The growing global demand for electrochemical energy storage is driven by decreasing costs of renewable electricity, supportive governmental policies promoting electrification, and the public’s desire to decrease CO 2 emissions. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, the leading form of energy storage for electric vehicles and the electrical grid, predominantly utilize anodes containing mineral and synthetic graphite. However, these materials originate from geographically constrained, nonrenewable resources and require energy-intensive, environmentally harmful extraction and purification processes. Our group explores an alternative by producing high-performance graphite from biomass feedstocks, including sawdust, seaweed, bio-oil, paper towel waste, and biochar. Using a one-step heat treatment (~1500°C) with an iron catalyst followed by acid purification, we have optimized the catalytic graphitization of diverse biomass materials. We have achieved graphitization rates >90% with Li-ion half-cell tests demonstrating a specific capacity ~360 mAh g -1 , closely approaching the theoretical limit of 372 mAh g -1 , with initial coulombic efficiencies exceeding 90%. Notably, this work introduces a novel application of electrowinning to establish a pathway for recycling the iron catalyst and acid used in the process through a flow cell system following acid purification, achieving an energy efficiency of approximately 3 kWh kg -1 . This closed-loop approach has the potential to significantly reduce the environmental impact and operational costs, making biomass-derived anode materials a more viable alternative for large-scale Li-ion battery manufacturing. This research presents a critical step toward greener and more efficient Li-ion batteries by addressing the need for sustainable feedstocks, minimizing resource dependence, and enhancing manufacturing circularity through catalyst and acid recycling.