@article{siebert_nolting_leonard_braxton_all_van duyn_bradley_bacheler_huckaba_2008, title={Efficacy of Transgenic Cotton Expressing Cry1Ac and Cry1F Insecticidal Protein Against Heliothines (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)}, volume={101}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-101.6.1950}, abstractNote={Abstract Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L, plants expressing Cry1Ac and Cry1F (Phytogen 440W) insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner, were evaluated against natural populations of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), across 13 southern U.S. locations that sustained low, moderate, and high infestations. The intrinsic activity of Phytogen 440W was compared with nontreated non-Bt cotton (PSC355) and with management strategies in which supplemental insecticides targeting heliothines were applied to Phytogen 440W and to PSC355 cotton. Infestations were composed primarily of bollworm, which is the least sensitive of the heliothine complex to Cry toxins. Therefore, damage recorded in these studies was primarily due to bollworm. Greater than 75% of all test sites sustained heliothine infestations categorized as moderate to high (10.6–64.0% peak damaged bolls in nontreated PSC355). Phytogen 440W, alone or managed with supplemental insecticide applications, reduced heliothine-damaged plant terminals, squares (flower buds), flowers, and bolls equal to or better (1.0–79.0-fold) than managing a non-Bt cotton variety with foliar insecticides across all infestation environments. Rarely (frequency of ≤11% averaged across structures), sprayed Phytogen 440W reduced damaged structures compared with nontreated Phytogen 440W. Protection against heliothine-induced plant damage was similar across the three levels of infestation for each viable management strategy, with exception to damaged squares for nontreated Phytogen 440W. In situations of moderate to high heliothine infestations, cotton plants expressing Cry1Ac and Cry1F may sustain higher levels of damage compared with that same variety in low infestations. No significant difference in yield was observed among heliothine management strategies within each infestation level, indicating cotton plants may compensate for those levels of plant damage. These findings indicate Phytogen 440W containing Cry1Ac and Cry1F provided consistent control of heliothines across a range of environments and infestation levels.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Siebert, M. Willrich and Nolting, S. and Leonard, B. R. and Braxton, L. B. and All, J. N. and Van Duyn, J. W. and Bradley, J. R. and Bacheler, J. and Huckaba, R. M.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={1950–1959} }
 @article{huckaba_coble_1991, title={EFFECT OF SOYBEAN THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA, THRIPIDAE) FEEDING INJURY ON PENETRATION OF ACIFLUORFEN IN SOYBEAN}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/84.1.300}, abstractNote={Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of the physical injury inflicted by feeding soybean thrips, Sericothrips variabilis (Beach), on penetration of acifluorfen in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. In these studies, S. variabilis feeding injury was observed to have a minimal effect on 14C-acifluorfen penetration while attempts to simulate rasping type feeding injury increased 14C-acifluorfen penetration two to three fold. Scrutiny of the soybean leaflet tissues damaged by feeding S. variabilis , using both light and scanning electron microscopy, revealed that epidermal cells were collapsed and many mesophyll cells destroyed. There were no gashes on the leaf surface to indicate a rasping-sucking feeding behavior as described in the early literature. The primary damage on the surface of the leaves was holes, indicating S. variabilis has a piercing-sucking type feeding action. These observations on S. variabilts feeding support recent findings made for other thrips species. Based on these findings, we concluded that the piercing type feeding injury caused by S. variabilis does not produce wounds on the leaf surface of sufficient quantity or size-compared with wounds that were predicted for a rasping-sucking action-to allow a significant increase of 14C-acifluorfen into the soybean leaf.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={HUCKABA, RM and COBLE, HD}, year={1991}, month={Feb}, pages={300–305} }
 @article{huckaba_bradley_van duyn_1983, title={Effects of herbicidal applications of toxaphene on the soybean thrips, certain predators and corn earworm in soybeans}, volume={18}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Huckaba, R. M. and Bradley, J. R. and Van Duyn, J. W.}, year={1983}, pages={200} }