@article{bagley_christensen_1991, title={HATCHABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF TURKEY EMBRYOS INCUBATED AT SEA-LEVEL WITH INCREASED EGGSHELL PERMEABILITY}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0701412}, abstractNote={Abstract Turkey eggs were incubated in a commercial hatchery to test the effects of increasing eggshell permeability on hatchability and embryonic physiology Fertile eggs were distributed randomly into two groups on the farm. One group (P) was washed in a 3,500 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution to remove the eggshell cuticle and increase permeability. A control group (CON) of eggs was washed using standard egg washing procedures that left the cuticle intact The P treatment increased eggshell water vapor conductance 20.7% compared with CON but did not significantly (P≥.05) affect hatchability of eggs compared with CON. The P treatment increased (P≤.05) hemoglobin concentration during the hatching process by increasing (P≤.05) red blood cell numbers and increasing (P≤.05) mean cellular hemoglobin. The P treatment also decreased (P≤.05) mean cellular volume of erythrocytes prior to external pipping compared with intact CON eggs. Increasing permeability elevated (P≤.05) embryonic lung and liver weights in P embryos compared with CON embryos, but the P treatment also decreased (P≤.05) heart weight at hatching compared with CON. It was concluded that although the P treatment did not affect hatchability, embryos in eggs with increased eggshell permeability make different physiological adjustments to survive the hypoxia of hatching than do embryos in intact eggs.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BAGLEY, LG and CHRISTENSEN, VL}, year={1991}, month={Jun}, pages={1412–1418} }
 @article{bagley_christensen_1991, title={HATCHABILITY, HEMATOLOGICAL INDEXES, AND GROWTH OF TURKEY EMBRYOS INCUBATED AT HIGH-ALTITUDE WITH SUPPLEMENTED OXYGEN DURING THE 1ST AND 4TH WEEKS OF INCUBATION}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0700358}, abstractNote={Turkey eggs were incubated at high altitude (1,700 m). Hatchability, hematology, and growth data were analyzed for the following treatments: 1) eggs receiving supplemented oxygen (SO) during the 1st wk of incubation (control eggs received no SO during the 1st wk); 2) eggs receiving SO during the 4th wk (control eggs received no SO during the 4th wk); and 3) the interaction effect of oxygen the 1st or 4th wk with SO the 1st and 4th wk or with no SO. Data analysis was carried out using orthogonal contrasts. Exposing incubating turkey embryos to oxygen the 1st wk or the 4th wk of incubation improved hatchability significantly (P less than or equal to .05) compared with the remaining treatments. When SO was given during the 4th wk of incubation, hemoglobin concentration in embryos decreased (p less than or equal to .05) during pipping compared with that of embryos without SO the 4th wk. Hemoglobin was increased (P less than or equal to .05) by increasing red blood cell numbers if SO was not given during Week 4, otherwise, the embryos increased (P less than or equal to .05) in mean cellular hemoglobin to increase hemoglobin. When oxygen was supplemented the 1st wk of incubation, reticulocyte maturation was slowed (P less than or equal to .05) compared with no SO the 1st wk. Oxygen exposure during the 1st wk or 4th wk of incubation reduced (P less than or equal to .05) body weights of embryos during pipping and at hatching compared with those of embryos in the remaining treatments. Oxygen supplementation during Week 4 affected (P less than or equal to .05) heart growth at the prenatal, internal pipping, and postnatal stages of respiration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BAGLEY, LG and CHRISTENSEN, VL}, year={1991}, month={Feb}, pages={358–365} }
 @article{bagley_christensen_bagley_1990, title={EFFECT OF ALTERING EGGSHELL PERMEABILITY ON THE HATCHABILITY OF TURKEY EGGS INCUBATED AT HIGH-ALTITUDE}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0690451}, abstractNote={Factors of Fick's First Law of Diffusion were manipulated in order to observe their effect on the hatchability of turkey eggs at high altitude. Shell permeability was studied by removing the eggshell cuticle. The eggshell surface for gas exchange was studied at different times of the laying cycle as the surface area increased. Differences in gas tension across the shell were assessed under two oxygen pressures (131 and 109 ton of oxygen). Increasing shell permeability in order to increase gas flow to the embryo did not improve hatchability but did increase (P≤.05) embryonic mortality. On Day 25 these data suggest that cuticle removal is not a good means for improving the hatchability of turkey eggs at high altitude. Eggs from older hens had increased surface area and decreased hatchability at high altitude. An oxygen partial pressure of 109 torr depressed (P<.05) hatchability, compared to that resulting from a partial pressure of 131 torr. The depression in hatchability was attributed mainly to embryos that were unable to free themselves from the shell once they had pipped.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BAGLEY, LG and CHRISTENSEN, VL and BAGLEY, RA}, year={1990}, month={Mar}, pages={451–456} }
 @article{bagley_christensen_gildersleeve_1990, title={Hematological indices of turkey embryos incubated at high altitude as affected by oxygen and shell permeability}, volume={69}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0692035}, abstractNote={Turkey eggs (Meleagris gallopavo) were incubated at an altitude of 1,707 m to test the effects of oxygen supplementation and increased eggshell permeability by removal of shell cuticle on embryonic hematology. Turkey embryo hematological indices measured were red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, mean cellular volume, mean cellular hemoglobin, and percentage of reticulocytes. Although hemoglobin concentration measured during pipping increased as expected by increasing RBC, no significant differences were observed between oxygenation, or permeability treatments, or their interaction. Under the high altitude conditions of the present experiment, increased hemoglobin concentrations in all treatments corresponded to increased numbers of erythrocytes with constant mean cellular hemoglobin. None of the remaining hematological indices examined was affected by oxygen or permeability treatments. It was concluded that turkey embryos incubating at 1,707-m elevation make no additional changes in hemoglobin concentrations during the plateau stage in oxygen consumption (25, 26, and 27 days of incubation) when exposed to increased oxygen tension (151 mm Hg versus 135 mm Hg) or increased eggshell permeability (19.9 mg H2O/day per mm Hg versus 23.2 mg H2O/day per mm Hg).}, number={11}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Bagley, L. G. and Christensen, V. L. and Gildersleeve, R. P.}, year={1990}, pages={2035} }