@article{lysyk_axtell_1987, title={A SIMULATION-MODEL OF HOUSEFLY (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) DEVELOPMENT IN POULTRY MANURE}, volume={119}, ISSN={["0008-347X"]}, DOI={10.4039/Ent119427-5}, abstractNote={AbstractDevelopmental times were determined at constant temperatures for egg–larval (prepupal) and egg–larval–adult (preadult) house flies in poultry manure. Developmental time decreased as temperature increased but declined at temperatures above 35°C. The average time from oviposition to pupation ranged from 26.8 days at 16°C to 5.2 days at 35°C, and the average time to adult emergence ranged from 43.1 to 8.8 days. Pupae were formed at 41°C, but no adults emerged above 38°C. The relationship between developmental rate and temperature was determined and used in a rate summation model to simulate prepupal and preadult developmental times in poultry manure, with manure bed temperature as input. The model was tested on the basis of developmental times determined in a poultry house during the fly-breeding season. The observed mean time to pupation under field temperatures ranged from 6.7 to 15.6 days, and adult emergence required from 12.5 to 27.1 days. Simulations were closest to the observed times when actual manure bed temperatures were used as input; however, soil temperatures obtained from a nearby weather station also provided satisfactory simulation results after an empirical correction was used.}, number={5}, journal={CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={LYSYK, TJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1987}, month={May}, pages={427–437} }
 @article{lysyk_axtell_1986, title={Estimating numbers and survival of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) with mark/recapture methods}, volume={79}, DOI={10.1093/jee/79.4.1016}, abstractNote={Two applications of the Jolly–Seber model were used to estimate numbers and survival of house flies, Musca domestica L. The multi sample, single-recapture census, using reared, marked flies and capture by baited jug-traps, was used to estimate numbers of adult house flies in a two-story, high-rise, caged-layer poultry house. Density estimates ranged from 1.2 to 11.5 flies per m2 and had coefficients of variation of 0.12–0.52. Daily survival rates (proportion of population which did not die or emigrate during the interval between samples) were 0.19–0.66 per day. The multisample, multirecapture census, using marked native flies and capture by netting, was used to estimate numbers and survival of house flies in a screen-sided, narrow caged-layer poultry house. Estimated fly densities ranged from 24.8 to 1,159.6 flies per m2 with coefficients of variation of 0.03–0.48. Daily survival rates were 0.54–0.99 per day. Survival rates in both studies declined with increasing mean daily temperature (°C)and on average were 0.32 lower in the high-rise house due to effects of dispersal and predation. House fly survival was not affected by marking with oil-soluble dyes, and capture of house flies using the baited jug-trap was not influenced by age, sex, or marked status of the flies. Assumptions in both census methods are discussed and shown to be met under conditions of these experiments.}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Lysyk, T. J. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1986}, pages={1016–1022} }
 @article{lysyk_axtell_1986, title={FIELD-EVALUATION OF 3 METHODS FOR MONITORING POPULATIONS OF HOUSEFLIES (MUSCA-DOMESTICA) (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) AND OTHER FILTH FLIES IN 3 TYPES OF POULTRY HOUSING SYSTEMS}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/79.1.144}, abstractNote={Analysis of field data collected over several years in three poultry housing systems (narrow caged-layer houses. high-rise caged-layer houses. and broiler-breeder layer houses) indicated that the baited jug-trap was a reliable method of sampling house flies. Musca domestica L.; sticky ribbons provided additional information on two other fly species. Relative frequency of house fly capture indicated that this fly was present in all poultry systems in North Carolina from May to October. while Fannia canicularis (L.) and Ophyra spp. were present in low numbers after July. Sticky ribbon indices were correlated with baited jug-trap indices for all three fly species in all poultry systems. Spot card indices were correlated with house fly abundance indices, but appeared to be influenced by other fly species in narrow and high-rise caged-layer houses. The relationship between the mean and variance of house fly abundance indices was used to determine the number of samples required to obtain estimates of house fly abundance with a fixed level of precision (CV = 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) in each poultry housing system.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={LYSYK, TJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1986}, month={Feb}, pages={144–151} }
 @article{lysyk_axtell_1986, title={MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEFLIES (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) BETWEEN HABITATS IN 2 LIVESTOCK FARMS}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/79.4.993}, abstractNote={House fly, Musca domestica L., movement between breeding sites (dairies and poultry houses) and into surrounding habitats (buildings, fields, and pastures) was measured by releasing marked flies in poultry houses and dairies at two farms. Relative density of wild and marked flies was greater in the dairy and poultry houses than in other habitats at similar distances from the release areas. Calculated proportions of wild flies in each habitat were greatest in the dairies and poultry houses; averages of 25 and 36% of the wild populations were estimated to be in the other habitats. After 5 days, an average of 60 and 53% of marked flies released in the poultry houses remained there, 13% moved to the dairies at both farms, and 27 and 34% moved from the poultry houses to the non breeding habitats. An average of 56 and 73% of the marked flies released in the dairies remained there after 5 days, while 8 and 10% moved into the poultry houses, and 34 and 19% moved from the dairies into the nonbreeding habitats at both farms.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={LYSYK, TJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1986}, month={Aug}, pages={993–998} }
 @article{lysyk_axtell_1985, title={COMPARISON OF BAITED JUG-TRAP AND SPOT CARDS FOR SAMPLING HOUSEFLY, MUSCA-DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE), POPULATIONS IN POULTRY HOUSES}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/14.6.815}, abstractNote={The relationship between known densities of house flies, Musca domestica L., and fly-abundance indices obtained with baited jug-traps and white spot cards in a caged-layer poultry house was determined. Baited jug-traps hung from the ceiling and spot cards fastened to feed troughs gave fly-abundance indices most sensitive to changes in house fly density; spot cards fastened flush against the rafters were slightly less sensitive, and spot cards hung vertically from the rafters were least sensitive. With increasing mean daily temperature (range, 22 to 34°C), estimates of fly-abundance density obtained with baited jug-traps, spot cards fastened to the feed trough, and spot cards fastened hanging from the rafters increased, while the estimates obtained with spot cards fastened flush against the rafters decreased. The relationship between fly-abundance indices obtained with baited jug-traps and spot cards (in different locations) was determined by linear regression. Equations are given for calculating the numbers of sampling devices required at different fly-abundance thresholds for obtaining indices with a desired coefficient of variability.}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={LYSYK, TJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1985}, month={Dec}, pages={815–819} }