2025 journal article
Application of Tendon-Derived Matrix and Carbodiimide Crosslinking Matures the Engineered Tendon-Like Proteome on Meltblown Scaffolds
JOURNAL OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE, 2025(1).
open access via doi.org (publisher)Background: Tendon injuries are increasingly common and heal by fibrosis rather than scar‐less regeneration. Tissue engineering seeks to improve repair using synthetic polymer scaffolds with biomimetic factors to enhance the regenerative potential. Methods: In this study, we compared three groups, namely, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) meltblown scaffolds, PLA meltblown scaffolds coated with tendon‐derived matrix (TDM), and PLA meltblown scaffolds with carbodiimide crosslinked TDM (2.5:1:1 EDC:NHS:COOH ratio) (EDC‐TDM) and determined their potential for engineered tendon development. We cultured human adipose stem cells (hASCs) for 28 days on meltblown scaffolds ( n = 4–6/group) and measured tensile mechanical function, matrix synthesis, and matrix composition using biochemical assays and proteomics. Results: Coating PLA meltblown scaffolds with TDM improved yield stretch and stress at 28 days compared with PLA. Matrix synthesis rates for TDM or EDC‐TDM were similar to PLA. Proteomic analysis revealed that hASCs produced a collagen‐rich extracellular matrix, with many tendon‐related matrix proteins. Coating scaffolds with TDM led to an increase in collagen type I whereas EDC‐TDM scaffolds had an increase in glycoproteins and ECM regulators compared with other groups, consistent with increased maturity of the newly deposited matrix. Conclusions: TDM coating and crosslinking of meltblown scaffolds demonstrated matricellular benefits for the proteome of engineered tendon development but provided fewer clear benefits toward mechanical, biochemical, and rate of matrix accumulation than expected, and that previous work with electrospun scaffolds would suggest. However, electrospun scaffolds have different fiber structure and microarchitecture than meltblown, suggesting that further consideration of these differences and refinement of TDM application methods to meltblown scaffolds is required.