@article{bush_abdelaal_saito_rock_1993, title={AZINPHOSMETHYL RESISTANCE IN THE TUFTED APPLE BUD MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) - REVERSION, DIAGNOSTIC CONCENTRATIONS, ASSOCIATED ESTERASES, AND GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASES}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/86.2.213}, abstractNote={In 1989 sticky-card bioassays performed on adult males collected in pheromone traps showed 41-fold resistance to azinphosmethyl in a field population of tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker). After 17 generations under laboratory rearing conditions without azinphosmethyl selection, azinphosmethyl resistance in neonates and male adults reverted to a level approaching that of a susceptible strain. Estimated LC95s and LC99s (340 and 760 µg [AI]/g adhesive, respectively) of susceptible moth populations were selected as diagnostic concentrations of azinphosmethyl and used to assay three field populations of adult males for azinphosmethyl resistance in 1990 and 1991. Glutathione-transferase activities were not associated with azinphosmethyl resistance in laboratory strains. Elevated nonspecific-esterase activities were found in resistant laboratory strains and a field population with a high level of resistance. Among the nonspecific esterases, the presence of one esterase (E6) was closely associated with azinphosmethyl resistance in field populations. In this study, nonspecific-esterase assays gave an accurate assessment of azinphosmethyl resistance in this tortricid species, but a specific assay that detects the E6 will provide the sensitivity necessary to detect moderate to low levels of resistance in field populations.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={BUSH, MR and ABDELAAL, YAI and SAITO, K and ROCK, GC}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={213–225} }
 @article{bush_abdelaal_rock_1993, title={PARATHION RESISTANCE AND ESTERASE-ACTIVITY IN CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) FROM NORTH-CAROLINA}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/86.3.660}, abstractNote={In 1989, we performed a sticky-card bioassay on adult males captured with pheromone traps that revealed an 8-fold resistance to parathion in a population of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), from a commercial apple orchard in Wilkes County, NC. In 1991, parathion resistance in this population was confirmed with a sticky-card bioassay that exposed adult males to a diagnostic concentration of 120 eg (AI) parathion per gram adhesive (the estimated LC95 for adult males from susceptible populations). Reduced nonspecific esterase activity detected in adult males captured in the population resistant to parathion suggests that the mechanism of codling moth resistance to parathion may be a modified esterase with lower specificity for naphthyl acetate substrates. In 1990, the sticky-card bioassay did not detect azinphosmethyl resistance in adult males from a commercial apple orchard in Henderson County, NC, that experienced inadequate codling moth control with azinphosmethyl. In 1991, the sticky-card bioassay with a diagnostic concentration of 110 eg(AI) azinphosmethyl per gram adhesive (the estimated LC95 for adult males from susceptible populations) again failed to detect azinphosmethyl resistance in adult males from this codling moth population.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={BUSH, MR and ABDELAAL, YAI and ROCK, GC}, year={1993}, month={Jun}, pages={660–666} }
 @article{bush_rock_1993, title={SUSCEPTIBILITY OF REDBANDED LEAFROLLER (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) TO AZINPHOSMETHYL DURING THE APPLE SEASON}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/86.3.667}, abstractNote={Six field populations of redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), were monitored for azinphosmethyl resistance during the autumn flight of 1989 with a sticky-card bioassay in which adult males captured in sex pheromone traps were exposed to a concentration series of azinphosmethyI. This field bioassay, plus a laboratory bioassay performed on neonates from two of the field populations, did not detect azinphosmethyl resistance in this tortricid, even in an orchard where heavy reliance on azinphosmethyl led to azinphosmethyl resistance in another tortricid, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker). The sticky-card bioassay with a diagnostic concentration of 90 µg(AI) azinphosmethyl/g adhesive killed the expected 95% of the adults captured in a population during the summer and autumn flights, but killed only 89% of the males captured during the spring flight of 1990. We attributed the greater tolerance to azinphosmethyl in adult males from the spring flight to the significantly larger weight (1.4-fold) of males captured in the spring than in the autumn. A new diagnostic concentration of 120 µg(AI) azinphosmethyl/g adhesive, adjusted for adults captured during the spring flight, was evaluated during the 1991 spring flight and better approximated a concentration that killed 95% of the susceptible adult males during this flight. Our report describes baseline data on the susceptibility of redbanded leafroller to azinphosmethyI.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={BUSH, MR and ROCK, GC}, year={1993}, month={Jun}, pages={667–672} }
 @article{bush_rock_1991, title={Resistance to parathion in the codling moth}, volume={3}, number={1}, journal={Resistant Pest Management}, author={Bush, M. and Rock, G.}, year={1991}, pages={14} }