@article{mcclain_rock_woolley_1990, title={INFLUENCE OF TRAP COLOR AND SAN JOSE SCALE (HOMOPTERA, DIASPIDIDAE) PHEROMONE ON STICKY TRAP CATCHES OF 10 APHELINID PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/19.4.926}, abstractNote={The influence of trap color and a combination of trap color plus San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), sex pheromone on sticky trap catches of aphelinid parasitoids of the San Jose scale was studied in an unsprayed apple orchard in Johnston County, N.C., in 1986 and 1987, and a sprayed commercial peach orchard in Nash County, N.C., in 1987. The responses of parasitoids to five enamel paints were compared in 1986, and similar responses to three enamel paints with and without the San Jose scale pheromone were compared in 1987. The adult parasitoids (3,958 total) collected on the traps represented ten aphelinid species: Ablerus clisiocampae (Ashmead), Aphytis diaspidis (Howard), Encarsia sp., A. melanostictus Compere, Coccobius sp., Coccophagoides murtfeldtae (Howard), E. aurantii (Howard), E. perniciosi (Tower), Marietta carnesi (Howard), and M. mexicana (Howard). Black traps attracted significantly more C. murtfeldtae and Encarsia sp. (endoparasitic species) than did other colors, suggesting a response to the contrast between the bark and foliage of the tree. Yellow and black traps attracted significantly more A. diaspidis , an ectoparasitic species, than white traps at both orchards in 1987. Colored traps baited with San Jose scale pheromone attracted significantly more E. perniciosi , an endoparasitic species, than colored traps without San Jose scale pheromone. This indicates that San Jose scale pheromone is a kairomone for the parasitoid. In comparisons with colored traps baited with pheromone, black traps attracted significantly more E. perniciosi than did yellow or white traps in the unsprayed apple orchard in 1987. This suggests an interaction between olfactory and visual cues in host location by this species.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={MCCLAIN, DC and ROCK, GC and WOOLLEY, JB}, year={1990}, month={Aug}, pages={926–931} }
 @article{mcclain_rock_stinner_1990, title={SAN JOSE SCALE (HOMOPTERA, DIASPIDIDAE) - SIMULATION OF SEASONAL PHENOLOGY IN NORTH-CAROLINA ORCHARDS}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/19.4.916}, abstractNote={Orchard temperatures and pheromone trap catch data and crawler hatch data for nine orchard-years were used to validate the accuracy of physiological time models in simulating the time intervals for one generation between male flight peaks, and crawler peaks, as well as the interval between male flight peaks and crawler peaks (embryonic development) of four seasonal generations of the San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) in North Carolina orchards. Linear (degree-days) models simulated within ±1 wk the interval for all male flight peaks between overwintering and F1 generations, while a nonlinear model simulated within ±1 wk all but one male flight peak between overwintering and F1 generations. The models were less accurate for simulating intervals of flight peaks between F1 to F2 and F2 to F3 generations. Likewise, model simulations of the time interval for one generation between crawler hatch peaks, and the time required for embryonic development, were more accurate for F1 and F2 than F3 and F4 generations. Simulation results of the linear and nonlinear models were similar with 40 of the 49 simulations comparing linear versus nonlinear models not differing by more than 6 d of each other. Validation of the models for San Jose scale was complicated in one apple orchard by the presence of Forbes scale, Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson).}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={MCCLAIN, DC and ROCK, GC and STINNER, RE}, year={1990}, month={Aug}, pages={916–925} }
 @article{mcclain_rock_stinner_1990, title={THERMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT AND SIMULATION OF THE SEASONAL PHENOLOGY OF ENCARSIA-PERNICIOSI (HYMENOPTERA, APHELINIDAE), A PARASITOID OF THE SAN-JOSE SCALE (HOMOPTERA, DIASPIDIDAE) IN NORTH-CAROLINA ORCHARDS}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/19.5.1396}, abstractNote={Developmental rates from egg to adult for a uniparental race of Encarsia perniciosi (Tower), an endoparasitoid of the San Jose scale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), were determined using first instar hosts at 20°C, and using second instar hosts at 15, 20, 25, 28, 29.5, and 31°C under a regime of 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Parasitoids developed in male and female San Jose scale. Development rate was highest in male second instars, intermediate in females second instars, and lowest in first instar nymphs. Temperature versus development rate data were used to estimate parameters for both linear and nonlinear models of parasitoid development in male, female, and male and female hosts combined. Simulated adult flight peaks, based on linear and nonlinear models, were compared with peaks of adult parasitoid activity in three orchards during 1986 and 1987, and adult activity was measured using San Jose scale pheromone-baited and colored sticky traps. Modeled peaks agreed well with the spring flight peaks (F2 and F3), but were generally earlier than peaks occurring during the summer generations (F4 and F5) and later than those of autumn generations (F6 and F7). The linear model for parasitoids developing in male and female hosts combined simulated 8 of 13 parasitoid peaks within ±7 d, whereas the nonlinear model was accurate for 7 of 13 peaks. Up to seven parasitoid flight periods per season were detected.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={MCCLAIN, DC and ROCK, GC and STINNER, RE}, year={1990}, month={Oct}, pages={1396–1402} }