among these factors requires a process-based modeling framework. Previous research proposed linking existing higher-tier environmental exposure models with a well-tested VFS model (VFSMOD). However, the framework assumed pesticide mass stored in the VFS was not available for transport in subsequent storm events. A new pesticide mass balance component was developed to estimate surface pesticide residue trapped in the VFS and its degradation between consecutive runoff events. The influence and necessity of the updated framework on acute and chronic estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) and percent reductions in EECs were investigated across three, 30-year U.S. EPA scenarios: Illinois corn, California tomato, and Oregon wheat. The updated framework with degradation predicted higher EECs than the existing framework without degradation for scenarios with greater sediment transport, longer VFS lengths, and highly sorbing and persistent pesticides. Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) assessed the relative importance of mass balance and degradation processes in the context of other input factors like VFS length (VL), organic-carbon sorption coefficient (Koc), and soil and water half-lives. Considering VFS pesticide residue and degradation was not important if single, large runoff events controlled transport, as is typical for higher percentiles considered in exposure assessments. Degradation processes become more important when considering percent reductions in acute or chronic EECs, especially under scenarios with lower pesticide losses. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015/11// DO - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.010 VL - 139 SP - 410-421 J2 - Chemosphere LA - en OP - SN - 0045-6535 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2015.07.010 DB - Crossref KW - Degradation KW - Estimated environmental concentration (EEC) KW - Global sensitivity analysis KW - Morris method KW - Pesticides KW - Vegetative filter strips ER - TY - CONF TI - Justifying the use of a nonlinear detachment model for cohesive soil erosion AU - Khanal, A. AU - Klavon, K. AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Daly, E.R. C2 - 2015/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015 DA - 2015/// VL - 2 SP - 1700-1710 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951845224&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluating the impact of drought on surface and groundwater dependent irrigated agriculture in western Oklahoma AU - Taghvaeian, S. AU - Fox, G. AU - Boman, R. AU - Warren, J. C2 - 2015/// C3 - Joint ASABE/IA Irrigation Symposium 2015: Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Irrigation DA - 2015/// SP - 379-385 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84969752937&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Estimating Streambank Phosphorus Loads: How much Phosphorus Do Streambanks Contribute at the Watershed Scale? AU - Purvis, R.A. AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Penn, C.J. AU - Storm, D.E. T2 - 2015 ASABE Annual International Meeting AB - Abstract. Nutrient and sediment loading from streambanks are a growing concern within many watersheds. However, there are few studies on streambank phosphorus (P) concentrations and spatial distributions in watersheds. The objectives of this research included (i) quantifying the magnitude of and spatial distribution of streambank P concentrations along a stream system in a watershed with historical poultry litter application, (ii) quantifying the amount of water soluble phosphorus (WSP) and total phosphorus (TP) entering the stream from streambanks, and (iii) comparing streambank P concentrations and loading between two unique streams in the same ecoregion. Soil samples were taken along Spavinaw Creek in eastern Oklahoma and were processed to measure pH, electrical conductivity (EC), WSP, and TP. The pH and EC increased with distance from the confluence at Lake Eucha. There was no clear longitudinal trend in WSP and TP. Using estimated sediment loading (727 x 106 kg) from aerial images, it was estimated from 2003-2013 there was 2.4 x 102 kg WSP and 1.5 x 105 kg TP loaded into Spavinaw Creek from streambanks in Oklahoma. LOADEST, a nutrient load estimator created by the United States Geological Services (USGS), was used to estimate in-stream phosphorus loads. In-stream estimates were an order of magnitude larger for WSP and comparable for TP. A previous study performed a similar analysis along Barren Fork Creek (BFC) in the Illinois River watershed. Both Spavinaw Creek and BFC flow through the Ozarks ecoregion and have cherty topsoil with an underlying gravel layer. Comparison of P loading between the two systems showed that WSP in BFC was an order of magnitude higher while TP was on the same order of magnitude. Streambank P loading rates are dependent on the stream system; therefore each stream needs to be individually studied in order to gain a better understanding of the specific loadings from streambanks. C2 - 2015/// C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015 CY - New Orleans, Louisiana DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/7/26/ DO - 10.13031/aim.20152176505 VL - 1 SP - 544-561 PB - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951279175&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-resolution wind speed measurements using actively heated fiber optics AU - Sayde, Chadi AU - Thomas, Christoph K. AU - Wagner, James AU - Selker, John T2 - Geophysical Research Letters AB - Abstract We present a novel technique to simultaneously measure wind speed ( U ) at thousands of locations continuously in time based on measurement of velocity‐dependent heat transfer from a heated surface. Measuring temperature differences between paired passive and actively heated fiber‐optic (AHFO) cables with a distributed temperature sensing system allowed estimation of U at over 2000 sections along the 230 m transect (resolution of 0.375 m and 5.5 s). The underlying concept is similar to that of a hot wire anemometer extended in space. The correlation coefficient between U measured by two colocated sonic anemometers and the AHFO were 0.91 during the day and 0.87 at night. The combination of classical passive and novel AHFO provides unprecedented dynamic observations of both air temperature and wind speed spanning 4 orders of magnitude in spatial scale (0.1–1000 m) while resolving individual turbulent motions, opening new opportunities for testing basic theories for near‐surface geophysical flows. DA - 2015/11/23/ PY - 2015/11/23/ DO - 10.1002/2015gl066729 VL - 42 IS - 22 SP - 10,064-10,073 J2 - Geophys. Res. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 0094-8276 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066729 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Compenser la destruction de zones humides. Retours d’expérience sur les méthodes et réflexions inspirées par le projet d’aéroport de Notre-Dame-des-Landes (France) AU - de Billy, Véronique AU - Tournebize, Julien AU - Barnaud, Geneviève AU - Benoît, Marc AU - Birgand, François AU - Garnier, Josette AU - Lesaffre, Benoît AU - Lévêque, Christian AU - de Marsily, Ghislain AU - Muller, Serge AU - Musy, André AU - Zimmer, Daniel T2 - Natures Sciences Sociétés AB - Début 2013, les auteurs de cet article ont été conjointement sollicités par l’État pour donner un avis sur la méthode de compensation des atteintes aux zones humides proposées pour le projet d’aéroport du Grand Ouest à Notre-Dame-des-Landes en Loire-Atlantique. Cet article fait état des réflexions consécutives à ce travail qui, au-delà du cas abordé, portent sur les méthodes à utiliser pour compenser les atteintes aux zones humides altérées, dégradées ou détruites par un aménagement. Il présente tout d’abord le cadre juridique actuel de la compensation ; puis l’expérience internationale acquise principalement aux États-Unis, peu de cas similaires existant en France. Enfin, il propose des recommandations sur les modalités d’évaluation du besoin et de la réponse de compensation des atteintes aux zones humides, en insistant notamment sur l’utilité d’y intégrer le facteur temporel, le risque d’échec, l’écologie du paysage et la valeur patrimoniale de ces milieux. En conclusion, l’attention est portée sur les questions que soulèvent la disponibilité et l’usage des terres de compensation, l’incertitude associée aux méthodes de génie écologique et la difficulté de prévoir les trajectoires de ces écosystèmes restaurés/recréés. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1051/nss/2015008 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 27-41 J2 - Nat. Sci. Soc. OP - SN - 1240-1307 1765-2979 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/nss/2015008 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatiotemporal variations of bioaerosols in the vicinity of an animal feeding operation facility in the U.S T2 - Journal of Environmental Protection DA - 2015/6/15/ PY - 2015/6/15/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elemental Composition and Chemical Mass Closure of Fine Particulate in an Animal Feeding Operation Facility and Its Vicinity T2 - Journal of Environmental Protection DA - 2015/6/15/ PY - 2015/6/15/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insights to the formation of secondary inorganic PM2.5: Current knowledge and future needs AU - Wang-Li, L. T2 - International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.3965/j.ijabe.20150802.1810 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 1-13 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84928784561&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transformation of Swine Manure and Algal Consortia to Value-added Products AU - Sharara, Mahmoud A DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gasification of phycoremediation algal biomass AU - Sharara, Mahmoud A AU - Sadaka, Sammy S T2 - BioResources DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 2609-2625 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expanding Maize Genetic Resources with Predomestication Alleles: Maize–Teosinte Introgression Populations AU - Liu, Zhengbin AU - Cook, Jason AU - Melia-Hancock, Susan AU - Guill, Katherine AU - Bottoms, Christopher AU - Garcia, Arturo AU - Ott, Oliver AU - Nelson, Rebecca AU - Recker, Jill AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter AU - Larsson, Sara AU - Lepak, Nicholas AU - Buckler, E. Ed AU - Trimble, Loren AU - Tracy, William AU - McMullen, M.D. Michael D AU - Flint-Garcia, Sherry A S.A. T2 - The Plant Genome AB - Teosinte ( subsp. H. H. Iltis & Doebley) has greater genetic diversity than maize inbreds and landraces ( subsp. ). There are, however, limited genetic resources to efficiently evaluate and tap this diversity. To broaden resources for genetic diversity studies in maize, we developed and evaluated 928 near-isogenic introgression lines (NILs) from 10 teosinte accessions in the B73 background. Joint linkage analysis of the 10 introgression populations identified several large-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for days to anthesis (DTA), kernel row number (KRN), and 50-kernel weight (Wt50k). Our results confirm prior reports of kernel domestication loci and identify previously uncharacterized QTL with a range of allelic effects enabling future research into the genetic basis of these traits. Additionally, we used a targeted set of NILs to validate the effects of a KRN QTL located on chromosome 2. These introgression populations offer novel tools for QTL discovery and validation as well as a platform for initiating fine mapping. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.3835/plantgenome2015.07.0053 VL - 9 IS - 1 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3835/plantgenome2015.07.0053 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maize Homologs of HCT, a Key Enzyme in Lignin Biosynthesis, Bind the NLR Rp1 Proteins to Modulate the Defense Response AU - Wang, Guan-Feng AU - He, Yijian AU - Strauch, Renee AU - Olukolu, Bode AU - Nielsen, Dahlia AU - Li, Xu AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter T2 - Plant Physiol. AB - In plants, most disease resistance genes encode nucleotide binding Leu-rich repeat (NLR) proteins that trigger a rapid localized cell death called a hypersensitive response (HR) upon pathogen recognition. The maize (Zea mays) NLR protein Rp1-D21 derives from an intragenic recombination between two NLRs, Rp1-D and Rp1-dp2, and confers an autoactive HR in the absence of pathogen infection. From a previous quantitative trait loci and genome-wide association study, we identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism locus highly associated with variation in the severity of Rp1-D21-induced HR. Two maize genes encoding hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT; a key enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis) homologs, termed HCT1806 and HCT4918, were adjacent to this single-nucleotide polymorphism. Here, we show that both HCT1806 and HCT4918 physically interact with and suppress the HR conferred by Rp1-D21 but not other autoactive NLRs when transiently coexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Other maize HCT homologs are unable to confer the same level of suppression on Rp1-D21-induced HR. The metabolic activity of HCT1806 and HCT4918 is unlikely to be necessary for their role in suppressing HR. We show that the lignin pathway is activated by Rp1-D21 at both the transcriptional and metabolic levels. We derive a model to explain the roles of HCT1806 and HCT4918 in Rp1-mediated disease resistance. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1104/pp.15.00703 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - pp.00703.2015 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84946206925&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - RPRT TI - Vermicomposting in childcare center gardens AU - Sherman, R. A3 - NC State Cooperative Extension DA - 2015/9/28/ PY - 2015/9/28/ M1 - LF‐007‐08 PB - NC State Cooperative Extension SN - LF‐007‐08 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Composting. AU - Sherman, R. T2 - Extension Gardener Handbook PY - 2015/// PB - NC Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - CHAP TI - Fertilizer Use AU - Osmond, D.L. AU - Crozier, C.R. AU - Sherman, R. AU - LeBude, A.V. T2 - Nutrient Contact of Fertilizer Materials PY - 2015/// PB - AgChem Manual, NC State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Composting in childcare center gardens AU - Sherman, R. A3 - NC State Cooperative Extension DA - 2015/9/28/ PY - 2015/9/28/ M1 - LF‐007‐07 PB - NC State Cooperative Extension SN - LF‐007‐07 ER - TY - CONF TI - Stormwater Treatment Performance of a Permeable Pavement-Biofiltration System and a Stand-Alone Biofiltration Unit in North Carolina AU - Anderson, A. R. AU - Smolek, A. P. AU - Hunt, W. F. T2 - International Low Impact Development 2015 AB - A BioPave treatment train was retrofitted in an existing parking lot in Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA. The BioPave treatment train comprises a permeable pavement and Filterra devices in series. Additionally, a stand-alone Filterra biofiltration device was installed at the same site to evaluate its performance in treating pollutants of concern in North Carolina and elsewhere. The purpose of this study is to gain insight into the water quality treatment capabilities of a PICP—flow-through filter treatment train and to evaluate the stand-alone device's hydrologic and water quality performance. Automated, flow-proportional water quality samplers were installed to collect samples at multiple locations at each SCM. It was seen that the Filterra stand-alone device had sediment concentration reductions above 95% for both TSS and SSC. For nutrients, the Filterra reduced the percent total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations by a median of 62 and 33%, respectively. Overall the system treated the 1-in. design storm before significant overflow occurred and showed a similar watershed characteristics to predeveloped conditions. The BioPave system removed sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus well despite having some moderate to severe clogging issues throughout the study, resulting in load reductions of 69, 84, and 72% by mass for nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment, primarily through the mechanism of infiltration into the sandy loam underlying soils beneath the pavers. C2 - 2015/1/12/ C3 - International Low Impact Development Conference 2015 DA - 2015/1/12/ DO - 10.1061/9780784479025.022 SP - 216-226 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784479025 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479025.022 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - A collaborative approach to voluntary watershed restoration in coastal North Carolina AU - Carey, E. S. AU - Page, J. L. AU - Shew, R. D. AU - Hunt, W. F. C2 - 2015/// C3 - LID: It Works In All Climates and Soils DA - 2015/// SP - 404-410 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in Root Growth and Physical Properties in Substrates Containing Charred or Uncharred Wood Aggregates (c) AU - Judd, Lesley A. AU - Jackson, Brian E. AU - Fonteno, William C. AU - Evans, Michael R. AU - Boyette, Michael D. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2014 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL PLANT PROPAGATORS SOCIETY DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.2015.1085.86 VL - 1085 SP - 421-425 SN - 2406-6168 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inoculum optimization of Clostridium beijerinckii for reproducible growth AU - Sandoval-Espinola, Walter J. AU - Chinn, Mari AU - Bruno-Barcena, Jose M. T2 - FEMS Microbiology Letters AB - Spore-forming solventogenic Clostridium spp. are receiving renewed attention due to their butanol production abilities. However, there is an absence of literature describing the preparation of dense, vigorous and homogeneous seed cultures of Clostridium spp., guaranteeing reproducibility during fermentation. Therefore, we performed a series of growth experiments of Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and its offspring SA-1 to evaluate the influence of inoculum age (harvest time) on the subsequent population's maximum specific growth rate, as a signal of population homogeneity. The organisms were cultivated in Reinforced Clostridial Medium and supplemented sweet sorghum juice. The best inoculum ages coincided with the late-exponential growth phase: between 9 and 11 h in the conditions tested. Additionally, the harvest time was delayed up to 4 h by pre-adapting the seed culture with 0.75 g L−1 butyric acid. These findings were validated by performing a series of bench-top batch fermentations showcasing reproducibility in growth kinetics with 95% confidence limits. Overall, these experiments allowed us to understand the transient nature of seed cultures of C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and SA-1, while enabling reproducibility and consistent culture performance. DA - 2015/9/10/ PY - 2015/9/10/ DO - 10.1093/femsle/fnv164 VL - 362 IS - 19 SP - fnv164 SN - 1574-6968 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnv164 KW - Clostridium KW - inoculum KW - specific growth rate KW - quality curve KW - Clostridium beijerinckii KW - adaptation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maize homologs of hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, bind the nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat Rp1 proteins to modulate the defense response AU - Wang, G. F. AU - He, Y. J. AU - Strauch, R. AU - Olukolu, B. A. AU - Nielsen, D. AU - Li, X. AU - Balint-Kurti, P. J. T2 - Plant Physiology DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 169 IS - 3 SP - 2230-2243 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of switchgrass-loblolly pine intercropping on soil physical properties of a drained forest AU - Cacho, J. F. AU - Youssef, M. A. AU - Chescheir, G. M. AU - Skaggs, R. W. AU - Leggett, Z. H. AU - Sucre, E. B. AU - Nettles, J. E. AU - Arellano, C. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Intercropping switchgrass ( L.) with managed loblolly pine ( L.) has been proposed as an alternative source of bioenergy feedstock that does not require conversion of agricultural cropland. Different management practices may alter soil physical properties (SPP), which could influence productivity, hydrologic and biogeochemical processes. Therefore, we investigated the effect of switchgrass-loblolly pine intercropping on the SPP of a poorly drained forest soil in eastern North Carolina using three management regimes: young loblolly pine stand (PINE), switchgrass-pine intercropping (PSWITCH), and a 38-year-old loblolly pine stand (REF). Measurements of SPP were conducted before and after the third annual harvesting operation using intact soil cores taken from three points within each of three replicated plots and at three depths: 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, and 30-45 cm. Pre- and post-harvest values of SPP in PSWITCH were not significantly different. Compared to PINE, changes in bulk density and in both total porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity in PSWITCH were significant only in the top 30 and 15 cm of soil, respectively. Volume drained and drainable porosity in PSWITCH decreased significantly at water table depths ≤45 cm. Cumulative effects of V-shearing for switchgrass seedbed preparation and the first and second harvest operations may have caused structural changes to the surface soil layer in PSWITCH that subsequently resulted in the measured differences in SPP between PSWITCH and PINE. We suggest that soil disturbance should be minimized during field operations to lessen the adverse effects on SPP, and models used to quantify impacts of management practices and land use change on the hydrology and biogeochemistry of managed forests should consider SPP changes caused by management regimes. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.13031/trans.58.11238 VL - 58 IS - 6 SP - 1573-1583 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrological processes and model representation: Impact of soft data on calibration AU - Arnold, J. G. AU - Youssef, M. A. AU - Yen, H. AU - White, M. J. AU - Sheshukov, A. Y. AU - Sadeghi, A. M. AU - Moriasi, D. N. AU - Steiner, J. L. AU - Amatya, D. M. AU - Skaggs, R. W. AU - Haney, E. B. AU - Jeong, J. AU - Arabi, M. AU - Gowda, P. H. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Hydrologic and water quality models are increasingly used to determine the environmental impacts of climate variability and land management. Due to differing model objectives and differences in monitored data, there are currently no universally accepted procedures for model calibration and validation in the literature. In an effort to develop accepted model calibration and validation procedures or guidelines, a special collection of 22 research articles that present and discuss calibration strategies for 25 hydrologic and water quality models was previously assembled. The models vary in scale temporally as well as spatially from point source to the watershed level. One suggestion for future work was to synthesize relevant information from this special collection and to identify significant calibration and validation topics. The objective of this article is to discuss the importance of accurate representation of model processes and its impact on calibration and scenario analysis using the information from these 22 research articles and other relevant literature. Models are divided into three categories: (1) flow, heat, and solute transport, (2) field scale, and (3) watershed scale. Processes simulated by models in each category are reviewed and discussed. In this article, model case studies are used to illustrate situations in which a model can show excellent statistical agreement with measured stream gauge data, while misrepresented processes (water balance, nutrient balance, sediment source/sinks) within a field or watershed can cause errors when running management scenarios. These errors may be amplified at the watershed scale where additional sources and transport processes are simulated. To account for processes in calibration, a diagnostic approach is recommended using both hard and soft data. The diagnostic approach looks at signature patterns of behavior of model outputs to determine which processes, and thus parameters representing them, need further adjustment during calibration. This overcomes the weaknesses of traditional regression-based calibration by discriminating between multiple processes within a budget. Hard data are defined as long-term, measured time series, typically at a point within a watershed. Soft data are defined as information on individual processes within a budget that may not be directly measured within the study area, may be just an average annual estimate, and may entail considerable uncertainty. The advantage of developing soft data sets for calibration is that they require a basic understanding of processes (water, sediment, nutrient, and carbon budgets) within the spatial area being modeled and constrain the calibration. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.13031/trans.58.10726 VL - 58 IS - 6 SP - 1637-1660 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrologic and water quality models: Documentation and reporting procedures for calibration, validation, and use AU - Saraswat, D. AU - Frankenberg, J. R. AU - Pai, N. AU - Ale, S. AU - Daggupati, P. AU - Douglas-Mankin, K. R. AU - Youssef, M. A. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 58 IS - 6 SP - 1787-1797 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrologic and water quality modeling: Spatial and temporal considerations AU - Baffaut, C. AU - Dabney, S. M. AU - Smolen, M. D. AU - Youssef, M. A. AU - Bonta, J. V. AU - Chu, M. L. AU - Guzman, J. A. AU - Shedekar, V. S. AU - Jha, M. K. AU - Arnold, J. G. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 58 IS - 6 SP - 1661-1680 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Handwritten, Soft Circuit Boards and Antennas Using Liquid Metal Nanoparticles AU - Lin, Yiliang AU - Cooper, Christopher AU - Wang, Meng AU - Adams, Jacob J. AU - Genzer, Jan AU - Dickey, Michael D. T2 - SMALL AB - Soft conductors are created by embedding liquid metal nanoparticles between two elastomeric sheets. Initially, the particles form an electrically insulating composite. Soft circuit boards can be handwritten by a stylus, which sinters the particles into conductive traces by applying localized mechanical pressure to the elastomeric sheets. Antennas with tunable frequencies are formed by sintering nanoparticles in microchannels. DA - 2015/12/22/ PY - 2015/12/22/ DO - 10.1002/smll.201502692 VL - 11 IS - 48 SP - 6397-6403 SN - 1613-6829 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of livestock exclusion and stream restoration on the water quality of a North Carolina stream AU - Line, D. E. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 58 IS - 6 SP - 1547-1557 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A recommended calibration and validation strategy for hydrologic and water quality models AU - Daggupati, P. AU - Pai, N. AU - Ale, S. AU - Douglas-Mankin, K. R. AU - Zeckoski, R. W. AU - Jeong, J. AU - Parajuli, P. B. AU - Saraswat, D. AU - Youssef, M. A. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 58 IS - 6 SP - 1705-1719 ER - TY - ER - TY - JOUR TI - Calcined eggshell as an inexpensive catalyst for partial oxidation of methane AU - Karoshi, Gourishankar AU - Kolar, Praveen AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Gilleskie, Gary AU - Das, Lalitendu T2 - JOURNAL OF THE TAIWAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS AB - Calcined eggshell was evaluated as an inexpensive catalyst for selective oxidation of methane. Experiments were conducted using a packed bed reactor to determine the effects of oxygen on methane ratio (1, 3 and 7), flow rate (0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 L/min), and temperature (650, 700, and 750 °C) on methane conversion and selectivity. Our results suggested that partial oxidation of methane on calcined eggshell yielded higher hydrocarbons (C2–C7) via oxidative coupling with an average fractional methane conversion of ∼30%. Several factors including oxygen concentration, flow rate, and temperature were observed to influence fractional methane conversion and product selectivity. Catalyst characterization showed enhanced porosity and surface area upon calcination due to removal of organics and carbon dioxide. Surface deformation was observed in spent catalyst due to the physical impact of feed gas. Results from this research are expected to add value to eggshells and enhance agricultural waste management opportunities in areas where poultry industry is concentrated. DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015/12// DO - 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.05.025 VL - 57 SP - 123-128 SN - 1876-1089 KW - Catalyst KW - Eggshell KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Methane oxidation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Switchgrass growth and morphological changes under established pine-grass agroforestry systems in the lower coastal plain of North Carolina, United States AU - Tian, Shiying AU - Cacho, Julian F. AU - Youssef, Mohamed A. AU - Chescheir, George M. AU - Nettles, Jami E. T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) intercropped with Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) has been proposed as a potential biomass feedstock for biofuel production in the southeastern United States. This study investigated effects of treatments (intercropping vs. grass only) on biomass increment processes and morphological properties of switchgrass at two experimental plots (Lenoir1) located in the coastal plain of North Carolina. We also evaluated effects of trimming lower tree branches of pine trees on switchgrass growth at another watershed-scale site (Carteret7) in the same region. Results showed that biomass yield of intercropped switchgrass was reduced by adjacent trees and negatively affected by relative position of grass to trees at the 6th year after planting at Lenoir1. Relative grass-to-tree position was also found to be a significant (p < 0.001) factor affecting grass growth at Carteret7 site with tree age of 5 years old, which is irrespective to the trimming practice. Trimming lower tree branches did not significantly (p = 0.57) improve biomass yield of switchgrass at Carteret7. We also observed intercropped switchgrass typically had higher specific leaf area and grew taller compared to grass-only plots. Stem-to-leaf ratios of switchgrass were significantly (p = 0.02) affected by trees at Lenoir1, but not by trimming lower branches in Carteret7 and relative position of grass to trees at both study sites. Findings from this study are important for evaluating the viability of producing biofuel feedstocks using this proposed intercropping system in the southeastern United States. DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015/12// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.10.002 VL - 83 SP - 233-244 SN - 1873-2909 KW - Switchgrass KW - Loblolly pine KW - Agroforestry KW - Morphology KW - Grass growth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variability associated with assessing changes in position of a canine uncemented femoral stem prosthesis AU - Korani, H. M. AU - Marcellin-Little, D. J. AU - Roe, S. C. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY AB - Summary Objective: Evaluate variability associated with assessing changes in the position of uncemented femoral stems. Methods: Stem level, canal fill, stem angle, and version angle were measured on craniocaudal horizontal beam (CCHB) and open leg lateral (OLL) radiographic projections of the femur of 20 dogs that had uncemented total hip replacement. Intraobserver and inter -observer repeatability were determined on immediate postoperative (PO) images. Differences in position were calculated between the first (3 months – R1) and second (6 months – R2) re-evaluation (R1-R2) time points, and between PO and R1. Results: The measurement process was very repeatable. For R1-R2, the stem appeared to subside 0.8 ± 1.4 mm for measurements based on the greater trochanter on the CCHB images, but there was a wide range (-3.9 to 2 mm; positive values indicate proximad movement). Measurements based on the inter-trochanteric crest on the OLL images had the same mean, and also a wide range (-4.4 to 2.1 mm; negative values indicate proximad movement). For PO-R1, the stem appeared to subside 1.8 ± 2.0 mm (CCHB, based on the greater trochanter, range -7.7 to 2.2 mm), 1.6 ± 1.5 mm (CCHB, based on the intertrochanteric crest, range -0.7 to 4.3 mm); and 2.1 ± 2.1 mm (OLL, based on the intertrochanteric crest, range -1.6 to 6.8 mm). Conclusion: The position of a stable stem can appear different on subsequent re-evaluations, but this may be due to variability associated with inconsistency of positioning of the patient and limb. Clinical significance: Documenting subsidence in individual patients should not rely on calculations based on a single measurement. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.3415/vcot-15-03-0044 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 409-416 SN - 2567-6911 KW - Uncemented total hip replacement KW - stem level KW - variability KW - measurements ER - TY - JOUR TI - Planned wedge size compared to achieved advancement in dogs undergoing the modified Maquet procedure AU - Kapler, M. W. AU - Marcellin-Little, D. J. AU - Roe, S. C. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY AB - To evaluate the patellar ligament to tibial plateau angle (PL-TPA) and amount of achieved advancement in dogs that underwent the modified Maquet procedure; compare wedge sizes recommended using two different planning techniques (Orthomed and modified tibial tuberosity advancement); and evaluate anatomical factors that predict the wedge size required to obtain a 90° PL-TPA.Pre- and postoperative radiographs of dogs that had a modified Maquet procedure performed were evaluated for the following: calculated wedge size using two different planning techniques, the actual wedge size used, the achieved tibial tuberosity advancement, and the changes in PL-TPA. Anatomical measurements of the tibia were evaluated and correlated with the actual wedge size.Of the 38 modified Maquet procedures identified, 53% (n = 20) had a PL-TPA of 90° ± 5°. Actual achieved advancement of the tibial tuberosity was 30% less than the wedge size used. Changes in PL-TPA and tibial width persisted at eight weeks postoperatively without loss of advancement. The two planning techniques did not result in a significantly different selection of wedge size.Current planning techniques for the modified Maquet procedure result in under-advancement of the tibial tuberosity. Both measurement techniques evaluated do not result in appropriate advancement. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.3415/vcot-15-02-0026 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 379-384 SN - 0932-0814 KW - Cranial cruciate ligament KW - MMP KW - stifle KW - Maquet procedure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metabolic Response of Clostridium ljungdahlii to Oxygen Exposure AU - Whitham, Jason M. AU - Tirado-Acevedo, Oscar AU - Chinn, Mari S. AU - Pawlak, Joel J. AU - Grunden, Amy M. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology AB - Clostridium ljungdahlii is an important synthesis gas-fermenting bacterium used in the biofuels industry, and a preliminary investigation showed that it has some tolerance to oxygen when cultured in rich mixotrophic medium. Batch cultures not only continue to grow and consume H2, CO, and fructose after 8% O2 exposure, but fermentation product analysis revealed an increase in ethanol concentration and decreased acetate concentration compared to non-oxygen-exposed cultures. In this study, the mechanisms for higher ethanol production and oxygen/reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification were identified using a combination of fermentation, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) differential expression, and enzyme activity analyses. The results indicate that the higher ethanol and lower acetate concentrations were due to the carboxylic acid reductase activity of a more highly expressed predicted aldehyde oxidoreductase (CLJU_c24130) and that C. ljungdahlii's primary defense upon oxygen exposure is a predicted rubrerythrin (CLJU_c39340). The metabolic responses of higher ethanol production and oxygen/ROS detoxification were found to be linked by cofactor management and substrate and energy metabolism. This study contributes new insights into the physiology and metabolism of C. ljungdahlii and provides new genetic targets to generate C. ljungdahlii strains that produce more ethanol and are more tolerant to syngas contaminants. DA - 2015/10/2/ PY - 2015/10/2/ DO - 10.1128/aem.02491-15 VL - 81 IS - 24 SP - 8379-8391 J2 - Appl. Environ. Microbiol. LA - en OP - SN - 0099-2240 1098-5336 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02491-15 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Site Preparation for Pine Forest/Switchgrass Intercropping on Water Quality AU - Muwamba, A. AU - Amatya, D. M. AU - Ssegane, H. AU - Chescheir, G.M. AU - Appelboom, T. AU - Tollner, E.W. AU - Nettles, J. E. AU - Youssef, M. A. AU - Birgand, F. AU - Skaggs, R. W. AU - Tian, S. T2 - Journal of Environment Quality AB - A study was initiated to investigate the sustainability effects of intercropping switchgrass ( L.) in a loblolly pine ( L.) plantation. This forest-based biofuel system could possibly provide biomass from the perennial energy grass while maintaining the economics and environmental benefits of a forest managed for sawtimber. Operations necessary for successful switchgrass establishment and growth, such as site preparation, planting, fertilizing, mowing and baling, may affect hydrology and nutrient runoff. The objectives of this study were (i) to characterize the temporal effects of management on nutrient concentrations and loadings and (ii) to use pretreatment data to predict those treatment effects. The study watersheds (∼25 ha each) in the North Carolina Atlantic Coastal Plain were a pine/switchgrass intercropped site (D1), a midrotation thinned pine site with natural understory (D2), and a switchgrass-only site (D3). Rainfall, drainage, water table elevation, nitrogen (total Kjedahl N, NH-N, and NO-N), and phosphate were monitored for the 2007-2008 pretreatment and the 2009-2012 treatment periods. From 2010 to 2011 in site D1, the average NO-N concentration effects decreased from 0.18 to -0.09 mg L, and loads effects decreased from 0.86 to 0.49 kg ha. During the same period in site D3, the average NO-N concentration effects increased from 0.03 to 0.09 mg L, and loads effects increased from -0.26 to 1.24 kg ha. This study shows the importance of considering water quality effects associated with intensive management operations required for switchgrass establishment or other novel forest-based biofuel systems. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2014.11.0505 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 1263 LA - en OP - SN - 0047-2425 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2014.11.0505 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Surface Water Quality and Yields from Organically and Conventionally Produced Sweet Corn Plots with Conservation and Conventional Tillage AU - Edgell, Joshua AU - Osmond, D. L. AU - Line, D. E. AU - Hoyt, G. D. AU - Grossman, J. M. AU - Larsen, E. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Organic agricultural systems are often assumed to be more sustainable than conventional farming, yet there has been little work comparing surface water quality from organic and conventional production, especially under the same cropping sequence. Our objective was to compare nutrient and sediment losses, as well as sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) yield, from organic and conventional production with conventional and conservation tillage. The experiment was located in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. Four treatments, replicated four times, had been in place for over 18 yr and consisted of conventional tillage (chisel plow and disk) with conventional production (CT/Conven), conservation no-till with conventional production (NT/Conven), conventional tillage with organic production (CT/Org), and conservation no-till with organic production (NT/Org). Water quality (surface flow volume; nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment concentrations) and sweet corn yield data were collected in 2011 and 2012. Sediment and sediment-attached nutrient losses were influenced by tillage and cropping system in 2011, due to higher rainfall, and tillage in 2012. Soluble nutrients were affected by the nutrient source and rate, which are a function of the cropping system. Sweet corn marketable yields were greater in conventional systems due to high weed competition and reduced total nitrogen availability in organic treatments. When comparing treatment efficiency (yield kg ha −1/nutrient loss kg ha −1), the NT/Conven treatment had the greatest sweet corn yield per unit of nutrient and sediment loss. Other treatment ratios were similar to each other; thus, it appears the most sustainably productive treatment was NT/Conven. Core Ideas Conservation no-till limits nutrient loss to surface waters. The sustainability of production methods is dependent on nutrient inputs. ACE: a new measure to quantify the losses as well as the gains from production. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2015.02.0074 VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - 1861-1870 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The genetic basis of flecking and its relationship to disease resistance in the IBM maize mapping population AU - Vontimitta, Vijay AU - Olukolu, Bode A. AU - Penning, Bryan W. AU - Johal, Gurmukh AU - Balint-Kurti, P. J. T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015/11// DO - 10.1007/s00122-015-2588-8 VL - 128 IS - 11 SP - 2331-2339 SN - 1432-2242 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84938651542&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing DRAINMOD-FOREST for predicting evapotranspiration in a mid-rotation pine plantation AU - Tian, Shiying AU - Youssef, Mohamed A. AU - Sun, Ge AU - Chescheir, George M. AU - Noormets, Asko AU - Amatya, Devendra M. AU - Skaggs, R. Wayne AU - King, John S. AU - McNulty, Steve AU - Gavazzi, Michael AU - Miao, Guofang AU - Domec, Jean-Christophe T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key component of the hydrologic cycle in terrestrial ecosystems and accurate description of ET processes is essential for developing reliable ecohydrological models. This study investigated the accuracy of ET prediction by the DRAINMOD-FOREST after its calibration/validation for predicting commonly measured hydrological variables. The model was tested by conducting an eight year simulation of drainage and shallow groundwater dynamics in a managed mid-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation located in the coastal plain of North Carolina, USA. Modeled daily ET rates were compared to those measured in the field using the eddy covariance technique. In addition, the wavelet transform and coherence analysis were used to compare ET predictions and measurements on the time–frequency domain. Results showed that DRAINMOD-FOREST accurately predicted annual and monthly ET after a successful calibration and validation using measured drainage rates and water table depth. The model under predicted ET on an annual basis by 2%, while the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of model predictions on a monthly basis was 0.78. Results from wavelet transform and coherence analysis demonstrated that the model reasonably captured the high power spectra of ET at an annual scale with significantly high model-data coherency. These results suggested that the calibrated DRAINMOD-FOREST collectively captured key factors and mechanisms controlling ET dynamics in the drained pine plantation. However, the global power spectrum revealed that the model over predicted the power spectrum of ET at an annual scale, suggesting the model may have under predicted canopy conductance during non-growing seasons. In addition, this study also suggested that DRAINMOD-FOREST did not properly capture the seasonal dynamics of ET under extreme drought conditions with deeper water table depths. These results suggested further refinement to parameters, particularly vegetation related, and structures of DRAINMOD-FOREST to achieve better agreement between ET predictions and measurements in the time–frequency domain. DA - 2015/11/1/ PY - 2015/11/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.03.028 VL - 355 SP - 37-47 SN - 1872-7042 KW - DRAINMOD-FOREST KW - Evapotranspiration KW - Ecosystem modeling KW - Hydrological modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more - The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage AU - Fletcher, Tim D. AU - Shuster, William AU - Hunt, William F. AU - Ashley, Richard AU - Butler, David AU - Arthur, Scott AU - Trowsdale, Sam AU - Barraud, Sylvie AU - Semadeni-Davies, Annette AU - Bertrand-Krajewski, Jean-Luc AU - Mikkelsen, Peter Steen AU - Rivard, Gilles AU - Uhl, Mathias AU - Dagenais, Danielle AU - Viklander, Maria T2 - URBAN WATER JOURNAL AB - The management of urban stormwater has become increasingly complex over recent decades. Consequently, terminology describing the principles and practices of urban drainage has become increasingly diverse, increasing the potential for confusion and miscommunication. This paper documents the history, scope, application and underlying principles of terms used in urban drainage and provides recommendations for clear communication of these principles. Terminology evolves locally and thus has an important role in establishing awareness and credibility of new approaches and contains nuanced understandings of the principles that are applied locally to address specific problems. Despite the understandable desire to have a ‘uniform set of terminology’, such a concept is flawed, ignoring the fact that terms reflect locally shared understanding. The local development of terminology thus has an important role in advancing the profession, but authors should facilitate communication between disciplines and between regions of the world, by being explicit and accurate in their application. DA - 2015/10/3/ PY - 2015/10/3/ DO - 10.1080/1573062x.2014.916314 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 525-542 SN - 1744-9006 KW - urban stormwater management KW - water sensitive urban design (WSUD) KW - stormwater control measures (SCMs) KW - terminology KW - Joint Committee on Urban Drainage (JCUD) KW - alternative techniques KW - low impact development (LID) KW - low impact urban design and development (LIUDD) KW - urban drainage KW - integrated urban water management (IUWM) KW - sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) KW - best management practices (BMPs) KW - green infrastructure (GI) KW - source control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implementation and Maintenance of Floating Treatment Wetlands for Urban Stormwater Management AU - Borne, Karine E. AU - Fassman-Beck, Elizabeth A. AU - Winston, Ryan J. AU - Hunt, William F. AU - Tanner, Chris C. T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering AB - The floating treatment wetland (FTW) is an innovative hydroponic device which can be installed on the surface of a stormwater retention pond to improve its pollutant removal efficiency. Limited full-scale experiments have been published, and no design or maintenance guidelines have been developed to date to promote their use. This paper presents implementation and maintenance considerations developed based on the monitoring of three full-scale ponds retrofitted with FTWs. Results suggest that the size and relative surface cover of the FTW, the relative root depth, and the capability of the plants to tolerate periodic anaerobic conditions are crucial factors to promote good removal across a spectrum of pollutants. Special attention to the location and anchorage of the FTW are thought to promote good performance and facilitate FTW maintenance. While zinc and copper sediment concentrations were unlikely to cause undue aquatic impacts after 2 years of operation, more frequent sediment removal will be needed than in conventional retention ponds to maintain adequate storage capacity in the permanent pool because of enhanced sedimentation. Given proper installation and maintenance, FTWs can enhance aesthetic and water quality benefits of stormwater ponds. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015/11// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000959 VL - 141 IS - 11 SP - 04015030 J2 - J. Environ. Eng. LA - en OP - SN - 0733-9372 1943-7870 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000959 DB - Crossref KW - Floating treatment wetland KW - Maintenance KW - Implementation KW - Design KW - Sediment KW - Plant KW - Constructed wetland KW - Retention pond KW - Stormwater ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variability and distribution among sample test results when sampling unprocessed oat lots for ochratoxin A AU - Whitaker, T. B. AU - Slate, A. B. AU - Nowicki, T. W. AU - Giesbrecht, F. G. T2 - WORLD MYCOTOXIN JOURNAL AB - In 2008, Health Canada announced it was considering the establishment of maximum levels for ochratoxin A (OTA) in a number of foods, including unprocessed wheat and oats and their products. The Canada Grains Council and Canadian National Millers Association initiated a study to measure the variability and distribution among sample test results so that scientifically based sampling plans could be designed to meet regulatory and industry requirements. Twenty lots of oats naturally contaminated with OTA were identified and sampled according to a nested experimental protocol where 16-two kg laboratory samples were taken from each lot, two 100 g test portions were taken from each comminuted laboratory sample, and two aliquots of the extract from each test portion were analysed for OTA by LC. The variance associated with each step of the OTA test procedure were found to be a function of OTA concentration and regression equations were developed to predict the functional relationship. When using the above OTA test procedure on an oat lot at 5 μg/kg, the sampling, sample preparation, analytical, and total variances were 11.26, 0.10, 0.13 and 11.49, respectively. The 2 kg sampling step accounted for 98.0% (11.26/11.49) of the total variability. The observed OTA distribution among the 16 OTA sample results was found to be positively skewed and the negative binomial distribution was selected to model the OTA distribution among sample test results. The sampling statistics were incorporated into the FAO Mycotoxin Sampling Tool where operating characteristic curves were calculated to predict the chances of rejecting good lots (seller’s risk) and accepting bad lots (buyer’s risk) for various sampling plan designs. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.3920/wmj2014.1858 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 511-524 SN - 1875-0796 KW - sampling plan KW - maximum level KW - buyer's risk KW - seller's risk KW - OC curve ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soils beneath suspended pavements: An opportunity for stormwater control and treatment AU - Page, Jonathan L. AU - Winston, Ryan J. AU - Hunt, William F., III T2 - ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AB - Trees provide air quality, water quality and aesthetic benefits to urban areas. However, urban soils are frequently compacted to meet the structural stability requirements of pavements and buildings. Suspended pavement systems create an uncompacted soil volume beneath pavements in built environments to provide suitable conditions for tree root growth and structural stability for pavements. Another potential use of the soil–root matrix beneath a suspended pavement includes stormwater management. Two suspended pavement systems were constructed in Wilmington, North Carolina, USA, and runoff was routed through the root–soil matrix for detention and treatment. The two retrofits each contained 21.2 m3 of soil volume with a crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica x fauriei) and were nearly identical. An impermeable geomembrane isolated the water quality impacts of the system and an internal water storage (IWS) layer promoted NO2,3-N removal through denitrification. At one retrofit, 80% of runoff over the yearlong monitoring period was treated. For storms that did not generate bypass, significant mitigation of peak discharge (QP) was observed (62%). Pollutant concentrations of TKN, NO2,3-N, TAN, TN, O-PO43−, TP, TSS, Cu, Pb and Zn all decreased significantly at both retrofit sites. Effluent NO2,3-N concentrations between the retrofit sites were not significantly different despite varying organic matter content and a substantial difference in influent NO2,3-N concentrations. Effluent concentrations of TSS, Cu, and Zn were not statistically different between the sites, indicating consistent treatment of particulate and particulate-bound pollutants within the systems. This proof-of-concept study illustrates that the soil–root matrix beneath a suspended pavement system can be used as a stormwater control measure (SCM) to concomitantly achieve water quality, pavement stability and urban forestry goals. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.060 VL - 82 SP - 40-48 SN - 1872-6992 KW - Suspended pavement KW - Silva Cell KW - Stormwater control measure KW - Bioretention KW - Street tree KW - Urban forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal variation in the quality of dissolved and particulate organic matter exchanged between a salt marsh and its adjacent estuary AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Mikan, Molly P. AU - Etheridge, J. Randall AU - Burchell, Michael R. AU - Birgand, François T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences AB - Abstract Fluorescence was used to examine the quality of dissolved and particulate organic matter (DOM and POM) exchanging between a tidal creek in a created salt marsh and its adjacent estuary in eastern North Carolina, USA. Samples from the creek were collected hourly over four tidal cycles in May, July, August, and October 2011. Absorbance and fluorescence of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) and of base‐extracted POM (BEPOM) served as the tracers for organic matter quality while dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and base‐extracted particulate organic carbon (BEPOC) were used to compute fluxes. Fluorescence was modeled using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and principle components analysis (PCA) of the PARAFAC results. Of nine PARAFAC components (C) modeled, C3 represented recalcitrant DOM and C4 represented fresher soil‐derived source DOM. Component 1 represented detrital POM, and C6 represented planktonic POM. Based on mass balance, recalcitrant DOC export was 86 g C m −2 yr −1 and labile DOC export was 49 g C m −2 yr −1 ; no planktonic DOC was exported. The marsh also exported 41 g C m −2 yr −1 of detrital terrestrial POC, which likely originated from lands adjacent to the North River estuary. Planktonic POC export from the marsh was 6 g C m −2 yr −1 . Assuming the exported organic matter was oxidized to CO 2 and scaled up to global salt marsh area, respiration of salt marsh DOC and POC transported to estuaries could amount to a global CO 2 flux of 11 Tg C yr −1 , roughly 4% of the recently estimated CO 2 release for marshes and estuaries globally. DA - 2015/7// PY - 2015/7// DO - 10.1002/2014jg002897 VL - 120 IS - 7 SP - 1430-1449 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. LA - en OP - SN - 2169-8953 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002897 DB - Crossref KW - DOM KW - POM KW - CDOM KW - fluorescence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Removal of heavy metal contamination from peanut skin extracts by waste biomass adsorption AU - Massie, B. J. AU - Sanders, T. H. AU - Dean, L. L. T2 - Journal of Food Process Engineering DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 38 IS - 6 SP - 555-561 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glucose Synthesis in a Protein-Based Artificial Photosynthesis System AU - Lu, Hao AU - Yuan, Wenqiao AU - Zhou, Jack AU - Chong, Parkson Lee-Gau T2 - APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - The objective of this study was to understand glucose synthesis of a protein-based artificial photosynthesis system affected by operating conditions, including the concentrations of reactants, reaction temperature, and illumination. Results from non-vesicle-based glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) and glucose synthesis showed that the initial concentrations of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lighting source, and temperature significantly affected glucose synthesis. Higher initial concentrations of RuBP and ATP significantly enhanced GAP synthesis, which was linearly correlated to glucose synthesis, confirming the proper functions of all catalyzing enzymes in the system. White fluorescent light inhibited artificial photosynthesis and reduced glucose synthesis by 79.2 % compared to in the dark. The reaction temperature of 40 °C was optimum, whereas lower or higher temperature reduced glucose synthesis. Glucose synthesis in the vesicle-based artificial photosynthesis system reconstituted with bacteriorhodopsin, F 0 F 1 ATP synthase, and polydimethylsiloxane-methyloxazoline-polydimethylsiloxane triblock copolymer was successfully demonstrated. This system efficiently utilized light-induced ATP to drive glucose synthesis, and 5.2 μg ml(-1) glucose was synthesized in 0.78-ml reaction buffer in 7 h. Light-dependent reactions were found to be the bottleneck of the studied artificial photosynthesis system. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1007/s12010-015-1731-y VL - 177 IS - 1 SP - 105-117 SN - 1559-0291 KW - Artificial photosynthesis KW - Bacteriorhodopsin KW - Copolymer KW - F0F1 ATP synthase KW - Glucose synthesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Localizations Are Important for the Hypersensitive Response Conferred by Maize Autoactive Rp1-D21 Protein AU - Wang, Guan-Feng AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS AB - Disease resistance (R) genes have been isolated from many plant species. Most encode nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins that trigger a rapid localized programmed cell death called the hypersensitive response (HR) upon pathogen recognition. Despite their structural similarities, different NLR are distributed in a range of subcellular locations, and analogous domains play diverse functional roles. The autoactive maize NLR gene Rp1-D21 derives from an intragenic recombination between two NLR genes, Rp1-D and Rp1-dp2, and confers a HR independent of the presence of a pathogen. Rp1-D21 and its N-terminal coiled coil (CC) domain (CC D21 ) confer autoactive HR when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Rp1-D21 was predominantly localized in cytoplasm with a small amount in the nucleus, while CC D21 was localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Targeting of Rp1-D21 or CC D21 predominantly to either the nucleus or the cytoplasm abolished HR-inducing activity. Coexpression of Rp1-D21 or CC D21 constructs confined, respectively, to the nucleus and cytoplasm did not rescue full activity, suggesting nucleocytoplasmic movement was important for HR induction. This work emphasizes the diverse structural and subcellular localization requirements for activity found among plant NLR R genes. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1094/mpmi-01-15-0014-r VL - 28 IS - 9 SP - 1023-1031 SN - 1943-7706 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84942513115&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing nitrous oxide losses from three residential landscapes under different management schemes following natural rainfall events AU - Spence, Porche L. AU - Walker, John T. AU - Robarge, Wayne P. AU - Preston, Bill AU - Osmond, Deanna L. T2 - URBAN ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015/12// DO - 10.1007/s11252-015-0453-9 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 1227-1243 SN - 1573-1642 KW - Nitrogen KW - Lawn maintenance KW - Fertilizer inputs KW - Greenhouse gas KW - Turfgrass KW - Flux KW - Measurements KW - Rainfall ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy plate contouring and proximal load screw angulation affect osteotomy compression AU - Mathis, K. R. AU - Roe, Simon AU - Johnson, K. A. T2 - Veterinary Surgery AB - To evaluate the effect of contouring a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) plate, the associated angulation of the dynamic compression plate (DCP) hole relative to the long axis of the tibia, and angulation of the screw relative to the DCP hole on the osteotomy compression generated by load screws in a TPLO model.In vitro biomechanical study.Polyoxymethylene (POM) rod and synthetic cortical bone substitute model (n = 9).The distal portion of a Slocum TPLO plate was attached to a horizontally positioned POM rod that was connected to a load cell. A segment of synthetic cortical bone substitute was attached to the end mount of the testing frame and adjusted to conform to the angle of the proximal portion of the TPLO plate. A 3.5 mm cortical bone screw was inserted in the proximal DCP hole and tightened to 1.5 Nm. The peak longitudinal load (N) was recorded. Screw insertion and data collection were repeated for proximal plate angles of 0-40° at 5° increments.A significant increase in the compression generated was observed as the plate angle was increased from 0° to 10°. The compression ceased to significantly increase until the plate was bent more than 20°, after which a significant decrease in compression was noted. A marked reduction in the compression generated occurred at plate angles greater than 30°.Angulation of the DCP hole and screw insertion angle can have deleterious effects on the magnitude of osteotomy compression. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1111/vsu.12414 VL - 44 IS - 8 SP - 997–1002 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of the Ki14 × B73 Recombinant Inbred Mapping Population of Maize AU - Pratt, R. C. AU - Holland, J. B. AU - Balint-Kurti, P. J. AU - Coles, N. D. AU - Zwonitzer, J. C. AU - Casey, M. A. AU - McMullen, M. D. T2 - Journal of Plant Registrations AB - The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center released Ki14 × B73 maize (Zea mays L.) mapping population (Reg. No. MP-2, MGS 9025066 MAP; Maize Genetics COOP Stock Center no. Z042), a set of 119 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), in 2007. The mapping population was derived from a biparental cross between tropical inbred Ki14 (NCRPIS accession Ames 27259) and temperate inbred B73 (Reg. No. PL-17, PI 550473). One hundred sixteen of the original RILs were used for mapping quantitative trait loci associated with host resistance to foliar pathogens inciting southern corn leaf blight [caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Drechs.)], gray leaf spot, (caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis Tehon & E.Y. Daniels), and northern corn leaf blight [caused by Setosphaeria turcica (Luttrell) K.J. Leonard & E.G. Suggs], three traits associated with maturity—days to anthesis, days to silking, and anther silk interval—and two morphological traits, plant and ear height. The genetic marker data included 765 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 74 simple sequence repeat markers genotyped on all the RILs and constructed into a genetic map. It is envisioned that the high level of host resistance of Ki14 and the agronomic performance of B73 will invite use of the population as a germplasm source for improved host resistance of temperate zone, and increased yield potential, of tropical zone maize. Distribution of the RIL mapping population will allow public access to this resource for continued mapping, gene discovery, and plant breeding. DA - 2015/3/27/ PY - 2015/3/27/ DO - 10.3198/jpr2014.06.0041crmp VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 262-265 J2 - Journal of Plant Registrations LA - en OP - SN - 1936-5209 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3198/jpr2014.06.0041crmp DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro biomechanical evaluation of internal fixation techniques on the canine lumbosacral junction AU - Early, P. AU - Mente, P. AU - Dillard, S. AU - Roe, S. T2 - PeerJ DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biological potential of microalgae in China for biorefinery-based production of biofuels and high value compounds AU - Li, Jingjing AU - Liu, Ying AU - Cheng, Jay J. AU - Mos, Michal AU - Daroch, Maurycy T2 - NEW BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - Microalgae abundance and diversity in China shows promise for identifying suitable strains for developing algal biorefinery. Numerous strains of microalgae have already been assessed as feedstocks for bioethanol and biodiesel production, but commercial scale algal biofuel production is yet to be demonstrated, most likely due to huge energy costs associated with algae cultivation, harvesting and processing. Biorefining, integrated processes for the conversion of biomass into a variety of products, can improve the prospects of microalgal biofuels by combining them with the production of high value co-products. Numerous microalgal strains in China have been identified as producers of various high value by-products with wide application in the medicine, food, and cosmetics industries. This paper reviews microalgae resources in China and their potential in producing liquid biofuels (bioethanol and biodiesel) and high value products in an integrated biorefinery approach. Implementation of a 'high value product first' principle should make the integrated process of fuels and chemicals production economically feasible and will ensure that public and private interest in the development of microalgal biotechnology is maintained. DA - 2015/12/25/ PY - 2015/12/25/ DO - 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.02.001 VL - 32 IS - 6 SP - 588-596 SN - 1876-4347 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of an implant-skin interface scoring system for external skeletal fixation of dogs AU - McDonald-Lynch, M. B. AU - Marcellin-Little, D. J. AU - Roe, Simon AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Trumpatori, B. J. AU - Griffith, E. H. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To assess intraobserver repeatability and interobserver and in vivo versus photographic agreement of a scoring system for the implant-skin interface (ISI) of external skeletal fixation (ESF). SAMPLE 42 photographs of ISIs from 18 dogs for interobserver agreement and intraobserver repeatability and 27 photographs of ISIs from 6 dogs for in vivo versus photograph agreement. PROCEDURES An ISI inflammation scoring system was developed. It included scales for 6 metrics (erythema, drainage amount, drainage type, swelling, hair loss or lack of hair regrowth, and granulation tissue). Photographs of the ISI of ESF were obtained by use of a standard protocol and evaluated to determine intraobserver repeatability and interobserver agreement (Cronbach α; 4 raters) of the ISI score. Agreement between in vivo and photographic ISI scores (2 raters) and correlation between median scores across metrics were evaluated. RESULTS 42 photographs met the inclusion criteria. Overall intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.922 to 0.975. Interobserver overall Cronbach α ranged from 0.835 to 0.943. For in vivo versus photographic assessment, 27 ISIs in 6 dogs and their photographs were evaluated. The Cronbach α for both raters ranged from 0.614 to 0.938. Overall, the Cronbach α ranged from 0.725 to 0.932. Mean photographic scores were greater than mean in vivo scores for each metric. Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.221 to 0.923. Erythema, swelling, and granulation were correlated with all other metrics. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, an ISI scoring system used in this study had high repeatability and agreement and may therefore be considered for use in clinical situations. Photographic scores were not equivalent to in vivo scores and should not be used interchangeably. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.76.11.931 VL - 76 IS - 11 SP - 931–938 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retrofitting with innovative stormwater control measures: Hydrologic mitigation of impervious cover in the municipal right-of-way AU - Page, Jonathan L. AU - Winston, Ryan J. AU - Mayes, Dave B. AU - Perrin, Christy AU - Hunt, William F., III T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AB - Impervious Cover (IC) has been shown to increase runoff volumes, peak discharges and pollutant loads to streams, which leads to degraded water quality and biological integrity. Stormwater Control Measures (SCMs) have been developed to mitigate the hydrologic and water quality impacts of urban areas and IC. This paired watershed study evaluated the impacts of SCM retrofits on hydrology for a small urban drainage area. In February 2012, a bioretention cell (BRC) street retrofit, four permeable pavement parking stalls and a tree filter device were installed to control and treat residential street runoff in Wilmington, North Carolina, USA. In the SCM-Retrofit catchment, 52% of the directly connected impervious area (DCIA) and 69% of the total drainage area was retrofitted for potential hydrologic mitigation. Underlying soils in the study area were urban sands. Peak discharge significantly decreased by 28%, while lag times in the catchment remained unchanged. Runoff depth significantly decreased by 52%. When compared to the control catchment, runoff depths in the SCM-Retrofit catchment were significantly less for events with low hourly rainfall intensities (<2.7 mm/h), but significantly greater for events with high intensities (>7.4 mm/h). During post-retrofit monitoring, runoff thresholds in the SCM-Retrofit and control catchments were 5.2 mm and 3.5 mm, respectively. The SCM-Retrofit runoff coefficient decreased from 0.38 to 0.18 and was substantially less than other runoff coefficients reported in the literature for conventional residential development. This study illustrated how a limited number of SCM retrofits installed within the public right-of-way can mitigate some of the hydrologic impacts of existing residential development. DA - 2015/8// PY - 2015/8// DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.046 VL - 527 SP - 923-932 SN - 1879-2707 KW - Stormwater control measures KW - Urban runoff KW - Impervious cover KW - DCIA KW - Right-of-way KW - Green street ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Sugg' Peanut AU - Isleib, Thomas G. AU - Milla-Lewis, Susana R. AU - Pattee, Harold E. AU - Copeland, Susan C. AU - Zuleta, M. Carolina AU - Shew, Barbara B. AU - Hollowell, Joyce E. AU - Sanders, Timothy H. AU - Dean, Lisa O. AU - Hendrix, Keith W. AU - Balota, Maria AU - Chapin, Jay W. AU - Monfort, W. Scott T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS AB - ‘Sugg’ (Reg. No. CV-125, PI 666112) is a large-seeded virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar with partial resistance to four diseases that occur commonly in the Virginia–Carolina production area: early leafspot caused by Cercospora arachidicola S. Hori, Cylindrocladium black rot caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, Wingfield & Alfenas, Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger, and tomato spotted wilt caused by the Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. Sugg was developed as part of a program of selection for multiple disease resistance funded by growers, seed dealers, shellers, and processors. Sugg was tested under the experimental designation N03091T and released by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (NCARS) in 2009. Sugg was tested by the NCARS, the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, and five other state agricultural experiment stations and the USDA–ARS units participating in the Uniform Peanut Performance Tests. Sugg has alternate branching pattern, intermediate runner growth habit, medium green foliage, and high contents of fancy pods and medium virginia-type seeds. It has seeds with pink testa averaging 957 mg seed−1, approximately 40% jumbo and 46% fancy pods, and extra-large kernel content of ∼47%. Sugg is named in honor of Norfleet “Fleet” Sugg and the late Joseph “Joe” Sugg, cousins who served consecutively as executive directors of the North Carolina Peanut Growers Association from 1966 through 1993. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.3198/jpr2013.09.0059crc VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 44-52 SN - 1940-3496 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predictability of the Loop Current Variation and Eddy Shedding Process in the Gulf of Mexico Using an Artificial Neural Network Approach AU - Zeng, Xiangming AU - Li, Yizhen AU - He, Ruoying T2 - JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract A novel approach based on an artificial neural network was used to forecast sea surface height (SSH) in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) in order to predict Loop Current variation and its eddy shedding process. The empirical orthogonal function analysis method was applied to decompose long-term satellite-observed SSH into spatial patterns (EOFs) and time-dependent principal components (PCs). The nonlinear autoregressive network was then developed to predict major PCs of the GoM SSH in the future. The prediction of SSH in the GoM was constructed by multiplying the EOFs and predicted PCs. Model sensitivity experiments were conducted to determine the optimal number of PCs. Validations against independent satellite observations indicate that the neural network–based model can reliably predict Loop Current variations and its eddy shedding process for a 4-week period. In some cases, an accurate forecast for 5–6 weeks is possible. DA - 2015/5// PY - 2015/5// DO - 10.1175/jtech-d-14-00176.1 VL - 32 IS - 5 SP - 1098-1111 SN - 1520-0426 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microalgal cell disruption in a high-power ultrasonic flow system AU - Wang, Meng AU - Yuan, Wenqiao T2 - BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AB - A 2-kW continuous ultrasonic flow system (UFS) was found effective in the disruption of two microalgal strains: Scenedesmus dimorphus and Nannochloropsis oculata. Compared to the control, cell debris concentration of UFS treatments increased up to 202% for S. dimorphus and 112% for N. oculata. Similarly, Nile red stained lipid fluorescence density (NRSLD) increased up to 59.5% and 56.3% for S. dimorphus and N. oculata, respectively. It was also found that increasing ultrasound intensity improved cell disruption efficiency indicated by up to 54% increase in NRSLFD of the two strains. Increasing sonication-processing time to 3-min resulted in 33.0% increase for S. dimorphus and 45.7% increase for N. oculata in NRSLFD compared to the control. Cell recirculation was found beneficial to cell disruption, however, higher initial cell concentration significantly reduced cell disruption efficiency, indicated by 98.2% decrease in NRSLFD per cell when initial cell concentration increased from 4.25 × 106 to 1.7 × 107 cells ml−1. DA - 2015/10// PY - 2015/10// DO - 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.040 VL - 193 SP - 171-177 SN - 1873-2976 KW - Microalgae KW - Ultrasound KW - Cell disruption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Electricity and H-2 generation from hemicellulose by sequential fermentation and microbial fuel/electrolysis cell AU - Yan, Di AU - Yang, Xuewei AU - Yuan, Wenqiao T2 - JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES AB - Electricity and hydrogen generation by bacteria Geobacter sulfurreducens in a dual-chamber microbial fuel/electrolysis cell following the fermentation of hemicellulose by bacteria Moorella thermoacetica was investigated. Experimental results showed that 10 g l−1 xylose under 60 °C was appropriate for the fermentation of xylose by M. thermoacetica, yielding 0.87 g-acetic acid per gram of xylose consumed. Corncob hydrolysate could also be fermented to produce acetic acid, but with lower yield (0.74 g-acid per g-xylose). The broths of xylose and corncob hydrolysate fermented by M. thermoacetica containing acetic acid were fed to G. sulfurreducens in a dual-chamber microbial fuel/electrolysis cell for electricity and hydrogen generation. The highest open-circuit cell voltages generated were 802 and 745 mV, and hydrogen yields were 41.7 and 23.3 mmol per mol-acetate, in xylose and corncob hydrolysate fermentation broth media, respectively. The internal resistance of the microbial fuel/electrolysis cell fed with corncob hydrolysate fermentation broth (3472 Ω) was much higher than that with xylose fermentation broth (1993 Ω) or sodium acetate medium (467 Ω), which was believed to be the main cause of the variation in hydrogen yield of the three feeding media. DA - 2015/9/1/ PY - 2015/9/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.04.164 VL - 289 SP - 26-33 SN - 1873-2755 KW - Microbial fuel cell KW - Microbial electrolysis cell KW - Hemicelluloses KW - Acetic acid fermentation KW - Electricity generation KW - Bio-hydrogen production ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effect of Air Flow Rate and Biomass Type on the Performance of an Updraft Biomass Gasifier AU - James, Arthur M. AU - Yuan, Wenqiao AU - Boyette, Michael D. AU - Wang, Donghai T2 - BIORESOURCES AB - Airflow and the type of biomass are the two most important factors influencing the performance of a biomass gasifier. In this research, the effects of air flow rate (air-fuel equivalence ratios of 0.21, 0.25, and 0.29) and biomass type (woody biomass, agricultural residue, and perennial grass) on the performance of an updraft biomass gasifier were evaluated based on its tar and producer gas generation. It was found that increasing airflow increased the formation of tar species for all biomass types studied, but no significant differences in producer gas composition were found when the air-fuel equivalence ratio was changed. Thus, air-fuel equivalence ratios ranging from 0.21 to 0.25 were deemed appropriate for minimal tar generation. The results also showed that different biomass types generated producer gas with significantly different tar contents: woodchips yielded the most tar, followed by sorghum stover and prairie hay. The higher heating value of producer gas from various biomass types was also significantly different. Wood chip-derived producer gas had the greatest higher heating value, followed by prairie hay and sorghum stover. The carbon monoxide content in the produce gas of the three biomass types also exhibited significant differences with varying biomass type, similar to the higher heating value, but there were no significant differences in the H2 content with varying biomass type or airflow. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.15376/biores.10.2.3615-3624 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 3615-3624 SN - 1930-2126 KW - Gasification KW - Biomass KW - Producer gas KW - Updraft gasifier KW - Tar KW - Air-fuel equivalence ratio ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular and Functional Analyses of a Maize Autoactive NB-LRR Protein Identify Precise Structural Requirements for Activity AU - Wang, Guan-Feng AU - Ji, Jiabing AU - EI-Kasmi, Farid AU - Dangl, Jeffery L. AU - Johal, Guri AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. T2 - PLOS Pathogens AB - Plant disease resistance is often mediated by nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (NLR) proteins which remain auto-inhibited until recognition of specific pathogen-derived molecules causes their activation, triggering a rapid, localized cell death called a hypersensitive response (HR). Three domains are recognized in one of the major classes of NLR proteins: a coiled-coil (CC), a nucleotide binding (NB-ARC) and a leucine rich repeat (LRR) domains. The maize NLR gene Rp1-D21 derives from an intergenic recombination event between two NLR genes, Rp1-D and Rp1-dp2 and confers an autoactive HR. We report systematic structural and functional analyses of Rp1 proteins in maize and N. benthamiana to characterize the molecular mechanism of NLR activation/auto-inhibition. We derive a model comprising the following three main features: Rp1 proteins appear to self-associate to become competent for activity. The CC domain is signaling-competent and is sufficient to induce HR. This can be suppressed by the NB-ARC domain through direct interaction. In autoactive proteins, the interaction of the LRR domain with the NB-ARC domain causes de-repression and thus disrupts the inhibition of HR. Further, we identify specific amino acids and combinations thereof that are important for the auto-inhibition/activity of Rp1 proteins. We also provide evidence for the function of MHD2, a previously uncharacterized, though widely conserved NLR motif. This work reports several novel insights into the precise structural requirement for NLR function and informs efforts towards utilizing these proteins for engineering disease resistance. DA - 2015/2/26/ PY - 2015/2/26/ DO - 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004674 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - e1004674 J2 - PLoS Pathog LA - en OP - SN - 1553-7374 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004674 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insights to the formation of secondary inorganic PM2.5: Current knowledge and future needs AU - Lingjuan, W. L. T2 - International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 1-13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of big bluestem with other native grasses: Chemical composition and biofuel yield AU - Zhang, Ke AU - Johnson, Loretta AU - Prasad, P. V. Vara AU - Pei, Zhijian AU - Yuan, Wenqiao AU - Wang, Donghai T2 - ENERGY AB - Multiple entry selections of big bluestems and three native C4 grass species, including switchgrass, miscanthus, and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) mixture grass, were evaluated for their chemical composition and ethanol yields via diluted sulfuric acid pretreatment following simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Big bluestem and switchgrass had a similar glucan content that was significantly higher than miscanthus and CRP grass. Big bluestem had the highest average mass recovery (55.56%) after acid pretreatment, and miscanthus had the lowest mass recovery (46.3%). A positive correlation was observed between glucan recovery and mass recovery. No significant difference in average efficiency of SSF was observed among four native grasses, but ethanol yields from big bluestem entries, which averaged 26.2%, were consistently greater than the other three grasses. The highest ethanol yield among the 10 entries was from big bluestem cultivar KAW (27.7%). Approximately 0.26 kg ethanol with 9.4 g/L concentration can be produced from 1 kg of big bluestem biomass under current processing conditions. A negative relationship exists between lignin content and the efficiency of SSF with R = −0.80, and a positive relationship exists between ethanol yield and glucan content with R = 0.71. DA - 2015/4/1/ PY - 2015/4/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.energy.2015.02.033 VL - 83 SP - 358-365 SN - 1873-6785 KW - Big bluestem KW - Switchgrass KW - Miscanthus KW - CRP grass KW - Pretreatment KW - Ethanol fermentation ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Closure to "Interactive irrigation tool for simulating smart irrigation technologies in lawn turf" by N. A. Dobbs, K. W. Migliaccio, M. D. Dukes, K. T. Morgan, and Y. C. Li AU - Migliaccio, K. W. AU - Dukes, M. D. AU - Dobbs, N. A. AU - Morgan, K. T. AU - Li, Y. C. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biofiltration of Ammonia and GHGs from Swine Gestation Barn Pit Exhaust AU - Hood, Matthew C. AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Kolar, Praveen AU - Li, Lingjuan Wang AU - Stikeleather, Larry T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Abstract. Livestock barn emissions can affect public health, the environment, and quality of life. While these emissions can be mitigated using several methods, exhaust air treatment may be required in some situations. Biofiltration is one of the most cost-effective exhaust air treatment methods. In a biofilter, polluted air passes through a moist medium (e.g., compost) where the water-soluble gases are dissolved and then degraded by microorganisms into harmless or less harmful compounds. In this study, a downflow biofilter using a compost and wood chip medium was evaluated over summer, fall, and winter (August 2010 to January 2011) for its ability to mitigate emissions of ammonia (NH3) and three greenhouse gases (GHGs): methane (CH4), nitrous dioxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Biofilter medium properties were analyzed at the beginning and twice during the study. Changes in medium properties and CO2 data indicated greater heterotrophic microbial activity during summer through fall and greater autotrophic activity during fall through winter. Regardless of empty bed residence time (EBRT) (5.3 to 26 s), NH3 removal efficiency (RE) was about 90% with inlet concentrations of ≤1.1 mg m-3. With higher NH3 loading rates, the RE may differ from this study. In fall, CH4 RE was 49% (EBRT = 26 s) but only 13% in summer (EBRT = 13 s). Nitrous oxide RE varied in a narrow range of 14% to 18% over the study. In summer, CO2 removal was negligible but was 15% in fall and 34% in winter. While a compost based medium may be more effective for CH4 and N2O mitigation, a wood chip based medium would be more economical. Care should be taken when using a photoacoustic sensor for high-frequency and low-concentration NH3 measurements. DA - 2015/6/22/ PY - 2015/6/22/ DO - 10.13031/trans.58.10949 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 771–782 SN - 2151-0032 2151-0040 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.58.10949 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variability of Intra-event Statistics for Multiple Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Urban Stormwater AU - Hathaway, J. M. AU - Hunt, W. F. AU - McCarthy, D. T. T2 - WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT DA - 2015/8// PY - 2015/8// DO - 10.1007/s11269-015-1020-0 VL - 29 IS - 10 SP - 3635-3649 SN - 1573-1650 KW - Intra-event KW - E. coli KW - Enterococci KW - Fecal coliform KW - Urban stormwater KW - Variability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Combined Uncertainty of Pesticide Residue Results for Testing Compliance with Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) AU - Farkas, Zsuzsa AU - Slate, Andrew AU - Whitaker, Thomas B. AU - Suszter, Gabriella AU - Ambrus, Arpad T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - The uncertainty of pesticide residue levels in crops due to sampling, estimated for 106 individual crops and 24 crop groups from residue data obtained from supervised trials, was adjusted with a factor of 1.3 to accommodate the larger variability of residues under normal field conditions. Further adjustment may be necessary in the case of mixed lots. The combined uncertainty of residue data including the contribution of sampling is used for calculation of an action limit, which should not be exceeded when compliance with maximum residue limits is certified as part of premarketing self-control programs. On the contrary, for testing compliance of marketed commodities the residues measured in composite samples should be greater than or equal to the decision limit calculated only from the combined uncertainty of the laboratory phase of the residue determination. The options of minimizing the combined uncertainty of measured residues are discussed. The principles described are also applicable to other chemical contaminants. DA - 2015/5/13/ PY - 2015/5/13/ DO - 10.1021/jf505512h VL - 63 IS - 18 SP - 4418-4428 SN - 1520-5118 KW - sampling KW - uncertainty of measurement results KW - compliance with legal limits KW - pesticide residues KW - self-control of production KW - certification of compliance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occurrence, severity and initiation of internal necrosis in 'Covington' sweetpotato AU - Jiang, C. AU - Perkins-Veazie, P. AU - Blankenship, S. M. AU - Boyette, M. D. AU - Pesic-VanEsbroeck, Z. AU - Jennings, K. M. AU - Schultheis, J. R. T2 - HortTechnology DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 340-348 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clustering of Loop Current patterns based on the satellite-observed sea surface height and self-organizing map AU - Zeng, Xiangming AU - Li, Yizhen AU - He, Ruoying AU - Yin, Yuqi T2 - REMOTE SENSING LETTERS AB - The self-organizing map is used to investigate variations of the Loop Current (LC) in the Gulf of Mexico from 1992 to 2013 based on satellite-observed sea surface height data. It is found that LC variations can be characterized by three spatial patterns: normal, extension and retraction. The corresponding temporal variations confirm that LC eddy shedding generally occurs during the transition from the extension to retraction patterns. On the weekly time scale, the wind stress curl (WSC) in the Caribbean Sea has a major influence on LC eddy shedding. The increase of Caribbean WSC from June to November favours more frequent LC eddy shedding during that period. On the interannual time scale, there is also a potential linkage between the frequency of LC eddy shedding and El Niño activities. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1080/2150704x.2014.998347 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 11-19 SN - 2150-7058 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variational data assimilative modeling of the Gulf of Maine in spring and summer 2010 AU - Li, Yizhen AU - He, Ruoying AU - Chen, Ke AU - McGillicuddy, Dennis J. T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS AB - Abstract A data assimilative ocean circulation model is used to hindcast the Gulf of Maine [GOM) circulation in spring and summer 2010. Using the recently developed incremental strong constraint 4D Variational data assimilation algorithm, the model assimilates satellite sea surface temperature and in situ temperature and salinity profiles measured by expendable bathythermograph, Argo floats, and shipboard CTD casts. Validation against independent observations shows that the model skill is significantly improved after data assimilation. The data‐assimilative model hindcast reproduces the temporal and spatial evolution of the ocean state, showing that a sea level depression southwest of the Scotian Shelf played a critical role in shaping the gulf‐wide circulation. Heat budget analysis further demonstrates that both advection and surface heat flux contribute to temperature variability. The estimated time scale for coastal water to travel from the Scotian Shelf to the Jordan Basin is around 60 days, which is consistent with previous estimates based on in situ observations. Our study highlights the importance of resolving upstream and offshore forcing conditions in predicting the coastal circulation in the GOM. DA - 2015/5// PY - 2015/5// DO - 10.1002/2014jc010492 VL - 120 IS - 5 SP - 3522-3541 SN - 2169-9291 KW - Gulf of Maine KW - circulation modeling KW - data assimilation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying nutrient and suspended solids fluxes in a constructed tidal marsh following rainfall: The value of capturing the rapid changes in flow and concentrations AU - Etheridge, J. Randall AU - Birgand, François AU - Burchell, Michael R., II T2 - Ecological Engineering AB - Coastal tidal wetlands are perceived to provide nutrient dissipation services and serve as the final buffer between excess nutrient loads coming from nearby upland watersheds and sensitive estuarine waters. The construction and restoration of tidal marshes has the potential to benefit coastal waters. However, the water quality services of tidal wetlands have yet to be established with any certainty. This is in part due to the difficulty of monitoring these systems where flow and concentrations vary widely with tidal ebb and flood along with rainfall events mobilizing nutrients in pulses from upstream watersheds. In this article, we show over a period of 10 days following a rainfall event, the value of high temporal resolution data to characterize the complex nutrient and flow dynamics and to reliably calculate material balances in a created coastal marsh in North Carolina. Ultraviolet–visible spectrometers were used to obtain 15-min concentration data for nitrate, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, total suspended solids, phosphate, and total phosphorus. Our results show that a pulse of nitrate moved through the marsh from upstream agricultural production following the rainfall event and 25% (13 kg of 53 kg) of the nitrate was retained in the marsh over a period of 10 days. No other material showed a clear pulse from the upstream agricultural production. The marsh acted as a sink for total suspended solids (40 kg) and had near neutral mass balances for dissolved organic carbon, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, and phosphate. Subsequent simulations indicated that different and erroneous results would have been obtained from 2-, 6- or 12-h sampling intervals. These results demonstrate, even on a short term basis, why high-frequency data acquisition is necessary in these tidal marsh systems to truly quantify their impact on water quality ecosystem services. DA - 2015/5// PY - 2015/5// DO - 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.05.021 VL - 78 SP - 41-52 J2 - Ecological Engineering LA - en OP - SN - 0925-8574 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.05.021 DB - Crossref KW - Constructed tidal marsh KW - Nutrient retention KW - Tides KW - Rainfall event KW - UV-vis spectrometer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physical properties and reactivity of char obtained from downdraft gasification of sorghum and eastern red cedar AU - Qian, Kezhen AU - Kumar, Ajay AU - Bellmer, Danielle AU - Yuan, Wenqiao AU - Wang, Donghai AU - Eastman, Margaret A. T2 - FUEL AB - Downdraft gasification of forage sorghum and red cedar wood was studied with the aim of determining the characteristics of produced char for its further application, such as soil amendment, sorbent and solid fuel. Ultimate, proximate, XRD and NMR were used to investigate physical and chemical properties of char and thermo-analytic methods were used to determine kinetics of char gasification. The NMR results showed that red cedar and sorghum chars both contain aromatic carbon, but aliphatic carbon and o-alkyl carbon are more evident in the red cedar char than in the sorghum char. Char derived from downdraft gasification had higher heating values and lower ash contents than char derived from fluidized bed gasification, indicating char derived from downdraft gasification is more suitable for applications, such as soil amendment, than char from fluidized bed gasification. Micropores and mesopores were found in both red cedar and sorghum chars. The gasification reactivity of red cedar char was higher than that of sorghum char. Activation energies were found to be 163 and 167 kJ/mol based on shrinking core model and 147 and143 kJ/mol based on random pore model for sorghum char and red cedar char, respectively. DA - 2015/3/1/ PY - 2015/3/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.11.054 VL - 143 SP - 383-389 SN - 1873-7153 KW - Downdraft gasification KW - Sorghum char KW - Red cedar char KW - CO2 char gasification KW - NMR ER - TY - JOUR TI - EVALUATING THE ECO-GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CONDITION OF RESTORED STREAMS USING VISUAL ASSESSMENT AND MACROINVERTEBRATE METRICS AU - Doll, Barbara A. AU - Jennings, Gregory D. AU - Spooner, Jean AU - Penrose, David L. AU - Usset, Joseph L. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract The Stream Performance Assessment ( SPA ), a new rapid assessment method, was applied to 93 restored, 21 impaired, 29 reference, and 13 reference streams with some incision throughout North Carolina. Principal component analysis ( PCA ) indicated restored streams align more closely with reference streams rather than impaired streams. Further, PCA ‐based factor analysis revealed restored streams were similar to reference streams in terms of morphologic condition, but exhibited a greater range of scores relative to aquatic habitat and bedform. Macroinvertebrate sampling and GIS watershed analyses were conducted on 84 restored streams. SPA and watershed data were compared to Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera ( EPT ) taxa to determine which factors indicate stream health. SPA and watershed factors were used in least squares, ridge, and principal component regression ( PCR ) to develop a prediction model for EPT taxa. All three methods produced reasonable predictions for EPT taxa. Cross‐validation indicated ridge regression resulted in the lowest prediction error. The ridge model was then used to predict EPT taxa numbers for 21 impaired and 25 reference streams in addition to the 84 restored streams. Statistical comparisons of the predicted scores indicated urban streams (>10% impervious watershed cover) have lower expected numbers of EPT taxa. Rural restored streams have macroinvertebrate metric scores similar to those predicted for rural reference streams. DA - 2015/2// PY - 2015/2// DO - 10.1111/jawr.12233 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 68-83 SN - 1752-1688 KW - rivers KW - streams KW - restoration KW - macroinvertebrates KW - watershed KW - stream assessment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing Bridge Deck Runoff and Stormwater Control Measure Quality in North Carolina AU - Winston, Ryan J. AU - Lauffer, Matthew S. AU - Narayanaswamy, Karthik AU - McDaniel, Andrew H. AU - Lipscomb, Brian S. AU - Nice, Alex J. AU - Hunt, William F. T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering AB - Bridge deck runoff sometimes directly discharges through deck drains to water bodies. As such, the runoff is usually not treated; however, recent pressures have led Departments of Transportation to install closed pipe drainage systems beneath bridges to deliver stormwater to a stormwater control measure (SCM). This can be costly both in terms of up-front and long-term maintenance capital. This study compared bridge runoff concentrations of nutrients, sediment, and heavy metals to effluent concentrations from six commonly used SCMs. Runoff quality samples from 15 bridges in North Carolina were collected and compared to those from 41 different SCMs across North Carolina. The SCMs examined in this study were permeable friction course (PFC) overlays, wet retention ponds (WP), bioretention cells (BRC), vegetated filter strips (VFS), constructed stormwater wetlands (CSW), and grassed swales (GS). Bridge deck runoff concentrations were not statistically different from SCM effluent concentrations for total nitrogen (TN). For total phosphorus (TP), all SCMs produced effluent concentrations lower than bridge runoff concentrations, although only PFC, BRC, and WP did so significantly. For total suspended solids (TSS), median effluent concentrations from the SCMs were significantly and substantially lower (a difference of more than 15 mg/L) than those from bridges. Comparison against water quality threshold concentrations developed for North Carolina suggested that BRC and WP were best for TN treatment and that PFC, WP, and BRC were appropriate for TP treatment. For TSS, all six SCMs were capable of improving the bridge runoff. Similar results were observed for copper, lead, and zinc; BRC, GS, and CSW were able to reduce total metals concentrations significantly. Dissolved metal concentrations appeared difficult to reduce with current SCM technology. These results suggest that for certain pollutants, treatment of bridge runoff may yield improvement. However, the appropriateness of installing SCMs to treat bridge deck runoff must account for the increased cost of closed pipe drainage systems beneath bridges and limited space in the right-of-way and weighed against the relative ease of retrofitting stormwater treatment infrastructure into other transportation corridors. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000864 VL - 141 IS - 1 SP - 04014045 J2 - J. Environ. Eng. LA - en OP - SN - 0733-9372 1943-7870 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000864 DB - Crossref KW - Highway runoff KW - Road runoff KW - Nutrient KW - Sediment KW - Heavy metals KW - SCM KW - BMP KW - Urban KW - Water quality KW - Bridges ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of solid carrier material and surface roughness on microalgal cell attachment AU - Cui, Y. AU - Yuan, W. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Wang, B. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 161-168 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Revision of a loose cementless short-stem threaded femoral component using a standard cementless stem in a canine hip arthroplasty AU - Roe, S. C. AU - Marcellin-Little, D. J. AU - Lascelles, B. D. X. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY AB - Summary A Helica short-stemmed femoral prosthesis that was identified as being loose one year after implantation was revised with a standard long stem cementless BFX femoral pros-thesis. A double pelvic osteotomy was also performed to improve the orientation of the stable acetabular cup. Despite complete resorption of the femoral neck, and a large perforation of the lateral femoral cortex, the revision stem did not subside or rotate. The prosthetic joint did not dislocate. At re-evaluation two years after revision surgery, the prosthetic components were stable. Signs of bone ingrowth into the stem and cup were evident on radiographs. The dog had a seven percent greater thigh muscle girth in the limb implanted with the hip prosthesis compared to the contralateral limb, and was very active with no lameness. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.3415/vcot-13-10-0130 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 54-59 SN - 0932-0814 KW - Total hip replacement KW - revision KW - cementless stem ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retrofitting Residential Streets with Stormwater Control Measures over Sandy Soils for Water Quality Improvement at the Catchment Scale AU - Page, Jonathan L. AU - Winston, Ryan J. AU - Mayes, Dave B. AU - Perrin, Christy A. AU - Hunt, William F., III T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AB - Impervious cover (IC) has been shown to increase runoff volumes, peak discharges, and pollutant loads to streams, which can lead to degraded water quality and biological integrity. Stormwater control measures (SCMs) have been developed to mitigate the hydrologic and water quality impacts of urban areas and IC. This paired watershed study evaluated the impacts of multiple SCM retrofits on water quality at a catchment scale in a 0.53 ha urban residential drainage area. In February 2012, an in-street bioretention cell (BRC) retrofit, four permeable pavement parking stalls, and a tree filter device were installed to treat residential street runoff in Wilmington, North Carolina. In the retrofitted catchment, 94% of the directly connected impervious area (DCIA) and 91% of the total drainage area were retrofitted for water quality treatment. Underlying soils in the study area were sand. After the SCM retrofits were constructed, concentrations of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorous (TP), total suspended solids (TSS), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) significantly decreased by 62%, 38%, 82%, 62%, 89%, and 76%, respectively. Concentrations of dissolved pollutants [nitrate-nitrite-nitrogen (NO2,3-N), total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), and orthophosphate (O-PO43−)] did not change. Mass exports of TKN, TAN, O-PO43−, TP, TSS, Cu, Pb, and Zn significantly decreased by 79%, 60%, 54%, 72%, 91%, 54%, 88%, and 77%, respectively. Improvements in water quality were due to decreases in particulate and particulate-bound pollutant concentrations and loads. This study has shown that a limited number of SCMs installed within a street right-of-way can mitigate a substantial portion of the water quality impacts caused by existing residential development. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000898 VL - 141 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1943-7870 KW - Stormwater control measures KW - Urban runoff KW - Low-impact development KW - Retrofit KW - Right-of-way KW - Green street ER - TY - JOUR TI - Residential Irrigation Water Use in the Central Piedmont of North Carolina. II: Evaluation of Smart Irrigation Technologies AU - Nautiyal, M. AU - Grabow, G. L. AU - Huffman, R. L. AU - Miller, G. L. AU - Bowman, D. T2 - JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING AB - A study was conducted in Cary, North Carolina, in the spring and summer of 2009 with the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of two “smart irrigation” controllers based on the amount of irrigation applied and resulting turf quality in residential settings. Twenty-four residential sites were selected, in clusters of four, representing six geographical areas within the town. Each geographical cluster included one site of each treatment. The treatments were standard irrigation controller with an add-on soil moisture sensor system (SMS); standard irrigation controller with an add-on evapotranspiration-based adjustment system (ET); standard irrigation controller using seasonal runtimes based on historical climate data (ED); and a control group which used a standard irrigation controller with no intervention (CON). Weekly water usage was obtained from irrigation meter readings and turf quality was characterized using a visual rating and a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) meter. Maximum water savings were achieved by the SMS treatment (42% less than CON), followed by ET and ED treatments. No statistical difference in average weekly water use was found between the ET group and the ED group provided with controller run-time guidance. The mean weekly visual turf quality index was highest for the SMS treatment, but only statistically different from the ED group. Average weekly NDVI was greatest for the ED group, although average NDVI values were not statistically different among any of the groups. Although water use was less during the 2009 study period contrasted against the three previous years for those receiving some form of intervention (ED, ET, and SMS), the same trend in water use was found by the CON group, rendering any findings in change in behavior inconclusive. Variability in water application by cooperator groups receiving an intervention decreased in the study period compared to the three previous years, suggesting an impact. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000820 VL - 141 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1943-4774 KW - Evapotranspiration KW - Municipal water KW - Water management KW - Evapotranspiration (ET) controllers KW - Soil-moisture sensors KW - Irrigation scheduling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Residential Irrigation Water Use in the Central Piedmont of North Carolina. I: Measured Use and Water Requirements AU - Nautiyal, M. AU - Grabow, G. L. AU - Huffman, R. L. AU - Miller, G. L. AU - Bowman, D. T2 - JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING AB - Irrigation is the most common and standard practice for maintaining turfgrass and landscape plants in residential settings. The main objective of this study was to quantify the residential irrigation water use in Cary, North Carolina. A subobjective was to develop distributions of monthly reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and gross irrigation requirements (GIRs) for the area using long-term weather data. As part of the subobjective, an investigation was performed to compare daily measured solar radiation with two empirical methods of estimating solar radiation (Rs). The goal of this investigation was to determine the relative accuracy of these methods and to evaluate the impact of using Rs estimates in the computation of ETo and GIR for the Raleigh-Durham area, where Cary is located. Irrigation water use data from 2005 to 2007 for 120 randomly sampled residences were evaluated. The average lawn area of the sampled residences was 713 m2. None of the sampled households used drip irrigation. A negative correlation existed between the irrigated area and applied water depth. The May-October period accounted for 84–89% of the total annual outdoor water use for the 3 years evaluated. A trend of applying more water than the gross irrigation requirement was observed during the lawn renovation period (mid-September through late October). Solar radiation was computed using two methods: the Hargreaves and Samani method based on difference in maximum and minimum temperature, and the Doorenbos and Pruitt method based on percent possible sunshine. Solar radiation estimated using the percent possible sunshine method showed a strong relationship (R2=0.88) with measured solar radiation and proved to be a much more reliable way of estimating solar radiation than the temperature difference method for the Raleigh-Durham region. Estimates of mean, median, and P80 (80th percentile) monthly ETo and GIR constructed from a 60-year data set show that ETo tends to peak in July at an average of 154 mm, whereas GIR peaks in June with an average of 105 mm. The distribution of GIR is substantially more variable than ETo due mostly to variability in rainfall, illustrating the difficulty in applying the correct amount of water consistently from year to year in subhumid to humid regions. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000819 VL - 141 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1943-4774 KW - Evapotranspiration KW - Solar radiation KW - Municipal water KW - Water management irrigation KW - Effective rainfall KW - Gross irrigation requirement ER - TY - JOUR TI - New insight into a complex plant–fungal pathogen interaction AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J AU - Holland, James B T2 - Nature Genetics DA - 2015/1/28/ PY - 2015/1/28/ DO - 10.1038/ng.3203 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 101-103 J2 - Nat Genet LA - en OP - SN - 1061-4036 1546-1718 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.3203 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microalgal Cell Disruption via Ultrasonic Nozzle Spraying AU - Wang, M. AU - Yuan, W. T2 - APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1007/s12010-014-1350-z VL - 175 IS - 2 SP - 1111-1122 SN - 1559-0291 KW - Microalgae KW - Ultrasound KW - Nozzle spraying KW - Cell disruption KW - Lipid extraction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growing duckweed for biofuel production: a review AU - Cui, W. AU - Cheng, J. J. T2 - PLANT BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Duckweed can be utilised to produce ethanol, butanol and biogas, which are promising alternative energy sources to minimise dependence on limited crude oil and natural gas. The advantages of this aquatic plant include high rate of nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) uptake, high biomass yield and great potential as an alternative feedstock for the production of fuel ethanol, butanol and biogas. The objective of this article is to review the published research on growing duckweed for the production of the biofuels, especially starch enrichment in duckweed plants. There are mainly two processes affecting the accumulation of starch in duckweed biomass: photosynthesis for starch generation and metabolism‐related starch consumption. The cost of stimulating photosynthesis is relatively high based on current technologies. Considerable research efforts have been made to inhibit starch degradation. Future research need in this area includes duckweed selection, optimisation of duckweed biomass production, enhancement of starch accumulation in duckweeds and use of duckweeds for production of various biofuels. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1111/plb.12216 VL - 17 SP - 16-23 SN - 1438-8677 KW - Biofuels KW - biogas KW - butanol KW - duckweed KW - ethanol KW - starch ER - TY - JOUR TI - Farmers' Use of Nutrient Management: Lessons from Watershed Case Studies AU - Osmond, Deanna L. AU - Hoag, Dana L. K. AU - Luloff, Al E. AU - Meals, Donald W. AU - Neas, Kathy T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Nutrient enrichment of water resources has degraded coastal waters throughout the world, including in the United States (e.g., Chesapeake Bay, Gulf of Mexico, and Neuse Estuary). Agricultural nonpoint sources have significant impacts on water resources. As a result, nutrient management planning is the primary tool recommended to reduce nutrient losses from agricultural fields. Its effectiveness requires nutrient management plans be used by farmers. There is little literature describing nutrient management decision-making. Here, two case studies are described that address this gap: (i) a synthesis of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, the Conservation Effects Assessment Project, and (ii) field surveys from three nutrient-impaired river basins/watersheds in North Carolina (Neuse, Tar-Pamlico, and Jordan Lake drainage areas). Results indicate farmers generally did not fully apply nutrient management plans or follow basic soil test recommendations even when they had them. Farmers were found to be hesitant to apply N at university-recommended rates because they did not trust the recommendations, viewed abundant N as insurance, or used recommendations made by fertilizer dealers. Exceptions were noted when watershed education, technical support, and funding resources focused on nutrient management that included easing management demands, actively and consistently working directly with a small group of farmers, and providing significant resource allocations to fund agency personnel and cost-share funds to farmers. Without better dialogue with farmers and meaningful investment in strategies that reward farmers for taking what they perceive as risks relative to nutrient reduction, little progress in true adoption of nutrient management will be made. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2014.02.0091 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 382-390 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applicability of models to predict phosphorus losses in drained fields: A review AU - Radcliffe, D. E. AU - Reid, D. K. AU - Blomback, K. AU - Bolster, C. H. AU - Collick, A. S. AU - Easton, Z. M. AU - Francesconi, W. AU - Fuka, D. R. AU - Johnsson, H. AU - King, K. AU - Larsbo, M. AU - Youssef, M. A. AU - Mulkey, A. S. AU - Nelson, N. O. AU - Persson, K. AU - Ramirez-Avila, J. J. T2 - Journal of Environmental Quality DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 614-628 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Swine Manure Char as an Adsorbent for Mitigation of p-Cresol AU - Fitzgerald, Sterling AU - Kolar, Praveen AU - Classen, John AU - Boyette, Mike AU - Das, Lalitendu T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AB - There is a significant interest in synthesizing inexpensive adsorbents for mitigating pollutants emitted from animal agriculture industry such as p‐cresol. Biochar, a byproduct obtained from thermochemical biomass processing is one such source of adsorbent materials. However, presently there is not enough quantitative information on adsorption of p‐cresol on biochar. Hence, the goal of this research is to investigate swine manure char as an inexpensive adsorbent for removal of p‐cresol from an aqueous system. Swine manure was gasified for 15 min at 704°C to obtain gasified manure char. The char was characterized using physical and chemical techniques. Batch experiments were performed in duplicates at 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C to determine the adsorption isotherms and kinetics. Results indicated that gasification enhanced surface area and acid value of manure from 11.42 ± 0.20 to 49.12 ± 0.79 m 2 g −1 and 7.81 ± 0.05 to 8.57 ± 0.01, respectively. The enhanced basicity of the resultant char promoted chemisorption of p‐cresol on char surface with maximum adsorption capacities of 7.63 mg g −1 (25°C), 14.99 mg g −1 (35°C), and 14.84 mg g −1 (45°C). Langmuir and Freundlich models suggested that adsorption of p‐cresol on char was favorable. Kinetic analysis of the data also confirmed chemisorption of p‐cresol while the analysis of transport processes suggested that internal diffusion of p‐cresol within the pores was the rate‐limiting step. Use of biochar as an adsorbent for p‐cresol will add value to gasification byproducts and simultaneously reduce water and air pollution associated with swine farming operations. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 125–131, 2015 DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1002/ep.11972 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 125-131 SN - 1944-7450 KW - swine manure KW - gasification KW - char KW - adsorption KW - p-cresol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecological recycling agriculture can reduce inorganic nitrogen losses - model results from three Finnish catchments AU - Granlund, K. AU - Rankinen, K. AU - Etheridge, R. AU - Seuri, P. AU - Lehtoranta, J. T2 - Agricultural Systems DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 133 SP - 167-176 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF NH4+- N/NO3--N RATIOS ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS, DRY MATTER YIELD AND NITRATE CONCENTRATION OF SPINACH AU - Xing, Suzhi AU - Wang, Jianfei AU - Zhou, Yi AU - Bloszies, Sean A. AU - Tu, Cong AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE AB - SUMMARY Most plants prefer nitrate (NO 3 − –N) to ammonium (NH 4 + –N). However, high NO 3 − –N in soil and water systems is a cause of concern for human health and the environment. Replacing NO 3 − –N in plant nutrition regimes with an appropriate amount of NH 4 + –N may alleviate these concerns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different NH 4 + –N/NO 3 − –N ratios on chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, Rubisco activity, net photosynthetic rate, dry matter yield and NO 3 − –N accumulation in spinach grown hydroponically. The NH 4 + –N/NO 3 − –N percentage ratios were 0:100 (control), 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0. Chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, initial activity and activation state of Rubisco and net photosynthetic rate in spinach leaves were all reduced by increased NH 4 + –N/NO 3 − –N ratios. Significant correlation existed between these measurements. However, no statistical differences in dry matter yield were revealed between the 0:100 and 25:75 treatments. Leaf nitrate concentrations were reduced by 38% at the 25:75 treatment relative to the 0:100 treatment. These findings suggest that lowering the relative proportion of NO 3 − –N in fertilizer could effectively reduce NO 3 − –N contents in leafy vegetables without decreasing their yields. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1017/s0014479714000192 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 151-160 SN - 1469-4441 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2013-2014 AU - Berthiller, F. AU - Brera, C. AU - Crews, C. AU - Iha, M. H. AU - Krska, R. AU - Lattanzio, V. M. T. AU - MacDonald, S. AU - Malone, R. J. AU - Maragos, C. AU - Solfrizzo, M. AU - Stroka, J. AU - Whitaker, T. B. T2 - WORLD MYCOTOXIN JOURNAL AB - This review highlights developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2013 and mid-2014. It continues in the format of the previous articles of this series, emphasising on analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. The importance of proper sampling and sample preparation is briefly addressed in a dedicated section, while another chapter summarises new methods used to analyse botanicals and spices. As LC-MS/MS instruments are becoming more and more widespread in the determination of multiple classes of mycotoxins, another section is focusing on such newly developed multi-mycotoxin methods. While the wealth of published methods during the 12 month time span makes it impossible to cover every single one, this exhaustive review nevertheless aims to address and briefly discuss the most important developments and trends. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.3920/wmj2014.1840 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 5-35 SN - 1875-0796 KW - aflatoxin KW - Alternaria toxins KW - ergot alkaloids KW - fumonisin KW - ochratoxin A KW - patulin KW - trichothecene KW - zearalenone KW - sampling KW - multi-mycotoxin KW - botanicals KW - method development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Amending irrigation channels with jute-mesh structures to decrease arsenic loading to rice fields in Bangladesh AU - Polizzotto, Matthew L. AU - Birgand, François AU - Badruzzaman, A. Borhan M. AU - Ali, M. Ashraf T2 - Ecological Engineering AB - Abstract Extensive use of arsenic-contaminated well water for irrigation of rice fields in Bangladesh has led to elevated arsenic concentrations in rice plants, decreased rice yields, and increased human exposure to arsenic. The goal of this study was to investigate whether arsenic removal from irrigation water could be improved within distribution channels by amending them with physical structures that both induce water treatment and maintain water-conveyance capacities. Chemical and hydraulic effects of amending channels with jute-mesh structures were characterized within 27 m-long experimental channels at a Bangladesh field site. Removal of total arsenic, iron and phosphorus from solution was enhanced within amended channels over unamended channels, with 7% of total As removed in amended channels vs. 3% in unamended channels. Increased elemental removal in amended channels was largely due to increases in residence time and particle-trapping efficiency, but removal via oxidative particle formation did not appear to be substantially enhanced. Results suggest that in-channel structures could be a useful tool for decreasing arsenic loading to rice fields, particularly where constrained channel spatial geometries limit the ability to overcome hydrogeochemical thresholds for enhanced arsenic removal. To improve the practical utility of structure-amended channels, future work could optimize structure designs and establish the season-long sustainability of enhanced arsenic-removal strategies. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.10.030 VL - 74 SP - 101-106 J2 - Ecological Engineering LA - en OP - SN - 0925-8574 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.10.030 DB - Crossref KW - Arsenic KW - Irrigation KW - Rice KW - Bangladesh KW - Channels KW - Mitigation ER - TY - JOUR TI - High pressure effects on heat-induced gelation of threadfin bream (Nemipterus spp.) surimi AU - Zhu, Zhiwei AU - Lanier, Tyre C. AU - Farkas, Brian E. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING AB - We sought to determine, in threadfin bream surimi system, if 40 °C incubation carried out simultaneous with, or following, HPP might also induce a more effective setting on subsequently cooked gels. Threadfin bream surimi pastes were subjected to HPP 200 or 300; at 5 °C (little or no setting effect expected during HPP at this temperature) for 15 min or at 40 °C (optimal setting temperature for threadfin bream pastes) for 15 or 30 min. Pastes were then directly cooked (90 °C for 20 min) (pressureP°C/time > C), or first allowed to undergo setting at atmospheric pressure (40 °C for 60 min), followed by cooking (90 °C 20 min) (pressureP°C/time > Stime > C). With or without followed setting treatment at 40 °C, HPP treatment at 40 °C, or even lower pressure at 5 °C for shorter time (200MPaP5°C/15min > S40°C/60min > C) produce weak cooking gels. Two opposite actions of cross-linked polymer (CP) and degraded protein (DP) was observed during the HPP treatment. The given HPP treatment was sure to triggered the detriment of protein in combined treatments, the followed setting treatment after HPP enhanced the degradation of protein as well. The formation of disulfide bonds during HPP and cooking treatments was retarded, which was attributed to the influence of protein degradation behavior. Scanning electron microscopy revealed, with giving a prior HPP treatment, the fiberlike structure gradually disappeared and the compact microstructure increased in final cooking gel. DA - 2015/2// PY - 2015/2// DO - 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.08.021 VL - 146 SP - 23-27 SN - 1873-5770 KW - High pressure KW - Setting KW - Heat-induced gelation KW - Threadfin bream KW - Surimi ER -