@article{holtzer_bradley_rabb_1976, title={EFFECTS OF VARIOUS TEMPERATURE REGIMES ON TIME REQUIRED FOR EMERGENCE OF DIAPAUSING HELIOTHIS-ZEA LEPIDOPTERA-NOCTUIDAE}, volume={69}, ISSN={["0013-8746"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/69.2.257}, abstractNote={Diapausing Heliothis zea pupae, held at initial temperatures of 3, 8, 13, or 18°C for 7, 38, 75, or 111 days, were exposed to either 18 or 23°C until adult emergence. At 23°C, time until emergence (measured from date of transfer to 23°C) ranged from 27.5-70.0 days and was influenced by both the initial temperature and the exposure time. At 18°C most individuals had not emerged after 201 days; however, following transfer to 23°C they emerged in a mean of 20.7 days.

Other diapausing pupae were held under outdoor conditions until late winter. Beginning Feb. 8, subsamples of these were transferred to 23°C at about weekly intervals. Mean days until emergence (measured from date of transfer to 23°C) was inversely related to the length of outdoor exposure and ranged from 20.9-41.4 for pupae which had not terminated diapause before transfer to 23 °C.}, number={2}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={HOLTZER, TO and BRADLEY, JR and RABB, RL}, year={1976}, pages={257–260} }
 @article{holtzer_bradley_rabb_1976, title={GEOGRAPHIC AND GENETIC-VARIATION IN TIME REQUIRED FOR EMERGENCE OF DIAPAUSING HELIOTHIS-ZEA LEPIDOPTERA-NOCTUIDAE}, volume={69}, ISSN={["0013-8746"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/69.2.261}, abstractNote={Under experimental conditions, the mean number of days until emergence of diapausing corn earworm pupae was 36.4 for a North Carolina strain and 45.5 for a Florida strain. Substrains of each geographical strain diverged rapidly under 2-way directional selection for early and late emergence. In the North Carolina strain, heritability for number of days until emergence was estimated at 0.77±0.36 using parent-offspring regression analysis.}, number={2}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={HOLTZER, TO and BRADLEY, JR and RABB, RL}, year={1976}, pages={261–265} }