@article{haber_tucker_marr_levy_burgess_lappin_birkenheuer_2007, title={The detection of Cytauxzoon felis in apparently healthy free-roaming cats in the USA}, volume={146}, ISSN={["1873-2550"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.02.029}, abstractNote={Cytauxzoon felis typically causes fatal disease in domestic cats. Survival after infection and persistent parasitemia without clinical illness has been documented in a few cases. To our knowledge there are no prevalence studies of C. felis in domestic cats. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of C. felis infected cats that were presented to trap-neuter-return programs in Florida, North Carolina and Tennessee. Cats that were presented to trap-neuter-return programs were tested using a C. felis-specific PCR assay. A total of 961 domestic cats were tested (494 from Florida; 392 from North Carolina; 75 from Tennessee). Prevalence of C. felis infection in this population was 0.3%. Two cats from Florida and one cat from Tennessee tested positive for the presence of C. felis DNA. These amplicons were sequenced and confirmed to be C. felis. The cat from Tennessee was alive without evidence of illness 2 months post-surgery. The other two cats were alive 24 h post-surgery, but were then lost to follow-up. This is the first report documenting C. felis infections in free-roaming cats. Despite the low prevalence rate, the presence of apparently healthy infected free-roaming cats suggests that they may have the capacity to serve as an additional reservoir host for C. felis. Further investigations should evaluate the potential vector competence of domestic cats as well as the role of chronically infected cats in areas in which cytauxzoonosis appears hyperendemic.}, number={3-4}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY}, author={Haber, Marion D. and Tucker, Melissa D. and Marr, Henry S. and Levy, Julie K. and Burgess, Jill and Lappin, Michael R. and Birkenheuer, Adam J.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={316–320} }
 @article{ritchey_levy_bliss_tompkins_tompkins_2001, title={Constitutive expression of types 1 and 2 cytokines by alveolar macrophages from feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0165-2427"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00250-1}, abstractNote={Evidence suggests that feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), causes pulmonary immunodeficiency. The overall objective of this study was to explore FIV-induced alterations in cell counts and cytokine gene expression in the pulmonary compartment during the acute stage infection. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells were collected from FIV-infected and control cats at 0, 4, 10, and 16 weeks post-FIV infection for phenotype and cytokine analysis. The major change in BAL cellular populations following FIV-infection was the development of a neutrophilia. Total BAL cell counts and relative numbers of alveolar macrophages (AM), eosinophils, and lymphocytes remained similar in both groups. The RT-qcPCR analyses of AM purified from BAL showed constitutive expression of TNFα, IL6 and IL10 mRNAs that peaked during the acute stage of infection then declined. The TNFα and IL6 bioactive protein secretion showed a similar response. In contrast, IFNγ expression increased progressively with time after infection and paralleled a progressive increase in FIV-gag mRNA in AM. The IL12 p40 expression also differed from the other cytokines in that there was a progressive decrease in the number of cats with AM IL12 expression following FIV infection. Infection of AM in vitro with FIV also caused an increase in TNFα and IL6 mRNA and bioactive protein suggesting that the increased cytokine response by AM following infection of cats with FIV is an intrinsic characteristic of FIV-infected AM. In summary, pulmonary immune changes seen in FIV-infected cats are similar to those seen in HIV-infected human patients.}, number={1-2}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ritchey, JW and Levy, JK and Bliss, SK and Tompkins, WAF and Tompkins, MB}, year={2001}, month={May}, pages={83–100} }
 @article{levy_crawford_collante_papich_2001, title={Use of adult cat serum to correct failure of passive transfer in kittens}, volume={219}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.219.1401}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Levy, J. K. and Crawford, P. C. and Collante, W. R. and Papich, Mark}, year={2001}, pages={1401–1405} }
 @article{liang_hudson_levy_ritchey_tompkins_tompkins_2000, title={T cells overexpressing interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 are found in both the thymus and secondary lymphoid tissues of feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats}, volume={181}, ISSN={["0022-1899"]}, DOI={10.1086/315226}, abstractNote={Similar to human immunodeficiency virus type 1, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) replicates in the thymus of infected animals, causing marked alteration in thymic lymphocyte subpopulations. The immune phenotype and cytokine patterns in the thymus and secondary lymphoid tissues of FIV-infected cats were investigated. FIV infection caused an acute-stage transient reduction in CD4CD8 double-positive thymocytes, a marked increase in CD8 single-positive thymocytes, and formation of thymic B cell lymphoid follicles. Interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA were up-regulated in both the thymus and lymph nodes of FIV-infected cats. Analysis of purified CD4 and CD8 cells revealed that CD4 cells produced most of the IL-10, whereas IFN-gamma was produced by both subsets. Quantitative-competitive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that thymocytes, especially CD4CD8 thymocytes, had much greater levels of gag mRNA than did lymph node T cells. Thus, overexpression of IFN-gamma and IL-10 is a feature of the thymus and secondary lymphoid tissues of FIV-infected cats.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES}, author={Liang, YH and Hudson, LC and Levy, JK and Ritchey, JW and Tompkins, WAF and Tompkins, MB}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={564–575} }
 @article{levy_ritchey_rottman_davidson_liang_jordan_tompkins_tompkins_1998, title={Elevated interleukin-10-to-interleukin-12 ratio in feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats predicts loss of type 1 immunity to Toxoplasma gondii}, volume={178}, ISSN={["0022-1899"]}, DOI={10.1086/515632}, abstractNote={Similar to human immunodeficiency virus, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) induces immunodeficiency and enhanced susceptibility to secondary pathogens. To explore cytokine alterations in lentivirus immunodeficiency, constitutive mRNA expression was measured in lymph nodes of healthy and FIV-infected cats before and after challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. Cytokine mRNA expression was similar in control and FIV-infected cats during the first 10 weeks after infection. At 16 weeks, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA were increased in FIV-infected cats. Challenge with T. gondii induced an increase in IL-2, IFN-gamma, and IL-12 in the lymph nodes of control cats, whereas IFN-gamma and IL-10 but not IL-2 or IL-12 increased in the lymph nodes of FIV-T. gondii coinfected cats. These results indicate that FIV immunodeficiency may derive from a failure to generate an IL-12-dependent type 1 response and that an elevated level of IL-10 mRNA expression is a predictor of lentivirus immunodeficiency.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES}, author={Levy, JK and Ritchey, JW and Rottman, JB and Davidson, MG and Liang, YH and Jordan, HL and Tompkins, WA and Tompkins, MB}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={503–511} }
 @article{jordan_howard_barr_kennedy-stoskopf_levy_tompkins_1998, title={Feline immunodeficiency virus is shed in semen from experimentally and naturally infected cats}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1931-8405"]}, DOI={10.1089/aid.1998.14.1087}, abstractNote={Although a laboratory isolate of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), FIV-NCSU1, has been transmitted by artificial insemination in domestic cats, transmission by naturally infected males during mating has not been reported. In order to determine whether virus shedding in semen is unique to the NCSU1 isolate, we analyzed electroejaculates from four specific-pathogen-free males infected with another laboratory strain, FIV-Petaluma, and eight random source males with naturally acquired infections. Seminal cell lysates from the cats infected with the Petaluma isolate were screened by nested polymerase chain reaction amplification for FIV gag DNA. Seminal cells and seminal plasma from these FIV-Petaluma cats were further analyzed for the presence of virus by cocultivation with a feline CD4+ T cell line and Crandell feline kidney cells. Electroejaculates from the naturally infected cats were cocultivated with the T cell line. Our results demonstrated that cell-free FIV was present in seminal plasma from two FIV-Petaluma cats and two naturally infected cats. Cell-associated seminal virus was detected in all of the FIV-Petaluma infected cats and one naturally infected cat. Secretion of viral gag p26 antigen, an indication of active viral replication, was evident in cocultures containing motile sperm purified by a swim-up procedure from a FIV-Petaluma cat. These results confirm that FIV shedding in semen is not restricted to a specific virus isolate. Furthermore, swim-up sperm from FIV-infected cats may be infectious in vitro.}, number={12}, journal={AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES}, author={Jordan, HL and Howard, J and Barr, MC and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S and Levy, JK and Tompkins, WA}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={1087–1092} }
 @article{levy_1994, title={Hypoglycemic seizures attributable to hypoadrenocorticism in a dog}, volume={204}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Levy, J. K.}, year={1994}, pages={526} }
 @article{levy_1993, title={Chronic chlorpyrifos toxicosis in a cat}, volume={203}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Levy, J. K.}, year={1993}, pages={1682} }