TY - CONF TI - AngleNet: Leaf Angle Detection and Characterization of Maize Plants in the Field Based on Stereo Vision and Deep Convolutional Neural Network AU - Xiang, L. AU - Gai, J. AU - Bao, Y. AU - Yu, J. AU - Schnable, P.S. AU - Tang, L. T2 - 2021 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting C2 - 2021/// C3 - 2021 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/7/13/ ER - TY - ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Convolutional Neural Network-Based Method for Corn Stand Counting in the Field AU - Wang, Le AU - Xiang, Lirong AU - Tang, Lie AU - Jiang, Huanyu T2 - Sensors AB - Accurate corn stand count in the field at early season is of great interest to corn breeders and plant geneticists. However, the commonly used manual counting method is time consuming, laborious, and prone to error. Nowadays, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) tend to be a popular base for plant-image-collecting platforms. However, detecting corn stands in the field is a challenging task, primarily because of camera motion, leaf fluttering caused by wind, shadows of plants caused by direct sunlight, and the complex soil background. As for the UAV system, there are mainly two limitations for early seedling detection and counting. First, flying height cannot ensure a high resolution for small objects. It is especially difficult to detect early corn seedlings at around one week after planting, because the plants are small and difficult to differentiate from the background. Second, the battery life and payload of UAV systems cannot support long-duration online counting work. In this research project, we developed an automated, robust, and high-throughput method for corn stand counting based on color images extracted from video clips. A pipeline developed based on the YoloV3 network and Kalman filter was used to count corn seedlings online. The results demonstrate that our method is accurate and reliable for stand counting, achieving an accuracy of over 98% at growth stages V2 and V3 (vegetative stages with two and three visible collars) with an average frame rate of 47 frames per second (FPS). This pipeline can also be mounted easily on manned cart, tractor, or field robotic systems for online corn counting. DA - 2021/1/13/ PY - 2021/1/13/ DO - 10.3390/s21020507 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 507 J2 - Sensors LA - en OP - SN - 1424-8220 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020507 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using a depth camera for crop row detection and mapping for under-canopy navigation of agricultural robotic vehicle AU - Gai, Jingyao AU - Xiang, Lirong AU - Tang, Lie T2 - Computers and Electronics in Agriculture AB - Computer vision provides local environmental information for robotic navigation in crop fields. It is particularly useful for robots operating under canopies of tall plants such as corns (Zea Mays) and sorghums (Sorghum bicolor), where GPS signal is not always receivable. However, the development of under-canopy navigation systems is still an open research area. The key contribution of our work is the development of a vision-based system for under-canopy navigation using a Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera. In the system, a novel algorithm was used to detect parallel crop rows from depth images taken under crop canopies. Two critical tasks in navigation were accomplished based on the detection results: 1) generating crop field maps as occupancy grids when reliable robot localization is available (from other sources such as GPS and IMU), and 2) providing inter-row vehicle positioning data when the field map is available and the localization is not reliable. The proposed system was evaluated in field tests. The test results showed that the proposed system was able to map the crop rows with mean absolute errors (MAE) of 3.4 cm and 3.6 cm in corn and sorghum fields, respectively. It provides lateral positioning data with MAE of 5.0 cm and 4.2 cm for positioning in corn and sorghum crop rows, respectively. The potential and limitations of using ToF cameras for under-canopy navigation were discussed. DA - 2021/9// PY - 2021/9// DO - 10.1016/j.compag.2021.106301 VL - 188 SP - 106301 J2 - Computers and Electronics in Agriculture LA - en OP - SN - 0168-1699 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106301 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring Stem Diameter of Sorghum Plants in the Field Using a High-Throughput Stereo Vision System AU - Xiang, Lirong AU - Tang, Lie AU - Gai, Jingyao AU - Wang, Le T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Highlights A custom-built camera module named PhenoStereo was developed for high-throughput field-based plant phenotyping. Novel integration of strobe lights facilitated application of PhenoStereo in various environmental conditions. Image-derived stem diameters were found to have high correlations with ground truth, which outperformed any previously reported sensing approach. PhenoStereo showed promising potential to characterize a broad spectrum of plant phenotypes. Abstract. The stem diameter of sorghum plants is an important trait for evaluation of stalk strength and biomass potential, but it is a challenging sensing task to automate in the field due to the complexity of the imaging object and the environment. In recent years, stereo vision has offered a viable three-dimensional (3D) solution due to its high spatial resolution and wide selection of camera modules. However, the performance of in-field stereo imaging for plant phenotyping is adversely affected by textureless regions, occlusion of plants, variable outdoor lighting, and wind conditions. In this study, a portable stereo imaging module named PhenoStereo was developed for high-throughput field-based plant phenotyping. PhenoStereo features a self-contained embedded design, which makes it capable of capturing images at 14 stereoscopic frames per second. In addition, a set of customized strobe lights is integrated to overcome lighting variations and enable the use of high shutter speed to overcome motion blur. PhenoStereo was used to acquire a set of sorghum plant images, and an automated point cloud data processing pipeline was developed to automatically extract the stems and then quantify their diameters via an optimized 3D modeling process. The pipeline employed a mask region convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN) for detecting stalk contours and a semi-global block matching (SGBM) stereo matching algorithm for generating disparity maps. The correlation coefficient (r) between the image-derived stem diameters and the ground truth was 0.97 with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.44 mm, which outperformed any previously reported sensing approach. These results demonstrate that, with proper customization, stereo vision can be an effective sensing method for field-based plant phenotyping using high-fidelity 3D models reconstructed from stereoscopic images. Based on the results from sorghum plant stem diameter sensing, this proposed stereo sensing approach can likely be extended to characterize a broad range of plant phenotypes, such as the leaf angle and tassel shape of maize plants and the seed pods and stem nodes of soybean plants. Keywords: Field-based high-throughput phenotyping, Point cloud, Stem diameter, Stereo vision. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/trans.14156 VL - 64 IS - 6 SP - 1999-2010 LA - en OP - SN - 2151-0040 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14156 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Robotic Assay for Drought (RoAD): an automated phenotyping system for brassinosteroid and drought responses AU - Xiang, Lirong AU - Nolan, Trevor M. AU - Bao, Yin AU - Elmore, Mitch AU - Tuel, Taylor AU - Gai, Jingyao AU - Shah, Dylan AU - Wang, Ping AU - Huser, Nicole M. AU - Hurd, Ashley M. AU - McLaughlin, Sean A. AU - Howell, Stephen H. AU - Walley, Justin W. AU - Yin, Yanhai AU - Tang, Lie T2 - The Plant Journal AB - Summary Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of plant steroid hormones involved in regulating growth, development, and stress responses. Many components of the BR pathway have previously been identified and characterized. However, BR phenotyping experiments are typically performed in a low‐throughput manner, such as on Petri plates. Additionally, the BR pathway affects drought responses, but drought experiments are time consuming and difficult to control. To mitigate these issues and increase throughput, we developed the Robotic Assay for Drought (RoAD) system to perform BR and drought response experiments in soil‐grown Arabidopsis plants. RoAD is equipped with a robotic arm, a rover, a bench scale, a precisely controlled watering system, an RGB camera, and a laser profilometer. It performs daily weighing, watering, and imaging tasks and is capable of administering BR response assays by watering plants with Propiconazole (PCZ), a BR biosynthesis inhibitor. We developed image processing algorithms for both plant segmentation and phenotypic trait extraction to accurately measure traits including plant area, plant volume, leaf length, and leaf width. We then applied machine learning algorithms that utilize the extracted phenotypic parameters to identify image‐derived traits that can distinguish control, drought‐treated, and PCZ‐treated plants. We carried out PCZ and drought experiments on a set of BR mutants and Arabidopsis accessions with altered BR responses. Finally, we extended the RoAD assays to perform BR response assays using PCZ in Zea mays (maize) plants. This study establishes an automated and non‐invasive robotic imaging system as a tool to accurately measure morphological and growth‐related traits of Arabidopsis and maize plants in 3D, providing insights into the BR‐mediated control of plant growth and stress responses. DA - 2021/8/10/ PY - 2021/8/10/ DO - 10.1111/tpj.15401 VL - 107 IS - 6 SP - 1837-1853 J2 - The Plant Journal LA - en OP - SN - 0960-7412 1365-313X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15401 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Do Oyster Colonies Influence Sediment Erodibility? A Hydro-morphodynamic Characterization of Intertidal Estuarine Reefs by Way of Jet Erosion Test and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler AU - Thomas, Melody AU - Quiah, Joanna AU - Castro-Bolinaga, Celso F. AU - Massey, Grace AU - Hall, Steve AU - Stark, Nina AU - Consolvo, Samuel C2 - 2021/// C3 - Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-10), Rice, J., Liu, X., McIlroy, M., Sasanakul, I., and Xiao, M. (Eds) DA - 2021/// SP - 682-691 ER - TY - CONF TI - Can Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing Improve Bridge Scour Monitoring? AU - Hatley, Rebecca AU - Castro-Bolinaga, Celso AU - Sayde, Chadi AU - Lauffer, Matthew S. AU - Morgan, Stephen R. AU - Snead, Jerry M. C2 - 2021/// C3 - Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-10), Rice, J., Liu, X., McIlroy, M., Sasanakul, I., and Xiao, M. (Eds) DA - 2021/// SP - 1108-1115 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochar and Zeolite as Alternative Biofilter Media for Denitrification of Aquaculture Effluents AU - Paul, Diplina AU - Hall, Steven G. T2 - WATER AB - Denitrification processes are crucial in aquaculture as they convert the undesirable nitrate to safer forms of nitrogen. Conventionally, plastic media are used for the biofiltration of wastewater. However, alternative media may be as effective/better than plastic and enhance the sustainability of the system. This study evaluated biochar and zeolite as alternatives for the denitrification of aquaculture effluents. Triplicates of laboratory-scale bioreactors were fabricated to compare the denitrification efficiencies of biochar and zeolite to that of plastic. The bioreactors were fed synthetic aquaculture wastewater having nitrate loading rates of 50, 125, and 150 mg/L. Zeolite exhibited highest values of surface roughness in terms of arithmetic mean height (0.89 µm), maximum height (6.52 µm), and root-mean-square height (1.17 µm), as corroborated by surface profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that under pseudo-steady-state conditions, zeolite displayed the highest nitrate removal efficiency (maximum 95.02 ± 0.01%), which was followed by biochar and plastic (maximum 92.91 ± 0.01% and 92.57 ± 0.02%, respectively) due to its extraordinary surface roughness that provided better adhesion to the bacteria. However, by the end of the study, all the media exhibited comparable rates. Thus, both zeolite and biochar are sustainable alternatives of biomedia for nitrate removal. However, time and labor constraints must be accounted for to scale-up such bioreactors. DA - 2021/10// PY - 2021/10// DO - 10.3390/w13192703 VL - 13 IS - 19 SP - SN - 2073-4441 KW - nitrate removal KW - denitrification KW - alternative media KW - biochar KW - zeolite KW - surface profilometry KW - scanning electron microscopy ER - TY - CONF TI - Variety Trial Validation: A Framework to Incorporate on-Farm Data AU - SEBASTIAN, RAUL AU - HARDIN, ROBERT G AU - BARNES, EDWARD M AU - WARD, JASON K AU - PORTER, WESLEY M AU - PLUMBLEE, MICHAEL T AU - WANJURA, JOHN D T2 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers C2 - 2021/// C3 - 2021 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting DA - 2021/// SP - 1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Round Modules: Handling Logistics and Cover Damage, 2nd Year AU - Iqbal, Z AU - Hardin, RG AU - Wang, T AU - Ward, JK AU - Wanjura, JD C2 - 2021/1// C3 - 2021 Beltwide Cotton Conferences DA - 2021/1// SP - 4-6 UR - https://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2021/data/conferences/2021/paper/20902.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sampling plan designs for gluten estimation in oat flour by discrete and composite sampling AU - Sharma, Girdhari M. AU - Wang, Shizhen S. AU - Pereira, Marion AU - Bedford, Binaifer AU - Wehling, Paul AU - Arlinghaus, Mark AU - Warren, Josh AU - Whitaker, Thomas B. AU - Jackson, Lauren S. AU - Canida, Travis AU - Chirtel, Stuart J. T2 - FOOD CONTROL AB - Heterogeneous gluten distribution in certain food commodities, such as oat flour, warrants a sound sampling plan to reduce measurement variability and the risk associated with lot misclassification. Ten lots of oat flour, 45 kg each, with varying gluten content were produced in a pilot-scale hammer mill to evaluate various sampling plans for gluten in oat flour. Thirty-two samples from each lot were collected during milling to study the effect of discrete (individual samples taken from the lot) and composite (samples taken from a bulk sample prepared by compositing several individual samples) sampling methods. A 5 g test sample was manually taken from each of the 32 samples, extracted with a cocktail extraction buffer, and gluten content was estimated using ELISA by analyzing duplicate aliquots of the extract. The total variance (Vt) from gluten measurements was partitioned into variance between samples (Vs) and aliquots analyzed (Va). Regression analysis revealed a linear relationship between the log of all three variances and the log of gluten concentration, which can be explained by the power equation for discrete and composite sampling methods. The Vt and Vs for discrete sampling tended to be higher than those for composite sampling at a given gluten concentration. A log-normal distribution was found suitable to characterize the distribution of measured gluten in oat flour samples from a test procedure. Operating characteristic (OC) curves plotted to evaluate various sampling plans for gluten in oat flour showed reduced risk of misclassification for composite sampling, as compared to the discrete sampling method for a given sampling plan. Examples are shown for the change in OC curves depending on the sampling method, sample size, number of samples analyzed, and accept/reject limit. DA - 2021/11// PY - 2021/11// DO - 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107943 VL - 129 SP - SN - 1873-7129 KW - Gluten KW - Oat flour KW - Sampling plan KW - ELISA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fieldable Mueller matrix imaging spectropolarimeter using a hybrid spatial and temporal modulation scheme AU - Kudenov, Michael W. AU - Krafft, Danny AU - Scarboro, Clifton G. AU - Doherty, Colleen J. AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter T2 - POLARIZATION SCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING X AB - Many correlations exist between spectral reflectance and various phenotypic responses from plants. Of interest to us are structural characteristics; namely, how the various spectral and polarimetric components may correlate to underlying environmental, metabolic, and genotypic differences among plant varieties within a given species. In this paper, we overview a portable Mueller matrix imaging spectropolarimeter that has been optimized for field use. Key aspects to the design included minimizing the measurement time while maximizing signal-to-noise ratio with low systematic errors. These goals must be achieved while maintaining an imaging capability across multiple measurement wavelengths, spanning the blue to near-infrared spectral region. To this end, we will review our optimization procedure, simulations, and experimental results, including preliminary field data taken from our summer 2021 field trials. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.1117/12.2593970 VL - 11833 SP - SN - 1996-756X KW - Mueller matrix KW - polarimetry KW - imaging KW - temporal KW - spatial KW - modulation KW - plants ER - TY - JOUR TI - PERSPECTIVE: PREFERENTIAL FLOW IN RIPARIAN BUFFERS: CURRENT RESEARCH AND FUTURE NEEDS AU - Heeren, Derek M. AU - Guertault, Lucie AU - Mankin, Kyle T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE AB - Highlights Preferential flow (PF) can critically reduce riparian buffer contaminant removal efficiency. This collection presents research on PF measurement, visualization, modeling, and contaminant transport impacts. Future needs include tools to identify landscape-scale PF areas and conservation practices. Future models for research and practice should account for PF in riparian buffers. Abstract . Preferential flow in riparian buffers can substantially compromise their effectiveness in reducing contaminants from overland runoff. The objective of this article is to introduce a collection of five articles on current research into subsurface preferential flow measurement, visualization, modeling, and impacts on contaminant fate and transport at scales ranging from the subsurface pore scale to the plot scale to the watershed scale. This collection presents selected works from a broader invited session on “Preferential flow and piping in riparian buffers” at the 2020 ASABE Annual International Meeting. Major findings include: new methodologies, such as light transmission and geophysics, to characterize subsurface preferential flow; an infiltration partitioning approach to quantify preferential flow from field experiments; a kinematic dispersive wave model to effectively simulate subsurface preferential flow; and the significant impact of surface concentrated flow pathways on pesticide fate and transport both upstream and within a riparian buffer. Future work is needed to develop methods and tools to identify PF areas and management solutions within a landscape, and to update both research and design models to better quantify and account for PF processes. Keywords: Best management practice, Buffer strip, Agricultural conservation practice, Filter strip, Macropore, Nonpoint-source pollution. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/trans.14732 VL - 64 IS - 6 SP - 1907-1911 SN - 2151-0040 KW - Best management practice KW - Buffer strip KW - Agricultural conservation practice KW - Filter strip KW - Macropore KW - Nonpoint-source pollution ER - TY - JOUR TI - DRAINMOD-P: A MODEL FOR SIMULATING PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS AND TRANSPORT IN DRAINED AGRICULTURAL LANDS: II. MODEL TESTING AU - Askar, Manal H. AU - Youssef, Mohamed A. AU - Hesterberg, Dean L. AU - King, Kevin W. AU - Amoozegar, Aziz AU - Skaggs, R. Wayne AU - Chescheir, George M. AU - Ghane, Ehsan T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE AB - Highlights DRAINMOD-P was tested using a dataset from a drained field with desiccation cracks. Surface and subsurface phosphorus losses were mainly in the particulate form. Surface runoff was a major pathway for phosphorus loss in this field. The model performance in predicting edge-of-field phosphorus loss is promising. Abstract . The recently developed phosphorus (P) model DRAINMOD-P was tested using a four-year dataset from a subsurface-drained field in northwest Ohio with significant potential for desiccation cracking or preferential flow. The model satisfactorily predicted subsurface drainage discharge, with a monthly Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.59 and index of agreement (IOA) of 0.89. Lack of annual water budget closure was reported and was likely caused by uncertainty in measured surface runoff and/or modeling approaches representing macropore flow. More than 80% of predicted surface and subsurface P losses were in the particulate form. Surface runoff was the major pathway for P loss, contributing 78% of predicted total P (TP) load. On average, predicted macropore flow represented about 15% of drainage discharge and contributed 21% of DRP loss via subsurface drains. The performance of DRAINMOD-P in predicting monthly dissolved reactive P and TP losses through subsurface drains can be rated as poor (NSE = 0.33 and IOA = 0.60) and very good (NSE = 0.81 and IOA = 0.95), respectively. DRAINMOD-P demonstrated potential for simulating P fate and transport in drained cropland. More testing is needed to further examine newly incorporated hydrological and biogeochemical components of the model. Keywords: Agricultural drainage, Edge-of-field phosphorus load, Macropore flow, Phosphorus model, Sediment yield, Water quality modeling. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/trans.14510 VL - 64 IS - 6 SP - 1849-1866 SN - 2151-0040 KW - Agricultural drainage KW - Edge-of-field phosphorus load KW - Macropore flow KW - Phosphorus model KW - Sediment yield KW - Water quality modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - DRAINMOD-P: A MODEL FOR SIMULATING PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS AND TRANSPORT IN DRAINED AGRICULTURAL LANDS: I. MODEL DEVELOPMENT AU - Askar, Manal H. AU - Youssef, Mohamed A. AU - Vadas, Peter A. AU - Hesterberg, Dean L. AU - Amoozegar, Aziz AU - Chescheir, George M. AU - Skaggs, R. Wayne T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE AB - Highlights DRAINMOD-P has been developed to simulate phosphorus (P) dynamics in drained croplands. Key hydrological and biochemical processes affecting P cycling are represented in the model. The model predicts surface and subsurface P losses as affected by weather, soil, and management factors. Abstract . High phosphorus (P) loads to streams and lakes can promote harmful algae blooms and cause water quality deterioration. Recent research has identified subsurface drainage as an important pathway for the transport of dissolved P from drained croplands to receiving surface water bodies, particularly when macropore flow contributes a considerable portion of the subsurface drainage outflow. Currently, a few models are capable of simulating P dynamics in poorly drained soils with artificial drainage systems. The objective of this study was to develop DRAINMOD-P, a field-scale, process-based model that simulates P cycling and transport in drained croplands. Processes represented in the model include atmospheric deposition, organic and inorganic fertilizer applications, plant uptake, sediment-bound and dissolved P losses in both surface runoff and subsurface drainage, tillage practices, and P mineralization and immobilization. The model predicts P losses under different management practices, climatic conditions, drainage systems, and crop rotations. The model is an extension to the nitrogen model DRAINMOD-NII, with full integration of the nitrogen and P model components. DRAINMOD-P uses the recently modified hydrology component that simulates macropore flow. A soil erosion component, based on the RUSLE approach, has been incorporated into the model to estimate sediment loss and associated particulate P loss. Sediment deposition in tile drains is considered to quantify particulate P settling in the drainage system. In this article, we review the approaches used in DRAINMOD-P for simulating P-related processes. Model testing against field-measured data from a subsurface-drained field in northwest Ohio is presented in a companion article. Keywords: Best management practices, Phosphorus model, Phosphorus processes, Soil erosion, Water quality modeling. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/trans.14509 VL - 64 IS - 6 SP - 1835-1847 SN - 2151-0040 KW - Best management practices KW - Phosphorus model KW - Phosphorus processes KW - Soil erosion KW - Water quality modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING WITH COST-SENSITIVE LEARNING FOR HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREENING OF LOBLOLLY PINE (PINUS TAEDA L.) SEEDLINGS FOR FREEZE TOLERANCE AU - Lu, Yuzhen AU - Payn, Kitt G. AU - Pandey, Piyush AU - Acosta, Juan J. AU - Heine, Austin J. AU - Walker, Trevor D. AU - Young, Sierra T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE AB - Highlights A hyperspectral imaging approach was developed for freeze-tolerance phenotyping of loblolly pine seedlings. Image acquisition was conducted before and periodically after artificial freezing of the seedlings. A hyperspectral data processing pipeline was developed to extract the spectra from seedling segments. Cost-sensitive support vector machine (SVM) was used for classifying stressed and healthy seedlings. Post-freeze scanning of seedlings on day 41 achieved the highest screening accuracy of 97%. Abstract. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is a commercially important timber species planted across a wide temperature gradient in the southeastern U.S. It is critical to ensure that the planting stock is suitably adapted to the growing environment to achieve high productivity and survival. Long-term field studies, although considered the most reliable method for assessing cold hardiness of loblolly pine, are extremely resource-intensive and time-consuming. The development of a high-throughput screening tool to characterize and classify freeze tolerance among different genetic entries of seedlings will facilitate accurate deployment of highly productive and well-adapted families across the landscape. This study presents a novel approach using hyperspectral imaging to screen loblolly pine seedlings for freeze tolerance. A diverse population of 1549 seedlings raised in a nursery were subjected to an artificial mid-winter freeze using a freeze chamber. A custom-assembled hyperspectral imaging system was used for in-situ scanning of the seedlings before and periodically after the freeze event, followed by visual scoring of the frozen seedlings. A hyperspectral data processing pipeline was developed to segment individual seedlings and extract the spectral data. Examination of the spectral features of the seedlings revealed reductions in chlorophylls and water concentrations in the freeze-susceptible plants. Because the majority of seedlings were freeze-stressed, leading to severe class imbalance in the hyperspectral data, a cost-sensitive learning technique that aims to optimize a class-specific cost matrix in classification schemes was proposed for modeling the imbalanced hyperspectral data, classifying the seedlings into healthy and freeze-stressed phenotypes. Cost optimization was effective for boosting the classification accuracy compared to regular modeling that assigns equal costs to individual classes. Full-spectrum, cost-optimized support vector machine (SVM) models achieved geometric classification accuracies of 75% to 78% before and within 10 days after the freeze event, and up to 96% for seedlings 41 days after the freeze event. The top portions of seedlings were more indicative of freeze events than the middle and bottom portions, leading to better classification accuracies. Further, variable selection enabled significant reductions in wavelengths while achieving even better accuracies of up to 97% than full-spectrum SVM modeling. This study demonstrates that hyperspectral imaging can provide tree breeders with a valuable tool for improved efficiency and objectivity in the characterization and screening of freeze tolerance for loblolly pine. Keywords: Cost-sensitive learning, Freeze tolerance, Hyperspectral imaging, Plant phenotyping, Support vector machine. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/trans.14708 VL - 64 IS - 6 SP - 2045-2059 SN - 2151-0040 KW - Cost-sensitive learning KW - Freeze tolerance KW - Hyperspectral imaging KW - Plant phenotyping KW - Support vector machine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrologic Modeling of Distributed Stormwater Control Measure Retrofit and Examination of Impact of Subcatchment Discretization in PCSWMM AU - Shaneyfelt, Kathryn M. AU - Johnson, Jeffrey P. AU - Hunt, William F. T2 - JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE WATER IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AB - Modifications made to the landscape during urbanization can lead to increased stormwater runoff volumes and peak flows. Low-impact development (LID) techniques and green stormwater infrastructure are implemented to minimize the effects of urbanization on downstream environments. The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) can be used to simulate rainfall and runoff and evaluate the performance of existing or proposed urban water infrastructure. This study examined the performance of SWMM models developed using the Personal Computer Stormwater Management Model (PCSWMM) for a residential catchment before and after being retrofit with LID practices. Three preretrofit models at varying resolutions (low, middle, and high) and one postretrofit model were created and calibrated with observed stormwater outflow and rainfall data from a previous study in Wilmington, North Carolina. The LID retrofit included a bioretention cell bump-out and two permeable-pavement parking stalls. The uncalibrated low-resolution model was unsatisfactory for both runoff volume [Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) =0.49] and peak flow (NSE=−0.29) and overpredicted both with a percent bias of 65% and 70%, respectively. After calibration, the three preretrofit models all had very good agreement between observed and predicted results for runoff volume (NSE>0.95) and good agreement for peak flow (NSE>0.85). Runoff volume was still overpredicted by 23% in the middle-resolution model, but the difference in peak flows was minimal at −4%. The level of subcatchment discretization for the preretrofit models had little impact on overall model performance. Following the inclusion of LID retrofits, the postretrofit model was acceptable for event volumes (NSE=0.66) and peak flows (NSE=0.78), but overpredicted volumes by 56% and underpredicted peak flows by 10%. Using observed postretrofit data, the postretrofit model was recalibrated and greatly improved agreement between the observed and predicted data for runoff volume (NSE=0.88) while remaining acceptable for peak flow (NSE>0.78). More specifically, the calibrated postretrofit model reduced the overprediction of event volumes to 21%. These results highlight the need for observed rainfall and runoff data for both preretrofit and postretrofit calibration when modeling in SWMM. DA - 2021/8/1/ PY - 2021/8/1/ DO - 10.1061/JSWBAY.0000938 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2379-6111 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comment on "Modeling slope rainfall-infiltration-runoff process with shallow water table during complex rainfall patterns" by Wu et al. (2021) AU - Munoz-Carpena, R. AU - Lauvernet, C. AU - Carluer, N. AU - Fox, G. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY X AB - In this comment we draw attention to parametrization errors in this recently published article when comparing an existing model for soil infiltration under shallow water conditions, SWINGO, with an alternative solution and Richards benchmark solution. After correcting the errors, a new model comparison shows SWINGO ability to match the other approaches and supports the general validity of SWINGO’s simplified approach against the more complicated solutions. DA - 2021/12/1/ PY - 2021/12/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.hydroa.2021.100113 VL - 13 SP - SN - 2589-9155 KW - Soil infiltration KW - Shallow water table KW - Surface runoff KW - Soil water redistribution KW - SWINGO KW - Hydrus-1D KW - VFSMOD ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Comparison of Methods to Address Anaerobic Conditions in Rainwater Harvesting Systems AU - Gee, Kathy DeBusk AU - Schimoler, Daniel AU - Charron, Bree T. AU - Woodward, Mitch D. AU - Hunt, William F. T2 - WATER AB - Although historically used in semi-arid and arid regions, rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems have increasingly been used in non-arid and humid regions of the world to conserve potable water and mitigate stormwater runoff. Rainfall characteristics and usage patterns of stored rainwater are distinctly different in (semi-)arid and humid regions, thus presenting a unique set of challenges with respect to their utilization. Coupled with infrequent use, the addition of nitrogen and organic matter via pollen during the spring season can lead to anaerobic conditions within storage tanks, which hinders nitrogen removal, gives stored water an offensive odor, and ultimately discourages use of the water. This study evaluated three measures that can be implemented for new and existing RWH systems to prevent the development of anaerobic conditions within storage tanks: first flush diversion, simulated use, and the continuous circulation of stored water. Study findings indicate that preventing anaerobic conditions via simulated use and recirculation (1) does not necessarily remedy the issue of poor aesthetics within rainwater storage tanks, and (2) can decrease the water quality benefits provided by these systems. Rather, preventing the introduction of pollen and particulate matter to the storage tank via a first flush diverter and minimizing disturbance of settled material in the tank appear to be the most effective methods of addressing the poor aesthetics and odor problems associated with anaerobic conditions. DA - 2021/12// PY - 2021/12// DO - 10.3390/w13233419 VL - 13 IS - 23 SP - SN - 2073-4441 KW - rainwater harvesting system performance KW - water quality benefits KW - stormwater green infrastructure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Double-loop cerclage resists greater loads for more cycles than twist and single-loop cerclage AU - Butare-Smith, Lauren AU - Roe, Simon C. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To compare the mechanical performance of cerclage secured with twist, single-loop, and double-loop knots subjected to cyclic loading.In vitro biomechanical study.Twist, single-loop and double-loop cerclage configurations of 1.0 mm wire.The peak load resisted by each cerclage type was determined (n = 6). Cerclage were loaded cyclically to 80%, 60%, 40%, or 20% of its peak load (n = 8 per load level). The number of cycles until each cerclage loosened (residual tension <10 N) was recorded.All wires that failed did so by loosening. Twist cerclage cycled to 390 N and 290 N loosened within the first 10 cycles, and, when cycled to 100 N, they loosened by 250 cycles. All twist knots loosened by untwisting. Single-loop cerclage cycled to 320 N loosened within 10 cycles. At 240 N, 5 single-loop cerclage resisted 250 cycles before loosening. At 160 N, 2 of the 8 single-loop cerclage did not loosen by 100 000 cycles. When cycled to 640 N, one of the double-loop cerclage did not loosen following 500 000 cycles. When cycled to 480 N, 3 of the 8 wires did not loosen.Double-loop cerclage will be tighter and are better able to resist cycling than twist or single-loop cerclage.Use of double-loop cerclage to stabilize bone fragments or prevent fissure propagation can be expected to provide greater resistance to loosening than twist or single-loop cerclage, both initially and with repeated loading. DA - 2021/12/29/ PY - 2021/12/29/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.13756 VL - 12 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a soil test correlation and calibration database for the USA AU - Lyons, Sarah E. AU - Arthur, Dan K. AU - Slaton, Nathan A. AU - Pearce, Austin W. AU - Spargo, John T. AU - Osmond, Deanna L. AU - Kleinman, Peter J. A. T2 - AGRICULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL LETTERS AB - Abstract As part of the Fertilizer Recommendation Support Tool (FRST) project, the FRST database was developed to consolidate and preserve U.S. soil test correlation and calibration data. Legacy phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) soil test data that met a minimum requirement were included in the database. The FRST database initially included over 1,200 individual trials from a range of years, cropping systems, geographic regions, and management practices. The FRST database is being migrated from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to a relational database format housed within the USDA‐ARS Agricultural Collaborative Research Outcomes System (AgCROS) to be accessed via the online FRST decision support tool. Data will be continually added to the FRST database through an online submission form following peer review by the FRST team. The FRST database and associated decision support tool will aid researchers, extension associates, consultants, and farmers in improving fertilizer recommendations for crops across the United States. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.1002/ael2.20058 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - SN - 2471-9625 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of herbicides on germination and quality of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) seed AU - Moore, Levi D. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Boyette, Michael D. AU - Jordan, David L. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of chemical treatments applied to Palmer amaranth seeds or gynoecious plants that retain seeds to determine seed germination and quality. Treatments applied to physiologically mature Palmer amaranth seed included acifluorfen, dicamba, ethephon, flumioxazin, fomesafen, halosulfuron, linuron, metribuzin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, pyroxasulfone, S -metolachlor, saflufenacil, trifluralin, and 2,4-D plus crop oil concentrate applied at 1× and 2× the suggested use rates from the manufacturer. Germination was reduced by 20% when 2,4-D was used, 15% when dicamba was used, and 13% when halosulfuron and pyroxasulfone were used. Use of dicamba, ethephon, halosulfuron, oryzalin, trifluralin, and 2,4-D resulted in decreased seedling length by an average of at least 50%. Due to the observed effect of dicamba, ethephon, halosulfuron, oryzalin, trifluralin, and 2,4-D, these treatments were applied to gynoecious Palmer amaranth inflorescence at the 2× registered application rates to evaluate their effects on progeny seed. Dicamba use resulted in a 24% decrease in seed germination, whereas all other treatment results were similar to those of the control. Crush tests showed that seed viability was greater than 95%, thus dicamba did not have a strong effect on seed viability. No treatments applied to Palmer amaranth inflorescence affected average seedling length; therefore, chemical treatments did not affect the quality of seeds that germinated. DA - 2021/10// PY - 2021/10// DO - 10.1017/wet.2021.71 VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 786-789 SN - 1550-2740 KW - Seed viability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploratory analysis of Spirulina platensis LB 2340 growth in varied concentrations of anaerobically digested pig effluent (ADPE) AU - Baker, Matthew AU - Blackman, Sam AU - Cooper, Erin AU - Smartt, Kevin AU - Walser, David AU - Boland, Megan AU - Kolar, Praveen AU - Beck, Ashley E. AU - Chinn, Mari S. T2 - HELIYON AB - There is a significant interest in novel waste management solutions to treat wastewater from swine operations. Anaerobic digestion is a rising and prominent solution, but this technology still generates highly concentrated effluent that requires further remediation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of cultivating the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis in swine effluent for future applications in biological waste treatment and value-added fermentation. To accomplish this goal, growth of S. platensis was characterized in varying proportions of ideal, synthetic Zarrouk medium and anaerobically digested pig effluent (ADPE) to obtain growth rate models. Results yielded a positive correlation between S. platensis growth rate and Zarrouk medium proportion, with the highest growth rate in 100% Zarrouk media but comparable growth in the 50/50% Zarrouk/ADPE mixture. This study demonstrates the potential for S. platensis to further improve the treatment efficacy of anaerobic digestion systems, and the exploratory analysis also highlights that further testing is required to investigate possible carbon availability, chemical inhibition, and overall nutrient reduction in ADPE. This research contributes important data toward the feasibility of producing value-added cyanobacterial biomass while simultaneously consuming excess nutrients to aid in agricultural wastewater management efforts and generate cost-effective products in a more sustainable manner. DA - 2021/9// PY - 2021/9// DO - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08065 VL - 7 IS - 9 SP - SN - 2405-8440 KW - Spirulina KW - Cyanobacteria KW - Swine effluent KW - Anaerobic digestion KW - Biomass production ER - TY - JOUR TI - Partitioning of NH3-NH4+ in the Southeastern U.S. AU - Cheng, Bin AU - Wang-Li, Lingjuan AU - Meskhidze, Nicholas AU - Classen, John AU - Bloomfield, Peter T2 - Atmosphere AB - The formation of inorganic fine particulate matter (i.e., iPM2.5) is controlled by the thermodynamic equilibrium partitioning of NH3-NH4+. To develop effective control strategies of PM2.5, we aim to understand the impacts of changes in different precursor gases on iPM2.5 concentrations and partitioning of NH3-NH4+. To understand partitioning of NH3-NH4+ in the southeastern U.S., responses of iPM2.5 to precursor gases in four seasons were investigated using field measurements of iPM2.5, precursor gases, and meteorological conditions. The ISORROPIA II model was used to examine the effects of changes in total ammonia (gas + aerosol), total sulfuric acid (aerosol), and total nitric acid (gas + aerosol) on iPM2.5 concentrations and partitioning of NH3-NH4+. The results indicate that reduction in total H2SO4 is more effective than reduction in total HNO3 and total NH3 to reduce iPM2.5 especially under NH3-rich condition. The reduction in total H2SO4 may change partitioning of NH3-NH4+ towards gas-phase and may also lead to an increase in NO3− under NH3-rich conditions, which does not necessarily lead to full neutralization of acidic gases (pH < 7). Thus, future reduction in iPM2.5 may necessitate the coordinated reduction in both H2SO4 and HNO3 in the southeastern U.S. It is also found that the response of iPM2.5 to the change in total H2SO4 is more sensitive in summer than winter due to the dominance of SO42− salts in iPM2.5 and the high temperature in summer. The NH3 emissions from Animal Feeding Operations (AFOs) at an agricultural rural site (YRK) had great impacts on partitioning of NH3-NH4+. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model revealed a strong positive correlation between cation-NH4+ and anions-SO42− and NO3−. This research provides an insight into iPM2.5 formation mechanism for the advancement of PM2.5 control and regulation in the southeastern U.S. DA - 2021/12/15/ PY - 2021/12/15/ DO - 10.3390/atmos12121681 VL - 12 IS - 12 SP - 1681 J2 - Atmosphere LA - en OP - SN - 2073-4433 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121681 DB - Crossref KW - inorganic PM KW - (2 5) KW - precursor gas KW - thermodynamic equilibrium modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Susceptibility of Palmer amaranth accessions in North Carolina to atrazine, dicamba, S-metolachlor, and 2,4-D AU - Moore, Levi D. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Boyette, Michael D. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Mahoney, Dennis J. AU - Everman, Wesley J. AU - Cahoon, Charles W. T2 - CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AB - Core Ideas All of the 120 accessions of Palmer amaranth collected in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina were controlled by atrazine and dicamba applied at field use rates in the greenhouse. Reduced sensitivity among accessions was noted when S ‐metolachlor and 2,4‐D were applied to Palmer amaranth at field use rates in the greenhouse. Additional research is needed to determine if reduced sensitivity of Palmer amaranth to S ‐metolachlor and 2,4‐D is associated with evolved resistance. DA - 2021/11/24/ PY - 2021/11/24/ DO - 10.1002/cft2.20136 SP - SN - 2374-3832 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing copper and zinc content in forested wetland soils of North Carolina, USA AU - Kurki-Fox, J. Jack AU - Burchell, Michael R., II AU - Vepraskas, Michael J. AU - Broome, Stephen W. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT DA - 2021/12// PY - 2021/12// DO - 10.1007/s10661-021-09618-6 VL - 193 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1573-2959 KW - Wetlands KW - Soil contamination KW - Ambient monitoring KW - Background thresholds ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hazardous Spills at Retired Fertilizer Manufacturing Plants Will Continue to Occur in the Absence of Scientific Innovation and Regulatory Enforcement AU - Nelson, Natalie G. AU - Cuchiara, Maude L. AU - Hendren, Christine Ogilvie AU - Jones, Jacob L. AU - Marshall, Anna-Maria T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEViewpointNEXTHazardous Spills at Retired Fertilizer Manufacturing Plants Will Continue to Occur in the Absence of Scientific Innovation and Regulatory EnforcementNatalie G. Nelson*Natalie G. NelsonBiological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, North Carolina, United StatesCenter for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, North Carolina, United States*Phone: 919-515-6741; email: [email protected]More by Natalie G. NelsonView Biographyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3258-7622, Maude L. CuchiaraMaude L. CuchiaraMaterials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, North Carolina, United StatesMore by Maude L. Cuchiarahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8493-6620, Christine Ogilvie HendrenChristine Ogilvie HendrenResearch Institute for Environment, Energy and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone 28608-2067, North Carolina, United StatesGeological and Environmental Science, Appalachian State University, Boone 28608-2067, North Carolina, United StatesMore by Christine Ogilvie Hendrenhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9546-6545, Jacob L. JonesJacob L. JonesMaterials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, North Carolina, United StatesMore by Jacob L. Joneshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9182-0957, and Anna-Maria MarshallAnna-Maria MarshallSociology, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana 61801, United StatesMore by Anna-Maria MarshallCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 24, 16267–16269Publication Date (Web):November 29, 2021Publication History Received6 August 2021Published online29 November 2021Published inissue 21 December 2021https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c05311Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSACS AuthorChoiceCC: Creative CommonsBY: Credit must be given to the creatorArticle Views1225Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. 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Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Separation science,Wastewater,Phosphorus,Byproducts,Manufacturing Get e-Alerts DA - 2021/12/21/ PY - 2021/12/21/ DO - 10.1021/acs.est.1c05311 VL - 55 IS - 24 SP - 16267-16269 SN - 1520-5851 UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c05311 KW - phosphorus KW - phosphate KW - risk KW - phosphogypsum KW - contamination KW - policy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nth-plant supply: corn stover supplies and costs in a fleet of biorefineries AU - Langholtz, Matthew AU - Davis, Maggie AU - Eaton, Laurence AU - Hilliard, Michael AU - Brandt, Craig AU - Webb, Erin AU - Hellwinckel, Chad AU - Samu, Nicole AU - Hartley, Damon AU - Jones, Daniela T2 - BIOFUELS BIOPRODUCTS & BIOREFINING-BIOFPR AB - Abstract Feedstock cost and cost variability is expected to increase with the number of biorefineries. To quantify this effect, this spatial‐economic analysis simulates feedstock cost and cost variability of an industry based on corn stover as a function of the number of biorefineries. Results are reported for nine scenarios (a base case and sensitivity analysis of four variables – harvest efficiency, sustainability constraints, opportunity cost, and corn grain yield) under deterministic and stochastic simulations, assuming biorefineries using 658 000 Mg (725 000 tons) year −1 of corn stover in 2019. The resulting supply curves are highly elastic (i.e. little change in cost) for the first 50 of the 121 biorefineries, with price increases in subsequent biorefineries depending on scenario. In the base‐case deterministic scenario, weighted‐average stover costs are $66 Mg −1 ($60 ton −1 ), $69 Mg −1 ($62 ton −1 ), and $156 Mg −1 ($142 ton −1 ), at the first, 60th, and 121st biorefineries, respectively. The stochastic simulations, subject to observed 30‐year corn yield variability, follow a similar pattern, with price distributions that vary by scenario. The base‐case stochastic simulations illustrate minimal cost variability for the first 60 biorefineries, but rapid increases in cost variability in the second half of potential biorefineries, with similar patterns observed in the other scenarios. Of the four variables explored, price was most sensitive to harvest efficiency, followed by sustainability constraints, corn yield, and opportunity cost. Results suggest that, under conventional logistics, about half of the US corn stover resource is reliably available with minimum cost increase and variability. Interactive visualization is available at https://doi.org/10.11578/1828779 . © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd DA - 2021/11/2/ PY - 2021/11/2/ DO - 10.1002/bbb.2305 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1932-1031 KW - biomass resources KW - biomass feedstocks KW - biomass logistics KW - biomass supply risks KW - biomass depots ER - TY - JOUR TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS FROM SWINE AND POULTRY PRODUCTION HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES AU - Hu, Fei AU - Cheng, Bin AU - Wang-Li, Lingjuan T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE AB - Highlights Particulate matter (PM) data were analyzed to identify PM emission characteristics among different animal types. The PM concentrations were higher in broiler chicken and swine farrowing houses and were higher in winter. The PM emissions were also higher in broiler chicken houses and swine farrowing rooms. The PM in the layer chicken house in Indiana had narrower distributions with a greater percentage of smaller particles. Abstract . Understanding the characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emissions from animal feeding operations (AFOs) is essential to address the associated health and environmental impacts and to develop control strategies to mitigate such impacts. This article reports a study of PM concentrations and emission characteristics from 26 poultry and swine production houses to investigate the similarities and differences in PM emission characteristics, e.g., concentrations, emission rates, and particle size distribution (PSD), among different animal and housing types. Concentration and emission data for PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particulates (TSP) collected by the National Air Emission Monitoring Study (NAEMS) were used to compare the differences among different production practices and animal types. The PSDs of the PM were examined based on the PM2.5/PM10 and PM10/TSP emission rate ratios. It was discovered that the concentrations of PM varied among animal types. For poultry, the concentrations of PM were higher in broiler houses than in other poultry houses. For swine, the average concentrations of PM were higher in farrowing rooms than in swine barns. Moreover, the PM concentrations in poultry and swine houses exhibited significant seasonal trends, with higher concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer, which were in a reverse relationship with ventilation rates. The PM emissions also varied among animal types. For poultry, the PM emissions were significantly higher for poultry production houses in California. For swine, the PM emissions were significantly higher for farrowing rooms than other swine houses. The PSD of PM varied among animal types, with mass median diameters (MMD) in the ranges of 6.51 to 13.62 µm for poultry houses and 7.94 to 17.19 µm for swine houses. The geometric standard deviations (GSD) were in the ranges of 1.66 to 2.71 and 1.65 to 2.9 for poultry and swine PM, respectively. The PM in the layer house in Indiana had a narrower distribution (smaller GSD) with a greater percentage of smaller particles than the other poultry houses, while the PM in the broiler house in California had a broader distribution (larger GSD) than the other poultry houses. For swine, the PM in the sow barn in North Carolina had a narrower distribution (smaller GSD) than the other swine houses, while the PM in the farrowing houses in Oklahoma had a broader distribution (larger GSD) than the other swine houses. The knowledge gained from this research may provide insights for addressing the PM emissions from various animal production systems. Keywords: Concentration and emission, Particulate matter, PM2.5, PM10, Poultry, swine, PSD, TSP. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/trans.14622 VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 1569-1579 SN - 2151-0040 KW - Concentration and emission KW - Particulate matter KW - PM2.5 KW - PM10 KW - Poultry KW - swine KW - PSD KW - TSP ER - TY - JOUR TI - IMPACT OF BANK STABILIZATION STRUCTURES ON UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM BANK MOBILIZATION AT CEDAR RIVER, NEBRASKA AU - Russell, Matthew V AU - Mittelstet, Aaron R. AU - Joeckel, R. Matthew AU - Korus, Jesse T. AU - Castro-Bolinaga, Celso F. T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE AB - Highlights Stabilization structures are only effective at stabilized segments. Erosion increased in two of the six segments in the post-stabilization period. Deposition decreased in all six segments in the post-stabilization period. Jetties are effective at reducing erosion but are also prone to fail. Abstract . The effectiveness of streambank stabilization structures is insufficiently quantified. Although such structures clearly reduce or eliminate streambank erosion at the local scale, little is known about associated effects on unstabilized reaches immediately upstream and downstream. This study measured streambank erosion and deposition in stretches of the Cedar River, 1.5 meander wavelengths upstream and downstream from 24 stabilization structures that included jetties, rock vanes, root wads, and gravel protection. We also measured erosion and deposition on the streambanks directly opposite the stabilized locations. We compared measurements from the pre-stabilization period (1993-2005) with those from the post-stabilization period (2005-2018) using historical imagery in ArcGIS. Upon completion of this analysis, we were able to reject an initial hypothesis that local and adjacent streambank segment erosion rates would be significantly less after stabilization, and that deposition rates would be greater in stabilized locations and adjacent stream segments. Instead, the differences in erosion from pre- to post-stabilization showed little or no statistical significance. Rather, our data indicated that streambank erosion decreased in only four of the six stream segments and was predominantly confined to the stabilized segment. Overall deposition decreased in all six stream segments after bank stabilization. In reaches where wooden jetties were installed, partial or total failure was common, and further increases in erosion and decreases in deposition were more pronounced. We conclude that streambank stabilization on the Cedar River is effective only at the location of installation; there is no measurable effect on adjacent unstabilized reaches. Our results demonstrate the need for improved streambank monitoring practices and better understanding of how streambank stabilization impacts an entire river system. Such advances will enhance stream restoration design and implementation, as well as support future river management efforts. Keywords: Adjacent stream reach, Deposition, Jetty, Erosion, Streambank stabilization. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/trans.14551 VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 1555-1567 SN - 2151-0040 KW - Adjacent stream reach KW - Deposition KW - Jetty KW - Erosion KW - Streambank stabilization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inhibition and disinhibition of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in anaerobic fermentation: A review AU - Tan, Zhao AU - Li, Xiang AU - Yang, Chunping AU - Liu, Hongyu AU - Cheng, Jay J. T2 - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL AB - Anaerobic fermentation is a clean production process for recycling of many agricultural and industrial wastes. During anaerobic fermentation, the existence of various inhibitors often leads to low efficiency or even failure of anaerobic digesters. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is such an inhibitor which can be produced in the pretreatment of biomass for subsequent anaerobic digestion. This paper provides a review of various production methods of HMF and its effects on hydrogen production, methane production and ethanol production through fermentation. The conversion and removal of HMF were summarized from the aspects of biomass pretreatment, non-biological treatment and biological treatment. This article aims to provide new ideas and methods for reducing the inhibition effect of HMF on anaerobic fermentation of biomass and restoring the performance of the anaerobic fermentation. DA - 2021/11/15/ PY - 2021/11/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130560 VL - 424 SP - SN - 1873-3212 KW - Biomass KW - Biofuel KW - Inhibitor KW - Anaerobic digestion KW - Detoxification KW - 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Minimum dataset and metadata guidelines for soil-test correlation and calibration research AU - Slaton, Nathan A. AU - Lyons, Sarah E. AU - Osmond, Deanna L. AU - Brouder, Sylvie M. AU - Culman, Steve W. AU - Drescher, Gerson AU - Gatiboni, Luciano C. AU - Hoben, John AU - Kleinman, Peter J. A. AU - McGrath, Joshua M. AU - Miller, Robert O. AU - Pearce, Austin AU - Shober, Amy L. AU - Spargo, John T. AU - Volenec, Jeff J. T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Abstract Soil‐test correlation and calibration data are essential to modern agriculture, and their continued relevance is underscored by the expansion of precision farming and the persistence of sustainable soil management priorities. In support of transparent, science‐based fertilizer recommendations, we seek to establish a core set of required and recommended information for soil‐test P and K correlation and calibration studies, a minimum dataset, building on previous research. The Fertilizer Recommendation Support Tool (FRST) project team and collaborators are developing a national database that will support a soil‐test‐based nutrient management decision aid tool. The FRST team includes over 80 scientists from 37 land‐grant universities, two state universities, one private university, three federal agencies, two private not‐for‐profit organizations, and one state department of agriculture. The minimum dataset committee developed and vetted a robust set of factors fo minimum dataset consideration that includes information on soil sample collection and processing, soil chemical and physical properties, experimental design and statistical analyses, and metadata about the trial, production system, and field management. The minimum dataset provides guidelines for essential information to meet the primary objective of knowledge synthesis, including meta‐analysis and systemic reviews, but permits researchers the flexibility to satisfy local, state, and regional objectives. Ultimately, this consensus‐driven effort seeks to establish a standard that ensures the maximum utility and impact of modern correlation and calibration studies for developing crop nutrition recommendations that improve productivity and profitability for the crop producer, while reducing environmental impacts of nutrient losses. DA - 2021/11/2/ PY - 2021/11/2/ DO - 10.1002/saj2.20338 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DETECTING MACROPORE FINGERING USING TEMPORAL ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IMAGING AU - Halihan, Todd AU - Hager, John P. AU - Guertault, Lucie AU - Fox, Garey A. T2 - APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE AB - Highlights Single macropores can be detected using temporal electrical resistivity imaging under controlled conditions. Macropore flow can be detected based on preferentially wetted fingers of increased conductance. Macropore activation does not appear to require saturated surface conditions to induce preferential flow. Abstract. Riparian soils are uniquely susceptible to the formation of macropores, which are hypothesized to promote fast transport of water and contaminants through upper soil layers. Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) can locate spatial heterogeneities in soil wetting patterns and evaluate differences due to vegetation, thus optimizing the design of riparian buffers. Temporal ERI (TERI) imaging was conducted in a fine and coarse field setting with artificial macropores to evaluate flow under unsaturated simulated rainfall conditions and saturated infiltrometer conditions. While single macropores are detectable using TERI datasets, the results in an average field setting would detect the wetted area surrounding a macropore, not the macropore itself. The results were similar for both the primary fine grain soil site in Oklahoma as well as the coarse grain site in North Carolina. TERI data indicated that without artificial conditions with low noise conditions, a single macropore would not be detected, a wetted zone would be the best detection. In ordinary field evaluation of natural macropores, the TERI technique would detect the wetted zone around a macropore similar to a high hydraulic conductivity zone in a heterogeneous soil matrix. Finally, the results confirmed that macropore activation does not require saturated conditions to generate preferential flow. Keywords: Hydrogeophysics, Preferential flowpaths, Riparian buffers, Temporal electrical resistivity imaging. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/aea.14294 VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 861-870 SN - 1943-7838 KW - Hydrogeophysics KW - Preferential flowpaths KW - Riparian buffers KW - Temporal electrical resistivity imaging ER - TY - JOUR TI - Remote Sensing for Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) Detection in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) AU - Sanders, John T. AU - Jones, Eric A. L. AU - Austin, Robert AU - Roberson, Gary T. AU - Richardson, Robert J. AU - Everman, Wesley J. T2 - AGRONOMY-BASEL AB - Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 to determine if multispectral imagery collected from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a five-band sensor could successfully identify Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) infestations of various densities growing among soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). The multispectral sensor captures imagery from five wavebands: 475 (blue), 560 (green), 668 (red), 840 (near infrared [NIR]), and 717 nm (red-edge). Image analysis was performed to examine the spectral properties of discrete Palmer amaranth and soybean plants at various weed densities using these wavebands. Additionally, imagery was subjected to supervised classification to evaluate the usefulness of classification as a tool to differentiate the two species in a field setting. Date was a significant factor influencing the spectral reflectance values of the Palmer amaranth densities. The effects of altitude on reflectance were less clear and were dependent on band and density being evaluated. The near infrared (NIR) waveband offered the best resolution in separating Palmer amaranth densities. Spectral separability in the other wavebands was less defined, although low weed densities were consistently able to be discriminated from high densities. Palmer amaranth and soybean were found to be spectrally distinct regardless of imaging date, weed density, or waveband. Soybean exhibited overall lower reflectance intensity than Palmer amaranth across all wavebands. The reflectance of both species within blue, green, red, and red-edge wavebands declined as the season progressed, while reflectance in NIR increased. Near infrared and red-edge wavebands were shown to be the most useful for species discrimination and maintained their utility at most weed densities. Palmer amaranth weed densities were found to be spectrally distinct from one another in all wavebands, with greatest distinction when using the red, NIR and red-edge wavebands. Supervised classification in a two-class system was consistently able to discriminate between Palmer amaranth and soybean with at least 80% overall accuracy. The incorporation of a weed density component into these classifications introduced an error of 65% or greater into these classifications. Reducing the number of classes in a supervised classification system could improve the accuracy of discriminating between Palmer amaranth and soybean. DA - 2021/10// PY - 2021/10// DO - 10.3390/agronomy11101909 VL - 11 IS - 10 SP - SN - 2073-4395 KW - remote sensing KW - weed management KW - species discrimination KW - UAV KW - multispectral ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comprehensive Evaluation of a Landscape Fabric Based Solar Air Heater in a Pig Nursery AU - Yu, Li AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Knauer, Mark T. AU - Boyette, Michael D. AU - Stikeleather, Larry F. T2 - ENERGIES AB - Supplementing fossil fuels with solar air tempering for brooding young livestock could reduce energy use and improve indoor air quality. Metal transpired solar collectors (TSC) are effective but too expensive for heating livestock buildings. An inexpensive 12.7 m2 dark grey landscape-fabric-based transpired solar collector (fTSC) was evaluated in a swine nursery with two herds of pigs. A fraction of the fTSC area was underlain with phase change material (PCM) to store excess heat. The Test room with the fTSC was compared with an adjacent identical Control room, each with 120 piglets. The fTSC provided supplemental heating, e.g., with a suction velocity (Vs) of 0.027 m/s during a 9 h period, air temperature was increased by 11.6 °C (mean irradiance of 592 W/m2). Between 4 pm and 9 pm that same day, the PCM increased air temperature by 3.9 °C. The fTSC did not reduce propane use or improve pig performance. Higher Vs, operational changes and controller modifications could improve system performance and reduce cost. Modeling could be used to optimize PCM use. Hence, this very low-cost fabric-based solar air heater offers potential for considerable reduction in heat energy use in livestock barns. DA - 2021/11// PY - 2021/11// DO - 10.3390/en14217258 VL - 14 IS - 21 SP - SN - 1996-1073 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217258 KW - transpired solar collector KW - livestock KW - ventilation KW - microclimate control KW - heat storage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multi-Omics Analyses Reveal the Regulatory Network and the Function of ZmUGTs in Maize Defense Response AU - Ge, Chunxia AU - Wang, Yi-Ge AU - Lu, Shouping AU - Zhao, Xiang Yu AU - Hou, Bing-Kai AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Wang, Guan-Feng T2 - Frontiers in Plant Science AB - Maize is one of the major crops in the world; however, diseases caused by various pathogens seriously affect its yield and quality. The maize Rp1-D21 mutant (mt) caused by the intragenic recombination between two nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins, exhibits autoactive hypersensitive response (HR). In this study, we integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in Rp1-D21 mt compared to the wild type (WT). Genes involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) were enriched among the DEGs. The salicylic acid (SA) pathway and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were induced at both the transcriptional and metabolic levels. The DAMs identified included lipids, flavones, and phenolic acids, including 2,5-DHBA O -hexoside, the production of which is catalyzed by uridinediphosphate (UDP)-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT). Four maize UGTs ( ZmUGTs) homologous genes were among the DEGs. Functional analysis by transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that ZmUGT9250 and ZmUGT5174, but not ZmUGT9256 and ZmUGT8707, partially suppressed the HR triggered by Rp1-D21 or its N-terminal coiled-coil signaling domain (CC D21 ). None of the four ZmUGTs interacted physically with CC D21 in yeast two-hybrid or co-immunoprecipitation assays. We discuss the possibility that ZmUGTs might be involved in defense response by regulating SA homeostasis. DA - 2021/9/24/ PY - 2021/9/24/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2021.738261 VL - 12 SP - J2 - Front. Plant Sci. OP - SN - 1664-462X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.738261 DB - Crossref KW - disease resistance KW - ETI KW - hypersensitive response KW - maize KW - NLR KW - salicylic acid KW - UGT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cyclical Patterns and a Regime Shift in the Character of Phytoplankton Blooms in a Restricted Sub-Tropical Lagoon, Indian River Lagoon, Florida, United States AU - Phlips, Edward J. AU - Badylak, Susan AU - Nelson, Natalie G. AU - Hall, Lauren M. AU - Jacoby, Charles A. AU - Lasi, Margaret A. AU - Lockwood, Jean C. AU - Miller, Janice D. T2 - FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE AB - This paper examines the character of phytoplankton blooms in a restricted sub-tropical lagoon along the Atlantic coast of central Florida. The results of the 23-year study (1997–2020) provide evidence for multiple types of variability in bloom activity, including cyclical patterns, stochastic events, and most prominently a regime shift in composition and intensity. Cyclical patterns (e.g., El Niño/La Niña periods) and stochastic events (e.g., tropical storms) influenced rainfall levels, which in turn impacted nutrient concentrations in the water column and the timing and intensity of blooms. In 2011, a major change occurred in the character of blooms, with a dramatic increase in peak biomass levels of blooms and the appearance of new dominant taxa, including the brown tide species Aureoumbra lagunensis and other nanoplanktonic species. Results of quantitative analyses reveal system behavior indicative of a regime shift. The shift coincided with widespread losses of seagrass community and reduced drift algae biomass. A combination of exceptionally low water temperatures in the winters of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, hypersaline conditions associated with drought conditions, and high light attenuation caused by blooms appear to have contributed to the widespread and protracted decline in seagrass and drift macroalgal communities in the lagoon, leading to shifts in distribution of internal and external nutrient sources toward phytoplankton. DA - 2021/9/28/ PY - 2021/9/28/ DO - 10.3389/fmars.2021.730934 VL - 8 SP - SN - 2296-7745 KW - harmful algae blooms KW - brown tide KW - red tide KW - Aureoumbra lagunensis KW - Pyrodinium bahamense ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design drainage rates to optimize crop production for subsurface-drained fields AU - Ghane, Ehsan AU - Askar, Manal H. AU - Skaggs, R. Wayne T2 - AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT AB - Agricultural subsurface drainage is critical for crop production in temperate humid regions. With the heightened concern of its water-quality implications, we need a method to design drainage systems for both crop production and environmental protection. The objective of this research was to develop an empirical equation that estimates the design drainage rate (DDR) for local soil and weather conditions. This DDR can then be used in the Hooghoudt equation to estimate the optimum drain spacing that maximizes profit. We conducted DRAINMOD simulations for each combination of four factors: three drain depths, three effective radii, seven locations, and five soils. For each combination of factors, simulations were repeated for a range of drain spacing from 5 to 100 m using 30 years (1990–2019) of weather data planted with continuous corn (Zea mays L.). Simulations provided a 30-year average relative corn yield and drainage discharge for each combination of factors. The drain spacings that maximized annual economic return on investment were identified as optimum spacings and used to calculate the DDR for each combination of factors. Results were then used in a multiple linear regression to develop two empirical equations for northeast and southeast USA with DDR as the dependent variable. The independent variables were the long-term average growing-season precipitation, drain depth, equivalent saturated hydraulic conductivity, and depth to restrictive layer. The environmental value of the empirical equations is that they help avoid too narrow of a drain spacing, thereby preventing more drainage than is needed. In conclusion, application of these empirical equations is a means for estimating the site-specific optimum drain spacing that maximizes economic return on investment. DA - 2021/11/1/ PY - 2021/11/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107045 VL - 257 SP - SN - 1873-2283 KW - DRAINMOD KW - Drain depth KW - Drain spacing KW - Effective radius KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Tile drainage ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFICIENT PHOSPHATE REMOVAL IN SWINE WASTEWATEWATER USING Fe-Mn-MODIFIED PYRO/HYDROCHAR FROM SWINE MANURE AU - Zhu, Fanglun AU - Zhang, Cheng AU - Shan, Shengdao AU - Yuan, Wenqiao AU - PawLowski, Artur AU - Song, Chengfang AU - Cao, Yucheng AU - LI, Yongfu AU - Wangj, Junjie AU - Qian, Jinyao T2 - ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ENGINEERING DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.37190/epe210307 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 83-101 SN - 0324-8828 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural on removal performance and microbial community structure of aerobic activated sludge treating digested swine wastewater AU - Tan, Zhao AU - Liu, Yiwei AU - Liu, Hongyu AU - Yang, Chunping AU - Niu, Qiuya AU - Cheng, Jay J. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AB - 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a high value-added chemical, the starting material for the production of a large number of platform chemicals, and an inhibitor of anaerobic digestion. The selection of microorganisms that can metabolize HMF or have high tolerance to HMF is rapidly arousing scientific interest. For selecting suitable microorganisms from aerobic sludge and exploring the effects of HMF on aerobic digestion, the removal capability, activated sludge characteristics, and microbial community structure of activated sludge treating digested swine wastewater in the presence of HMF were studied. Results showed that HMF deteriorated the removal performance of activated sludge. Removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP) and ammonium (NH4+-N) were reduced from 95.7%, 84.6% and 80.0% to 46.5%, 77.6% and 21.0%, respectively. Besides, HMF also increased EPS content which reduced the settleability and dewatering capacity of activated sludge. Moreover, HMF inhibited dehydrogenase (DHA) activity in activated sludge and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Meanwhile, the functions of microorganisms had changed, extracellular structure increased, carbohydrates and lipids transport and metabolism decreased, and energy production and conversion were inhibited. Microbial community analysis illustrated HMF adversely affects Enterobacteriaceae and streptococcaceae, while Bacillaceae, Rhodocyclaceae and Nitrospira better tolerate HMF. DA - 2021/10// PY - 2021/10// DO - 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106104 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - SN - 2213-3437 KW - Swine wastewater KW - Activated sludge KW - 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural KW - Enzyme activity KW - Microbial community ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of surface modification by nitrogen-containing chemicals on morphology and surface characteristics of N-doped pine bark biochars AU - Kasera, Nitesh AU - Hall, Steven AU - Kolar, Praveen T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AB - In this study, pine bark-derived biochar was modified with melamine, urea, ammonium chloride, and ammonium nitrate to synthesize nitrogen-doped biochars. The effect of chemical modification on the extent of N-doping and surface properties were investigated. The elemental analysis suggested that melamine modified biochar samples had 4.75% nitrogen, higher than nitrogen in other modified biochars. The surface morphology and surface profile were studied with scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectra showed that N-doped samples' surface nitrogen content increased to 8.3%, 3.9%, 2.3%, and 2.9% for melamine, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, and urea, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results also revealed that among the nitrogen fractions in the N-doped biochars, melamine modified biochar has the highest percentage of pyrrolic and pyridinic nitrogen (35.2% and 36.8%, respectively) compared to others. Urea modified biochar had the highest percentage of graphitic nitrogen (26.6%). Our results suggest that application-specific nitrogen-enriched biochar can be prepared by understanding how different nitrogen precursors interact with carbon surfaces. DA - 2021/4// PY - 2021/4// DO - 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105161 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2213-3437 KW - Biochars KW - Nitrogen doping KW - Adsorbents KW - Waste management KW - Melamine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing ambient nutrient concentrations and potential warning levels for surface water in natural forested wetlands in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA AU - Kurki-Fox, J. Jack AU - Burchell, Michael R., II T2 - ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AB - Nearly thirty years ago the U.S. EPA directed states to begin developing water quality standards specific to wetlands; however, progress has been limited. This study presents an overview of ambient wetland water quality and the first step towards the development of numeric nutrient standards for forested wetlands in North Carolina. Water quality samples were collected in 16 natural wetlands across the state for three years. The sites span a range of anthropogenic disturbance. The data was combined with historical data collected at these and other sites from 2005 to 2013. Concentration levels in wetlands without significant anthropogenic disturbance are likely higher than streams for TN, TP, similar for NH 4 + , and likely lower than streams for NO 3 – -N. A method developed by the U.S. EPA to establish reference levels was modified to define draft nutrient warning levels that may indicate anthropogenic impacts. These warning levels were calculated as 0.06 mg/L, 0.14 mg/L, 0.34 mg/L and 2.8 mg/L for NO 3 – -N, NH 4 + -N, TP and TN, respectively. NO 3 – -N and NH 4 + -N concentrations were the best indicators of disturbance. Overall, despite the limitations imposed by the sampling frequency and inherent variability in wetland ecosystems, this research methodology presents a reasonable first attempt at defining nutrient warning levels for undisturbed natural forested wetlands in N.C., and may serve as a starting point in developing numeric nutrient criteria for wetlands. • A first step towards the development of nutrient concentration standards for natural wetlands. • Wetland standard concentration levels are likely higher than streams for TN, TP, similar for NH 4 + -N, and lower for NO 3 N. • Proposed warning levels for NO 3 – N and NH 4 + -N were the best indicators of disturbance. TN, ON, and TP were not robust indicators. • Results could help identify disturbance in natural forested wetlands in North Carolina. DA - 2021/12// PY - 2021/12// DO - 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106395 VL - 172 SP - SN - 1872-6992 KW - Wetlands KW - wetland water quality KW - nutrients KW - ambient water quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - The nth-plant scenario for blended feedstock conversion and preprocessing nationwide: Biorefineries and depots AU - Hossain, Tasmin AU - Jones, Daniela AU - Hartley, Damon AU - Griffel, L. Michael AU - Lin, Yingqian AU - Burli, Pralhad AU - Thompson, David N. AU - Langholtz, Matthew AU - Davis, Maggie AU - Brandt, Craig T2 - APPLIED ENERGY AB - The sustainability of the biofuel industry depends on the development of a mature conversion technology on a national level that can take advantage of the economies of scale: the nth-plant. Defining the future location and supply logistics of conversion plants is imperative to ultimately transform the nation’s renewable biomass resources into cost-competitive, high-performance feedstock for production of biofuels and bioproducts. Since the US has put restrictions on production levels of conventional biofuels from edible resources, the nation needs to plan for the widespread accessibility and development of the cellulosic biofuel scenario. Conventional feedstock supply systems will be unable to handle cellulosic biomass nationwide, making it essential to expand the industry with an advanced feedstock supply system incorporating a distributed network of preprocessing depots and conversion plants, or biorefineries. Current studies are mostly limited to designing supply systems for specific regions of the country. We developed a national database with potential locations for depots and biorefineries to meet the nation’s target demand of cellulosic biofuel. Blended feedstock with switchgrass and corn stover (harvested by either a two- or three-pass method) are considered in a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model to deliver on-spec biomass that considers both, a desired quantity and quality at the biorefinery. The model solves for a network of varying size depots that supply to biorefineries of 725,000 dry tons/year. A total delivered feedstock cost that is less than $79.07/dry tons (2016$) is evaluated for years 2022, 2030, and 2040. In 2022, 124 depots and 59 biorefineries could be supplied with 42.8 million dt of corn stover and switchgrass. In 2030 and 2040, the total accessible biomass could increase to 215% and 393% respectively when compared to 2022. However, an $8/dry tons reduction in targeted delivery cost could reduce total accessible biomass by 67%. Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota and Texas were identified as potential states with a strong biofuel economy given that they had six or more biorefineries located in all scenarios. In some scenarios, Colorado, Alabama, Georgia, Minnesota, Mississippi and South Carolina would greatly benefit from a depot network as these could only deliver to a biorefinery in a nearby state. To elaborate the impact of a nationwide consideration, the findings were compared with existing literature for different US regions. We also present results for biorefinery capacities that are double, triple and quadruple in size. DA - 2021/7/15/ PY - 2021/7/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116946 VL - 294 SP - SN - 1872-9118 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116946 KW - Corn stover KW - Switchgrass KW - Biofuel KW - Feedstock quality KW - Biomass supply chain KW - Mixed-integer linear programming ER - TY - JOUR TI - Socio-Economic and Governance Conditions Corresponding to Change in Animal Agriculture: South Dakota Case Study AU - Welles, Jacqueline S. AU - Soriano, Noelle Cielito T. AU - Dorbu, Freda Elikem AU - Pereira, G. M. AU - Rubeck, Laura M. AU - Timmermans, Erica L. AU - Ndayambaje, Benjamin AU - Deviney, Alison V. AU - Classen, John J. AU - Koziel, Jacek A. AU - Cortus, Erin L. T2 - Sustainability AB - Understanding sustainable livestock production requires consideration of both qualitative and quantitative factors in a temporal and/or spatial frame. This study adapted Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to relate conditions of social, economic, and governance factors to changes in livestock inventory across several counties and over time. This paper presents an approach that (1) identified factors with the potential to relate to a change in livestock inventory and (2) analyzed commonalities within these factors related to changes spatially and temporally. This paper illustrates the approach and results when applied to five counties in eastern South Dakota. The specific response variables were periods of increasing, no change, or decreasing beef cattle, dairy cattle, and swine inventories in the specific counties for five-year census periods between 1992 and 2017. In the spatial analysis of counties, stable beef inventories and decreasing dairy inventories related to counties with increasing gross domestic products. The presence of specific social communities related to increases in county swine inventories. In the temporal analysis of census periods, local governance and economic factors, particularly market price influences, were more prevalent. Swine inventory showed a stronger link to cash crop markets than to livestock markets, whereas cattle market price increases associated with stable inventories for all animal types. Local governance tools had mixed effects for the different animal types across space and time. The factors and analysis results are context-specific. However, the process considers the various socio-economic processes in livestock production and community development applicable to agricultural sustainability questions in the Midwest and beyond. DA - 2021/9/26/ PY - 2021/9/26/ DO - 10.3390/su131910682 VL - 13 IS - 19 SP - 10682 J2 - Sustainability LA - en OP - SN - 2071-1050 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910682 DB - Crossref KW - Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) KW - livestock KW - South Dakota KW - Boolean logic KW - socioeconomic KW - sustainable agriculture KW - decision-making KW - rural development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of canola yields from marginal lands managed with tillage practices AU - Mayer, Michelle L. AU - Veal, Matthew W. AU - Godfrey, Edward E., III AU - Chinn, Mari S. T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD RESEARCH AB - In recent years the discourse regarding the effective use of dwindling agricultural spaces for food, fiber, or fuel production has grown and it is becoming increasingly important to manage non-agricultural or marginal spaces that make them suitable for crop production. Highly eroded, highly compacted, low nutrient soils, similar to those found along highway rights-of-way (ROWs) offer unique field characteristics that can be used to study crop production potentials and land use decisions. This work evaluated the feasibility of maintaining a canola crop production system on the non-agricultural soils of highway ROWs across the humid subtropical climate within North Carolina, USA as a bioenergy feedstock for renewable fuels. Specific objectives included examination of (1) three different North Carolina geoclimatic conditions and (2) three levels of tillage (conventional (CT), minimum (MT), and no-till (NT)) on canola (Brassica napus L.) grain yields cultivated on ROW soils. Field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons in the Inner Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountains regions and assessed main and interaction effects among tillage, site, and year of cultivation on crop productivity. After season 1, CT produced the highest average yield (1.24 Mg ha−1) followed by MT (0.93 Mg ha−1) and NT (0.86 Mg ha−1), respectively. In the second year, the comparative intensity of productive effects from CT was lower, and plots cultivated under MT resulted in the highest average yields (2.70 Mg ha−1), followed by CT (2.69 Mg ha−1) and NT (1.96 Mg ha−1), respectively. Yields observed were comparable to regional canola grain yields, and no significant difference was observed between yields under CT versus MT. These findings suggest that reduced levels of tillage on ROW soils in North Carolina hold the potential to produce yields comparable to those realized in traditional agricultural soils, and targeted tillage practices can support improved suitability of marginal crop production spaces. DA - 2021/6// PY - 2021/6// DO - 10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100133 VL - 4 SP - SN - 2666-1543 KW - Highway rights-of-way KW - Oil seed KW - Geoclimatic regions KW - Under-utilized space KW - Land management KW - Bio-energy crop ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbial Contamination in Environmental Waters of Rural and Agriculturally-Dominated Landscapes Following Hurricane Florence AU - Harris, Angela R. AU - Fidan, Emine N. AU - Nelson, Natalie G. AU - Emanuel, Ryan E. AU - Jass, Theo AU - Kathariou, Sophia AU - Niedermeyer, Jeffrey AU - Sharara, Mahmoud AU - Reyes, Francis Lajara, III AU - Riveros-Iregui, Diego A. AU - Stewart, Jill R. T2 - ACS ES&T WATER AB - Hurricane Florence brought unprecedented rainfall and flooding to Eastern North Carolina in 2018. Extensive flooding had the potential to mobilize microbial contaminants from a variety of sources. Our study evaluated microbial contaminants in surface waters at 40 sites across Eastern North Carolina 1 week after the hurricane made landfall (Phase 1) and one month later (Phase 2). High concentrations of Escherichia coli were detected in flowing channel and floodwater samples across both phases; however, channel samples during Phase 2 had higher concentrations of E. coli compared to Phase 1. Human- and swine-associated fecal markers were detected in 26% and 9% of samples, respectively, with no trends related to phase of sampling. Arcobacter butzleri was previously shown to be recovered from most (73%) samples, and detection of this pathogen was not associated with any source-associated fecal marker. Detection of Listeria spp. was associated with the swine-associated fecal marker. These results suggest that improved swine and human feces management should be explored to prevent microbial contamination in surface water, especially in regions where extreme rainfall may increase due to climate change. Sampling at higher frequency surrounding rainfall events would provide more detailed characterization of the risks posed by floodwater at different time scales and under different antecedent conditions. DA - 2021/9/10/ PY - 2021/9/10/ DO - 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00103 VL - 1 IS - 9 SP - 2012-2019 SN - 2690-0637 KW - Fecal contamination KW - floodwater quality KW - enteric pathogens KW - microbial source tracking ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework: Opportunities and challenges in the eastern United States AU - Duncan, Jonathan M. AU - Respess, Zachary AU - Ryan, William AU - Austin, Robert AU - Royer, Matthew AU - Osmond, Deanna AU - Kleinman, Peter T2 - AGRICULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL LETTERS AB - Abstract The Agriculture Conservation Planning Framework (ACPF) applies high‐spatial resolution soils and topographic data, now available for many areas of the United States, to precisely locate opportunities for the placement of conservation practices in agricultural watersheds. Application of the ACPF, developed in midwestern landscapes, to watersheds in the eastern United States represents both opportunity and challenge to conservation planning. Based on experience in applying ACPF to eight watersheds in the eastern United States, from Vermont to North Carolina, we assess the toolbox's application in the eastern United States through the lens of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis framework. We see a great future for the ACPF, but its adoption and utility require interaction with scientists and conservation planners familiar with the region to avoid misapplication and ensure appropriate adaptation and interpretation. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.1002/ael2.20054 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2471-9625 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamics and Treatability of Heavy Metals in Pig Farm Effluent Wastewater by Using UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH2 Nanomaterials as Adsorbents AU - Wang, Leiping AU - Dai, Xiaorong AU - Man, Zun AU - Li, Jianrong AU - Jiang, Yifeng AU - Liu, Dezhao AU - Xiao, Hang AU - Shah, Sanjay T2 - WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION DA - 2021/7// PY - 2021/7// DO - 10.1007/s11270-021-05229-6 VL - 232 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1573-2932 KW - Animal wastewater KW - Heavy metals KW - Zr-MOFs KW - Absorption and reduction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with Machine Learning for the Detection of Fusiform Rust Disease Incidence in Loblolly Pine Seedlings AU - Pandey, Piyush AU - Payn, Kitt G. AU - Lu, Yuzhen AU - Heine, Austin J. AU - Walker, Trevor D. AU - Acosta, Juan J. AU - Young, Sierra T2 - REMOTE SENSING AB - Loblolly pine is an economically important timber species in the United States, with almost 1 billion seedlings produced annually. The most significant disease affecting this species is fusiform rust, caused by Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme. Testing for disease resistance in the greenhouse involves artificial inoculation of seedlings followed by visual inspection for disease incidence. An automated, high-throughput phenotyping method could improve both the efficiency and accuracy of the disease screening process. This study investigates the use of hyperspectral imaging for the detection of diseased seedlings. A nursery trial comprising families with known in-field rust resistance data was conducted, and the seedlings were artificially inoculated with fungal spores. Hyperspectral images in the visible and near-infrared region (400–1000 nm) were collected six months after inoculation. The disease incidence was scored with traditional methods based on the presence or absence of visible stem galls. The seedlings were segmented from the background by thresholding normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images, and the delineation of individual seedlings was achieved through object detection using the Faster RCNN model. Plant parts were subsequently segmented using the DeepLabv3+ model. The trained DeepLabv3+ model for semantic segmentation achieved a pixel accuracy of 0.76 and a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 0.62. Crown pixels were segmented using geometric features. Support vector machine discrimination models were built for classifying the plants into diseased and non-diseased classes based on spectral data, and balanced accuracy values were calculated for the comparison of model performance. Averaged spectra from the whole plant (balanced accuracy = 61%), the crown (61%), the top half of the stem (77%), and the bottom half of the stem (62%) were used. A classification model built using the spectral data from the top half of the stem was found to be the most accurate, and resulted in an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.83. DA - 2021/9// PY - 2021/9// DO - 10.3390/rs13183595 VL - 13 IS - 18 SP - SN - 2072-4292 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183595 KW - plant imaging KW - computer vision KW - forestry KW - disease discrimination KW - hyperspectral imaging KW - plant phenotyping KW - machine learning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural Infrastructure Practices as Potential Flood Storage and Reduction for Farms and Rural Communities in the North Carolina Coastal Plain AU - Hovis, Meredith AU - Hollinger, Joseph Chris AU - Cubbage, Frederick AU - Shear, Theodore AU - Doll, Barbara AU - Kurki-Fox, J. Jack AU - Line, Daniel AU - Fox, Andrew AU - Baldwin, Madalyn AU - Klondike, Travis AU - Lovejoy, Michelle AU - Evans, Bryan AU - West, Jaclyn AU - Potter, Thomas T2 - SUSTAINABILITY AB - Increased global temperatures resulting from anthropogenically induced climate changes have increased the frequency and severity of adverse weather events, including extreme rainfall events, floods, and droughts. In recent years, nature-based solutions (NBS) have been proposed to retain storm runoff temporarily and mitigate flood damages. These practices may help rural farm and forest lands to store runoff and reduce flooding on farms and downstream communities and could be incorporated into a conservation program to provide payments for these efforts, which would supplement traditional farm incomes. Despite their potential, there have been very few methodical assessments and detailed summaries of NBS to date. We identified and summarized potential flood reduction practices for the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. These include agricultural practices of (1) cover cropping/no-till farming; (2) hardpan breakup; (3) pine or (4) hardwood afforestation, and (5) agroforestry; establishing the wetland and stream practices of (6) grass and sedge wetlands and earthen retention structures, (7) forest wetland banks, and (8) stream channel restoration; and establishing new structural solutions of (9) dry dams and berms (water farming) and (10) tile drainage and water retention. These practices offer different water holding and storage capacities and costs. A mixture of practices at the farm and landscape level can be implemented for floodwater retention and attenuation and damage reduction, as well as for providing additional farm and forest ecosystem services. DA - 2021/8// PY - 2021/8// DO - 10.3390/su13169309 VL - 13 IS - 16 SP - SN - 2071-1050 KW - natural infrastructure KW - hazard mitigation KW - flood reduction KW - resilient design KW - nature-based solutions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survey of the operational status of twenty-six urban stormwater biofilter facilities in Sweden AU - Beryani, Ali AU - Goldstein, Alisha AU - Al-Rubaei, Ahmed Mohammed AU - Viklander, Maria AU - Hunt, William F., III AU - Blecken, Godecke-Tobias T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AB - This study evaluates the operational status of twenty-six biofilter facilities across nine cities in Sweden, with respect to their functional design criteria, engineered design features (filter media composition, hydraulic conductivity, and drawdown time), and includes a visual inspection of the biofilter components (pre-treatment, in/outlet structures, filter media, and vegetation). These indicators were used to examine the performance level of each biofilter in achieving their design objectives set by the operators. Furthermore, it was investigated whether the biofilter facilities had been properly maintained to meet the objectives. Results indicate that the soil media used was consistent with respect to percentage sand, fines, and organic matter and comparable to design recommendations used by municipalities in other countries. The field-tested hydraulic conductivity for the biofilters ranged from 30 to 962 mm/h. This range of values, along with noticeable sediment accumulation within the biofilter indicate that not all the sites were operating optimally. Pre-treatment stages in poor condition with high volumes of sediment and litter accumulation were the primary causes for, and indicators of, low hydraulic conductivity rates. The ponding volume calculations revealed that at least 40 % of facilities did not have enough capacity to retain every-day and/or design rainfall due to design and/or construction flaws. These analyses raise concerns that, for a considerable number of the biofilters surveyed, water retention and flood protection identified by operators as prioritised objectives are not being met. This raises significant concerns about the functionality of biofilter in practice. Finally, some suggestions are given for tackling the design and maintenance problems discovered. DA - 2021/11/1/ PY - 2021/11/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113375 VL - 297 SP - SN - 1095-8630 KW - Bioretention KW - Operation & maintenance KW - Stormwater control measures (SCMs) KW - Urban stormwater management KW - Asset management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are sample size and sample preparation for mycotoxin quantitation in grain products getting trivialized? AU - Kumphanda, Joseph AU - Matumba, Limbikani AU - Monjerezi, Maurice AU - Whitaker, Thomas B. AU - De Saeger, Sarah AU - Makun, Hussaini Anthony T2 - FOOD CONTROL AB - Sampling and sample preparation (grinding and subsampling) are largest sources of variability that negate precision and accuracy of mycotoxin quantitation, particularly in grains. In general, halving sample or sub-sample (e.g., ground test portion) size doubles variance. Therefore, this paper reports on trends in sample and test portion masses used for the quantification of mycotoxin in maize between 1991 and 2020 by reviewing articles on mycotoxin quantitation in maize (grain and flour) published during this period. About 50% of the articles did not explicitly state the sample mass that was ground. Sample and test portion masses show a significant (p < 0.05) decline over the study period. In addition, over two-thirds of the articles did not specify the type of grinder and sieve sizes used in their analysis. Therefore, our findings suggest that standardized sampling plans with emphasis on laboratory sample size and sample preparation methods for maize are increasingly being overlooked during mycotoxin quantitation and increasing the uncertainty associated with estimating the true mycotoxin concentration in grain lots. DA - 2021/12// PY - 2021/12// DO - 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108400 VL - 130 SP - SN - 1873-7129 KW - Mycotoxin quantitation KW - Maize KW - Grains KW - Sample size KW - Sample preparation KW - Test portion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Empirical evaluation of the spatial scale and detection process of camera trap surveys AU - Kays, Roland AU - Hody, Allison AU - Jachowski, David S. AU - Parsons, Arielle W. T2 - MOVEMENT ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Background Camera traps present a valuable tool for monitoring animals but detect species imperfectly. Occupancy models are frequently used to address this, but it is unclear what spatial scale the data represent. Although individual cameras monitor animal activity within a small target window in front of the device, many practitioners use these data to infer animal presence over larger, vaguely-defined areas. Animal movement is generally presumed to link these scales, but fine-scale heterogeneity in animal space use could disrupt this relationship. Methods We deployed cameras at 10 m intervals across a 0.6 ha forest plot to create an unprecedentedly dense sensor array that allows us to compare animal detections at these two scales. Using time-stamped camera detections we reconstructed fine-scale movement paths of four mammal species and characterized (a) how well animal use of a single camera represented use of the surrounding plot, (b) how well cameras detected animals, and (c) how these processes affected overall detection probability, p. We used these observations to parameterize simulations that test the performance of occupancy models in realistic scenarios. Results We document two important aspects of animal movement and how it affects sampling with passive detectors. First, animal space use is heterogeneous at the camera-trap scale, and data from a single camera may poorly represent activity in its surroundings. Second, cameras frequently (14–71%) fail to record passing animals. Our simulations show how this heterogeneity can introduce unmodeled variation into detection probability, biasing occupancy estimates for species with low p. Conclusions Occupancy or population estimates with camera traps could be improved by increasing camera reliability to reduce missed detections, adding covariates to model heterogeneity in p, or increasing the area sampled by each camera through different sampling designs or technologies. DA - 2021/8/14/ PY - 2021/8/14/ DO - 10.1186/s40462-021-00277-3 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2051-3933 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Safety and efficacy of linuron with or without an adjuvant or S-metolachlor for POST control of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in sweetpotato AU - Moore, Levi D. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Boyette, Michael D. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Field studies were conducted to evaluate linuron for POST control of Palmer amaranth in sweetpotato to minimize reliance on protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides. Treatments were arranged in a two by four factorial in which the first factor consisted of two rates of linuron (420 and 700 g ai ha −1 ), and the second factor consisted of linuron applied alone or in combinations of linuron plus a nonionic surfactant (NIS; 0.5% vol/vol), linuron plus S -metolachlor (800 g ai ha −1 ), or linuron plus NIS plus S -metolachlor. In addition, S -metolachlor alone and nontreated weedy and weed-free checks were included for comparison. Treatments were applied to ‘Covington’ sweetpotato 8 d after transplanting (DAP). S -metolachlor alone provided poor Palmer amaranth control because emergence had occurred at applications. All treatments that included linuron resulted in at least 98% and 91% Palmer amaranth control 1 and 2 wk after treatment (WAT), respectively. Including NIS with linuron did not increase Palmer amaranth control compared to linuron alone, but it resulted in greater sweetpotato injury and subsequently decreased total sweetpotato yield by 25%. Including S -metolachlor with linuron resulted in the greatest Palmer amaranth control 4 WAT, but increased crop foliar injury to 36% 1 WAT compared to 17% foliar injury from linuron alone. Marketable and total sweetpotato yields were similar between linuron alone and linuron plus S -metolachlor or S -metolachlor plus NIS treatments, though all treatments resulted in at least 39% less total yield than the weed-free check resulting from herbicide injury and/or Palmer amaranth competition. Because of the excellent POST Palmer amaranth control from linuron 1 WAT, a system that includes linuron applied 7 DAP followed by S -metolachlor applied 14 DAP could help to extend residual Palmer amaranth control further into the critical period of weed control while minimizing sweetpotato injury. DA - 2021/6// PY - 2021/6// DO - 10.1017/wet.2021.27 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 471-475 SN - 1550-2740 KW - Linuron KW - S-metolachlor KW - Palmer amaranth KW - Amaranthus palmeri S KW - Wats AMAPA KW - Ipomoea batatas (L KW - ) Lam KW - 'Covington' KW - Weed control KW - surfactant KW - nonionic surfactant KW - tank mix ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in Gene Expression between Two Sorghum bicolor Lines Differing in Innate Immunity Response AU - Cui, Yaya AU - Chen, Dongqin AU - Jiang, Yuexu AU - Xu, Dong AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter AU - Stacey, Gary T2 - Plants AB - Microbe associated molecular pattern (MAMPs) triggered immunity (MTI) is a key component of the plant innate immunity response to microbial recognition. However, most of our current knowledge of MTI comes from model plants (i.e., Arabidopsis thaliana) with comparatively less work done using crop plants. In this work, we studied the MAMP triggered oxidative burst (ROS) and the transcriptional response in two Sorghum bicolor genotypes, BTx623 and SC155-14E. SC155-14E is a line that shows high anthracnose resistance and the line BTx623 is susceptible to anthracnose. Our results revealed a clear variation in gene expression and ROS in response to either flagellin (flg22) or chitin elicitation between the two lines. While the transcriptional response to each MAMP and in each line was unique there was a considerable degree of overlap, and we were able to define a core set of genes associated with the sorghum MAMP transcriptional response. The GO term and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis discovered more immunity and pathogen resistance related DEGs in MAMP treated SC155-14E samples than in BTx623 with the same treatment. The results provide a baseline for future studies to investigate innate immunity pathways in sorghum, including efforts to enhance disease resistance. DA - 2021/7/27/ PY - 2021/7/27/ DO - 10.3390/plants10081536 VL - 10 IS - 8 SP - 1536 J2 - Plants LA - en OP - SN - 2223-7747 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081536 DB - Crossref KW - Sorghum bicolor KW - ROS KW - innate immunity KW - MAMPs KW - RNA-seq KW - gene expression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monitoring the Water Quality Benefits of a Triangular Swale Treating a Highway Runoff AU - Luell, Stacy K. AU - Winston, Ryan J. AU - Hunt, William F. T2 - JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE WATER IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AB - Swales are among the most commonly used stormwater control measures (SCMs) worldwide. In 2009, the North Carolina DOT constructed a grassed swale in Knightdale, North Carolina, in the right-of-way of Interstate 540 near Mango Creek. The swale had a rock-lined forebay, v-shaped cross-section, a sinuosity of 1.1, 2% longitudinal slope, and 37-m centerline length. The swale was vegetated with tall fescue sod and partly below the Interstate 540 southbound bridge deck. Flow-volume weighted, composite water quality samples were collected for more than 30 runoff events at the inlet and outlet of the swale and tested for nitrogen species [total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), and nitrate- and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3)], total phosphorous (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS). The mean effluent total nitrogen, total phosphorous, and total suspended solids concentrations released by the swale were 0.99, 0.16, and 39 mg/L, respectively. Particle size distributions analyzed for three storms showed that the swale and its forebay most easily transported particles in the range of 0.4–40 μm and most effectively trapped particles in the range of 100–2,000 μm in diameter. Although this swale reduced the pollutants associated with coarse particulates (typical of highway runoff), coupling swales with other SCMs is recommended to meet target total nitrogen (TN) and TP thresholds. DA - 2021/2/1/ PY - 2021/2/1/ DO - 10.1061/JSWBAY.0000929 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2379-6111 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Discussion of "Cylindrical Central Baffle Flume for Flow Measurement in Open Channels" by Aniruddha D. Ghare, Ankur Kapoor, and Avinash M. Badar AU - Grabow, Garry T2 - JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING DA - 2021/7/1/ PY - 2021/7/1/ DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001582 VL - 147 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1943-4774 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maize Plants Chimeric for an Autoactive Resistance Gene Display a Cell-Autonomous Hypersensitive Response but Non–Cell Autonomous Defense Signaling AU - Karre, Shailesh AU - Kim, Saet-Byul AU - Kim, Bong-Suk AU - Khangura, Rajdeep S. AU - Sermons, Shannon M. AU - Dilkes, Brian AU - Johal, Guri AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter T2 - Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® AB - The maize gene Rp1-D21 is a mutant form of the gene Rp1-D that confers resistance to common rust. Rp1-D21 triggers a spontaneous defense response that occurs in the absence of the pathogen and includes a programed cell death called the hypersensitive response (HR). Eleven plants heterozygous for Rp1-D21, in four different genetic backgrounds, were identified that had chimeric leaves with lesioned sectors showing HR abutting green nonlesioned sectors lacking HR. The Rp1-D21 sequence derived from each of the lesioned portions of leaves was unaltered from the expected sequence whereas the Rp1-D21 sequences from nine of the nonlesioned sectors displayed various mutations, and we were unable to amplify Rp1-D21 from the other two nonlesioned sectors. In every case, the borders between the sectors were sharp, with no transition zone, suggesting that HR and chlorosis associated with Rp1-D21 activity was cell autonomous. Expression of defense response marker genes was assessed in the lesioned and nonlesioned sectors as well as in near-isogenic plants lacking and carrying Rp1-D21. Defense gene expression was somewhat elevated in nonlesioned sectors abutting sectors carrying Rp1-D21 compared with near-isogenic plants lacking Rp1-D21. This suggests that, whereas the HR itself was cell autonomous, other aspects of the defense response initiated by Rp1-D21 were not. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . DA - 2021/6// PY - 2021/6// DO - 10.1094/MPMI-04-20-0091-R VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 606-616 J2 - MPMI LA - en OP - SN - 0894-0282 1943-7706 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-04-20-0091-R DB - Crossref KW - cell death KW - plant responses to pathogens KW - resistance genes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbe-dependent heterosis in maize AU - Wagner, Maggie R. AU - Tang, Clara AU - Salvato, Fernanda AU - Clouse, Kayla M. AU - Bartlett, Alexandria AU - Vintila, Simina AU - Phillips, Laura AU - Sermons, Shannon AU - Hoffmann, Mark AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Kleiner, Manuel T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Hybrids account for nearly all commercially planted varieties of maize and many other crop plants because crosses between inbred lines of these species produce first-generation [F1] offspring that greatly outperform their parents. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, called heterosis or hybrid vigor, are not well understood despite over a century of intensive research. The leading hypotheses-which focus on quantitative genetic mechanisms (dominance, overdominance, and epistasis) and molecular mechanisms (gene dosage and transcriptional regulation)-have been able to explain some but not all of the observed patterns of heterosis. Abiotic stressors are known to impact the expression of heterosis; however, the potential role of microbes in heterosis has largely been ignored. Here, we show that heterosis of root biomass and other traits in maize is strongly dependent on the belowground microbial environment. We found that, in some cases, inbred lines perform as well by these criteria as their F1 offspring under sterile conditions but that heterosis can be restored by inoculation with a simple community of seven bacterial strains. We observed the same pattern for seedlings inoculated with autoclaved versus live soil slurries in a growth chamber and for plants grown in steamed or fumigated versus untreated soil in the field. In a different field site, however, soil steaming increased rather than decreased heterosis, indicating that the direction of the effect depends on community composition, environment, or both. Together, our results demonstrate an ecological phenomenon whereby soil microbes differentially impact the early growth of inbred and hybrid maize. DA - 2021/7/19/ PY - 2021/7/19/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.2021965118 VL - 118 IS - 30 SP - J2 - Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021965118 DB - Crossref KW - hybrid vigor KW - microbiome KW - maize KW - endophytes KW - rhizosphere ER - TY - JOUR TI - DRAINMOD modeling framework for simulating controlled drainage effect on lateral seepage from artificially drained fields AU - Youssef, Mohamed A. AU - Liu, Yu AU - Chescheir, George M. AU - Skaggs, R. Wayne AU - Negm, Lamyaa M. T2 - AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT AB - We demonstrated a DRAINMOD modeling framework to predict controlled drainage (CD) effect on the fate of water in artificially drained agricultural fields, which is key for determining the water quality benefits of the practice. To demonstrate this modeling framework, DRAINMOD simulated the hydrology of a subsurface drained grass field in Eastern North Carolina, U.S. under both free drainage (FD) and CD. Three scenarios were simulated for each water management: no lateral seepage (LS) and LS with constant and dynamic hydraulic head (Hr). For each scenario, predicted water table depth (WTD) and subsurface drainage were compared to observed values using Mean Absolute Error, Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency, and Normalized Percent Error. Predicted water balance components for different scenarios were also investigated. Results clearly showed that LS was a significant component of the water balance for CD. Model predictions showed that 96% of the reduction in subsurface drainage due to CD could be attributed to LS (33.5 cm yr−1). The large values of LS predicted by the model were attributed to the presence of a permeable sandy layer in the soil profile, the shallow management depth of the drain outlet, and the small size of the experimental field plots. Agreement between predicted and observed WTD and subsurface drainage ranged from acceptable to excellent for FD with and without considering LS. In contrast, DRAINMOD simulations for CD yielded acceptable predictions only for the scenario considering LS with dynamic Hr. This study demonstrated the power of process-based simulation models, such as DRAINMOD, for interpreting and explaining data of experimental studies and underscored the importance of using a proper model calibration strategy for yielding reliable predictions. This study highlights the need for well-coordinated experimental and modeling research to further investigate how seepage affect CD performance for reducing drainage flow and nitrogen losses from artificially drained agricultural fields. DA - 2021/8/1/ PY - 2021/8/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106944 VL - 254 SP - SN - 1873-2283 KW - Drainage water management KW - DRAINMOD KW - Water table management KW - Agricultural drainage KW - Hydrologic modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Event-scale hysteresis metrics to reveal processes and mechanisms controlling constituent export from watersheds: A review AU - Liu, Wenlong AU - Birgand, Francois AU - Tian, Shiying AU - Chen, Cheng T2 - WATER RESEARCH AB - Due to the increased availability of high-frequency measurements of stream chemistry provided by in situ sensors, researchers have gained more access to relationships between stream discharge and constituent concentrations (C-Q relationships) at event-scales. Existing studies reveal that event-scale C-Q relationships are mostly non-linear and exhibit temporal lags between peaks (or troughs) of hydrographs and chemographs, resulting in apparent hysteresis effects. In this paper, we summarize and introduce tools and methods in hysteresis analysis, especially the history and progresses of metrics to quantify hysteresis patterns. In addition, this paper provides a typical workflow to conduct event-scale hysteresis analysis, such as how to obtain the access to high-frequency measurements, existing methods to delineate storm events, approaches to classify and quantify hysteresis patterns, possible features/properties controlling hysteresis patterns, statistical methods to identify features at play, and strategies to deliver the inferences from hysteresis analysis. Lastly, we discuss some potential limitations that arise in the workflow and possible future work to address the challenges, including the development of advanced quantitative hysteresis metrics, generalized and standardized tools to delineate events and the integration of hysteresis analysis with numerical modeling. This paper aims to provide a critical overview of technical approaches for hysteresis analysis for researchers and hopefully foster their interests to advance our understanding of complex mechanisms in event-scale hydro-biogeochemical processes. DA - 2021/7/15/ PY - 2021/7/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117254 VL - 200 SP - SN - 1879-2448 KW - C-Q relationship KW - Hysteresis KW - High-frequency measurements KW - Nitrate KW - Watersheds KW - Statistical analyses ER - TY - JOUR TI - FRONTIER: DRAINAGE WATER RECYCLING IN THE HUMID REGIONS OF THE US: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES AU - Hay, Christopher H. AU - Reinhart, Benjamin D. AU - Frankenberger, Jane R. AU - Helmers, Matthew J. AU - Jia, Xinhua AU - Nelson, Kelly A. AU - Youssef, Mohamed A. T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE AB - Highlights Drainage water recycling captures and stores agricultural drainage water for reuse as supplemental irrigation. Drainage water recycling can both increase crop production and benefit downstream water quality. Depending on management, drainage water recycling can also provide other complementary benefits. Research needs to advance drainage water recycling are presented and discussed. Keywords: Drainage water quality, Drainage water reuse, Subsurface drainage, Supplemental irrigation, Agricultural resiliency. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/trans.14207 VL - 64 IS - 3 SP - 1095-1102 SN - 2151-0040 KW - Drainage water quality KW - Drainage water reuse KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Supplemental irrigation KW - Agricultural resiliency ER - TY - JOUR TI - INVERSE AERMOD AND SCIPUFF DISPERSION MODELING FOR FARM-LEVEL PM10 EMISSION RATE ASSESSMENT AU - Cheng, B. AU - Kumar, A. P. Shiv AU - Wang-Li, L. T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE AB - Highlights AERMOD and SCIPUFF were employed to back-calculate farm-level PM 10 emission rates based on inverse modeling. Both AERMOD and SCIPUFF did not capture the diurnal and seasonal variations of farm-level PM 10 emission rates. AERMOD modeling results were affected by wind speed, with higher wind speed leading to higher emission rates. Higher numbers of receptors and PM 10 measurements with greater time resolution may be recommended in the future. Abstract. Air pollutant emissions from animal feeding operations (AFOs) have become a serious concern for public health and ambient air quality. Particulate matter with aerodynamic equivalent diameter less than or equal to 10 µm (PM10) is one of the major air pollutants emitted from AFOs. To assess the impacts of PM10 emissions from AFOs, knowledge about farm-level PM10 emission rates is needed but is challenging to obtain through field measurements. The inverse dispersion modeling approach provides an alternative way to estimate farm-level PM10 emission rates. In this study, two dispersion models, AERMOD and SCIPUFF, were employed to back-calculate farm-level PM10 emission rates based on hourly PM10 concentration measurements at four downwind locations in the vicinity of a commercial egg production farm in the southeast U.S. Onsite meteorological data were simultaneously recorded using a 10 m weather tower to facilitate the dispersion modeling. The modeling results were compared with PM10 emission measurements from two layer houses on the farm. Single-area source, double-area source, and double-volume source were used in AERMOD, while only single-point source was used in SCIPUFF. The inverse modeling results indicated that both SCIPUFF and AERMOD did not capture the diurnal and seasonal variations of the farm-level PM10 emission rates. In addition, the AERMOD modeling results were affected by wind speed, and higher emission rates may be predicted at higher wind speeds. The single-point source for SCIPUFF, the plume rise simplification for AERMOD, and insufficient concentration measurement resolution in response to temporal changes in wind direction may have added uncertainties to the modeling results. The results of this study suggest that more receptors covering more representative downwind locations should be considered in future modeling for farm-level emissions assessment. Moreover, ambient data collection with greater time resolution (e.g., less than one hour) is recommended to capture diurnal and seasonal patterns more rigorously. Only in this way can researchers achieve a better understanding of the effectiveness of inverse dispersion modeling for estimation of pollutant emission rates. Keywords: AERMOD, Animal feeding operations, Egg production, Farm-level emission rate, Inverse dispersion modeling, PM10, SCIPUFF. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/trans.14311 VL - 64 IS - 3 SP - 801-817 SN - 2151-0040 KW - AERMOD KW - Animal feeding operations KW - Egg production KW - Farm-level emission rate KW - Inverse dispersion modeling KW - PM10 KW - SCIPUFF ER - TY - JOUR TI - HIGH-RESOLUTION PORE-SCALE WATER CONTENT MEASUREMENT IN A TRANSLUCENT SOIL PROFILE FROM LIGHT TRANSMISSION AU - Orozco-Lopez, E. AU - Munoz-Carpena, R. AU - Gao, B. AU - Fox, G. T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE AB - Highlights Research methods are needed to study preferential flow processes at pore scale and high temporal resolution. Novel verification of the light transmission method shows high efficiency to measure rapid transient soil water flow. Recast of a previous physical model allows reliable pore-scale water content quantification in translucent soil profiles. Insights from the light transmission method can inform preferential flow modeling efforts. Abstract . Understanding rapid transient flows in the soil unsaturated zone continues to be a major challenge in hydrology and water quality engineering. For example, surface runoff mitigation by riparian buffers can be limited by rapid transient flows due to the natural propensity of these areas for preferential flow pathways (i.e., caused by roots, wormholes, or wetting/drying cycles). However, current monitoring technologies are limited in their ability to capture rapid soil preferential flows at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Among the state-of-the-art technologies to monitor preferential flow, the light transmission method (LTM) has become a promising tool to quantify pore-scale water contents at a laboratory scale, but its reliability and consistency need further study. The objectives of this study are to recast a previously developed LTM physical model, propose a novel verification method to assess LTM reliability to measure pore-scale water dynamics in laboratory translucent soil profiles, and identify the representative pore radius of translucent soil profiles based on their average number of pores. This study found a high measuring efficiency with LTM for soil moisture and drainage estimations (NSE &gt; 0.98, RMSE &lt; 5.4%), showing its potential for use in laboratory analysis of pore-scale rapid transient water dynamics typically found in preferential flow through the vadose zone. This study also shows that the parameter traditionally associated with the number of pores in a translucent soil profile is a fitting parameter with no direct physical meaning. Keywords: Beer-Lambert law, Fresnel law, Light transmission method, Preferential flow, Riparian buffer, Vadose zone. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/trans.14292 VL - 64 IS - 3 SP - 949-962 SN - 2151-0040 KW - Beer-Lambert law KW - Fresnel law KW - Light transmission method KW - Preferential flow KW - Riparian buffer KW - Vadose zone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating shade cloth to simulate Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) competition in sweetpotato AU - Moore, Levi D. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Boyette, Michael D. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Abstract Field studies were conducted in 2019 and 2020 to compare the effects of shade cloth light interception and Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) competition on ‘Covington’ sweetpotato [ Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. Treatments consisted of a seven by two factorial arrangement, in which the first factor included shade cloth with an average measured light interception of 41%, 59%, 76%, and 94% and A. palmeri thinned to 0.6 or 3.1 plants m −2 or a nontreated weed-free check; and the second factor included shade cloth or A. palmeri removal timing at 6 or 10 wk after planting (WAP). Amaranthus palmeri light interception peaked around 710 to 840 growing degree days (base 10 C) (6 to 7 WAP) with a maximum light interception of 67% and 84% for the 0.6 and 3.1 plants m −2 densities, respectively. Increasing shade cloth light interception by 1% linearly increased yield loss by 1% for No. 1, jumbo, and total yield. Yield loss increased by 36%, 23%, and 35% as shade cloth removal was delayed from 6 to 10 WAP for No. 1, jumbo, and total yield, respectively. F -tests comparing reduced versus full models of yield loss provided no evidence that the presence of yield loss from A. palmeri light interception caused yield loss different than that explained by the shade cloth at similar light-interception levels. Results indicate that shade cloth structures could be used to simulate Covington sweetpotato yield loss from A. palmeri competition, and light interception could be used as a predictor for expected yield loss from A. palmeri competition. DA - 2021/7// PY - 2021/7// DO - 10.1017/wsc.2021.21 VL - 69 IS - 4 SP - 478-484 SN - 1550-2759 KW - Light competition KW - light interception ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in soil-test-based phosphorus and potassium rate recommendations across the southern USA AU - Zhang, Hailin AU - Antonangelo, Joao AU - Grove, John AU - Osmond, Deanna AU - Slaton, Nathan A. AU - Alford, Shannon AU - Florence, Robert AU - Huluka, Gobena AU - Hardy, David Herring AU - Lessl, Jason AU - Maguire, Rory AU - Mylavarapu, Rao AU - Oldham, J. Larry AU - Pena-Yewtukhiw, Eugenia M. AU - Provin, Tony AU - Sonon, Leticia AU - Sotomayor, David AU - Wang, Jim T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Abstract Thirteen states associated with the Southern Extension and Research Activities Information Exchange Group‐6 (SERA‐IEG‐6) agreed to share their soil test based P and K rate recommendations for nine major crops. The objectives were to compare fertilizer P and K rate recommendations, to look for opportunities to rationalize similar recommendations across state lines, and to examine challenges to the development of a cooperative regional approach to P and K recommendations. Mehlich‐3 (eight states), Mehlich‐1 (five states), or Lancaster (one state) extractions were the basis of plant available soil P (STP) and K (STK) assessment. Fertilizer recommendation philosophies (sufficiency, build and maintain, and/or hybrid) variation among the states might be the main reason behind such discrepancies. Although a few similarities in P and K rate recommendations were found, the different philosophies, numerical presentations, and extraction procedures drove important recommendation differences. Widespread adoption of the Mehlich‐3 extraction procedure has not reduced variation in fertilizer P and K rate recommendations among the states. Instead, for states using Mehlich 3, soil test critical concentrations ranged from 30 to 75 mg P kg –1 and 60 to 175 mg K kg –1 for corn ( Zea mays L.) grain and warm‐season grass hay production. The adoption of uniform soil testing terminology, sample collection guidelines, extraction methods, and interpretations across common physiographic regions, soils, and state lines remains a challenge. Differences arise because of the different soil orders and properties, climate conditions, and resulting crop responses to added P and K fertilizers. Such differences in soil‐test‐based fertilizer P and K recommendations are state specific and highlight needs to examine the soil testing and recommendation process, make soil test results end‐user friendly, and, when appropriate, standardize fundamental information used in the soil testing guidelines. DA - 2021/6/23/ PY - 2021/6/23/ DO - 10.1002/saj2.20280 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SNAPSHOT USA 2019: a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States AU - Cove, Michael V. AU - Kays, Roland AU - Bontrager, Helen AU - Bresnan, Claire AU - Lasky, Monica AU - Frerichs, Taylor AU - Klann, Renee AU - Lee, Thomas E., Jr. AU - Crockett, Seth C. AU - Crupi, Anthony P. AU - Weiss, Katherine C. B. AU - Rowe, Helen AU - Sprague, Tiffany AU - Schipper, Jan AU - Tellez, Chelsey AU - Lepczyk, Christopher A. AU - Fantle-Lepczyk, Jean E. AU - Lapoint, Scott AU - Williamson, Jacque AU - Fisher-Reid, M. Caitlin AU - King, Sean M. AU - Bebko, Alexandra J. AU - Chrysafis, Petros AU - Jensen, Alex J. AU - Jachowski, David S. AU - Sands, Joshua AU - MacCombie, Kelly Anne AU - Herrera, Daniel J. AU - Merwe, Marius AU - Knowles, Travis W. AU - Horan, Robert V., III AU - Rentz, Michael S. AU - Brandt, LaRoy S. E. AU - Nagy, Christopher AU - Barton, Brandon T. AU - Thompson, Weston C. AU - Maher, Sean P. AU - Darracq, Andrea K. AU - Hess, George AU - Parsons, Arielle W. AU - Wells, Brenna AU - Roemer, Gary W. AU - Hernandez, Cristian J. AU - Gompper, Matthew E. AU - Webb, Stephen L. AU - Vanek, John P. AU - Lafferty, Diana J. R. AU - Bergquist, Amelia M. AU - Hubbard, Tru AU - Forrester, Tavis AU - Clark, Darren AU - Cincotta, Connor AU - Favreau, Jorie AU - Facka, Aaron N. AU - Halbur, Michelle AU - Hammerich, Steven AU - Gray, Morgan AU - Rega-Brodsky, Christine C. AU - Durbin, Caleb AU - Flaherty, Elizabeth A. AU - Brooke, Jarred M. AU - Coster, Stephanie S. AU - Lathrop, Richard G. AU - Russell, Katarina AU - Bogan, Daniel A. AU - Cliche, Rachel AU - Shamon, Hila AU - Hawkins, Melissa T. R. AU - Marks, Sharyn B. AU - Lonsinger, Robert C. AU - O'Mara, M. Teague AU - Compton, Justin A. AU - Fowler, Melinda AU - Barthelmess, Erika L. AU - Andy, Katherine E. AU - Belant, Jerrold L. AU - Beyer, Dean E., Jr. AU - Kautz, Todd M. AU - Scognamillo, Daniel G. AU - Schalk, Christopher M. AU - Leslie, Matthew S. AU - Nasrallah, Sophie L. AU - Ellison, Caroline N. AU - Ruthven, Chip AU - Fritts, Sarah AU - Tleimat, Jaquelyn AU - Gay, Mandy AU - Whittier, Christopher A. AU - Neiswenter, Sean A. AU - Pelletier, Robert AU - DeGregorio, Brett A. AU - Kuprewicz, Erin K. AU - Davis, Miranda L. AU - Dykstra, Adrienne AU - Mason, David S. AU - Baruzzi, Carolina AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - Risch, Derek R. AU - Price, Melissa R. AU - Allen, Maximilian L. AU - Whipple, Laura S. AU - Sperry, Jinelle H. AU - Hagen, Robert H. AU - Mortelliti, Alessio AU - Evans, Bryn E. AU - Studds, Colin E. AU - Siren, Alexej P. K. AU - Kilborn, Jillian AU - Sutherland, Chris AU - Warren, Paige AU - Fuller, Todd AU - Harris, Nyeema C. AU - Carter, Neil H. AU - Trout, Edward AU - Zimova, Marketa AU - Giery, Sean T. AU - Iannarilli, Fabiola AU - Higdon, Summer D. AU - Revord, Ronald S. AU - Hansen, Christopher P. AU - Millspaugh, Joshua J. AU - Zorn, Adam AU - Benson, John F. AU - Wehr, Nathaniel H. AU - Solberg, Jaylin N. AU - Gerber, Brian D. AU - Burr, Jessica C. AU - Sevin, Jennifer AU - Green, Austin M. AU - Sekercioglu, Cagan H. AU - Pendergast, Mary AU - Barnick, Kelsey A. AU - Edelman, Andrew J. AU - Wasdin, Joanne R. AU - Romero, Andrea AU - Brian J. O'Neill, AU - Schmitz, Noel AU - Alston, Jesse M. AU - Kuhn, Kellie M. AU - Lesmeister, Damon B. AU - Linnell, Mark A. AU - Appel, Cara L. AU - Rota, Christopher AU - Stenglein, Jennifer L. AU - Anhalt-Depies, Christine AU - Nelson, Carrie AU - Long, Robert A. AU - Jaspers, Kodi Jo AU - Remine, Kathryn R. AU - Jordan, Mark J. AU - Davis, Daniel AU - Hernandez-Yanez, Haydee AU - Zhao, Jennifer Y. AU - McShea, Andwilliam J. T2 - ECOLOGY AB - Abstract With the accelerating pace of global change, it is imperative that we obtain rapid inventories of the status and distribution of wildlife for ecological inferences and conservation planning. To address this challenge, we launched the SNAPSHOT USA project, a collaborative survey of terrestrial wildlife populations using camera traps across the United States. For our first annual survey, we compiled data across all 50 states during a 14‐week period (17 August–24 November of 2019). We sampled wildlife at 1,509 camera trap sites from 110 camera trap arrays covering 12 different ecoregions across four development zones. This effort resulted in 166,036 unique detections of 83 species of mammals and 17 species of birds. All images were processed through the Smithsonian’s eMammal camera trap data repository and included an expert review phase to ensure taxonomic accuracy of data, resulting in each picture being reviewed at least twice. The results represent a timely and standardized camera trap survey of the United States. All of the 2019 survey data are made available herein. We are currently repeating surveys in fall 2020, opening up the opportunity to other institutions and cooperators to expand coverage of all the urban–wild gradients and ecophysiographic regions of the country. Future data will be available as the database is updated at eMammal.si.edu/snapshot‐usa, as will future data paper submissions. These data will be useful for local and macroecological research including the examination of community assembly, effects of environmental and anthropogenic landscape variables, effects of fragmentation and extinction debt dynamics, as well as species‐specific population dynamics and conservation action plans. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication. DA - 2021/6// PY - 2021/6// DO - 10.1002/ecy.3353 VL - 102 IS - 6 SP - SN - 1939-9170 KW - biodiversity KW - biogeography KW - camera traps KW - carnivora KW - Cetartiodactyla KW - Cingulata KW - Didelphimorphia KW - Lagomorpha KW - mammals KW - occupancy modeling KW - Rodentia KW - species distribution modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon storage potential in a recently created brackish marsh in eastern North Carolina, USA (vol 127, pg 579, 2019) AU - Shiau, Yo-Jin AU - Burchell, Michael R. AU - Krauss, Ken W. AU - Broome, Stephen W. AU - Birgand, Francois T2 - ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING DA - 2021/10/1/ PY - 2021/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106276 VL - 168 SP - SN - 1872-6992 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Defining the rate of, and factors influencing, radiographic progression of osteoarthritis of the canine hip joint AU - Enomoto, Masataka AU - Baines, Elizabeth A. AU - Roe, Simon C. AU - Marcellin-Little, Denis J. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - This study aimed to define the rate of progression of radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) of the canine hip joint and to describe factors affecting this progression.Dogs that underwent unilateral total hip replacement (THR) were reviewed for the evaluation of radiographic appearance of the non-operated hip joint over time. Standard extended ventrodorsal hip radiographs were taken preoperatively and postoperatively. All images were anonymized, randomized and scored using three different methods. The mean daily change between evaluations was calculated in each individual dog, and the effect of sex, age, body weight, open/closed status of the proximal femoral physis, preoperative severity of OA, time after surgery and their interactions, were investigated as potential influencing factors.After reviewing the medical records, 163 dogs (468 images) met the inclusion criteria. Consistent across the three scoring systems, radiographic progression of OA was greater in younger (open physis) and spayed female dogs. A subset of seven patients (4.3%) had a faster progression of OA and was considered outliers. No dog was rated as outlier by all three scoring systems.The rate of progression of radiographically assessed coxofemoral OA varies greatly, but is faster in younger, spayed female dogs. Unusually fast progression occasionally occurs. DA - 2021/6/12/ PY - 2021/6/12/ DO - 10.1002/vetr.516 VL - 6 SP - SN - 2042-7670 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Replacing liquid fossil fuels and hydrocarbon chemical feedstocks with liquid biofuels from large-scale nuclear biorefineries AU - Forsberg, C. W. AU - Dale, B. E. AU - Jones, D. S. AU - Hossain, T. AU - Morais, A. R. C. AU - Wendt, L. M. T2 - APPLIED ENERGY AB - Liquid fossil fuels (1) enable transportation and (2) provide energy for mobile work platforms and (3) supply dispatchable energy to highly variable demand (seasonal heating and peak electricity). We describe a system to replace liquid fossil fuels with drop-in biofuels including gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. Because growing biomass removes carbon dioxide from the air, there is no net addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere from burning biofuels. In addition, with proper management, biofuel systems can sequester large quantities of carbon as soil organic matter, improving soil fertility and providing other environmental services. In the United States liquid biofuels can potentially replace all liquid fossil fuels. The required system has two key features. First, the heat and hydrogen for conversion of biomass into high-quality liquid fuels is provided by external low-carbon energy sources--nuclear energy or fossil fuels with carbon capture and sequestration. Using external energy inputs can almost double the energy content of the liquid fuel per unit of biomass feedstock by fully converting the carbon in biomass into a hydrocarbon fuel. Second, competing effectively with fossil fuels requires very large biorefineries—the equivalent of a 250,000 barrel per day oil refinery. This requires commercializing methods for converting local biomass into high-density storable feedstocks that can be economically shipped to large-scale biorefineries. DA - 2021/9/15/ PY - 2021/9/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117225 VL - 298 SP - SN - 1872-9118 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117225 KW - Biofuels KW - Nuclear energy KW - Depots KW - Pyrolysis oil KW - Renewable natural gas ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geospatial distribution of hypoxia associated with a Karenia brevis bloom AU - Milbrandt, Eric C. AU - Martignette, A. J. AU - Thompson, M. A. AU - Bartleson, R. D. AU - Phlips, E. J. AU - Badylak, S. AU - Nelson, N. G. T2 - ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE AB - In 2018, the presence of bottom water hypoxia along the SW Florida coast was investigated during a bloom of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis . The bloom was first detected in November 2017. Monitoring of oxygen levels and bloom densities was carried out in 2018 and 2019 using sampling grids. Vertical profiles indicated a pycnocline at 3–4 m where warmer, lower salinity water was at the surface, while the deeper hypoxic layer was colder with higher salinity. There were significantly higher abundances of K. brevis in the surface water compared to the hypoxic bottom water in September 2018. At two fixed sites, dissolved oxygen was measured continuously showing hypoxic conditions during that month. Geospatial analysis of vertical profile data yielded an estimate that the hypoxic layer covered an area of at least 655 km 2 . The possible influences of red tides on hypoxic conditions along the coast of the eastern Gulf of Mexico are discussed within the context of the 2018 K. brevis bloom event. Hypoxia occurring in parallel to a red tide bloom is more likely to occur with warmer ocean temperatures and increased fluxes of nutrients and fresh water to the Gulf of Mexico after hurricanes. • Hypoxia co-occurred with a red tide bloom ( Karenia brevis ) in shallow waters of the eastern Gulf of Mexico in 2018. • Vertical stratification of the water column led to the development of the hypoxic layer that was estimated to be 655 km 2 . • The toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis was the dominant taxon in the red tide. • A large die-off of fish, turtles, and other marine life during the red tide was widely reported in the region of hypoxia. DA - 2021/9/30/ PY - 2021/9/30/ DO - 10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107446 VL - 259 SP - SN - 1096-0015 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107446 KW - Caloosahatchee KW - phytoplankton KW - stratification KW - hypoxia KW - red tide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating the Influence of Oyster Reef Chains on Freshwater Detention at the Estuary Scale Using Landsat-8 Imagery AU - Alonso, Alice AU - Nelson, Natalie G. AU - Yurek, Simeon AU - Kaplan, David AU - Olabarrieta, Maitane AU - Frederick, Peter T2 - ESTUARIES AND COASTS DA - 2021/5/26/ PY - 2021/5/26/ DO - 10.1007/s12237-021-00959-6 VL - 5 SP - SN - 1559-2731 KW - Landsat 8 KW - Satellite imagery KW - Salinity KW - Oyster reefs KW - Suwannee River KW - Gulf of Mexico ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disturbance type and species life history predict mammal responses to humans AU - Suraci, Justin P. AU - Gaynor, Kaitlyn M. AU - Allen, Maximilian L. AU - Alexander, Peter AU - Brashares, Justin S. AU - Cendejas-Zarelli, Sara AU - Crooks, Kevin AU - Elbroch, L. Mark AU - Forrester, Tavis AU - Green, Austin M. AU - Haight, Jeffrey AU - Harris, Nyeema C. AU - Hebblewhite, Mark AU - Isbell, Forest AU - Johnston, Barbara AU - Kays, Roland AU - Lendrum, Patrick E. AU - Lewis, Jesse S. AU - McInturff, Alex AU - McShea, William AU - Murphy, Thomas W. AU - Palmer, Meredith S. AU - Parsons, Arielle AU - Parsons, Mitchell A. AU - Pendergast, Mary E. AU - Pekins, Charles AU - Prugh, Laura R. AU - Sager-Fradkin, Kimberly A. AU - Schuttler, Stephanie AU - Sekercioglu, Cagan H. AU - Shepherd, Brenda AU - Whipple, Laura AU - Whittington, Jesse AU - Wittemyer, George AU - Wilmers, Christopher C. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Human activity and land use change impact every landscape on Earth, driving declines in many animal species while benefiting others. Species ecological and life history traits may predict success in human‐dominated landscapes such that only species with “winning” combinations of traits will persist in disturbed environments. However, this link between species traits and successful coexistence with humans remains obscured by the complexity of anthropogenic disturbances and variability among study systems. We compiled detection data for 24 mammal species from 61 populations across North America to quantify the effects of (1) the direct presence of people and (2) the human footprint (landscape modification) on mammal occurrence and activity levels. Thirty‐three percent of mammal species exhibited a net negative response (i.e., reduced occurrence or activity) to increasing human presence and/or footprint across populations, whereas 58% of species were positively associated with increasing disturbance. However, apparent benefits of human presence and footprint tended to decrease or disappear at higher disturbance levels, indicative of thresholds in mammal species’ capacity to tolerate disturbance or exploit human‐dominated landscapes. Species ecological and life history traits were strong predictors of their responses to human footprint, with increasing footprint favoring smaller, less carnivorous, faster‐reproducing species. The positive and negative effects of human presence were distributed more randomly with respect to species trait values, with apparent winners and losers across a range of body sizes and dietary guilds. Differential responses by some species to human presence and human footprint highlight the importance of considering these two forms of human disturbance separately when estimating anthropogenic impacts on wildlife. Our approach provides insights into the complex mechanisms through which human activities shape mammal communities globally, revealing the drivers of the loss of larger predators in human‐modified landscapes. DA - 2021/5/20/ PY - 2021/5/20/ DO - 10.1111/gcb.15650 SP - SN - 1365-2486 KW - anthropogenic disturbance KW - carnivore KW - conservation KW - environmental filter KW - human footprint index KW - human‐ KW - wildlife coexistence KW - occupancy KW - traits KW - ungulate KW - wildlife ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Letter to the Editor regarding Mathavarajah et al. (2020) Pandemic danger to the deep: The risk of marine mammals contracting SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater AU - Maal-Bared, Rasha AU - Sobsey, Mark AU - Bibby, Kyle AU - Fitzmorris, Kari Brisolara AU - Munakata, Naoko AU - Gerba, Charles AU - Schaefer, Scott AU - Swift, Jay AU - Gary, Lee AU - Babatola, Akin AU - Bastian, Robert AU - Olabode, Lola AU - Reimers, Robert AU - Rubin, Albert AU - Kester, Greg AU - Casson, Leonard DA - 2021/6/15/ PY - 2021/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144855 SP - KW - Transmission KW - COVID-19 KW - Wastewater KW - Lagoons KW - Risk ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effects of Interface Views on Performing Aerial Telemanipulation Tasks Using Small UAVs AU - Young, Sierra N. AU - Lanciloti, Ryan J. AU - Peschel, Joshua M. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ROBOTICS AB - This paper presents a human-robot interaction (HRI) study of a dedicated Mission Specialist interface for performing telemanipulation tasks using a small unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV). Current literature suggests that the successful completion of aerial manipulation tasks in real-world environments requires human input due to challenges in autonomous perception and control. Visual information of the remote environment in a telemanipulation interface can significantly affect performance under direct control; however, the effects of interface visualizations on task performance have not been studied for UAV telemanipulation. This work evaluated the effects of interface viewpoint on aerial manipulation task performance. The interfaces evaluated in this study included video streams from cameras located onboard the UAV, including: (i) a manipulator egocentric view, (ii) a manipulator exocentric view, and (iii) a combination of egocentric and exocentric views. A total of 36 participants completed three different manipulation tasks using all three interface conditions. The observations and results showed that both the exocentric and mixed view configurations contributed to improved task performance over an egocentric-only interface. Further, this study resulted in data regarding view use, view effectiveness, and task type that can be used for further developing interfacing for aerial manipulators that change and adapt to the environment and task. DA - 2021/4/8/ PY - 2021/4/8/ DO - 10.1007/s12369-021-00783-9 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1875-4805 KW - Manipulation KW - Tablet interface KW - Human robot interaction KW - UAV ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing and managing SARS-CoV-2 occupational health risk to workers handling residuals and biosolids AU - Brisolara, Kari Fitzmorris AU - Maal-Bared, Rasha AU - Sobsey, Mark D. AU - Reimers, Robert S. AU - Rubin, Albert AU - Bastian, Robert K. AU - Gerba, Charles AU - Smith, James E. AU - Bibby, Kyle AU - Kester, Greg AU - Brown, Sally T2 - SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT AB - Current wastewater worker guidance from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) aligns with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommendations and states that no additional specific protections against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 infections, are recommended for employees involved in wastewater management operations with residuals, sludge, and biosolids at water resource recovery facilities. The USEPA guidance references a document from 2002 that summarizes practices required for protection of workers handling class B biosolids to minimize exposure to pathogens including viruses. While there is no documented evidence that residuals or biosolids of any treatment level contain infectious SARS-CoV-2 or are a source of transmission of this current pandemic strain of coronavirus, this review summarizes and examines whether the provided federal guidance is sufficient to protect workers in view of currently available data on SARS-CoV-2 persistence and transmission. No currently available epidemiological data establishes a direct link between wastewater sludge or biosolids and risk of infection from the SARS-CoV-2. Despite shedding of the RNA of the virus in feces, there is no evidence supporting the presence or transmission of infectious SARS-CoV-2 through the wastewater system or in biosolids. In addition, this review presents previous epidemiologic data related to other non-enveloped viruses. Overall, the risk for exposure to SARS-CoV-2, or any pathogen, decreases with increasing treatment measures. As a result, the highest risk of exposure is related to spreading and handling untreated feces or stool, followed by untreated municipal sludge, the class B biosolids, while lowest risk is associated with spreading or handling Class A biosolids. This review reinforces federal recommendations and the importance of vigilance in applying occupational risk mitigation measures to protect public and occupational health. DA - 2021/6/20/ PY - 2021/6/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145732 VL - 774 SP - SN - 1879-1026 KW - Residuals KW - Biosolids KW - Coronavirus KW - COVID-19 KW - SARS-CoV-2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carolina critters: a collection of camera-trap data from wildlife surveys across North Carolina AU - Lasky, Monica AU - Parsons, Arielle W. AU - Schuttler, Stephanie G. AU - Hess, George AU - Sutherland, Ron AU - Kalies, Liz AU - Clark, Staci AU - Olfenbuttel, Colleen AU - Matthews, Jessie AU - Clark, James S. AU - Siminitz, Jordan AU - Davis, George AU - Shaw, Jonathan AU - Dukes, Casey AU - Hill, Jacob AU - Kays, Roland T2 - ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Camera trap surveys are useful to understand animal species population trends, distribution, habitat preference, behavior, community dynamics, periods of activity, and species associations with environmental conditions. This information is ecologically important, because many species play important roles in local ecosystems as predators, herbivores, seed dispersers, and disease vectors. Additionally, many of the larger wildlife species detected by camera traps are economically important through hunting, trapping, or ecotourism. Here we present a data set of camera‐trap surveys from 6,043 locations across all 100 counties of North Carolina, USA from 2009 to 2019. These data come from 26 survey initiatives and contain 215,108 records of 36 mammal species and three species of terrestrial birds. This large data set increases the geographical distribution data for these 39 mammal and bird species by >500% over what is available for North Carolina in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). These data can be used to conduct inquiries about species, populations, communities, or ecosystems, and to produce useful information on wildlife behavior, distribution, and interactions. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this paper when using the data for publication. DA - 2021/6/1/ PY - 2021/6/1/ DO - 10.1002/ecy.3372 SP - SN - 1939-9170 KW - biodiversity KW - camera trap KW - citizen science KW - database KW - ecology KW - mammal KW - species distribution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Opportunities for Robotic Systems and Automation in Cotton Production AU - Barnes, Edward AU - Morgan, Gaylon AU - Hake, Kater AU - Devine, Jon AU - Kurtz, Ryan AU - Ibendahl, Gregory AU - Sharda, Ajay AU - Rains, Glen AU - Snider, John AU - Maja, Joe Mari AU - Thomasson, J. Alex AU - Lu, Yuzhen AU - Gharakhani, Hussein AU - Griffin, James AU - Kimura, Emi AU - Hardin, Robert AU - Raper, Tyson AU - Young, Sierra AU - Fue, Kadeghe AU - Pelletier, Mathew AU - Wanjura, John AU - Holt, Greg T2 - AGRIENGINEERING AB - Automation continues to play a greater role in agricultural production with commercial systems now available for machine vision identification of weeds and other pests, autonomous weed control, and robotic harvesters for fruits and vegetables. The growing availability of autonomous machines in agriculture indicates that there are opportunities to increase automation in cotton production. This article considers how current and future advances in automation has, could, or will impact cotton production practices. The results are organized to follow the cotton production process from land preparation to planting to within season management through harvesting and ginning. For each step, current and potential opportunities to automate processes are discussed. Specific examples include advances in automated weed control and progress made in the use of robotic systems for cotton harvesting. DA - 2021/6// PY - 2021/6// DO - 10.3390/agriengineering3020023 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 339-362 SN - 2624-7402 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/3/2/23 KW - cotton KW - automation KW - robotics KW - UGV KW - machine vision ER - TY - JOUR TI - CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT: A SYNTHESIS ON NUTRIENT REDUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL EFFLUENTS AU - Messer, T. L. AU - Moore, T. L. AU - Nelson, N. AU - Ahiablame, L. AU - Bean, E. Z. AU - Boles, C. AU - Cook, S. L. AU - Hall, S. G. AU - McMaine, J. AU - Schlea, D. T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE AB - Abstract. Excess nutrients from agricultural settings contribute to surface water and groundwater impairment. Constructed wetlands have been widely used for water quality protection in various agricultural systems. We used a synthesis approach to document the performance of constructed wetlands for nutrient removal from a range of landscapes and geographic regions with the following objectives: (1) review the current use of constructed wetlands in agricultural applications, (2) summarize the nutrient removal efficiency of constructed wetlands, and (3) identify the geographic usage and costs associated with constructed wetlands. We reviewed over 130 publications and reports to characterize nutrient removal performance for the following types of agricultural effluents: cropland surface and subsurface drainage, and wastewater from livestock production, greenhouse, aquaculture, and hydroponic systems. Data from the reviewed studies indicate that constructed wetlands are efficient in protecting water quality in agricultural production settings. However, differences in constructed wetland characteristics reported by the studies suggest that standards are needed to ensure nutrient removal goals are met based on wetland design. Researchers should consider including basic performance parameters for constructed wetlands in published reports, including influent and effluent concentrations, hydraulic retention time, hydraulic loading rate, watershed to treatment wetland ratios, and plant species and relative cover. Future studies are needed to explore cost-benefit analyses to assess the feasibility and potential promotion of wetland incentive programs in various geographic regions and watershed nonpoint-source pollution goals for using these systems in agricultural settings. Keywords: Agricultural wastewater, Agricultural water quality, Aquaculture, Cropland runoff, Greenhouse, Hydroponic, Livestock, Review, Subsurface, Treatment wetland. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/trans.13976 VL - 64 IS - 2 SP - 625-639 SN - 2151-0040 KW - Agricultural wastewater KW - Agricultural water quality KW - Aquaculture KW - Cropland runoff KW - Greenhouse KW - Hydroponic KW - Livestock KW - Review KW - Subsurface KW - Treatment wetland ER - TY - JOUR TI - ADVANCING SURFACE WATER PESTICIDE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS FOR ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION AU - Fox, G. A. AU - Munoz-Carpena, R. AU - Brooks, B. AU - Hall, T. T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE AB - Highlights Crop protection and pest management programs continue to be integral for modern food production. Potential ecological impacts of pesticides must be assessed, and key mitigation practices adopted. Efforts are needed to advance surface water pesticide exposure assessments from field to landscape scales. Ensuring effective pesticide mitigation practices requires quantifying dynamic site-specific characteristics. Ecological assessments must improve prediction of adverse population and community-level outcomes. Abstract . As the global food demand increases, the use of pesticides will continue to increase with significant growth in low- and middle-income countries. Agricultural systems in which pesticides are used are complex with significant and often unknown biological, human, and physical-chemical interactions. These interactions include climate and hydrology, soil type, selection and use of best management practices, chemical fate and transport, application technology, and land use socioeconomics. The objective of this review article is to highlight key research opportunities identified from recent special meetings and workshops on advancing pesticide exposure assessments and mitigation. Research is needed in using advanced analytics and forensics to better understand the distribution of pesticides in the environment through novel monitoring and detection. Higher-tier modeling approaches can help inform monitoring a priori to better characterize pesticide distributions in the environment. Current pesticide exposure assessments are largely focused on the field or watershed scale, but advancements are needed to move toward landscape-scale analyses capable of analyzing for interacting ecosystems. Assessing the effects of complex, low-dose chemical mixtures on non-target aquatic organisms must advance with new quantitative high-throughput experimental methods focused on identifying interactions and not just additive effects. Field mitigation measures are currently considered as part of the pesticide exposure and risk assessment process using qualitative, fixed-efficiency type approaches, but we specifically call for the use of existing quantitative tools moving forward. These mechanistic modeling and simulation tools can capture the inherent complexity within an agroecological system. There is a need for risk assessment to be more predictive of population and community-level impacts as part of environmentally relevant scenarios. Finally, it is imperative that professional societies take a more proactive role in promoting the transdisciplinary collaboration of biological and agricultural engineers with other disciplines contributing to advances in ecological risk assessment. Keywords: Ecosystem, Exposure assessment, Landscape scale, Mechanistic modeling, Mitigation, Pesticides, Surface water quality. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/trans.14225 VL - 64 IS - 2 SP - 377-387 SN - 2151-0040 KW - Ecosystem KW - Exposure assessment KW - Landscape scale KW - Mechanistic modeling KW - Mitigation KW - Pesticides KW - Surface water quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization data of N-doped biochars using different external nitrogen precursors AU - Kasera, Nitesh AU - Hall, Steven AU - Kolar, Praveen T2 - DATA IN BRIEF AB - The development of waste-derived functional materials for environmental and energy applications is a sustainable approach to fight global warming, and address energy and materials challenges. In this regard, many scientists are interested in the supercapacitor, adsorbent, and catalyst applications of nitrogen-doped biochars. In this article, we report the data that was collected as a part of our research on the effects of different external nitrogenous sources on the properties of biochar [1]. The data on infrared spectra of the modified samples at various temperatures is valuable to study the changes in functional groups on biochar as a function of temperature as well as nitrogen precursors. Raw data from Time-of-flight Secondary ion mass spectroscopy, surface profilometry, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are also provided. We expect that the data will benefit researchers around the world working in the field of nitrogen modifications of biochar. DA - 2021/4// PY - 2021/4// DO - 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106870 VL - 35 SP - SN - 2352-3409 KW - N-enriched biochar KW - Pine char KW - Waste management KW - Instrumental analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - FRONTIER: AUTONOMY IN DETECTION, ACTUATION, AND PLANNING FOR ROBOTIC WEEDING SYSTEMS AU - Pandey, P. AU - Narayan, Hemanth D. AU - Young, S. N. T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE AB - Highlights Recent research and development efforts center around developing smaller, portable robotic weeding systems. Deep learning methods have resulted in accurate, fast, and robust weed detection and identification. Additional key technologies under development include precision actuation and multi-vehicle planning. Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Automated systems, Automated weeding, Weed control. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.13031/trans.14085 VL - 64 IS - 2 SP - 557-563 SN - 2151-0040 KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Automated systems KW - Automated weeding KW - Weed control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measurements of High Oleic Purity in Peanut Lots Using Rapid, Single Kernel Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy AU - Davis, Brittany I AU - Agraz, Catherine B. AU - Kline, Mark AU - Gottschall, Emma AU - Nolt, Michael AU - Whitaker, Thomas B. AU - Osborne, Jason A. AU - Tengstrand, Erik AU - Ostrowski, Kamil AU - Teixeira, Rita AU - Davis, Jack P. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB - Abstract High oleic peanuts have improved shelf life vs. conventional peanuts. Purity (percentage of high oleic peanuts within a lot) is critical to ingredient performance and final lot value. Contamination can result from unintentional mix‐ups at the breeder/seed level, improper production handling, or due to physiologically immature high oleic kernels. Therefore, industry groups have established unofficial sampling plans to monitor purity. Assuming equivalent measurement performance and simple random sampling, increasing the sample size decreases variance among replicated sample test results and increases the precision of estimated lot purity. A novel instrument (QSorter Explorer by QualySense AG) using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy was evaluated for high speed (20 kernels per second) high oleic purity measurements. The study objectives were to assess instrument performance in: (1) measuring oleic acid (%) in runner peanuts and (2) estimating the true high oleic purity of artificially mixed peanut lots. Three grades (Jumbo, Medium, and No 1) of US Runner mini‐lots each at seven different contamination levels (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100%) were prepared. Oleic acid (%) of individual kernels was measured by scanning replicated samples of 10, 50, 100, and 500 kernels using the QSorter Explorer. The variance associated with each sample size and lot contamination level on returned purity values is discussed in the context of binomial sampling. Overall, the demonstrated measurement performance and capacity of the QSorter Explorer to process much larger sample sizes suggest this instrument can better identify true high oleic peanut lot purity vs. other currently available technologies. DA - 2021/6// PY - 2021/6// DO - 10.1002/aocs.12487 VL - 98 IS - 6 SP - 621-632 SN - 1558-9331 KW - NIRS KW - High oleic peanuts KW - Seed purity KW - Sorting KW - Quality control KW - QSorter explorer ER - TY - JOUR TI - The maize E3 ligase ZmCER9 specifically targets activated NLRs for degradation AU - Karre, Shailesh AU - Kim, Saet-Byul AU - Selote, Devarshi AU - Khangura, Rajdeep AU - Dilkes, Brian AU - Johal, Guri S AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter AB - The authors have withdrawn their manuscript whilst they perform additional experiments to test some of their conclusions further. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author DA - 2021/5/4/ PY - 2021/5/4/ DO - 10.1101/2021.05.03.442530 VL - 5 UR - https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.03.442530 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water use and biomass yield of bioenergy crops in the North Carolina Piedmont AU - Stephenson, Thomas D. AU - Carvalho, Henrique D. R. AU - Castillo, Miguel S. AU - Crozier, Carl R. AU - Smyth, Thomas J. AU - Heitman, Joshua L. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL DA - 2021/5// PY - 2021/5// DO - 10.1002/agj2.20646 VL - 113 IS - 3 SP - 2463-2473 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Appropriate "marginal" farmlands for second-generation biofuel crops in North Carolina AU - Crozier, C. R. AU - Carvalho, H. D. R. AU - Johnson, A. AU - Chinn, M. AU - Heitman, J. L. T2 - AGRICULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL LETTERS AB - Abstract Current research on bioenergy crops shows that perennial grasses can yield substantial amounts of dry biomass with relatively low inputs of water and fertilizer. In order to minimize competition with food production, it has been suggested that bioenergy crops could be directed to land areas less suitable for commodity crops, commonly referred to as “marginal” lands. These are land units with inherent limitations to vegetative growth and production, which may be due to several factors (soil physical and chemical properties, climatic conditions, etc.). However the term “marginal” is an adjective with imprecise meaning, and objective criteria for determining “marginal” lands for siting bioenergy crops are necessary. Here we propose that such criteria may be based on soil survey classifications and realistic yield estimates, and we show an example of its use to justify site selection for bioenergy crops in different regions of North Carolina. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.1002/ael2.20041 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2471-9625 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved Sample Selection and Preparation Methods for Sampling Plans Used to Facilitate Rapid and Reliable Estimation of Aflatoxin in Chicken Feed AU - Kibugu, James AU - Mdachi, Raymond AU - Munga, Leonard AU - Mburu, David AU - Whitaker, Thomas AU - Huynh, Thu P. AU - Grace, Delia AU - Lindahl, Johanna F. T2 - TOXINS AB - Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a toxic fungal metabolite associated with human and animal diseases, is a natural contaminant encountered in agricultural commodities, food and feed. Heterogeneity of AFB1 makes risk estimation a challenge. To overcome this, novel sample selection, preparation and extraction steps were designed for representative sampling of chicken feed. Accuracy, precision, limits of detection and quantification, linearity, robustness and ruggedness were used as performance criteria to validate this modification and Horwitz function for evaluating precision. A modified sampling protocol that ensured representativeness is documented, including sample selection, sampling tools, random procedures, minimum size of field-collected aggregate samples (primary sampling), procedures for mass reduction to 2 kg laboratory (secondary sampling), 25 g test portion (tertiary sampling) and 1.3 g analytical samples (quaternary sampling). The improved coning and quartering procedure described herein (for secondary and tertiary sampling) has acceptable precision, with a Horwitz ratio (HorRat = 0.3) suitable for splitting of 25 g feed aliquots from laboratory samples (tertiary sampling). The water slurring innovation (quaternary sampling) increased aflatoxin extraction efficiency to 95.1% through reduction of both bias (−4.95) and variability of recovery (1.2–1.4) and improved both intra-laboratory precision (HorRat = 1.2–1.5) and within-laboratory reproducibility (HorRat = 0.9–1.3). Optimal extraction conditions are documented. The improved procedure showed satisfactory performance, good field applicability and reduced sample analysis turnaround time. DA - 2021/3// PY - 2021/3// DO - 10.3390/toxins13030216 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2072-6651 KW - aflatoxin KW - chicken feed KW - representative sampling KW - improved aflatoxin test procedure KW - validation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Algal Lysis by Sagittula stellata for the Production of Intracellular Valuables AU - Wang, Meng AU - Yuan, Wen qiao AU - Chen, Shibao AU - Wang, Lifu AU - Zhao, Shuwen AU - Li, Shanshan T2 - APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2021/8// PY - 2021/8// DO - 10.1007/s12010-021-03502-2 VL - 193 IS - 8 SP - 2516-2533 SN - 1559-0291 KW - Microalga KW - Algicidal bacteria KW - Cell lysis KW - Intracellular valuables KW - Sagittula stellata KW - Nannochloropsis oceanica ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pretreatment of Switchgrass for Production of Glucose via Sulfonic Acid-Impregnated Activated Carbon AU - Ansanay, Yane AU - Kolar, Praveen AU - Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna AU - Cheng, Jay AU - Arellano, Consuelo T2 - PROCESSES AB - In the present research, activated carbon-supported sulfonic acid catalysts were synthesized and tested as pretreatment agents for the conversion of switchgrass into glucose. The catalysts were synthesized by reacting sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid with activated carbon. The characterization of catalysts suggested an increase in surface acidities, while surface area and pore volumes decreased because of sulfonation. Batch experiments were performed in 125 mL serum bottles to investigate the effects of temperature (30, 60, and 90 °C), reaction time (90 and 120 min) on the yields of glucose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated switchgrass using Ctec2 yielded up to 57.13% glucose. Durability tests indicated that sulfonic solid-impregnated carbon catalysts were able to maintain activity even after three cycles. From the results obtained, the solid acid catalysts appear to serve as effective pretreatment agents and can potentially reduce the use of conventional liquid acids and bases in biomass-into-biofuel production. DA - 2021/3// PY - 2021/3// DO - 10.3390/pr9030504 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2227-9717 KW - activated carbon KW - sulfonic solid KW - catalyst KW - pretreatment KW - switchgrass KW - Ctec2 KW - glucose ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prediction of Freeze Damage and Minimum Winter Temperature of the Seed Source of Loblolly Pine Seedlings Using Hyperspectral Imaging AU - Lu, Yuzhen AU - Walker, Trevor D. AU - Acosta, Juan J. AU - Young, Sierra AU - Pandey, Piyush AU - Heine, Austin J. AU - Payn, Kitt G. T2 - FOREST SCIENCE AB - Abstract The most important climatic variable influencing growth and survival of loblolly pine is the yearly average minimum winter temperature (MWT) at the seed source origin, and it is used to guide the transfer of improved seed lots throughout the species’ distribution. This study presents a novel approach for the assessment of freeze-induced damage and prediction of MWT at seed source origin of loblolly pine seedlings using hyperspectral imaging. A population comprising 98 seed lots representing a wide range of MWT at seed source origin was subjected to an artificial freeze event. The visual assessment of freeze damage and MWT were evaluated at the family level and modeled with hyperspectral image data combined with chemometric techniques. Hyperspectral scanning of the seedlings was conducted prior to the freeze event and on four occasions periodically after the freeze. A significant relationship (R2 = 0.33; p &lt; .001) between freeze damage and MWT was observed. Prediction accuracies of freeze damage and MWT based on hyperspectral data varied among seedling portions (full-length, top, middle, and bottom portion of aboveground material) and scanning dates. Models based on the top portion were the most predictive of both freeze damage and MWT. The highest prediction accuracy of MWT [RPD (ratio of prediction to deviation) = 2.12, R2 = 0.78] was achieved using hyperspectral data obtained prior to the freeze event. Adoption of this assessment method would greatly facilitate the characterization and deployment of well-adapted loblolly pine families across the landscape. DA - 2021/6// PY - 2021/6// DO - 10.1093/forsci/fxab003 VL - 67 IS - 3 SP - 321-334 SN - 1938-3738 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxab003 KW - loblolly pine KW - freeze damage KW - hyperspectral imaging KW - predictive modeling KW - variable selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - The maize ZmMIEL1 E3 ligase and ZmMYB83 transcription factor proteins interact and regulate the hypersensitive defence response AU - Karre, Shailesh AU - Kim, Saet‐Byul AU - Samira, Rozalynne AU - Balint‐Kurti, Peter T2 - Molecular Plant Pathology AB - Abstract The plant hypersensitive response (HR), a rapid cell death at the point of pathogenesis, is mediated by nucleotide‐binding site, leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) resistance proteins (R‐proteins) that recognize the presence of specific pathogen‐derived proteins. Rp1‐D21 is an autoactive maize NLR R‐protein that triggers HR spontaneously. We previously mapped loci associated with variation in the strength of HR induced by Rp1‐D21. Here we identify the E3 ligase ZmMIEL1 as the causal gene at a chromosome 10 modifier locus. Transient ZmMIEL1 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana reduced HR induced by Rp1‐D21, while suppression of ZmMIEL1 expression in maize carrying Rp1‐D21 increased HR. ZmMIEL1 also suppressed HR induced by another autoactive NLR, the Arabidopsis R‐protein RPM1D505V, in N. benthamiana . We demonstrated that ZmMIEL1 is a functional E3 ligase and that the effect of ZmMIEL1 was dependent on the proteasome but also that levels of Rp1‐D21 and RPM1D505V were not reduced when coexpressed with ZmMIEL1 in the N. benthamiana system. By comparison to a similar system in Arabidopsis , we identify ZmMYB83 as a potential target of ZmMIEL1. Suppression of ZmMYB83 expression in maize lines carrying Rp1‐D21 suppressed HR. Suppression of ZmMIEL1 expression caused an increase in ZmMYB83 transcript and protein levels in N. benthamiana and maize. Using coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we demonstrated that ZmMIEL1 and ZmMYB83 physically interacted. Additionally, ZmMYB83 and ZmMIEL1 regulated the expression of a set of maize very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthetic genes that may be involved in regulating HR. DA - 2021/4/6/ PY - 2021/4/6/ DO - 10.1111/mpp.13057 VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - 694-709 J2 - Mol Plant Pathol LA - en OP - SN - 1464-6722 1364-3703 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13057 DB - Crossref KW - hypersensitive response KW - maize KW - proteasome KW - ubiquitin ligase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimates of Precipitation IDF Curves and Design Discharges for Road-Crossing Drainage Structures: Case Study in Four Small Forested Watersheds in the Southeastern US AU - Amatya, D. M. AU - Tian, S. AU - Marion, D. A. AU - Caldwell, P. AU - Laseter, S. AU - Youssef, M. A. AU - Grace, J. M. AU - Chescheir, G. M. AU - Panda, S. AU - Ouyang, Y. AU - Sun, G. AU - Vose, J. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING AB - We compared precipitation intensity-duration-frequency (PIDF) curves developed for four small forested watersheds to spatially interpolated estimates from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Atlas-14. We also evaluated the Rational Method (RM) using on-site PIDFs and USGS Regional Regression Equations by comparing their estimated design discharges with a given exceedance probability p (Qp) to values computed from on-site data fitted to the Log-Pearson (LPIII) distribution. Overall, NOAA’s PIDF estimates were not substantially different from the on-site PIDFs. The 25-year and larger Qp by the RM were in closer alignment with LPIII estimates in the smaller watersheds, whereas Qp by the USGS were a better fit for the larger ones in most cases. Adapting return period-dependent runoff coefficient improved estimates by the RM in the large lowland watershed, but not in the other smaller high-relief watersheds. We recommend RM with 1-h duration NOAA-PIDF for designing road drainage structures in small and possibly the USGS method for large forested watersheds. However, future studies should focus on validation in watersheds of different sizes and topography. DA - 2021/4/1/ PY - 2021/4/1/ DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0002052 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1943-5584 KW - Extreme rain events KW - Flood frequency KW - Precipitation intensity-duration-frequency (PIDF) KW - NOAA Atlas 14 KW - Rational method (RM) KW - USGS regional regression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Top Hat Audience Response Software in a Third-Year Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Course AU - Mariani, Christopher L. AU - Roe, Simon C. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - Audience response devices are useful tools that can improve student engagement and learning during instructional sessions. The purpose of this article is to describe our experience with a new cloud-based application known as Top Hat, which includes audience response tools in its application suite. The software was used in a multi-specialty, multi-instructor medicine and surgery course in the third year of a veterinary curriculum. In addition to standard multiple-choice and short-answer questions, Top Hat has several unique question types and methods of displaying the responses given. These include displaying free-text responses in a word cloud format and a “click-on-target” question type that allows students to indicate their response by clicking on a location within an image. Responses for this latter question type are displayed in a heat map format. A discussion tool is also available, which allows students to respond, read other students’ responses in real time, and then reply again if warranted. This feature also supports drawing-based responses. The variety of question types was very useful in keeping students engaged during teaching sessions, giving this application several advantages over systems that are limited to multiple-choice questions only. In addition, the application allowed rapid identification of areas of student knowledge and misunderstandings, which facilitated the direction of further discussion and clarification of important learning issues. DA - 2021/2// PY - 2021/2// DO - 10.3138/jvme.1117-171r VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 27-32 SN - 1943-7218 KW - audience response KW - learning technology KW - diagnostic imaging ER - TY - JOUR TI - Internal defect scanning of sweetpotatoes using interactance spectroscopy AU - Kudenov, Michael W. AU - Scarboro, Clifton G. AU - Altaqui, Ali AU - Boyette, Mike AU - Yencho, G. Craig AU - Williams, Cranos M. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - While standard visible-light imaging offers a fast and inexpensive means of quality analysis of horticultural products, it is generally limited to measuring superficial (surface) defects. Using light at longer (near-infrared) or shorter (X-ray) wavelengths enables the detection of superficial tissue bruising and density defects, respectively; however, it does not enable the optical absorption and scattering properties of sub-dermal tissue to be quantified. This paper applies visible and near-infrared interactance spectroscopy to detect internal necrosis in sweetpotatoes and develops a Zemax scattering simulation that models the measured optical signatures for both healthy and necrotic tissue. This study demonstrates that interactance spectroscopy can detect the unique near-infrared optical signatures of necrotic tissues in sweetpotatoes down to a depth of approximately 5±0.5 mm. We anticipate that light scattering measurement methods will represent a significant improvement over the current destructive analysis methods used to assay for internal defects in sweetpotatoes. DA - 2021/2/9/ PY - 2021/2/9/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0246872 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Computer vision approach to characterize size and shape phenotypes of horticultural crops using high-throughput imagery AU - Haque, Samiul AU - Lobaton, Edgar AU - Nelson, Natalie AU - Yencho, G. Craig AU - Pecota, Kenneth V AU - Mierop, Russell AU - Kudenov, Michael W. AU - Boyette, Mike AU - Williams, Cranos M. T2 - COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE AB - For many horticultural crops, variation in quality (e.g., shape and size) contributes significantly to the crop’s market value. Metrics characterizing less subjective harvest quantities (e.g., yield and total biomass) are routinely monitored. In contrast, metrics quantifying more subjective crop quality characteristics such as ideal size and shape remain difficult to characterize objectively at the production-scale due to the lack of modular technologies for high-throughput sensing and computation. Several horticultural crops are sent to packing facilities after having been harvested, where they are sorted into boxes and containers using high-throughput scanners. These scanners capture images of each fruit or vegetable being sorted and packed, but the images are typically used solely for sorting purposes and promptly discarded. With further analysis, these images could offer unparalleled insight on how crop quality metrics vary at the industrial production-scale and provide further insight into how these characteristics translate to overall market value. At present, methods for extracting and quantifying quality characteristics of crops using images generated by existing industrial infrastructure have not been developed. Furthermore, prior studies that investigated horticultural crop quality metrics, specifically of size and shape, used a limited number of samples, did not incorporate deformed or non-marketable samples, and did not use images captured from high-throughput systems. In this work, using sweetpotato (SP) as a use case, we introduce a computer vision algorithm for quantifying shape and size characteristics in a high-throughput manner. This approach generates 3D model of SPs from two 2D images captured by an industrial sorter 90 degrees apart and extracts 3D shape features in a few hundred milliseconds. We applied the 3D reconstruction and feature extraction method to thousands of image samples to demonstrate how variations in shape features across SP cultivars can be quantified. We created a SP shape dataset containing SP images, extracted shape features, and qualitative shape types (U.S. No. 1 or Cull). We used this dataset to develop a neural network-based shape classifier that was able to predict Cull vs. U.S. No. 1 SPs with 84.59% accuracy. In addition, using univariate Chi-squared tests and random forest, we identified the most important features for determining qualitative shape type (U.S. No. 1 or Cull) of the SPs. Our study serves as a key step towards enabling big data analytics for industrial SP agriculture. The methodological framework is readily transferable to other horticultural crops, particularly those that are sorted using commercial imaging equipment. DA - 2021/3// PY - 2021/3// DO - 10.1016/j.compag.2021.106011 VL - 182 SP - SN - 1872-7107 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85101231655&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Crop phenotyping KW - Machine learning KW - Computer vision ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of microbial waste additives and glucose on ammonia emissions from broiler litter in the lab AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - McKettrick, Will AU - Najafian, Adib AU - Grimes, Jesse T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AB - Ammonia (NH3) produced inside livestock houses can adversely affect animal welfare and performance and degrade the environment. In broiler houses, NH3 levels are mitigated by applying acidifiers to the litter but acidifiers provide short-term NH3 suppression requiring heavy or repeated applications. Microbial additives may provide longer-term NH3 control through nitrogen (N) immobilization and nitrification. The objective of this 50-d lab study was to evaluate the impact of two microbial additives (Environoc 301 and Environoc 501), 2% glucose, and distilled water (control) treatments applied to broiler litter on NH3 emissions and litter properties. During the first 34 d, glucose significantly but modestly reduced NH3 emissions vs. the other treatments which were not significantly different from one-another. For the entire study, when glucose was excluded (due to lost replicates), the three treatments were not significantly different. The unreplicated glucose treatment had higher final litter nitrate concentration than the other treatments. Litter properties were unaffected by the two microbial additive and control treatments. The effectiveness of glucose in reducing NH3 emission could have been due to greater N immobilization and nitrification vs. the other treatments. More research on cost-effective labile carbon sources and higher application rates to achieve greater NH3 reduction is required. DA - 2021/3/21/ PY - 2021/3/21/ DO - 10.1080/10934529.2021.1886776 VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 454-459 SN - 1532-4117 KW - Glucose KW - glycolysis KW - nitrification KW - immobilization KW - amendment KW - acidifier KW - poultry KW - manure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of nitrogen source, fall fertilizers, and preventive fungicides on spring dead spot caused by Ophiosphaerella korrae and O. herpotricha AU - Tredway, L. P. AU - Soika, M. D. AU - Butler, E. L. AU - Kerns, J. P. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract The effects of N source, fall fertilization, and preventive fungicides were evaluated in bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] artificially inoculated with Ophiosphaerella korrae and O. herpotricha , the most common spring dead spot (SDS) pathogens in the United States. The source of N applied to bermudagrass from May to August 2006–2008 had a significant effect on SDS symptoms appearing in the spring of 2007–2009. Ammonium sulfate [(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ] provided excellent suppression of O. herpotricha but had no effect on O. korrae , which was suppressed instead by calcium nitrate (CaNO 3 ). More research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms responsible for suppression of SDS with N sources and the potential role of Mn and Ca in development of the disease. Fall applications of K, S, gypsum, or dolomitic lime had no influence on SDS development. Preventive applications of propiconazole, propiconazole + azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, or fenarimol provided effective control of O. herpotricha but failed to provide significant suppression of O. korrae . The differential response of SDS pathogens to fertilization practices and preventive fungicide applications highlight the importance of pathogen identification in development of integrated management programs. DA - 2021/9// PY - 2021/9// DO - 10.1002/csc2.20306 VL - 61 IS - 5 SP - 3187-3196 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Three Digital Agriculture Problems in Cotton Solved by Distributed Ledger Technology AU - Griffin, Terry W. AU - Harris, Keith D. AU - Ward, Jason AU - Goeringer, Paul AU - Richard, Jessica A. T2 - APPLIED ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY AB - Abstract Distributed ledger technology applied to Big Data in agriculture presents challenges and opportunities. Opportunities exist to solve decades‐old farm data management problems. Real‐world examples of applying distributed ledger technology to current farm data problems in cotton include (1) yield monitor data quality assurance, (2) sustainability metrics and resource tracking of cotton lint quality data from ginner back to subfield locations, and (3) increasing supply chain coordination by providing more information to warehouse managers. The culmination of the discussion across three aspects of cotton production data is of interest to farmers, researchers, policy makers, and consumers. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.1002/aepp.13142 KW - Big Data KW - blockchain KW - cotton KW - distributed ledger technology (DLT) KW - traceability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and Use of a Seedling Growth Retardation Assay to Quantify and Map Loci Underlying Variation in the Maize Basal Defense Response AU - Wang, Yanli AU - Holland, James AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter T2 - PhytoFrontiers™ AB - The pattern-triggered immune (PTI) response in plants is caused by the recognition of conserved microbe‐ or pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by plant pattern recognition receptors at the cell surface. The goal of this study was to develop a simple, robust assay to quantify the PTI response in maize and to determine whether it could be used to predict levels of disease resistance. Flg22, an epitope derived from bacterial flagellin, is a commonly studied MAMP. We developed a seedling growth retardation (SGR) assay by which we could measure growth retardation in maize seedlings exposed to the bacterial MAMP flg22. We observed variation across 21 maize inbred lines. We used 161 lines from a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the lines CML228 (a high responder) and B73 (a low responder) to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for this response. We found heritable variation in the RIL population and identified flg22 response QTL on chromosomes 1, 2, and 8. We did not observe strong correlations between SGR traits and levels of flg22-induced reactive oxygen production or with other disease resistance or defense response traits we had previously measured in the same population. We discuss the implications of these findings. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . DA - 2021/7// PY - 2021/7// DO - 10.1094/PHYTOFR-12-20-0038-R VL - 1 IS - 3 SP - 149-159 J2 - PhytoFrontiers™ LA - en OP - SN - 2690-5442 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTOFR-12-20-0038-R DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A review of the impact of environmental factors on the fate and transport of coronaviruses in aqueous environments AU - Paul, Diplina AU - Kolar, Praveen AU - Hall, Steven G. T2 - NPJ CLEAN WATER AB - Abstract The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) that has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives worldwide. This virus spreads predominantly by human-to-human transmission via respiratory droplets. However, the presence of this virus in the fecal and anal swabs of infected patients has triggered the need for research into its waterborne transmission. The various environmental factors that impact the persistence of coronavirus in different water matrices include temperature, UV exposure, organic matter, disinfectants as well as adversarial microorganisms. This review summarizes the most recent research data on the effect of various factors on coronavirus in aqueous environments. The available data suggest that: (i) increasing temperature decreases the overall persistence of the virus; (ii) the presence of organic matter can increase the survivability of coronavirus; (iii) chlorine is the most effective and economic disinfectant; (iv) membrane bioreactors in wastewater treatment plants are hosts of competitive microorganisms that can inactivate coronaviruses; (v) ultraviolet irradiation is another effective option for virus inactivation. However, the inactivation disinfection kinetics of coronaviruses are yet to be fully understood. Thus, further research is needed to understand its fate and transport with respect to the water cycle so that effective strategies can be adopted to curb its effects. These strategies may vary based on geographic, climatic, technical, and social conditions around the globe. This paper explores possible approaches and especially the conditions that local communities and authorities should consider to find optimal solutions that can limit the spread of this virus. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021/// DO - 10.1038/s41545-020-00096-w VL - 4 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Herbicide systems including linuron for Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) control in sweetpotato AU - Moore, Levi D. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Boyette, Michael D. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Leon, Ramon G. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Field studies were conducted to determine sweetpotato tolerance to and weed control from management systems that included linuron. Treatments included flumioxazin preplant (107 g ai ha −1 ) followed by (fb) S -metolachlor (800 g ai ha −1 ), oryzalin (840 g ai ha −1 ), or linuron (280, 420, 560, 700, and 840 g ai ha −1 ) alone or mixed with S -metolachlor or oryzalin applied 7 d after transplanting. Weeds did not emerge before the treatment applications. Two of the four field studies were maintained weed-free throughout the season to evaluate sweetpotato tolerance without weed interference. The herbicide program with the greatest sweetpotato yield was flumioxazin fb S -metolachlor. Mixing linuron with S -metolachlor did not improve Palmer amaranth management and decreased marketable yield by up to 28% compared with flumioxazin fb S -metolachlor. Thus, linuron should not be applied POST in sweetpotato if Palmer amaranth has not emerged at the time of application. DA - 2021/2// PY - 2021/2// DO - 10.1017/wet.2020.63 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 49-56 SN - 1550-2740 KW - Flumioxazin KW - linuron KW - oryzalin KW - S-metolachlor KW - Palmer amaranth KW - Amaranthus palmeri S KW - Watson AMAPA KW - Weed control KW - herbicide tillage KW - herbicide cultivation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of the transcriptomic, metabolomic, and gene regulatory responses to Puccinia sorghi in maize AU - Kim, Saet‐Byul AU - Van den Broeck, Lisa AU - Karre, Shailesh AU - Choi, Hoseong AU - Christensen, Shawn A. AU - Wang, Guan‐Feng AU - Jo, Yeonhwa AU - Cho, Won Kyong AU - Balint‐Kurti, Peter T2 - Molecular Plant Pathology AB - Abstract Common rust, caused by Puccinia sorghi , is a widespread and destructive disease of maize. The Rp1‐D gene confers resistance to the P. sorghi IN2 isolate, mediating a hypersensitive cell death response (HR). To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolites associated with the compatible (susceptible) interaction and with Rp1‐D ‐mediated resistance in maize, we performed transcriptomics and targeted metabolome analyses of P. sorghi IN2‐infected leaves from the near‐isogenic lines H95 and H95:Rp1‐D, which differed for the presence of Rp1‐D . We observed up‐regulation of genes involved in the defence response and secondary metabolism, including the phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and terpenoid pathways. Metabolome analyses confirmed that intermediates from several transcriptionally up‐regulated pathways accumulated during the defence response. We identified a common response in H95:Rp1‐D and H95 with an additional H95:Rp1‐D‐specific resistance response observed at early time points at both transcriptional and metabolic levels. To better understand the mechanisms underlying Rp1‐D ‐mediated resistance, we inferred gene regulatory networks occurring in response to P. sorghi infection. A number of transcription factors including WRKY53, BHLH124, NKD1, BZIP84, and MYB100 were identified as potentially important signalling hubs in the resistance‐specific response. Overall, this study provides a novel and multifaceted understanding of the maize susceptible and resistance‐specific responses to P. sorghi . DA - 2021/2/28/ PY - 2021/2/28/ DO - 10.1111/mpp.13040 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 465-479 J2 - Mol. Plant Pathol. LA - en OP - SN - 1464-6722 1364-3703 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13040 DB - Crossref KW - common rust KW - gene regulatory network KW - maize KW - Puccinia sorghi KW - RNA‐ KW - Seq ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of vadose zone and saturated zone nitrate lag times using long-term groundwater monitoring data and statistical machine learning AU - Wells, Martin J. AU - Gilmore, Troy E. AU - Nelson, Natalie AU - Mittelstet, Aaron AU - Bohlke, John K. T2 - HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES AB - Abstract. In this study, we explored the use of statistical machine learning and long-term groundwater nitrate monitoring data to estimate vadose zone and saturated zone lag times in an irrigated alluvial agricultural setting. Unlike most previous statistical machine learning studies that sought to predict groundwater nitrate concentrations within aquifers, the focus of this study was to leverage available groundwater nitrate concentrations and other environmental variables to determine mean regional vertical velocities (transport rates) of water and solutes in the vadose zone and saturated zone (3.50 and 3.75 m yr−1, respectively). The statistical machine learning results are consistent with two primary recharge processes in this western Nebraska aquifer, namely (1) diffuse recharge from irrigation and precipitation across the landscape and (2) focused recharge from leaking irrigation conveyance canals. The vadose zone mean velocity yielded a mean recharge rate (0.46 m yr−1) consistent with previous estimates from groundwater age dating in shallow wells (0.38 m yr−1). The saturated zone mean velocity yielded a recharge rate (1.31 m yr−1) that was more consistent with focused recharge from leaky irrigation canals, as indicated by previous results of groundwater age dating in intermediate-depth wells (1.22 m yr−1). Collectively, the statistical machine learning model results are consistent with previous observations of relatively high water fluxes and short transit times for water and nitrate in the primarily oxic aquifer. Partial dependence plots from the model indicate a sharp threshold in which high groundwater nitrate concentrations are mostly associated with total travel times of 7 years or less, possibly reflecting some combination of recent management practices and a tendency for nitrate concentrations to be higher in diffuse infiltration recharge than in canal leakage water. Limitations to the machine learning approach include the non-uniqueness of different transport rate combinations when comparing model performance and highlight the need to corroborate statistical model results with a robust conceptual model and complementary information such as groundwater age. DA - 2021/2/19/ PY - 2021/2/19/ DO - 10.5194/hess-25-811-2021 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 811-829 SN - 1607-7938 UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-811-2021 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Next generation swale design for stormwater runoff treatment: A comprehensive approach AU - Ekka, Sujit A. AU - Rujner, Hendrik AU - Leonhardt, Gunther AU - Blecken, Godecke-Tobias AU - Viklander, Maria AU - Hunt, William F. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AB - Swales are the oldest and most common stormwater control measure for conveying and treating roadway runoff worldwide. Swales are also gaining popularity as part of stormwater treatment trains and as crucial elements in green infrastructure to build more resilient cities. To achieve higher pollutant reductions, swale alternatives with engineered media (bioswales) and wetland conditions (wet swales) are being tested. However, the available swale design guidance is primarily focused on hydraulic conveyance, overlooking their function as an important water quality treatment tool. The objective of this article is to provide science-based swale design guidance for treating targeted pollutants in stormwater runoff. This guidance is underpinned by a literature review. The results of this review suggest that well-maintained grass swales with check dams or infiltration swales are the best options for runoff volume reduction and removal of sediment and heavy metals. For nitrogen removal, wet swales are the most effective swale alternative. Bioswales are best for phosphorus and bacteria removal; both wet swales and bioswales can also treat heavy metals. Selection of a swale type depends on the site constraints, local climate, and available funding for design, construction, and operation. Appropriate siting, pre-design site investigations, and consideration of future maintenance during design are critical to successful long-term swale performance. Swale design recommendations based on a synthesis of the available research are provided, but actual design standards should be developed using local empirical data. Future research is necessary to identify optimal design parameters for all swale types, especially for wet swales. DA - 2021/2/1/ PY - 2021/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111756 VL - 279 SP - SN - 1095-8630 KW - Stormwater KW - Grass swales KW - Bioswale KW - Wet swale KW - Green infrastructure KW - Water quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Whey protein-polyphenol aggregate particles mitigate bar hardening reactions in high protein bars AU - Diaz, Joscelin T. AU - Foegeding, E. Allen AU - Lila, Mary Ann T2 - LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Formulating high protein bars is a challenge since concentrated proteins can negatively affect texture and reduce shelf life, causing the products to be unacceptable for consumers. This study examined the functionality of protein-polyphenol aggregate particles formulated with whey protein isolate (WPI) and polyphenol-rich cranberry juice (or imitation juice) in model high protein bars. Differences in texture and structure of protein bars during 43 days of storage at 32 °C were dependent on the type of protein (unmodified WPI or aggregate particle) and the drying technique (freeze-drying or spray-drying) used in particle formation. Bars prepared with WPI-cranberry spray-dried particles (WPI–C SD) were softer and less elastic than those formulated with unmodified WPI or polyphenol-free (WPI-IC FD, WPI-IC SD) particles (firmness range 0.09–0.85 kPa). Bars formulated with WPI-cranberry freeze-dried particles (WPI–C FD) were softer than control bars made with WPI; but, only up until 31 days of storage, and less elastic than control bars up until 11 days. The addition of protein-polyphenol particles not only increased the nutritional content of the protein bars, but also inhibited rheological and structural changes, and could be used as a novel approach for functional delivery of protein in the formulation of high protein bars. DA - 2021/3// PY - 2021/3// DO - 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110747 VL - 138 SP - SN - 1096-1127 KW - Protein bar KW - Texture KW - Polyphenol KW - Particle KW - Microstructure ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of floral resources and microclimate on pollinator visitation in an agro-ecosystem AU - Prado, Sara Guiti AU - Collazo, Jaime A. AU - Marand, Mariam H. AU - Irwin, Rebecca E. T2 - AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT AB - As agriculture expands to meet the needs of a growing global population, natural ecosystems are threatened by deforestation and habitat fragmentation. Tropical agroforestry systems offer a sustainable alternative to traditional agriculture by providing food for production while also supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services. Previous studies have shown that these systems may even improve crop pollination, but the mechanisms of how these improvements occur are still poorly understood. Using coffee as a focal crop, we explored how microclimatic conditions affected nectar traits (sugar and caffeine concentration) important for pollinator visitation. We also studied how microclimate, floral traits, floral availability at the coffee plant level, availability of floral resources provided by other plant species in the agroecosystem (“neighborhood floral availability”), and the presence of other bees affected the amount of time bees spent foraging on coffee flowers and the proportion of coffee pollen carried on their bodies. We explored these factors using the two dominant coffee species farmed on Puerto Rico, Coffea canephora and C. arabica, under sun and shade management. We found that high nectar sugar concentration and temperature were important predictors of short floral visits (<15s), while increased numbers of bees and open coffee flowers were important predictors of longer floral visits (16–180 seconds). High nectar caffeine concentration was an important predictor of longer visits on C. arabica flowers while the opposite was observed for C. canephora flowers. For both species, high coffee floral availability was the main predicting factor for the proportion of coffee pollen on the bees’ bodies. Surprisingly, neither neighborhood floral availability nor the type of coffee plantation (agroforest/shade or sun) were important predictors of bee visitation. These results suggest non-coffee flowering plants in coffee plantations were neither competitors nor facilitators of coffee plants for pollinators. Additionally, most of the bees surveyed were carrying ≥80 % pollen from one species (C. arabica or C. canephora), likely resulting in little heterospecific pollen deposition between Coffea and non-Coffea flowers. Shade trees in coffee plantations do not detract from pollinator visitation to coffee flowers, suggesting that the provision of multiple ecological and wildlife conservation benefits by shade trees is not in conflict with a grower’s ability to maximize the benefits of insect pollination on fruit production. DA - 2021/2/28/ PY - 2021/2/28/ DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2020.107196 VL - 307 SP - SN - 1873-2305 KW - Coffea arabica KW - Coffea canephora KW - Floral diversity KW - Shade KW - Temperature KW - Wind ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric chemical condition in the Southeastern U.S. AU - Cheng, Bin AU - Wang-Li, Lingjuan AU - Classen, John AU - Meskhidze, Nicholas AU - Bloomfield, Peter T2 - Atmospheric Research AB - Animal feeding operations (AFOs) are the largest ammonia (NH3) emission sources in the United States (U.S.). However, the impact of NH3 emissions from AFOs on the formation of secondary inorganic PM2.5 (iPM2.5) has not been well understood and systematically assessed. Under the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) Network, the hourly concentrations of iPM2.5 chemical compositions and its precursor gases as well as meteorological data were measured at eight urban/nonurban sites labeled as JST/YRK, BHM/CTR, GFP/OAK, and PNS/OLF during 1998–2016. Using the SEARCH data, this research investigated the spatiotemporal variations of atmospheric chemical conditions in those rural and urban areas. The spatiotemporal variations of atmospheric chemical conditions at the eight sites are characterized by four parameters, including (1) gas ratio (GR), (2) gas-phase NH3 molar fraction (NH3/NHx), (3) total available NH3 (gaseous ammonia + aerosol ammonium) to sulfate (SO42−) molar ratio (TA/TS), and (4) PM2.5 ammonium + nitrate to total PM2.5 mass ratio (AN/PM2.5). Results indicate that the NH3 emissions from AFOs may explain the greater values of GR, NH3/NHx, and TA/TS in the wind directions coming from AFOs at YRK and OAK rural sites than the other wind directions. In the wind directions coming from AFOs at YRK and OAK, NH3 was in excess of fully neutralizing acidic gases, more NH3 stayed in gas phase than those in other wind directions, and both ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate existed in iPM2.5. The upward trend in NH3/NHx indicates that gas-particle partitioning ofNH3–NH4+shifted toward gas phase, while the downward trend in AN/PM2.5 may implicate that smaller fraction of PM2.5 was directly NH3 sensitive. Understanding of the spatiotemporal variations of atmospheric chemical condition provides insights to improve our understanding of iPM2.5 formation under rural and urban conditions, the reduction in sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions resulted in the reduction of iPM2.5 formation despite the increase in NH3 emissions in the Southeastern U.S. DA - 2021/1// PY - 2021/1// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105190 VL - 248 SP - 105190 J2 - Atmospheric Research LA - en OP - SN - 0169-8095 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105190 DB - Crossref KW - AFOs NH3 emissions KW - Chemical condition KW - Precursor gases KW - Secondary inorganic PM2.5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maize metacaspases modulate the defense response mediated by the NLR protein Rp1‐D21 likely by affecting its subcellular localization AU - Luan, Qing‐Ling AU - Zhu, Yu‐Xiu AU - Ma, Shijun AU - Sun, Yang AU - Liu, Xiao‐Ying AU - Liu, Mengjie AU - Balint‐Kurti, Peter J. AU - Wang, Guan‐Feng T2 - The Plant Journal AB - SUMMARY Plants usually employ resistance ( R ) genes to defend against the infection of pathogens, and most R genes encode intracellular nucleotide‐binding, leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) proteins. The recognition between R proteins and their cognate pathogens often triggers a rapid localized cell death at the pathogen infection sites, termed the hypersensitive response (HR). Metacaspases (MCs) belong to a cysteine protease family, structurally related to metazoan caspases. MCs play crucial roles in plant immunity. However, the underlying molecular mechanism and the link between MCs and NLR‐mediated HR are not clear. In this study, we systematically investigated the MC gene family in maize and identified 11 ZmMCs belonging to two types. Further functional analysis showed that the type I ZmMC1 and ZmMC2, but not the type II ZmMC9, suppress the HR‐inducing activity of the autoactive NLR protein Rp1‐D21 and of its N‐terminal coiled‐coil (CC D21 ) signaling domain when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana . ZmMC1 and ZmMC2 physically associate with CC D21 in vivo . We further showed that ZmMC1 and ZmMC2, but not ZmMC9, are predominantly localized in a punctate distribution in both N. benthamiana and maize ( Zea mays ) protoplasts. Furthermore, the co‐expression of ZmMC1 and ZmMC2 with Rp1‐D21 and CC D21 causes their re‐distribution from being uniformly distributed in the nucleocytoplasm to a punctate distribution co‐localizing with ZmMC1 and ZmMC2. We reveal a novel role of plant MCs in modulating the NLR‐mediated defense response and derive a model to explain it. DA - 2021/1// PY - 2021/1// DO - 10.1111/tpj.15047 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15047 KW - NLR KW - disease resistance KW - metacaspase KW - plant immunity KW - hypersensitive response KW - maize ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implications of SARS-CoV-2 on current and future operation and management of wastewater systems AU - Maal-Bared, Rasha AU - Brisolara, Kari AU - Munakata, Naoko AU - Bibby, Kyle AU - Gerba, Charles AU - Sobsey, Mark AU - Schaefer, Scott AU - Swift, Jay AU - Gary, Lee AU - Sherchan, Samendra AU - Babatola, Akin AU - Bastian, Robert AU - Olabode, Lola AU - Reimers, Robert AU - Rubin, Albert T2 - WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH AB - Abstract While researchers have acknowledged the potential role of environmental scientists, engineers, and industrial hygienists during this pandemic, the role of the water utility professional is often overlooked. The wastewater sector is critical to public health protection and employs collection and treatment system workers who perform tasks with high potential for exposures to biological agents. While various technical guidances and reports have initially provided direction to the water sector, the rapidly growing body of research publications necessitates the constant review of these papers and data synthesis. This paper presents the latest findings and highlights their implications from a water and wastewater utility operation and management perspective. Practitioner points Extrapolation from SARS‐CoV‐1 and MERS‐CoV, as well as other surrogates, has helped predicting SARS‐CoV‐2 behavior and risk management. Data from treated wastewater effluent suggest that current processes are sufficient for SARS‐CoV‐2 control. Scientific evidence supports the possibility of fecal–oral transmission for SARS‐CoV‐2. Limited evidence supports the potential survival of infective SARS‐CoV‐2 on surfaces and in aerosols and the efficacy of control measures at reducing transmission. Protective practices and PPE can protect workers from SARS‐CoV‐2 and other pathogens found in wastewater. DA - 2021/4// PY - 2021/4// DO - 10.1002/wer.1446 VL - 93 IS - 4 SP - 502-515 SN - 1554-7531 KW - coronavirus KW - occupational health KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - virus KW - wastewater ER - TY - JOUR TI - Salmonella enterica colonization and fitness in pre-harvest cantaloupe production AU - Burris, Kellie P. AU - Simmons, Otto D., III AU - Webb, Hannah M. AU - Moore, Robin Grant AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann AU - Zheng, Jie AU - Reed, Elizabeth AU - Ferreira, Christina M. AU - Brown, Eric AU - Bell, Rebecca L. T2 - FOOD MICROBIOLOGY AB - Cantaloupes have emerged as significant vehicles of widespread foodborne illness outbreaks caused by bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella . The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of Salmonella colonization and internalization in cantaloupes by relevant routes of contamination. Cantaloupe plants ( Cucumis melo ‘reticulatus’) from two cultivars ‘Athena’ (Eastern) and ‘Primo’ (Western) were grown from commercial seed. Plants were maintained in the NCSU BSL-3P phytotron greenhouse. Salmonella enterica (a cocktail of cantaloupe-associated outbreak serovars Javiana, Newport, Panama, Poona and Typhimurium) contamination was introduced via blossoms or soil at ca. 4.4 log 10 CFU/blossom or 8.4 log 10 CFU/root zone, respectively. Cantaloupes were analyzed for Salmonella by enrichment in accordance with modified FDA-BAM methods. Five randomly chosen colonies from each Salmonella -positive sample were typed using the Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer following multiplex PCR. Data were analyzed for prevalence of contamination and serovar predominance in fruit, stems and soil. Of the total cantaloupe fruit harvested from Salmonella -inoculated blossoms (n = 63), 89% (56/63) were externally contaminated and 73% (46/63) had Salmonella internalized into the fruit. Serovar Panama was the most commonly isolated from the surface of fruit while S. Panama and S. Poona were the most prevalent inside the fruit. When soil was inoculated with Salmonella at one day post-transplant, 13% (8/60) of the plants were shown to translocate the organism to the lower stem (ca. 4 cm) by 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). We observed Salmonella persistence in the soil up to 60 dpi with S. Newport being the predominant serovar at 10 and 20 dpi. These data demonstrate that contaminated soil and blossoms can lead to Salmonella internalization into the plant or fruit at a relatively high frequency. • Salmonella- contaminated soil and blossoms lead to plant or fruit internalization. • Blossom inoculations resulted in a high percentage of Salmonella internalization to fruit. • Serovar Panama was the most commonly isolated serovar from the surface of fruit. • S. Panama and S . Poona were the most prevalent serovars internalized to fruit. • Salmonella persisted in soils up to 60 days post inoculation. DA - 2021/2// PY - 2021/2// DO - 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103612 VL - 93 SP - SN - 1095-9998 KW - Salmonella KW - Cantaloupe KW - Soil KW - Food safety KW - Internalization KW - Blossom ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spectral light-reflection data dimensionality reduction for timely detection of yellow rust AU - Aharoni, Ran AU - Klymiuk, Valentyna AU - Sarusi, Benny AU - Young, Sierra AU - Fahima, Tzion AU - Fishbain, Barak AU - Kendler, Shai T2 - Precision Agriculture AB - Yellow rust (YR) wheat disease is one of the major threats to worldwide wheat production, and it often spreads rapidly to new and unexpected geographic locations. To cope with this threat, integrated pathogen management strategies combine disease-resistant plants, sensors monitoring technologies, and fungicides either preventively or curatively, which come with their associated monetary and environmental costs. This work presents a methodology for timely detection of YR that cuts down on hardware and computational requirements. It enables frequent detailed monitoring of the spread of YR, hence providing the opportunity to better target mitigation efforts which is critical for successful integrated disease management. The method is trained to detect YR symptoms using reflectance spectrum (VIS–NIR) and a classification algorithm at different stages of YR development to distinguish them from typical defense responses occurring in resistant wheat. The classification method was trained and tested on four different spectral datasets. The results showed that using a full spectral range, a selection of the top 5% significant spectral features, or five typical multispectral bands for early detection of YR in infected plants yielded a true positive rate of ~ 86%, for infected plants. The same data analysis with digital camera bands provided a true positive rate of 77%. These findings lay the groundwork for the development of high-throughput YR screening in the field implementing multispectral digital camera sensors that can be mounted on autonomous vehicles or a drone as part of an integrated disease management scheme. DA - 2021/2/11/ PY - 2021/2/11/ DO - 10.1007/s11119-020-09742-2 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 267-286 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-020-09742-2 KW - Wheat yellow rust KW - Random forest KW - Early detection KW - Hyper-spectral KW - Multi-spectral KW - Spectroscopy KW - Sensing KW - Detection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison study on potential syngas produced by mild thermoconversion of microalgal residues through proton nuclear magnetic resonance and thermogravimetric analysis-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy AU - Li, Shuangfei AU - Liu, Liangxu AU - Cheng, Jay Jiayang AU - Yang, Xuewei T2 - BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY AB - Abstract This paper presented a mechanism study of syngas production through lipid-extracted microalgal residues by investigating how the structure of these residues affected the pyrolysis characteristics. The results showed that both Chlorella sorokiniana 21 and Monoraphidium 3s35 residues could be pyrolyzed efficiently at low temperatures from 120 to 380 °C, with a final residue of less than 22.75%. Hemicellulose with carboxyl groups was the main component of both microalgal residues, most likely contributing to the production of the C=O compounds and carbon monoxide (CO). A large amount of CHO, CH 2 O, and CH 3 O (60.09% in total) was observed from C. sorokiniana 21, which was 1.58 times more than that from Monoraphidium 3s35. Pyrolysis of the C. sorokiniana 21 residue yielded more C=O and CH n compounds with less activation energy (52.97–58.57 kJ mol −1 ) and a higher reaction rate (0.105% s −1 ) than that of Monoraphidium 3s35. The different pyrolysis characteristics between the two microalgal residues might be attributed to structural variations. DA - 2021/10// PY - 2021/10// DO - 10.1007/s13399-019-00591-2 VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 1875-1883 SN - 2190-6823 KW - Microalgal residue KW - Structure KW - Pyrolysis KW - Thermogravimetric characteristics ER -