@article{neldonortiz_qureshi_1992, title={EFFECTS OF AFB1 EMBRYONIC EXPOSURE ON CHICKEN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTIC CELL FUNCTIONS}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0145-305X"]}, DOI={10.1016/0145-305X(92)90018-8}, abstractNote={Effects of embryonic exposure to aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1) on the postnatal development of chicken mononuclear phagocytic system function was examined. Single exposure of 6-d chick embryos to 0.1, 0.5, and 1 μg AFB1 in 10 μL acetone was employed. Control embryos received 10 μl solvent and sham-treated controls included embryos with a hole in the egg shell with no compound added. Aflatoxin B1 exposure caused a dose-related increase in embryonic mortality. After hatch, no differences were observed in body weight gain among treatment groups. The incidence of circulating thrombocytes was reduced in chicks exposed to the highest AFB1 dose with enhancement in monocyte and lymphocyte cell populations. Birds exposed to 1 μg AFB1 recruited fewer macrophages in the peritoneal cavity after i.p. Sephadex elicitation along with reduced substrate adherence potential of peritoneal exudate cells. Similarly, macrophages from 0.5 and 1 μg AFB1-treated birds had depressed phagocytic potential. These results suggest that long-term immune depression of macrophage-mediated functions can occur following embryonic exposure to AFB1.}, number={2-3}, journal={DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY}, author={NELDONORTIZ, DL and QURESHI, MA}, year={1992}, pages={187–196} }
 @article{neldonortiz_qureshi_1992, title={THE EFFECTS OF DIRECT AND MICROSOMAL ACTIVATED AFLATOXIN-B1 ON CHICKEN PERITONEAL-MACROPHAGES INVITRO}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0165-2427"]}, DOI={10.1016/0165-2427(92)90087-7}, abstractNote={Sephadex-elicited peritoneal exudate cells were cultured on glass coverslips in order to determine the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on chicken macrophages. Adherent macrophage monolayers were exposed for 1 h to 5, 10, and 20 μg ml−1 of AFB1, directly or to 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 μg ml−1 of AFB1 in the presence of a chicken microsomal mixed function oxidase system (MFO). After exposure, the macrophage cultures were washed and allowed to recover for 2 h in fresh culture medium. Parameters measured at 2 h post recovery period were the substrate adherence potential, morphological alterations, phagocytic ability, and number of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) internalized per phagocytic macrophage. Direct in vitro exposure to AFB1 resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in macrophage adherence potential, and an increase in cell damage as determined by nuclear disintegration and cytoplasmic blebbing, but no detrimental effects were observed on percent phagocytic cells or the number of internalized SRBC. However, significant reductions in adherence potential, increased morphological alterations, and reduced phagocytosis and internalization of SRBC were observed when MFOs were added to cultures treated with much lower doses of AFB1. Addition of piperonyl butoxide (a P-450 inhibitor) abrogated AFB1-MFO induced alterations. This study suggests that microsomal activated AFB1 causes significant alterations in chicken macrophage functions.}, number={1-2}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={NELDONORTIZ, DL and QURESHI, MA}, year={1992}, month={Feb}, pages={61–76} }
 @article{neldonortiz_qureshi_1991, title={DIRECT AND MICROSOMAL ACTIVATED AFLATOXIN-B1 EXPOSURE AND ITS EFFECTS ON TURKEY PERITONEAL MACROPHAGE FUNCTIONS INVITRO}, volume={109}, ISSN={["0041-008X"]}, DOI={10.1016/0041-008X(91)90006-Z}, abstractNote={Sephadex-elicited turkey peritoneal exudate cells were used to establish adherent macrophage monolayers on glass coverslips in order to determine the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on macrophages. Adherent macrophage monolayers were exposed to increasing doses of AFB1 (5, 10, 20, and 40 μg), either directly, or to 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 μg of AFB1 in the presence of a chicken microsomal mixed function oxidase system (MFO). Cultures were incubated with the appropriate treatments for 1 hr, then washed and allowed to recover in fresh growth medium for 2 hr. Direct exposure of macrophages to AFB1 had no detrimental effect on macrophage adherence, percentage damaged, percentage phagocytic, and the number of antibody-coated or uncoated sheep red blood cells internalized per phagocytic macrophage when compared with the sham or solvent treated cultures. However, the addition of MFOs to the cultures treated with much lower doses of AFB1 resulted in significantly higher morphological alterations along with a reduction in cell adherence and phagocytic potential. Addition of piperonyl butoxide (a P450 inhibitor) abrogated AFB1-MFO induced alterations. Data collected in this study suggest that turkey macrophages are resistant to the direct exposure of AFB1 and that AFB1 induced alterations in macrophage effector functions are due to metabolic activation of AFB1 by MFOs.}, number={3}, journal={TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY}, author={NELDONORTIZ, DL and QURESHI, MA}, year={1991}, month={Jul}, pages={432–442} }