@article{boxall_osteryoung_2004, title={Switching potentials and conductivity of polypyrrole films prepared in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate}, volume={151}, ISSN={["1945-7111"]}, DOI={10.1149/1.1634275}, abstractNote={Polypyrrole (ppy) and poly(N-methylpyrrole) (pmpy) films were prepared galvanostatically at the ring of a rotating ring-disk electrode from the corresponding monomers dissolved in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmimPF 6 ) Rotating ring-disk voltammetry was used to determine switching potentials and conductivity of the films while immersed in bmitnPF 6 . Switching potentials of 0.63 ± 0.04 and 1.07 ± 0.03 V vs. the cobaltocenium/cobaltocene couple, [CoCp 2 ] +/0 , were determined for the ppy and pmpy films, respectively, from negative potential scan voltammograms. Positive potential scan voltammetry was used to obtain the potential-dependent conductivity of the films as the films switched from their insulating (at potentials more negative than switching potential) to a quasi-metallic state. Two different computational models (nonlinear vs. linear conductance gradients) and two different redox probes ([CoCp 2 ] +/0 and decamethylferrocenium/ decamethylferrocene) were used in the calculation of the film conductivity. The conductivity of the ppy films increased by an order of magnitude for every 72 ± 8 mV change in the applied potential. At potentials less than the switching potential, the conductivity of the pmpy films increased tenfold for every 110 ± 15 mV change in the applied potential. At potentials greater than the of teh pmpy films the pmpy films required a 200 mV change to induce the same degree of change in film conductivity.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Boxall, DL and Osteryoung, RA}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={E41–E45} }
 @article{boxall_jj o'dea_osteryoung_2002, title={Apparent anomaly during rotating disk voltammetry in ionic liquids}, volume={149}, ISSN={["1945-7111"]}, DOI={10.1149/1.1514647}, abstractNote={An apparent anomaly is described in which maxima on rotating disk voltammograms for ferrocene oxidation in an ionic liquid were found. The ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, bmimPF 6 , is a neoteric solvent of current interest. The maxima are shown to he due to the very high viscosity of the solvent, 3.26 poise, which yields an unusually high Schmidt number (Sc) of 3.5 × 10 7 , compared to a value of about 10 3 for aqueous solutions. It is estimated that over 100 revolutions of the disk are needed to achieve the Levich limiting current following application of a voltage step to the disk. The current transient resulting from application of a voltage step to the rotating disk is found to be in agreement with previously developed theory, even for these highly viscous systems. Analysis of the transient permits a determination of Sc values without measurement of the viscosity and density of the solvent, or diffusion coefficient of the reacting species.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Boxall, DL and JJ O'Dea and Osteryoung, RA}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={E468–E471} }
 @article{boxall_osteryoung_2002, title={Electrochemical properties of alkali metals in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate}, volume={149}, ISSN={["0013-4651"]}, DOI={10.1149/1.1473191}, abstractNote={Formal potentials and diffusion coefficients of the alkali metal couples of lithium, sodium, and potassium hexafluorophosphate salts dissolved in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate were determined using a hanging mercury drop electrode as the working electrode. Chronoamperometry was used to determine the diffusion coefficients, which ranged from 1.4 X 10 -8 to 4.5 × 10 -8 cm 2 /s for the Na and K cations, respectively. Formal reduction potentials of -2.96 ± 0.01 V and -3.35 ± 0.01 V vs. the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple were obtained for sodium and potassium using normal pulse voltammetry. The presence of adsorption maxima in the lithium normal pulse voltammograms necessitated the use of chronopotentiometry to determine a lithium formal potential of -2.45 ± 0.02 V.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Boxall, DL and Osteryoung, RA}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={E185–E188} }
 @article{koronaios_osteryoung_2001, title={Buffering of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/aluminum chloride ionic liquids using alkali metal bromides and iodides}, volume={148}, ISSN={["0013-4651"]}, DOI={10.1149/1.1416505}, abstractNote={The buffering of 1--ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride-aluminum trichloride (AlCl 3 ) room-temperature ionic liquids (melts) using alkali metal bromides and iodides was studied. The bromide or iodide salts buffer the melts by reaction with the Al 2 Cl - 7 ion, but the bromide or iodide ions do not replace the chloride from the AlCl - 4 in the melts. Unlike melts buffered with alkali metal chlorides, it is easy to deposit the alkali metals, and thus it may be possible to use these buffered melts in power sources. In melts buffered with a mixture of lithium chloride and iodide, it is possible to both deposit and strip lithium metal. As seen with melts buffered with alkali metal chlorides, the buffered melts appear to he more acidic than expected from the low concentration of the acidic Al 2 Cl 7 ion.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Koronaios, P and Osteryoung, RA}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={E483–E488} }
 @article{buttry_osteryoung_2001, title={Preface - Tribute to Fred Anson and list of publications}, volume={498}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry}, author={Buttry, D. A. and Osteryoung, R. A.}, year={2001}, pages={1–18} }
 @article{kosmulski_osteryoung_ciszkowska_2000, title={Diffusion coefficients of ferrocene in composite materials containing ambient temperature ionic liquids}, volume={147}, ISSN={["0013-4651"]}, DOI={10.1149/1.1393377}, abstractNote={Diffusion coefficients (D) of ferrocene in composite materials composed of the ambient temperature ionic liquids 1,2-dimethyl. 3-(1-propyl) imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (DMPIBF 4 ) or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF 4 ) and hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer were estimated using chronoamperometry. The values of D obtained with the composite materials based on DMPIBF 4 ranged from I × 10 -13 to 2.5 × 10 -12 m 2 s -1 and depended on the composition and pretreatment of the composite material. The latter value is equal to the diffusion coefficient of ferrocene in liquid DMPIBF 4 . The values obtained with the composite materials based on EMIBF 4 ranged from 2 × 10 -13 to 9 × 10 -12 m 2 s -1 and they are lower by a factor of more than four than that of ferrocene in liquid EMIBF 4 .}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Kosmulski, M and Osteryoung, RA and Ciszkowska, M}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={1454–1458} }
 @article{koronaios_osteryoung_2000, title={Use of the Ag/AgCl/Cl- electrode to estimate solubility products in ambient temperature ionic liquids}, volume={147}, ISSN={["0013-4651"]}, DOI={10.1149/1.1393914}, abstractNote={The silver-silver chloride electrode has been investigated in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/aluminum chloride room-temperature ionic liquids. The electrode is stable only in a narrow range of acidity around the neutral point, but in this range functions as a reversible Ag/AgCl/Cl - system. The electrodes were used to make measurements in buffered and neutral buffered melts to estimate the solubility products (and complex formation constants) of several buffering agents; the solubility products are related to the acidity of the buffered neutral melts. For melts buffered with LiCl, NaCl, and KCl, the values of solubility products obtained were in accord with previous measurements where the ratio of solubility products was determined.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Koronaios, P and Osteryoung, RA}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={3414–3419} }
 @article{koronaios_osteryoung_1999, title={CaCl2 and MgCl2 as buffering agents for room-temperature chloroaluminate ionic liquids}, volume={146}, ISSN={["1945-7111"]}, DOI={10.1149/1.1392041}, abstractNote={We have found that it is possible to buffer acidic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC)/AlCl 3 melts to neutrality using CaCl 2 as a buffering agent, while MgCl 2 will partially buffer acidic melts. The buffering reaction is MCl 2 (s) + 2Al 2 Cl 7 - → M 2+ + 4AlCl 4 - where M is Ca or Mg. From studies using the Ag/AgCl electrode as a chloride-sensitive electrode and from measurements of the relative solubility products of LiCl and CaCl 2 , it appears that the residual concentration of the acidic Al 2 Cl 7 - ion in the CaCl 2 -buffered melts is significantly higher than in any of the other neutral buffered melts studied so far, making this melt more acidic. These melts show the phenomenon known as latent acidity, forming an AlCl 3 complex with the weak Lewis base acetylferrocene. When MgCl 2 is used as a buffering agent, the reaction above does not go to completion; this is explained in terms of the solubility product of MgCl 2}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Koronaios, P and Osteryoung, RA}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={2995–2999} }
 @article{koronaios_king_osteryoung_1998, title={Acidity of neutral buffered 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride AlCl3 ambient-temperature molten salts}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0020-1669"]}, DOI={10.1021/ic971345u}, abstractNote={A series of studies on the acidity of AlCl3−1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC) melts buffered with alkali metal chlorides were carried out. The solubility of HCl, a strong Bronsted acid in these melts, was measured in melts buffered with LiCl, NaCl, and KCl. The solubility of HCl in all three melts is 450−475 mM under 1 atm of HCl, approximately the same as that in the acidic (AlCl3-rich) melts. The relative solubility products of LiCl, NaCl, and KCl were measured, and it was found that Ksp(NaCl)/Ksp(LiCl) = 72 ± 6 and Ksp(KCl)/Ksp(NaCl) = 1000 ± 400. It is likely that the differences in the acidity of HCl in the various melts are due to the differences in the solubility product of the relevant alkali metal chlorides. These ratios are consistent with the results of previous studies on the acidity of HCl in the melts. The concentrations of the strongly Lewis acidic Al2Cl7- ion in melts buffered with LiCl were measured using an aluminum electrode. The results of the potentiometric work indicate tha...}, number={8}, journal={INORGANIC CHEMISTRY}, author={Koronaios, P and King, D and Osteryoung, RA}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={2028–2032} }
 @article{fuller_carlin_osteryoung_koranaios_mantz_1998, title={Anodization and speciation of magnesium in chloride-rich room temperature ionic liquids}, volume={145}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the Electrochemical Society}, author={Fuller, J. and Carlin, R. T. and Osteryoung, R. A. and Koranaios, P. and Mantz, R.}, year={1998}, pages={24–28} }
 @article{bond_leddy_osteryoung_1998, title={Preface}, volume={439}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry}, author={Bond, A. M. and Leddy, J. and Osteryoung, R. A.}, year={1998}, pages={R7–14} }
 @article{fuller_carlin_osteryoung_1997, title={The room temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate: Electrochemical couples and physical properties}, volume={144}, ISSN={["0013-4651"]}, DOI={10.1149/1.1838106}, abstractNote={Room temperature molten salts composed of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation and a chloroaluminate anion have received much attention for use in a variety of commercial applications such as batteries, photovoltaics, metal deposition, and capacitors. The room temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF{sub 4}) was demonstrated as a versatile electrolyte by examining three representative electrochemical couples: ferrocene and tetrathiafulvalene oxidations and lithium ion reduction. Square-wave voltammetric data for ferrocene oxidation were fit to a reversible one-electron process using the COOL algorithm to give a half-wave potential of 0.490 V vs. Al/Al(III) and a diffusion coefficient of 5.1 {times} 10{sup {minus}7} cm{sup 2}/s. The two-electron oxidation of tetrathiafulvalene was reversible and proceeded through two consecutive one-electron steps; although data collected at lower square-wave frequencies indicated a slow precipitation of the TTF{sup +} species. Lithium ion was reduced to lithium metal at a Pt electrode following the addition of water to the EMIBF{sub 4} electrolyte, whereas lithium ion reduction at an Al wire produced the {beta}-LiAl alloy. Conductivities and kinematic viscosities of EMIBF{sub 4} were measured from 20 to 100 C and had values of 14 mS/cm and 0.275 cm{sup 2}/s, respectively, at 25 C.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Fuller, J and Carlin, RT and Osteryoung, RA}, year={1997}, month={Nov}, pages={3881–3886} }