@article{cook_hain_smith_1994, title={OVIPOSITION AND PUPAL SURVIVAL OF GYPSY-MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, LYMANTRIIDAE) IN VIRGINIA AND NORTH-CAROLINA PINE-HARDWOOD FORESTS}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/23.2.360}, abstractNote={Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., oviposition and pupal survival were examined within mixed pine-hardwood stands located in the Virginia and North Carolina coastal plain and the North Carolina piedmont. Where burlap bands were not present as barriers to larval dispersal, the percentage of loblolly pine with gypsy moth egg masses present was significantly greater than expected if oviposition occurred randomly. The loblolly pine and oak components of the forests also had more total egg masses per tree compared with the other tree genera or species. However, when adjusted for tree size, egg mass density was generally similar among tree groups within an infestation. Tree size (dbh) was positively correlated with the number of egg masses present on a tree. Pupal predation, measured using freeze-dried pupae, was significantly higher over the 5-d sample period for (1) females versus males, (2) pupae placed at 0 m on the tree bole versus at 2 m, and (3) pupae placed on oak versus pine. The differential predation on oak versus pine appears to be the result of heavier vertebrate predation of the pupae placed on oak. The high rate of pupal removal, beginning the first night of exposure, from all locations suggests that predators will not have to learn to accept gypsy moth in their diets. The higher survival of pupae on pine is suggested to be one of the factors influencing the high egg-mass density on pine. Implications of these results for gypsy moth population dynamics in southern pine-hardwood forests are discussed.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={COOK, SP and HAIN, FP and SMITH, HR}, year={1994}, month={Apr}, pages={360–366} }
 @article{cook_1992, title={INFLUENCE OF MONOTERPENE VAPORS ON SPRUCE SPIDER-MITE, OLIGONYCHUS-UNUNGUIS, ADULT FEMALES}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0098-0331"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00993223}, abstractNote={Adult female spruce spider mite,Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi), were exposed to various concentrations of four host conifer monoterpene vapors (limonene,β-pinene,α-pinene, and Δ(3)-carene) for 24 hr to determine the lethal and sublethal effects. All four compounds were toxic to the mites. Further, at concentrations below the calculated LC50s, all four compounds decreased oviposition by the mites and three of the compounds (limonene,β-pinene, andα-pinene) influenced movement. WhereasO. ununguis populations may not normally be exposed to high concentrations of host monoterpenes, trees continuously emit some monoterpene vapors, and when trees are damaged or under stress, oleoresin may accumulate at points on the external surface of tree tissues thereby exposing mites to the influence of monoterpene vapors.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY}, author={COOK, SP}, year={1992}, month={Sep}, pages={1497–1504} }
 @article{cook_hain_1992, title={THE INFLUENCE OF SELF-MARKING WITH FLUORESCENT POWDERS ON ADULT BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE)}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-27.3.269}, abstractNote={Under laboratory conditions, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) adults became self-marked with fluorescent powders upon emergence from treated logs. The technique provided a reliable procedure for marking adult bark beetles without having to handle them. When the powder remained dry, nearly all of the emerged beetles were marked. However, the percentage of marked beetles decreased dramatically following simulated rain events. Once marked, the mark remains intact on beetles stored dry or in ethylene glycol or ethanol (95%). Marking did decrease the adult life span of both D. frontalis and I. grandicollis, but had no significant effect on flight initiation by either species or semiochemical perception by I. grandicollis. No semiochemical tests were conducted with D. frontalis. If beetles are recaptured shortly following emergence and self-marking, the technique should be useful for examining scolytid dispersal in the field.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={COOK, SP and HAIN, FP}, year={1992}, month={Jul}, pages={269–279} }
 @article{cook_hain_nappen_1990, title={INABILITY TO REAR BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE) ON TISSUE-CULTURED HOST PINE CALLUS}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-25.1.204}, abstractNote={Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Stesphen P. Cook, Fred P. Hain, Paul B. Nappen; Inability to Rear Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on Tissue-Cultured Host Pine Callus. Journal of Entomological Science 1 January 1990; 25 (1): 204–206. doi: https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-25.1.204 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest Search}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={COOK, SP and HAIN, FP and NAPPEN, PB}, year={1990}, month={Jan}, pages={204–206} }
 @article{cook_hain_1989, title={WITHIN-TREE POPULATION PARAMETERS OF DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE) IN NYLON MESH-ENCLOSED PINUS-ECHINATA}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/18.6.1025}, abstractNote={Within-tree populations of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann were examined in shortleaf pines, Pinus echinata (Mill.), with nylon mesh tents enclosing the portion of the bole where beetles were released. The distribution of the beetle population within the trees differed slightly from the distribution of beetles in naturally infested trees. However, the density, within-stage survival, and adult replacement rate were similar to measurements of these parameters in naturally infested trees. Also, the relationship between egg niche density and total parent gallery length was examined and found to be similar to previous reports. The tents protected the beetles from competing species; survivorship from egg to adult (33.5%) was high. It was concluded that the tents offer a reliable approach to examining the interactions between D. frontalis and its host pines. Possible uses of the tents for further studies on population dynamics and interspecific interactions are discussed.}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={COOK, SP and HAIN, FP}, year={1989}, month={Dec}, pages={1025–1031} }
 @article{cook_hain_1985, title={COMPARISON OF LOBLOLLY AND SHORTLEAF PINE BOLTS AS HOSTS OF THE SOUTHERN PINE-BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS ZIMMERMANN (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/14.3.332}, abstractNote={Southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, adults were introduced to 2-m bolts of loblolly, Pinus taeda L., and shortleaf pine, P. echinata Mill., to determine the effect of host species on the beetle's reproductive potential. A multivariate analysis of variance test revealed significant differences in parent gallery characteristics between host species. Although the average distance between egg niches was similar in both species, the average parent gallery was almost 90 mm longer in the shortleaf bolts. No statistically significant differences were found in average brood survival or average brood length. However, loblolly pine bolts consistently produced more brood adults. The sex ratio of emerged brood was not significantly different from 1:1 for either host species.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={COOK, SP and HAIN, FP}, year={1985}, pages={332–335} }
 @article{cook_hain_1985, title={QUALITATIVE EXAMINATION OF THE HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE OF LOBLOLLY-PINE, PINUS-TAEDA L, INOCULATED WITH 2 FUNGAL ASSOCIATES OF THE SOUTHERN PINE-BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS ZIMMERMANN (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/14.4.396}, abstractNote={Loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., responded to wounding and wounding plus inoculation with two fungal associates of the southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann by forming a hypersensitive reaction zone around the wound sites. There was a significant difference in the length of the reaction produced depending upon treatments. A simple mechanical wound produced a shorter lesion than a wound accompanied by inoculation with Ceratocystis minor (Hedgecock) Hunt var. barrassi Taylor which produced a shorter lesion than a wound accompanied by a C. minor inoculation. There was a significant change in monoterpene composition and a significant decrease in soluble sugars present in the hypersensitive reaction zones compared with unwounded phloem, but there were no differences in these parameters between the reaction zones resulting from the two fungal inocula. The overall response of the trees to invasion by SPB fungal associates was a compositional change in potential toxins (monoterpenes) accompanied by a decrease in potential nutrients (soluble sugars) in the area directly surrounding the wound site. Also, the more virulent invader appeared to evoke a stronger response (lesion length) by the trees.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={COOK, SP and HAIN, FP}, year={1985}, pages={396–400} }