@article{arthur_hain_1985, title={DEVELOPMENT OF WOUND TISSUE IN THE BARK OF FRASER FIR AND ITS RELATION TO INJURY BY THE BALSAM WOOLLY ADELGID}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-20.1.129}, abstractNote={A total of 89 Fraser fir, Abies fraseri Pursh. (Poir.), from seven locations in the southern Appalachians were tested for non-suberized impervious tissue (NIT) at artificial wound sites. All trees except one formed NIT in a time period that was considered normal (3 weeks), with no delays due to tree age, location or presence of balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). Although most Fraser fir react to adelgid attack by forming “rotholz” (red wood), a number of infested trees showed no visual signs of rotholz formation.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={ARTHUR, FH and HAIN, FP}, year={1985}, pages={129–135} }
 @article{arthur_hain_1984, title={SEASONAL HISTORY OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY ADELGID (HOMOPTERA, ADELGIDAE) IN NATURAL STANDS AND PLANTATIONS OF FRASER FIR}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/77.5.1154}, abstractNote={Comparisons of the seasonal history of balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg), populations were made at five elevations in the southern Appalachians. Populations in three natural stands of Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir, above 1,760 m produced two generations in 1983. The adelgids infesting a small plantation of mature fir at 1,219 m emerged from winter diapause a month sooner than those in natural stands, but most of the population completed two generations. A third generation was found in the adelgid population infesting a cultivate Fraser fir Christmas tree plantation at 853 m.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ARTHUR, FH and HAIN, FP}, year={1984}, pages={1154–1158} }
 @article{arthur_axtell_1983, title={NORTHERN FOWL MITE POPULATION DEVELOPMENT ON LAYING HENS CAGED AT 3 COLONY SIZES}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0620424}, abstractNote={Beginning 5 weeks after being experimentally infested with known numbers of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), White Leghorn pullets caged alone supported a significantly higher mite population than did pullets housed two and three per cage. During the following 6 weeks, mite populations remained high on the birds caged singly whereas mite populations drastically declined on the birds housed two or three per cage. Eleven weeks after the experiment was initiated, all hens caged alone were infested with northern fowl mites, whereas 22% of the birds housed two per cage and 43% of the birds housed three per cage were free of mites. These data support the hypothesis that social stress in birds influences the development of northern fowl mites (more stress, higher resistance to mites).}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={ARTHUR, FH and AXTELL, RC}, year={1983}, pages={424–427} }
 @article{arthur_axtell_1983, title={SUSCEPTIBILITY OF NORTHERN FOWL MITES IN NORTH-CAROLINA TO 5 ACARICIDES}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0620428}, abstractNote={The susceptibilities (dosage-response regression curves) of northern fowl mites collected from six poultry farms in North Carolina were determined for five acaricides by exposure of the mites for 24 hr to acaricide residues inside glass pipettes. The residue concentrations were expressed as parts per million on a weight-volume basis of the acaricide-acetone solution in which the pipettes were immersed prior to testing. All of the acaricides, except malathion, were highly toxic to the northern fowl mites. The mean LD50 values (ppm) were: permethrin, .53; tetrachlorvinphos, 4.06; carbaryl, 4.11; and coumaphos, 5.04. For malathion, the mean LD50 for mites from three caged layer flocks was 119.35 ppm while concentrations as high as 500 ppm gave only low mortalities (20% or less) of mites from the other flocks and LD50 values could not be calculated. These data show that northern fowl mites are highly resistant to malathion in North Carolina, as has been reported elsewhere, but there is no evidence of resistance to the other acaricides tested. The effect of temperature on the toxicity to northern fowl mites of the newest acaricide, permethrin, was determined. Permethrin was significantly more toxic at 20 C than at 25, 30, or 35 C.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={ARTHUR, FH and AXTELL, RC}, year={1983}, pages={428–432} }
 @article{arthur_axtell_1982, title={COMPARISONS OF PERMETHRIN FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATION METHODS FOR NORTHERN FOWL MITE CONTROL ON CAGED LAYING HENS}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0610879}, abstractNote={Formulations of permethrin (Ectiban), a synthetic pyrethroid, as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC), wettable powder (WP), and dust were nearly equally effective for 9 or more weeks for control of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on caged laying hens under environmentally controlled conditions. The permethrin was applied to the vent area as .05% active ingredient (AI) spray of the diluted EC or WP at 40 ml per bird, .1% AI mist of the diluted EC at 20 ml per bird, and 4.5 g per bird of the .25% AI dust. Dilute sprays of .05% permethrin prepared from the EC and WP and applied at 40 ml per bird were more effective in a commercial caged-laying hen house for northern fowl mite control than were .5% sprays of tetrachlorvinphos (Rabon), Ravap, and carbaryl (Sevin). Satisfactory mite control was obtained with .6% permethrin prepared from the EC and misted at the rate of 2.5 ml per bird. Low volume, high concentration misting of permethrin was a promising method for mite control with satisfactory control achieved with .2% AI at 5 ml per bird and .6% AI at 2.5 ml per bird.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={ARTHUR, FH and AXTELL, RC}, year={1982}, pages={879–884} }