TY - CONF
TI - Effect of aquifer parameter uncertainty on analytical estimates of streambed conductance using STRMAQ
AU - Fox, G.A.
AU - Durnford, D.S.
A2 - Ramirez, J.A.
C2 - 2002///
C3 - Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Geophysical Union Hydrology Days
DA - 2002///
SP - 86–97
ER -
TY - CONF
TI - Analytical model for saturated/unsaturated hyporheic zone flow due to alluvial well depletions
AU - Fox, G.A.
AU - Dumford, Deanna
A2 - Kenny, J.F.
C2 - 2002///
C3 - Proceedings of the American Water Resources Association Specialty Conference on Surface Water/Ground Water Interactions
DA - 2002///
SP - 479–484
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Les dispositifs de mesure des débits dans les bassins versants agricoles
AU - Benoist, J.
AU - Birgand, F.
T2 - Ingénieries : eau agriculture territoires
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 32
SP - 51–63
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Design and development of a geothermal temperature control system for broodstock management of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus
AU - Hall, S.G.
AU - Finney, J.
AU - Lang, R.P.
AU - Tiersch, T.R.
T2 - Aquacultural Engineering
AB - A control system was designed to raise and maintain water temperatures within ∼0.03-ha earthen ponds to a range conducive for spawning (24–30 °C) channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Heating was done during February 2001 to April 2001, when temperatures would have otherwise prohibited spawning (<24 °C). Temperature was increased from ∼10 °C (ambient) by ∼2 °C per day, and maintained at ∼27 °C, by the addition of geothermally warmed water (∼36 °C). The control system substantially increased the controllability and precision of heating ponds compared to manual operation. Systems were designed to control sets of four ponds. In designing this control system, consideration of biological constraints was essential. Reproduction in channel catfish is most strongly influenced by temperature. Because cold fronts are common during the winter and early spring (January–March), it was essential to ensure that pond temperatures did not fall below the range for spawning. Constraints on the heating rate and temperature variability to maintain fish health and stimulate spawning behavior were considered. Components of the control system included temperature measurement devices (type-T thermocouples), a central electronic control unit, electronic switches and electrically actuated ball valves. In response to the temperature sensed by each thermocouple, the controller sent a message to close or open the valve. When the valve was opened, warm water was added to the pond to increase the average pond temperature. Hardware and algorithm design and initial system testing were the major components of this project. The final design incorporated information on relevant biological parameters and safety features including peak pond temperature, independent aeration and water pressure control mechanisms. Initial results indicate successful control of this biological system, and ongoing studies suggest similar mechanisms may be used for additional control objectives. In particular, this system could be used to vary pond temperatures to study biological responses and to cool ponds by addition of well water during summer months.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1016/S0144-8609(02)00036-5
VL - 26
IS - 4
SP - 277-289
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036828502&partnerID=MN8TOARS
KW - channel catfish
KW - process control
KW - early spawning
KW - temperature
KW - broodstock
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Estimation of soil organic matter from red and near-infrared remotely sensed data using a soil line Euclidean distance technique
AU - Fox, G.A.
AU - Sabbagh, G.J.
T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 66
IS - 6
SP - 1922-1929
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036852123&partnerID=MN8TOARS
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Analytical model for aquifer response incorporating distributed stream leakage
AU - Fox, G.A.
AU - DuChateau, P.
AU - Dumford, D.S.
T2 - Ground Water
AB - An analytical model of stream/aquifer interaction is proposed that predicts drawdown in an aquifer with leakage from a finite-width stream induced by pumping from a well. The model is formulated based on the assumptions of stream partial penetration, a semipervious streambed, and distributed recharge across a finite-width stream. Advantages of the analytical solution include its simple structure, consisting of the Theis well function with integral modifications. The solution is derived for the semi-infinite domain between the stream and pumping well, which is of primary interest to hydrogeologists. Previous stream/aquifer analytical models are compared to the analytical solution based on dimensionless drawdown profiles. Drawdown in the aquifer near a wide stream was found to be less than that predicted by a solution that ignored stream width. Deviations between the proposed analytical solutions and previous solutions increase as stream width increases. For a hypothetical stream/aquifer system, the proposed analytical solution was equivalent to prior solutions when the ratio of the distance between the stream and aquifer to the stream width was greater than 25. This analytical solution may provide improved estimates of aquifer and streambed leakage parameters by curve fitting experimental field drawdown data.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02516.x
VL - 40
IS - 4
SP - 378-384
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035987343&partnerID=MN8TOARS
ER -
TY - CONF
TI - Unsaturated Hyporheic Zone Flow in Analytical Models for Stream/Aquifer Interaction
AU - Fox, Garey A.
AU - Durnford, Deanna S.
T2 - 2002 ASAE Annual International Meeting / CIGR XVth World Congress
AB - Pumping from groundwater resources that are hydraulically interactive with adjacentstreams induces a water flux from the stream to the aquifer. Analytical models of stream/aquifersystems assume saturated flow within the region between the streambed and aquifer, or hyporheiczone. However, pumping next to a stream may cause the region between the bottom of thestreambed and the aquifer to become unsaturated. When this perching occurs, the flux from thestream to the underlying aquifer approaches a constant limit. Unsaturated, hyporheic zone flowtransforms streams from constant head boundaries to specific flux boundaries. This researchpresents an analytical solution for drawdown and stream depletion that accounts for unsaturatedhyporheic zone flow. The saturated and unsaturated hyporheic zone flows are linearly superimposedin the analytical model to account for transient stream disconnection along the length of the stream.The effect of unsaturated hyporheic zone flow on the total flux from surface water to groundwater willbe investigated using the proposed analytical solution.
C2 - 2002///
C3 - 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002
CY - Chicago, Illinois, USA
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002/7/28/
DO - 10.13031/2013.9850
M1 - 022212
PB - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.9850
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Vermicomposting systems overview
AU - Sherman, R.
T2 - BioCycle
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 43
IS - 12
SP - 53-56
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - The inside story of the greenest building complex in the U.S.
AU - Sherman, R.
T2 - BioCycle
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 43
IS - 12
SP - 58-60
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Joining the front lines of vermicomposters
AU - Sherman, R.
T2 - BioCycle
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 43
IS - 10
SP - 36-39
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Humic acid as plant growth enhancer in vermicompost
AU - Sherman, R.
T2 - BioCycle
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 43
IS - 12
SP - 54
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Composting for disaster response
AU - Sherman, R.
T2 - BioCycle
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 43
IS - 5
SP - 29-32
ER -
TY - CONF
TI - Preliminary assessment of swine waste bioremediation using greenhouse tomatoes
AU - Ponce, K. H.
AU - Peet, M. M.
AU - Cheng, J.
AU - Harlow, C.
AU - Willits, D. H.
C2 - 2002///
C3 - XXVIth International Horticultural Congress & Exhibition (IHC 2002) : horticulture : art & science for life : Metro Toronto Convention Centre, August 11-17, 2002
DA - 2002///
ER -
TY - CONF
TI - Expression of endoglucanase E1 in transgenic duckweed Lemna minor
AU - Sun, Y.
AU - Adney, W. S.
AU - Bergmann, B. A.
AU - Cheng, J.
AU - Decker, S. R.
AU - Freer, S.
AU - Himmel, M. E.
AU - Nishimura, Y.
AU - Skory, C. D.
AU - Stomp, A.-M
AU - Thomas, S.
AU - Tisserat, B.
AU - Yamamoto, Y. T.
C2 - 2002///
C3 - Biotechnology for fuels and chemicals : proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, held April 28-May 1, 2002, in Gatlinburg, TN
DA - 2002///
SN - 1588293874
ER -
TY - CONF
TI - Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of agricultural residues for ethanol production
AU - Sun, Y.
AU - Cheng, J.
C2 - 2002///
C3 - ASAE annual International Meeting/CIGR World Congress : July 28-31, 2002, Chicago, Illinois : engineering for a sustainable world
DA - 2002///
VL - 2
SP - 6198
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Tracking nitrogen loading reductions from agricultural sources: NLEW
AU - Osmond, D. L.
AU - Ranells, N. N.
AU - Hodges, S. C.
AU - Hansard, R.
AU - Xu, L.
AU - Jones, T. E.
AU - Pratt, S. H.
T2 - Climate variability and change : hydrological impacts
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Farm economics to support the design of cost-effective Best Management Practice (BMP) programs to improve water quality: Nitrogen control in the Neuse River Basin, North Carolina
AU - Wossink, G. A. A.
AU - Osmond, D. L.
T2 - Journal of Soil & Water Conservation
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 57
IS - 4
SP - 213
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Are circular external Fixators weakened by the use of hemispheric washers?
AU - Marcellin-Little, DJ
AU - Roe, SC
AU - Rovesti, GL
AU - Bosio, A
AU - Ferretti, A
T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY
AB - Objectives— To compare the axial mechanical stability of 3 circular external fixators systems with and without hemispheric washers. Study design— Experimental study. Methods— The axial stiffness and load necessary to produce 0.5 and 1 mm of displacement of 10 circular external fixator constructs from 3 manufacturers were tested on a materials testing machine. The constructs tested included the Small Bone fixator (SBF; Hofmann S.a.S., Monza, Italy), the IMEX ring fixator (IMEX Inc., Longview, TX), and the Multiplanar C‐Fix (MCF; PanVet Distribuzione, Seriate, Italy). Five configurations were tested for each construct: (1) conventional nut fixation, (2) hemispheric washer fixation with connecting rods offset by 0, (3) 1, and (4) 2 holes, and (5) with a ring placed at maximum angulation. Results— The loads resisted at 0.5 and 1 mm of displacement did not differ when frame configurations were compared ( P =.25733 and .33769 , respectively). The linear stiffness of the following configurations were decreasingly stiff: standard constructs, hemispheric washers with connecting rods perpendicular to rings, hemispheric washers with connecting rods offset by 1 hole, hemispheric washers with connecting rods offset by 2 holes, and ring offset in relation to bone model. The SBF constructs tested were 34% and 41% more rigid than the IMEX and MCF constructs tested despite the larger diameter of the connecting rods for the IMEX frames (6 mm) compared with the SBF frames (5 mm). The IMEX constructs tested were 6% more rigid than the MCF constructs tested. Conclusions— Adding hemispheric washers and angling connecting rods in relation to rings did not influence the loads resisted at 0.5 and 1 mm displacement but decreased construct stiffness. Clinical relevance— The use of hemispheric washers had minor effects on the biomechanical performance of fixator frames tested in this study when used to angle a ring in relation to connecting rods for circular external fixators.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1053/jvet.2002.33604
VL - 31
IS - 4
SP - 367-374
SN - 0161-3499
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Cool temperature performance of a wheat straw biofilter for treating dairy wastewater
AU - Shah, SB
AU - Bhumbla, DK
AU - Basden, TJ
AU - Lawrence, LD
T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES
AB - A wheat straw biofilter was evaluated for attenuating pollutants in dairy (milkhouse and milking parlor) wastewater. During the 14-day study, the biofilter was operated in a sequential aerobic-anaerobic mode in a temperature range of 8-14 degrees C. While the biofilter was very effective (89% removal) in attenuating total suspended solids and moderately effective (76% removal) in attenuating oil and grease, its effectiveness in attenuating chemical oxygen demand was low (37% removal). The biofilter was ineffective in attenuating nitrate, while its effectiveness in attenuating ammonium (20% removal) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (15% removal) was low. The biofilter was not effective in attenuating ortho-phosphate, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform. Though microbial degradation accounted for some pollutant removal, filtration seemed to be the primary mechanism. Lower temperature of operation and high oil and grease concentration (that reduced nutrient transfer to the biofilm) decreased microbial activity, reducing pollutant attenuation. Biofilter performance could be enhanced by using residual heat in the wastewater to raise the operating temperature of the biofilter and by removing oil and grease prior to applying the wastewater to the biofilter.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1081/pfc-120014879
VL - 37
IS - 5
SP - 493-505
SN - 1532-4109
KW - biodegradation
KW - nitrogen
KW - phosphorus
KW - COD
KW - oil and grease
KW - TSS
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Parametric analysis of cryogenic carbon dioxide cooling of shell eggs
AU - Sabliov, CM
AU - Farkas, BE
AU - Keener, KM
AU - Curtis, PA
T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE
AB - Parametric analysis of cryogenic cooling of shell eggs was performed using finite element analysis. Two cooling temperatures (-50 and -70 C), three cooling convective heat transfer coefficients (20, 50, and 100 W/ m2K), two equilibration temperatures (7 and 25 C), and two equilibration heat transfer coefficients (0 and 20 W/ m2K) were considered in the analysis. Lower temperatures and higher cooling convective heat transfer coefficients resulted in higher cooling rates and lower final egg temperatures. A chart and equation were developed to identify combinations of processing parameters to yield the desired egg temperature (7 C) at the end of adiabatic equilibration. Results show that a cooling time of 8.2 min was required to reach a final egg temperature of 7 C for a cooling temperature of -50 C and a convective heat transfer coefficient of 20 W/m2K. The cooling time decreased to 2 min when the convective heat transfer coefficient increased to 100 W/m2K, at a cooling temperature of -50 C. Processing at -70 C and 20 W/m2K, required 5.3 min to reach a final temperature of 7 C. At a higher convective heat transfer coefficient (100 W/m2K) and -70 C, a processing time of 1.3 min was sufficient to reach the target temperature of 7 C. The results may be used as a reference in process or equipment design for shell egg cooling in cryogenic CO2.
DA - 2002/11//
PY - 2002/11//
DO - 10.1093/ps/81.11.1758
VL - 81
IS - 11
SP - 1758-1765
SN - 1525-3171
KW - shell eggs
KW - cryogenic cooling
KW - simulation
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Near infrared technology for precision environmental measurements: part 1. Determination of nitrogen in green- and dry-grass tissue
AU - McClure, WF
AU - Crowell, B
AU - Stanfield, DL
AU - Mohapatra, S
AU - Morimoto, S
AU - Batten, G
T2 - JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
AB - The driving force for this work is rooted in data that confirms the contamination of streams and lakes caused from excessive use of nitrogen, pesticides and other soil amendments. Traditional analytical (wet chemistry) methods are too slow and too costly for detecting ecological abuse. A technology that would characterise the nutritional status of growing plants in a timelier manner (preferably in real time as an applicator moves through the field) is needed to control the volume of amendments. This paper explores the potential of near infrared (NIR) spectrometry for measuring nitrogen in plant tissue. In particular, it discusses the development of nitrogen calibrations, and performance of those calibrations, for both green- and dry-grass tissue. Results, based on collaborative studies by several researchers indicate that nitrogen can be measured with an SEP of 0.411% and 0.167% for green- and dry-grass tissue, respectively.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1255/jnirs.333
VL - 10
IS - 3
SP - 177-185
SN - 0967-0335
KW - near infrared
KW - nitrogen
KW - NIR
KW - chemometrics
KW - multivariate analyses
KW - environmental measurements
KW - precision agriculture
KW - crop monitoring
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Effect of the high-oleic trait on roasted peanut flavor in backcross-derived breeding lines
AU - Pattee, HE
AU - Isleib, TG
AU - Gorbet, DW
AU - Moore, KM
AU - Lopez, Y
AU - Baring, MR
AU - Simpson, CE
T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
AB - The high-oleic trait of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has been suggested to have a positive impact on the roasted peanut sensory attribute. A series of lines derived by backcrossing the high-oleic trait into several existing cultivars were compared with their parent cultivars at locations in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and Texas. Breeders grew their high-oleic lines and parents in three-replicate tests at one or two locations. The Florida high-oleic line F435-2-3-B-2-1-b4-B-B-3-b3-b3-1-B was grown at each location. The test included normal- and high-oleic variants of F435, GK 7, NC 7, NC 9, Sunrunner, Tamrun 96, and Tamspan 90. Sound-mature kernel samples were roasted, ground into paste, and evaluated by a sensory panel using a 14-point flavor intensity unit (fiu) scale. Background genotype had an effect (P < 0.01) on the heritable sensory attributes roasted peanut, sweet, and bitter. Oleate level had a positive effect on roasted peanut intensity, increasing it by 0.3 fiu averaged across all seven background genotypes. However, the magnitude of improvement varied across background genotypes. The high-oleic trait had no effect or increased the intensity of the roasted peanut attribute in each background genotype. The increase was greatest in Tamrun 96 (+0.6 fiu, P < 0.05) and Spanish genotypes Tamspan 90 (+0.4 fiu, P < 0.05) and F435 (+0.4 fiu, P < 0.10). A change of 0.5 fiu or more should be perceptible to consumers. Interaction between oleate level and background genotype was detected for sweet (P < 0.10) and bitter (P < 0.01) attributes. The trait had an increasing effect on the bitter attribute only in the background genotype of Tamspan 90 (+0.7 fiu, P < 0.01). There was a nonsignificant increase in bitterness in the other Spanish background genotype, F435. Changes in bitterness in runner- and Virginia-type backgrounds were close to zero. Incorporation of the high-oleic trait into peanut cultivars is likely to improve the intensity of the roasted peanut attribute, but it may also increase the bitter attribute in Spanish genotypes.
DA - 2002/12/4/
PY - 2002/12/4/
DO - 10.1021/jf025854c
VL - 50
IS - 25
SP - 7362-7365
SN - 0021-8561
KW - parentage
KW - roasted peanut attribute
KW - sweet attribute
KW - bitter attribute
KW - Arachis hypogaea L
KW - genotypes
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Effect of high-oleic trait and paste storage variables on sensory attribute stability of roasted peanuts
AU - Pattee, HE
AU - Isleib, TG
AU - Moore, KM
AU - Gorbet, DW
AU - Giesbrecht, FG
T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
AB - There has been much interest in the effect of the high-oleic acid trait of peanuts on various quality factors since discovery of high levels of oleic acid in a peanut mutant genotype. The trait provides greater oxidative stability for the high-oleic oil and seed. Several research groups have investigated high-oleic peanut oil and roasted peanut flavor characteristics, which were similar within high-oleic lines compared to Florunner. It was observed that some high-oleic lines derived from the Sunrunner cultivar have consistently higher predicted breeding values for roasted peanut attribute than Sunrunner itself. This study investigated if this apparent effect of the trait was an artifact arising from the handling procedures during processing and storage or from flavor fade. High-oleic lines used were derived by backcrossing the trait into existing cultivars, and the comparison of sensory attribute intensity was with the recurrent parent used in backcrossing. Previous comparisons have been between lines differing in more than just oleate content, that is, with widely different background genotypes that could contribute to the differences observed. Differential rates of change in sensory attributes were found in different background genotypes, suggesting that the comparison of high- and normal-oleic lines should be made in common background genotypes as well as in common production and postharvest environments. There was no measurable change in roasted peanut attribute in samples stored at −20 °C over the 63 day duration of this experiment. There were changes in roasted peanut in samples stored at 22 °C, confirming that storage at −20 °C is sufficient for large studies that require multiple sensory panel sessions over a period of weeks. Keywords: Parentage; roasted peanut attribute; sweet attribute; bitter attribute; Arachis hypogaea; genotypes
DA - 2002/12/4/
PY - 2002/12/4/
DO - 10.1021/jf025853k
VL - 50
IS - 25
SP - 7366-7370
SN - 0021-8561
KW - parentage
KW - roasted peanut attribute
KW - sweet attribute
KW - bitter attribute
KW - Arachis hypogaea
KW - genotypes
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Tilapia production systems in the Americas: Technological advances, trends, and challenges
AU - Watanabe, WO
AU - Losordo, TM
AU - Fitzsimmons, K
AU - Hanley, F
T2 - REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE
AB - Tilapia is the common name applied to three genera of fish in the family Cichlidae: Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, and Tilapia. The species that are most important for aquaculture are in the genus Oreochromis, including the Nile tilapia, O. niloticus, the Mozambique tilapia, O. mossambicus, the blue tilapia, O. aureus, and O. urolepis hornorum. Fish farmers are now growing many strains of these parent species along with many hybrid strains. Native to Africa and the Middle East, these species have become the second most common farm raised food fish in the world. In the 1960s and 1970s tilapia culture was aimed at the production of food for local consumption, utilizing primarily extensive or semiintensive culture methods with minimal inputs of fertilizer or feeds. However, tilapia culture has expanded rapidly during the last decade as a result of technological advances associated with the intensification of culture practices. These include the development of new strains and hybrids, monosex male culture, formulated diets, a variety of semiintensive and intensive culture systems (e.g., ponds, cages, tanks, and raceways) and the utilization of greenhouses, geothermal, or industrial waste heat and advanced water treatment methods. Marketing programs have also nurtured a growing demand for tilapia in domestic and international markets. Annual worldwide production of cultured tilapia was less than 200,000 metric tons (mt) in 1984 and increased to 1,100,000 mt in 1999. In the Americas, the increased production of farmed tilapia is due in large part to their adaptability to a diverse array of production systems. These include subsistence level, extensive pond culture in the Eastern Caribbean, integrated animal-fish culture in Guatemala and Panama, semiintensive pond culture in Honduras, intensive pond culture in Colombia, Costa-Rica and Jamaica, semiintensive cage culture in several countries, intensive flowthrough tank and raceway culture in the U.S., and a variety of highly intensive indoor recirculating tank culture in the U.S. In addition, there is increasing production of tilapia in shrimp ponds in Ecuador to ameliorate shrimp disease problems. In this article, representatives of various systems are compared with respect to technological approaches and constraints. Poor management of tilapia genetic resources is causing a loss of productivity, and research in genetics and selective breeding will be needed to improve production efficiency, fillet yields, and environmental tolerance. Continuing nutritional studies will also be needed to increase efficiency and profitability. With intensification, infectious diseases have become more serious, and fish health management through biosecurity procedures, environmental manipulation, reduction of stress, nutrition, genetics, and the use of prophylactic therapeutics will be essential. Increasing waste production will require novel methods for integrating tilapia culture with the production of other valuable crops to maximize nutrient recovery and minimize pollution. Market development and quality control will be critical to ensure market growth.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1080/20026491051758
VL - 10
IS - 3-4
SP - 465-498
SN - 1064-1262
KW - reservoir ranching
KW - ponds
KW - cages
KW - raceways
KW - tanks
KW - recirculating systems
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Statistical approach for risk assessment of aflatoxin sampling plan used by manufacturers for raw shelled peanuts
AU - Vandeven, M.
AU - Whitaker, T.
AU - Slate, A.
T2 - Journal of AOAC International
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 85
IS - 4
SP - 925-932
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Hydraulic geometry relationships for urban streams throughout the piedmont of North Carolina
AU - Doll, BA
AU - Wise-Frederick, DE
AU - Buckner, CM
AU - Wilkerson, SD
AU - Harman, WA
AU - Smith, RE
AU - Spooner, J
T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION
AB - ABSTRACT: Hydraulic geometry relationships, or regional curves, relate bankfull stream channel dimensions to watershed drainage area. Hydraulic geometry relationships for streams throughout North Carolina vary with hydrology, soils, and extent of development within a watershed. An urban curve that is the focus of this study shows the bankfull features of streams in urban and suburban watersheds throughout the North Carolina Piedmont. Seventeen streams were surveyed in watersheds that had greater than 10 percent impervious cover. The watersheds had been developed long enough for the streams to redevelop bankfull features, and they had no major impoundments. The drainage areas for the streams ranged from 0.4 to 110.3 square kilometers. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal surveys were conducted to determine the channel dimension, pattern, and profile of each stream and power functions were fitted to the data. Comparisons were made with regional curves developed previously for the rural Piedmont, and enlargement ratios were produced. These enlargement ratios indicated a substantial increase in the hydraulic geometry for the urban streams in comparison to the rural streams. A comparison of flood frequency indicates a slight decrease in the bankfull discharge return interval for the gaged urban streams as compared to the gaged rural streams. The study data were collected by North Carolina State University (NCSU), the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC), and Charlotte Storm Water Services. Urban regional curves are useful tools for applying natural channel design in developed watersheds. They do not, however, replace the need for field calibration and verification of bankfull stream channel dimensions.
DA - 2002/6//
PY - 2002/6//
DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb00986.x
VL - 38
IS - 3
SP - 641-651
SN - 1752-1688
KW - hydraulic geometry
KW - regional curve
KW - bankfull
KW - flood frequency analyses
KW - urbanization
KW - urban water management
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Prediction of parental genetic compatibility to enhance flavor attributes of peanuts
AU - Pattee, H. E.
AU - Isleib, T. G.
AU - Giesbrecht, F. G.
AU - Cui, Z.
T2 - Crop biotechnology (ACS symposium series ; 829)
AB - As future advances in transformation technology allow insertion of useful genes into a broader array of target genotypes, the choice of targets will become more important. Targets should be genotypes that will pass to their progeny other useful characteristics, such as sensory quality characteristics, while improving agronomic performance or pest resistance. This is particularly important if flavor quality is to be maintained or improved as the transgene is moved into breeding populations via sexual transfer. Selection of genotypes with superior breeding values through the use of Best Linear Unbiased Prediction procedures (BLUPs) is discussed and using a database of sensory attributes on 250 peanut cultivars and breeding lines, the application of BLUP procedures to the selection of parents for improvement of roasted peanut and sweet attributes in breeding of peanut cultivars is illustrated.
CN - SB106.B56 C76 2002
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1021/bk-2002-0829.ch017
VL - 829
SP - 217-230
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Management practices for sediment reduction from forest roads in the coastal plains
AU - Appelboom, T. W.
AU - Chescheir, G. M.
AU - Skaggs, R. W.
AU - Hesterberg, D. L.
T2 - Transactions of the ASAE
AB - Sediment has been identified as one of the most important nonpoint source pollutants of surface waters. Inforested areas, the predominant source of sediment is from the construction and maintenance of access roads, which contributeas much as 90% of the total eroded sediments. Seven different road management practices were studied to determine theireffectiveness in reducing sediment production from forest roads on nearly flat lands in the lower coastal plains of NorthCarolina. One practice utilized a continuous berm along the roadside, while the other six practices had a noncontinuousberm with different combinations of road surface gravel and roadside vegetative strips. Runoff samples collected duringeleven different rainfall events of varying intensity and duration were analyzed for sediment content. The rainfall amount,intensity, infiltration, and antecedent rainfall conditions were combined into a single energy rating to assist in the overallanalysis. The results of the study showed that a continuous berm maintained along the edge of a forest road can reduce totalsediment loss by an average of 99% compared to the same type road without the presence of a continuous berm. When acontinuous berm is not present, graveling the road surface can reduce the total loss of sediment from roads by an averageof 61% compared to a nongraveled road surface. A 90 cm wide grass strip on the edge of the driving surface can reduce totalsediment loss by an average of 56% compared to a road without a grass strip.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.13031/2013.8529
VL - 45
IS - 2
SP - 337-344
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Effect of riparian buffer width and vegetation type on shallow groundwater quality in the Middle Coastal Plain of North Carolina
AU - Dukes, M. D.
AU - Evans, R. O.
AU - Gilliam, J. W.
AU - Kunickis, S. H.
T2 - Transactions of the ASAE
AB - The effect of riparian buffer width and vegetation type on shallow groundwater quality has not been evaluatedin the Middle Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Four riparian buffer vegetation types and nobuffer (notill corn and ryerotation or pasture) were established at 8 and 15 m widths as follows: cool season grass (fescue), deeprooted grass (switchgrass), forest (pine and mixed hardwood), and native vegetation. Nested groundwater monitoring wells were installed at thefield/buffer edge and the stream edge in the middle of each riparian buffer plot at three depths. Most deep, middepth, andshallow wells were 3.0 m, 1.8 m, and 0.6 m deep from the ground surface to the top of the 0.6 m perforated section, respectively.Wells were sampled for 23 months beginning July 1998. Although the ditch well nitratenitrogen concentrations at the middlewell depth were significantly lower in the 15 m wide plots compared to the 8 m plots over half the monitoring period, extremeflooding as a result of a hurricane in the middle of the study confounded the results. The effect of vegetation was not significantat any time, including the nobuffer cropped and fertilized plots. The effect of vegetation was minimized because at the earlystage in the buffer vegetation establishment, vegetative cover and root mass were not fully developed, the hurricaneinducedflooding forced the reestablishment of several vegetation types (forest and fescue), and there was likely some mixing ofgroundwater flowing toward the vegetation plots. Establishment of buffers along streams where groundwater flowed awayfrom the stream did not result in lower groundwater nitrate levels.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.13031/2013.8528
VL - 45
IS - 2
SP - 327-336
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Cartilage-derived biomarkers of osteoarthritis in synovial fluid of dogs with naturally acquired rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament
AU - Johnson, KA
AU - Hay, CW
AU - Chu, QL
AU - Roe, SC
AU - Caterson, B
T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH
AB - Abstract Objective —To compare synovial fluid biomarkers of cartilage metabolism in joints with naturally acquired or experimentally induced cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture and determine correlations with stage and severity of disease in dogs. Animals —95 dogs with ruptured CCL, 8 dogs with experimentally ruptured CCL, and 24 healthy dogs. Procedure —Synovial fluid was assayed for chondroitin sulfate neo-epitopes 3B3(–) and 7D4 and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration. Results were correlated with demographic data, duration of lameness, radiographic osteoarthritis score, and intra-articular lesions. Results —The 7D4 concentrations and 7D4:GAG in synovial fluid from joints with naturally acquired CCL rupture and experimental CCL transection were similar and significantly greater than values for healthy control joints. The 3B3(–) concentrations in the CCL-deficient groups were not significantly different, although only values in the naturally acquired CCL rupture group were significantly greater than those in the healthy control group. Within the naturally acquired CCL rupture group there was a significant correlation between 3B3(–) and 7D4 concentrations. However, there were no significant correlations between biomarker concentrations and continuous demographic or diseaserelated variables or differences in biomarker concentrations with different categories of disease. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance —Synovial fluid biomarker concentrations were significantly increased in joints with secondary osteoarthritis associated with naturally acquired or experimental CCL rupture; however, lack of apparently simple relationships with demographic variables or stage or severity of disease limits their clinical usefulness. ( Am J Vet Res 2002;63:775–781)
DA - 2002/6//
PY - 2002/6//
DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.775
VL - 63
IS - 6
SP - 775-781
SN - 0002-9645
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Ammonia emissions from anaerobic swine lagoons: Model development
AU - De Visscher, A.
AU - Harper, L. A.
AU - Westerman, P. W.
AU - Liang, Z.
AU - Arogo, J.
AU - Sharpe, R. R.
AU - Van Cleemput, O.
T2 - Journal of Applied Meteorology
AB - Concentrated animal production may represent a significant source for ammonia emissions to the environment. Most concentrated animal production systems use anaerobic or liquid/slurry systems for wasteholding; thus, it is desirable to be able to predict ammonia emissions from these systems. A process model was developed to use commonly available measurements, including effluent concentration, water temperature, wind speed, and effluent pH. The developed model simulated emissions, as measured by micrometeorological techniques, with an accuracy that explains 70% of the variability of the data using average daily emissions and explains 50% of the variability of the data using 4-h average data. The process model did not show increased accuracy over a statistical model, but the deviations between model and measurement were distributed more evenly in the case of the process model than in the case of the statistical model.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0426:aefasl>2.0.co;2
VL - 41
IS - 4
SP - 426-433
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Sampling wheat for deoxynivalenol
AU - Whitaker, T. B.
AU - Hagler, W. M.
AU - Giesbrecht, F. G.
AU - Johansson, A. S.
T2 - Mycotoxins and food safety (Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v. 504)
AB - The variability associated with testing wheat for deoxynivalenol (DON) was measured using a 0.454 kg sample, a Romer mill, 25 g of comminuted subsample and the Romer Fluoroquant analytical method. The total variability was partitioned into sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variability components. Each variance component was found to be a function of the DON concentration and equations were developed to predict each variance component using regression techniques. The effects of sample size, subsample size, and number of aliquots on reducing the variability of the DON test procedure were also determined. Using the test procedure described above, the coefficient of variation (CV) associated with testing wheat at 5 ppm DON was found to be 13.4%. The CVs associated with sampling, sample preparation, and analysis were 6.3, 10.0, and 6.3%, respectively. The sample variations associated with testing wheat are relatively small when compared to CVs associated with testing other commodities for other mycotoxins such as aflatoxin in peanuts. Even with the use of a small sample size (0.454 kg), the sampling variation was not the largest source of error as found in other mycotoxin test procedures.
CN - RA1242 .M94 M93 2002
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1007/978-1-4615-0629-4_8
SP - 73-83
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Precooking and cooling of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonas pelamis): A numerical simulation
AU - Zhang, J.
AU - Farkas, B. E.
AU - Hale, S. A.
T2 - Food Science & Technology = Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & -Technologie
AB - A numerical simulation of the commercial tuna precooking and cooling process was developed as an aid to improving these critical thermal processing steps. Using the finite element method, a two-dimensional model of a tuna consisting of three regions, muscle, backbone, and viscera, was developed. Results from previous research on thermal properties of skipjack tuna were applied in the model. Preprocessor software, GAMBIT 1.1, and commercial finite element software, FIDAP 8.52, were used. The model was tested via comparison with experimental data collected in a commercial processing facility and a pilot plant. Good agreement between the simulation and experimental results was obtained.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1006/fstl.2002.0912
VL - 35
IS - 7
SP - 607-616
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Image processing method to determine surface area and volume of axi-symmetric agricultural products
AU - Sabliov, CM
AU - Boldor, D
AU - Keener, KM
AU - Farkas, BE
T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES
AB - ABSTRACT An image processing based method was developed to measure volume and surface area of ellipsoidal agricultural products such as eggs, lemons, limes, and peaches. The method assumes that each product has an axi-symmetric geometry and is a sum of superimposed elementary frustums of right circular cones. The product volume and surface area are calculated as the sum of the volumes and surface areas of individual frustums using Matlab®. The dimensions of individual frustums are determined from a digitized picture of the product acquired by a Charged Coupled Device (CCD) camera and processed in Adobe Photoshop®. The volumes and surface areas computed showed good agreement with analytical and experimental results. The developed method proved to be accurate, precise, and easy to use.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1081/JFP-120015498
VL - 5
IS - 3
SP - 641-653
SN - 1094-2912
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Effects of retorting and storage on liquid mass transfer in canned skipjack (Katsuwonas pelamis) muscle
AU - Bell, JW
AU - Farkas, BE
AU - Hale, SA
AU - Lanier, TC
T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION
AB - Mass loss of precooked tuna muscle during retorting and storage in cans impacts cannery yield and throughput. Changes in moisture content and mass of frozen, thawed, precooked tuna muscle chunks, canned in water, were determined after retorting and through five weeks of subsequent storage. Canned tuna pieces were retorted to equivalent lethality (Fo-value of four) for different time and temperature processes. Retorting at a lower temperature, longer time resulted in less mass loss than higher temperature, shorter time processes. Canned storage of up to five weeks had no effect on muscle mass or moisture content.
DA - 2002/10//
PY - 2002/10//
DO - 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2002.tb00484.x
VL - 26
IS - 4
SP - 267-278
SN - 1745-4549
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Cooling of shell eggs with cryogenic carbon dioxide: a finite element analysis of heat transfer
AU - Sabliov, C. M.
AU - Farkas, B. E.
AU - Keener, K. M.
AU - Curtis, P. A.
T2 - Food Science & Technology = Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & -Technologie
AB - Cryogenic carbon dioxide cooling of shell eggs was simulated using an axisymmetric unsteady state finite element heat transfer model. The egg was assumed to be a composite system of elliptical shape, consisting of yolk, albumen, air cell, and shell, each isotropic. An enthalpy formulation of the heat transfer problem was used to account for ice formation and growth in the region between the albumen and the shell during cooling. Simulated temperature profiles were compared with analytical and observed data and showed good agreement. The numerical simulation was used to gain an understanding of the two processes encompassed by cryogenic cooling, rapid cooling and equilibration.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1006/fstl.2002.0915
VL - 35
IS - 7
SP - 568-574
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Watgis: A GIS-based lumped parameter water quality model
AU - Fernandez, G. P.
AU - Chescheir, G. M.
AU - Skaggs, R. W.
AU - Amatya, D. M.
T2 - Transactions of the ASAE
AB - A Geographic Information System (GIS)based, lumped parameter water quality model was developed to estimatethe spatial and temporal nitrogenloading patterns for lower coastal plain watersheds in eastern North Carolina. The modeluses a spatially distributed delivery ratio (DR) parameter to account for nitrogen retention or loss along a drainage network.Delivery ratios are calculated from time of travel and an exponential decay model for instream dynamics. Travel times fromany point in the drainage network to the watershed outlet are obtained from simulations using a combined physically basedfield hydrology and drainage canal routing model (DRAINMODDUFLOW). Nitrogen load from contributing areas in thewatershed delivered to the main watershed outlet is obtained as the product of field export with the corresponding deliveryratio. The total watershed load at the outlet is the combined loading of the individual fields. Nitrogen exports from sourceareas are measured. The lumped water quality model is integrated within a GIS framework with menu interface, displayoptions, and statistical procedures. Within this framework, the model can be used as a screening tool to analyze the effectsof different land and water management practices on downstream water quality. A description of the model is presented alongwith the results from the evaluation of the model to characterize the seasonal and annual export of nitrogen from a drainedforested watershed near Plymouth, North Carolina. Results of the study showed that the lumped parameter model canreasonably predict the loads at the outlet of the watershed. Predicted loads for 1997 were highly correlated with the observedloads (correlation coefficients of 0.99, 0.90, and 0.96 for nitratenitrogen, TKN, and total nitrogen respectively). Sensitivityand uncertainty analyses indicated that predicted outlet loads were sensitive to field flow predictions and exportconcentrations. Overall, the results indicate that the lumped parameter model can be an effective tool for describing themonthly nitrogen loads from a poorly drained coastal plain watershed.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.13031/2013.8822
VL - 45
IS - 3
SP - 593-600
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Swine wastewater treatment in anaerobic digesters with floating medium
AU - Cheng, Jay
AU - Liu, B.
T2 - Transactions of the ASAE
AB - A 20L attachedgrowth anaerobic system with floating plastic Ballast rings as a medium has been studied forswine wastewater [chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 1,925 to 2,033 mg/L; total suspended solids (TSS) = 1,051 to 1,184mg/L] treatment at the mesophilic temperature of 35C. The plastic Ballast rings had a specific surface area of 108 m 2 /m 3and a density of 0.98 g/cm 3 and filled the upper half of the anaerobic digesters. The porosity of the filled portion of the digesterswas 0.86. Performance of the anaerobic digesters was evaluated for organics decomposition and methane production withtwo different hydraulic retention times (HRTs): 10 days and 5 days. When HRT was 10 days in the anaerobic digesters, removalof COD, total organic carbon (TOC), TSS, and volatile suspended solids (VSS) was 65%, 55%, 69%, and 70%, respectively.Methane yield was 0.23 m 3 CH4 per kg COD removed. As the HRT was reduced to 5 days, the removal of COD, TOC, TSS,and VSS decreased to 55%, 48%, 57%, and 60%, respectively. Methane yield was 0.24 m 3 CH4/kg CODrem. Higher HRT inthe anaerobic digester resulted in higher organics degradation efficiency. However, higher rates of methane production andorganics decomposition were obtained in the digester with lower HRT.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.13031/2013.8842
VL - 45
IS - 3
SP - 799–805
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Selecton of alternative genetic sources of large-seed size in Virginia-type peanut: Evaluation of sensory, composition, and agronomic characteristics
AU - Pattee, HE
AU - Isleib, TG
AU - Gorbet, DW
AU - Giesbrecht, FG
T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
AB - Jenkins Jumbo, the ancestral source of large-seed size in the Virginia market type (Arachis hypogaea L.), has been shown to have a deleterious effect on flavor of peanut. The pervasiveness of Jenkins Jumbo in the ancestry of large-seeded germplasm contributes to the generally less intense roasted peanut flavor of U.S. cultivars of the Virginia market type. As a remedy to this problem, alternative sources of large-seed size were sought. Nine large-seeded selections, with NC 7 and Florunner as checks, were tested in replicated trials in North Carolina and Florida from 1996 to 1998. Pod yield, grade, weight of 100 seeds, and oil, sugar, and starch contents were measured. A descriptive sensory panel evaluated flavor attributes of a roasted sound mature kernel (SMK) sample from each plot. NC 7 scored low for sweet sensory attribute, high for bitter, and median for roasted peanut. UF714021, a multiline incorporating the Altika cultivar with several sister lines, had the best flavor profile of the large-seeded selections, but it did not have particularly large seeds relative to NC 7. The largest seeded selections were X90037 and X90053, both derived from Japan Jumbo. Flavor scores for X90037 were similar to those for NC 7 for roasted peanut (3.0 vs 2.9 flavor intensity units, fiu) and sweet (2.7 vs 2.6 fiu) but worse than NC 7 for bitter (3.3 vs 3.7 fiu) and astringent (3.5 vs 3.7 fiu). X90053 had intermediate values for roasted peanut and astringent, high value for sweet, and low for bitter. Other lines that had or were likely to have Jenkins Jumbo as a recent ancestor were generally poor in roasted flavor, supporting the hypothesis that ancestry from Jenkins Jumbo imparts poor flavor characteristics. With the exception of the unexpected relationship between astringent attribute and extra large kernel (ELK) content (r = 0.82, P < 0.01), there were no significant correlations between sensory attributes and the important agronomic traits: yield, meat, and ELK content. Among the nine large-seeded lines tested in this study, three appear to have greater potential for use as parents: 86x45B-10-1-2-2-b2-B, UF714021, and X90053.
DA - 2002/8/14/
PY - 2002/8/14/
DO - 10.1021/jf025601j
VL - 50
IS - 17
SP - 4885-4889
SN - 0021-8561
KW - Arachis hypogaea L.
KW - roasted peanut
KW - sweet
KW - bitter
KW - astrinderit
KW - yield
KW - grade
KW - meat
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - LC-electrospray ionization and LC-FABMS study of flavonoid glycosides extracted from peanut meal
AU - Singleton, JA
AU - Stikeleather, LF
AU - Sanford, JH
T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY
AB - Abstract HPLC, HPLC‐electrospray ionization (LC‐ESI), and LC‐FABMS were used to characterize flavonoid glycosides in the methanol extract from peanut meal. Five isoflavones, diadzin, glycitin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein, were separated by HPLC and characterized by comparison with known standards using ESI‐MS. The flavonoid methylquercetin (rhamnetin) was present in the methanol extract from peanuts and identified by ESI‐MS. Four other flavonoids, two quercetin diglycosides, one quercetin monoglucoside, and isorhamnetin glucoside, were found to be present in the methanol extract based on their reversed‐phase elution pattern, mass ions, and fragment ions using flow‐FABMS.
DA - 2002/8//
PY - 2002/8//
DO - 10.1007/s11746-002-0552-0
VL - 79
IS - 8
SP - 741-748
SN - 0003-021X
KW - ESI
KW - FAB
KW - flavonoids
KW - HPLC
KW - isoflavones
KW - mass spectrometry
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Influence of bolt tightening torque, wire size, and component reuse on wire fixation in circular external fixation
AU - Wosar, MA
AU - Marcellin-Little, DJ
AU - Roe, SC
T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY
AB - To evaluate the effects of bolt torque, wire size, and component reuse on the ability to maintain wire tension in 3 external skeletal fixation systems.Biomechanical study.Yield strength in tension of 1.0-, 1.2-, 1.5-, and 1.6-mm-diameter wires, and yield strength in torque of Hofmann Small Bone Fixation (SBF) cannulated and slotted bolts and IMEX regular and miniature bolts were determined on a testing machine. The minimum bolt tightening torque needed to prevent wire slippage at clinically recommended wire tensions was determined. Components were tested 10 times, and loads at slippage were recorded.The IMEX system required a mean of 8 Nm of bolt tightening torque to maintain 900 N (1.6-mm wires). The SBF system required a mean of 3 Nm bolt torque to maintain 300 N (1.0-mm wires) and 5 Nm to maintain 600 N (1.2-mm wires). The SBF cannulated bolt required 9 Nm of torque to maintain 900 N (1.5-mm wires). The SBF slotted bolts could only maintain 800 N before yield. The IMEX miniature system required a mean bolt torque of 1.1 Nm to maintain 300 N. The cannulated and slotted bolts from both manufacturers failed to maintain 70% of initial wire tension after 7 and 4 uses, respectively.The IMEX systems and the SBF system using 1.0- and 1.2-mm wires could maintain clinically recommended wire tension safely. Only the IMEX system could maintain clinically recommended wire tension safely using 1.5- or 1.6-mm wires.The SBF system using 1.0- and 1.2-mm wires and the IMEX system using all wire sizes can maintain clinically relevant wire tension. The SBF system using 1.5-mm wires could not. Cannulated and slotted bolts should not be used more than 6 and 3 times, respectively. Nuts should not be reused.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1053/jvet.2002.34672
VL - 31
IS - 6
SP - 571-576
SN - 0161-3499
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review
AU - Sun, Y
AU - Cheng, JY
T2 - BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
AB - Lignocellulosic biomass can be utilized to produce ethanol, a promising alternative energy source for the limited crude oil. There are mainly two processes involved in the conversion: hydrolysis of cellulose in the lignocellulosic biomass to produce reducing sugars, and fermentation of the sugars to ethanol. The cost of ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials is relatively high based on current technologies, and the main challenges are the low yield and high cost of the hydrolysis process. Considerable research efforts have been made to improve the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials to remove lignin and hemicellulose can significantly enhance the hydrolysis of cellulose. Optimization of the cellulase enzymes and the enzyme loading can also improve the hydrolysis. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation effectively removes glucose, which is an inhibitor to cellulase activity, thus increasing the yield and rate of cellulose hydrolysis.
DA - 2002/5//
PY - 2002/5//
DO - 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00212-7
VL - 83
IS - 1
SP - 1-11
SN - 1873-2976
KW - cellulase
KW - cellulose
KW - ethanol
KW - fermentation
KW - hydrolysis
KW - lignocellulosic biomass
KW - pretreatment
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Evaluation of tension obtained by use of three knots for tying cerclage wires by surgeons of various abilities and experience
AU - Roe, SC
T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
AB - To compare tension of 3 cerclage wire knots tied by surgeons of various abilities and experience.Cross-sectional study.Participants and faculty at a postgraduate course in veterinary orthopedics.Subjects tied a cerclage of their choice on an instrumented tying stand that displayed the tension on a computer. Mean tensions in cerclage wires tied with twist, single loop, or double loop knots were compared. The relationship between level of surgeon experience and tension achieved was examined.29 twist, 30 single loop, and 16 double loop wires were analyzed. Mean +/- SD tension for twist knots was significantly less than for single loop knots (82.3+/-46.1 vs 166.6+/-42.2 N, respectively). Double loop knots achieved significantly greater tension (392.0+/-116.6 N) than twist and single loop knots did, even though few participants had ever tied this knot previously. There was no correlation with experience of the participant. For twist knots, wiggling the wire during cutting and pushing the twist over to flatten it to the bone further reduced tension.Cerclage applied with a twist knot does not compress fracture fragments as effectively as cerclage applied with single loop or double loop techniques. Because greater compression of fragments will improve the stability of a fracture, a surgeon should strive to maximize the tension in the cerclage that they use. Experience and abilities of the surgeon are not associated with ability to tie cerclage wires tightly.
DA - 2002/2/1/
PY - 2002/2/1/
DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.220.334
VL - 220
IS - 3
SP - 334-336
SN - 0003-1488
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Constructed wetlands for treatment of swine wastewater from an anaerobic lagoon
AU - Hunt, P. G.
AU - Szogi, A. A.
AU - Humenik, E. J.
AU - Rice, J. M.
AU - Matheny, T. A.
AU - Stone, K. C.
T2 - Transactions of the ASAE
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 45
IS - 3
SP - 639-647
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Constructed wetland design and performance for swine lagoon wastewater treatment
AU - Stone, K. C.
AU - Hunt, P. G.
AU - Szogi, A. A.
AU - Humenik, F. J.
AU - Rice, J. M.
T2 - Transactions of the ASAE
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 45
IS - 3
SP - 723-730
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Ammonia volatilization from constructed wetlands that treat swine wastewater
AU - Poach, M. E.
AU - Hunt, P. G.
AU - Sadler, E. J.
AU - Matheny, T. A.
AU - Johnson, M. H.
AU - Stone, K. C.
AU - Humenik, F. J.
AU - Rice, J. M.
T2 - Transactions of the ASAE
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 45
IS - 3
SP - 619-627
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Hand-held NIR spectrometry. Part II: An economical no-moving parts spectrometer for measuring chlorophyll and moisture
AU - McClure, WF
AU - Moody, D
AU - Stanfield, DL
AU - Kinoshita, O
T2 - APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY
AB - The design and performance of a low-cost no-moving-parts handheld NIR spectrometer are discussed. Dubbed the TWmeter, this device was conceived for use by researchers and others in developing countries unable to afford more costly technology found in developed countries. Two design features contribute to the novelty of this spectrometer: (1) three unfiltered light emitting diodes (LEDs) with peak emissions at 700, 880, and 940 nm for measuring chlorophyll in plant tissue and moisture in paper, and (2) a silicon intensity-to-frequency detector (a silicon detector with an integral voltage-to-frequency converter). The latter feature allows an ordinary microcomputer to obtain intensity measurements by counting for a fixed length of time, thus avoiding the need for higher-priced analog-to-digital hardware. Performance tests, using multiple linear regression for calibration, demonstrate that chlorophyll and moisture can be determined with a root mean squared standard error of prediction of 0.99 mg/cm 2 of leaf surface for a range of 1–8 mg/cm 2 and 1.04% (wet basis) for a range of 30–65% moisture, respectively. Development of the TWmeter (costing less than $300 US), demonstrates that spectrometry need not be costly.
DA - 2002/6//
PY - 2002/6//
DO - 10.1366/000370202760077432
VL - 56
IS - 6
SP - 720-724
SN - 0003-7028
KW - NIR
KW - near-infrared
KW - spectrometry
KW - moisture
KW - chlorophyll
KW - growing plants
KW - paper
KW - developing countries
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Application of mixed and aerated pond for nitrification and denitrification of flushed swine manure
AU - Westerman, P. W.
AU - Bicudo, J. R.
T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture
AB - A nitrification/denitrification system for flushed swine manure was evaluated for treating manure from3000 finishing pigs. The system consisted of a pond with a mixing zone for denitrification (anoxic) and an aeration zone fornitrification, with recirculation from aeration zone to mixing zone and also recycling from aeration zone to the barns forflushing. The system was designed by an engineering consulting firm and constructed, operated, and evaluated in cooperationwith a swine production company and North Carolina State University as part of an effort by the North Carolina GovernorsOffice to help fund demonstration and evaluation of innovative treatment technologies for swine manure. The process startupwas not successful during winter with high loading (manure from 6750 finishing pigs), but was successful during summer withlower loading (manure from 3000 finishing pigs). Due to delays and funding limits for operation, the system was fullyoperational and monitored for only 16 weeks (28 July17 November 1998). After initial problems with foaming and the linerfloating were addressed, the treatment system had good stability with relatively few operational problems. The estimatednitrogen reduction was between 65 and 90%, depending on estimation method. Reduction of nitrogen would be expected todecrease with lower temperature in winter. More than 90% of the effluent total nitrogen (N) was organic N. Odor perceptionratings for intensity, irritation, and unpleasantness for liquid samples were significantly reduced by the treatment system.Approximately 78kW (105hp) energy use was required continuously, resulting in a high energy cost for operation.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.13031/2013.8598
VL - 18
IS - 3
SP - 351-358
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - A comparison of the watershed hydrology of coastal forested wetlands and the mountainous uplands in the Southern US
AU - Sun, G
AU - McNulty, SG
AU - Amatya, DM
AU - Skaggs, RW
AU - Swift, LW
AU - Shepard, JP
AU - Riekerk, H
T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
AB - Hydrology plays a critical role in wetland development and ecosystem structure and functions. Hydrologic responses to forest management and climate change are diverse in the Southern United States due to topographic and climatic differences. This paper presents a comparison study on long-term hydrologic characteristics (long-term seasonal runoff patterns, water balances, storm flow patterns) of three watersheds in the southern US. These three watersheds represent three types of forest ecosystems commonly found in the lower Atlantic coastal plain and the Appalachian upland mountains. Compared to the warm, flat, and shallow groundwater dominated pine flatwoods on the coast, the inland upland watershed was found to have significantly higher water yield, Precipitation/Hamon's potential evapotranspiration ratio (1.9 for upland vs 1.4 and 0.9 for wetlands), and runoff/precipitation ratio (0.53±0.092 for upland vs 0.30±0.079 and 0.13±0.094 for wetlands). Streamflow from flatwoods watersheds generally are discontinuous most of the years while the upland watershed showed continuous flows in most years. Stormflow peaks in a cypress–pine flatwoods system were smaller than that in the upland watershed for most cases, but exceptions occurred under extreme wet conditions. Our study concludes that climate is the most important factor in determining the watershed water balances in the southern US. Topography effects streamflow patterns and stormflow peaks and volume, and is the key to wetland development in the southern US.
DA - 2002/6/10/
PY - 2002/6/10/
DO - 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00064-1
VL - 263
IS - 1-4
SP - 92-104
SN - 0022-1694
KW - evapotranspiration
KW - forested wetlands
KW - pine flatwoods
KW - uplands
KW - water balance
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Rheological characterization of skim milk stabilized with carrageenan at high temperatures
AU - Anderson, AD
AU - Daubert, CR
AU - Farkas, BE
T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE
AB - ABSTRACT: Superpositioning principles were applied twice to model temperature (25 to 125 °C) and concentration (0.005 to 0.040% w/w) effects on skim milk and carrageenan solutions. Samples were analyzed using a controlled stress rheometer equipped with a pressurized sealed cell, permitting measurements well above standard boiling conditions. Individual samples were sheared between 10 and 160 s −1 , and predictive equations were developed to predict Newtonian viscosity as a function of temperature and carrageenan concentration. The superpositioning technique coupled with advancements in rheological instrumentation permits high temperature measurements and offers a strategy for viscosity determination for thermal processing unit operations.
DA - 2002/3//
PY - 2002/3//
DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb10654.x
VL - 67
IS - 2
SP - 649-652
SN - 0022-1147
KW - concentration
KW - temperature
KW - superposition
KW - rheology
KW - carrageenan
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Reduction of enteric microbes in flushed swine wastewater treated by a biological aerated filter and UV irradiation
AU - Hill, VR
AU - Kantardjieff, A
AU - Sobsey, MD
AU - Westerman, PW
T2 - WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH
AB - An aerobic biofilter system was studied to assess its effectiveness for reducing enteric microbial indicators in flushed swine wastewater under different seasonal conditions. A laboratory-scale, low-pressure UV collimated beam apparatus was used to investigate the effectiveness of UV irradiation for inactivating enteric bacteria, coliphages, and bacterial spores in treated and untreated swine wastewater having unfiltered absorbances of 5 to 11 cm(-1) and total suspended solids concentrations of 500 to 1200 mg/L. Fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, somatic coliphages, and male-specific coliphages were reduced by 97 to 99% in the biofilter system when reactor water temperatures were between 23 and 32 degrees C. Salmonella were reduced by 95 to 97% when water temperatures were 17 to 32 degrees C. Of the six microbial indicators studied. Clostridium perfringens spores were typically reduced the least by the biofilter system. At an average absorbed UV irradiation dose of 13 mJ/cm2, maximum reductions of fecal coliforms, E. coli, enterococci, C. perfringens spores, and somatic coliphages in biofilter system effluent were 2.2, 2.1, 1.3, 0.2, and 2.3 log10, respectively. The results of this study show that the aerobic biofilter system can be an effective alternative for treatment of flushed swine waste. Ultraviolet irradiation can be effective for further reducing enteric microbe concentrations in biologically-treated swine waste, as well as in lower quality wastewaters, indicating its general potential for pathogen reductions in low-quality wastewaters intended for beneficial reuse.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.2175/106143002X139785
VL - 74
IS - 1
SP - 91-99
SN - 1061-4303
KW - aerobic biofilter
KW - ultraviolet (UV) disinfection
KW - swine waste
KW - pathogens
KW - wastewater reuse
KW - Salmonella
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Intermittent biotelemetric monitoring of electrocardiograms and temperature in male broilers at risk for sudden death syndrome
AU - Blanchard, SM
AU - Degernes, LA
AU - DeWolf, DK
AU - Garlich, JD
T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE
AB - Biotelemetry was used to acquire electrocardiograms (ECG) and temperature measurements in a study of male broilers at risk for sudden death syndrome (SDS), a fatal condition that may have underlying cardiovascular mechanisms. Day-old (Day 1) Arbor Acres x Arbor Acres male chicks were randomly assigned to two different diets: control (Diet A) and one that contained elements that contribute to SDS (Diet B). The heaviest birds in each group on Day 13 underwent surgery on Day 15 to have transmitters with temperature sensors and ECG electrodes implanted. After surgery, three controls and three implanted birds from each diet group were kept in individual cages and exposed to 23 h of light and 1 h of darkness during each 24-h cycle. Implantation did not affect weight gain between Days 13 and 22 (P = 0.396). Temperature measurements and 1-min ECG were taken every 15 min. Heart rate and heart rate variability were measured from three 2-s segments in two dark and two light period samples during Days 17 to 19. Diet B decreased weight gain (P = 0.045), lowered heart rate (P < 0.0001), and increased internal temperature (P < 0.0001). Heart rate variability was lower during dark versus light periods (P = 0.004), which indicates that the birds rested during the dark periods, but was not affected by diet (P = 0.651). Thus, biotelemetry provided a useful method for intermittent physiological monitoring of poultry on different diets and under changing environmental conditions.
DA - 2002/6//
PY - 2002/6//
DO - 10.1093/ps/81.6.887
VL - 81
IS - 6
SP - 887-891
SN - 0032-5791
KW - sudden death syndrome
KW - broiler
KW - biotelemetry
KW - electrocardiogram
KW - temperature
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Retrospective study of proliferative papillary vulvitis in Florida panthers
AU - Rotstein, DS
AU - Taylor, SK
AU - Birkenhauer, A
AU - Roelke-Parker, M
AU - Homer, BL
T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES
AB - Proliferative, papillary vulvitis was identified in 16 of 34 (47%) free-ranging and captive female Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) monitored over a period from 1983-98. Gross lesions were characterized by extensive papilliferous proliferation in the mucosa of the vestibulum vaginae. Within lesions, the mean length and width of vestibular papillae were 1.07 +/- 0.39 mm (CV = 36%) and 0.55 +/- 0.11 mm (CV = 20%) respectively. Histologically, three to 12 layers of non-cornified stratified squamous epithelium with various degrees of basal cell spongiosis and rete ridge formation covered fibrous papillae. Mixed leukocytic mucosal inflammation also was observed. Infectious organisms were not observed, and immunohistochemical testing for the presence of papillomavirus antigens in specimens from seven panthers was negative. Lesions in nearly all of the panthers were first observed during a six-year period (1986-92), with one each in 1983, 1996 and 1998. There were no significant differences between the number of females having litters, the number of litters between age-matched and interval-matched females, and the interval between litters among lesions positive and lesion negative females over the 15 yr period. The severity of lesions did not appear to differ between parous and nulliparous free-ranging lesion-positive females. The cause of proliferative vulvitis remains unknown. However, the lesion did not appear to have a significant effect on reproduction.
DA - 2002/1//
PY - 2002/1//
DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-38.1.115
VL - 38
IS - 1
SP - 115-123
SN - 0090-3558
KW - Florida panther
KW - cougar
KW - Pumas concolor coryi
KW - proliferative vulvitis
KW - vestibulum vaginae
KW - pathology
KW - reproduction
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease in geriatric cats: 100 cases (1994-1997)
AU - Hardie, EM
AU - Roe, SC
AU - Martin, FR
T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
AB - Abstract Objective —To determine prevalence of radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease (DJD) in geriatric cats. Design —Retrospective study. Population —100 cats > 12 years of age. Procedure —One investigator reviewed radiographs and for each articulation (or group of articulations) that was visible assigned a grade of severity (0, 1, 2, 3) for DJD. Another investigator reviewed medical records and recorded signalment, environment, previous disease, diseases evident at time of radiography, FeLV vaccination and infection status, feline immunodeficiency virus serologic status, serum creatinine concentration, serum globulin concentration, and any other important findings. Associations between DJD of grade 2 or 3 and variables recorded from the medical record were determined. Results —Radiographic evidence of DJD was evident in 90% of cats. Neurologic disease was associated with lesions in the lumbosacral portion of the vertebral column. Severe lesions were found in 17% of the elbow joints, but an underlying cause was not determined. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Degenerative joint disease was detected radiographically in most geriatric cats and may be an overlooked cause of clinical disease. Clinicians should be alert to the possibility that DJD is associated with neurologic signs. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:628–632)
DA - 2002/3/1/
PY - 2002/3/1/
DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.220.628
VL - 220
IS - 5
SP - 628-632
SN - 0003-1488
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Pollutant export from various land uses in the upper Neuse River Basin
AU - Line, DE
AU - White, NM
AU - Osmond, DL
AU - Jennings, GD
AU - Mojonnier, CB
T2 - WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH
AB - Because of the relatively high variability of pollutant export from urban land uses, a significant number of monitoring studies, including data from many storms, are needed to adequately characterize export from urban land uses. Pollutant runoff from six small drainage areas with different land uses was monitored for at least 20 storm events over the course of more than 1 year. The land uses included single-family residential, golf course, industrial, dairy cow pasture, construction site, and wooded site. Average event mean concentrations and total annual load were computed for nitrogen forms, total phosphorus, and sediment from the land uses. Annual total nitrogen export was greatest for the construction land use during the house-building phase, followed closely by the residential and golf course land uses. Total phosphorus export was greatest for the golf course site followed by the pasture and residential land uses. Sediment export was greatest for the construction site during the rough grading phase, which averaged more than 10 times more sediment export than any of the other sites. To estimate export from a multiuse urban watershed, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment export from the residential, golf course, and construction sites were averaged. The average total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment export from the three land uses was, respectively, 269, 302, and 256% greater than the corresponding exports from the wooded site, which was considered similar to the predevelopment land use. Additionally, analyses of rainfall samples indicated that a considerable portion of the nitrogen export from these sites likely comes from nitrogen in rainfall.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.2175/106143002X139794
VL - 74
IS - 1
SP - 100-108
SN - 1061-4303
KW - urban runoff
KW - land use
KW - pollutant export
KW - rainfall
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Nutrient recovery from swine lagoon water by Spirodela punctata
AU - Cheng, JY
AU - Bergmann, BA
AU - Classen, JJ
AU - Stomp, AM
AU - Howard, JW
T2 - BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
AB - Spirodela punctata 7776, the best duckweed strain in total protein production selected from in vitro screening experiments with synthetic swine lagoon water medium was examined for N and P recovery. It has shown a capability to grow in and to remove N and P from synthetic swine lagoon water with high N (240 mg NH4 N/l) and P (31.0 mg PO4 P/l) levels. A lag period of approximately 96 h was observed before the duckweed started to grow. During the lag period, utilization of N and P by the duckweed was very slow. The rates of N and P uptake, and duckweed growth increased with the increase of the initial N and P concentrations in the medium. The highest rates of N and P uptakes, and duckweed growth observed in this study were 0.955. 0.129 mg/l-h, and 1.33 g/m2-h (or 31.92 g/m2-day), respectively. The N:P ratio in swine lagoon water is adequate for growing the duckweed.
DA - 2002/1//
PY - 2002/1//
DO - 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00098-0
VL - 81
IS - 1
SP - 81-85
SN - 0960-8524
KW - duckweed
KW - Lemnaceae
KW - nitrogen
KW - nutrient recovery
KW - phosphorus
KW - Spirodela punctata
KW - swine lagoon water
KW - wastewater
ER -
TY - CONF
TI - Role of internal nutrient storage in duckweed for secondary swine wastewater treatment
AU - Chaiprapat, S.
AU - Cheng, J.
AU - Classen, J. J.
AU - Liehr, S. K.
C2 - 2002///
C3 - Paper, 2002 ASAE annual international meeting/CIGR XVth world congress : Hyatt Regency Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 28 - July 31, 2002
DA - 2002///
VL - 2
SP - 4130
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Nitrate leaching impact of urea pellets versus granules
AU - Shah, Sanjay
AU - Wolfe, M. L.
T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture
AB - The impact of urea pellets (1.5 g) versus urea granules (0.01 to 0.02 g) on nitrate (NO3 ) leaching when nitrogen(N) was subsurfaceapplied at 184 kg/ha to notill corn (Zea mays) for silage on a loam soil was evaluated for two seasons.NitrateN concentration in leachate samples obtained from tension lysimeters installed at 30 and 120cm depths and soilinorganicN amounts in different layers of the root zone (120 cm) were compared to evaluate NO3 N leaching from pelletsand granules. Also, N amounts removed by the crop from the pellet and granule treatments were used to compare NO3 Nleaching potential. All treatments were applied in triplicate to plots measuring 4.5 4.5 m. While NO3 N leaching fromthe root zone was unaffected by the fertilizer treatment, soil sampling indicated that downward movement of inorganicNwithin the root zone was slower from pellets than granules. Since there was little percolation from the root zone due to dryweather conditions during both crop seasons, urea form impact on NO3 N leaching could not be evaluated during the cropseason. In the first crop season, N removal by crop was unaffected by fertilizer form; in the second season, the corn receivingpellets removed 19% more N than corn receiving granules. Compared with granules, use of pellets resulted in 15% highercorn silage yield in the second season; no fertilizer form impact on yield was evident in the first season. The reasons for greatercrop N removal and yield with pellets than granules were unclear. Pellets could reduce N losses into the environment fromcrops requiring high N application rates, grown in welldrained soils and high precipitation conditions. Reduced N lossescould enhance productivity through higher yields or reduced N application.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.13031/2013.7711
VL - 18
IS - 1
SP - 57–64
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - The effects of timing jitter and tracking on the performance of impulse radio
AU - Lovelace, WM
AU - Townsend, JK
T2 - IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS
AB - Impulse radio (IR) is a promising ultra-wideband technique for tactical military communications. A key feature of time-hopping IR are the very narrow pulses used to convey information. Analysis of such time-hopping schemes under a variety of assumptions have been reported in the literature. However, none of these studies to date consider the effects of timing jitter and tracking on time-hopping in a ultra-wideband (UWB) setting. We consider the effects of timing jitter and tracking on the performance of binary and 4-ary UWB communications. We find that the performance of IR is very sensitive to timing jitter and tracking, at least in part due to the very narrow pulses. We also find that in the presence of timing jitter and tracking, orthogonal 4-ary pulse position modulation (PPM) out performs binary offset PPM at all jitter levels in thermal and pulse noise. Simulation results are presented that quantify the sensitivity of binary and 4-ary IR to timing jitter and tracking error.
DA - 2002/12//
PY - 2002/12//
DO - 10.1109/JSAC.2002.805058
VL - 20
IS - 9
SP - 1646-1651
SN - 1558-0008
KW - impulse radio (IR)
KW - medium access control (MAC) layer
KW - network
KW - timing jitter
KW - tracking
KW - ultra-wideband (UWB) radio
KW - wireless
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Nutrient removal from swine lagoon liquid by Lemna minor 8627
AU - Cheng, Jay
AU - Landesman, L.
AU - Bergmann, Ben
AU - Classen, John
AU - Howard, J. W.
AU - Yamamoto, Y. T.
T2 - Transactions of the ASAE
AB - Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from swine lagoon liquid by growing Lemna minor 8627, a promising duckweedidentified in previous studies, was investigated under in vitro and field conditions. The rates of nitrogen and phosphorusuptake by the duckweed growing in the in vitro system were as high as 3.36 g m2 day1 and 0.20 g m2 day1, respectively.The highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates in the field duckweed system were 2.11 g m2 day1 and 0.59 g m2 day1,respectively. The highest observed duckweed growth rate was close to 29 g m2 day1 in both conditions.
Wastewater concentrations and seasonal climate conditions had direct impacts on the duckweed growth and nutrientremoval in outdoor tanks. The rate of duckweed production in diluted swine lagoon liquid increased as the dilution rateincreased. Duckweed assimilation was the dominant mechanism for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from the swine lagoonliquid when the nutrient concentration in the wastewater was low, but became less important as nutrient concentrationincreased. Reasonably high light intensity and a longer period of warm temperature could result in a higher growth rate forthe duckweed. Preacclimation of the duckweed with swine lagoon liquid could accelerate the startup of a duckweed systemto remove nutrients from the wastewater by preventing the lag phase of duckweed growth.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.13031/2013.9953
VL - 45
IS - 4
SP - 1003–1010
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Changes in land use/management and water quality in the long creek watershed
AU - Line, DE
T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION
AB - ABSTRACT: Surface water in the Long Creek watershed, located in western Piedmont region of North Carolina, was monitored from 1993 to 2001. The 8,190 ha watershed has undergone considerable land use and management changes during this period. Land use surveys have documented a 60 percent decrease in cropland area and a more than 200 percent increase in areas being developed into new homes. In addition, more than 200 conservation practices have been applied to the cropland and other agricultural land that remains in production. The water quality of Long Creek was monitored by collecting grab samples at four sites along Long Creek and continuously monitoring discharge at one site. The monitoring has documented a 70 percent reduction in median total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, with little reductions in nitrate and total Kjel‐dahl nitrogen, or suspended sediment levels. Fecal coliform (FC) and streptococci (FS) levels declined significantly downstream as compared to upstream during the last four years of monitoring. This decrease was attributed to the implementation of waste management practices and livestock exclusion fencing on three dairy operations in the watershed. Annual rainfall and discharge increased steadily until peaking in the third year of the monitoring period and varied while generally decreasing during the last four years of the project. An array of observation, pollutant concentration, and hydrologic data provide considerable evidence to suggest that the implementation of BMPs in the watershed have significantly reduced phosphorus and bacteria levels in Long Creek.
DA - 2002/12//
PY - 2002/12//
DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb04374.x
VL - 38
IS - 6
SP - 1691-1701
SN - 1093-474X
KW - land use
KW - water quality
KW - nonpoint source pollution
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Modeling ammonia emission from swine anaerobic lagoons
AU - Liang, Z. S.
AU - Westerman, P. W.
AU - Arogo, J.
T2 - Transactions of the ASAE
AB - A mathematical model to estimate ammonia emission from anaerobic swine lagoons was developed based on theclassical twofilm theory. Inputs to the model are wind speed and lagoon liquid properties such as total ammonia nitrogen(TAN) concentration, pH, and temperature. Predicted emission rates of ammonia increase when any of these parameters areincreased, but the relationship is linear only with TAN concentration. The dissociation constant (Kd) for ammonia in lagoonliquid is also an important factor, with higher flux predictions for higher Kd. The model was validated by comparing the modeloutputs to measured fluxes from two lagoons in North Carolina. The predicted ammonia emission fluxes for the two lagoonsranged from 1 to 38 kg NH3N/had, which was a wider range than the fluxes measured (2.5 to 22 kg N/had) by otherresearchers using the micrometeorological method.
Compared to measured fluxes at each lagoon, the model tended to predict higher ammonia fluxes at lagoon A and lowerfluxes at lagoon B when a Kd of 0.5 was used. Additional information is needed regarding ammonia dissociation (Kd) valuesfor anaerobic lagoon liquid. Comparison of the model results with a linear regression equation indicated that the modelpredicted much higher fluxes at temperatures above 25C and at upper ranges of pH and wind speed. Finally, the model wasused with typical lagoon TAN concentration and pH, and average monthly values for wind speed and estimated liquidtemperature at Raleigh, North Carolina, to predict monthly ammonia emissions for a typical anaerobic swine lagoon in NorthCarolina. The highest and lowest monthly ammonia emission occurred in June and January, respectively. Based on theaverage monthly emissions, it is estimated that the average annual ammonia nitrogen emission rate from the surface of atypical lagoon in North Carolina would be 234 g/m 2 or 2340 kg/ha. However, the model and results from other researchersindicate that ammonia emission can vary greatly.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.13031/2013.8859
VL - 45
IS - 3
SP - 787-798
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Fulfilling potential of on-site wastewater treatment
AU - Rubin, A. R.
T2 - BioCycle
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 43
IS - 1
SP - 66-
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Evaluation of thermal desorption for the measurement of artificial swine odorants in the vapor phase
AU - Keener, K. M.
AU - Zhang, J.
AU - Bottcher, R. W.
AU - Munilla, R. D.
T2 - Transactions of the ASAE
AB - Quantification of odorants from animal production facilities is difficult. The current technique is to collect airsamples in Tedlar bags and quantify odor using a trained olfactory panel. In this approach, relative differences betweensamples can be determined, but further quantification of odorants is limited. An alternative approach is to quantify odorantsin air emissions using sorbent tubes. A sorbent tube is a glass tube packed with a specific adsorbent material (Tenax TA,Carboxen 1000, Carbosieve SIII, etc.) and has been used to collect volatiles and quantify emissions from various industrialsources. Each adsorbent has a limited range of chemical selectivity. Limited applications of sorbent tubes with single or dualadsorbents have been used to measure odorant emissions from animal production facilities.
In this study, tripacked sorbent tubes and Tedlar bags were compared in characterizing 19 major odorants found inartificial swine odor. The sorbent tubes were packed with Tenax TA, Carboxen 1000, and Carbosieve SIII. The artificial swineodor was directly desorbed onto the tripacked sorbent tube. For comparison, a 10L Tedlar bag was filled with nitrogen gasand artificial swine odor. The Tedlar bag was then desorbed onto the tripacked sorbent tube. The sorbent tube was thenthermally desorbed into a gas chromatography (GC) system with a flame ionization detector (FID) for quantification. Thetripacked sorbent tube demonstrated recoveries greater than 74% and detection limits less than 0.4 ng for all 19 odorants.Thus, a tripacked sorbent tube may provide an analytical method to measure low concentrations of major odorants foundin air emissions from swine production facilities. Tedlar bags showed limited recoveries of some odorants, less than 12% forindole and skatole. In addition, Tedlar bags immediately sampled after three flushings with nitrogen emitted 3.50 ng L1 hr1of acetic acid (~35% above background levels) and 2.13 ng L1 hr1 phenol (~27% above background levels). These resultssuggest that air samples collected in Tedlar bags may bias olfactory analysis.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.13031/2013.11063
VL - 45
IS - 5
SP - 1579-1584
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Commemorative history of the Agricultural and Food Chemistry Division
AU - Pattee, HE
T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
AB - ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVEditorialNEXTCommemorative History of the Agricultural and Food Chemistry DivisionHarold E. PatteeView Author Information Market Quality and Handling Research, ARS, USDA, North Carolina State University, Box 7625, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 Cite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 1, 3–6Publication Date (Web):December 26, 2001Publication History Published online26 December 2001Published inissue 1 January 2002https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011519xCopyright © 2002 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views468Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (34 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Biotechnology,Flavor,Food Get e-Alerts
DA - 2002/1/2/
PY - 2002/1/2/
DO - 10.1021/jf011519x
VL - 50
IS - 1
SP - 3-6
SN - 0021-8561
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Changes in functionality of soy-based extrudates during single-screw extrusion processing
AU - Sun, Y
AU - Muthukumarappan, K
T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES
AB - The effects of defatted soy flour content, feed moisture, screw speed and temperature on the functionality of soy-based extrudates were studied. Defatted soy flour and corn flour were mixed with ratios from 10% up to 30% of soy flour. The moisture contents of the blends (wet basis) have three levels: 15%, 18% and 21%. The barrel temperatures and screw speeds of the single screw extruder were controlled from 155 to 185°C and 180 to 220 rpm range, respectively. Shear force, color of the extrudates, expansion ratio, bulk density and water absorption were measured. Higher soybean flour content significantly increased shear force, bulk density and Hunter a* values and significantly decreased expansion ratio and Hunter L* values. High feed moisture significantly increased bulk density and Hunter L* values while significantly decreasing shear force and Hunter a* values. High process temperature significantly increased shear force and Hunter a* values and decreased bulk density. Increasing screw speed resulted in significantly increased bulk density. Understanding the relationship between extrusion parameters and physicochemical properties of the extrudates provides a basis for effective product development.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1081/JFP-120005793
VL - 5
IS - 2
SP - 379-389
SN - 1094-2912
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Adapting a drainage model to simulate water table levels in coastal plain soils
AU - He, X
AU - Vepraskas, MJ
AU - Skaggs, RW
AU - Lindbo, DL
T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL
AB - Seasonal saturation in soils is expensive and time consuming to document, but the information is needed for land use assessments. Hydrologic models can be used to assess saturation occurrence quickly if the models are calibrated for individual sites. This study determined whether a drainage model (DRAINMOD) could predict water table levels in soils with and without a perimeter ditch. Water table levels were monitored for up to 3 yr at two toposequences that contained a total of 21 soil plots (3 m by 3 m). Soils included Typic Paleudults, Aquic Paleudults, and Umbric Paleaquults. Each plot was instrumented with a recording well to monitor daily water table levels. DRAINMOD was calibrated for each soil plot using measurements of in situ saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil water characteristic, depth to impermeable layer, depth of rooting, and rainfall. A plot's water table fluctuation was simulated by a system of virtual drains whose distance and depth were adjusted to produce simulated water table fluctuations in line with those actually measured. Further calibration adjusted drainable porosity in the upper 20 cm of the soil, depressional storage, evapotranspiration rate, and depth to impermeable layer. Adjustments were made by iteration to minimize the absolute average deviation between simulated and measured water table levels. Calibration had to be done by plot. Average absolute deviations were generally <20 cm for periods ranging from 1 to 3 yr. The results showed that DRAINMOD could be adapted to simulate water table levels in landscapes that do not contain a network of parallel drains.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.2136/sssaj2002.1722
VL - 66
IS - 5
SP - 1722-1731
SN - 1435-0661
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Root epidermal adhesion in five sweetpotato cultivars during curing and storage
AU - Blankenship, S. M.
AU - Boyette, M. D.
T2 - HortScience
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
VL - 37
IS - 2
SP - 374-377
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Economics of nitrate losses from drained agricultural land
AU - El-Sadek, A.
AU - Feyen, J.
AU - Skaggs, W.
AU - Berlamont, J.
T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.)
AB - Some of the highest losses of nitrate to surface waters come from drained agricultural land. This research studied, for Belgian farming conditions, (i) the effect of subsurface drainage density on nitrate losses and (ii) the economics of nitrate losses, using the nitrogen version of the program DRAINMOD-N. DRAINMOD was used to simulate the performance of the drainage system of the Hooibeekhoeve experiment, situated in the sandy region of the Kempen (Belgium) for a 14-year (1985–1998) period. A continuous cropping with maize was assumed. Daily NO3-N losses were predicted for a range of drain spacings and depths, two drainage strategies (conventional and controlled), and three fertilizer application rates (225, 275, and 325 kg N ha-1). Losses of N in subsurface drainage were assumed to occur almost entirely in the NO3-N form. Losses of organic and inorganic N in the form of NO3-N in surface runoff are small and were neglected. Hydrologic results indicated that increasing drain spacing or decreasing drain depth reduces drainage discharge while it increases runoff. The use of controlled drainage reduces subsurface drainage and increases runoff. Results also revealed that increasing the drain spacing or decreasing the drain depth reduces nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) drainage losses and net mineralization, while increasing denitrification and runoff losses. Controlled drainage caused a predicted reduction in drainage losses and an increase in denitrification and runoff losses. The optimal combination of drain density and management is one that maximizes profits and minimizes environmental impacts. Simulated results indicated that NO3-N losses to the environment could be substantially reduced by reducing the drainage density below the level required for maximum profits based on grain sales. The study concluded that, if the environmental objective is of importance equal to or greater than profits, drainage systems can be designed and managed to reduce NO3-N losses while still providing an acceptable profit.
DA - 2002///
PY - 2002///
DO - 10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2002)128:4(376)
VL - 128
IS - 4
SP - 376-383
ER -
TY - CONF
TI - Validation of a three dimensional covered lagoon simulation
AU - Fleming, J. G.
AU - Johnson, R. R.
AU - Cheng, J.
C2 - 2002///
C3 - Animal Residuals 2002: Agricultural Animal Manure Management, Policy and Technology (Washington, DC)
DA - 2002///
ER -