TY - CONF TI - Controlled Drainage and Nutrient Management Planning Reduce Drainage Outflow and Nitrogen Transport AU - Smeltz, H. L. AU - Evans, R. O. AU - Osmond, D. L. T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2006 AB - Controlled drainage, nutrient management planning, and a combination of both were implemented and evaluated throughout the upper Core Creek watershed to reduce nutrient loading to the Neuse River. Hydrology and drainage water quality were monitored at fifteen locations within the watershed for a period of five years. DRAINMOD-N was calibrated on a field-by-field basis to predict long-term hydrology and nitrate losses based on BMPs implemented and crops grown throughout the watershed. Predicted NO3-N reduction was most effectively accomplished when controlled drainage and a nitrogen management plan were used in conjunction with one another. If implemented separately, a nitrogen management plan was predicted to be more effective than controlled drainage alone. The cropping system also impacted the drainage rate and nitrate loss from the fields. Potentially, a 30% and 75% nitrate reduction can be achieved growing cotton or soybeans, respectively, as compared to corn. Controlled drainage reduced the drainage outflow by 6.8 centimeters (21.3%) annually, compared to conventional drainage. This flow reduction accounted for 11.5% of the NO3-N reduction leaving the watershed. C2 - 2006/5/19/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resource Congress 2006 DA - 2006/5/19/ DO - 10.1061/40856(200)254 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784408568 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40856(200)254 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - The Nitrogen Simulation Model, DRAINMOD-N II: Field Testing and Model Application for Contrasting Soil Types and Climatological Conditions AU - Youssef, M. A. AU - Skaggs, R. W. T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2006 AB - DRAINMOD-N II is a field-scale, process-based model that simulates nitrogen dynamics and turnover in drained croplands under different management practices and soil and environmental condition. This paper summarizes results of testing the model using data sets from two drained agricultural sites with contrasting soils, climatic conditions, and management practices. One site is located in North Carolina and the other site is located in Indiana. It also summarizes results of long term simulations conducted using calibrated model inputs to study the effects of drainage design and management and N fertilization rates on NO3-N leaching losses under the local soil and climatic conditions of each site. Results of the two field evaluations indicated that the model accurately predicted annual and cumulative NO3-N losses from both sites. Model predictions for the IN site were more accurate than model predictions for the NC site. Results of the long term simulation studies demonstrated the strong influence of the N fertilization rates on N losses from drained croplands. It also indicated the influence of drainage design (drain depth and spacing) and management (drainage control) on N leaching losses. The predicted response of the soil-water-plant system at each site to different drainage water and N fertilization scenarios was influenced by local soil and climatic conditions. These results indicated that DRAINMOD-N II can be reliably used in the development and evaluation of drainage water and agronomic management practices that reduce N losses from drained agricultural lands. C2 - 2006/5/19/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resource Congress 2006 DA - 2006/5/19/ DO - 10.1061/40856(200)304 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784408568 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40856(200)304 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Performance of BMPs AU - Clark, Shirley E. AU - Lenhart, James H. AU - de Ridder, Scott A. AU - Barrett, Michael E. AU - Malina, Joseph F., Jr. AU - Hunt, W. F. AU - Jarrett, A. R. T2 - Water Resources and Environment History Sessions at Environmental and Water Reources Institute Annual Meeting 2004 AB - Stormwater managers are increasingly faced with the need to address many potentially-conflicting issues as part of their activities. First, they need to control the potential flooding waters generated after urbanization. This has led to the use of detention facilities and control of peak flow rates to pre-development levels. However, these designs that focused on flow control for larger storms have been providing inconsistent performance for the control of other pollutants. Many other techniques, in addition to detention/sedimentation, have been proposed to alleviate these pollutant concerns. Stormwater ordinances/regulations and the development of TMDLs (with its subsequent need to control loadings to a stream) has driven the improvement of existing treatment technologies (often referred to as structural best management practices [BMPs]) and the development of new ones. Assumptions have made regarding the range of performance of these devices, based on the field data that currently exists, and as new data is submitted for publication, these new insights are added into the body of knowledge on BMP design and performance, specifically on the design needed to provide a specific performance. C2 - 2006/5/17/ C3 - BMP Technology in Urban Watersheds DA - 2006/5/17/ DO - 10.1061/9780784408728.008 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784408728 9780784471661 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784408728.008 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensitivity analysis of the pond heating and temperature regulation (PHATR) model AU - Lamoureux, Jonathan AU - Tiersch, Terrence R. AU - Hall, Steven G. T2 - Aquacultural Engineering AB - The PHATR model was designed to determine: (1) the temperature and (2) the size of the energy transfer mechanisms for research-sized (400 m3) outdoor aquaculture ponds in Louisiana. Because various environmental parameters affect the model's output, a sensitivity analysis was used to identify which factors had a greater affect on the pond temperature. Four environmental parameters (air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and flow rate of water used to control the pond temperature) were varied one at a time. The temperature for 1 m3 ponds was modeled for 48 h. The output (pond temperature) for each trial model run was compared to the output of a standard model run. The model's sensitivity to air temperature varied linearly (r = 0.999) from 0.10 to 0.35 °C/°C. The model's sensitivity to solar radiation ranged from 0.04 to 0.14 °C/W. The model's sensitivity to wind speed (dependent on wind speed) ranged from −0.003 to −1.64 °C/(m/s). The model's sensitivity to the flow of warm water (dependent on the flow of warm water) ranged from 158,074 to 620,845 °C/(m3/s)/m3. The model's sensitivity to the flow of cool water (dependent on the flow of cool water) ranged from 46,375 to 844,873 °C/(m3/s)/m3. For all cases, time was found to have an effect on the model's sensitivity. Ultimately, this data is useful for the design and management of outdoor earthen aquaculture ponds in the Southeastern United States or similar areas. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.06.003 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 117-130 J2 - Aquacultural Engineering LA - en OP - SN - 0144-8609 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.06.003 DB - Crossref KW - aquaculture KW - energy balance modeling KW - sensitivity analysis KW - temperature control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pond heat and temperature regulation (PHATR): Modeling temperature and energy balances in earthen outdoor aquaculture ponds AU - Lamoureux, Jonathan AU - Tiersch, Terrence R. AU - Hall, Steven G. T2 - Aquacultural Engineering AB - A pond heat and temperature regulation (PHATR) model was designed to: (1) predict the temperature for earthen outdoor aquaculture ponds and (2) determine the size of energy transfer mechanisms affecting energy gains or losses for these ponds. The model solves a first order, no-linear differential equation using a 4th order Runge-Kutta numerical method and various input data (weather data, pond characteristics and flow rate data). Output data (predicted pond temperature) was compared to measured pond temperature collected from the warmwater ponds at the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Aquaculture Research Station, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The model over-predicted the temperature for unheated ponds by 0.7 °C and for heated ponds by 2.6 °C. Fluctuations in flowrates of warm water used to heat the pond are believed to be responsible for the greater error in predicting heated pond temperatures. On average, the two most important energy vectors for unheated ponds were longwave pond radiation (39%) and longwave sky radiation (31%). At certain times, solar radiation accounted for as much as 49% of all energy transferred to unheated ponds. For heated ponds, on average, important energy transfer mechanisms were longwave pond radiation (25%), longwave sky radiation (19%), warm geothermal-well water (19%) and discharged water (15%). At certain times, solar radiation accounted for as much as 50% and warm well water 60% of all energy transferred to heated ponds. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.06.002 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 103-116 J2 - Aquacultural Engineering LA - en OP - SN - 0144-8609 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.06.002 DB - Crossref KW - temperature control KW - modeling pond energy balance KW - aquaculture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oyster shucking technologies: Past and present AU - Martin, D.E. AU - Hall, S.G. T2 - International Journal of Food Science and Technology AB - Summary A review of oyster shucking technologies from the nineteenth century to the present day is presented, comparing advantages and disadvantages of various mechanical, thermal, pressure and other technologies. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.01052.x VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - 223-232 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645123788&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - bioprocess KW - bivalve KW - engineering KW - heat transfer KW - mollusc KW - post-harvest KW - shelf-life KW - shellfish processing KW - steam ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Comparison of Image Processing Techniques for Bird Recognition AU - Nadimpalli, U.D. AU - Price, R.R. AU - Hall, S.G. AU - Bomma, P. T2 - Biotechnology Progress AB - Bird predation is one of the major concerns for fish culture in open ponds. A novel method for dispersing birds is the use of autonomous vehicles. Image recognition software can improve their efficiency. Several image processing techniques for recognition of birds have been tested. A series of morphological operations were implemented. We divided images into 3 types, Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3, based on the level of difficulty of recognizing birds. Type 1 images were clear; Type 2 images were medium clear, and Type 3 images were unclear. Local thresholding has been implemented using HSV (Hue, Saturation, and Value), GRAY, and RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) color models on all three sections of images and results were tabulated. Template matching using normal correlation and artificial neural networks (ANN) are the other methods that have been developed in this study in addition to image morphology. Template matching produced satisfactory results irrespective of the difficulty level of images, but artificial neural networks produced accuracies of 100, 60, and 50% on Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 images, respectively. Correct classification rate can be increased by further training. Future research will focus on testing the recognition algorithms in natural or aquacultural settings on autonomous boats. Applications of such techniques to industrial, agricultural, or related areas are additional future possibilities. DA - 2006/2/3/ PY - 2006/2/3/ DO - 10.1021/bp0500922 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 9-13 J2 - Biotechnol. Prog. LA - en OP - SN - 8756-7938 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp0500922 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancing Sugarcane Field Residue Biodegradation By Grinding and Use of Compost Tea AU - Hall, Steven G. AU - Schellinger, David A. AU - Carney, William A. T2 - Compost Science & Utilization AB - An evaluation of biological processes for improving in-situ degradation of the sugarcane harvesting field residue (trash mat) was performed at the W. A. Callegari Environmental Center near Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. A combination of mechanical (shredding) and biological (compost tea) mechanisms was explored for enhancing degradation of this material in the field. Biological inoculums (compost teas) were generated during different phases of compost production and evaluated to determine if biologically active or finished composts produced more suitable biological inoculums to enhance degradation of trash mat. Microbiological enumeration was performed on compost teas and carbon dioxide evolution was used to assess microbiological activity associated with trash mat degradation. Mechanical chopping does significantly increase the rate of trash mat degradation. Specific results suggest that extracting compost teas during phases of composting which most closely match thermal conditions of the extraction method and trash mat in the field may prove effective for improving degradation of field residuals, but further studies are needed to quantify this hypothesis. This technology has relevance in agricultural production where excess field residual removal is required. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1080/1065657X.2006.10702260 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 32-39 J2 - Compost Science & Utilization LA - en OP - SN - 1065-657X 2326-2397 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2006.10702260 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uncalibrated modelling of conservative tracer and pesticide leaching to groundwater: Comparison of potential Tier II exposure assessment models AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Sabbagh, G.J. AU - Chen, W. AU - Russell, M.H. T2 - Pest Management Science AB - The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) and Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM) are currently being considered by the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for Tier II screening of pesticide leaching to groundwater (November 2005). The objective of the present research was to compare RZWQM and PRZM based on observed conservative tracer and pesticide pore water and soil concentrations collected in two unique groundwater leaching studies in North Carolina and Georgia. These two sites had been used previously by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Environmental Model Validation Task Force (EMVTF) in the validation of PRZM. As in the FIFRA EMVTF PRZM validation, 'cold' modelling using input parameters based on EPA guidelines/databases and 'site-specific' modelling using field-measured soil and hydraulic parameters were performed with a recently released version of RZWQM called RZWQM-NAWQA (National Water Quality Assessment). Model calibration was not performed for either the 'cold' or 'site-specific' modelling. The models were compared based on predicted pore water and soil concentrations of bromide and pesticides throughout the soil profile. Both models tended to predict faster movement through the soil profile than observed. Based on a quantitative normalised objective function (NOF), RZWQM-NAWQA generally outperformed or was equivalent to PRZM in simulating pore water and soil concentrations. Both models were more successful in predicting soil concentrations (i.e. NOF < 1.0 for site-specific data, which satisfies site-specific applicability) than they were at predicting pore water concentrations. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1002/ps.1211 VL - 62 IS - 6 SP - 537-550 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744947346&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - computer model KW - exposure assessment KW - groundwater KW - leaching KW - Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM) KW - Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sediment transport model for seepage erosion of streambank sediment AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Wilson, G.V. AU - Periketi, R.K. AU - Cullum, R.F. T2 - Journal of Hydrologic Engineering AB - Erosion by lateral, subsurface flow is known to erode streambank sediment in numerous geographical locations; however, the role of seepage erosion on mass failure of streambanks is not well understood. In the absence of an established sediment transport model for seepage erosion, the objectives of this research were to investigate the mechanisms of erosion due to concentrated, lateral subsurface flow and develop an empirical sediment transport model for seepage erosion of noncohesive sediment on near-vertical streambanks. Laboratory experiments were performed using a two-dimensional soil lysimeter of a reconstructed streambank profile packed with three different soil layers to mimic seepage erosion occurring at Little Topashaw Creek (LTC) in northern Mississippi. Soil samples from LTC streambanks indicated considerable hydraulic conductivity contrast between an overlying silt loam layer (SiL), highly permeable loamy sand, and confining clay loam layer. Lysimeter experiments were conducted with various upstream water table heads, overburden heights, and lysimeter slopes. Bank failure occurred prior to the total release of negative pore-water pressures in the SiL layer suggesting that such a mechanism was not critical for bank collapse due to seepage erosion. A seepage erosion transport model for conductive, noncohesive soil layers was derived based on a dimensionless sediment discharge and dimensionless seepage flow shear stress. The advantage of this sediment transport model is that it relates sediment flux to seepage discharge from the streambank. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2006)11:6(603) VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 603-611 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750106153&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling the big black river: A comparison of water quality models AU - Caviness, K.S. AU - Fox, G.A. AU - Deliman, P.N. T2 - Journal of the American Water Resources Association AB - ABSTRACT: The Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality uses the Steady Riverine Environmental Assessment Model (STREAM) to establish effluent limitations. While the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has approved of its use, questions arise regarding the model's simplicity. The objective of this research was to compare STREAM with the more commonly utilized Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2E). The comparison involved a statistical evaluation procedure based on sensitivity analyses, input probability distribution functions, and Monte Carlo simulation with site‐specific data from a 46‐mile (74‐km) reach of the Big Black River in central Mississippi. Site specific probability distribution functions were derived from measured rates of reaeration, sediment oxygen demand, photosynthesis, and respiration. Both STREAM and QUAL2E reasonably predicted daily average dissolved oxygen (DO) based on a comparison of output probability distributions with observed DO. Observed DO was consistently within 90 percent confidence intervals of model predictions. The STREAM approach generally overpredicted while QUAL2E generally matched observed DO. Using the more commonly assumed lognormal distribution as opposed to a Weibull distribution for two of the sensitive input parameters resulted in minimal differences in the statistical evaluations. The QUAL2E approach had distinct advantages over STREAM in simulating the growth cycle of algae. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb04480.x VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 617-627 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33845264827&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - dissolved oxygen KW - QUAL2E KW - STREAM KW - wastewater discharge KW - water quality modeling KW - Big Black River ER - TY - JOUR TI - QTL Mapping for Fusarium Ear Rot and Fumonisin Contamination Resistance in Two Maize Populations AU - Robertson-Hoyt, Leilani A. AU - Jines, Michael P. AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Kleinschmidt, Craig E. AU - White, Don G. AU - Payne, Gary A. AU - Maragos, Chris M. AU - Molnár, Terence L. AU - Holland, James B. T2 - Crop Science AB - Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (synonym F. moniliforme Sheldon) (teleomorph: Gibberella moniliformis ) and F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg (teleomorph: G. intermedia ) are fungal pathogens of maize ( Zea mays L.) that cause ear rot and contaminate grain with fumonisins, mycotoxins that can harm animals and humans. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination in two maize populations, comprised of 213 BC 1 F 1:2 families from the first backcross of GE440 to FR1064 (GEFR) and 143 recombinant inbred lines from the cross of NC300 to B104 (NCB). QTL mapping was used to study the genetic relationships between resistances to ear rot and fumonisin contamination and to investigate consistency of QTL across populations. In the GEFR population, seven QTL explained 47% of the phenotypic variation for mean ear rot resistance and nine QTL with one epistatic interaction explained 67% of the variation for mean fumonisin concentration. In the NCB population, five QTL explained 31% of the phenotypic variation for mean ear rot resistance and six QTL and three epistatic interactions explained 81% of the phenotypic variation for mean fumonisin concentration. Eight QTL in the GEFR population and five QTL in the NCB population affected both disease traits. At least three ear rot and two fumonisin contamination resistance QTL mapped to similar positions in the two populations. Two QTL, localized to chromosomes four and five, appeared to be consistent for both traits across both populations. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.12-0450 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1734 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33746069043&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Joint Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding and Scheduling for Multiuser MIMO with Imperfect Feedback AU - Zhou, Q. A. AU - Dai, H. Y. AU - Zhang, H. Y. AB - In this paper, we propose a crosslayer approach that explores Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) at the physical layer to reduce the multiuser scheduling burden at the MAC layer, and improves the sum rate of the downlink multiuser MIMO system. Our proposed scheme is further evaluated with imperfect feedback, obtained by the long range prediction (LRP) technique. Compared to some existing scheduling schemes, the proposed scheme approaches the performance upper bound in certain scenarios, while incurring much less computation complexity. Significant gains are still maintained with imperfect channel state information (CSI), fed back at a rate much lower than the data rate C2 - 2006/// C3 - 2006 ieee wireless communications and networking conference (wcnc 2006), vols 1-4 DA - 2006/// DO - 10.1109/wcnc.2006.1696462 SP - 1233-1238 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trading carbon credits for methane recovery AU - Sherman, R. T2 - BioCycle DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 47 IS - 9 SP - 55-58 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Water and carbon cycles in heterogeneous landscapes: an ecosystem perspective AU - Noormets, A. AU - Ewers, B. AU - Sun, G. AU - Mackay, S. AU - Zheng, D. AU - McNulty, S. AU - Chen, J. T2 - Ecology of Hierarchical Landscapes: From Theory to Application A2 - J. Chen, S. C. Saunders A2 - K. D. Brosofske, A2 - Crow, T. R. PY - 2006/// SP - 89-123 PB - Carbondale, IL: Nova Publishing SN - 1600210473 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of alternative designs and technologies in recirculating aquaculture AU - DeLong, D. P. AU - Losordo, T. M. T2 - Aquaculture Canada 2004 : ?b proceedings of contributed papers, Canadian Freshwater Aquaculture Symposium, Que?bec City, Que?bec, October 17-24, 2004 DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of large poultry operations on groundwater: Stable 15N isotopes of nitrate assessment AU - Showers, W. J. AU - Williams, C. M. AU - Jennings, G. D. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2006.318.329 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 318 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of quantitative trait loci for resistance to southern leaf blight in juvenile maize AU - Balint-Kurti, P. J. AU - Carson, M. L. T2 - Phytopathology AB - A set of 192 maize recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from a cross between the inbred lines Mo17 and B73, were evaluated as 3-week-old seedlings in the greenhouse for resistance to southern leaf blight, caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus race O. Six significant (LOD >3.1) quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for disease resistance, located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8. Results were compared with a previous study that had used the same RIL population and pathogen isolate, but had examined resistance in mature rather than juvenile plants. There was a very weak but significant correlation between the overall resistance phenotypes of the RILs scored as mature and juvenile plants. Two QTL were found in similar positions on chromosomes 1 and 3 at both growth stages. Other QTL were specific to one growth stage or the other. Twenty-three of these RILs, together with the parental lines, were inoculated in the greenhouse with four C. heterostrophus isolates. Results indicated that the quantitative resistance observed was largely isolate non-specific. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-96-0221 VL - 96 IS - 3 SP - 221-225 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-32144447893&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of anaerobic processes AU - Chen, Y. AU - Cheng, Jay T2 - Water Environment Research AB - Water Environment ResearchVolume 78, Issue 10 p. 1363-1385 Treatment SystemFree Access Application of Anaerobic Processes Ye Chen, Ye ChenSearch for more papers by this authorJay J. Cheng, Jay J. ChengSearch for more papers by this author Ye Chen, Ye ChenSearch for more papers by this authorJay J. Cheng, Jay J. ChengSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 2006 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143006X119224AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume78, Issue102006 Literature ReviewSeptember 2006Pages 1363-1385 RelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2175/106143006X119224 VL - 78 IS - 10 SP - 1363–1385 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating bioretention hydrology and nutrient removal at three field sites in North Carolina AU - Hunt, W. F. AU - Jarrett, A. R. AU - Smith, J. T. AU - Sharkey, L. J. T2 - Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering AB - Three bioretention field sites in North Carolina were examined for pollutant removal abilities and hydrologic performance. The cells varied by fill media type or drainage configuration. The field studies confirmed high annual total nitrogen mass removal rates at two conventionally drained bioretention cells (40% reduction each). Nitrate-nitrogen mass removal rates varied between 75 and 13%, and calculated annual mass removal of zinc, copper, and lead from one Greensboro cell were 98, 99, and 81%, respectively. All high mass removal rates were due to a substantial decrease in outflow volume. The ratio of volume of water leaving the bioretention cell versus that which entered the cell varied from 0.07 (summer) to 0.54 (winter). There was a significant (p<0.05) change in the ratio of outflow volume to inflow volume when comparing warm seasons to winter. Cells using a fill soil media with a lower phosphorus index (P-index), Chapel Hill cell C1 and Greensboro cell G1, had much higher phosphorus removal than Greensboro cell G2, which used a high P-index fill media. Fill media selection is critical for total phosphorus removal, as fill media with a low P-index and relatively high CEC appear to remove phosphorus much more readily. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2006)132:6(600) VL - 132 IS - 6 SP - 600-608 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Progressive N limitation of plant response to elevated CO2: a microbiological perspective AU - Hu, Shuijin AU - Tu, Cong AU - Chen, Xin AU - Gruver, Joel B. T2 - PLANT AND SOIL DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1007/s11104-006-9093-4 VL - 289 IS - 1-2 SP - 47-58 SN - 0032-079X KW - Elevated CO2 KW - N limitation for plants and microbes KW - soil organic matter KW - N mineralization KW - mycorrhizae KW - priming effect KW - biological N fixation KW - plant-microbial competition for N KW - ecosystem N retention ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low soil moisture planting of cotton for optimum emergence AU - Bowers, C. G. AU - Collins, C. A. AU - Harris, E. P. T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture AB - A row crop planter field study was conducted to optimize cotton seed emergence. The depth of moist soil scraped off below the drying front (the interface between the air-dry and initially moist soil) was varied from 1.3 to 5.1 cm to determine the moist soil scraping depth that produced optimum emergence. Next, the effect of seed planting depth below this scraped moist soil surface was varied from 2.5 to 5.1 cm to determine optimum planting depth. Finally, the V-closing/press wheel force was varied from 89 to 356 N to determine optimum press wheel force. A planter automatic seed depth control system (Weatherly and Bowers, 1997) was modified to sense the drying front depth and then scrape off a set depth of moist soil below the drying front. The field study planter was a two row unit with each row consisting of a drying front sensor, an automatic scraper depth control system, a V-wing scraper blade, and a John Deere MaxEmerge planter unit. The moist soil scraping depth that gave the highest emergence was 3.8 cm below the drying front. The V-trench seed depth with the highest emergence ranged from 3.8 to 5.1 cm. The V-closing/press wheel force for highest cotton seed emergence ranged from 178 to 267 N. Setting these three planter functions, in the ranges stated above, produced cotton seed emergence as high as 80% in low soil moisture conditions. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.13031/2013.22248 VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - 801-808 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field evaluation of a model for predicting nitrogen losses from drained lands AU - Youssef, Mohamed A. AU - Skaggs, R. Wayne AU - Chescheir, George M. AU - Gilliam, J. Wendell T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - ABSTRACT The N simulation model, DRAINMOD‐N II, was field‐tested using a 6‐yr data set from an artificially drained agricultural site located in eastern North Carolina. The test site is on a nearly flat sandy loam soil which is very poorly drained under natural conditions. Four experimental plots, planted to a corn ( Zea mays )–wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–soybean ( Glycine max. ) rotation and managed using conventional and controlled drainage, were used in model testing. Water table depth, subsurface drainage, and N concentration in drain flow were measured and meteorological data were recorded continuously. DRAINMOD‐N II was calibrated using the data from one plot; data sets from the other three plots were used for model validation. Simulation results showed an excellent agreement between observed and predicted nitrate‐nitrogen (NO 3 –N) losses in drainage water over the 6‐yr period and a reasonable agreement on an annual basis. The agreement on a monthly basis was not as good. The Nash‐Sutcliffe modeling efficiency (EF) for monthly predictions was 0.48 for the calibration plot and 0.19, 0.01, and −0.02 for the validation plots. The value of the EF for yearly predictions was 0.92 for the calibration plot and 0.73, 0.62, and −0.10 for the validation plots. Errors in predicting cumulative NO 3 –N losses over the 6‐yr period were remarkably small; −1.3% for the calibration plot, −8.1%, −2.8%, and 4.0% for the validation plots. Results of this study showed the potential of DRAINMOD‐N II for predicting N losses from drained agricultural lands. Further research is needed to test the model for different management practices and soil and climatological conditions. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2005.0249 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 2026-2042 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of watershed-scale land use change on stream nitrate concentrations AU - Schilling, Keith E. AU - Spooner, Jean T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - The Walnut Creek Watershed Monitoring Project was conducted from 1995 through 2005 to evaluate the response of stream nitrate concentrations to changing land use patterns in paired 5000-ha Iowa watersheds. A large portion of the Walnut Creek watershed is being converted from row crop agriculture to native prairie and savanna by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge (NSNWR). Before restoration, land use in both Walnut Creek (treatment) and Squaw Creek (control) watersheds consisted of 70% row crops. Between 1990 and 2005, row crop area decreased 25.4% in Walnut Creek due to prairie restoration but increased 9.2% in Squaw Creek due to Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grassland conversion back to row crop. Nitrate concentrations ranged between <0.5 to 14 mg L(-1) at the Walnut Creek outlet and 2.1 to 15 mg L(-1) at the downstream Squaw Creek outlet. Nitrate concentrations decreased 1.2 mg L(-1) over 10 yr in the Walnut Creek watershed but increased 1.9 mg L(-1) over 10 yr in Squaw Creek. Changes in nitrate were easier to detect and more pronounced in monitored subbasins, decreasing 1.2 to 3.4 mg L(-1) in three Walnut Creek subbasins, but increasing up to 8.0 and 11.6 mg L(-1) in 10 yr in two Squaw Creek subbasins. Converting row crop lands to grass reduced stream nitrate levels over time in Walnut Creek, but stream nitrate rapidly increased in Squaw Creek when CRP grasslands were converted back to row crop. Study results highlight the close association of stream nitrate to land use change and emphasize that grasslands or other perennial vegetation placed in agricultural settings should be part of a long-term solution to water quality problems. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2006.0157 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 2132-2145 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ammonia adsorption in five types of flexible tubing materials AU - Shah, Sanjay AU - Grabow, G. L. AU - Westerman, P. W. T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture AB - Five different types of tubing materials, namely, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were evaluated for ammonia adsorption at two nominal ammonia concentration values (1 and 10 ppm) at ~24C. All tubing sections were 2.5 m in length and 4.76 mm in i.d. except the HDPE which had an i.d. of 4.32 mm. Mass balance was used to determine ammonia (as ammonium-nitrogen (N)) adsorbed on the inside of the tubing versus the total N recovered in the tubing plus the gas scrubbers (primary and secondary). No tubing significantly differed in N adsorption. Averaged for both ammonia concentrations, N adsorption as percent of total N ranged from 0.15% (PVC) to 1.69% (FEP). Hence, the least expensive PVC tubing may represent the best option under conditions similar to those used in this study. The gas scrubber design used in this study had excellent trapping efficiency (>99%). DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.13031/2013.22253 VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - 919–923 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytoremediation of an arsenic-contaminated site using Pteris vitrata L.: A two-year study AU - Kertulis-Tartar, G. M. AU - Ma, L. Q. AU - Tu, C. AU - Chirenje, T. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION AB - Abstract A field study was conducted to determine the efficiency of Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.), an arsenic hyperaccumulator, on removal of arsenic from soil at an arsenic- contaminated site. Chinese brake ferns were planted on a site previously used to treat wood with chromated copper arsenate (CCA). Arsenic concentrations in surface and profile soil samples were determined for 2000, 2001, and 2002. In both 2001 and 2002, senesced and senescing fronds only, as well as all fronds, were harvested. Frond arsenic concentrations were not significantly different between the three harvests. Compared to senesced fronds, live fronds resulted in the greatest amount of arsenic removal. There were no significant differences in soil arsenic concentrations between 2000, 2001, and 2002, primarily due to the extreme variability in soil arsenic concentrations. However, the mean surface soil arsenic was reduced from 190 to 140 mg kg−1. Approximately 19.3 g of arsenic were removed from the soil by Chinese brake fern. Therefore, this fern is capable of accumulating arsenic from the CCA-contaminated site and may be competitive, in terms of cost, to conventional remediation systems. However, better agronomic practices are needed to enhance plant growth and arsenic uptake to obtain maximum soil arsenic removal and to minimize remediation time. KEY WORDS: arsenicchromated copper arsenate Pteris vittata L.phytoextractionhyperaccumulation ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was partially supported by the National Science Foundation (Grants BES-0086768 and BES-0132114). The authors gratefully acknowledge Mr. Thomas Luongo for analytical and field support and Ms. Heather Williams for her invaluable assistance with field sampling. Notes ∗The 2002 data are normalized to estimate for the entire year's harvests. Values represent means ± std dev. ∗The 2002 data are normalized to estimate for the entire year's harvests. Values represent means ± std dev. ∗Values represent means ± std dev. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1080/15226510600992873 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 311-322 SN - 1549-7879 KW - arsenic KW - chromated copper arsenate KW - Pteris vittata L. KW - phytoextraction KW - hyperaccumulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling denitrification in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at regional scales AU - Boyer, Elizabeth W. AU - Alexander, Richard B. AU - Parton, William J. AU - Li, Changsheng AU - Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus AU - Donner, Simon D. AU - Skaggs, R. Wayne AU - Del Gross, Stephen J. T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - Quantifying where, when, and how much denitrification occurs on the basis of measurements alone remains particularly vexing at virtually all spatial scales. As a result, models have become essential tools for integrating current understanding of the processes that control denitrification with measurements of rate-controlling properties so that the permanent losses of N within landscapes can be quantified at watershed and regional scales. In this paper, we describe commonly used approaches for modeling denitrification and N cycling processes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems based on selected examples from the literature. We highlight future needs for developing complementary measurements and models of denitrification. Most of the approaches described here do not explicitly simulate microbial dynamics, but make predictions by representing the environmental conditions where denitrification is expected to occur, based on conceptualizations of the N cycle and empirical data from field and laboratory investigations of the dominant process controls. Models of denitrification in terrestrial ecosystems include generally similar rate-controlling variables, but vary in their complexity of the descriptions of natural and human-related properties of the landscape, reflecting a range of scientific and management perspectives. Models of denitrification in aquatic ecosystems range in complexity from highly detailed mechanistic simulations of the N cycle to simpler source-transport models of aggregate N removal processes estimated with empirical functions, though all estimate aquatic N removal using first-order reaction rate or mass-transfer rate expressions. Both the terrestrial and aquatic modeling approaches considered here generally indicate that denitrification is an important and highly substantial component of the N cycle over large spatial scales. However, the uncertainties of model predictions are large. Future progress will be linked to advances in field measurements, spatial databases, and model structures. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2123:mditaa]2.0.co;2 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 2123-2142 SN - 1939-5582 KW - aquatic KW - denitrification KW - modeling KW - nitrogen cycle KW - regional KW - terrestrial ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of measurements obtained by use of an electrogoniometer and a universal plastic goniometer for the assessment of joint motion in dogs AU - Thomas, Todd M. AU - Marcellin-Little, Denis J. AU - Roe, Simon C. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Brosey, Bess P. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To compare measurements obtained by use of a universal plastic goniometer (UG) and an electrogoniometer (EG) and from radiographs and to compare joint motion in German Shepherd Dogs and Labrador Retrievers.12 healthy adult German Shepherd Dogs and data previously collected from 16 healthy adult Labrador Retrievers.German Shepherd Dogs were sedated. One investigator then measured motion of the carpal, cubital (elbow), shoulder, tarsal, stifle, and hip joints of the sedated dogs. Measurements were made in triplicate with a UG and an EG. Radiographs were taken of all joints in maximal flexion and extension. Values were compared between the UG and EG and with values previously determined for joints of 16 Labrador Retrievers.An EG had higher variability than a UG for all dogs. The EG variability appeared to result from the technique for the EG. German Shepherd Dogs had lower values in flexion and extension than did Labrador Retrievers for all joints, except the carpal joints. German Shepherd Dogs had less motion in the tarsal joints, compared with motion for the Labrador Retrievers, but had similar motion in all other joints.A UG is reliable for obtaining measurements in German Shepherd Dogs. There was higher variability for the EG than for the UG, and an EG cannot be recommended for use. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.67.12.1974 VL - 67 IS - 12 SP - 1974-1979 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing ratings of the southern phosphorus indices AU - Osmond, D. L. AU - Cabrera, M. L. AU - Feagley, S. E. AU - Hardee, G. E. AU - Mitchell, C. C. AU - Moore, P. A. AU - Mylavarapu, R. S. AU - Oldham, J. L. AU - Stevens, J. C. AU - Thom, W. C. AU - Walker, F. AU - Zhang, H. T2 - Journal of Soil & Water Conservation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 61 IS - 6 SP - 325-337 ER - TY - JOUR TI - On the diversity order of spatial multiplexing systems with transmit antenna selection: A geometrical approach AU - Zhang, Hongyuan AU - Dai, Huaiyu AU - Zhou, Quan AU - Hughes, Brian L. T2 - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY AB - In recent years, the remarkable ability of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems to provide spatial diversity or multiplexing gains has been clearly demonstrated. For MIMO diversity schemes, it is well known that antenna selection methods that optimize the postprocessing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can preserve the diversity order of the original full-size MIMO system. On the other hand, the diversity order achieved by antenna selection in spatial multiplexing systems, especially those exploiting practical coding and decoding schemes, has not thus far been rigorously analyzed. In this paper, a geometrical framework is proposed to theoretically analyze the diversity order achieved by transmit antenna selection for separately encoded spatial multiplexing systems with linear and decision-feedback receivers. When two antennas are selected from the transmitter, the exact achievable diversity order is rigorously derived, which previously only appears as conjectures based on numerical results in the literature. If more than two antennas are selected, we give lower and upper bounds on the achievable diversity order. Furthermore, the same geometrical approach is used to evaluate the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff in spatial multiplexing systems with transmit antenna selection DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1109/TIT.2006.885531 VL - 52 IS - 12 SP - 5297-5311 SN - 1557-9654 KW - antenna selection KW - diversity order KW - diversity and multiplexing tradeoff KW - multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) KW - spatial multiplexing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Asymptotic analysis in MIMO MRT/MRC systems AU - Zhou, Quan AU - Dai, Huaiyu T2 - EURASIP JOURNAL ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING AB - Through the analysis of the probability density function of the squared largest singular value of a complex Gaussian matrix at the origin and tail, we obtain two asymptotic results related to the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) maximum-ratio-transmission/maximum-ratio-combining (MRT/MRC) systems. One is the asymptotic error performance (in terms of SNR) in a single-user system, and the other is the asymptotic system capacity (in terms of the number of users) in the multiuser scenario when multiuser diversity is exploited. Similar results are also obtained for two other MIMO diversity schemes, space-time block coding and selection combining. Our results reveal a simple connection with system parameters, providing good insights for the design of MIMO diversity systems. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1155/wcn/2006/45831 SP - SN - 1687-1499 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drainage design coefficients for eastern United States AU - Skaggs, R. Wayne AU - Youssef, M. A. AU - Chescheir, G. M. T2 - AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT AB - The development of drainage simulation models has made it possible to quantitatively describe the performance of drainage systems, including the effects of design parameters on yields. While this was a primary goal of drainage researchers 40 years ago, it is no longer sufficient. Currently, the effect of drainage on nutrient loads and surface water quality is of equal or greater importance to production goals. Limited field data and modeling results indicate that nitrogen (N) loss in drainage water is proportional to subsurface drainage intensity (DI). This implies that the drainage system should be tailored to soil and site conditions, such that the DI is as small as possible. While simulation models can be used to determine drain depth and spacing required to maximize yields or profits for a specific site, the modeling expertise and/or the extensive data required are often not available. Simple approaches are still needed for estimating drain spacing and depth. The Hooghoudt equation has been used for many years for this purpose. Its application requires knowledge of the design drainage rate, which has not been defined for many locations in the US. A simulation study was conducted to determine the drain spacing corresponding to predicted maximum economic return for corn production on four soils at 10 locations in eastern United States. The drainage intensity (cm/day) corresponding to the optimum drain spacing was defined as the design drainage rate (DDR). DDR varied with growing season rainfall and ranged from an average (across the four soils) of 0.58 cm/day at Toledo, OH to 1.61 cm/day at Baton Rouge, LA. Variation of DDR among the four soils was least for the low rainfall locations and highest where growing season rainfall was high. The regression equation, DDR = 0.004P − 1.1, may be used to estimate DDR (cm/day) in terms of growing season rainfall, P (mm). These results were obtained for a drain depth of 1 m and surface depressional storage of 2 cm. Additional research is needed to test the relationships, and/or develop new equations, for additional drain depths and surface storages. DA - 2006/11/16/ PY - 2006/11/16/ DO - 10.1016/j.agwat.2006.06.007 VL - 86 IS - 1-2 SP - 40-49 SN - 1873-2283 KW - drainage KW - models KW - nitrogen KW - drainage design KW - Hooghoudt equation KW - DRAINMOD KW - water quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water distribution from a subsurface drip irrigation system and dripline spacing effect on cotton yield and water use efficiency in a coastal plain soil AU - Grabow, G. L. AU - Huffman, R. L. AU - Evans, R. O. AU - Jordan, D. L. AU - Nuti, R. C. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - A subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system was installed in 2001 in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Initially, four zones were installed, each with 0.91 m dripline spacing. In 2002, a fifth zone with 1.82 m dripline spacing was added. This system irrigated a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) rotation on a Norfolk sandy loam soil. Seed cotton yield data was collected from 2001 to 2004. In addition to SDI, overhead sprinkler irrigation was applied to cotton plots from 2001 to 2003. This study was concurrent with another study that evaluated the effect of irrigation system type, cotton growth regulator (mepiquat chloride), herbicide (glyphosate) treatment, and planting date on lint yield and quality. Although the soil is classified as a sandy loam, water moved laterally to the midpoint of the 1.82 m spaced dripline; this was likely due to the pan layer found at about 0.3 m just below the dripline depth of 0.23 m. There was no difference in lateral water movement between the two dripline spacings. Seed cotton yield and irrigation water use efficiency was not statistically different between irrigation system type or dripline spacing over all years in the study. Seed cotton yield averaged 3.44 Mg ha-1 for the 0.91 m dripline spacing and 3.22 Mg ha-1 for the 1.82 m spacing for the three-year period 2002-2004 compared to an unirrigated average of 2.58 Mg ha-1 for the same period. Average irrigation water use efficiency was greater for the 0.91 m dripline spacing but not statistically different from the 1.82 m spacing. For 2001-2003, when sprinkler-irrigated plots existed, seed cotton yield averaged 3.55 Mg ha-1 for the 0.91 m dripline spacing, 3.35 Mg ha-1 for the sprinkler-irrigated plots, and 2.56 Mg ha-1 for the unirrigated plots. Drought conditions existed in 2002, when 258 mm of rain occurred between planting and final irrigation. The other growing seasons received relatively high amounts of rainfall: 524, 555, and 643 mm in 2001, 2003, and 2004, respectively. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.13031/2013.22303 VL - 49 IS - 6 SP - 1823-1835 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil physical changes associated with forest harvesting operations on an organic soil AU - Grace, JM AU - Skaggs, RW AU - Cassel, DK T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - The influence of forest operations on forest soil and water continues to be an issue of concern in forest management. Research has focused on evaluating forest operation effects on numerous soil and water quality indicators. However, poorly drained forested watersheds with organic soil surface horizons have not been extensively investigated. A study was initiated in the Tidewater region of North Carolina to gain a better understanding of the impact of harvesting operations on poorly drained organic soils. Soils on the study site, having >80% organic matter (OM) content to a depth of 60 cm below the soil surface, were classified as shallow organic soils. Soil physical properties were examined by collecting soil cores from control and treatment watersheds in a nested design. Compaction caused by the harvest operation increased bulk density (D b ) from 0.22 to 0.27 g cm −3 , decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity ( k sat ) from 397 to 82 cm h −1 , and decreased the drained volume for a given water table depth. However, D b following the harvest remained low at 0.27 g cm −3 The drained volume at equilibrium following the lowering of the water table from the soil surface to a depth of 200 cm was reduced by 10% from that of control watershed as a result of harvesting. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2005.0154 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 503-509 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Percutaneous malathion absorption in the harvested perfused anuran pelvic limb AU - Willens, Scott AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Taylor, Sharon K. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY AB - The objective of this study was to establish an accurate in vitro model for cutaneous absorption in anurans. The harvested perfused anuran pelvic limb (HPAPL) model maintains the anatomic and physiologic integrity of the skin from the pelvic limb, including the intact capillary network. Radiolabeled malathion was applied to the skin of the dorsal thigh, and perfusate was collected over a 6h period. Residues from the skin surface, stratum externum, and dosed area beneath the stratum externum were analyzed. Kinetic parameters were calculated from these data. Absorption was significantly less for the HPAPL than previously reported for Teflon flow-through diffusion cells. However, partitioning effects were comparable. The HPAPL is an appropriate in vitro model for examining cutaneous absorption kinetics in the bullfrog. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1016/j.etap.2006.04.009 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 263-267 SN - 1872-7077 KW - organophosphorous KW - pesticide KW - bullfrog KW - Rana catesbeiana KW - marine toad KW - Bufo marinus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Osteoarthritis in cats: Still a mass of unknowns AU - Roe, S. T2 - Veterinary Medicine DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 101 IS - 2 SP - 104-107 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occurrence and relative abundance of mosquitoes in stormwater retention facilities in North Carolina, USA AU - Hunt, W. F., III AU - Apperson, C. S. AU - Kennedy, S. G. AU - Harrison, B. A. AU - Lord, W. G. T2 - WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Throughout the 2004 mosquito season, 52 stormwater retention facilities were sampled to characterize the seasonal occurrence and relative abundance of mosquito species in relation to the structural complexity and biological diversity of the facilities. The three different types of facilities included standard wet ponds (n=20), innovative ponds (n=14), and wetland ponds (n=18). All retention structures were sampled at the beginning, middle and end of the mosquito season so that seasonal changes in mosquito production could be characterized. Overall samplings, mosquitoes were collected from 34% of the retention structures. Fourteen species representing 7 genera were collected, but only 5 species were commonly collected in all three types of stormwater management facilities. In general, the seasonal prevalence and relative abundance of mosquito species did not vary among three types of retention structures. A significant association (P < 0.01) between the presence of mosquito larvae or pupae and the absence of mosquitofish was found for innovative and wetland stormwater retention facilities but not for standard retention facilities (P > 0.05). DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2166/wst.2006.625 VL - 54 IS - 6-7 SP - 315-321 SN - 1996-9732 KW - Gambusia KW - mosquitoes KW - North Carolina KW - stormwater KW - wetlands KW - wet ponds ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanical comparison of two knots and two crimp systems for securing nylon line used for extra-articular stabilization of the canine stifle AU - Vianna, Maria L. AU - Roe, Simon C. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - Objective— To compare mechanical properties of knotted and crimped nylon loops. Study Design— In vitro mechanical evaluation. Sample Population— Loops of 27 kg‐test nylon leader. Single strand—clamped square knot compared with 2 crimp systems. Two strand—self‐locking knot compared with 2 crimped loops. Methods— (a) Single pull to failure (n=10) at 500 mm/min. Initial loop tension (N), peak load (N), peak elongation (mm), stiffness of the linear portion of the curve (N/mm), and failure mode were recorded. (b) Incremental cyclic loading to failure (n=5)—each loop was cycled 5 times to 100 N at a loading rate of 200 mm/min. Cycling was repeated, with the load increased by 50 N after each set. Elongation (mm), tension remaining (N), and after permanent deformation was present, elongation at 10 N (mm) were measured. Results— Initial tension and stiffness were greater for crimped loops when compared with knotted loops. There were no differences between crimped loops. The self‐locking knot elongated more, and was less stiff, when compared with 2 crimped loops. With incremental loading, knotted loops elongated more than crimped loops. The tension remaining in the loop fell below 10 N more quickly for knotted loops compared with crimped loops. Conclusion— Crimped loops are stiffer, and resist both static and cyclic load more effectively before becoming permanently elongated, when compared with knotted loops. Clinical Relevance— Stifle stability will be maintained more effectively by crimped nylon loops when compared with knotted loops. DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00190.x VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 567-572 SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of HSPF outputs using FTABLES generated with field survey and digital data AU - Staley, N. AU - Bright, T. AU - Zeckoski, R. W. AU - Benham, B. L. AU - Brannan, K. M. T2 - Journal of the American Water Resources Association AB - ABSTRACT: The Hydrological Simulation Program‐FORTRAN (HSPF) describes discharge from a stream reach based on function tables (FTABLES) that relate stream stage, surface area, volume, and discharge. For this study, five FTABLE scenarios were compared to assess their effect on daily discharge rates predicted using HSPF. Four “field‐based” FTABLE scenarios were developed using detailed cross section surveys collected at predefined intervals along 14 reaches in the study watershed. A fifth “digital‐based” scenario was developed using digital elevation models (DEMs) and Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) Regional Hydraulic Geometry Curves. The Smirnov k‐sample test was used to compare average daily discharge rates simulated with HSPF using the five FTABLE scenarios. No significant difference in simulated stream discharge was found (p = 0.99) between the five FTABLE scenarios. Additional examination of the four field‐based scenarios revealed that the number of cross sections per stream reach used to generate FTABLES had little effect on the resulting stage discharge relationship. These findings suggest that FTABLES generated using digital data are a viable option when simulating stream discharge with HSPF and that if field data are used to generate FTABLES, using fewer cross sections will not adversely affect simulated discharge predictions. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb05291.x VL - 42 IS - 5 SP - 1153-1162 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Phillips' peanut AU - Isleib, T. G. AU - Rice, P. W. AU - Mozingo, R. W., II AU - Copeland, S. C. AU - Graeber, J. B. AU - Pattee, H. E. AU - Sanders, T. H. AU - Mozingo, R. W. AU - Coker, D. L. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 5 p. 2308-2309 Registrations of Cultivars Registration of ‘Phillips’ Peanut T.G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T.G. Isleib [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorP.W. Rice, P.W. Rice Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo II, R.W. Mozingo II Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS.C. Copeland, S.C. Copeland Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorJ.B. Graeber, J.B. Graeber Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorH.E. Pattee, H.E. Pattee Dep. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, N.C. State Univ., Box 7625, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Sanders, T.H. Sanders USDA-ARS Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, N.C. State Univ., Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7624Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo, R.W. Mozingo Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorD.L. Coker, D.L. Coker Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this author T.G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T.G. Isleib [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorP.W. Rice, P.W. Rice Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo II, R.W. Mozingo II Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS.C. Copeland, S.C. Copeland Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorJ.B. Graeber, J.B. Graeber Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorH.E. Pattee, H.E. Pattee Dep. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, N.C. State Univ., Box 7625, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Sanders, T.H. Sanders USDA-ARS Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, N.C. State Univ., Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7624Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo, R.W. Mozingo Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorD.L. Coker, D.L. Coker Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.12.0491Citations: 25 Partial support for the development of Phillips was provided by the N.C. Peanut Growers' Association, Inc., the N.C. Crop Improvement Association, and the N.C. Foundation Seed Producers, Inc. Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES Branch, W.D., R.W. Mozingo, T.G. Isleib, J.P. Bostick, D.W. Gorbet, C. E. Simpson, M. D. Burow, M. Baring and K. E. Dashiell. 2004. Uniform Peanut Performance Tests, 2003. Univ. of Georgia/Coastal Plain Exp. Sta. Progress Rep. No. 4-04. Coker, D.L. and R.W. Mozingo. 2004. Peanut variety and quality evaluation results, 2004. I. Agronomic and grade data. Virginia Poly-tech. Inst. and State Univ. Inf. Ser. No. 476. Coker, D.L. and R.W. Mozingo. 2005. Peanut variety and quality evaluation results, 2004. II. Quality data. Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ. Inf. Ser. No. 477. Isleib, T.G., H.E. Pattee and P.W. Rice. 1997. Use of a laboratory colorimeter to measure pod brightness in virginia-type peanuts. Peanut Sci. 24: 81–84. Pattee, H.E. and F.G. Giesbrecht. 1990. Adjusting roast peanut scores for fruity attribute and non-optimum CIELAB L* values. J. Sens. Stud. 9: 353–363. USDA-ARS, South Atlantic Area, Market Quality and Handling Research Unit. 2004. Uniform Peanut Performance Tests, 2003; Chemical, Sensory and Shelf-life Properties; Data Presented by Location. USDA-ARS-SAA Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, Raleigh, NC. 124 pp. Wynne, J.C., T.A. Coffelt, R.W. Mozingo and W.F. Anderson. 1991. Registration of ‘NC-V11’ peanut. Crop Sci. 31: 484–485. Wynne, J.C., R.W. Mozingo and D.A. Emery. 1979. Registration of NC 7 peanut (Reg. No. 22). Crop Sci. 19: 563. Wynne, J.C., R.W. Mozingo and D.A. Emery. 1986. Registration of ‘NC 9’ peanut. Crop Sci. 26: 197. Citing Literature Volume46, Issue5September–October 2006Pages 2308-2309 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.12.0491 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 2308-2309 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Brantley' peanut AU - Isleib, T. G. AU - Rice, P. W. AU - Mozingo, R. W., II AU - Copeland, S. C. AU - Graeber, J. B. AU - Novitzky, W. P. AU - Pattee, H. E. AU - Sanders, T. H. AU - Mozingo, R. W. AU - Coker, D. L. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 5 p. 2309-2311 Registrations of Cultivars Registration of ‘Brantley’ Peanut T.G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T.G. Isleib tom_isleib@ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (tom_isleib@ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorP.W. Rice, P.W. Rice Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo II, R.W. Mozingo II Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS.C. Copeland, S.C. Copeland Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorJ.B. Graeber, J.B. Graeber Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorW.P. Novitzky, W.P. Novitzky USDA-ARS Soybean and Biological Nitrogen Fixation Group, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorH.E. Pattee, H.E. Pattee Dep. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7625, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Sanders, T.H. Sanders USDA-ARS Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7624Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo, R.W. Mozingo Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorD.L. Coker, D.L. Coker Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this author T.G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T.G. Isleib tom_isleib@ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (tom_isleib@ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorP.W. Rice, P.W. Rice Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo II, R.W. Mozingo II Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS.C. Copeland, S.C. Copeland Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorJ.B. Graeber, J.B. Graeber Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorW.P. Novitzky, W.P. Novitzky USDA-ARS Soybean and Biological Nitrogen Fixation Group, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorH.E. Pattee, H.E. Pattee Dep. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7625, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Sanders, T.H. Sanders USDA-ARS Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7624Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo, R.W. Mozingo Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorD.L. Coker, D.L. Coker Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.12.0492Citations: 18 Partial support for the development of Brantley was provided by the N.C. Peanut Growers' Association, Inc., the N.C. Crop Improvement Association, and the N.C. Foundation Seed Producers, Inc. Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume46, Issue5September–October 2006Pages 2309-2311 RelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.12.0492 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 2309-2311 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modification and validation of GLEAMS for prediction of phosphorus leaching in waste-amended soils AU - Nelson, N. O. AU - Parsons, J. E. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Excess phosphorus applied to soils with low P adsorption capacities can enter surface water via leaching and subsurface transport, thereby negatively impacting water quality. Computer simulation models can be used to describe the effects of management practices on P leaching losses, provided the models are appropriately validated. The objectives of this research were to modify and validate P subroutines in the GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems) model to more accurately reflect P sorption and desorption, and then use the modified model to determine crop and waste management effects on long-term P leaching losses below the root zone of a grazed pasture with >20-year history of swine lagoon liquid application and considerable P buildup in the soil profile. GLEAMS was modified with the Langmuir equation to partition labile P between adsorbed and solution phases. The modification improved predictions of percolate P concentrations and soil P accumulation in acid sandy soils receiving waste-based P additions. The modification also increased model sensitivity to changes in crop and P management. The modified model predicted that P-based swine lagoon liquid applications would decrease P leaching by >20 kg ha-1 year-1 compared to N-based applications. Eliminating all P applications decreased the predicted P leaching losses by less than 1 kg ha-1 year-1 compared to P-based swine lagoon liquid application. Results show that P can continue leaching from P-saturated soils even in the absence of P additions. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.13031/2013.22055 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 1395-1407 ER - TY - PAT TI - Method for removing phosphorus from waste lagoon effluent AU - Bowers, K. E. AU - Westerman, P. W. C2 - 2006/// DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of quantitative trait loci for resistance to southern leaf blight and days to anthesis in a maize recombinant inbred line population AU - Balint-Kurti, P. J. AU - Krakowsky, M. D. AU - Jines, M. P. AU - Robertson, L. A. AU - Molnar, T. L. AU - Goodman, M. M. AU - Holland, J. B. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - A recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the maize lines NC300 (resistant) and B104 (susceptible) was evaluated for resistance to southern leaf blight (SLB) disease caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus race O and for days to anthesis in four environments (Clayton, NC, and Tifton, GA, in both 2004 and 2005). Entry mean and average genetic correlations between disease ratings in different environments were high (0.78 to 0.89 and 0.9, respectively) and the overall entry mean heritability for SLB resistance was 0.89. When weighted mean disease ratings were fitted to a model using multiple interval mapping, seven potential quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified, the two strongest being on chromosomes 3 (bin 3.04) and 9 (bin 9.03–9.04). These QTL explained a combined 80% of the phenotypic variation for SLB resistance. Some time-point-specific SLB resistance QTL were also identified. There was no significant correlation between disease resistance and days to anthesis. Six putative QTL for time to anthesis were identified, none of which coincided with any SLB resistance QTL. DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-96-1067 VL - 96 IS - 10 SP - 1067-1071 SN - 1943-7684 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33749262148&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - flowering KW - Helminthosporium ER - TY - JOUR TI - DRAINMOD-GIS: A lumped parameter watershed scale drainage and water quality model AU - Fernandez, GP AU - Chescheir, GM AU - Skaggs, RW AU - Amatya, DM T2 - AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT AB - A watershed scale lumped parameter hydrology and water quality model that includes an uncertainty analysis component was developed and tested on a lower coastal plain watershed in North Carolina. Uncertainty analysis was used to determine the impacts of uncertainty in field and network parameters of the model on the predicted outflows and nitrate–nitrogen loads at the outlet of the watershed. The model, which links DRAINMOD field hydrology and a spatially distributed routing model using a kernel function, accurately predicted the outlet flows and nitrate–nitrogen loads from a lower coastal plain watershed. Model predictions were within 1% of both measured outflows and nitrate–nitrogen loads. Uncertainty analysis indicated that uncertainty in stream velocities, decay coefficient and field exports significantly contributed to the uncertainty in the predicted outlet flows, loads and mean watershed delivery ratio. DA - 2006/3/10/ PY - 2006/3/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.agwat.2005.03.004 VL - 81 IS - 1-2 SP - 77-97 SN - 1873-2283 KW - watershed model KW - DRAINMOD KW - drainage KW - water quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Compositional and sensory comparisons between normal- and high-oleic peanuts AU - Isleib, TG AU - Pattee, HE AU - Sanders, TH AU - Hendrix, KW AU - Dean, LO T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - The high-oleic-acid trait improves the oxidative stability of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and their products. The explicit effect of the trait on sensory quality, particularly on off-flavors associated with oil rancidity, has not been well documented. To assess the effect of the trait on off-flavors, data from two independent databases were analyzed to compare sensory quality and composition in normal- versus high-oleic peanut genotypes. In data collected using a sensory panel in the Department of Food Science at North Carolina State University, there were small differences between near-isogenic lines for intensities of the roasted peanut, astringent, over-roast, and nutty attributes, with the high-oleic lines exhibiting slightly greater intensities of those attributes. There were no differences for off-flavors such as fruity, painty, stale, moldy, or petroleum. In data collected from the multistate Uniform Peanut Performance Test and evaluated by a panel in the USDA-ARS Market Quality and Handling Research Unit (MQHRU) at Raleigh, NC, there were differences in chemical composition associated with the high-oleic trait, including differences in oil content, tocopherols, and carbohydrates in addition to the expected differences in fatty acid contents. There were small decreases in the intensities of the sensory attributes cardboard and painty associated with the high-oleic trait in the MQHRU data when all high-oleic lines were compared with all normal-oleic lines. Comparison of the near-isogenic pair NC 7 and N00090ol showed differences in oil and glucose contents, but not in sensory attributes. The high-oleic trait does not appear to have a major impact on sensory quality on average, although there were individual instances in which the trait was associated with shifts in sensory attribute intensities that may be perceptible to consumers. Keywords: Arachis hypogaea L.; flavor; fatty acids; chemical composition DA - 2006/3/8/ PY - 2006/3/8/ DO - 10.1021/jf052353t VL - 54 IS - 5 SP - 1759-1763 SN - 1520-5118 KW - Arachis hypogaea L. KW - flavor KW - fatty acids KW - chemical composition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing green coffee for ochratoxin A, part III: Performance of ochratoxin A sampling plan AU - Vargas, E. A. AU - Whitaker, T. B. AU - Santos, E. A. AU - Slate, A. B. AU - Lima, F. B. AU - Franca, R. C. A. T2 - Journal of AOAC International DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 89 IS - 4 SP - 1021-1026 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sampling hazelnuts for aflatoxin: Uncertainty associated with sampling, sample preparation, and analysis AU - Ozay, G. AU - Seyhan, F. AU - Yilmaz, A. AU - Whitaker, T. B. AU - Slate, A. B. AU - Giesbrecht, F. T2 - Journal of AOAC International DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 89 IS - 4 SP - 1004-1011 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sampling almonds for aflatoxin, part I: Estimation of uncertainty associated with sampling, sample preparation, and analysis AU - Whitaker, T. B. AU - Slate, A. B. AU - Jacobs, M. AU - Hurley, J. M. AU - Adams, J. C. AU - Giesbrecht, F. C. T2 - Journal of AOAC International DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 89 IS - 4 SP - 1027-1034 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Responses of soil microbial biomass and N availability to transition strategies from conventional to organic farming systems AU - Tu, C AU - Louws, FJ AU - Creamer, NG AU - Mueller, JP AU - Brownie, C AU - Fager, K AU - Bell, M AU - Hu, SJ T2 - AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT AB - Abstract Organic farming can enhance soil biodiversity, alleviate environmental concerns and improve food safety through eliminating the applications of synthetic chemicals. However, yield reduction due to nutrient limitation and pest incidence in the early stages of transition from conventional to organic systems is a major concern for organic farmers, and is thus a barrier to implementing the practice of organic farming. Therefore, identifying transition strategies that minimize yield loss is critical for facilitating the implementation of organic practices. Soil microorganisms play a dominant role in nutrient cycling and pest control in organic farming systems, and their responses to changes in soil management practices may critically impact crop growth and yield. Here we examined soil microbial biomass and N supply in response to several strategies for transitioning from conventional to organic farming systems in a long-term field experiment in Goldsboro, NC, USA. The transitional strategies included one fully organic strategy (ORG) and four reduced-input strategies (withdrawal of each or gradual reduction of major conventional inputs—synthetic fertilizers, pesticides (insecticides/fungicides), and herbicides), with a conventional practice (CNV) serving as a control. Microbial biomass and respiration rate were more sensitive to changes in soil management practices than total C and N. In the first 2 years, the ORG was most effective in enhancing soil microbial biomass C and N among the transition strategies, but was accompanied with high yield losses. By the third year, soil microbial biomass C and N in the reduced-input transition strategies were statistically significantly greater than those in the CNV (averaging 32 and 35% higher, respectively), although they were slightly lower than those in the ORG (averaging 13 and 17% lower, respectively). Soil microbial respiration rate and net N mineralization in all transitional systems were statistically significantly higher than those in the CNV (averagely 83 and 66% greater, respectively), with no differences among the various transition strategies. These findings suggest that the transitional strategies that partially or gradually reduce conventional inputs can serve as alternatives that could potentially minimize economic hardships as well as benefit microbial growth during the early stages of transition to organic farming systems. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013 VL - 113 IS - 1-4 SP - 206-215 SN - 1873-2305 KW - conventional farming system KW - microbial biomass KW - nitrogen supply KW - organic farming system KW - reduced-input transition strategy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of nine high-yielding tropical by temperate maize germplasm lines adapted for the southern USA AU - Carson, M. L. AU - Balint-Kurti, P. J. AU - Blanco, M. AU - Millard, M. AU - Duvick, S. AU - Holley, R. AU - Hudyncia, J. AU - Goodman, M. M. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 4 p. 1825-1826 Registrations of Germplasm Registration of Nine High-Yielding Tropical by Temperate Maize Germplasm Lines Adapted for the Southern USA M.L. Carson, M.L. Carson USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108Search for more papers by this authorP.J. Balint-Kurti, Corresponding Author P.J. Balint-Kurti peter_balintkurti@ncsu.edu USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Dep. of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Corresponding author (peter_balintkurti@ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM. Blanco, M. Blanco USDA-ARS, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorM. Millard, M. Millard USDA-ARS, North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorS. Duvick, S. Duvick USDA-ARS, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorR. Holley, R. Holley Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Henderson, KY, 42420 Pioneer Hi-bred, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, RR1, Box 90a, Princeton, IN, 47670Search for more papers by this authorJ. Hudyncia, J. Hudyncia USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Dep. of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorM.M. Goodman, M.M. Goodman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author M.L. Carson, M.L. Carson USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108Search for more papers by this authorP.J. Balint-Kurti, Corresponding Author P.J. Balint-Kurti peter_balintkurti@ncsu.edu USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Dep. of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Corresponding author (peter_balintkurti@ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM. Blanco, M. Blanco USDA-ARS, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorM. Millard, M. Millard USDA-ARS, North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorS. Duvick, S. Duvick USDA-ARS, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorR. Holley, R. Holley Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Henderson, KY, 42420 Pioneer Hi-bred, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, RR1, Box 90a, Princeton, IN, 47670Search for more papers by this authorJ. Hudyncia, J. Hudyncia USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Dep. of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorM.M. Goodman, M.M. Goodman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.08-0283Citations: 8 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume46, Issue4July–August 2006Pages 1825-1826 RelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.08-0283 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1825-1826 SN - 1435-0653 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.08-0283 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true{\&}db=agr{\&}AN=IND43883443{\&}site=ehost-live{\&}scope=site ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 20 GEM maize breeding germplasm lines adapted to the southern USA AU - Balint-Kurti, PJ AU - Blanco, M AU - Millard, M AU - Duvick, S AU - Holland, J AU - Clements, M AU - Holley, R AU - Carson, ML AU - Goodman, MM T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 2 p. 996-998 Registrations of Germplasm Registration of 20 GEM Maize Breeding Germplasm Lines Adapted to the Southern USA P.J. Balint-Kurti, Corresponding Author P.J. Balint-Kurti [email protected] USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 27695-7616Author for correspondence ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorM. Blanco, M. Blanco USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorM. Millard, M. Millard North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NC7), USDA-ARS & Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorS. Duvick, S. Duvick USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorJ. Holland, J. Holland USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorM. Clements, M. Clements USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this authorR. Holley, R. Holley Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Henderson, KY, 42420Search for more papers by this authorM.L. Carson, M.L. Carson USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108Search for more papers by this authorM.M. Goodman, M.M. Goodman Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 Pioneer Hibred, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, RR1, Box 90a, Princeton, IN, 47670Search for more papers by this author P.J. Balint-Kurti, Corresponding Author P.J. Balint-Kurti [email protected] USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 27695-7616Author for correspondence ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorM. Blanco, M. Blanco USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorM. Millard, M. Millard North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NC7), USDA-ARS & Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorS. Duvick, S. Duvick USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorJ. Holland, J. Holland USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorM. Clements, M. Clements USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this authorR. Holley, R. Holley Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Henderson, KY, 42420Search for more papers by this authorM.L. Carson, M.L. Carson USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108Search for more papers by this authorM.M. Goodman, M.M. Goodman Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 Pioneer Hibred, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, RR1, Box 90a, Princeton, IN, 47670Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.04-0013Citations: 24 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume46, Issue2March–April 2006Pages 996-998 RelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.04-0013 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 996-998 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quality assured measurements of animal building emissions: Gas concentrations AU - Heber, Albert J. AU - Ni, Ji-Qin AU - Lim, Teng T. AU - Tao, Pei-Chun AU - Schmidt, Amy M. AU - Koziel, Jacek A. AU - Beasley, David B. AU - Hoff, Steven J. AU - Nicolai, Richard E. AU - Jacobson, Larry D. AU - Zhang, Yuanhui T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION AB - Comprehensive field studies were initiated in 2002 to measure emissions of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), particulate matter <10 microm in diameter, and total suspended particulate from swine and poultry production buildings in the United States. This paper focuses on the quasicontinuous gas concentration measurement at multiple locations among paired barns in seven states. Documented principles, used in air pollution monitoring at industrial sources, were applied in developing quality assurance (QA) project plans for these studies. Air was sampled from multiple locations with each gas analyzed with one high quality commercial gas analyzer that was located in an environmentally controlled on-farm instrument shelter. A nominal 4 L/min gas sampling system was designed and constructed with Teflon wetted surfaces, bypass pumping, and sample line flow and pressure sensors. Three-way solenoids were used to automatically switch between multiple gas sampling lines with > or =10 min sampling intervals. Inside and outside gas sampling probes were between 10 and 115 m away from the analyzers. Analyzers used chemiluminescence, fluorescence, photoacoustic infrared, and photoionization detectors for NH3, H2S, CO2, CH4, and NMHC, respectively. Data were collected using personal computer-based data acquisition hardware and software. This paper discusses the methodology of gas concentration measurements and the unique challenges that livestock barns pose for achieving desired accuracy and precision, data representativeness, comparability and completeness, and instrument calibration and maintenance. DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1080/10473289.2006.10465680 VL - 56 IS - 10 SP - 1472-1483 SN - 2162-2906 ER - TY - JOUR TI - QTL mapping for fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination resistance in two maize populations AU - Robertson-Hoyt, L. A. AU - Jines, M. P. AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter AU - Kleinschmidt, C. E. AU - White, D. G. AU - Payne, G. A. AU - Maragos, C. M. AU - Molnar, T. L. AU - Holland, J. B. T2 - Crop Science DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci205.12-0450 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1734–1743 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrologic and water quality effects of thinning loblolly pine AU - Grace, J. M. AU - Skaggs, R. W. AU - Chescheir, G. M. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Forest operations such as harvesting, thinning, and site preparation can affect the hydrologic behavior ofwatersheds on poorly drained soils. The influence of these operations conducted on organic soil sites can be more pronouncedthan on mineral soil sites due to the differences in bulk density and soil moisture relationships that exist between mineral andorganic soils. This article reports the results of a study to evaluate the effect of thinning on the hydrology and water qualityof an artificially drained pine plantation watershed on organic soils in eastern North Carolina. Outflow, water table depth,and water quality were monitored over a 3-year study period from paired 40 ha and 16 ha 15-year-old loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) plantations located in Washington County near Plymouth, North Carolina. Thinning increased daily outflow andpeak flow rates based on a paired-watershed study design. Mean daily outflow doubled and peak flow rates increased 40%on the thinned watershed in relation to the control. Treatment effects were also observed on nutrient loads following thethinning operation. Phosphorous, TKN, and TSS loads increased following thinning, while nitrate-nitrogen loads decreasedfollowing thinning. These differences in hydrologic behavior are primarily attributed to the reduction in evapotranspiration that resulted from thinning. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.13031/2013.20484 VL - 49 IS - 3 SP - 645-654 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of CALPUFF and ISCST3 models for predicting downwind odor and source emission rates AU - Wang, Lingjuan AU - Parker, David B. AU - Parnell, Calvin B. AU - Lacey, Ronald E. AU - Shaw, Bryan W. T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - CALPUFF model and ISCST3 Gaussian dispersion models were evaluated for predicting downwind odor concentrations and back-calculating area source odor emission rates. The comparison between the predicted and field-sampled downwind concentrations indicates that the CALPUFF model could fairly well predict average downwind odor concentrations. However, ISCST3 tended to under predict downwind odor concentrations as compared to the measured concentrations. Both the CALPUFF and ISCST3 models failed to predict peak odor concentrations using the constant average emission rate. Odor emission rates obtained by back-calculating fluxes using CALPUFF and ISC models with the same field measurements of downwind odor concentrations are significantly different. It indicates that back-calculated emission rates are model specific. The modeled emission rates tended to be higher than flux chamber source sampling results. The flux chamber protocol may under-estimate odor emission rates. DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.043 VL - 40 IS - 25 SP - 4663-4669 SN - 1873-2844 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33745924435&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - odor modeling KW - CALPUFF KW - ISCST3 KW - odor emission rate KW - odor flux ER - TY - JOUR TI - A theoretical approach for predicting number of turns and cyclone pressure drop AU - Wang, L. AU - Parnell, C.B. AU - Shaw, B.W. AU - Lacey, R.E. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - A new theoretical method for computing travel distance, number of turns, and cyclone pressure drop has been developed and is presented in this article. The flow pattern and cyclone dimensions determine the travel distance in a cyclone. The effective number of turns was calculated based on the travel distance. Cyclone pressure drop is composed of five pressure loss components. The frictional pressure loss is the primary pressure loss in a cyclone. This new theoretical analysis of cyclone pressure drop for 1D2D, 2D2D, and 1D3D cyclones was tested against measured data at different inlet velocities and gave excellent agreement. The results show that cyclone pressure drop varies with the inlet velocity, but not with cyclone diameter. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.13031/2013.20404 VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - 491-503 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33646836825&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface structure and anatomical aspects of Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata; Pteridaceae) AU - Bondada, Bhaskar AU - Tu, Cong AU - Ma, Lena T2 - BRITTONIA DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1663/0007-196X(2006)58[217:SSAAAO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 217-228 SN - 1938-436X KW - Pinnae KW - Pteris vittata KW - paraphyses KW - scanning electron microscopy KW - sori KW - sporangia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Riparian buffer width and nitrate removat in a tagoon-effluent irrigated agricutturat area AU - Smith, T. A. AU - Osmond, D. L. AU - Gilliam, J. W. T2 - Journal of Soil & Water Conservation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 61 IS - 5 SP - 273-281 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring ammonia concentrations and emissions from agricultural land and liquid surfaces: A review AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Westerman, Philip W. AU - Arogo, Jactone T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Aerial ammonia concentrations (C g) are measured using acid scrubbers, filter packs, denuders, or optical methods. Using C g and wind speed or airflow rate, ammonia emission rate or flux can be directly estimated using enclosures or micrometeorological methods. Using nitrogen (N) recovery is not recommended, mainly because the different gaseous N components cannot be separated. Although low cost and replicable, chambers modify environmental conditions and are suitable only for comparing treatments. Wind tunnels do not modify environmental conditions as much as chambers, but they may not be appropriate for determining ammonia fluxes; however, they can be used to compare emissions and test models. Larger wind tunnels that also simulate natural wind profiles may be more useful for comparing treatments than micrometeorological methods because the latter require larger plots and are, thus, difficult to replicate. For determining absolute ammonia flux, the micrometeorological methods are the most suitable because they are nonintrusive. For use with micrometeorological methods, both the passive denuders and optical methods give comparable accuracies, although the latter give real-time C g but at a higher cost. The passive denuder is wind weighted and also costs less than forced-air C g measurement methods, but it requires calibration. When ammonia contamination during sample preparation and handling is a concern and separating the gas-phase ammonia and aerosol ammonium is not required, the scrubber is preferred over the passive denuder. The photothermal interferometer, because of its low detection limit and robustness, may hold potential for use in agriculture, but it requires evaluation. With its simpler theoretical basis and fewer restrictions, the integrated horizontal flux (IHF) method is preferable over other micrometeorological methods, particularly for lagoons, where berms and land-lagoon boundaries modify wind flow and flux gradients. With uniform wind flow, the ZINST method requiring measurement at one predetermined height may perform comparably to the IHF method but at a lower cost. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.1080/10473289.2006.10464512 VL - 56 IS - 7 SP - 945-960 SN - 2162-2906 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and application of a bioindicator for benthic habitat enhancement in the North Carolina Piedmont AU - Tullos, Desiree D. AU - Penrose, David L. AU - Jennings, Gregory D. T2 - ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AB - This paper describes the development, application, and evaluation of a method for assessing the effectiveness of stream restoration activities in enhancing four lotic habitats based on the presence of habitat specialists. Three genera were identified as specialists for indicators of the enhancement of woody debris, coarse bed substrate, fine roots, and leaf pack habitats. These indicator genera were determined for each habitat type through indicator species analysis, extensive literature review, and consultation with local experts and a statewide distribution database. Water quality influences were isolated by excluding taxa with low tolerance to degraded water quality conditions. The difference in the presence of indicator genera between pairs of upstream-restored reaches was used to evaluate the success of the restoration activities in re-establishing benthic habitats. Application of this methodology to 27 paired reaches in the North Carolina Piedmont indicated that no change in specialists was the most frequent result of restoration, particularly for the woody debris habitats, when each habitat was examined individually. By combining the habitats into a composite score, a distinction by land use emerged, with habitats in urban areas indicating the greatest enhancement, while presence of the indicator genera at the agricultural and rural sites showed no clear trend of improvement or degradation in response to the restoration activities. When this composite IG metric was compared to the EPT taxa richness metric and RBP scores, the dependency of the EPT taxa richness metric on upstream conditions and the improvement in discriminatory ability over the RBP score suggest that this indicator genera (IG) metric provides a distinct signal for representing the biological perspective on the enhancement of benthic habitats by stream restoration activities. While further development of the methodology is desirable, this framework introduces a valuable alternative for evaluating benthic habitat enhancement in various hydrogeographic and land use conditions, and is constructive for guiding restoration designs to maximize biotic integrity. DA - 2006/10/2/ PY - 2006/10/2/ DO - 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.03.001 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 228-241 SN - 1872-6992 KW - benthic macroinvertebrate KW - habitat enhancement KW - indicator species KW - stream restoration KW - reference condition KW - bioassessment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of measured total suspended particulate matter concentrations using tapered element oscillating microbalance and a total suspended particulate sampler AU - Jerez, SB AU - Zhang, YH AU - McClure, JW AU - Jacobson, L AU - Heber, A AU - Hoff, S AU - Koziel, J AU - Beasley, D T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION AB - A comparison of the concentration of the total suspended particulate (TSP) matter measured by the tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) monitor and the isokinetic TSP samplers developed at the University of Illinois was carried out in several types of confinement livestock buildings. In a majority of the measurements done, the dust concentration measured by the TEOM monitor was lower than the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) isokinetic TSP sampler; the TEOM monitor tended to underestimate the total dust concentration by as much as 54%. The difference in measurements can be attributed to the sampling efficiency of the TEOM monitor sampling head and the loss of some semivolatile compounds and particle-bound water because of heating of the TEOM monitor sampling stream to 50 degrees C. Although several articles in the literature supported the latter argument, this study did not investigate the effect of heating the sampling stream or the effect of moisture on the relative difference in dust concentration measurements. The model that best describes the relationship between the two methods was site specific, that is, the linear regression model was applicable only to four of the sites monitored. The measured total dust concentration in livestock buildings range from approximately 300 to 4000 microg/m3; a higher correlation coefficient between TEOM-TSP and UIUC-TSP monitors was obtained in swine facilities than those obtained in a laying facility. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1080/10473289.2006.10464460 VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - 261-270 SN - 1047-3289 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design of a sampling plan to detect ochratoxin A in green coffee AU - Vargas, EA AU - Whitaker, TB AU - Dos Santos, EA AU - Slate, AB AU - Lima, FB AU - Franca, RCA T2 - FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT AB - The establishment of maximum limits for ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee by importing countries requires that coffee-producing countries develop scientifically based sampling plans to assess OTA contents in lots of green coffee before coffee enters the market thus reducing consumer exposure to OTA, minimizing the number of lots rejected, and reducing financial loss for producing countries. A study was carried out to design an official sampling plan to determine OTA in green coffee produced in Brazil. Twenty-five lots of green coffee (type 7 – approximately 160 defects) were sampled according to an experimental protocol where 16 test samples were taken from each lot (total of 16 kg) resulting in a total of 800 OTA analyses. The total, sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variances were 10.75 (CV = 65.6%), 7.80 (CV = 55.8%), 2.84 (CV = 33.7%), and 0.11 (CV = 6.6%), respectively, assuming a regulatory limit of 5 µg kg−1 OTA and using a 1 kg sample, Romer RAS mill, 25 g sub-samples, and high performance liquid chromatography. The observed OTA distribution among the 16 OTA sample results was compared to several theoretical distributions. The 2 parameter-log normal distribution was selected to model OTA test results for green coffee as it gave the best fit across all 25 lot distributions. Specific computer software was developed using the variance and distribution information to predict the probability of accepting or rejecting coffee lots at specific OTA concentrations. The acceptation probability was used to compute an operating characteristic (OC) curve specific to a sampling plan design. The OC curve was used to predict the rejection of good lots (sellers’ or exporters’ risk) and the acceptance of bad lots (buyers’ or importers’ risk). DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1080/02652030500258656 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 62-72 SN - 1944-0057 KW - ochratoxin A KW - green coffee KW - sampling plan KW - uncertainty ER - TY - JOUR TI - VIS/NIR spectroscopy spots adulterated crabmeat AU - Fischer, AL T2 - PHOTONICS SPECTRA AB - Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VIS/NIR) has been used to detect economic adulteration of crab meat samples. Atlantic blue and blue swimmer crab meat samples were adulterated with surimi-based imitation crab meat in 10% increments. Waveform evaluation revealed that the main features seen in the spectral data arise from water absorptions with a decrease in sample absorbance with increasing adulteration level. Prediction and quantitative analysis was done using raw data, a 15-point smoothing average, a first derivative, a second derivative, and 150 wavelength spectral data gathered from a correlogram. Regression analysis included partial least squares (PLS) and principal component analysis (PCR). Both models were able to perform similarly in predicting crab meat adulteration. The best model for both PLS and PCR used the first derivative spectral data gathered from the correlogram, with a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.252 and 0.244, respectively. The results suggest that VIS/NIR technology can be successfully used to detect adulteration in crab meat samples adulterated with surimi-based imitation crab meat. Keywords: Adulteration; VIS/NIR spectroscopy; crab meat; PLS; PCR DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1021/jf051636i VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 118-118 SN - 0731-1230 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Screening of thermophilic anaerobic bacteria for solid substrate cultivation on lignocellulosic substrates AU - Chinn, MS AU - Nokes, SE AU - Strobel, HJ T2 - BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AB - Interest in solid substrate cultivation (SSC) techniques is gaining for biochemical production from renewable resources; however, heat and mass transfer problems may limit application of this technique. The use of anaerobic thermophiles in SSC offers a unique solution to overcoming these challenges. The production potential of nine thermophilic anaerobic bacteria was examined on corn stover, sugar cane bagasse, paper pulp sludge, and wheat bran in submerged liquid cultivation (SmC) and SSC. Production of acetate, ethanol, and lactate was measured over a 10 day period, and total product concentrations were used to compare the performance of different organism-substrate combinations using the two cultivation methods. Overall microbial activity in SmC and SSC was dependent on the organism and growth substrate. Clostridium thermocellum strains JW20, LQRI, and 27405 performed significantly better in SSC when grown on sugar cane bagasse and paper pulp sludge, producing at least 70 and 170 mM of total products, respectively. Growth of C. thermocellum strains in SSC on paper pulp sludge proved to be most favorable, generating at least twice the concentration of total products produced in SmC (p-value < 0.05). Clostridium thermolacticum TC21 demonstrated growth on all substrates producing 30-80 and 60-116 mM of total product in SmC and SSC, respectively. Bacterial species with optimal growth temperatures of 70 degrees C grew best on wheat bran in SmC, producing total product concentrations of 45-75 mM. For some of the organism-substrate combinations total end product concentrations in SSC exceeded those in SmC, indicating that SSC may be a promising alternative for microbial activity and value-added biochemical production. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1021/bp050163x VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 53-59 SN - 1520-6033 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrologic models for altered landscapes AU - Vepraskas, MJ AU - Huffman, RL AU - Kreiser, GS T2 - GEODERMA AB - Understanding the hydrology of soils that have been drained is necessary for wetland restoration and in determining whether redoximorphic features are relicts of a former hydrologic regime. This study shows how two kinds of hydrologic models can be used to estimate the quantities of ground water entering a site, as well as compute long-term (40 years) records of water table fluctuations. A water budget was computed for a Carolina Bay wetland that had been drained for agriculture but was being restored to a wetland. Precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, surface outflow, and water stored in the soil were evaluated for a 13-min period to determine the amount of ground water entering the bay. A water table simulation model (DRAINMOD) was used at an additional site in NC to compute 40-year records of hourly water table fluctuations along a soil toposequence. The data were then related to percentages of redox depletions having chromas of 2 or less. The water budget showed that ground water comprised 35% of the total water input into the bay, indicating the site was functioning as a discharge area. Water table hydrographs were used to confirm the ground water inflow estimates as well as the estimate of potential evapotranspiration. The 40-year record of water table data obtained from DRAINMOD was summarized as the average number of times the soils at a given depth was saturated for 21 continuous days or longer. Historic rainfall data were selected from an area having the same rainfall distribution as found at the experimental site. The relationship between number of saturation events and percentage of redoximorphic features showed that some features were forming in soil horizons that saturated only four times within a 10-year period. These were not considered to be relict features because they formed during infrequent saturation events. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.03.010 VL - 131 IS - 3-4 SP - 287-298 SN - 1872-6259 KW - redoximorphic features KW - catena KW - Carolina Bay KW - wetlands KW - hydric soils ER - TY - JOUR TI - Joint antenna selection and link adaptation for MIMO systems AU - Zhou, Q AU - Dai, HY T2 - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY AB - Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, with multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver, are anticipated to be widely employed in future wireless networks due to their predicted tremendous system capacity. To protect the transmitted data against random channel impairment, it is desirable to consider link adaptation, such as rate adaptation and power control, to improve the system performance and guarantee certain quality of service. Based on the observation that link adaptation and antenna selection problems are often coupled, we propose a joint antenna subset selection and link adaptation study for MIMO systems. After the formulation of the multidimensional joint optimization problem, the main contribution of this paper lies in the design of efficient algorithms approaching the optimal solution for both uncorrelated and correlated MIMO channels. Specifically, we propose one simplified antenna selection and link adaptation rule based on the expected optimal number of active antennas for uncorrelated MIMO with Rayleigh fading and one for correlated MIMO channels only based on the slowly varying channel correlation information. Our proposed algorithms are verified through numerical results, demonstrating significant gains over traditional MIMO signaling, while feasible for practical implementation. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1109/TVT.2005.861211 VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - 243-255 SN - 1939-9359 KW - Cholesky decomposition KW - multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems KW - QR decomposition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a pressure walkway system for measurement of vertical limb forces in clinically normal dogs AU - Lascelles, BDX AU - Roe, SC AU - Smith, E AU - Reynolds, L AU - Markham, J AU - Marcellin-Little, D AU - Bergh, MS AU - Budsberg, SC T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To compare ground reaction forces (GRFs) measured by use of a pressure-sensitive walk-way (PSW) and a force plate (FP) and evaluate weekly variation in the GRFs and static vertical forces in dogs.34 clinically normal dogs and 5 research dogs with lameness.GRF data were collected from 5 lame and 14 clinically normal dogs by use of an FP and a PSW. Peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), and velocity measurements (determined by use of photocells and PSW data) were compared between groups. Peak vertical force, VI, stride length, ground phase time (ie, contact time), and static body weight distribution data were collected on 2 occasions, 1 week apart, in 20 different clinically normal dogs by use of a PSW; week-to-week variation in values was evaluated.Measurements of velocity derived by use of the photocells were not different from those derived by use of the PSW. For any 1 limb, values derived by use of the PSW were significantly lower than values derived with the FP. For values obtained by use of either technique, there were no differences between left and right limbs except for values of PVF measured via PSW in forelimbs. Values of PVF, VI, contact time, stride length, and static weight distribution generated by the PSW did not vary from week to week.Values for GRFs varied between the FP and PSW. However, data derived by use of PSW were consistent and could be used to evaluate kinetic variables over time in the same dog. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.67.2.277 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 277-282 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting aflatoxin and fumonisin in shelled corn lots sing poor-quality grade components AU - Johansson, A. S. AU - Whitaker, T. B. AU - Hagler, W. M. AU - Bowman, D. T. AU - Slate, A. B. AU - Payne, G. T2 - Journal of AOAC International DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 89 IS - 2 SP - 433-440 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Median sternotomy closure in dogs: A mechanical comparison of technique stability AU - Davis, KM AU - Roe, SC AU - Mathews, KG AU - Mente, PL T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To evaluate the mechanical properties of canine median sternotomy closure using double-loop cerclage compared with other commonly used cerclage sternotomy closure patterns.Experimental study.Forty canine cadaveric sternal segments.Median sternotomy-wire constructs were loaded to failure in a materials testing machine. Each construct was radiographed before and after testing. Specific wire configurations tested were: 2 single twist cerclage centered on the sternebrae, single twist figure of 8 pattern centered on the sternal synchondrosis, double twist figure of 8 pattern centered on the sternal synchondrosis, 2 double-loop cerclage centered on the sternebrae, and 1 double-loop cerclage centered on the sternal synchondrosis. Wire configurations were compared by craniocaudal translation of sternabrae on pre-test radiographs, and displacement during loading, and mode of failure, based on analysis of test video, and post-test radiographs.Double-loop cerclage did not provide superior mechanical stabilization of median sternotomy. Both figure of 8 patterns had the least displacement at higher loads. Two single twists that were centered on sternebrae were least able to prevent displacement at higher loads, caused the most craniocaudal translation before testing, and fractured more often at loads < or = 200 N compared with other configurations.Sternal wiring techniques stabilizing sternal synchondroses had the least displacement. Overall, figure of 8 cerclage appeared most suitable because they minimized displacement at high loads and facilitated accurate reduction during tensioning.In closing canine sternotomy, figure of 8 cerclage may be most suitable. Double-loop cerclage centered on the sternal synchondrosis should be avoided because of wire failure at high loads. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00143.x VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 271-277 SN - 0161-3499 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emissions of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor before, during, and after slurry removal from a deep-pit swine finisher AU - Hoff, SJ AU - Bundy, DS AU - Nelson, MA AU - Zelle, BC AU - Jacobson, LD AU - Heber, AJ AU - Ni, JQ AU - Zhang, YH AU - Koziel, JA AU - Beasley, DB T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION AB - It is a common practice in the midwestern United States to raise swine in buildings with under-floor slurry storage systems designed to store manure for up to one year. These so-called "deep-pit" systems are a concentrated source for the emissions of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and odors. As part of a larger six-state research effort (U.S. Department of Agriculture-Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems Project, "Aerial Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings"), realtime NH3 and H2S with incremental odor emission data were collected for two annual slurry removal events. For this study, two 1000-head deep-pit swine finishing facilities in central Iowa were monitored with one-year storage of slurry maintained in a 2.4 m-deep concrete pit (or holding tank) below the animal-occupied zone. Results show that the H2S emission, measured during four independent slurry removal events over two years, increased by an average of 61.9 times relative to the before-removal H2S emission levels. This increase persisted during the agitation process of the slurry that on average occurred over an 8-hr time period. At the conclusion of slurry agitation, the H2S emission decreased by an average of 10.4 times the before-removal emission level. NH3 emission during agitation increased by an average of 4.6 times the before-removal emission level and increased by an average of 1.5 times the before-removal emission level after slurry removal was completed. Odor emission increased by a factor of 3.4 times the before-removal odor emission level and decreased after the slurry-removal event by a factor of 5.6 times the before-removal emission level. The results indicate that maintaining an adequate barn ventilation rate regardless of animal comfort demand is essential to keeping gas levels inside the barn below hazardous levels. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1080/10473289.2006.10464472 VL - 56 IS - 5 SP - 581-590 SN - 1047-3289 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mycorrhizal mediation of plant N acquisition and residue decomposition: Impact of mineral N inputs AU - Tu, C AU - Booker, FL AU - Watson, DM AU - Chen, X AU - Rufty, TW AU - Shi, W AU - Hu, SJ T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Mycorrhizas are ubiquitous plant–fungus mutualists in terrestrial ecosystems and play important roles in plant resource capture and nutrient cycling. Sporadic evidence suggests that anthropogenic nitrogen (N) input may impact the development and the functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, potentially altering host plant growth and soil carbon (C) dynamics. In this study, we examined how mineral N inputs affected mycorrhizal mediation of plant N acquisition and residue decomposition in a microcosm system. Each microcosm unit was separated into HOST and TEST compartments by a replaceable mesh screen that either prevented or allowed AM fungal hyphae but not plant roots to grow into the TEST compartments. Wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) was planted in the HOST compartments that had been inoculated with either a single species of AM fungus, Glomus etunicatum , or a mixture of AM fungi including G. etunicatum . Mycorrhizal contributions to plant N acquisition and residue decomposition were directly assessed by introducing a mineral 15 N tracer and 13 C‐rich residues of a C 4 plant to the TEST compartments. Results from 15 N tracer measurements showed that AM fungal hyphae directly transported N from the TEST soil to the host plant. Compared with the control with no penetration of AM fungal hyphae, AM hyphal penetration led to a 125% increase in biomass 15 N of host plants and a 20% reduction in extractable inorganic N in the TEST soil. Mineral N inputs to the HOST compartments (equivalent to 5.0 g N m −2 yr −1 ) increased oat biomass and total root length colonized by mycorrhizal fungi by 189% and 285%, respectively, as compared with the no‐N control. Mineral N inputs to the HOST plants also reduced extractable inorganic N and particulate residue C proportion by 58% and 12%, respectively, in the corresponding TEST soils as compared to the no‐N control, by stimulating AM fungal growth and activities. The species mixture of mycorrhizal fungi was more effective in facilitating N transport and residue decomposition than the single AM species. These findings indicate that low‐level mineral N inputs may significantly enhance nutrient cycling and plant resource capture in terrestrial ecosystems via stimulation of root growth, mycorrhizal functioning, and residue decomposition. The long‐term effects of these observed alterations on soil C dynamics remain to be investigated. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01149.x VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 793-803 SN - 1365-2486 KW - arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi KW - C-13 tracer KW - decomposition KW - hyphal N transport KW - mineral N inputs KW - N-15 tracer KW - particulate organic C KW - plant N acquisition KW - soil C ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of agriculture on water quality in the North Carolina Middle Coastal Plain AU - Dukes, M. D. AU - Evans, R. O. T2 - Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering AB - Water quality in the Middle Coastal Plain of North Carolina has been impacted by agriculture; however, the water quality impacts in these areas over time have not been studied in detail. The surface water quality of several streams in the Neuse River Watershed along the Middle Coastal Plain of North Carolina was monitored for approximately five years, while shallow groundwater in cropped fields and adjacent to drainage ditches was monitored for three years. Surface water samples were collected biweekly and analyzed for nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen, orthophosphate (PO4-P), total phosphate, and total suspended solids, and approximately monthly groundwater samples were collected from wells and analyzed for NO3-N. Trends relating to seasonal changes in stream water quality as a function of land use and soil type were analyzed, as well as long term changes. Generally, upstream sampling points showed low levels of all constituents. Nutrient and sediment concentrations increased along the streams draining the agricultural lands. Trends in surface water quality did not change under row crops, and NO3-N averaged 3.4–4.1mg∕L, while NH4-N averaged 0.1mg∕L. Surface water was impacted dramatically by seepage from an anaerobic swine wastewater lagoon. NO3-N and NH4-N downstream from the seepage plume averaged 1.5 and 12.7mg∕L, respectively. Directly down gradient of the lagoon, groundwater samples averaged 121mg∕L for NH4-N. Groundwater NO3-N concentrations decreased 30–76% due to a reduced zone along many of the ditches. Biomass production in the drainage ditches resulted in substantial amounts of organic nitrogen in the ditches. Surface water nitrate concentration averaged at or above the limit for new wastewater treatment plants on the Neuse River. Groundwater nitrate concentration in the shallow groundwater averaged 4.6–9.3mg∕L; however, in several locations on the farm, groundwater nitrate nitrogen concentration was elevated above the 10mg∕L U.S. Environmental Protection Agency limit for drinking water due to fertilization of crops and pastures. Hurricanes in 1999 flushed nutrients out of the soil profile in areas that were flooded along the river. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2006)132:3(250) VL - 132 IS - 3 SP - 250-262 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The genetic architecture of disease resistance in maize: A synthesis of published studies AU - Wisser, RJ AU - Balint-Kurti, PJ AU - Nelson, RJ T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Fifty publications on the mapping of maize disease resistance loci were synthesized. These papers reported the locations of 437 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for disease (dQTL), 17 resistance genes (R-genes), and 25 R-gene analogs. A set of rules was devised to enable the placement of these loci on a single consensus map, permitting analysis of the distribution of resistance loci identified across a variety of maize germplasm for a number of different diseases. The confidence intervals of the dQTL were distributed over all 10 chromosomes and covered 89% of the genetic map to which the data were anchored. Visual inspection indicated the presence of clusters of dQTL for multiple diseases. Clustering of dQTL was supported by statistical tests that took into account genome-wide variations in gene density. Several novel clusters of resistance loci were identified. Evidence was also found for the association of dQTL with maturity-related QTL. It was evident from the distinct dQTL distributions for the different diseases that certain breeding schemes may be more suitable for certain diseases. This review provides an up-to-date synthesis of reports on the locations of resistance loci in maize. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-96-0120 VL - 96 IS - 2 SP - 120-129 SN - 1943-7684 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-32144463686&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil microbial biomass and activity in organic tomato farming systems: Effects of organic inputs and straw mulching AU - Tu, C AU - Ristaino, JB AU - Hu, SJ T2 - SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Organic farming is rapidly expanding worldwide. Plant growth in organic systems greatly depends on the functions performed by soil microbes, particularly in nutrient supply. However, the linkages between soil microbes and nutrient availability in organically managed soils are not well understood. We conducted a long-term field experiment to examine microbial biomass and activity, and nutrient availability under four management regimes with different organic inputs. The experiment was initiated in 1997 by employing different practices of organic farming in a coastal sandy soil in Clinton, NC, USA. Organic practices were designed by applying organic substrates with different C and N availability, either in the presence or absence of wheat–straw mulch. The organic substrates used included composted cotton gin trash (CGT), animal manure (AM) and rye/vetch green manure (RV). A commercial synthetic fertilizer (SF) was used as a conventional control. Results obtained in both 2001 and 2002 showed that microbial biomass and microbial activity were generally higher in organically than conventionally managed soils with CGT being most effective. The CGT additions increased soil microbial biomass C and activity by 103–151% and 88–170% over a period of two years, respectively, leading to a 182–285% increase in potentially mineralizable N, compared to the SF control. Straw mulching further enhanced microbial biomass, activity, and potential N availability by 42, 64, and 30%, respectively, relative to non-mulched soils, likely via improving C and water availability for soil microbes. The findings that microbial properties and N availability for plants differed under different organic input regimes suggest the need for effective residue managements in organic tomato farming systems. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.05.002 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 247-255 SN - 1879-3428 KW - microbial biomass KW - microbial activity KW - N mineralization KW - organic mulching KW - organic farming ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sampling foods for mycotoxins AU - Whitaker, TB T2 - FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS AB - It is difficult to obtain precise and accurate estimates of the true mycotoxin concentration of a bulk lot when using a mycotoxin-sampling plan that measures the concentration in only a small portion of the bulk lot. A mycotoxin-sampling plan is defined by a mycotoxin test procedure and a defined accept/reject limit. A mycotoxin test procedure is a complicated process and generally consists of several steps: (1) a sample of a given size is taken from the lot, (2) the sample is ground (comminuted) in a mill to reduce its particle size, (3) a subsample is removed from the comminuted sample, and (4) the mycotoxin is extracted from the comminuted subsample and quantified. Even when using accepted test procedures, there is uncertainty associated with each step of the mycotoxin test procedure. Because of this variability, the true mycotoxin concentration in the lot cannot be determined with 100% certainty by measuring the mycotoxin concentration in a sample taken from the lot. The variability for each step of the mycotoxin test procedure, as measured by the variance statistic, is shown to increase with mycotoxin concentration. Sampling is usually the largest source of variability associated with the mycotoxin test procedure. Sampling variability is large because a small percentage of kernels are contaminated and the level of contamination on a single seed can be very large. Methods to reduce sampling, sample preparation and analytical variability are discussed. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1080/02652030500241587 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 50-61 SN - 0265-203X KW - mycotoxins KW - sampling KW - uncertainty ER - TY - CONF TI - Possibilities for implementation of the CANON technology for biological high strength nitrogen removal AU - Koleva, M. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Arsov, R. AU - Topalova, Y. C2 - 2006/// C3 - Proceedings of the 11th Scientific and Practical Conference Water Quality Technologies and Management in Bulgaria (Sofia, Bulgaria) DA - 2006/// SP - 141-150 ER -