@article{travanty_ponnusamy_kakumanu_nicholson_apperson_2019, title={Diversity and structure of the bacterial microbiome of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, is dominated by the endosymbiont Francisella}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1878-7665"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-019-00642-2}, DOI={10.1007/s13199-019-00642-2}, number={3}, journal={SYMBIOSIS}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Travanty, Nicholas V. and Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Kakumanu, Madhavi L. and Nicholson, William L. and Apperson, Charles S.}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={239–250} }
 @article{apperson_engber_nicholson_mead_engel_yabsley_dail_johnson_watson_2008, title={Tick-Borne Diseases in North Carolina: Is "Rickettsia amblyommii" a Possible Cause of Rickettsiosis Reported as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1557-7759"]}, DOI={10.1089/vbz.2007.0271}, abstractNote={Cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in North Carolina have escalated markedly since 2000. In 2005, we identified a county in the Piedmont region with high case numbers of RMSF. We collected ticks and examined them for bacterial pathogens using molecular methods to determine if a novel tick vector or spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) might be emerging. Amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick, comprised 99.6% of 6,502 specimens collected in suburban landscapes. In contrast, Dermacentor variabilis, the American dog tick, a principal vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, comprised < 1% of the ticks collected. Eleven of 25 lone star tick pools tested were infected with "Rickettsia amblyommii," an informally named SFGR. Sera from patients from the same county who were presumptively diagnosed by local physicians with a tick-borne illness were tested by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assay to confirm clinical diagnoses. Three of six patients classified as probable RMSF cases demonstrated a fourfold or greater rise in IgG class antibody titers between paired acute and convalescent sera to "R. amblyommii" antigens, but not to R. rickettsii antigens. White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, are preferred hosts of lone star ticks. Blood samples collected from hunter-killed deer from the same county were tested by IFA test for antibodies to Ehrlichia chaffeensis and "R. amblyommii." Twenty-eight (87%) of 32 deer were positive for antibodies to E. chaffeensis, but only 1 (3%) of the deer exhibited antibodies to "R. amblyommii," suggesting that deer are not the source of "R. amblyommii" infection for lone star ticks. We propose that some cases of rickettsiosis reported as RMSF may have been caused by "R. amblyommii" transmitted through the bite of A. americanum.}, number={5}, journal={VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES}, author={Apperson, Charles S. and Engber, Barry and Nicholson, William L. and Mead, Daniel G. and Engel, Jeffrey and Yabsley, Michael J. and Dail, Kathy and Johnson, Joey and Watson, D. Wesley}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={597–606} }
 @article{breitschwerdt_nicholson_kiehl_steers_meuten_levine_1994, title={Natural infections with Borrelia spirochetes in two dogs from Florida}, volume={32}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, author={Breitschwerdt, E. B. and Nicholson, W. L. and Kiehl, A. R. and Steers, C. and Meuten, D. J. and Levine, J. F.}, year={1994}, pages={352–357} }
 @article{greene_walker_nicholson_levine_1991, title={Comparison of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to an indirect immunofluorescence assay for the detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in the dog}, volume={26}, ISSN={0378-1135}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(91)90054-j}, DOI={10.1016/0378-1135(91)90054-J}, abstractNote={An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared to an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for detection of IgG antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in dog sera. The concordance of the two tests was 93.5% for sera from dogs from Maryland (n = 93), 98.0% for sera from dogs from North Carolina (n = 446), and 97.2% for the combined sample groups (n = 539). Twenty-five of the 27 samples with discordant or low positive results were tested, and showed immunoblot reactions to 1 to 10 different bands. Reaction patterns and intensity of the bands were quite variable, and did not explain a reason for the discordance.}, number={1-2}, journal={Veterinary Microbiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Greene, R.T. and Walker, R.L. and Nicholson, W.L. and Levine, J.F.}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={179–190} }
 @article{levine_dykstra_nicholson_walker_massey_1990, title={ATTENUATION OF BORRELIA-ANSERINA BY SERIAL PASSAGE IN LIQUID-MEDIUM}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0034-5288"]}, DOI={10.1016/s0034-5288(18)31511-x}, abstractNote={Borrelia anserina (Sakharoff) was successfully grown in a liquid medium (Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly) for 39 passages. By the 12th serial passage in medium, infectivity of B anserina for chicks was lost. Electron microscopy did not reveal structural differences between non-infective and infective cultured organisms. Changes in the protein profiles were found by electrophoresis as the organisms were passed in culture.}, number={1}, journal={RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={LEVINE, JF and DYKSTRA, MJ and NICHOLSON, WL and WALKER, RL and MASSEY, G}, year={1990}, month={Jan}, pages={64–69} }
 @article{apperson_levine_nicholson_1990, title={Geographic Occurrence of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) Infesting White-tailed Deer in North Carolina}, volume={26}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-26.4.550}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-26.4.550}, abstractNote={A state-wide survey to determine the occurrence and comparative numbers of ticks infecting white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was conducted in North Carolina (USA). One thousand six hundred twenty nine deer were examined in 60 of 100 counties; with the exception of one county in the piedmont region, all tick-infested deer occurred in the coastal plain. Ixodes scapularis (46%) and Amblyomma americanum (53%) were the most prevalent species encountered and accounted for more than 98% of the 4,286 ticks collected. Some specimens of Dermacentor albipictus and Amblyomma maculatum also were collected.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Apperson, Charles S. and Levine, Jay F. and Nicholson, William L.}, year={1990}, month={Oct}, pages={550–553} }
 @article{torrence_jenkins_levine_nicholson_pelzer_1990, title={Serosurvey of shelter dogs in Virginia for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi}, volume={10}, ISSN={0167-5877}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(90)90049-N}, DOI={10.1016/0167-5877(90)90049-N}, abstractNote={Increased interest and concern about Lyme disease in the last several years, along with the close proximity of Maryland's endemic foci, has raised questions about the incidence of Lyme disease in Virginia. A canine seroprevalence survey was undertaken in an attempt to estimate the prevalence of borreliosis in Virginia. An ELISA test was used to detect antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in sera from 221 shelter dogs from the three different physiographic regions in Virginia. From those animals sampled, only one dog was seropositive. This finding was consistent with other studies which have found limited evidence of Lyme disease in Virginia.}, number={1-2}, journal={Preventive Veterinary Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Torrence, Mary E. and Jenkins, Suzanne R. and Levine, Jay F. and Nicholson, William L. and Pelzer, Kevin D.}, year={1990}, month={Dec}, pages={41–46} }
 @article{nicholson_greene_1989, title={Lyme disease: Current concepts}, volume={2}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Reports}, author={Nicholson, W. L. and Greene, R. T.}, year={1989}, pages={1} }
 @article{walker_greene_nicholson_levine_1989, title={Shared flagellar epitopes of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia anserina}, volume={19}, ISSN={0378-1135}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(89)90101-6}, DOI={10.1016/0378-1135(89)90101-6}, abstractNote={Antigenic cross-reactivity between Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia anserina was studied using mouse immune sera and monoclonal antibodies. With immune sera, significant cross-reactivity between B. burgdorferi and B. anserina was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescent assay. In immunoblots, most of the cross-reactivity was shown to be associated with the periplasmic flagella. Using monoclonal antibodies in immunoblots, it was shown that B. burgdorferi and B. anserina shared at least two flagellar epitopes, one of which was not shared with Borrelia hermsii or Borrelia coriaceae. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles of whole cell lysates and the use of a species-specific monoclonal antibody (H5332) which reacts with a major outer surface protein (Osp A) of B. burgdorferi readily differentiated the two species at the molecular level.}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Microbiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Walker, R.L. and Greene, R.T. and Nicholson, W.L. and Levine, J.F.}, year={1989}, month={Apr}, pages={361–371} }
 @article{greene_levine_breitschwerdt_walker_berkhoff_nicholson_1988, title={Clinical and serologic evaluations of induced Borrelia burgdorferi infections in dogs}, volume={49}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Greene, R. T. and Levine, J. F. and Breitschwerdt, E. B. and Walker, R. L. and Berkhoff, H. A. and Nicholson, W. L.}, year={1988}, pages={752–757} }
 @article{greene_walker_nicholson_heidner_levine_1988, title={The immunoglobulin G response to the Lyme disease agent (Borrelia burgdorferi) in experimentally and naturally exposed dogs}, volume={26}, journal={Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, author={Greene, R. T. and Walker, R. L. and Nicholson, W. L. and Heidner, H. W. and Levine, J. F.}, year={1988}, pages={648–653} }