@article{deal_raulston_hinesley_1990, title={HIGH-TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON APICAL BUD MORPHOLOGY, DARK RESPIRATION, AND FIXED GROWTH OF BLUE SPRUCE}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/x90-251}, abstractNote={ Night temperatures during bud elongation affected the fixed growth of preformed subapical buds of blue spruce (Piceapungens Engelm., 'Fat Albert' and 'Foxtail') but not apical bud growth. Plant volume decreased when nights were >14 °C, primarily because of reduced growth of each elongating subapical bud and not a decrease in number of growing points. Apical buds produced under a 30 °C day generally were broader and more flat topped, with more open, noncompressed bud scales than those produced under a 26 °C day. Night temperature had a greater effect on apical bud morphology than day temperature. The extent of bud break and growth during year n + 1 was inversely related to night temperature under which bud initiation and development occurred and directly related to the degree of apical bud normality noted during year n. 'Foxtail' had a greater degree of apical bud normality, a higher percentage of bud break, and retained its characteristic growth habit better than 'Fat Albert' following bud formation at high day and night temperatures. 'Foxtail' also had the lowest respiration rate and appeared to minimize detrimental effects of high temperatures through maintenance of a relatively low respiratory Q10 value (increase in respiration rate for each 10 °C increase in temperature) over a wide temperature range. }, number={12}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={DEAL, DL and RAULSTON, JC and HINESLEY, LE}, year={1990}, month={Dec}, pages={1871–1877} }
 @article{deal_raulston_hinesley_1990, title={Leaf color retention, dark respiration, and growth of red-leafed Japanese maples under high night temperatures}, volume={115}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Deal, D. L. and Raulston, J. C. and Hinesley, L. E.}, year={1990}, pages={135} }
 @article{deal_raulston_1989, title={PLANT HIGH NIGHT TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE ZONES - DESCRIBING AND PREDICTING SUMMER NIGHT TEMPERATURE PATTERNS AND THE SOUTHERN LIMITS OF PLANT ADAPTATION}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0168-1923"]}, DOI={10.1016/0168-1923(89)90065-8}, abstractNote={The Arnold Zone Map and the USDA Hardiness Zone Map are widely used by horticulturists and botanists to determine northern limits of plant adaptation within the United States. Similar maps to determine the southern limits of successful plant performance do not exist. Many northern species perform poorly when moved to southern climates and are generally better adapted to cooler areas or where rapid cooling occurs at night. Night (2000 to 0500 hours) temperature data from four physiographic areas of North Carolina were used to develop threshold temperature (5–30°C) curves for the months of May through October. These curves displayed a smooth, continuously differentiable, sigmoid shape between maximum and minimum asymptotes at 5 and 30°C. Fletcher (southern mountains) experienced the lowest night temperatures followed by Lewiston (northern Coastal Plain), Raleigh (central Piedmont) and Wilmington (southern Coastal Plain). Low/medium/high threshold temperatures of 15/20/25°C resulted in 261/64/0.5 and 278/256/64 threshold hours accumulated during July at Fletcher and Wilmington, respectively. A high threshold temperature of 25°C resulted in 1, 71, 65 and 133 threshold hours accumulated at Fletcher, Lewiston, Raleigh and Wilmington out of 828 total hours occurring during June, July and August. Threshold temperature curves were described mathematically using a five-parameter asymptotic model developed by van Genuchten. The mean threshold temperature exceeded by not more than 10% of the maximum threshold hours occurring during June, July and August was calculated for each station. These values and the threshold temperature curves were used to develop a hypothetical classification scheme for plant high night temperature tolerance zones.}, number={3}, journal={AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY}, author={DEAL, DL and RAULSTON, JC}, year={1989}, month={May}, pages={211–226} }