TY - JOUR TI - ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOMINY WASTE AU - Classen, J. AU - Siebenmorgen, T. J. AU - Griffis, C. L. AU - Young, J. C. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - ABSTRACT The production of hominy results in a waste stream with a very high chemical oxygen demand (COD) as well as a very high pH. This research evaluated anaerobic digestion as a means of treating this wastewater. Results indicated that COD could be reduced by approximately 90% with little or no additional alkalinity required.. DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// DO - 10.13031/2013.31752 VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 0937-0943 LA - en OP - SN - 2151-0059 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.31752 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of TK solver in agricultural engineering instruction AU - Young, J. H. AU - Stikeleather, L. F. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - ABSTRACT, TK Solver is an equation solving software package which has been successfully used in agricultural engineering instruction at North Carolina State University for several years. The greatest advantages of the software are in the solution of problems requiring iterative solutions, solving the same problem for many different values of the input variables, and solving problems where the equations remain unchanged but the dependent and independent variables are often switched. This manuscript describes two example problems which illustrate the use of the software package in engineering instruction. DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// DO - 10.13031/2013.31662 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 301 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse shading AU - Willits, D. H. T2 - North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse engineering research at NCSU AU - Willits, D. H. T2 - North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// VL - 36 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A model for greenhouse cooling AU - Willits, D. H. AU - Ahmad, I. AU - Peet, M. M. T2 - Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// IS - 91-4041 SP - 24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ventilation of small greenhouse structures by natural convection AU - Suggs, C. W. AU - Wheless, D. AU - Lineberger, B. T2 - Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// IS - 91-4045 SP - 15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prospect of large-sized paddy field using direct seeding supported by subsurface irrigation system AU - Murugaboopathi, C. AU - Tomita, M. AU - Yamaji, E. AU - Koide, S. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 2040 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extraction of energy from crop dryer exhaust AU - Suggs, C. W. AU - Seaboch, T. R. AU - Abrams, C. F. T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture AB - Depending on difference between ambient and exhaust air temperatures, considerable amounts of heat energy can be recovered from the exhaust of a crop dryer by means of a heat exchanger which keeps the inlet and exhaust air streams separate but conducts the heat through the barrier from the hot exhaust to the cold intake. A flat plate, turbulent flow heat exchanger was attached to a bulk curing tobacco barn with appropriate ducts to channel the exhaust and intake through alternate channels of the heat exchanger. Wet and dry bulb temperatures were measured in both streams at the inlet and outlet ends of the exchanger along with air flow rate through the exhaust and intake ducts. Values of the heat transfer coefficient determined from experimentally observed temperature differences and the amount of heat transferred were larger than values calculated directly. At least part of the difference was due to condensation which delayed cooling of the hot exhaust stream and enhanced heat recovery. Values of observed and calculated heat exchanger effectiveness were similar. Measurements were made of six cures of tobacco spaced over two years. The heat exchanger used in these experiments saved approximately six to 12% of the curing fuel. For typical tobacco barn operations, recoverable costs for a heat exchanger with a 20-year life and interest at 10% would be about $400 to $800, depending on fuel costs, barn usage, weather conditions and the manner in which the barns are operated. DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// DO - 10.13031/2013.26215 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 223 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Above ground agriculture in the 21st century AU - Mohapatra, S. C. T2 - Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// IS - 91-1509 SP - 13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variability associated with determining grade factors and support price of farmers stock peanuts AU - Whitaker, T. B. AU - Dickens, J. W. AU - Giesbrecht, F. G. T2 - Peanut Science AB - Abstract Replicated grade samples were taken from runner, Spanish, and virginia-type farmers stock peanut lots. Each sample was graded according to the procedures of the Federal State Inspection Service. The variability of % foreign material (%FM) and % loose shelled kernels (%LSK) associated with a 1800-g sample was measured. The variability of % sound mature kernels (%SMK), % sound splits (%SS), % other kernels (%OK), % damage (%DAM), and % extra large kernels (%ELK) associated with a 500-g sample was also measured. The variance was shown to be a function of the magnitude of the grade determination and was described by a relationship derived from binomial theory. From the measured grade factors, the support price per gross ton was calculated for each grade sample using the 1988 USDA loan schedule. The variance of the price per gross ton was also estimated and appeared to be independent of the price per gross ton. The coefficients of variation averaged across all lots tested were 21.1, 18.7, 2.6, 21.2, 14.0, 55.3, 7.8, and 2.4% for %FM, %LSK, %SMK, %SS, %OK, %DAM, %ELK, and price per gross ton, respectively. The computed price per gross ton of a farmers lot that has a true value of $600 was estimated to vary from $573 to $627 95% of the time when using the 500 and 1800 g grade sample to measure each grade factor. DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// DO - 10.3146/i0095-3679-18-2-15 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 122 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Construction and evaluation of a chainsaw kickback simulator AU - Roberson, Gary AU - Suggs, C. W. T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture AB - A simulator for evaluating chainsaw kickback was constructed using mechanical elements to replicate the human upper body. The simulator, dubbed ADAM (Applied Dynamic Anthropometric Model), was intended to match the anthropometric properties of the 50th percentile adult male. Kickback was produced by means of a companion device which consisted of a V-grooved wheel rotating at speeds approaching chain speed and having approximately the same rotational inertia as a small to medium sized chain saw. Kickbacks were generated as a result of contact between the bar of a nonrunning saw and the wheel. DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// DO - 10.13031/2013.26224 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 153 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economics of rockbed cooling AU - Sipal, C. A. AU - Willits, D. H. AU - Sowell, R. S. T2 - Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// IS - 91-4044 SP - 18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - COMPARATIVE EMBRYO SAC MORPHOLOGY AT ANTHESIS OF CULTIVATED AND WILD-SPECIES OF ARACHIS AU - PATTEE, HE AU - STALKER, HT T2 - ANNALS OF BOTANY AB - Introgression of germplasm from wild to cultivated species of Arachis is severely impeded because abortion processes often occur as a prepeg-, peg-(gynophore), or postpeg-elongation event. A comparative study of embryo sac morphology at anthesis was undertaken to determine if observable differences were present that could possibly explain abortion prior to peg tip swelling following soil penetration. Two wild Arachis species (A. duranensis and A. stenosperma) plus A. hypogaea cultivars NC 6 and Argentine were studied. Differences in starch grain concentration and cytoplasmic stranding organization were observed between A. hypogaea cultivars and the wild Arachis species. These differences probably have a significant impact on energy availability at syngamy and the subsequent early cell division of the embryo. An improper energy balance could contribute to the onset of abortion in interspecific hybrids. Modification in egg apparatus organization among all species was also observed which may account for low percentages of seed recovery resulting from interspecific hybridization attempts. DA - 1991/12// PY - 1991/12// DO - 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088290 VL - 68 IS - 6 SP - 511-517 SN - 0305-7364 KW - EMBRYO SAC MORPHOLOGY KW - INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION KW - ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA L KW - ARACHIS SPECIES KW - LIGHT MICROSCOPY KW - SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY KW - EMBRYO ABORTION KW - FERTILIZATION INCOMPATIBILITY KW - PEANUTS KW - GROUNDNUT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thin-layer moisture adsorption equation for soybeans AU - Osborn, G. S. AU - White, G. M. AU - Walton, L. R. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 201 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of pressure losses in tortuous path emitters AU - Ozekici, B. AU - Sneed, R. E. T2 - Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// IS - 91-2155 SP - 19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prescriptionizing the environment for swine production AU - Driggers, L. B. T2 - Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// IS - 91-4538 SP - 11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of manual sorting in three pine nurseries AU - Hassan, A. E. AU - Tohmaz, A. S. AU - Roise, J. P. T2 - Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// IS - 91-7506 SP - 16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An expert system for diagnosing diseases of tobacco AU - Donahue, D. W. AU - Sowell, R. S. AU - Powell, N. T. AU - Melton, T. A. T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 499 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The costs and benefits of "truck" hydrocooling AU - Boyette, M. D. AU - Tinsey, K. G. T2 - Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// IS - 91-6018 SP - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of diurnal ventilation strategies for poultry AU - Bottcher, R. W. AU - Driggers, L. B. AU - Pardue, S. L. AU - Brake, J. T. AU - Bisesi, P. S. T2 - Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// IS - 91-4563 SP - 25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing efficiency of misting systems for poultry AU - Bottcher, R. W. AU - Baughman, G. R. AU - Gates, R. S. AU - Timmons, M. B. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 586 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stress day index models to predict corn and soybean relative yield under high water table conditions AU - Evans, R. O. AU - Skaggs, R. W. AU - Sneed, R. E. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - ABSTRACT High water table conditions reduce crop yields. This study developed com and soybean relative yield models for high water table conditions. The relative yield models were based on Stress-Day-Index (SDI) relationships using SEW30 (0.3-m water table depth) to describe the high water table stress criteria and normalized SDI crop susceptibility (CS) factors. The normalized crop susceptibility (NCS) factors were determined from previous studies conducted in North Carolina. The models were developed using existing field data for SDI and crop yield from Ohio. The resulting com model was tested against data from India and North Carolina and explained 69% of the relative yield variance for the pooled data. The soybean model explained 66% of the variance in relative yield for six years of soybean data from Ohio. The models developed should improve relative yield estimates using DRAINMOD, a water table management simulation model. DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// DO - 10.13031/2013.31829 VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 1997 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seepage and electromagnetic terrain conductivity around new swine lagoons AU - Huffman, R. L. AU - Westerman, P. W. T2 - Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// IS - 91-4016 SP - 16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring diurnal internode elongation in chrysanthemums AU - Jacobson, B. M. AU - Willits, D. H. AU - Nelson, P. V. T2 - Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// IS - 91-4046 SP - 10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transplant size sensing using dual-wavelength reflectance AU - Eddington, D. L. AU - Suggs, C. W. AU - McClure, W. F. AU - Miller, AU - T. K., T2 - Transactions of the ASAE DA - 1991/// PY - 1991/// VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 1010 ER -