2021 journal article
NUMA-aware memory coloring for multicore real-time systems
JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE, 118.
author keywords: Memory access; NUMA; Real-time predictability
TL;DR:
This work contributes a controller/node-aware memory coloring (CAMC) allocator inside the Linux kernel for the entire address space to reduce access conflicts and latencies by isolating tasks from one another.
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Added: September 7, 2021
Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) systems are characterized by varying memory latencies so that execution times may become unpredictable in a multicore real-time system. This results in overly conservative scheduling with low utilization due to loose bounds on a task's worst-case execution time (WCET). This work contributes a controller/node-aware memory coloring (CAMC) allocator inside the Linux kernel for the entire address space to reduce access conflicts and latencies by isolating tasks from one another. CAMC improves timing predictability and performance over Linux' buddy allocator and prior coloring methods. It provides core isolation with respect to banks and memory controllers for real-time systems. This work is the first to consider multiple memory controllers in real-time systems, combine them with bank coloring, and assess its performance on a NUMA architecture, to the best of our knowledge.