TY - JOUR TI - Ceftiofur formulation differentially affects the intestinal drug concentration, resistance of fecal Escherichia coli, and the microbiome of steers AU - Foster, Derek M. AU - Jacob, Megan E. AU - Farmer, Kyle A. AU - Callahan, Benjamin J. AU - Theriot, Casey M. AU - Kathariou, Sophia AU - Cernicchiaro, Natalia AU - Prange, Timo AU - Papich, Mark G. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Antimicrobial drug concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract likely drive antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria. Our objective was to determine the concentration of ceftiofur and its metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract of steers treated with ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) or ceftiofur hydrochloride (CHCL), determine the effect of these drugs on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fecal Escherichia coli, and evaluate shifts in the microbiome. Steers were administered either a single dose (6.6 mg/kg) of CCFA or 2.2 mg/kg of CHCL every 24 hours for 3 days. Ceftiofur and its metabolites were measured in the plasma, interstitium, ileum and colon. The concentration and MIC of fecal E. coli and the fecal microbiota composition were assessed after treatment. The maximum concentration of ceftiofur was higher in all sampled locations of steers treated with CHCL. Measurable drug persisted longer in the intestine of CCFA-treated steers. There was a significant decrease in E. coli concentration (P = 0.002) within 24 hours that persisted for 2 weeks after CCFA treatment. In CHCL-treated steers, the mean MIC of ceftiofur in E. coli peaked at 48 hours (mean MIC = 20.45 ug/ml, 95% CI = 10.29–40.63 ug/ml), and in CCFA-treated steers, mean MIC peaked at 96 hours (mean MIC = 10.68 ug/ml, 95% CI = 5.47–20.85 ug/ml). Shifts in the microbiome of steers in both groups were due to reductions in Firmicutes and increases in Bacteroidetes. CCFA leads to prolonged, low intestinal drug concentrations, and is associated with decreased E. coli concentration, an increased MIC of ceftiofur in E. coli at specific time points, and shifts in the fecal microbiota. CHCL led to higher intestinal drug concentrations over a shorter duration. Effects on E. coli concentration and the microbiome were smaller in this group, but the increase in the MIC of ceftiofur in fecal E. coli was similar. DA - 2019/10/4/ PY - 2019/10/4/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0223378 VL - 14 IS - 10 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Pharmacotherapeutics for Veterinary Dispensing DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1002/9781119404576 SE - 1-623 SN - 978-1-119-40454-5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emerging Translational Opportunities in Comparative Oncology With Companion Canine Cancers: Radiation Oncology AU - Nolan, Michael W. AU - Kent, Michael S. AU - Boss, Mary-Keara T2 - FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY AB - It is estimated that more than 6 million pet dogs are diagnosed with cancer annually in the USA. Both primary care and specialist veterinarians are frequently called upon to provide clinical care that improves the quality and/or quantity of life for affected animals. Because these cancers develop spontaneously in animals that often share the same environment as their owners, have intact immune systems and are of similar size to humans, and because the diagnostic tests and treatments for these cancers are similar to those used for management of human cancers, canine cancer provides an opportunity for research that simultaneously helps improve both canine and human health care. This is especially true in the field of radiation oncology, for which there is a rich and continually evolving history of learning from the careful study of pet dogs undergoing various forms of radiotherapy. The purpose of this review article is to inform readers of the potential utility and limitations of using dogs in that manner; the peer-reviewed literature will be critically reviewed, and current research efforts will be discussed. The article concludes with a look towards promising future directions and applications of this pet dog “model”. DA - 2019/11/22/ PY - 2019/11/22/ DO - 10.3389/fonc.2019.01291 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2234-943X KW - radiation oncology KW - radiobiology KW - canine comparative radiation oncology KW - medical physics KW - animal models of cancer KW - imaging KW - theranostics KW - translational research ER - TY - JOUR TI - A DESCRIPTIONOFARTERIAL BLOODPRESSUREMEASUREMENT IN TWO SPECIES OF FLYING FOXES (PTEROPUS VAMPYRUS AND PTEROPUS HYPOMELANUS) AU - Gatson, Bonnie J. AU - Paranjape, Vaidehi AU - Wellehan, James F. X. AU - Bailey, Kate T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Blood pressure assessment is valuable during management of chronic conditions with increased risk of developing hypertension and as a standard practice for anesthetic monitoring. Normal arterial blood pressure values have not been well described in megachiropteran species. Following anesthetic induction and maintenance with isoflurane in oxygen, arterial blood pressure was obtained from the posterior tibial artery of eight large flying foxes (Pteropus vampyrus) and six variable flying foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus), two with structural cardiac disease and four in good clinically health. Normal values reported as a median with interquartile range for systolic, diastolic, and mean (MAP) arterial pressures for P. vampyrus were 101 (94, 107), 69 (57, 80), and 86 (75, 93), respectively. Normal MAP for clinically healthy P. hypomelanus was 86 (67, 93). Placement of P. hypomelanus in a vertical head-down position did not alter blood pressure in clinically healthy bats, but significantly increased MAP in two bats with structural cardiac disease. Arterial catheterization of both the posterior tibial and median arteries in these species was easily performed without major complication. DA - 2019/9// PY - 2019/9// DO - 10.1638/2018-0218 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 665-671 SN - 1937-2825 KW - Arterial blood pressure KW - bat KW - Chiroptera KW - flying fox KW - Pteropus hypomelanus KW - Pteropus vampyrus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implementation of total body photon irradiation as part of an institutional bone marrow transplant program for the treatment of canine lymphoma and leukemias AU - Gieger, Tracy L. AU - Nolan, Michael W. AU - Roback, Donald M. AU - Suter, Steven E. T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Abstract A total body irradiation (TBI) protocol was developed to support a bone marrow transplant (BMT) program for the treatment of canine hematologic malignancies. The purpose of this prospective study is to describe implementation of the protocol and resultant dosimetry. Nongraphic manual treatment planning using 6 MV photons, isocentric delivery, 40 × 40 cm field size, wall‐mounted lasers to verify positioning, a lucite beam spoiler (without use of bolus material), a dose rate of 8.75 cGy/min at patient isocenter, and a source‐to‐axis distance of 338 cm were used for TBI. A monitor unit calculation formula was derived using ion chamber measurements and a solid water phantom. Five thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were used at various anatomic locations in each of four cadaver dogs, to verify fidelity of the monitor unit formula prior to clinical implementation. In vivo dosimetric data were then collected with five TLDs at various anatomic locations in six patients treated with TBI. A total dose of 10 Gy divided into two 5 Gy fractions was delivered approximately 16 h apart, immediately followed by autologous stem cell transplant. The mean difference between prescribed and delivered doses ranged from 99% to 109% for various sites in cadavers, and from 83% to 121% in clinical patients. The mean total body dose in cadavers and clinical patients when whole body dose was estimated by averaging doses measured by variably placed TLDs ranged from 98% to 108% and 93% to 102% of the prescribed dose, respectively, which was considered acceptable. This protocol could be used for institutional implementation of TBI. DA - 2019/9// PY - 2019/9// DO - 10.1111/vru.12776 VL - 60 IS - 5 SP - 586-593 SN - 1740-8261 KW - cadaver KW - lymphosarcoma KW - myeloablation KW - thermoluminescent dosimeter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of acellular equine amniotic allografts on the healing of experimentally induced full-thickness distal limb wounds in horses AU - Fowler, Alexander W. AU - Gilbertie, Jessica M. AU - Watson, Victoria E. AU - Prange, Timo AU - Osborne, Jason A. AU - Schnabel, Lauren V T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To characterize the growth factors contained in equine amniotic membrane allograft (eAM; StemWrap scaffold and StemWrap+ injection) and to evaluate the effect of eAM on equine distal limb wound healing.Prospective experimental controlled study.Eight adult horses.Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) concentrations in StemWrap+ were assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two full-thickness 6.25-cm2 skin wounds were created on each metacarpus. On one forelimb, one wound was treated with eAM, and the other was left untreated (eAM control). On the contralateral limb, one wound was treated with a silicone dressing, and the other served as negative control. Three-dimensional images were obtained to determine wound circumference and surface area analyses at each bandage change until healed. Excessive granulation tissue was debrided once weekly for 4 weeks. Biopsy samples were taken to evaluate quality of wound healing via histologic and immunohistochemistry assays.StemWrap+ contained moderate concentrations of TGF-β1 (494.10 pg/mL), VEGF (212.52 pg/mL), and PGE2 (1811.61 pg/mL). Treatment of wounds with eAM did not affect time to healing or histologic quality of the healing compared with other groups but was associated with increased granulation tissue production early in the study, particularly on day 7.Application of eAM resulted in increased granulation tissue production while maintaining appropriate healing of experimental wounds.Use of eAM is likely most beneficial for substantial wounds in which expedient production of large amounts of granulation tissue is desirable. DA - 2019/11// PY - 2019/11// DO - 10.1111/vsu.13304 VL - 48 IS - 8 SP - 1416-1428 SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oral reserpine administration in horses results in low plasma concentrations that alter platelet biology AU - Gilbertie, J. M. AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Davidson, G. S. AU - McDonald, A. M. AU - Schirmer, J. M. AU - Schnabel, L. V. T2 - EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - Summary Background Reserpine is a popular drug in the equine industry for long‐term tranquilisation. Clinical observations revealed that blood from horses receiving oral reserpine was hypercoagulable. No studies have documented the pharmacokinetics of orally administered reserpine nor the effects of reserpine on platelets in horses. Objectives To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of oral reserpine in horses and the effects of clinically relevant concentrations of reserpine on platelet functionality in vitro. Study design Experimental controlled study. Methods The pharmacokinetics of oral reserpine (2.5 mg/horse, once) were determined in six healthy adult horses. Plasma samples were collected and concentrations of reserpine were determined by UPLC ‐ MS / MS . Using this data, the in vitro effects of reserpine on platelets were examined. Aggregation, adhesion and releasate assays for serotonin and thromboxane B 2 were performed on platelets exposed to varying concentrations of reserpine (0.01–10 ng/mL), aspirin (negative control) and saline (unexposed control). Results Oral reserpine administration demonstrated low plasma concentrations with a C max of 0.2 ± 0.06 ng/mL and a prolonged half‐life of 23.6 ± 6.24 h. Simulations over a dose range of 2–8 μg/kg predicted C max at steady state between 0.06–0.9 ng/mL. Platelets exposed to these reserpine concentrations in vitro displayed increased aggregation and adhesion compared to unexposed or aspirin‐exposed platelets as well as compared to higher concentrations of reserpine. These functional changes correlated with lower concentrations of serotonin and higher concentrations of thromboxane B 2 in the platelet suspension supernatant. Main limitations This study used a small number of horses and only in vitro platelet experiments. Conclusions Oral reserpine demonstrates low plasma concentrations and a prolonged half‐life in horses. At these concentrations, reserpine causes significant changes in platelet function, most likely due to serotonin release and re‐uptake which primes platelets for activation and thromboxane B 2 release. These findings suggest that clinicians should harvest blood for biological processing prior to the onset of reserpine administration. DA - 2019/7// PY - 2019/7// DO - 10.1111/evj.13048 VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 537-543 SN - 2042-3306 KW - horse KW - reserpine KW - pharmacokinetics KW - tranquilisation KW - platelets KW - hypercoagulability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequential Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry on Cryosectioned Zebrafish Embryos AU - Ferguson, Jordan L. AU - Shive, Heather R. T2 - JOVE-JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS AB - Investigation of intercellular interactions often requires discrete labeling of specific cell populations and precise protein localization. The zebrafish embryo is an excellent tool for examining such interactions with an in vivo model. Whole-mount immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence assays are frequently applied in zebrafish embryos to assess protein expression. However, it can be difficult to achieve accurate mapping of co-localized proteins in three-dimensional space. In addition, some studies may require the use of two antibodies that are not compatible with the same technique (e.g., antibody 1 is only suitable for immunohistochemistry and antibody 2 is only suitable for immunofluorescence). The purpose of the method described herein is to perform sequential immunofluorescence and/or immunohistochemistry on individual cryosections derived from early-stage zebrafish embryos. Here we describe the use of sequential rounds of immunofluorescence, imaging, immunohistochemistry, imaging for a single cryosection in order to achieve precise identification of protein expression at the single-cell level. This methodology is suitable for any study in early-stage zebrafish embryos that requires accurate identification of multiple protein targets in individual cells. DA - 2019/5// PY - 2019/5// DO - 10.3791/59344 IS - 147 SP - SN - 1940-087X KW - Biology KW - Issue 147 KW - Zebrafish KW - embryos KW - immunohistochemistry KW - immunofluorescence KW - colocalization KW - intercellular interaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - A missense variant in the titin gene in Doberman pinscher dogs with familial dilated cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death AU - Meurs, Kathryn M. AU - Friedenberg, Steven G. AU - Kolb, Justin AU - Saripalli, Chandra AU - Tonino, Paola AU - Woodruff, Kathleen AU - Olby, Natasha J. AU - Keene, Bruce W. AU - Adin, Darcy B. AU - Yost, Oriana L. AU - DeFrancesco, Teresa C. AU - Lahmers, Sunshine AU - Tou, Sandra AU - Shelton, G. Diane AU - Granzier, Henk T2 - HUMAN GENETICS DA - 2019/5// PY - 2019/5// DO - 10.1007/s00439-019-01973-2 VL - 138 IS - 5 SP - 515-524 SN - 1432-1203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cardiac Leiomyosarcoma in a Cat Presenting for Bilateral Renal Neoplasia AU - Schreeg, M. E. AU - Evans, B. J. AU - Allen, J. AU - Lewis, M. C. AU - Luckring, E. AU - Evola, M. AU - Richard, D. K. AU - Piner, K. AU - Thompson, E. M. AU - Adin, D. B. AU - Tokarz, D. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY AB - A 10-year-old neutered female domestic longhair cat was presented to a tertiary care veterinary hospital for evaluation of a right renal mass that was identified incidentally on abdominal radiographs and classified further as a sarcoma based on fine needle aspiration cytology. Further diagnostic workup, including ultrasound and cytology, identified a sarcoma in the left kidney. After approximately 1 month of conservative medical management, the clinical condition deteriorated and the cat was humanely destroyed. Post-mortem examination confirmed bilateral renal masses with multifocal infarction and extensive necrosis, and further identified a large mass at the apex of the heart as well as multiple pulmonary nodules. Microscopical examination of the masses identified a population of poorly-differentiated neoplastic spindle cells, consistent with sarcoma. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells expressed smooth muscle actin and muscle-specific actin, but were negative for myoglobin and factor VIII. Phosphotungstic acid-haematoxylin staining was unable to identify cross-striations in the neoplastic cells. Based on these results and the pattern of lesion distribution, the cat was diagnosed with cardiac leiomyosarcoma with pulmonary and bilateral renal metastasis. DA - 2019/4// PY - 2019/4// DO - 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.02.005 VL - 168 SP - 19-24 SN - 1532-3129 KW - cardiac neoplasia KW - cat KW - immunohistochemistry KW - leiomyosarcoma ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2-PHENOXYETHANOL (2-PE) AND TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE (MS-222) IMMERSION ANESTHESIA OF AMERICAN HORSESHOE CRABS (LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS) AU - Archibald, Kate E. AU - Scott, Gregory N. AU - Bailey, Kate M. AU - Harms, Craig A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Despite extensive literature examining American horseshoe crab physiology, there are comparatively few publications addressing their medical care. Establishing anesthesia protocols for horseshoe crabs is integral to limiting the potential stress and pain associated with invasive procedures and for advancing euthanasia techniques. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two immersion anesthetics, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) at 1 g/L (buffered with sodium carbonate) and 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE) at 2 mL/L, on horseshoe crabs. Twenty horseshoe crabs were assigned to one of two anesthetic treatment groups and individually anesthetized in natural seawater. Water quality, cardiac contractility, and hemolymph gas analytes were measured prior to anesthesia and at 30 min Animals were monitored via heart rate, gilling rate, and sedation score every 5 min until recovered. Transcarapacial ultrasonography was used to obtain heart rate, gilling rate, and percent fractional shortening. Light or surgical anesthesia was produced in 10/10 animals in the 2-PE group and 8/10 animals in the MS-222 group. There was no significant difference in sedation scores, induction time (median 15 min), or recovery time (median 20.5 min). Gilling rate and cardiac contractility decreased during anesthesia, whereas heart rate did not. Hemolymph pH and pO2 were not different among treatment groups or time points. Baseline pCO2 was higher than pCO2 at 30 min for both groups but significantly elevated only in the MS-222 group. This is attributed to increased activity during the handling of awake animals. Invasive blood pressure obtained via cardiac catheterization in two animals was markedly decreased during surgical anesthesia. In conclusion, 2-PE and MS-222 provided effective anesthesia with clinically useful induction and recovery times. 2-PE provided a subjectively more reliable and smoother anesthesia compared to MS-222. DA - 2019/3// PY - 2019/3// DO - 10.1638/2018-0085 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 96-106 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hematological parameters in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with formalin-preservation: comparison between wild tournament-caught and captive-raised fish AU - Whitehead, Michelle C. AU - Vanetten, Chelsey L. AU - Zheng, Yaxin AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. T2 - PEERJ AB - Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) are an economically important freshwater fish species that have been investigated for both the short and long-term effects of stress, secondary to angling. Limited data has been published on the hematological parameters of this species and blood sample stability is a notable limitation of hematologic field studies. A relatively novel technique using 10% neutral buffered formalin preserves heparinized whole blood and maintains blood cell stability beyond one month in striped bass. The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in hematological parameters between tournament-caught and captive-raised largemouth bass using whole blood preservation with neutral buffered formalin.Two populations of largemouth bass (n = 26 wild; n = 29 captive) underwent coccygeal venipuncture to collect heparinized whole blood for packed cell volume, total solids, and manual differential. Formalin preservation of heparinized whole blood facilitated manual hemocytometer analysis. Results were compared between the populations (tournament-caught, and captive-raised) with Wilcoxon rank sum test, a Hotelling's T2 test, and Bonferroni simultaneous 95% confidence intervals to determine significance.The mean packed cell volume (44.9 ± 5.4%) and total solids (7.2 ± 1.1 g/dL) were significantly higher, while the total leukocyte count (7.08 ± 1.86 × 103/µL) was significantly lower in the wild tournament-caught population of largemouth bass, as compared to the captive-raised counterparts (PCV 34.4 ± 7.2%; TS 5.2 ± 1.0 g/dL; WBC 16.43 ± 8.37 × 103/µL). The wild population demonstrated a significantly distinct leukogram characterized by a neutropenia (24.1 ± 12.7%), lymphocytosis (67.7 ± 13.0%), and monocytopenia (8.3 ± 2.9%), while the erythrocyte and thrombocyte counts were not significantly different between populations.Numerous factors have been demonstrated to influence hematologic parameters in fish including age, size, sex, temperature, environmental oxygen level, population density, and infection. The wild population endured stress during angling capture, live-well hypoxia, transport, and extended air exposures at weigh in, which may have caused a stress leukopenia as well as osmoregulatory dysfunction and subsequent hemoconcentration. Further evaluation of seasonal impact as well as increased sample size is warranted to enhance our understanding of largemouth bass hematology.This study concluded that wild largemouth bass captured via tournament angling have higher packed cell volume and total solids, and lower total leukocyte counts, compared to captive-reared individuals. Through the completion of this study, we demonstrated the successful use of 10% neutral buffered formalin to preserve heparinized whole blood for precise hemocytometer cell counts in a new teleost species, the largemouth bass. DA - 2019/4/4/ PY - 2019/4/4/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.6669 VL - 7 SP - SN - 2167-8359 KW - Catch-and-release KW - Captive-reared KW - Micropterus salmoides KW - Health assessment KW - Formalin preservation KW - Hematology KW - Largemouth bass KW - Manual hemocytometer KW - Wild tournament-caught KW - Stress ER - TY - JOUR TI - Echocardiographic phenotype of canine dilated cardiomyopathy differs based on diet type AU - Adin, Darcy AU - DeFrancesco, Teresa C. AU - Keene, Bruce AU - Tou, Sandra AU - Meurs, Kathryn AU - Atkins, Clarke AU - Aona, Brent AU - Kurtz, Kari AU - Barron, Lara AU - Saker, Korinn T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY AB - Canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) can result from numerous etiologies including genetic mutations, infections, toxins, and nutritional imbalances. This study sought to characterize differences in echocardiographic findings between dogs with DCM fed grain-free (GF) diets and grain-based (GB) diets.Forty-eight dogs with DCM and known diet history.This was a retrospective analysis of dogs with DCM from January 1, 2015 to May 1, 2018 with a known diet history. Dogs were grouped by diet (GF and GB), and the GF group was further divided into dogs eating the most common grain-free diet (GF-1) and other grain-free diets (GF-o). Demographics, diet history, echocardiographic parameters, taurine concentrations, and vertebral heart scale were compared between GB, all GF, GF-1, and GF-o groups at diagnosis and recheck.Dogs eating GF-1 weighed less than GB and GF-o dogs, but age and sex were not different between groups. Left ventricular size in diastole and systole was greater, and sphericity index was less for GF-1 compared with GB dogs. Diastolic left ventricular size was greater for all GF compared with that of GB dogs. Fractional shortening, left atrial size, and vertebral heart scale were not different between groups. Taurine deficiency was not identified in GF dogs, and presence of congestive heart failure was not different between groups. Seven dogs that were reevaluated after diet change (6 received taurine supplementation) had clinical and echocardiographic improvement.Dietary-associated DCM occurs with some GF diets and can improve with nutritional management, including diet change. The role of taurine supplementation, even without deficiency, is uncertain. DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.11.002 VL - 21 SP - 1-9 SN - 1875-0834 KW - Nutritional KW - Heart failure KW - Dog KW - Taurine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Myxomatous mitral valve disease in the miniature poodle: A retrospective study AU - Meurs, K. M. AU - Adin, D. AU - K. O'Donnell, AU - Keene, B. W. AU - Atkins, C. E. AU - DeFrancesco, T. AU - Tou, S. T2 - VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common cardiovascular disease in the dog. The natural history of the disease is wide ranging and includes patients without clinical signs as well as those with significant clinical consequences from cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension and/or congestive heart failure. The factors that determine which dogs remain asymptomatic and which develop clinical disease are not known. Disease characteristics could be breed or family related; some breeds of dogs, particularly the Cavalier King Charles spaniels, develop MMVD at an early age. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively characterize MMVD in the miniature poodle, a commonly affected breed in which MMVD has not been well characterized. Thirty-two miniature poodles met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 11±three years. Clinical signs included exercise intolerance, syncope and coughing. Eighteen dogs were classified as ACVIM Stage B1, 12 as stage B2, and two as stage C. Mean vertebral heart scale (VHS) was 10.2 (±standard deviation of 0.9); 15 of 28 dogs had a VHS <10.3. One dog had radiographic evidence of congestive heart failure. Mean diastolic left ventricle dimension normalized to body weight was 1.6 (±0.4) and mean systolic was 0.8 (±0.3). Mitral valve prolapse was subjectively classified as mild or moderate in 19 dogs and severe in two. In the miniature poodles reported here, MMVD appears to be a fairly late onset disease and often is a mild phenotype. DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.12.019 VL - 244 SP - 94-97 SN - 1532-2971 KW - Canine KW - Genetic KW - Miniature poodle KW - Mitral valve KW - Myxomatous valve ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genotypic and Phenotypic Variables Affect Meiotic Cell Cycle Progression, Tumor Ploidy, and Cancer-Associated Mortality in a brca2-Mutant Zebrafish Model AU - Mensah, L. AU - Ferguson, J. L. AU - Shive, H. R. T2 - JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY AB - Successful cell replication requires both cell cycle completion and accurate chromosomal segregation. The tumor suppressor BRCA2 is positioned to influence both of these outcomes, and thereby influence genomic integrity, during meiotic and mitotic cell cycles. Accordingly, mutations in BRCA2 induce chromosomal abnormalities and disrupt cell cycle progression in both germ cells and somatic cells. Despite these findings, aneuploidy is not more prevalent in BRCA2-associated versus non-BRCA2-associated human cancers. More puzzlingly, diploidy in BRCA2-associated cancers is a negative prognostic factor, unlike non-BRCA2-associated cancers and many other human cancers. We used a brca2-mutant/tp53-mutant cancer-prone zebrafish model to explore the impact of BRCA2 mutation on cell cycle progression, ploidy, and cancer-associated mortality by performing DNA content/cell cycle analysis on zebrafish germ cells, somatic cells, and cancer cells. First, we determined that combined brca2/tp53 mutations uniquely disrupt meiotic progression. Second, we determined that sex significantly influences ploidy outcome in zebrafish cancers. Third, we determined that brca2 mutation and female sex each significantly reduce survival time in cancer-bearing zebrafish. Finally, we provide evidence to support a link between BRCA2 mutation, tumor diploidy, and poor survival outcome. These outcomes underscore the utility of this model for studying BRCA2-associated genomic aberrations in normal and cancer cells. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1155/2019/9218251 VL - 2019 SP - SN - 1687-8469 ER - TY - JOUR TI - USE OF A GASTROSTOMY AND JEJUNOSTOMY TUBE FOR MANAGEMENT OF GASTRIC DISTENTION FOLLOWING PYLORIC OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN A FERRET (MUSTELA PLITORIUS FURO) AU - Adamovicz, Laura AU - Applegate, Jeffrey AU - Harris, Jessica AU - Saher, Korinn T2 - JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE AB - An 8-month-old spayed female ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was presented for evaluation of persistent, severe gastric distention following gastrotomy to retrieve several foreign bodies. A structural cause of gastric outflow obstruction was not identified ultrasonographically or surgically. A 14 Fr gastrostomy and an 8 Fr jejunostomy tube were used to facilitate medical management of severe gastric stasis and to allow enteral nutrition. The ferret tolerated the feeding tubes well and recovered completely following intensive medical therapy. This report describes successful management of idiopathic gastric distention using gastric and jejunal feeding tubes in a ferret. Feeding tubes and supplemental nutrition plans should be considered for management of ferrets with compatible disease processes. DA - 2019/1// PY - 2019/1// DO - 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.02.040 VL - 28 IS - C SP - 105-110 SN - 1931-6283 KW - Feeding tube KW - ferret KW - gastrostomy KW - jejunostomy KW - Mustela putorius furo ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simultaneous Monitoring of Canine Heart Rate and Respiratory Patterns During Scent Detection Tasks AU - Brugarolas, Rita AU - Yuschak, Sherrie AU - Adin, Darcy AU - Roberts, David L. AU - Sherman, Barbara L. AU - Bozkurt, Alper T2 - IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL AB - Man-made technological odor detection systems continue to improve but still cannot match the tracking efficiency, mobility, and selectivity in the presence of interfering odors achieved by detector dogs. The reliability of dogs as olfactory detectors does not depend solely on their performance but also on the handler's skill in interpreting the behavior of the dog that signals the detection of the target odor. We present our efforts on a wireless wearable system combining electrocardiogram (ECG) and an electronic stethoscope for direct monitoring of cardiopulmonary events in dogs toward enabling cybernetic dog-machine interfaces. This is, to our knowledge, the first cyber-physical attempt to simultaneously record heart rate, heart rate variability, and continuous auscultation of respiratory behavior in a wearable form factor during scent-detection tasks. In this paper, we present: 1) a method to automate the detection of sniffing episodes based on power spectral density of the respiratory sounds; 2) proof-of-concept extraction and quantification of the ECG and respiratory sounds features that would enable the discovery of physiological patterns associated to scent-detection tasks; and 3) proof-of-concept correlation of such patterns with the presence/absence of target odors. These contributions pave the way for a novel real-time cybernetic olfactory detection monitoring system to provide decision support for handlers in the field in addition to enabling future computer-sniffing dog interfaces. DA - 2019/2/15/ PY - 2019/2/15/ DO - 10.1109/JSEN.2018.2883066 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 1454-1462 SN - 1558-1748 KW - Sniffing KW - tachogram KW - PSD KW - wearable KW - ECG ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinical, morphological, and molecular characterization of an undetermined Babesia species in a maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) AU - Naor, Adi Wasserkrug AU - Lindemann, Dana M. AU - Schreeg, Megan E. AU - Marr, Henry S. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. AU - Carpenter, James W. AU - Ryseff, Julia K. T2 - TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES AB - A possible novel Babesia species infection of a maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) was first reported in 2012. The current case details a confirmed report of a maned wolf with infection by an undetermined species of Babesia. As the mortality and morbidity of babesiosis is high, this may become a significant concern to captive maned wolves, which are considered a near-threatened species by the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The aim of this study is to report the clinical, morphological and molecular characterization of this Babesia species. A 2.5-year-old, intact female maned wolf was found laterally recumbent with pale mucous membranes and jaundice the morning of presentation. Hematological and serum biochemical data were consistent with babesiosis and showed a regenerative severe anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, azotemia, increased creatine phosphokinase and increase alanine aminotransferase. On blood film review, inclusion bodies were seen in the red blood cells with cytomorphological features that were most consistent with a small form Babesia species. A blood sample was sent for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and multi-locus sequence analyses. These findings suggested a unique Babesia species that is most closely related to a Babesia species (Babesia sp. AJB-2006) that has been found to infect raccoons (Procyon lotor) in North America. Although the cytomorphological features of the piroplasms and the clinical presentation were similar in both the current and 2012 case, when comparing the 18S melt curve temperature of the two Babesia isolates, the peak temperature was different. Unfortunately, genetic material from the 2012 case was not available so comparison of multi-locus gene sequences could not be performed, excluding the possibility to definitively state if the Babesia spp. from both cases were distinct from each other. The maned wolf was treated with a whole blood transfusion, dexamethazone (0.28 mg/kg IM), azithromycin (10 mg/kg in NaCl SC), atavaquone (1.5 cc PO), and 2 imidocarb (6.6 mg/kg IM) injections, and clinically improved. These findings demonstrate the need to further characterize the molecular and epidemiological differences of the Babesia species in this case report and the Babesia species known to infect raccoons. DA - 2019/1// PY - 2019/1// DO - 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.09.005 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 124-126 SN - 1877-9603 KW - Babesia KW - Maned wolf KW - Chrysocyon brachyurus KW - PCR KW - Blood smear KW - Raccoon ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinical ethics consultation in a tertiary care veterinary teaching hospital AU - Adin, Christopher A. AU - Moga, Jeannine L. AU - Keene, Bruce W. AU - Fogle, Callie A. AU - Hopkinson, Heather R. AU - Weyhrauch, Charity A. AU - Marks, Steven L. AU - Ruderman, Rachel J. AU - Rosoff, Philip M. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DA - 2019/1/1/ PY - 2019/1/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.254.1.52 VL - 254 IS - 1 SP - 52-60 SN - 1943-569X ER -