@article{follett_hilbeck_1995, title={EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND DIET ON HIND WING COLORATION DEVELOPMENT AND ELYTRAL HARDNESS OF ADULT COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE)}, volume={126}, ISSN={["0003-4746"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1744-7348.1995.tb05377.x}, abstractNote={SUMMARYThe effects of food and temperature on the development of colour pigment in the hind wings of adult Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say), were investigated. In a replicated study, adults were held at 18°C, 28°C and 18/28°C on potato foliage (Solanum tuberosumL.), potato tubers, or without food in controlled‐environment chambers. Representative subsamples of wings were collected at two‐day intervals, mounted on microscope slides, and photographed to document the progression of colour change. Observations were also made on elytral hardening over time.Hind wing colour developed more quickly at 28°C than at 18°C, and after three weeks had attained a deeper red colour at the higher temperature. Colour development was also more rapid when adult beetles were fed on foliage compared with tubers. In foliage‐fed beetles, elytra hardened more quickly at 28°C than 18°C, and many tuber‐fed beetles never developed hardened elytra, regardless of temperature treatment. Unfed beetles developed no hind wing colour pigment and their elytra remained soft for the duration of the experiment. Colour plates documenting wing colour development over time are presented; variation in colour development under the conditions tested, suggests that the use of hind wing colouration to estimate beetle age in the field may be problematic.}, number={3}, journal={ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY}, author={FOLLETT, P and HILBECK, A}, year={1995}, month={Jun}, pages={429–435} }
 @article{follett_gould_kennedy_1995, title={High-Realism Model of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera:Chrysolmelidae) Adaptation to Permethrin}, volume={24}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/24.2.167}, DOI={10.1093/ee/24.2.167}, abstractNote={A simulation model (REPO–PERM) was developed to predict the rate of resistance development in Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), using field data on permethrin selection to initialize a number of ecological and genetic parameter values. Model explorations indicated that sex–linked traits, like permethrin resistance in Colorado potato beetle, respond to directional selection faster than autosomal traits, and that the distribution of individuals in the plant canopy can influence selection intensity and the rate of adaptation. Model predictions for rates of adaptation to permethrin under conditions typical of Virginia and North Carolina are consistent with documented development of resistance in these areas.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Follett, Peter A. and Gould, Fred and Kennedy, George C.}, year={1995}, month={Apr}, pages={167–178} }
 @article{follett_gould_leidy_bradley_1994, title={DEPOSITION OF INSECTICIDE ON GLASS MODELS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/87.6.1400}, abstractNote={Glass models were used to simulate lepidopterous larvae for insecticidedeposition studies. Models were attached to foliage at various positions in the canopy of soybeans before treatment with permethrin (Pounce 3.2 EC [emulsifiable concentrate]). Experiments were done to determine differences in insecticide interception by models of three size classes, corresponding roughly to third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and to examine differences in deposits when insecticide was applied by aircraft compared with ground application by a tractor-mounted sprayer. Insecticide deposits on glass models were quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Data from glass models indicated that larvae receive variable doses during insecticide application depending on their position in the canopy, their size, and the application technique used. Deposits on models generally decreased with increasing depth in the canopy; models attached to the upper surface of leaves intercepted more insecticide than those attached to the under surface. Models with smaller surface area intercepted less insecticide than larger models in the upper canopy, but size-dependent differences in deposits were less apparent in the middle and lower strata of the plant canopy. Aerial- and ground-applied insecticide showed similar patterns of deposition. Results from glass models are used to project the consequences of permethrin impingement on H. zea larvae. Based on levels of insecticide interception at the time of application, some larvae will receive a dose many times higher than a lethal dose, whereas other larvae initially will receive a sublethal dose. Means and variances in deposits are equally important for predicting the toxic effect of insecticide on a population.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={FOLLETT, PA and GOULD, F and LEIDY, R and BRADLEY, JR}, year={1994}, month={Dec}, pages={1400–1406} }
 @article{follett_gould_kennedy_1993, title={Comparative Fitness of Three Strains of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the Field: Spatial and Temporal Variation in Insecticide Selection}, volume={86}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/86.5.1324}, DOI={10.1093/jee/86.5.1324}, abstractNote={Fitness components were measured for permethrin-resistant, susceptible, and hybrid strains of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), on insecticide-treated and untreated potato, Solanum tuberosum L., under field conditions. The hybrid strain was created by crossing resistant females and susceptible males. In separate experiments, survivorship was determined for adults and larvae of various ages (1, 2, 4, and 6 d) that were exposed directly to a permethrin (Ambush 2EC) spray. Results indicated that there is significant selection against susceptible genotypes during all larval stages and the adult stage. One- and 2-d-old larvae, as well as adults, of the hybrid strain and the resistant strain had similar survival. Survival in 4- and 6-d-old larvae of the hybrid strain was intermediate between the susceptible and resistant strains. Weights of 4- and 6-d-old larvae of the resistant and hybrid strains that survived treatment with insecticide were significantly lower than weights of untreated larvae. In another set of experiments, viability of 1-d-old larvae and viability and fecundity of adults were estimated when beetles were placed on potato foliage at various intervals (2, 5, 8 and 13 d) after permethrin application. Selection against susceptible 1-d-old larvae was strongest when placement was 2 d after application and selection diminished on subsequent placement dates but remained significant for the duration of the experiment. Selection against susceptible larvae was more intense on old foliage than new foliage. Larvae of the hybrid and resistant strains had similar survival on treated foliage. When hybrid 1-d-old larvae were placed on foliage 2 and 5 d after application, the sex ratios of survivors were 91 and 75% male, respectively. These values were significantly higher than that of the resistant strain survivors on treated plants and hybrid survivors on untreated plants. This is consistent with the reported sex-linkage of this trait in Colorado potato beetle, but surprisingly, survivorship of hybrid males was significantly higher than survivorship in the resistant strain males for day 2 and 5 placements. Differences were not detected in survivorship and fecundity of adults of the three strains placed on plants at various intervals after insecticide application. Implications of these fitness studies for resistance management of Colorado potato beetle are discussed.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Follett, Peter A. and Gould, Fred and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1993}, month={Oct}, pages={1324–1333} }
 @article{follett_kennedy_gould_1993, title={REPO: A Simulation Model That Explores Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Adaptation to Insecticides}, volume={22}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/22.2.283}, DOI={10.1093/ee/22.2.283}, abstractNote={A simulation model (REPO) was developed to predict the rate of resistance development in Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), given various genetic, biological, and management conditions. Values used in exploring variables in the model were chosen to reflect the range of possibilities encountered in field populations of Colorado potato beetle. REPO is different from other resistance management models in that it is temperature-driven, considers age-specific selection, describes the pattern of immigration of colonists, and uses survivorship functions to describe dynamic relationships among genotypes during insecticide selection. The life history of Colorado potato beetle in North Carolina and other areas is presented as a backdrop to model exploration of some of the unique features of this pest that could influence resistance evolution. Foremost among ecological and management factors influencing rate of resistance development were the arrival period of colonizing beetles, timing of insecticide applications, action thresholds, and age-specific selection. Relevance of these findings to management of Colorado potato beetle and future research on this insect is discussed.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Follett, Peter A. and Kennedy, George G. and Gould, Fred}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={283–296} }
 @article{follett_1990, title={EFFECTS OF VARIABLE DOSES OF PERMETHRIN ON HELIOTHIS-ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-25.3.357}, abstractNote={Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae reared on artificial diet were treated with permethrin using a topical or dip bioassay at 3, 5, and 7 days post-hatch. Forty-eight-hour survival and weight gain in survivors, percent pupation, and percent adult eclosion were measured in one experiment. Generally, larval weight gain after 48 hours among survivors decreased with increasing dose. A high proportion of individuals surviving after 48 hours went on to pupate and emerge as adults regardless of dose, age, and reduction in growth at 48 hours post-treatment. In a second experiment, pupal and adult weights and development times of larve and pupae were measured after topical treatment of larvae with permethrin. Pupal weights of survivors decreased with increasing dose in all age classes. Adult weights decreased with increasing dose only in the 7-day-old treatment. Development times were protracted with increasing dose in the 5-day-old and 7-day-old treatments, but not the 3-day-old treatment. In both experiments, smaller larvae were more tolerant of permethrin than larger larvae per unit body weight.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={FOLLETT, PA}, year={1990}, month={Jul}, pages={357–365} }