@article{ademoyero_hamilton_1991, title={HIGH DIETARY-FAT INCREASES TOXICITY OF DIACETOXYSCIRPENOL IN CHICKENS}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0702271}, abstractNote={The influence of high dietary fat on the toxicity of diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) was investigated in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement of treatments (6 and 12% fat, and 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 micrograms DAS/g diet). The 3-wk body weight was decreased (P less than .0001) by DAS, but fat had no significant (P less than .05) effect. There was a highly significant (P less than .0059) interaction manifested at the higher levels of DAS by a greater decrease in body weight in the high-fat diet than in the low-fat diet. Neither feed conversion nor percentage of fat in fecal material were affected significantly (P less than .05) by DAS. These data were consistent with the high-fat diet promoting lipid micellar absorption of DAS and with DAS, once absorbed, inhibiting protein synthesis at the ribosomal level, a well established mechanism of action for trichothecene toxins such as DAS.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={ADEMOYERO, AA and HAMILTON, PB}, year={1991}, month={Nov}, pages={2271–2274} }
 @article{ademoyero_hamilton_1991, title={MOUTH LESIONS IN BROILER-CHICKENS CAUSED BY SCIRPENOL MYCOTOXINS}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0702082}, abstractNote={Dietary scirpentriol (STO), triacetoxyscirpenol (TAS), monoacetoxyscirpenol (MAS), and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species, were compared for their ability to cause mouth lesions when graded dietary levels (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 micrograms STO or TAS/g; 0, .5, 1, 2, and 4 micrograms MAS or DAS/g) were fed to male broiler chickens for 21 days after hatching. The mouth lesions provoked by each scirpenol were dose-related. The minimum effective doses (MED) were 4, 2, 1, and .5 micrograms/g for TAS, STO, DAS, and MAS, respectively, whether the number of affected birds or the number of affected mouth parts (angles, upper beak, lower beak, and tongue) was the measured response. Lesion sites in the mouth varied with the toxin. The rank orders from greatest to least affected sites were angles, upper beak, lower beak, and tongue for TAS and STO, upper beak, lower beak, angles, and tongue for MAS, and upper beak, lower beak, tongue, and angles for DAS. Mouth lesions were clearly visible with each toxin after feeding for 1 wk and the numbers of affected mouth parts almost tripled after 2 wk exposure. During Week 3 of exposure, only the increase caused by MAS was significant (P less than .05). The MED for growth inhibition were 2, 2, 2, and 8 micrograms/g for STO, MAS, DAS, and TAS, respectively. Thus, mouth lesions were of equal or greater sensitivity than growth inhibition as an indicator of scirpenol toxicity. It would appear that the discovery of mouth lesions in birds justifies a mold and mycotoxin control program.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={ADEMOYERO, AA and HAMILTON, PB}, year={1991}, month={Oct}, pages={2082–2089} }
 @article{ademoyero_hamilton_cullen_1991, title={SCIRPENTRIOL TOXICITY IN YOUNG BROILER-CHICKENS}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0702090}, abstractNote={Scirpentriol (STO) (3 alpha,4 beta,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9- ene), the parent alcohol of the family of acetylated scirpenol mycotoxins produced by several Fusarium species, has been implicated in mixed toxicoses of animals, but there is not a general description of its toxicity in chickens. Dietary STO (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 micrograms/g feed) was fed to four groups of 10 male day-old broiler chickens for 3 wk. The minimum effective dose (MED) for reducing growth rate significantly (P less than .05) was 4 micrograms/g. The same MED was found for increased serum alkaline phosphatase and relative weight of the gizzard. Unlike literature reports for two other trichothecene mycotoxins, T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), STO impaired feed conversion efficiency but did not alter spleen or pancreas size. The MED of STO for decreases in serum lactic dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase was 8 micrograms/g, but the MED for decreased serum albumin and total proteins and regression of the bursa of Fabricius was 16 micrograms/g. Serum sodium, potassium, and calcium were not altered at the highest dose, 32 micrograms/g, but serum phosphate, uric acid, and cholesterol were decreased by 32 micrograms/g. Serum chloride was increased slightly but significantly (P less than .05) at 16 and 32 micrograms/g. Based on these results, STO toxicosis of chickens can be differentiated from those of T-2 toxin and DAS and its toxicity appears sufficient to warrant further attention.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={ADEMOYERO, AA and HAMILTON, PB and CULLEN, JM}, year={1991}, month={Oct}, pages={2090–2093} }